{"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1784\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=52","prev":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1784\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=51","next":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1784\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=53","last":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1784\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=55"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":52,"next_page":53,"prev_page":51,"total_pages":55,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":510,"total_count":546,"first_page?":false,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_77","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Wayne Rickert collection of founders' autographs","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_77#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Rickert, Wayne","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_77#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains 41 manuscripts dating 1770-1831. Many of the manuscripts date from the era of the American Revolution, and several are directly relevant to the course of the war. Among the documents are single letters by John Adams, Aaron Burr, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Hancock, Patrick Henry, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, Lafayette, James Madison, John Marshall, James Monroe, Paul Revere, and George Washington, as well as letters and other documents that include the signatures of signers of the Declaration of Independence.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_77#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_77","ead_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_77","_root_":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_77","_nest_parent_":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_77","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/MV/repositories_3_resources_77.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Wayne Rickert collection of founders' autographs","title_ssm":["Wayne Rickert collection of founders' autographs"],"title_tesim":["Wayne Rickert collection of founders' autographs"],"unitdate_ssm":["1770-1831"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1770-1831"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["2021.SC.004","/repositories/3/resources/77"],"text":["2021.SC.004","/repositories/3/resources/77","Wayne Rickert collection of founders' autographs","United States -- History -- Revolution, 1775-1783","Correspondence","This collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes.","Arranged alphabetically by author.","Wayne and Grace Rickert donated the collection of founders' autographs to the Washington Library in 2021.","See 2021-SC-004-038","See 2021-SC-004-032","The collection contains 41 manuscripts dating 1770-1831. Many of the manuscripts date from the era of the American Revolution, and several are directly relevant to the course of the war. Among the documents are single letters by John Adams, Aaron Burr, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Hancock, Patrick Henry, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, Lafayette, James Madison, John Marshall, James Monroe, Paul Revere, and George Washington, as well as letters and other documents that include the signatures of signers of the Declaration of Independence.","John Adams writes William Plumer, New Hampshire Senator and Governor, discussing the Fries Rebellion of 1799 in Pennsylvania. He pardoned armed tax resisters, including John Fries, convicted of treason. Letter, signed. 1 page.","Letter from Josiah Bartlett to William Whipple regarding the movement of American and British forces in New York and New Jersey. He outlines the many challenges that the revolutionary cause faced in New York, New England, and generally, including supply and money problems, the health of the troops, and the persistence of divided loyalties in the aftermath of the Americans declaring independence. Bartlett signed the Declaration of Independence and served as governor of New Hampshire during Washington's presidency.","Autograph letter signed, 2 pages.","Aaron Burr writes to the President of the Senate, Thomas Jefferson, when the United States was almost at war with France in 1798, offering to provide information about New York City's defense plan to the state legislature. He writes, \"As one of the Committee appointed by the inhabitants of the City of New York to direct the temporary defence of the said city I have been instructed to give to either House of the Legislature such information as may be in my power relative to that object. Pursuant to such instructions I shall chearfully [sic] attend the Senate or any Committee thereof for that purpose whenever required\".  Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Aaron Burr writes to Thomas Hill Hubbard regarding a legal case. He writes \"In the case of Jackson... vs Varick and Bacon, I pray you to transmit to me, so soon as may be convenient to you, a copy of the Rule which was entered at the last term on my motion to amend the case and Bill of Exceptions - also certified copies of the affidavits which were produced on each side, those offered by the Depts to be certified separately... so that one my be used without the other. Also certified copies of the Rules entered on the Trials... in the several cases of W.D. Craft vs Baldwin Ex of Elias Baldwin and A. Burr is the same - note the changes, which will be remitted\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Chase writes to William Smallwood, President of the Maryland State Senate, regarding his recent appointment as Chief Judge of the General Court of Maryland