{"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1854\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Lubbers+%26+Bell+Mfg.+Co.+%28Clinton%2C+IA%29\u0026view=compact","last":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1854\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Lubbers+%26+Bell+Mfg.+Co.+%28Clinton%2C+IA%29\u0026page=1\u0026view=compact"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":1,"next_page":null,"prev_page":null,"total_pages":1,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":0,"total_count":2,"first_page?":true,"last_page?":true}},"data":[{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_10016","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"David Galt Greenwald games and puzzles collection","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_10016#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThe David Galt Greenwald board games and puzzles collection consists of black Americana board games, puzzles, card games, and ephemera. Series 1 consists of boxed games, puzzles, and toys, largely depicting racist caricatures, including minstrel/blackface imagery, stereotypes, propaganda, and sometimes anti-black violence. Other items in Series 1 depict black empowerment, history, heritage, culture, and collaboration. Series 2 consists of entertainment-related or associated ephemera, including paper board games and puzzles, toys, a stereoview, a watercolor booklet, Court Whist scorecards, promotional material, and pages of a 1883 almanac. The majority, but not all, of these materials likewise feature minstrel/blackface imagery and racist caricatures and stereotypes. These materials offer insight into the cohesive use and promotion of racist imagery, stereotypes, and rhetoric through entertainment media in the 19th and 20th centuries in the United States and Europe. These materials also offer insight into the use of physical entertainment media during the 20th century to educate the public about the Black Power movement, and black community, history, heritage, and empowerment. Additionally, the collection may offer insights into the sale and popularity of black Americana materials between the 19th and early 21st centuries, with at least one board game likely being a 21st century \"hoax\" using historical anti-black imagery to feign its true age.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_10016#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_10016","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_10016","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_10016","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_10016","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_10016.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Greenwald, David Galt games and puzzles collection","title_ssm":["David Galt Greenwald games and puzzles collection"],"title_tesim":["David Galt Greenwald games and puzzles collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1850-2005"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1850-2005"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MS 00427","/repositories/2/resources/10016"],"text":["MS 00427","/repositories/2/resources/10016","David Galt Greenwald games and puzzles collection","Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","Game was sponsored by Burger King and Grolier Books in California.","Game was sponsored by Burger King and Grolier Books in California.","Game was developed by Malik Ali to demonstrate the importance of working wihtin a community to build economic and political power to children and adults. Edward Jennins, a professor at Talladega College, designed the cover, logo, and board images.","Game was featured in the Parker Brothers' 1896-1897 game catalog.","The term \"darky\" is a racist slur for black people, which peaked in use in the years between 1850-1870 and 1900-1920. The \"Little Darky Shooting Gallery\" game was featured in a 1914 Butler Brothers toy catalog.","W.S.M., standing for \"We Shield Millions\", is a radio station founded in 1925 famous for hosting \"The Grand Ol' Opry\" radio program. \"Lasses\" refers to LeRoy Robert White, a performer who became famous for his blackface minstrel shows during the early 20th century and copyright of the song \"Negro Blues\" (later renamed to include a racial slur for black people). \"Honey\" refers to Lee David Wilds, who performed alongside \"Lasses\" in blackface minstrel shows.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","The David Galt Greenwald board games and puzzles collection consists of black Americana board games, puzzles, card games, and ephemera. Series 1 consists of boxed games, puzzles, and toys, largely depicting racist caricatures, including minstrel/blackface imagery, stereotypes, propaganda, and sometimes anti-black violence. Other items in Series 1 depict black empowerment, history, heritage, culture, and collaboration. Series 2 consists of entertainment-related or associated ephemera, including paper board games and puzzles, toys, a stereoview, a watercolor booklet, Court Whist scorecards, promotional material, and pages of a 1883 almanac. The majority, but not all, of these materials likewise feature minstrel/blackface imagery and racist caricatures and stereotypes. These materials offer insight into the cohesive use and promotion of racist imagery, stereotypes, and rhetoric through entertainment media in the 19th and 20th centuries in the United States and Europe. These materials also offer insight into the use of physical entertainment media during the 20th century to educate the public about the Black Power movement, and black community, history, heritage, and empowerment. Additionally, the collection may offer insights into the sale and popularity of black Americana materials between the 19th and early 21st centuries, with at least one board game likely being a 21st century \"hoax\" using historical anti-black imagery to feign its true age.","Twenty-seven boxed board games, card games, puzzles, and toys of black americana material culture. Many of these games use racist terms, imagery, caricatures, and stereotypes of black people, some associated with blackface and minstrel performances, with two games explicitly featuring anti-black racial violence in gameplay. Other games educate  about systemic racism and oppression, black history and culture, prominent black figures in American history, and the Black Power politcal movement, often having a collaborative element.","Black Americans of Achievement: the Game is based on the Black Americans of Achievement book series highlighting the accomplishments and contributions of black Americans to society, culture, science, politics, and the arts.","Black Americans of Achievement: the Game is based on the Black Americans of Achievement book series highlighting the accomplishments and contributions of black Americans to society, culture, science, politics, and the arts.","Little Black Sambo depicts a caricature of a young black boy traversing a jungle and offering his clothes to avoid being eaten by tigers until he reaches \"civilization\" again. \"Sambo\" is a racial slur from Spanish for a person of African descent.","In Search of Identity is a educational game challenging players to answer trivia questions about black people, history, and  culture, with the intent of connecting players to their black heritage through expanded knowledge.","The X Game is a \"fight the system\" collaborative board game following Malcolm X's philosophy and the Black Power Movement.","The Black Community Game is a collaborative game meant to demonstrate the importance of black people working together in their communities to affect social, political, and economic change.","Skillets and Cakes is a token flipping game with the goal of flipping all of your \"cakes\" over first. The front of the box depicts an adult man flipping pancakes in a skillet while two children watch. It is unclear whether the adult man is supposed to be black or if there was just a darker printing for his skin, as the children are depicted with the same tone.","Snake Eyes Junior Ediiton is a competitive dice and chip-collecting game with some cards and imagery containing racist caricatures and stereotypes of black people compared to depictions of white people on other cards.","The Watermelon Puzzle game promotes anti-black stereotypes and features a racist caricature of a black man eating watermelon, an image historically used as propaganda depicting black people as childish and/or \"unclean\".","Zoo Hoo features a racist caricature, likely depicting a blackface minstrel character, of an overwhelmed black zookeeper named Wash, who the players help in rounding up zoo animals released by a clown.","Poor Jenny is a \"chutes and ladders\" type game depicting racist caricatures of black children and the \"black Mammy\" stereotype, historically used to promote the myth that black enslaved women were happy serving white \"masters\" despite their abuse.","Puzzle Picture and Cutout Objects is a children's jigsaw puzzle game featuring a racist depiction of an African man running away from a lion and a reductive depiction of Africa with the Egyptian Pyramids next to a desert and wooden dwelling.","Watch on De Rind depicts racist caricatures and stereotypes of black children eating watermelon, with the objective of catapaulting balls into their \"mouths\".","Unocando (\"You-no-can-do\") is a numbered tile shuffling game depicting racist caricatures of two African people playing the game and speaking gibberish, with verbiage mocking African languages and/or black and African English speakers.","The Darky Shooting Gallery models anti-black violence, consisting of a spring coil \"gun\" players use to shoot \"bullets\" at cutouts of black people, depicted in racist and stereotyped caricatures.","Darkies in the Melon Patch is a \"chutes and ladders\" type game using racist language and imagery of racist and stereotyped caricatures of black people navigating a watermelon patch and avoiding a white farmer aiming at them with a gun. This game appears to be a 21st century counterfeit/hoax of black americana material culture. The copyright information provided claims the game was copyrighted in 1932 by a \"Hudson Brothers\" company at \"127 42nd Street, Buffalo, NY\", though no such company or location appears to exist, and other sources have given copyright dates as early as 1910. The images on the box cover and game board appear to have been digitally printed and some have computer graphics imposed on images dated to various years between 1910 and 1940.","Snake Eyes is a competitive dice and chip-collecting game with some cards and imagery containing racist caricatures and stereotypes of black people compared to depictions of white people on other cards.","Schwarzer Pieter is an \"Old Maid\" type game featuring a blackface minstrel character original from Belgium and Netherlands named \"Black Pete\", who is an assistant to Saint Nicholas and a racist caricature of a black person.","Swahili is a mancala-like game modeled, and possibly appropriated, from the game of Bao from East Africa.","Blacks \u0026 Whites models the contemporary racism, oppression, and systemic inequalities black people face in American society, highlighting the socioeconomic and political disparities between black and white Americans. The creators noted that, while the game was meant to simulate racial disparity to white and privileged players, test players rewrote the rules of play to make game outcomes more equitable and fair between races.","Blacks \u0026 Whites models the contemporary racism, oppression, and systemic inequalities black people face in American society, highlighting the socioeconomic and political disparities between black and white Americans. The creators noted that, while the game was meant to simulate racial disparity to white and privileged players, test players rewrote the rules of play to make game outcomes more equitable and fair between races.","Bimbo Ringo is a ring toss game featuring a racist caricature of an African man with the ring hooks depicted as different adornments on the person's face and weapons.","Die Seefarher in Africa/Les Marins en Afrique is a German-French game with the objective of collecting or pillaging treasure from African port cities as sailors hailing from colonialist powers. May be a reproduction.","In Dixieland is a rummy-like card game with images of black children and adults living in the south, often in impoverished conditions and framed according to racist stereotypes.","Knock Knock is a card game similar to Uno depicting a racist minstrel-like caricature on the box cover.","The Race Card is a standard 52 playing card deck with black people and fashions depicted on the face cards.","Zwarte Piet is an \"Old Maid\" type game featuring a blackface minstrel character original from Belgium and Netherlands named \"Black Pete\", who is an assistant to Saint Nicholas and a racist caricature of a black person.","Seven folders containing pieces of black americana ephemera that largely use anti-black language, caricatures, and imagery to promote racist stereotypes of black people.","The \"Mammy Memo\" is a plastic notepad and pencil/pen holder shaped in the form of the racist, stereotyped \"Mammy\" caricature. The exact creator could not be identified, but similar products were copyrighted by Hampden Novelty Mfg, Inc.","The Oldest Game Known depicts racist caricatures of two black men playing with dice on the box cover. The box contains a metal pot painted purple, but there are no instructions wherein.","The Magic-Masks consists of rubber pieces shaped like exaggerated facial features with a racist caricature of a black person on the box cover. This toy was made in Japan, but no instructions or further information could be identified.","Five porcelain figurines, four of which depict minstrel-like caricatures of black musicians playing different instruments, and one shaped like a rudimentary hut with two African individuals on the front with little to no clothing.","Four pages (printed on one sheet of folded paper) from \"Frank Leslie's Illustrated Family Almanac fro 1883\", with one page featuring the print \"The Shark Fisheries Near New Smyrna, Florida\" that depicts racist caricatures of black men working in teams to pull live sharks to shore.","A stereoview titled \"A Skin Game Nabbed\" that features black men playing poker with one pointing a gun at the other players, propogating a racist stereotype of black men as violent cheaters. The stereoview claims to have been made for \"The 'Perfec' Stereograph\".","\"Painting the House that Jack Built\" is a watercoloring booklet with paint squares stapled in the middle of the book, featuring a copyrighted \"Dutch Boy\" character that promotes the purchase of paint from the National Lead Company, who persists against different weather conditions with faces. It is unclear whether any of the weather conditions represent racist caricatures of black people.","Promotional material for W.S.M. depicting two minstrel performers, \"Lasses\" and \"Honey\", in blackface on a \"Seasons Greetings\" card.","Two scoring cards for Court Whist signed by a \"Mrs. Napper\" and an \"A Napper\", which were associated with the \"Lasses and Honey\" W.S.M. promotional card.","Robertson's Golliwog Game of Snakes and Ladders is a chutes and ladders game featuring multiple racist, gnome-like caricatures called Golliwogs on the game cover and paper game board. Golliwog was a trademark for the James Robertson \u0026 Sons jam-manufacturing company between 1910 and the 1960s.","Pieces of paper, presumably from medicine packaging, that make up a Trick Donkey game depicting a racist caricature of a black man and a clown as the riders.","An advertisement for Bridge Party depicting a racist \"Mammy\" caricature misunderstanding suggestive terms used for the game in a fake AAVE dialect. This ad is possible reproduction of an ad printed by the Lee Novelty Co. of Fort Payne, AL.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Curator of Manuscripts and Rare Books, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Use of these materials must be limited to persons using them for research and/or scholarly activites. These materials may not be sold or distributed without knowing their intended use. They are not allowed to fall into the hands of anyone who might use them to support beliefs in the superiority or inferiority of any race, creed, or ethnicity","Special Collections Research Center","BAOA, Inc.","Cadaco-Ellis (Chicago, IL)","Identity Toys, Inc. (Milwaukee, WI)","Motherland, Inc. (Boston, MA)","Milton Bradley Co.","Selchow \u0026 Righter Co. (New York, NY)","Parker Brothers (Salem, MA)","Lubbers \u0026 Bell Mfg. Co. (Clinton, IA)","E. E. Fairchild Corporation","Goezte Game Co. (Plymouth, WI)","J. W. Spear \u0026 Sons (London, UK)","Psychology Today Games (Del Mar, CA)","G. H. Robinson Company (Chicago, IL)","Bermann \u0026 Sohn","The Fireside Game Co. (Cincinnati, OH)","Chad Valley Co., Ltd.","The Concept Card Co. (New Orleans, LA)","Hampden Novelty Mfg, Inc.","H Fishlove \u0026 Co.","Frank Leslie Publishing House","H. C. White Co. (North Bennington, VT)","National Lead Company","O.C. Harn","John W. Brophy Co. (Westerly, RI)","English Dutch; Flemish German French"],"unitid_tesim":["MS 00427","/repositories/2/resources/10016"],"normalized_title_ssm":["David Galt Greenwald games and puzzles collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["David Galt Greenwald games and puzzles collection"],"collection_ssim":["David Galt Greenwald games and puzzles collection"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Curator of Manuscripts and Rare Books, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Use of these materials must be limited to persons using them for research and/or scholarly activites. These materials may not be sold or distributed without knowing their intended use. They are not allowed to fall into the hands of anyone who might use them to support beliefs in the superiority or inferiority of any race, creed, or ethnicity"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["8 Boxes Five oversize boxes, one half Hollinger box, and two rectangle artifact boxes"],"extent_tesim":["8 Boxes Five oversize boxes, one half Hollinger box, and two rectangle artifact boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eGame was sponsored by Burger King and Grolier Books in California.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGame was sponsored by Burger King and Grolier Books in California.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGame was developed by Malik Ali to demonstrate the importance of working wihtin a community to build economic and political power to children and adults. Edward Jennins, a professor at Talladega College, designed the cover, logo, and board images.