and his subsequent resignation from his previous role. Autograph letter signed, 1 page.","Abraham Clark, a New Jersey delegate, writes to Col. Elias Dayton, an experienced veteran, to inform him he has not won the promotion he sought. Clark writes, \"Congress is impressed with the necessity of observing economy in the public expenses and having been formerly too profuse in the promotion of officers determined to stop their hand. They say N.Jersey hath our Major Gen. and by the reduction proposed we shall have but two Regiments. What prospect have I then of obtaining another Genl. officer... We have had no recommendation for this measure either from the Genl. [Washington] - The Legislature- or even the brigade. You mention the promotion of Genls. [Nathanael] Greene and [Daniel] Morgan, but their appointments were... requests from Maryland [actually Rhode Island] and Virginia, this cannot be offered in your favour. I see the embarrassment the subject is under.\" Clark adds that \"Genl. Sullivan hath wrote to the Genl. desiring his opinion... and desired me to postpone any proposals respecting you, till he rcd. an answer.\" He concludes, \"There stands the matter. I wish the arrangement of our Brigade could be postponed...that some favourable occurrence might offer in your favour.\" Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","Letter from Commercial Committee of Congress, Francis Lewis, James Searle, and John Fell, to Thomas Mumford. Francis Lewis is a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Letter is requesting gunpowder for American Independence, \"...This committee have lodged monies in the hands of the agents at St.Eustatia to procure powder... If therefore you will enclose us your order on Messrs. Milner and Haynes for the remainder for the fifty tons of powder they had contracted to deliver, our agents will immediately pay them the balance that may be due to them. As we shall send a vessel to St. Eustatia in a short time we must beg your answer by return of post...\" St. Eustatia, an island in the Caribbean, was a center for contraband trade during the Revolutionary War. Letter signed. 1 page.","Petition from Ebenezer Dayton to the Executive Council of Pennsylvania. Dayton confesses how he did \"flee from there [New York] as a refugee, leaving his lands in the power of the enemy\", and petitions to acquire a \"whaleboat\".  William Floyd, Dayton's neighbor, certifies Dayton's claims. Floyd is a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Autograph , signed, 2 pages.","William Ellery writes a 'Private \u0026 Confidential' letter to an unknown recipient regarding Daniel E. Updike's health circumstances and ability to work due to alcohol. Autograph letter signed, 2 pages.","Benjamin Franklin writes to General Charles Lee in order to introduce Thomas Paine, author of Common Sense. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","True copy of a General Horatio Gate's letter to John Hancock, in Hancock's hand. Gates writes to Hancock regarding a court martial of Col. Donald Campbell. Letter signed. 1 page.","Elbridge Gerry writes to John Adams, President of the United States. He writes \"If an answer, to the letter which your excellency proposed to write to Mr. Pickering on my concerns, is received, I will do myself the honor of waiting on you at any time which may best serve your convenience. Mrs. Gerry unites with me in best respects to yourself and Lady. Be assured, I remain Dear Sir with every sentiment of attachment.\" Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Lyman Hall, Governor of Georgia and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Mrs. Street (possibly his sister) regarding health and life post Revolutionary war. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Alexander Hamilton writes to Colonel John Fitzgerald, while he waits for the Treaty of Paris to arrive. He writes \"The enclosed letter is for Mr. Bowman who married Mrs. Cattle. I am told he is at Alexandria which makes me trouble you with the letter. Should he have left that place for South Carolina, I will thank you to forward it to him. No definitive treaty yet arrived nor any thing else of importance new. I write in Congress...\" A cessation of hostilities had been proclaimed by the British in February and by Congress in April. The provisional peace treaty, negotiated in Paris, was ratified by Congress on April 15, but a long delay ensued before the signing of the final treaty in Paris, 1783 September 3. Both Hamilton and Fitzgerald served as aides-de-camp to Washington during the Revolution. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Benjamin Harrison, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes a letter to an unknown sir. He writes regarding a Capt. Cherry. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Patrick Henry writes to the unidentified 'County Lieutenant of Berkely [Berkeley].' He writes \"You are hereby directed to furnish General Hand with the numbers of men he may call from your militia to defend the frontier or challenge the Indians.\" Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","William Hooper, away from the Continental Congress to visit his mother, writes to Joseph Hewes and John Penn regarding General Clinton. Hooper  was a member in all five North Carolina Provincial Congresses, a member of the Continental Congress, and a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Stephen Hopkins, Governor of Rhode Island and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Christopher Harris during the French and Indian War, ordering a Colonel to take forces to Albany and join Major General William Johnson for a campaign against the French at Crown Point. Autograph document, signed. 2 pages.","Francis Hopkinson, Esq., Judge for the Courts of Admiralty for the State of Pennsylvania, directs Clement Biddle Esq., Marshall for the court, to \"sell at public venue the sloop or vessel called the Polly her guns, tackle, apparel, furniture and all and singular the goods, wares and merchandise laden and found on board her at the time of her capture and that after deducting the costs and charges of the trial condemnation and sale out of the monies arising from the said sale you divide the residue of the said monies into two equal parts one of which you are to pay overunto the agent or agents of the owners of the Brigantine or Vessel called the Fair American to and for their use and the other you are to pay over unto the Agent or Agents of the Officers and Crew belonging to the said Brigantine Fair American to and for their use and if it shall happen that any of the said owners officers or crew shall neglect to appear either in person or by agent to receive their respective shares of said monies then you are forthwith to bring such shares into this court to the intent the same may remain ready to be paid to them whenever they are their agents duly authorised may appear and demand the same according to the Resolves of Congress the usages of nations and the Act of Assembly of this state in such case made and provided and how you shall have executed this writ make return to me at a court of Admiralty to be held at my chambers in Philadelphia on the tenth day of November together with this writ given under my hand and the seal of the court twentieth day of October in the year of our lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty one.\" On verso, Biddle responds confirming sale of the Sloop Polly and cargo. Autograph document signed, 2 pages. Hopkinson was a signer of the Declaration of Independence.","Samuel Huntington, President of the Continental Congress and signer of the Declaration of the Independence, writes to Jabez Huntington, regarding preparations being made to prepare for the invasion of the British Navy. Letter mentions William Williams, another signer of the Declaration of Independence and Esek Hopkins, Commander of the Continental Navy. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","John Jay, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown Sir, regarding court and Mr. Antell's affidavit. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","Thomas Jefferson writes, while he was the U.S. Minister to France, to William Gordon about the actions he has taken to assist Gordon's efforts to write a history of the American Revolution, and conveys his thoughts on what market may exist for the publication in France. Gordon conducted part of his research for his history at Mount Vernon. Gordon published The History of the Rise, Progress, and Establishment, of the Independence of the United States of America: Including an Account of the late War, and of the Thirteen Colonies from their origin, to that period, 4 vols. (London: William Gordon, 1788). Letter also mentions Marquis de la Fayette. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Lafayette writes to George Augustine Washington. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Francis Lightfoot Lee, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to agents De Berdt, Lee \u0026 Sayre regarding the sale and purchase of 80 hogsheads and tobacco. Autograph letter, signed. 4 pages.","Richard Henry Lee, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to John Langdon congratulating Langdon as a judge and describing his ill health. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","James Madison, Secretary of State, writes to Mitchill regarding court testimony, possibly in reference to Smith and Ogden trial. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","John Marshall, Chief Justice of the United States and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to John Mercer Patton of Virginia regarding a court case and Judge Johnson. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","James Monroe, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown sir, regarding the sale of enslaved people. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Robert Morris, member of the Continental Congress and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to John Langdon regarding business relations with John Holker. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Thomas Nelson, signer of the Declaration of Independence and brigadier general in the Continental army, writes to General George Weedon, of Richmond, updating him on the mobilization of Virginia's defenses against a British incursion in the Hampton Roads area.\nAutograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Attorney General for the State of Massachusetts, Robert Treat Paine, signer of the Declaration of Independence, files a complaint against the respondent Margaret Draper, as she \"levied war, and conspired to levy War against the Government and people of this Province, Colony, and State; and then and there adhered to the King of Great Britain, his fleets and armies, enemies of the said Province, Colony, and State; and then and there did give them aid and comfort\". Partially printed document, signed by the author, with notes in his hand. 1 page.","Timothy Pickering, Secretary of War and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Burgess Ball to inform him that the president has not selected his Potomac land for the location of a federal arsenal. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Paul Revere writes a discharge certificate for Caleb Legg. Autograph document, signed. 