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGame was featured in the Parker Brothers' 1896-1897 game catalog.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe term \"darky\" is a racist slur for black people, which peaked in use in the years between 1850-1870 and 1900-1920. The \"Little Darky Shooting Gallery\" game was featured in a 1914 Butler Brothers toy catalog.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eW.S.M., standing for \"We Shield Millions\", is a radio station founded in 1925 famous for hosting \"The Grand Ol' Opry\" radio program. \"Lasses\" refers to LeRoy Robert White, a performer who became famous for his blackface minstrel shows during the early 20th century and copyright of the song \"Negro Blues\" (later renamed to include a racial slur for black people). \"Honey\" refers to Lee David Wilds, who performed alongside \"Lasses\" in blackface minstrel shows.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Game was sponsored by Burger King and Grolier Books in California.","Game was sponsored by Burger King and Grolier Books in California.","Game was developed by Malik Ali to demonstrate the importance of working wihtin a community to build economic and political power to children and adults. Edward Jennins, a professor at Talladega College, designed the cover, logo, and board images.","Game was featured in the Parker Brothers' 1896-1897 game catalog.","The term \"darky\" is a racist slur for black people, which peaked in use in the years between 1850-1870 and 1900-1920. The \"Little Darky Shooting Gallery\" game was featured in a 1914 Butler Brothers toy catalog.","W.S.M., standing for \"We Shield Millions\", is a radio station founded in 1925 famous for hosting \"The Grand Ol' Opry\" radio program. \"Lasses\" refers to LeRoy Robert White, a performer who became famous for his blackface minstrel shows during the early 20th century and copyright of the song \"Negro Blues\" (later renamed to include a racial slur for black people). \"Honey\" refers to Lee David Wilds, who performed alongside \"Lasses\" in blackface minstrel shows."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. 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We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. 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We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. 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We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General"],"odd_tesim":["William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eDavid Galt Greenwald games and puzzles collection, Special Collections Research Center, William \u0026amp; Mary Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["David Galt Greenwald games and puzzles collection, Special Collections Research Center, William \u0026 Mary Libraries."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe David Galt Greenwald board games and puzzles collection consists of black Americana board games, puzzles, card games, and ephemera. Series 1 consists of boxed games, puzzles, and toys, largely depicting racist caricatures, including minstrel/blackface imagery, stereotypes, propaganda, and sometimes anti-black violence. Other items in Series 1 depict black empowerment, history, heritage, culture, and collaboration. Series 2 consists of entertainment-related or associated ephemera, including paper board games and puzzles, toys, a stereoview, a watercolor booklet, Court Whist scorecards, promotional material, and pages of a 1883 almanac. The majority, but not all, of these materials likewise feature minstrel/blackface imagery and racist caricatures and stereotypes. These materials offer insight into the cohesive use and promotion of racist imagery, stereotypes, and rhetoric through entertainment media in the 19th and 20th centuries in the United States and Europe. These materials also offer insight into the use of physical entertainment media during the 20th century to educate the public about the Black Power movement, and black community, history, heritage, and empowerment. Additionally, the collection may offer insights into the sale and popularity of black Americana materials between the 19th and early 21st centuries, with at least one board game likely being a 21st century \"hoax\" using historical anti-black imagery to feign its true age.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTwenty-seven boxed board games, card games, puzzles, and toys of black americana material culture. Many of these games use racist terms, imagery, caricatures, and stereotypes of black people, some associated with blackface and minstrel performances, with two games explicitly featuring anti-black racial violence in gameplay. Other games educate  about systemic racism and oppression, black history and culture, prominent black figures in American history, and the Black Power politcal movement, often having a collaborative element.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBlack Americans of Achievement: the Game is based on the Black Americans of Achievement book series highlighting the accomplishments and contributions of black Americans to society, culture, science, politics, and the arts.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBlack Americans of Achievement: the Game is based on the Black Americans of Achievement book series highlighting the accomplishments and contributions of black Americans to society, culture, science, politics, and the arts.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLittle Black Sambo depicts a caricature of a young black boy traversing a jungle and offering his clothes to avoid being eaten by tigers until he reaches \"civilization\" again. \"Sambo\" is a racial slur from Spanish for a person of African descent.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn Search of Identity is a educational game challenging players to answer trivia questions about black people, history, and  culture, with the intent of connecting players to their black heritage through expanded knowledge.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe X Game is a \"fight the system\" collaborative board game following Malcolm X's philosophy and the Black Power Movement.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Black Community Game is a collaborative game meant to demonstrate the importance of black people working together in their communities to affect social, political, and economic change.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSkillets and Cakes is a token flipping game with the goal of flipping all of your \"cakes\" over first. The front of the box depicts an adult man flipping pancakes in a skillet while two children watch. It is unclear whether the adult man is supposed to be black or if there was just a darker printing for his skin, as the children are depicted with the same tone.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSnake Eyes Junior Ediiton is a competitive dice and chip-collecting game with some cards and imagery containing racist caricatures and stereotypes of black people compared to depictions of white people on other cards.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Watermelon Puzzle game promotes anti-black stereotypes and features a racist caricature of a black man eating watermelon, an image historically used as propaganda depicting black people as childish and/or \"unclean\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eZoo Hoo features a racist caricature, likely depicting a blackface minstrel character, of an overwhelmed black zookeeper named Wash, who the players help in rounding up zoo animals released by a clown.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePoor Jenny is a \"chutes and ladders\" type game depicting racist caricatures of black children and the \"black Mammy\" stereotype, historically used to promote the myth that black enslaved women were happy serving white \"masters\" despite their abuse.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePuzzle Picture and Cutout Objects is a children's jigsaw puzzle game featuring a racist depiction of an African man running away from a lion and a reductive depiction of Africa with the Egyptian Pyramids next to a desert and wooden dwelling.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWatch on De Rind depicts racist caricatures and stereotypes of black children eating watermelon, with the objective of catapaulting balls into their \"mouths\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUnocando (\"You-no-can-do\") is a numbered tile shuffling game depicting racist caricatures of two African people playing the game and speaking gibberish, with verbiage mocking African languages and/or black and African English speakers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Darky Shooting Gallery models anti-black violence, consisting of a spring coil \"gun\" players use to shoot \"bullets\" at cutouts of black people, depicted in racist and stereotyped caricatures.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDarkies in the Melon Patch is a \"chutes and ladders\" type game using racist language and imagery of racist and stereotyped caricatures of black people navigating a watermelon patch and avoiding a white farmer aiming at them with a gun. This game appears to be a 21st century counterfeit/hoax of black americana material culture. The copyright information provided claims the game was copyrighted in 1932 by a \"Hudson Brothers\" company at \"127 42nd Street, Buffalo, NY\", though no such company or location appears to exist, and other sources have given copyright dates as early as 1910. The images on the box cover and game board appear to have been digitally printed and some have computer graphics imposed on images dated to various years between 1910 and 1940.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSnake Eyes is a competitive dice and chip-collecting game with some cards and imagery containing racist caricatures and stereotypes of black people compared to depictions of white people on other cards.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSchwarzer Pieter is an \"Old Maid\" type game featuring a blackface minstrel character original from Belgium and Netherlands named \"Black Pete\", who is an assistant to Saint Nicholas and a racist caricature of a black person.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSwahili is a mancala-like game modeled, and possibly appropriated, from the game of Bao from East Africa.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBlacks \u0026amp; Whites models the contemporary racism, oppression, and systemic inequalities black people face in American society, highlighting the socioeconomic and political disparities between black and white Americans. The creators noted that, while the game was meant to simulate racial disparity to white and privileged players, test players rewrote the rules of play to make game outcomes more equitable and fair between races.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBlacks \u0026amp; Whites models the contemporary racism, oppression, and systemic inequalities black people face in American society, highlighting the socioeconomic and political disparities between black and white Americans. The creators noted that, while the game was meant to simulate racial disparity to white and privileged players, test players rewrote the rules of play to make game outcomes more equitable and fair between races.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBimbo Ringo is a ring toss game featuring a racist caricature of an African man with the ring hooks depicted as different adornments on the person's face and weapons.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDie Seefarher in Africa/Les Marins en Afrique is a German-French game with the objective of collecting or pillaging treasure from African port cities as sailors hailing from colonialist powers. May be a reproduction.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn Dixieland is a rummy-like card game with images of black children and adults living in the south, often in impoverished conditions and framed according to racist stereotypes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eKnock Knock is a card game similar to Uno depicting a racist minstrel-like caricature on the box cover.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Race Card is a standard 52 playing card deck with black people and fashions depicted on the face cards.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eZwarte Piet is an \"Old Maid\" type game featuring a blackface minstrel character original from Belgium and Netherlands named \"Black Pete\", who is an assistant to Saint Nicholas and a racist caricature of a black person.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeven folders containing pieces of black americana ephemera that largely use anti-black language, caricatures, and imagery to promote racist stereotypes of black people.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe \"Mammy Memo\" is a plastic notepad and pencil/pen holder shaped in the form of the racist, stereotyped \"Mammy\" caricature. The exact creator could not be identified, but similar products were copyrighted by Hampden Novelty Mfg, Inc.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Oldest Game Known depicts racist caricatures of two black men playing with dice on the box cover. The box contains a metal pot painted purple, but there are no instructions wherein.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Magic-Masks consists of rubber pieces shaped like exaggerated facial features with a racist caricature of a black person on the box cover. This toy was made in Japan, but no instructions or further information could be identified.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFive porcelain figurines, four of which depict minstrel-like caricatures of black musicians playing different instruments, and one shaped like a rudimentary hut with two African individuals on the front with little to no clothing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFour pages (printed on one sheet of folded paper) from \"Frank Leslie's Illustrated Family Almanac fro 1883\", with one page featuring the print \"The Shark Fisheries Near New Smyrna, Florida\" that depicts racist caricatures of black men working in teams to pull live sharks to shore.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA stereoview titled \"A Skin Game Nabbed\" that features black men playing poker with one pointing a gun at the other players, propogating a racist stereotype of black men as violent cheaters. The stereoview claims to have been made for \"The 'Perfec' Stereograph\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"Painting the House that Jack Built\" is a watercoloring booklet with paint squares stapled in the middle of the book, featuring a copyrighted \"Dutch Boy\" character that promotes the purchase of paint from the National Lead Company, who persists against different weather conditions with faces. It is unclear whether any of the weather conditions represent racist caricatures of black people.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePromotional material for W.S.M. depicting two minstrel performers, \"Lasses\" and \"Honey\", in blackface on a \"Seasons Greetings\" card.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTwo scoring cards for Court Whist signed by a \"Mrs. Napper\" and an \"A Napper\", which were associated with the \"Lasses and Honey\" W.S.M. promotional card.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRobertson's Golliwog Game of Snakes and Ladders is a chutes and ladders game featuring multiple racist, gnome-like caricatures called Golliwogs on the game cover and paper game board. Golliwog was a trademark for the James Robertson \u0026amp; Sons jam-manufacturing company between 1910 and the 1960s.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePieces of paper, presumably from medicine packaging, that make up a Trick Donkey game depicting a racist caricature of a black man and a clown as the riders.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAn advertisement for Bridge Party depicting a racist \"Mammy\" caricature misunderstanding suggestive terms used for the game in a fake AAVE dialect. This ad is possible reproduction of an ad printed by the Lee Novelty Co. of Fort Payne, AL.