1 page.","Caesar Rodney, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown recipient, ordering \"that the Guard be strengthened with a Captain and twenty four men to be furnished from all the Troops now in town proportion to their numbers\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Benjamin Rush, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Armand John DeRosset Sr., regarding Rush's \"second volume of medical inquiries\" about his \"principles on dropsy and pulmonary consumption\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Edward Rutledge, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown Sir regarding the legal proceedings in a land dispute. Date is unclear, could be February or July. Autograph letter, signed. 3 pages.","George Walton, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Major General Benjamin Lincoln seeking his help regarding sums for the military being misapplied by citizens [Georgia] and hung up in the Department of the Army resulting in shortages for the troops in the Georgia militias. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","George Washington writes to Burgess Ball, regarding Ball's interest in the federal government purchasing some of his land for the construction of an arsenal. Washington indicates that he will leave the matter to the Secretary of War, Timothy Pickering, and not discuss it further, lest their family connection lend an appearance of impropriety. Ball was married to Frances Washington, the daughter of George's brother Charles.  Autograph letter, signed. 3 pages.","William Whipple, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to President Meshech Weare [New Hampshire] regarding the recent arrival of Mr. William Trail from Bermuda. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","John Witherspoon, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to William Livingston, Governor of New Jersey, regarding the safe passage of a British deserter, Humphrey Belcher, through American lines. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Oliver Wolcott, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to his wife, Laura Wolcott. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Special Collections at The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon","Rickert, Wayne","Adams, John, 1735-1826","Bartlett, Josiah, 1729-1795","Whipple, William, 1730-1785","Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836","Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826","Chase, Samuel, 1741-1811","Smallwood, William, 1732-1792","Clark, Abraham, 1726-1794","Dayton, Elias, 1737-1807","Lewis, Francis, 1713-1803","Searle, James, 1730-1797","Fell, John, 1721-1798","Mumford, Thomas, 1728-1799","Floyd, William, 1734-1821","Dayton, Ebenezer, 1744-1802","Ellery, William, 1727-1820","Franklin, Benjamin, 1706-1790","Lee, Charles, 1731-1782","Gates, Horatio, 1728-1806","Hancock, John, 1737-1793","Gerry, Elbridge, 1744-1814","Hall, Lyman, 1724-1790","Hamilton, Alexander, 1757-1804","Fitzgerald, John, -1799","Harrison, Benjamin, approximately 1726-1791","Henry, Patrick, 1736-1799","Hooper, William, 1742-1790","Hewes, Joseph, 1730-1779","Penn, John, 1740 or 1741-1788","Hopkins, Stephen, 1707-1785","Hopkinson, Francis, 1737-1791","Biddle, Clement, 1740-1814","Huntington, Samuel, 1731-1796","Huntington, Jabez, 1719-1786","Jay, John, 1745-1829","Gordon, William, 1728-1807","Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Du Motier, marquis de, 1757-1834","Washington, George Augustine, approximately 1759-1793","Lee, Francis Lightfoot, 1734-1797","Lee, William, 1739-1795","Sayre, Stephen, 1736-1818","De Berdt, Dennis, Jr.","Lee, Richard Henry, 1732-1794","Langdon, John, 1741-1819","Madison, James, 1751-1836","Mitchill, Samuel L. (Samuel Latham), 1764-1831","Marshall, John, 1755-1835","Patton, John M. (John Mercer), 1797-1858","Monroe, James, 1758-1831","Morris, Robert, 1734-1806","Holker, John, 1745-1822","Nelson, Thomas, 1738-1789","Paine, Robert Treat, 1731-1814","Pickering, Timothy, 1745-1829","Ball, Burgess, 1749-1800","Revere, Paul, 1735-1818","Rodney, Caesar, 1728-1784","Rush, Benjamin, 1746-1813","Rutledge, Edward, 1749-1800","Walton, George, 1749 or 1750-1804","Lincoln, Benjamin, 1733-1810","Washington, George, 1732-1799","Weare, Meshech, 1713-1786","Witherspoon, John, 1723-1794","Livingston, William, 1723-1790","Wolcott, Oliver, 1726-1797","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["2021.SC.004","/repositories/3/resources/77"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Wayne Rickert collection of founders' autographs"],"collection_title_tesim":["Wayne Rickert collection of founders' autographs"],"collection_ssim":["Wayne Rickert collection of founders' autographs"],"repository_ssm":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"repository_ssim":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"geogname_ssm":["United States -- History -- Revolution, 1775-1783"],"geogname_ssim":["United States -- History -- Revolution, 1775-1783"],"creator_ssm":["Rickert, Wayne"],"creator_ssim":["Rickert, Wayne"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Rickert, Wayne"],"creators_ssim":["Rickert, Wayne"],"places_ssim":["United States -- History -- Revolution, 1775-1783"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Correspondence"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Correspondence"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":["41 Sheets (2 boxes)"],"extent_tesim":["41 Sheets (2 boxes)"],"genreform_ssim":["Correspondence"],"date_range_isim":[1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eArranged alphabetically by author.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Arranged alphabetically by author."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWayne and Grace Rickert donated the collection of founders' autographs to the Washington Library in 2021.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Wayne and Grace Rickert donated the collection of founders' autographs to the Washington Library in 2021."