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The David Galt Greenwald board games and puzzles collection consists of black Americana board games, puzzles, card games, and ephemera. Series 1 consists of boxed games, puzzles, and toys, largely depicting racist caricatures, including minstrel/blackface imagery, stereotypes, propaganda, and sometimes anti-black violence. Other items in Series 1 depict black empowerment, history, heritage, culture, and collaboration. Series 2 consists of entertainment-related or associated ephemera, including paper board games and puzzles, toys, a stereoview, a watercolor booklet, Court Whist scorecards, promotional material, and pages of a 1883 almanac. The majority, but not all, of these materials likewise feature minstrel/blackface imagery and racist caricatures and stereotypes. These materials offer insight into the cohesive use and promotion of racist imagery, stereotypes, and rhetoric through entertainment media in the 19th and 20th centuries in the United States and Europe. These materials also offer insight into the use of physical entertainment media during the 20th century to educate the public about the Black Power movement, and black community, history, heritage, and empowerment. Additionally, the collection may offer insights into the sale and popularity of black Americana materials between the 19th and early 21st centuries, with at least one board game likely being a 21st century \"hoax\" using historical anti-black imagery to feign its true age.","Twenty-seven boxed board games, card games, puzzles, and toys of black americana material culture. Many of these games use racist terms, imagery, caricatures, and stereotypes of black people, some associated with blackface and minstrel performances, with two games explicitly featuring anti-black racial violence in gameplay. Other games educate  about systemic racism and oppression, black history and culture, prominent black figures in American history, and the Black Power politcal movement, often having a collaborative element.","Black Americans of Achievement: the Game is based on the Black Americans of Achievement book series highlighting the accomplishments and contributions of black Americans to society, culture, science, politics, and the arts.","Black Americans of Achievement: the Game is based on the Black Americans of Achievement book series highlighting the accomplishments and contributions of black Americans to society, culture, science, politics, and the arts.","Little Black Sambo depicts a caricature of a young black boy traversing a jungle and offering his clothes to avoid being eaten by tigers until he reaches \"civilization\" again. \"Sambo\" is a racial slur from Spanish for a person of African descent.","In Search of Identity is a educational game challenging players to answer trivia questions about black people, history, and  culture, with the intent of connecting players to their black heritage through expanded knowledge.","The X Game is a \"fight the system\" collaborative board game following Malcolm X's philosophy and the Black Power Movement.","The Black Community Game is a collaborative game meant to demonstrate the importance of black people working together in their communities to affect social, political, and economic change.","Skillets and Cakes is a token flipping game with the goal of flipping all of your \"cakes\" over first. The front of the box depicts an adult man flipping pancakes in a skillet while two children watch. It is unclear whether the adult man is supposed to be black or if there was just a darker printing for his skin, as the children are depicted with the same tone.","Snake Eyes Junior Ediiton is a competitive dice and chip-collecting game with some cards and imagery containing racist caricatures and stereotypes of black people compared to depictions of white people on other cards.","The Watermelon Puzzle game promotes anti-black stereotypes and features a racist caricature of a black man eating watermelon, an image historically used as propaganda depicting black people as childish and/or \"unclean\".","Zoo Hoo features a racist caricature, likely depicting a blackface minstrel character, of an overwhelmed black zookeeper named Wash, who the players help in rounding up zoo animals released by a clown.","Poor Jenny is a \"chutes and ladders\" type game depicting racist caricatures of black children and the \"black Mammy\" stereotype, historically used to promote the myth that black enslaved women were happy serving white \"masters\" despite their abuse.","Puzzle Picture and Cutout Objects is a children's jigsaw puzzle game featuring a racist depiction of an African man running away from a lion and a reductive depiction of Africa with the Egyptian Pyramids next to a desert and wooden dwelling.","Watch on De Rind depicts racist caricatures and stereotypes of black children eating watermelon, with the objective of catapaulting balls into their \"mouths\".","Unocando (\"You-no-can-do\") is a numbered tile shuffling game depicting racist caricatures of two African people playing the game and speaking gibberish, with verbiage mocking African languages and/or black and African English speakers.","The Darky Shooting Gallery models anti-black violence, consisting of a spring coil \"gun\" players use to shoot \"bullets\" at cutouts of black people, depicted in racist and stereotyped caricatures.","Darkies in the Melon Patch is a \"chutes and ladders\" type game using racist language and imagery of racist and stereotyped caricatures of black people navigating a watermelon patch and avoiding a white farmer aiming at them with a gun. This game appears to be a 21st century counterfeit/hoax of black americana material culture. The copyright information provided claims the game was copyrighted in 1932 by a \"Hudson Brothers\" company at \"127 42nd Street, Buffalo, NY\", though no such company or location appears to exist, and other sources have given copyright dates as early as 1910. The images on the box cover and game board appear to have been digitally printed and some have computer graphics imposed on images dated to various years between 1910 and 1940.","Snake Eyes is a competitive dice and chip-collecting game with some cards and imagery containing racist caricatures and stereotypes of black people compared to depictions of white people on other cards.","Schwarzer Pieter is an \"Old Maid\" type game featuring a blackface minstrel character original from Belgium and Netherlands named \"Black Pete\", who is an assistant to Saint Nicholas and a racist caricature of a black person.","Swahili is a mancala-like game modeled, and possibly appropriated, from the game of Bao from East Africa.","Blacks \u0026 Whites models the contemporary racism, oppression, and systemic inequalities black people face in American society, highlighting the socioeconomic and political disparities between black and white Americans. The creators noted that, while the game was meant to simulate racial disparity to white and privileged players, test players rewrote the rules of play to make game outcomes more equitable and fair between races.","Blacks \u0026 Whites models the contemporary racism, oppression, and systemic inequalities black people face in American society, highlighting the socioeconomic and political disparities between black and white Americans. The creators noted that, while the game was meant to simulate racial disparity to white and privileged players, test players rewrote the rules of play to make game outcomes more equitable and fair between races.","Bimbo Ringo is a ring toss game featuring a racist caricature of an African man with the ring hooks depicted as different adornments on the person's face and weapons.","Die Seefarher in Africa/Les Marins en Afrique is a German-French game with the objective of collecting or pillaging treasure from African port cities as sailors hailing from colonialist powers. May be a reproduction.","In Dixieland is a rummy-like card game with images of black children and adults living in the south, often in impoverished conditions and framed according to racist stereotypes.","Knock Knock is a card game similar to Uno depicting a racist minstrel-like caricature on the box cover.","The Race Card is a standard 52 playing card deck with black people and fashions depicted on the face cards.","Zwarte Piet is an \"Old Maid\" type game featuring a blackface minstrel character original from Belgium and Netherlands named \"Black Pete\", who is an assistant to Saint Nicholas and a racist caricature of a black person.","Seven folders containing pieces of black americana ephemera that largely use anti-black language, caricatures, and imagery to promote racist stereotypes of black people.","The \"Mammy Memo\" is a plastic notepad and pencil/pen holder shaped in the form of the racist, stereotyped \"Mammy\" caricature. The exact creator could not be identified, but similar products were copyrighted by Hampden Novelty Mfg, Inc.","The Oldest Game Known depicts racist caricatures of two black men playing with dice on the box cover. The box contains a metal pot painted purple, but there are no instructions wherein.","The Magic-Masks consists of rubber pieces shaped like exaggerated facial features with a racist caricature of a black person on the box cover. This toy was made in Japan, but no instructions or further information could be identified.","Five porcelain figurines, four of which depict minstrel-like caricatures of black musicians playing different instruments, and one shaped like a rudimentary hut with two African individuals on the front with little to no clothing.","Four pages (printed on one sheet of folded paper) from \"Frank Leslie's Illustrated Family Almanac fro 1883\", with one page featuring the print \"The Shark Fisheries Near New Smyrna, Florida\" that depicts racist caricatures of black men working in teams to pull live sharks to shore.","A stereoview titled \"A Skin Game Nabbed\" that features black men playing poker with one pointing a gun at the other players, propogating a racist stereotype of black men as violent cheaters. The stereoview claims to have been made for \"The 'Perfec' Stereograph\".","\"Painting the House that Jack Built\" is a watercoloring booklet with paint squares stapled in the middle of the book, featuring a copyrighted \"Dutch Boy\" character that promotes the purchase of paint from the National Lead Company, who persists against different weather conditions with faces. It is unclear whether any of the weather conditions represent racist caricatures of black people.","Promotional material for W.S.M. depicting two minstrel performers, \"Lasses\" and \"Honey\", in blackface on a \"Seasons Greetings\" card.","Two scoring cards for Court Whist signed by a \"Mrs. Napper\" and an \"A Napper\", which were associated with the \"Lasses and Honey\" W.S.M. promotional card.","Robertson's Golliwog Game of Snakes and Ladders is a chutes and ladders game featuring multiple racist, gnome-like caricatures called Golliwogs on the game cover and paper game board. Golliwog was a trademark for the James Robertson \u0026 Sons jam-manufacturing company between 1910 and the 1960s.","Pieces of paper, presumably from medicine packaging, that make up a Trick Donkey game depicting a racist caricature of a black man and a clown as the riders.","An advertisement for Bridge Party depicting a racist \"Mammy\" caricature misunderstanding suggestive terms used for the game in a fake AAVE dialect. This ad is possible reproduction of an ad printed by the Lee Novelty Co. of Fort Payne, AL."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Curator of Manuscripts and Rare Books, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUse of these materials must be limited to persons using them for research and/or scholarly activites. These materials may not be sold or distributed without knowing their intended use. They are not allowed to fall into the hands of anyone who might use them to support beliefs in the superiority or inferiority of any race, creed, or ethnicity\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use","Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Curator of Manuscripts and Rare Books, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Use of these materials must be limited to persons using them for research and/or scholarly activites. These materials may not be sold or distributed without knowing their intended use. They are not allowed to fall into the hands of anyone who might use them to support beliefs in the superiority or inferiority of any race, creed, or ethnicity"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","BAOA, Inc.","Cadaco-Ellis (Chicago, IL)","Identity Toys, Inc. (Milwaukee, WI)","Motherland, Inc. (Boston, MA)","Milton Bradley Co.","Selchow \u0026 Righter Co. (New York, NY)","Parker Brothers (Salem, MA)","Lubbers \u0026 Bell Mfg. Co. (Clinton, IA)","E. E. Fairchild Corporation","Goezte Game Co. (Plymouth, WI)","J. W. Spear \u0026 Sons (London, UK)","Psychology Today Games (Del Mar, CA)","G. H. Robinson Company (Chicago, IL)","Bermann \u0026 Sohn","The Fireside Game Co. (Cincinnati, OH)","Chad Valley Co., Ltd.","The Concept Card Co. (New Orleans, LA)","Hampden Novelty Mfg, Inc.","H Fishlove \u0026 Co.","Frank Leslie Publishing House","H. C. White Co. (North Bennington, VT)","National Lead Company","O.C. Harn","John W. Brophy Co. (Westerly, RI)"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","BAOA, Inc.","Cadaco-Ellis (Chicago, IL)","Identity Toys, Inc. (Milwaukee, WI)","Motherland, Inc. (Boston, MA)","Milton Bradley Co.","Selchow \u0026 Righter Co. (New York, NY)","Parker Brothers (Salem, MA)","Lubbers \u0026 Bell Mfg. Co. (Clinton, IA)","E. E. Fairchild Corporation","Goezte Game Co. (Plymouth, WI)","J. W. Spear \u0026 Sons (London, UK)","Psychology Today Games (Del Mar, CA)","G. H. Robinson Company (Chicago, IL)","Bermann \u0026 Sohn","The Fireside Game Co. (Cincinnati, OH)","Chad Valley Co., Ltd.","The Concept Card Co. (New Orleans, LA)","Hampden Novelty Mfg, Inc.","H Fishlove \u0026 Co.","Frank Leslie Publishing House","H. C. White Co. (North Bennington, VT)","National Lead Company","O.C. Harn","John W. Brophy Co. (Westerly, RI)"],"language_ssim":["English Dutch; Flemish German French"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":41,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T12:30:06.480Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_10016","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_10016","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_10016","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_10016","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_10016.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Greenwald, David Galt games and puzzles collection","title_ssm":["David Galt Greenwald games and puzzles collection"],"title_tesim":["David Galt Greenwald games and puzzles collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1850-2005"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1850-2005"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MS 00427","/repositories/2/resources/10016"],"text":["MS 00427","/repositories/2/resources/10016","David Galt Greenwald games and puzzles collection","Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","Game was sponsored by Burger King and Grolier Books in California.","Game was sponsored by Burger King and Grolier Books in California.","Game was developed by Malik Ali to demonstrate the importance of working wihtin a community to build economic and political power to children and adults. Edward Jennins, a professor at Talladega College, designed the cover, logo, and board images.","Game was featured in the Parker Brothers' 1896-1897 game catalog.","The term \"darky\" is a racist slur for black people, which peaked in use in the years between 1850-1870 and 1900-1920. The \"Little Darky Shooting Gallery\" game was featured in a 1914 Butler Brothers toy catalog.","W.S.M., standing for \"We Shield Millions\", is a radio station founded in 1925 famous for hosting \"The Grand Ol' Opry\" radio program. \"Lasses\" refers to LeRoy Robert White, a performer who became famous for his blackface minstrel shows during the early 20th century and copyright of the song \"Negro Blues\" (later renamed to include a racial slur for black people). \"Honey\" refers to Lee David Wilds, who performed alongside \"Lasses\" in blackface minstrel shows.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","The David Galt Greenwald board games and puzzles collection consists of black Americana board games, puzzles, card games, and ephemera. Series 1 consists of boxed games, puzzles, and toys, largely depicting racist caricatures, including minstrel/blackface imagery, stereotypes, propaganda, and sometimes anti-black violence. Other items in Series 1 depict black empowerment, history, heritage, culture, and collaboration. Series 2 consists of entertainment-related or associated ephemera, including paper board games and puzzles, toys, a stereoview, a watercolor booklet, Court Whist scorecards, promotional material, and pages of a 1883 almanac. The majority, but not all, of these materials likewise feature minstrel/blackface imagery and racist caricatures and stereotypes. These materials offer insight into the cohesive use and promotion of racist imagery, stereotypes, and rhetoric through entertainment media in the 19th and 20th centuries in the United States and Europe. These materials also offer insight into the use of physical entertainment media during the 20th century to educate the public about the Black Power movement, and black community, history, heritage, and empowerment. Additionally, the collection may offer insights into the sale and popularity of black Americana materials between the 19th and early 21st centuries, with at least one board game likely being a 21st century \"hoax\" using historical anti-black imagery to feign its true age.","Twenty-seven boxed board games, card games, puzzles, and toys of black americana material culture. Many of these games use racist terms, imagery, caricatures, and stereotypes of black people, some associated with blackface and minstrel performances, with two games explicitly featuring anti-black racial violence in gameplay. Other games educate  about systemic racism and oppression, black history and culture, prominent black figures in American history, and the Black Power politcal movement, often having a collaborative element.","Black Americans of Achievement: the Game is based on the Black Americans of Achievement book series highlighting the accomplishments and contributions of black Americans to society, culture, science, politics, and the arts.","Black Americans of Achievement: the Game is based on the Black Americans of Achievement book series highlighting the accomplishments and contributions of black Americans to society, culture, science, politics, and the arts.","Little Black Sambo depicts a caricature of a young black boy traversing a jungle and offering his clothes to avoid being eaten by tigers until he reaches \"civilization\" again. \"Sambo\" is a racial slur from Spanish for a person of African descent.","In Search of Identity is a educational game challenging players to answer trivia questions about black people, history, and  culture, with the intent of connecting players to their black heritage through expanded knowledge.","The X Game is a \"fight the system\" collaborative board game following Malcolm X's philosophy and the Black Power Movement.","The Black Community Game is a collaborative game meant to demonstrate the importance of black people working together in their communities to affect social, political, and economic change.","Skillets and Cakes is a token flipping game with the goal of flipping all of your \"cakes\" over first. The front of the box depicts an adult man flipping pancakes in a skillet while two children watch. It is unclear whether the adult man is supposed to be black or if there was just a darker printing for his skin, as the children are depicted with the same tone.","Snake Eyes Junior Ediiton is a competitive dice and chip-collecting game with some cards and imagery containing racist caricatures and stereotypes of black people compared to depictions of white people on other cards.","The Watermelon Puzzle game promotes anti-black stereotypes and features a racist caricature of a black man eating watermelon, an image historically used as propaganda depicting black people as childish and/or \"unclean\".","Zoo Hoo features a racist caricature, likely depicting a blackface minstrel character, of an overwhelmed black zookeeper named Wash, who the players help in rounding up zoo animals released by a clown.","Poor Jenny is a \"chutes and ladders\" type game depicting racist caricatures of black children and the \"black Mammy\" stereotype, historically used to promote the myth that black enslaved women were happy serving white \"masters\" despite their abuse.","Puzzle Picture and Cutout Objects is a children's jigsaw puzzle game featuring a racist depiction of an African man running away from a lion and a reductive depiction of Africa with the Egyptian Pyramids next to a desert and wooden dwelling.","Watch on De Rind depicts racist caricatures and stereotypes of black children eating watermelon, with the objective of catapaulting balls into their \"mouths\".","Unocando (\"You-no-can-do\") is a numbered tile shuffling game depicting racist caricatures of two African people playing the game and speaking gibberish, with verbiage mocking African languages and/or black and African English speakers.","The Darky Shooting Gallery models anti-black violence, consisting of a spring coil \"gun\" players use to shoot \"bullets\" at cutouts of black people, depicted in racist and stereotyped caricatures.","Darkies in the Melon Patch is a \"chutes and ladders\" type game using racist language and imagery of racist and stereotyped caricatures of black people navigating a watermelon patch and avoiding a white farmer aiming at them with a gun. This game appears to be a 21st century counterfeit/hoax of black americana material culture. The copyright information provided claims the game was copyrighted in 1932 by a \"Hudson Brothers\" company at \"127 42nd Street, Buffalo, NY\", though no such company or location appears to exist, and other sources have given copyright dates as early as 1910. The images on the box cover and game board appear to have been digitally printed and some have computer graphics imposed on images dated to various years between 1910 and 1940.","Snake Eyes is a competitive dice and chip-collecting game with some cards and imagery containing racist caricatures and stereotypes of black people compared to depictions of white people on other cards.","Schwarzer Pieter is an \"Old Maid\" type game featuring a blackface minstrel character original from Belgium and Netherlands named \"Black Pete\", who is an assistant to Saint Nicholas and a racist caricature of a black person.","Swahili is a mancala-like game modeled, and possibly appropriated, from the game of Bao from East Africa.","Blacks \u0026 Whites models the contemporary racism, oppression, and systemic inequalities black people face in American society, highlighting the socioeconomic and political disparities between black and white Americans. The creators noted that, while the game was meant to simulate racial disparity to white and privileged players, test players rewrote the rules of play to make game outcomes more equitable and fair between races.","Blacks \u0026 Whites models the contemporary racism, oppression, and systemic inequalities black people face in American society, highlighting the socioeconomic and political disparities between black and white Americans. The creators noted that, while the game was meant to simulate racial disparity to white and privileged players, test players rewrote the rules of play to make game outcomes more equitable and fair between races.","Bimbo Ringo is a ring toss game featuring a racist caricature of an African man with the ring hooks depicted as different adornments on the person's face and weapons.","Die Seefarher in Africa/Les Marins en Afrique is a German-French game with the objective of collecting or pillaging treasure from African port cities as sailors hailing from colonialist powers. May be a reproduction.","In Dixieland is a rummy-like card game with images of black children and adults living in the south, often in impoverished conditions and framed according to racist stereotypes.","Knock Knock is a card game similar to Uno depicting a racist minstrel-like caricature on the box cover.","The Race Card is a standard 52 playing card deck with black people and fashions depicted on the face cards.","Zwarte Piet is an \"Old Maid\" type game featuring a blackface minstrel character original from Belgium and Netherlands named \"Black Pete\", who is an assistant to Saint Nicholas and a racist caricature of a black person.","Seven folders containing pieces of black americana ephemera that largely use anti-black language, caricatures, and imagery to promote racist stereotypes of black people.","The \"Mammy Memo\" is a plastic notepad and pencil/pen holder shaped in the form of the racist, stereotyped \"Mammy\" caricature. The exact creator could not be identified, but similar products were copyrighted by Hampden Novelty Mfg, Inc.","The Oldest Game Known depicts racist caricatures of two black men playing with dice on the box cover. The box contains a metal pot painted purple, but there are no instructions wherein.","The Magic-Masks consists of rubber pieces shaped like exaggerated facial features with a racist caricature of a black person on the box cover. This toy was made in Japan, but no instructions or further information could be identified.","Five porcelain figurines, four of which depict minstrel-like caricatures of black musicians playing different instruments, and one shaped like a rudimentary hut with two African individuals on the front with little to no clothing.","Four pages (printed on one sheet of folded paper) from \"Frank Leslie's Illustrated Family Almanac fro 1883\", with one page featuring the print \"The Shark Fisheries Near New Smyrna, Florida\" that depicts racist caricatures of black men working in teams to pull live sharks to shore.","A stereoview titled \"A Skin Game Nabbed\" that features black men playing poker with one pointing a gun at the other players, propogating a racist stereotype of black men as violent cheaters. The stereoview claims to have been made for \"The 'Perfec' Stereograph\".","\"Painting the House that Jack Built\" is a watercoloring booklet with paint squares stapled in the middle of the book, featuring a copyrighted \"Dutch Boy\" character that promotes the purchase of paint from the National Lead Company, who persists against different weather conditions with faces. It is unclear whether any of the weather conditions represent racist caricatures of black people.","Promotional material for W.S.M. depicting two minstrel performers, \"Lasses\" and \"Honey\", in blackface on a \"Seasons Greetings\" card.","Two scoring cards for Court Whist signed by a \"Mrs. Napper\" and an \"A Napper\", which were associated with the \"Lasses and Honey\" W.S.M. promotional card.","Robertson's Golliwog Game of Snakes and Ladders is a chutes and ladders game featuring multiple racist, gnome-like caricatures called Golliwogs on the game cover and paper game board. Golliwog was a trademark for the James Robertson \u0026 Sons jam-manufacturing company between 1910 and the 1960s.","Pieces of paper, presumably from medicine packaging, that make up a Trick Donkey game depicting a racist caricature of a black man and a clown as the riders.","An advertisement for Bridge Party depicting a racist \"Mammy\" caricature misunderstanding suggestive terms used for the game in a fake AAVE dialect. This ad is possible reproduction of an ad printed by the Lee Novelty Co. of Fort Payne, AL.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Curator of Manuscripts and Rare Books, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Use of these materials must be limited to persons using them for research and/or scholarly activites. These materials may not be sold or distributed without knowing their intended use. They are not allowed to fall into the hands of anyone who might use them to support beliefs in the superiority or inferiority of any race, creed, or ethnicity","Special Collections Research Center","BAOA, Inc.","Cadaco-Ellis (Chicago, IL)","Identity Toys, Inc. (Milwaukee, WI)","Motherland, Inc. (Boston, MA)","Milton Bradley Co.","Selchow \u0026 Righter Co. (New York, NY)","Parker Brothers (Salem, MA)","Lubbers \u0026 Bell Mfg. Co. (Clinton, IA)","E. E. Fairchild Corporation","Goezte Game Co. (Plymouth, WI)","J. W. Spear \u0026 Sons (London, UK)","Psychology Today Games (Del Mar, CA)","G. H. Robinson Company (Chicago, IL)","Bermann \u0026 Sohn","The Fireside Game Co. (Cincinnati, OH)","Chad Valley Co., Ltd.","The Concept Card Co. (New Orleans, LA)","Hampden Novelty Mfg, Inc.","H Fishlove \u0026 Co.","Frank Leslie Publishing House","H. C. White Co. (North Bennington, VT)","National Lead Company","O.C. Harn","John W. Brophy Co. (Westerly, RI)","English Dutch; Flemish German French"],"unitid_tesim":["MS 00427","/repositories/2/resources/10016"],"normalized_title_ssm":["David Galt Greenwald games and puzzles collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["David Galt Greenwald games and puzzles collection"],"collection_ssim":["David Galt Greenwald games and puzzles collection"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Curator of Manuscripts and Rare Books, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Use of these materials must be limited to persons using them for research and/or scholarly activites. These materials may not be sold or distributed without knowing their intended use. They are not allowed to fall into the hands of anyone who might use them to support beliefs in the superiority or inferiority of any race, creed, or ethnicity"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["8 Boxes Five oversize boxes, one half Hollinger box, and two rectangle artifact boxes"],"extent_tesim":["8 Boxes Five oversize boxes, one half Hollinger box, and two rectangle artifact boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eGame was sponsored by Burger King and Grolier Books in California.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGame was sponsored by Burger King and Grolier Books in California.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGame was developed by Malik Ali to demonstrate the importance of working wihtin a community to build economic and political power to children and adults. Edward Jennins, a professor at Talladega College, designed the cover, logo, and board images.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGame was featured in the Parker Brothers' 1896-1897 game catalog.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe term \"darky\" is a racist slur for black people, which peaked in use in the years between 1850-1870 and 1900-1920. The \"Little Darky Shooting Gallery\" game was featured in a 1914 Butler Brothers toy catalog.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eW.S.M., standing for \"We Shield Millions\", is a radio station founded in 1925 famous for hosting \"The Grand Ol' Opry\" radio program. \"Lasses\" refers to LeRoy Robert White, a performer who became famous for his blackface minstrel shows during the early 20th century and copyright of the song \"Negro Blues\" (later renamed to include a racial slur for black people). \"Honey\" refers to Lee David Wilds, who performed alongside \"Lasses\" in blackface minstrel shows.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Game was sponsored by Burger King and Grolier Books in California.","Game was sponsored by Burger King and Grolier Books in California.","Game was developed by Malik Ali to demonstrate the importance of working wihtin a community to build economic and political power to children and adults. Edward Jennins, a professor at Talladega College, designed the cover, logo, and board images.","Game was featured in the Parker Brothers' 1896-1897 game catalog.","The term \"darky\" is a racist slur for black people, which peaked in use in the years between 1850-1870 and 1900-1920. The \"Little Darky Shooting Gallery\" game was featured in a 1914 Butler Brothers toy catalog.","W.S.M., standing for \"We Shield Millions\", is a radio station founded in 1925 famous for hosting \"The Grand Ol' Opry\" radio program. \"Lasses\" refers to LeRoy Robert White, a performer who became famous for his blackface minstrel shows during the early 20th century and copyright of the song \"Negro Blues\" (later renamed to include a racial slur for black people). \"Honey\" refers to Lee David Wilds, who performed alongside \"Lasses\" in blackface minstrel shows."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. 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We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. 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We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. 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We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eDavid Galt Greenwald games and puzzles collection, Special Collections Research Center, William \u0026amp; Mary Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["David Galt Greenwald games and puzzles collection, Special Collections Research Center, William \u0026 Mary Libraries."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe David Galt Greenwald board games and puzzles collection consists of black Americana board games, puzzles, card games, and ephemera. Series 1 consists of boxed games, puzzles, and toys, largely depicting racist caricatures, including minstrel/blackface imagery, stereotypes, propaganda, and sometimes anti-black violence. Other items in Series 1 depict black empowerment, history, heritage, culture, and collaboration. Series 2 consists of entertainment-related or associated ephemera, including paper board games and puzzles, toys, a stereoview, a watercolor booklet, Court Whist scorecards, promotional material, and pages of a 1883 almanac. The majority, but not all, of these materials likewise feature minstrel/blackface imagery and racist caricatures and stereotypes. These materials offer insight into the cohesive use and promotion of racist imagery, stereotypes, and rhetoric through entertainment media in the 19th and 20th centuries in the United States and Europe. These materials also offer insight into the use of physical entertainment media during the 20th century to educate the public about the Black Power movement, and black community, history, heritage, and empowerment. Additionally, the collection may offer insights into the sale and popularity of black Americana materials between the 19th and early 21st centuries, with at least one board game likely being a 21st century \"hoax\" using historical anti-black imagery to feign its true age.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTwenty-seven boxed board games, card games, puzzles, and toys of black americana material culture. Many of these games use racist terms, imagery, caricatures, and stereotypes of black people, some associated with blackface and minstrel performances, with two games explicitly featuring anti-black racial violence in gameplay. Other games educate  about systemic racism and oppression, black history and culture, prominent black figures in American history, and the Black Power politcal movement, often having a collaborative element.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBlack Americans of Achievement: the Game is based on the Black Americans of Achievement book series highlighting the accomplishments and contributions of black Americans to society, culture, science, politics, and the arts.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBlack Americans of Achievement: the Game is based on the Black Americans of Achievement book series highlighting the accomplishments and contributions of black Americans to society, culture, science, politics, and the arts.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLittle Black Sambo depicts a caricature of a young black boy traversing a jungle and offering his clothes to avoid being eaten by tigers until he reaches \"civilization\" again. \"Sambo\" is a racial slur from Spanish for a person of African descent.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn Search of Identity is a educational game challenging players to answer trivia questions about black people, history, and  culture, with the intent of connecting players to their black heritage through expanded knowledge.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe X Game is a \"fight the system\" collaborative board game following Malcolm X's philosophy and the Black Power Movement.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Black Community Game is a collaborative game meant to demonstrate the importance of black people working together in their communities to affect social, political, and economic change.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSkillets and Cakes is a token flipping game with the goal of flipping all of your \"cakes\" over first. The front of the box depicts an adult man flipping pancakes in a skillet while two children watch. It is unclear whether the adult man is supposed to be black or if there was just a darker printing for his skin, as the children are depicted with the same tone.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSnake Eyes Junior Ediiton is a competitive dice and chip-collecting game with some cards and imagery containing racist caricatures and stereotypes of black people compared to depictions of white people on other cards.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Watermelon Puzzle game promotes anti-black stereotypes and features a racist caricature of a black man eating watermelon, an image historically used as propaganda depicting black people as childish and/or \"unclean\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eZoo Hoo features a racist caricature, likely depicting a blackface minstrel character, of an overwhelmed black zookeeper named Wash, who the players help in rounding up zoo animals released by a clown.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePoor Jenny is a \"chutes and ladders\" type game depicting racist caricatures of black children and the \"black Mammy\" stereotype, historically used to promote the myth that black enslaved women were happy serving white \"masters\" despite their abuse.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePuzzle Picture and Cutout Objects is a children's jigsaw puzzle game featuring a racist depiction of an African man running away from a lion and a reductive depiction of Africa with the Egyptian Pyramids next to a desert and wooden dwelling.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWatch on De Rind depicts racist caricatures and stereotypes of black children eating watermelon, with the objective of catapaulting balls into their \"mouths\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUnocando (\"You-no-can-do\") is a numbered tile shuffling game depicting racist caricatures of two African people playing the game and speaking gibberish, with verbiage mocking African languages and/or black and African English speakers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Darky Shooting Gallery models anti-black violence, consisting of a spring coil \"gun\" players use to shoot \"bullets\" at cutouts of black people, depicted in racist and stereotyped caricatures.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDarkies in the Melon Patch is a \"chutes and ladders\" type game using racist language and imagery of racist and stereotyped caricatures of black people navigating a watermelon patch and avoiding a white farmer aiming at them with a gun. This game appears to be a 21st century counterfeit/hoax of black americana material culture. The copyright information provided claims the game was copyrighted in 1932 by a \"Hudson Brothers\" company at \"127 42nd Street, Buffalo, NY\", though no such company or location appears to exist, and other sources have given copyright dates as early as 1910. The images on the box cover and game board appear to have been digitally printed and some have computer graphics imposed on images dated to various years between 1910 and 1940.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSnake Eyes is a competitive dice and chip-collecting game with some cards and imagery containing racist caricatures and stereotypes of black people compared to depictions of white people on other cards.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSchwarzer Pieter is an \"Old Maid\" type game featuring a blackface minstrel character original from Belgium and Netherlands named \"Black Pete\", who is an assistant to Saint Nicholas and a racist caricature of a black person.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSwahili is a mancala-like game modeled, and possibly appropriated, from the game of Bao from East Africa.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBlacks \u0026amp; Whites models the contemporary racism, oppression, and systemic inequalities black people face in American society, highlighting the socioeconomic and political disparities between black and white Americans. The creators noted that, while the game was meant to simulate racial disparity to white and privileged players, test players rewrote the rules of play to make game outcomes more equitable and fair between races.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBlacks \u0026amp; Whites models the contemporary racism, oppression, and systemic inequalities black people face in American society, highlighting the socioeconomic and political disparities between black and white Americans. The creators noted that, while the game was meant to simulate racial disparity to white and privileged players, test players rewrote the rules of play to make game outcomes more equitable and fair between races.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBimbo Ringo is a ring toss game featuring a racist caricature of an African man with the ring hooks depicted as different adornments on the person's face and weapons.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDie Seefarher in Africa/Les Marins en Afrique is a German-French game with the objective of collecting or pillaging treasure from African port cities as sailors hailing from colonialist powers. May be a reproduction.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn Dixieland is a rummy-like card game with images of black children and adults living in the south, often in impoverished conditions and framed according to racist stereotypes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eKnock Knock is a card game similar to Uno depicting a racist minstrel-like caricature on the box cover.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Race Card is a standard 52 playing card deck with black people and fashions depicted on the face cards.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eZwarte Piet is an \"Old Maid\" type game featuring a blackface minstrel character original from Belgium and Netherlands named \"Black Pete\", who is an assistant to Saint Nicholas and a racist caricature of a black person.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeven folders containing pieces of black americana ephemera that largely use anti-black language, caricatures, and imagery to promote racist stereotypes of black people.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe \"Mammy Memo\" is a plastic notepad and pencil/pen holder shaped in the form of the racist, stereotyped \"Mammy\" caricature. The exact creator could not be identified, but similar products were copyrighted by Hampden Novelty Mfg, Inc.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Oldest Game Known depicts racist caricatures of two black men playing with dice on the box cover. The box contains a metal pot painted purple, but there are no instructions wherein.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Magic-Masks consists of rubber pieces shaped like exaggerated facial features with a racist caricature of a black person on the box cover. This toy was made in Japan, but no instructions or further information could be identified.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFive porcelain figurines, four of which depict minstrel-like caricatures of black musicians playing different instruments, and one shaped like a rudimentary hut with two African individuals on the front with little to no clothing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFour pages (printed on one sheet of folded paper) from \"Frank Leslie's Illustrated Family Almanac fro 1883\", with one page featuring the print \"The Shark Fisheries Near New Smyrna, Florida\" that depicts racist caricatures of black men working in teams to pull live sharks to shore.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA stereoview titled \"A Skin Game Nabbed\" that features black men playing poker with one pointing a gun at the other players, propogating a racist stereotype of black men as violent cheaters. The stereoview claims to have been made for \"The 'Perfec' Stereograph\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"Painting the House that Jack Built\" is a watercoloring booklet with paint squares stapled in the middle of the book, featuring a copyrighted \"Dutch Boy\" character that promotes the purchase of paint from the National Lead Company, who persists against different weather conditions with faces. It is unclear whether any of the weather conditions represent racist caricatures of black people.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePromotional material for W.S.M. depicting two minstrel performers, \"Lasses\" and \"Honey\", in blackface on a \"Seasons Greetings\" card.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTwo scoring cards for Court Whist signed by a \"Mrs. Napper\" and an \"A Napper\", which were associated with the \"Lasses and Honey\" W.S.M. promotional card.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRobertson's Golliwog Game of Snakes and Ladders is a chutes and ladders game featuring multiple racist, gnome-like caricatures called Golliwogs on the game cover and paper game board. Golliwog was a trademark for the James Robertson \u0026amp; Sons jam-manufacturing company between 1910 and the 1960s.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePieces of paper, presumably from medicine packaging, that make up a Trick Donkey game depicting a racist caricature of a black man and a clown as the riders.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAn advertisement for Bridge Party depicting a racist \"Mammy\" caricature misunderstanding suggestive terms used for the game in a fake AAVE dialect. This ad is possible reproduction of an ad printed by the Lee Novelty Co. of Fort Payne, AL.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The David Galt Greenwald board games and puzzles collection consists of black Americana board games, puzzles, card games, and ephemera. Series 1 consists of boxed games, puzzles, and toys, largely depicting racist caricatures, including minstrel/blackface imagery, stereotypes, propaganda, and sometimes anti-black violence. Other items in Series 1 depict black empowerment, history, heritage, culture, and collaboration. Series 2 consists of entertainment-related or associated ephemera, including paper board games and puzzles, toys, a stereoview, a watercolor booklet, Court Whist scorecards, promotional material, and pages of a 1883 almanac. The majority, but not all, of these materials likewise feature minstrel/blackface imagery and racist caricatures and stereotypes. These materials offer insight into the cohesive use and promotion of racist imagery, stereotypes, and rhetoric through entertainment media in the 19th and 20th centuries in the United States and Europe. These materials also offer insight into the use of physical entertainment media during the 20th century to educate the public about the Black Power movement, and black community, history, heritage, and empowerment. Additionally, the collection may offer insights into the sale and popularity of black Americana materials between the 19th and early 21st centuries, with at least one board game likely being a 21st century \"hoax\" using historical anti-black imagery to feign its true age.","Twenty-seven boxed board games, card games, puzzles, and toys of black americana material culture. Many of these games use racist terms, imagery, caricatures, and stereotypes of black people, some associated with blackface and minstrel performances, with two games explicitly featuring anti-black racial violence in gameplay. Other games educate  about systemic racism and oppression, black history and culture, prominent black figures in American history, and the Black Power politcal movement, often having a collaborative element.","Black Americans of Achievement: the Game is based on the Black Americans of Achievement book series highlighting the accomplishments and contributions of black Americans to society, culture, science, politics, and the arts.","Black Americans of Achievement: the Game is based on the Black Americans of Achievement book series highlighting the accomplishments and contributions of black Americans to society, culture, science, politics, and the arts.","Little Black Sambo depicts a caricature of a young black boy traversing a jungle and offering his clothes to avoid being eaten by tigers until he reaches \"civilization\" again. \"Sambo\" is a racial slur from Spanish for a person of African descent.","In Search of Identity is a educational game challenging players to answer trivia questions about black people, history, and  culture, with the intent of connecting players to their black heritage through expanded knowledge.","The X Game is a \"fight the system\" collaborative board game following Malcolm X's philosophy and the Black Power Movement.","The Black Community Game is a collaborative game meant to demonstrate the importance of black people working together in their communities to affect social, political, and economic change.","Skillets and Cakes is a token flipping game with the goal of flipping all of your \"cakes\" over first. The front of the box depicts an adult man flipping pancakes in a skillet while two children watch. It is unclear whether the adult man is supposed to be black or if there was just a darker printing for his skin, as the children are depicted with the same tone.","Snake Eyes Junior Ediiton is a competitive dice and chip-collecting game with some cards and imagery containing racist caricatures and stereotypes of black people compared to depictions of white people on other cards.","The Watermelon Puzzle game promotes anti-black stereotypes and features a racist caricature of a black man eating watermelon, an image historically used as propaganda depicting black people as childish and/or \"unclean\".","Zoo Hoo features a racist caricature, likely depicting a blackface minstrel character, of an overwhelmed black zookeeper named Wash, who the players help in rounding up zoo animals released by a clown.","Poor Jenny is a \"chutes and ladders\" type game depicting racist caricatures of black children and the \"black Mammy\" stereotype, historically used to promote the myth that black enslaved women were happy serving white \"masters\" despite their abuse.","Puzzle Picture and Cutout Objects is a children's jigsaw puzzle game featuring a racist depiction of an African man running away from a lion and a reductive depiction of Africa with the Egyptian Pyramids next to a desert and wooden dwelling.","Watch on De Rind depicts racist caricatures and stereotypes of black children eating watermelon, with the objective of catapaulting balls into their \"mouths\".","Unocando (\"You-no-can-do\") is a numbered tile shuffling game depicting racist caricatures of two African people playing the game and speaking gibberish, with verbiage mocking African languages and/or black and African English speakers.","The Darky Shooting Gallery models anti-black violence, consisting of a spring coil \"gun\" players use to shoot \"bullets\" at cutouts of black people, depicted in racist and stereotyped caricatures.","Darkies in the Melon Patch is a \"chutes and ladders\" type game using racist language and imagery of racist and stereotyped caricatures of black people navigating a watermelon patch and avoiding a white farmer aiming at them with a gun. This game appears to be a 21st century counterfeit/hoax of black americana material culture. The copyright information provided claims the game was copyrighted in 1932 by a \"Hudson Brothers\" company at \"127 42nd Street, Buffalo, NY\", though no such company or location appears to exist, and other sources have given copyright dates as early as 1910. The images on the box cover and game board appear to have been digitally printed and some have computer graphics imposed on images dated to various years between 1910 and 1940.","Snake Eyes is a competitive dice and chip-collecting game with some cards and imagery containing racist caricatures and stereotypes of black people compared to depictions of white people on other cards.","Schwarzer Pieter is an \"Old Maid\" type game featuring a blackface minstrel character original from Belgium and Netherlands named \"Black Pete\", who is an assistant to Saint Nicholas and a racist caricature of a black person.","Swahili is a mancala-like game modeled, and possibly appropriated, from the game of Bao from East Africa.","Blacks \u0026 Whites models the contemporary racism, oppression, and systemic inequalities black people face in American society, highlighting the socioeconomic and political disparities between black and white Americans. The creators noted that, while the game was meant to simulate racial disparity to white and privileged players, test players rewrote the rules of play to make game outcomes more equitable and fair between races.","Blacks \u0026 Whites models the contemporary racism, oppression, and systemic inequalities black people face in American society, highlighting the socioeconomic and political disparities between black and white Americans. The creators noted that, while the game was meant to simulate racial disparity to white and privileged players, test players rewrote the rules of play to make game outcomes more equitable and fair between races.","Bimbo Ringo is a ring toss game featuring a racist caricature of an African man with the ring hooks depicted as different adornments on the person's face and weapons.","Die Seefarher in Africa/Les Marins en Afrique is a German-French game with the objective of collecting or pillaging treasure from African port cities as sailors hailing from colonialist powers. May be a reproduction.","In Dixieland is a rummy-like card game with images of black children and adults living in the south, often in impoverished conditions and framed according to racist stereotypes.","Knock Knock is a card game similar to Uno depicting a racist minstrel-like caricature on the box cover.","The Race Card is a standard 52 playing card deck with black people and fashions depicted on the face cards.","Zwarte Piet is an \"Old Maid\" type game featuring a blackface minstrel character original from Belgium and Netherlands named \"Black Pete\", who is an assistant to Saint Nicholas and a racist caricature of a black person.","Seven folders containing pieces of black americana ephemera that largely use anti-black language, caricatures, and imagery to promote racist stereotypes of black people.","The \"Mammy Memo\" is a plastic notepad and pencil/pen holder shaped in the form of the racist, stereotyped \"Mammy\" caricature. The exact creator could not be identified, but similar products were copyrighted by Hampden Novelty Mfg, Inc.","The Oldest Game Known depicts racist caricatures of two black men playing with dice on the box cover. The box contains a metal pot painted purple, but there are no instructions wherein.","The Magic-Masks consists of rubber pieces shaped like exaggerated facial features with a racist caricature of a black person on the box cover. This toy was made in Japan, but no instructions or further information could be identified.","Five porcelain figurines, four of which depict minstrel-like caricatures of black musicians playing different instruments, and one shaped like a rudimentary hut with two African individuals on the front with little to no clothing.","Four pages (printed on one sheet of folded paper) from \"Frank Leslie's Illustrated Family Almanac fro 1883\", with one page featuring the print \"The Shark Fisheries Near New Smyrna, Florida\" that depicts racist caricatures of black men working in teams to pull live sharks to shore.","A stereoview titled \"A Skin Game Nabbed\" that features black men playing poker with one pointing a gun at the other players, propogating a racist stereotype of black men as violent cheaters. The stereoview claims to have been made for \"The 'Perfec' Stereograph\".","\"Painting the House that Jack Built\" is a watercoloring booklet with paint squares stapled in the middle of the book, featuring a copyrighted \"Dutch Boy\" character that promotes the purchase of paint from the National Lead Company, who persists against different weather conditions with faces. It is unclear whether any of the weather conditions represent racist caricatures of black people.","Promotional material for W.S.M. depicting two minstrel performers, \"Lasses\" and \"Honey\", in blackface on a \"Seasons Greetings\" card.","Two scoring cards for Court Whist signed by a \"Mrs. Napper\" and an \"A Napper\", which were associated with the \"Lasses and Honey\" W.S.M. promotional card.","Robertson's Golliwog Game of Snakes and Ladders is a chutes and ladders game featuring multiple racist, gnome-like caricatures called Golliwogs on the game cover and paper game board. Golliwog was a trademark for the James Robertson \u0026 Sons jam-manufacturing company between 1910 and the 1960s.","Pieces of paper, presumably from medicine packaging, that make up a Trick Donkey game depicting a racist caricature of a black man and a clown as the riders.","An advertisement for Bridge Party depicting a racist \"Mammy\" caricature misunderstanding suggestive terms used for the game in a fake AAVE dialect. This ad is possible reproduction of an ad printed by the Lee Novelty Co. of Fort Payne, AL."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Curator of Manuscripts and Rare Books, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUse of these materials must be limited to persons using them for research and/or scholarly activites. These materials may not be sold or distributed without knowing their intended use. They are not allowed to fall into the hands of anyone who might use them to support beliefs in the superiority or inferiority of any race, creed, or ethnicity\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use","Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Curator of Manuscripts and Rare Books, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Use of these materials must be limited to persons using them for research and/or scholarly activites. These materials may not be sold or distributed without knowing their intended use. They are not allowed to fall into the hands of anyone who might use them to support beliefs in the superiority or inferiority of any race, creed, or ethnicity"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","BAOA, Inc.","Cadaco-Ellis (Chicago, IL)","Identity Toys, Inc. (Milwaukee, WI)","Motherland, Inc. (Boston, MA)","Milton Bradley Co.","Selchow \u0026 Righter Co. (New York, NY)","Parker Brothers (Salem, MA)","Lubbers \u0026 Bell Mfg. Co. (Clinton, IA)","E. E. Fairchild Corporation","Goezte Game Co. (Plymouth, WI)","J. W. Spear \u0026 Sons (London, UK)","Psychology Today Games (Del Mar, CA)","G. H. Robinson Company (Chicago, IL)","Bermann \u0026 Sohn","The Fireside Game Co. (Cincinnati, OH)","Chad Valley Co., Ltd.","The Concept Card Co. (New Orleans, LA)","Hampden Novelty Mfg, Inc.","H Fishlove \u0026 Co.","Frank Leslie Publishing House","H. C. White Co. (North Bennington, VT)","National Lead Company","O.C. Harn","John W. Brophy Co. (Westerly, RI)"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","BAOA, Inc.","Cadaco-Ellis (Chicago, IL)","Identity Toys, Inc. (Milwaukee, WI)","Motherland, Inc. (Boston, MA)","Milton Bradley Co.","Selchow \u0026 Righter Co. (New York, NY)","Parker Brothers (Salem, MA)","Lubbers \u0026 Bell Mfg. Co. (Clinton, IA)","E. E. Fairchild Corporation","Goezte Game Co. (Plymouth, WI)","J. W. Spear \u0026 Sons (London, UK)","Psychology Today Games (Del Mar, CA)","G. H. Robinson Company (Chicago, IL)","Bermann \u0026 Sohn","The Fireside Game Co. (Cincinnati, OH)","Chad Valley Co., Ltd.","The Concept Card Co. (New Orleans, LA)","Hampden Novelty Mfg, Inc.","H Fishlove \u0026 Co.","Frank Leslie Publishing House","H. C. White Co. (North Bennington, VT)","National Lead Company","O.C. Harn","John W. Brophy Co. (Westerly, RI)"],"language_ssim":["English Dutch; Flemish German French"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":41,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T12:30:06.480Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_10016"}},{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_10016_c01","type":"Series","attributes":{"title":"Series 1: Board games and card games","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_10016_c01#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eTwenty-seven boxed board games, card games, puzzles, and toys of black americana material culture. Many of these games use racist terms, imagery, caricatures, and stereotypes of black people, some associated with blackface and minstrel performances, with two games explicitly featuring anti-black racial violence in gameplay. Other games educate about systemic racism and oppression, black history and culture, prominent black figures in American history, and the Black Power politcal movement, often having a collaborative element.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_10016_c01#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_10016_c01","ref_ssm":["viw_repositories_2_resources_10016_c01"],"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_10016_c01","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_10016","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_10016","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_10016","parent_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_10016","parent_ssim":["viw_repositories_2_resources_10016"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viw_repositories_2_resources_10016"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["David Galt Greenwald games and puzzles collection"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["David Galt Greenwald games and puzzles collection"],"text":["David Galt Greenwald games and puzzles collection","Series 1: Board games and card games","BAOA, Inc.","Cadaco-Ellis (Chicago, IL)","Identity Toys, Inc. (Milwaukee, WI)","Motherland, Inc. (Boston, MA)","Milton Bradley Co.","Selchow \u0026 Righter Co. (New York, NY)","Parker Brothers (Salem, MA)","Lubbers \u0026 Bell Mfg. Co. (Clinton, IA)","E. E. Fairchild Corporation","Goezte Game Co. (Plymouth, WI)","J. W. Spear \u0026 Sons (London, UK)","Psychology Today Games (Del Mar, CA)","G. H. Robinson Company (Chicago, IL)","Bermann \u0026 Sohn","The Fireside Game Co. (Cincinnati, OH)","Chad Valley Co., Ltd.","The Concept Card Co. (New Orleans, LA)","Twenty-seven boxed board games, card games, puzzles, and toys of black americana material culture. Many of these games use racist terms, imagery, caricatures, and stereotypes of black people, some associated with blackface and minstrel performances, with two games explicitly featuring anti-black racial violence in gameplay. Other games educate  about systemic racism and oppression, black history and culture, prominent black figures in American history, and the Black Power politcal movement, often having a collaborative element."],"title_filing_ssi":"Series 1: Board games and card games","title_ssm":["Series 1: Board games and card games"],"title_tesim":["Series 1: Board games and card games"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1850-2005"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1850/2005"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Series 1: Board games and card games"],"component_level_isim":[1],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"collection_ssim":["David Galt Greenwald games and puzzles collection"],"extent_ssm":["7 Box"],"extent_tesim":["7 Box"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":27,"level_ssm":["Series"],"level_ssim":["Series"],"sort_isi":1,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Use of these materials must be limited to persons using them for research and/or scholarly activites. These materials may not be sold or distributed without knowing their intended use. They are not allowed to fall into the hands of anyone who might use them to support beliefs in the superiority or inferiority of any race, creed, or ethnicity"],"date_range_isim":[1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005],"names_ssim":["BAOA, Inc.","Cadaco-Ellis (Chicago, IL)","Identity Toys, Inc. (Milwaukee, WI)","Motherland, Inc. (Boston, MA)","Milton Bradley Co.","Selchow \u0026 Righter Co. (New York, NY)","Parker Brothers (Salem, MA)","Lubbers \u0026 Bell Mfg. Co. (Clinton, IA)","E. E. Fairchild Corporation","Goezte Game Co. (Plymouth, WI)","J. W. Spear \u0026 Sons (London, UK)","Psychology Today Games (Del Mar, CA)","G. H. Robinson Company (Chicago, IL)","Bermann \u0026 Sohn","The Fireside Game Co. (Cincinnati, OH)","Chad Valley Co., Ltd.","The Concept Card Co. (New Orleans, LA)"],"corpname_ssim":["BAOA, Inc.","BAOA, Inc.","Cadaco-Ellis (Chicago, IL)","Identity Toys, Inc. (Milwaukee, WI)","Identity Toys, Inc. (Milwaukee, WI)","Motherland, Inc. (Boston, MA)","Milton Bradley Co.","Selchow \u0026 Righter Co. (New York, NY)","Parker Brothers (Salem, MA)","Lubbers \u0026 Bell Mfg. Co. (Clinton, IA)","E. E. Fairchild Corporation","E. E. Fairchild Corporation","Goezte Game Co. (Plymouth, WI)","J. W. Spear \u0026 Sons (London, UK)","Selchow \u0026 Righter Co. (New York, NY)","J. W. Spear \u0026 Sons (London, UK)","Milton Bradley Co.","Psychology Today Games (Del Mar, CA)","Psychology Today Games (Del Mar, CA)","G. H. Robinson Company (Chicago, IL)","Bermann \u0026 Sohn","The Fireside Game Co. (Cincinnati, OH)","Chad Valley Co., Ltd.","The Concept Card Co. (New Orleans, LA)","Bermann \u0026 Sohn"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eTwenty-seven boxed board games, card games, puzzles, and toys of black americana material culture. Many of these games use racist terms, imagery, caricatures, and stereotypes of black people, some associated with blackface and minstrel performances, with two games explicitly featuring anti-black racial violence in gameplay. Other games educate  about systemic racism and oppression, black history and culture, prominent black figures in American history, and the Black Power politcal movement, often having a collaborative element.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Twenty-seven boxed board games, card games, puzzles, and toys of black americana material culture. Many of these games use racist terms, imagery, caricatures, and stereotypes of black people, some associated with blackface and minstrel performances, with two games explicitly featuring anti-black racial violence in gameplay. Other games educate  about systemic racism and oppression, black history and culture, prominent black figures in American history, and the Black Power politcal movement, often having a collaborative element."],"_nest_path_":"/components#0","timestamp":"2026-05-21T12:30:06.480Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_10016","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_10016","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_10016","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_10016","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_10016.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Greenwald, David Galt games and puzzles collection","title_ssm":["David Galt Greenwald games and puzzles collection"],"title_tesim":["David Galt Greenwald games and puzzles collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1850-2005"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1850-2005"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MS 00427","/repositories/2/resources/10016"],"text":["MS 00427","/repositories/2/resources/10016","David Galt Greenwald games and puzzles collection","Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","Game was sponsored by Burger King and Grolier Books in California.","Game was sponsored by Burger King and Grolier Books in California.","Game was developed by Malik Ali to demonstrate the importance of working wihtin a community to build economic and political power to children and adults. Edward Jennins, a professor at Talladega College, designed the cover, logo, and board images.","Game was featured in the Parker Brothers' 1896-1897 game catalog.","The term \"darky\" is a racist slur for black people, which peaked in use in the years between 1850-1870 and 1900-1920. The \"Little Darky Shooting Gallery\" game was featured in a 1914 Butler Brothers toy catalog.","W.S.M., standing for \"We Shield Millions\", is a radio station founded in 1925 famous for hosting \"The Grand Ol' Opry\" radio program. \"Lasses\" refers to LeRoy Robert White, a performer who became famous for his blackface minstrel shows during the early 20th century and copyright of the song \"Negro Blues\" (later renamed to include a racial slur for black people). \"Honey\" refers to Lee David Wilds, who performed alongside \"Lasses\" in blackface minstrel shows.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","The David Galt Greenwald board games and puzzles collection consists of black Americana board games, puzzles, card games, and ephemera. Series 1 consists of boxed games, puzzles, and toys, largely depicting racist caricatures, including minstrel/blackface imagery, stereotypes, propaganda, and sometimes anti-black violence. Other items in Series 1 depict black empowerment, history, heritage, culture, and collaboration. Series 2 consists of entertainment-related or associated ephemera, including paper board games and puzzles, toys, a stereoview, a watercolor booklet, Court Whist scorecards, promotional material, and pages of a 1883 almanac. The majority, but not all, of these materials likewise feature minstrel/blackface imagery and racist caricatures and stereotypes. These materials offer insight into the cohesive use and promotion of racist imagery, stereotypes, and rhetoric through entertainment media in the 19th and 20th centuries in the United States and Europe. These materials also offer insight into the use of physical entertainment media during the 20th century to educate the public about the Black Power movement, and black community, history, heritage, and empowerment. Additionally, the collection may offer insights into the sale and popularity of black Americana materials between the 19th and early 21st centuries, with at least one board game likely being a 21st century \"hoax\" using historical anti-black imagery to feign its true age.","Twenty-seven boxed board games, card games, puzzles, and toys of black americana material culture. Many of these games use racist terms, imagery, caricatures, and stereotypes of black people, some associated with blackface and minstrel performances, with two games explicitly featuring anti-black racial violence in gameplay. Other games educate  about systemic racism and oppression, black history and culture, prominent black figures in American history, and the Black Power politcal movement, often having a collaborative element.","Black Americans of Achievement: the Game is based on the Black Americans of Achievement book series highlighting the accomplishments and contributions of black Americans to society, culture, science, politics, and the arts.","Black Americans of Achievement: the Game is based on the Black Americans of Achievement book series highlighting the accomplishments and contributions of black Americans to society, culture, science, politics, and the arts.","Little Black Sambo depicts a caricature of a young black boy traversing a jungle and offering his clothes to avoid being eaten by tigers until he reaches \"civilization\" again. \"Sambo\" is a racial slur from Spanish for a person of African descent.","In Search of Identity is a educational game challenging players to answer trivia questions about black people, history, and  culture, with the intent of connecting players to their black heritage through expanded knowledge.","The X Game is a \"fight the system\" collaborative board game following Malcolm X's philosophy and the Black Power Movement.","The Black Community Game is a collaborative game meant to demonstrate the importance of black people working together in their communities to affect social, political, and economic change.","Skillets and Cakes is a token flipping game with the goal of flipping all of your \"cakes\" over first. The front of the box depicts an adult man flipping pancakes in a skillet while two children watch. It is unclear whether the adult man is supposed to be black or if there was just a darker printing for his skin, as the children are depicted with the same tone.","Snake Eyes Junior Ediiton is a competitive dice and chip-collecting game with some cards and imagery containing racist caricatures and stereotypes of black people compared to depictions of white people on other cards.","The Watermelon Puzzle game promotes anti-black stereotypes and features a racist caricature of a black man eating watermelon, an image historically used as propaganda depicting black people as childish and/or \"unclean\".","Zoo Hoo features a racist caricature, likely depicting a blackface minstrel character, of an overwhelmed black zookeeper named Wash, who the players help in rounding up zoo animals released by a clown.","Poor Jenny is a \"chutes and ladders\" type game depicting racist caricatures of black children and the \"black Mammy\" stereotype, historically used to promote the myth that black enslaved women were happy serving white \"masters\" despite their abuse.","Puzzle Picture and Cutout Objects is a children's jigsaw puzzle game featuring a racist depiction of an African man running away from a lion and a reductive depiction of Africa with the Egyptian Pyramids next to a desert and wooden dwelling.","Watch on De Rind depicts racist caricatures and stereotypes of black children eating watermelon, with the objective of catapaulting balls into their \"mouths\".","Unocando (\"You-no-can-do\") is a numbered tile shuffling game depicting racist caricatures of two African people playing the game and speaking gibberish, with verbiage mocking African languages and/or black and African English speakers.","The Darky Shooting Gallery models anti-black violence, consisting of a spring coil \"gun\" players use to shoot \"bullets\" at cutouts of black people, depicted in racist and stereotyped caricatures.","Darkies in the Melon Patch is a \"chutes and ladders\" type game using racist language and imagery of racist and stereotyped caricatures of black people navigating a watermelon patch and avoiding a white farmer aiming at them with a gun. This game appears to be a 21st century counterfeit/hoax of black americana material culture. The copyright information provided claims the game was copyrighted in 1932 by a \"Hudson Brothers\" company at \"127 42nd Street, Buffalo, NY\", though no such company or location appears to exist, and other sources have given copyright dates as early as 1910. The images on the box cover and game board appear to have been digitally printed and some have computer graphics imposed on images dated to various years between 1910 and 1940.","Snake Eyes is a competitive dice and chip-collecting game with some cards and imagery containing racist caricatures and stereotypes of black people compared to depictions of white people on other cards.","Schwarzer Pieter is an \"Old Maid\" type game featuring a blackface minstrel character original from Belgium and Netherlands named \"Black Pete\", who is an assistant to Saint Nicholas and a racist caricature of a black person.","Swahili is a mancala-like game modeled, and possibly appropriated, from the game of Bao from East Africa.","Blacks \u0026 Whites models the contemporary racism, oppression, and systemic inequalities black people face in American society, highlighting the socioeconomic and political disparities between black and white Americans. The creators noted that, while the game was meant to simulate racial disparity to white and privileged players, test players rewrote the rules of play to make game outcomes more equitable and fair between races.","Blacks \u0026 Whites models the contemporary racism, oppression, and systemic inequalities black people face in American society, highlighting the socioeconomic and political disparities between black and white Americans. The creators noted that, while the game was meant to simulate racial disparity to white and privileged players, test players rewrote the rules of play to make game outcomes more equitable and fair between races.","Bimbo Ringo is a ring toss game featuring a racist caricature of an African man with the ring hooks depicted as different adornments on the person's face and weapons.","Die Seefarher in Africa/Les Marins en Afrique is a German-French game with the objective of collecting or pillaging treasure from African port cities as sailors hailing from colonialist powers. May be a reproduction.","In Dixieland is a rummy-like card game with images of black children and adults living in the south, often in impoverished conditions and framed according to racist stereotypes.","Knock Knock is a card game similar to Uno depicting a racist minstrel-like caricature on the box cover.","The Race Card is a standard 52 playing card deck with black people and fashions depicted on the face cards.","Zwarte Piet is an \"Old Maid\" type game featuring a blackface minstrel character original from Belgium and Netherlands named \"Black Pete\", who is an assistant to Saint Nicholas and a racist caricature of a black person.","Seven folders containing pieces of black americana ephemera that largely use anti-black language, caricatures, and imagery to promote racist stereotypes of black people.","The \"Mammy Memo\" is a plastic notepad and pencil/pen holder shaped in the form of the racist, stereotyped \"Mammy\" caricature. The exact creator could not be identified, but similar products were copyrighted by Hampden Novelty Mfg, Inc.","The Oldest Game Known depicts racist caricatures of two black men playing with dice on the box cover. The box contains a metal pot painted purple, but there are no instructions wherein.","The Magic-Masks consists of rubber pieces shaped like exaggerated facial features with a racist caricature of a black person on the box cover. This toy was made in Japan, but no instructions or further information could be identified.","Five porcelain figurines, four of which depict minstrel-like caricatures of black musicians playing different instruments, and one shaped like a rudimentary hut with two African individuals on the front with little to no clothing.","Four pages (printed on one sheet of folded paper) from \"Frank Leslie's Illustrated Family Almanac fro 1883\", with one page featuring the print \"The Shark Fisheries Near New Smyrna, Florida\" that depicts racist caricatures of black men working in teams to pull live sharks to shore.","A stereoview titled \"A Skin Game Nabbed\" that features black men playing poker with one pointing a gun at the other players, propogating a racist stereotype of black men as violent cheaters. The stereoview claims to have been made for \"The 'Perfec' Stereograph\".","\"Painting the House that Jack Built\" is a watercoloring booklet with paint squares stapled in the middle of the book, featuring a copyrighted \"Dutch Boy\" character that promotes the purchase of paint from the National Lead Company, who persists against different weather conditions with faces. It is unclear whether any of the weather conditions represent racist caricatures of black people.","Promotional material for W.S.M. depicting two minstrel performers, \"Lasses\" and \"Honey\", in blackface on a \"Seasons Greetings\" card.","Two scoring cards for Court Whist signed by a \"Mrs. Napper\" and an \"A Napper\", which were associated with the \"Lasses and Honey\" W.S.M. promotional card.","Robertson's Golliwog Game of Snakes and Ladders is a chutes and ladders game featuring multiple racist, gnome-like caricatures called Golliwogs on the game cover and paper game board. Golliwog was a trademark for the James Robertson \u0026 Sons jam-manufacturing company between 1910 and the 1960s.","Pieces of paper, presumably from medicine packaging, that make up a Trick Donkey game depicting a racist caricature of a black man and a clown as the riders.","An advertisement for Bridge Party depicting a racist \"Mammy\" caricature misunderstanding suggestive terms used for the game in a fake AAVE dialect. This ad is possible reproduction of an ad printed by the Lee Novelty Co. of Fort Payne, AL.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Curator of Manuscripts and Rare Books, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Use of these materials must be limited to persons using them for research and/or scholarly activites. These materials may not be sold or distributed without knowing their intended use. They are not allowed to fall into the hands of anyone who might use them to support beliefs in the superiority or inferiority of any race, creed, or ethnicity","Special Collections Research Center","BAOA, Inc.","Cadaco-Ellis (Chicago, IL)","Identity Toys, Inc. (Milwaukee, WI)","Motherland, Inc. (Boston, MA)","Milton Bradley Co.","Selchow \u0026 Righter Co. (New York, NY)","Parker Brothers (Salem, MA)","Lubbers \u0026 Bell Mfg. Co. (Clinton, IA)","E. E. Fairchild Corporation","Goezte Game Co. (Plymouth, WI)","J. W. Spear \u0026 Sons (London, UK)","Psychology Today Games (Del Mar, CA)","G. H. Robinson Company (Chicago, IL)","Bermann \u0026 Sohn","The Fireside Game Co. (Cincinnati, OH)","Chad Valley Co., Ltd.","The Concept Card Co. (New Orleans, LA)","Hampden Novelty Mfg, Inc.","H Fishlove \u0026 Co.","Frank Leslie Publishing House","H. C. White Co. (North Bennington, VT)","National Lead Company","O.C. Harn","John W. Brophy Co. (Westerly, RI)","English Dutch; Flemish German French"],"unitid_tesim":["MS 00427","/repositories/2/resources/10016"],"normalized_title_ssm":["David Galt Greenwald games and puzzles collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["David Galt Greenwald games and puzzles collection"],"collection_ssim":["David Galt Greenwald games and puzzles collection"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Curator of Manuscripts and Rare Books, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Use of these materials must be limited to persons using them for research and/or scholarly activites. These materials may not be sold or distributed without knowing their intended use. They are not allowed to fall into the hands of anyone who might use them to support beliefs in the superiority or inferiority of any race, creed, or ethnicity"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["8 Boxes Five oversize boxes, one half Hollinger box, and two rectangle artifact boxes"],"extent_tesim":["8 Boxes Five oversize boxes, one half Hollinger box, and two rectangle artifact boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eGame was sponsored by Burger King and Grolier Books in California.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGame was sponsored by Burger King and Grolier Books in California.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGame was developed by Malik Ali to demonstrate the importance of working wihtin a community to build economic and political power to children and adults. Edward Jennins, a professor at Talladega College, designed the cover, logo, and board images.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGame was featured in the Parker Brothers' 1896-1897 game catalog.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe term \"darky\" is a racist slur for black people, which peaked in use in the years between 1850-1870 and 1900-1920. The \"Little Darky Shooting Gallery\" game was featured in a 1914 Butler Brothers toy catalog.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eW.S.M., standing for \"We Shield Millions\", is a radio station founded in 1925 famous for hosting \"The Grand Ol' Opry\" radio program. \"Lasses\" refers to LeRoy Robert White, a performer who became famous for his blackface minstrel shows during the early 20th century and copyright of the song \"Negro Blues\" (later renamed to include a racial slur for black people). \"Honey\" refers to Lee David Wilds, who performed alongside \"Lasses\" in blackface minstrel shows.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Game was sponsored by Burger King and Grolier Books in California.","Game was sponsored by Burger King and Grolier Books in California.","Game was developed by Malik Ali to demonstrate the importance of working wihtin a community to build economic and political power to children and adults. Edward Jennins, a professor at Talladega College, designed the cover, logo, and board images.","Game was featured in the Parker Brothers' 1896-1897 game catalog.","The term \"darky\" is a racist slur for black people, which peaked in use in the years between 1850-1870 and 1900-1920. The \"Little Darky Shooting Gallery\" game was featured in a 1914 Butler Brothers toy catalog.","W.S.M., standing for \"We Shield Millions\", is a radio station founded in 1925 famous for hosting \"The Grand Ol' Opry\" radio program. \"Lasses\" refers to LeRoy Robert White, a performer who became famous for his blackface minstrel shows during the early 20th century and copyright of the song \"Negro Blues\" (later renamed to include a racial slur for black people). \"Honey\" refers to Lee David Wilds, who performed alongside \"Lasses\" in blackface minstrel shows."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. 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We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. 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We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. 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We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General"],"odd_tesim":["William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eDavid Galt Greenwald games and puzzles collection, Special Collections Research Center, William \u0026amp; Mary Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["David Galt Greenwald games and puzzles collection, Special Collections Research Center, William \u0026 Mary Libraries."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe David Galt Greenwald board games and puzzles collection consists of black Americana board games, puzzles, card games, and ephemera. Series 1 consists of boxed games, puzzles, and toys, largely depicting racist caricatures, including minstrel/blackface imagery, stereotypes, propaganda, and sometimes anti-black violence. Other items in Series 1 depict black empowerment, history, heritage, culture, and collaboration. Series 2 consists of entertainment-related or associated ephemera, including paper board games and puzzles, toys, a stereoview, a watercolor booklet, Court Whist scorecards, promotional material, and pages of a 1883 almanac. The majority, but not all, of these materials likewise feature minstrel/blackface imagery and racist caricatures and stereotypes. These materials offer insight into the cohesive use and promotion of racist imagery, stereotypes, and rhetoric through entertainment media in the 19th and 20th centuries in the United States and Europe. These materials also offer insight into the use of physical entertainment media during the 20th century to educate the public about the Black Power movement, and black community, history, heritage, and empowerment. Additionally, the collection may offer insights into the sale and popularity of black Americana materials between the 19th and early 21st centuries, with at least one board game likely being a 21st century \"hoax\" using historical anti-black imagery to feign its true age.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTwenty-seven boxed board games, card games, puzzles, and toys of black americana material culture. Many of these games use racist terms, imagery, caricatures, and stereotypes of black people, some associated with blackface and minstrel performances, with two games explicitly featuring anti-black racial violence in gameplay. Other games educate  about systemic racism and oppression, black history and culture, prominent black figures in American history, and the Black Power politcal movement, often having a collaborative element.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBlack Americans of Achievement: the Game is based on the Black Americans of Achievement book series highlighting the accomplishments and contributions of black Americans to society, culture, science, politics, and the arts.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBlack Americans of Achievement: the Game is based on the Black Americans of Achievement book series highlighting the accomplishments and contributions of black Americans to society, culture, science, politics, and the arts.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLittle Black Sambo depicts a caricature of a young black boy traversing a jungle and offering his clothes to avoid being eaten by tigers until he reaches \"civilization\" again. \"Sambo\" is a racial slur from Spanish for a person of African descent.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn Search of Identity is a educational game challenging players to answer trivia questions about black people, history, and  culture, with the intent of connecting players to their black heritage through expanded knowledge.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe X Game is a \"fight the system\" collaborative board game following Malcolm X's philosophy and the Black Power Movement.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Black Community Game is a collaborative game meant to demonstrate the importance of black people working together in their communities to affect social, political, and economic change.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSkillets and Cakes is a token flipping game with the goal of flipping all of your \"cakes\" over first. The front of the box depicts an adult man flipping pancakes in a skillet while two children watch. It is unclear whether the adult man is supposed to be black or if there was just a darker printing for his skin, as the children are depicted with the same tone.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSnake Eyes Junior Ediiton is a competitive dice and chip-collecting game with some cards and imagery containing racist caricatures and stereotypes of black people compared to depictions of white people on other cards.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Watermelon Puzzle game promotes anti-black stereotypes and features a racist caricature of a black man eating watermelon, an image historically used as propaganda depicting black people as childish and/or \"unclean\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eZoo Hoo features a racist caricature, likely depicting a blackface minstrel character, of an overwhelmed black zookeeper named Wash, who the players help in rounding up zoo animals released by a clown.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePoor Jenny is a \"chutes and ladders\" type game depicting racist caricatures of black children and the \"black Mammy\" stereotype, historically used to promote the myth that black enslaved women were happy serving white \"masters\" despite their abuse.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePuzzle Picture and Cutout Objects is a children's jigsaw puzzle game featuring a racist depiction of an African man running away from a lion and a reductive depiction of Africa with the Egyptian Pyramids next to a desert and wooden dwelling.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWatch on De Rind depicts racist caricatures and stereotypes of black children eating watermelon, with the objective of catapaulting balls into their \"mouths\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUnocando (\"You-no-can-do\") is a numbered tile shuffling game depicting racist caricatures of two African people playing the game and speaking gibberish, with verbiage mocking African languages and/or black and African English speakers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Darky Shooting Gallery models anti-black violence, consisting of a spring coil \"gun\" players use to shoot \"bullets\" at cutouts of black people, depicted in racist and stereotyped caricatures.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDarkies in the Melon Patch is a \"chutes and ladders\" type game using racist language and imagery of racist and stereotyped caricatures of black people navigating a watermelon patch and avoiding a white farmer aiming at them with a gun. This game appears to be a 21st century counterfeit/hoax of black americana material culture. The copyright information provided claims the game was copyrighted in 1932 by a \"Hudson Brothers\" company at \"127 42nd Street, Buffalo, NY\", though no such company or location appears to exist, and other sources have given copyright dates as early as 1910. The images on the box cover and game board appear to have been digitally printed and some have computer graphics imposed on images dated to various years between 1910 and 1940.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSnake Eyes is a competitive dice and chip-collecting game with some cards and imagery containing racist caricatures and stereotypes of black people compared to depictions of white people on other cards.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSchwarzer Pieter is an \"Old Maid\" type game featuring a blackface minstrel character original from Belgium and Netherlands named \"Black Pete\", who is an assistant to Saint Nicholas and a racist caricature of a black person.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSwahili is a mancala-like game modeled, and possibly appropriated, from the game of Bao from East Africa.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBlacks \u0026amp; Whites models the contemporary racism, oppression, and systemic inequalities black people face in American society, highlighting the socioeconomic and political disparities between black and white Americans. The creators noted that, while the game was meant to simulate racial disparity to white and privileged players, test players rewrote the rules of play to make game outcomes more equitable and fair between races.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBlacks \u0026amp; Whites models the contemporary racism, oppression, and systemic inequalities black people face in American society, highlighting the socioeconomic and political disparities between black and white Americans. The creators noted that, while the game was meant to simulate racial disparity to white and privileged players, test players rewrote the rules of play to make game outcomes more equitable and fair between races.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBimbo Ringo is a ring toss game featuring a racist caricature of an African man with the ring hooks depicted as different adornments on the person's face and weapons.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDie Seefarher in Africa/Les Marins en Afrique is a German-French game with the objective of collecting or pillaging treasure from African port cities as sailors hailing from colonialist powers. May be a reproduction.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn Dixieland is a rummy-like card game with images of black children and adults living in the south, often in impoverished conditions and framed according to racist stereotypes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eKnock Knock is a card game similar to Uno depicting a racist minstrel-like caricature on the box cover.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Race Card is a standard 52 playing card deck with black people and fashions depicted on the face cards.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eZwarte Piet is an \"Old Maid\" type game featuring a blackface minstrel character original from Belgium and Netherlands named \"Black Pete\", who is an assistant to Saint Nicholas and a racist caricature of a black person.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeven folders containing pieces of black americana ephemera that largely use anti-black language, caricatures, and imagery to promote racist stereotypes of black people.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe \"Mammy Memo\" is a plastic notepad and pencil/pen holder shaped in the form of the racist, stereotyped \"Mammy\" caricature. The exact creator could not be identified, but similar products were copyrighted by Hampden Novelty Mfg, Inc.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Oldest Game Known depicts racist caricatures of two black men playing with dice on the box cover. The box contains a metal pot painted purple, but there are no instructions wherein.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Magic-Masks consists of rubber pieces shaped like exaggerated facial features with a racist caricature of a black person on the box cover. This toy was made in Japan, but no instructions or further information could be identified.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFive porcelain figurines, four of which depict minstrel-like caricatures of black musicians playing different instruments, and one shaped like a rudimentary hut with two African individuals on the front with little to no clothing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFour pages (printed on one sheet of folded paper) from \"Frank Leslie's Illustrated Family Almanac fro 1883\", with one page featuring the print \"The Shark Fisheries Near New Smyrna, Florida\" that depicts racist caricatures of black men working in teams to pull live sharks to shore.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA stereoview titled \"A Skin Game Nabbed\" that features black men playing poker with one pointing a gun at the other players, propogating a racist stereotype of black men as violent cheaters. The stereoview claims to have been made for \"The 'Perfec' Stereograph\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"Painting the House that Jack Built\" is a watercoloring booklet with paint squares stapled in the middle of the book, featuring a copyrighted \"Dutch Boy\" character that promotes the purchase of paint from the National Lead Company, who persists against different weather conditions with faces. It is unclear whether any of the weather conditions represent racist caricatures of black people.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePromotional material for W.S.M. depicting two minstrel performers, \"Lasses\" and \"Honey\", in blackface on a \"Seasons Greetings\" card.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTwo scoring cards for Court Whist signed by a \"Mrs. Napper\" and an \"A Napper\", which were associated with the \"Lasses and Honey\" W.S.M. promotional card.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRobertson's Golliwog Game of Snakes and Ladders is a chutes and ladders game featuring multiple racist, gnome-like caricatures called Golliwogs on the game cover and paper game board. Golliwog was a trademark for the James Robertson \u0026amp; Sons jam-manufacturing company between 1910 and the 1960s.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePieces of paper, presumably from medicine packaging, that make up a Trick Donkey game depicting a racist caricature of a black man and a clown as the riders.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAn advertisement for Bridge Party depicting a racist \"Mammy\" caricature misunderstanding suggestive terms used for the game in a fake AAVE dialect. This ad is possible reproduction of an ad printed by the Lee Novelty Co. of Fort Payne, AL.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The David Galt Greenwald board games and puzzles collection consists of black Americana board games, puzzles, card games, and ephemera. Series 1 consists of boxed games, puzzles, and toys, largely depicting racist caricatures, including minstrel/blackface imagery, stereotypes, propaganda, and sometimes anti-black violence. Other items in Series 1 depict black empowerment, history, heritage, culture, and collaboration. Series 2 consists of entertainment-related or associated ephemera, including paper board games and puzzles, toys, a stereoview, a watercolor booklet, Court Whist scorecards, promotional material, and pages of a 1883 almanac. The majority, but not all, of these materials likewise feature minstrel/blackface imagery and racist caricatures and stereotypes. These materials offer insight into the cohesive use and promotion of racist imagery, stereotypes, and rhetoric through entertainment media in the 19th and 20th centuries in the United States and Europe. These materials also offer insight into the use of physical entertainment media during the 20th century to educate the public about the Black Power movement, and black community, history, heritage, and empowerment. Additionally, the collection may offer insights into the sale and popularity of black Americana materials between the 19th and early 21st centuries, with at least one board game likely being a 21st century \"hoax\" using historical anti-black imagery to feign its true age.","Twenty-seven boxed board games, card games, puzzles, and toys of black americana material culture. Many of these games use racist terms, imagery, caricatures, and stereotypes of black people, some associated with blackface and minstrel performances, with two games explicitly featuring anti-black racial violence in gameplay. Other games educate  about systemic racism and oppression, black history and culture, prominent black figures in American history, and the Black Power politcal movement, often having a collaborative element.","Black Americans of Achievement: the Game is based on the Black Americans of Achievement book series highlighting the accomplishments and contributions of black Americans to society, culture, science, politics, and the arts.","Black Americans of Achievement: the Game is based on the Black Americans of Achievement book series highlighting the accomplishments and contributions of black Americans to society, culture, science, politics, and the arts.","Little Black Sambo depicts a caricature of a young black boy traversing a jungle and offering his clothes to avoid being eaten by tigers until he reaches \"civilization\" again. \"Sambo\" is a racial slur from Spanish for a person of African descent.","In Search of Identity is a educational game challenging players to answer trivia questions about black people, history, and  culture, with the intent of connecting players to their black heritage through expanded knowledge.","The X Game is a \"fight the system\" collaborative board game following Malcolm X's philosophy and the Black Power Movement.","The Black Community Game is a collaborative game meant to demonstrate the importance of black people working together in their communities to affect social, political, and economic change.","Skillets and Cakes is a token flipping game with the goal of flipping all of your \"cakes\" over first. The front of the box depicts an adult man flipping pancakes in a skillet while two children watch. It is unclear whether the adult man is supposed to be black or if there was just a darker printing for his skin, as the children are depicted with the same tone.","Snake Eyes Junior Ediiton is a competitive dice and chip-collecting game with some cards and imagery containing racist caricatures and stereotypes of black people compared to depictions of white people on other cards.","The Watermelon Puzzle game promotes anti-black stereotypes and features a racist caricature of a black man eating watermelon, an image historically used as propaganda depicting black people as childish and/or \"unclean\".","Zoo Hoo features a racist caricature, likely depicting a blackface minstrel character, of an overwhelmed black zookeeper named Wash, who the players help in rounding up zoo animals released by a clown.","Poor Jenny is a \"chutes and ladders\" type game depicting racist caricatures of black children and the \"black Mammy\" stereotype, historically used to promote the myth that black enslaved women were happy serving white \"masters\" despite their abuse.","Puzzle Picture and Cutout Objects is a children's jigsaw puzzle game featuring a racist depiction of an African man running away from a lion and a reductive depiction of Africa with the Egyptian Pyramids next to a desert and wooden dwelling.","Watch on De Rind depicts racist caricatures and stereotypes of black children eating watermelon, with the objective of catapaulting balls into their \"mouths\".","Unocando (\"You-no-can-do\") is a numbered tile shuffling game depicting racist caricatures of two African people playing the game and speaking gibberish, with verbiage mocking African languages and/or black and African English speakers.","The Darky Shooting Gallery models anti-black violence, consisting of a spring coil \"gun\" players use to shoot \"bullets\" at cutouts of black people, depicted in racist and stereotyped caricatures.","Darkies in the Melon Patch is a \"chutes and ladders\" type game using racist language and imagery of racist and stereotyped caricatures of black people navigating a watermelon patch and avoiding a white farmer aiming at them with a gun. This game appears to be a 21st century counterfeit/hoax of black americana material culture. The copyright information provided claims the game was copyrighted in 1932 by a \"Hudson Brothers\" company at \"127 42nd Street, Buffalo, NY\", though no such company or location appears to exist, and other sources have given copyright dates as early as 1910. The images on the box cover and game board appear to have been digitally printed and some have computer graphics imposed on images dated to various years between 1910 and 1940.","Snake Eyes is a competitive dice and chip-collecting game with some cards and imagery containing racist caricatures and stereotypes of black people compared to depictions of white people on other cards.","Schwarzer Pieter is an \"Old Maid\" type game featuring a blackface minstrel character original from Belgium and Netherlands named \"Black Pete\", who is an assistant to Saint Nicholas and a racist caricature of a black person.","Swahili is a mancala-like game modeled, and possibly appropriated, from the game of Bao from East Africa.","Blacks \u0026 Whites models the contemporary racism, oppression, and systemic inequalities black people face in American society, highlighting the socioeconomic and political disparities between black and white Americans. The creators noted that, while the game was meant to simulate racial disparity to white and privileged players, test players rewrote the rules of play to make game outcomes more equitable and fair between races.","Blacks \u0026 Whites models the contemporary racism, oppression, and systemic inequalities black people face in American society, highlighting the socioeconomic and political disparities between black and white Americans. The creators noted that, while the game was meant to simulate racial disparity to white and privileged players, test players rewrote the rules of play to make game outcomes more equitable and fair between races.","Bimbo Ringo is a ring toss game featuring a racist caricature of an African man with the ring hooks depicted as different adornments on the person's face and weapons.","Die Seefarher in Africa/Les Marins en Afrique is a German-French game with the objective of collecting or pillaging treasure from African port cities as sailors hailing from colonialist powers. May be a reproduction.","In Dixieland is a rummy-like card game with images of black children and adults living in the south, often in impoverished conditions and framed according to racist stereotypes.","Knock Knock is a card game similar to Uno depicting a racist minstrel-like caricature on the box cover.","The Race Card is a standard 52 playing card deck with black people and fashions depicted on the face cards.","Zwarte Piet is an \"Old Maid\" type game featuring a blackface minstrel character original from Belgium and Netherlands named \"Black Pete\", who is an assistant to Saint Nicholas and a racist caricature of a black person.","Seven folders containing pieces of black americana ephemera that largely use anti-black language, caricatures, and imagery to promote racist stereotypes of black people.","The \"Mammy Memo\" is a plastic notepad and pencil/pen holder shaped in the form of the racist, stereotyped \"Mammy\" caricature. The exact creator could not be identified, but similar products were copyrighted by Hampden Novelty Mfg, Inc.","The Oldest Game Known depicts racist caricatures of two black men playing with dice on the box cover. The box contains a metal pot painted purple, but there are no instructions wherein.","The Magic-Masks consists of rubber pieces shaped like exaggerated facial features with a racist caricature of a black person on the box cover. This toy was made in Japan, but no instructions or further information could be identified.","Five porcelain figurines, four of which depict minstrel-like caricatures of black musicians playing different instruments, and one shaped like a rudimentary hut with two African individuals on the front with little to no clothing.","Four pages (printed on one sheet of folded paper) from \"Frank Leslie's Illustrated Family Almanac fro 1883\", with one page featuring the print \"The Shark Fisheries Near New Smyrna, Florida\" that depicts racist caricatures of black men working in teams to pull live sharks to shore.","A stereoview titled \"A Skin Game Nabbed\" that features black men playing poker with one pointing a gun at the other players, propogating a racist stereotype of black men as violent cheaters. The stereoview claims to have been made for \"The 'Perfec' Stereograph\".","\"Painting the House that Jack Built\" is a watercoloring booklet with paint squares stapled in the middle of the book, featuring a copyrighted \"Dutch Boy\" character that promotes the purchase of paint from the National Lead Company, who persists against different weather conditions with faces. It is unclear whether any of the weather conditions represent racist caricatures of black people.","Promotional material for W.S.M. depicting two minstrel performers, \"Lasses\" and \"Honey\", in blackface on a \"Seasons Greetings\" card.","Two scoring cards for Court Whist signed by a \"Mrs. Napper\" and an \"A Napper\", which were associated with the \"Lasses and Honey\" W.S.M. promotional card.","Robertson's Golliwog Game of Snakes and Ladders is a chutes and ladders game featuring multiple racist, gnome-like caricatures called Golliwogs on the game cover and paper game board. Golliwog was a trademark for the James Robertson \u0026 Sons jam-manufacturing company between 1910 and the 1960s.","Pieces of paper, presumably from medicine packaging, that make up a Trick Donkey game depicting a racist caricature of a black man and a clown as the riders.","An advertisement for Bridge Party depicting a racist \"Mammy\" caricature misunderstanding suggestive terms used for the game in a fake AAVE dialect. This ad is possible reproduction of an ad printed by the Lee Novelty Co. of Fort Payne, AL."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Curator of Manuscripts and Rare Books, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUse of these materials must be limited to persons using them for research and/or scholarly activites. These materials may not be sold or distributed without knowing their intended use. They are not allowed to fall into the hands of anyone who might use them to support beliefs in the superiority or inferiority of any race, creed, or ethnicity\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use","Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Curator of Manuscripts and Rare Books, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Use of these materials must be limited to persons using them for research and/or scholarly activites. These materials may not be sold or distributed without knowing their intended use. They are not allowed to fall into the hands of anyone who might use them to support beliefs in the superiority or inferiority of any race, creed, or ethnicity"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","BAOA, Inc.","Cadaco-Ellis (Chicago, IL)","Identity Toys, Inc. (Milwaukee, WI)","Motherland, Inc. (Boston, MA)","Milton Bradley Co.","Selchow \u0026 Righter Co. (New York, NY)","Parker Brothers (Salem, MA)","Lubbers \u0026 Bell Mfg. Co. (Clinton, IA)","E. E. Fairchild Corporation","Goezte Game Co. (Plymouth, WI)","J. W. Spear \u0026 Sons (London, UK)","Psychology Today Games (Del Mar, CA)","G. H. Robinson Company (Chicago, IL)","Bermann \u0026 Sohn","The Fireside Game Co. (Cincinnati, OH)","Chad Valley Co., Ltd.","The Concept Card Co. (New Orleans, LA)","Hampden Novelty Mfg, Inc.","H Fishlove \u0026 Co.","Frank Leslie Publishing House","H. C. White Co. (North Bennington, VT)","National Lead Company","O.C. Harn","John W. Brophy Co. (Westerly, RI)"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","BAOA, Inc.","Cadaco-Ellis (Chicago, IL)","Identity Toys, Inc. (Milwaukee, WI)","Motherland, Inc. (Boston, MA)","Milton Bradley Co.","Selchow \u0026 Righter Co. (New York, NY)","Parker Brothers (Salem, MA)","Lubbers \u0026 Bell Mfg. Co. (Clinton, IA)","E. E. Fairchild Corporation","Goezte Game Co. (Plymouth, WI)","J. W. Spear \u0026 Sons (London, UK)","Psychology Today Games (Del Mar, CA)","G. H. Robinson Company (Chicago, IL)","Bermann \u0026 Sohn","The Fireside Game Co. (Cincinnati, OH)","Chad Valley Co., Ltd.","The Concept Card Co. (New Orleans, LA)","Hampden Novelty Mfg, Inc.","H Fishlove \u0026 Co.","Frank Leslie Publishing House","H. C. White Co. (North Bennington, VT)","National Lead Company","O.C. Harn","John W. Brophy Co. (Westerly, RI)"],"language_ssim":["English Dutch; Flemish German French"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":41,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T12:30:06.480Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_10016_c01"}}],"included":[{"type":"facet","id":"repository_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Repository","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"College of William and Mary","value":"College of William and 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