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Name and date of item], Rickert collection of founders' autographs, [Folder], Special Collections, The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon [hereafter Washington Library], Mount Vernon, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Name and date of item], Rickert collection of founders' autographs, [Folder], Special Collections, The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon [hereafter Washington Library], Mount Vernon, Virginia."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee 2021-SC-004-038\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee 2021-SC-004-032\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials","Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["See 2021-SC-004-038","See 2021-SC-004-032"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains 41 manuscripts dating 1770-1831. Many of the manuscripts date from the era of the American Revolution, and several are directly relevant to the course of the war. Among the documents are single letters by John Adams, Aaron Burr, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Hancock, Patrick Henry, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, Lafayette, James Madison, John Marshall, James Monroe, Paul Revere, and George Washington, as well as letters and other documents that include the signatures of signers of the Declaration of Independence.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJohn Adams writes William Plumer, New Hampshire Senator and Governor, discussing the Fries Rebellion of 1799 in Pennsylvania. He pardoned armed tax resisters, including John Fries, convicted of treason. Letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter from Josiah Bartlett to William Whipple regarding the movement of American and British forces in New York and New Jersey. He outlines the many challenges that the revolutionary cause faced in New York, New England, and generally, including supply and money problems, the health of the troops, and the persistence of divided loyalties in the aftermath of the Americans declaring independence. Bartlett signed the Declaration of Independence and served as governor of New Hampshire during Washington's presidency.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAutograph letter signed, 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAaron Burr writes to the President of the Senate, Thomas Jefferson, when the United States was almost at war with France in 1798, offering to provide information about New York City's defense plan to the state legislature. He writes, \"As one of the Committee appointed by the inhabitants of the City of New York to direct the temporary defence of the said city I have been instructed to give to either House of the Legislature such information as may be in my power relative to that object. Pursuant to such instructions I shall chearfully [sic] attend the Senate or any Committee thereof for that purpose whenever required\".  Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAaron Burr writes to Thomas Hill Hubbard regarding a legal case. He writes \"In the case of Jackson... vs Varick and Bacon, I pray you to transmit to me, so soon as may be convenient to you, a copy of the Rule which was entered at the last term on my motion to amend the case and Bill of Exceptions - also certified copies of the affidavits which were produced on each side, those offered by the Depts to be certified separately... so that one my be used without the other. Also certified copies of the Rules entered on the Trials... in the several cases of W.D. Craft vs Baldwin Ex of Elias Baldwin and A. Burr is the same - note the changes, which will be remitted\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eChase writes to William Smallwood, President of the Maryland State Senate, regarding his recent appointment as Chief Judge of the General Court of Maryland and his subsequent resignation from his previous role. Autograph letter signed, 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAbraham Clark, a New Jersey delegate, writes to Col. Elias Dayton, an experienced veteran, to inform him he has not won the promotion he sought. Clark writes, \"Congress is impressed with the necessity of observing economy in the public expenses and having been formerly too profuse in the promotion of officers determined to stop their hand. They say N.Jersey hath our Major Gen. and by the reduction proposed we shall have but two Regiments. What prospect have I then of obtaining another Genl. officer... We have had no recommendation for this measure either from the Genl. [Washington] - The Legislature- or even the brigade. You mention the promotion of Genls. [Nathanael] Greene and [Daniel] Morgan, but their appointments were... requests from Maryland [actually Rhode Island] and Virginia, this cannot be offered in your favour. I see the embarrassment the subject is under.\" Clark adds that \"Genl. Sullivan hath wrote to the Genl. desiring his opinion... and desired me to postpone any proposals respecting you, till he rcd. an answer.\" He concludes, \"There stands the matter. I wish the arrangement of our Brigade could be postponed...that some favourable occurrence might offer in your favour.\" Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter from Commercial Committee of Congress, Francis Lewis, James Searle, and John Fell, to Thomas Mumford. Francis Lewis is a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Letter is requesting gunpowder for American Independence, \"...This committee have lodged monies in the hands of the agents at St.Eustatia to procure powder... If therefore you will enclose us your order on Messrs. Milner and Haynes for the remainder for the fifty tons of powder they had contracted to deliver, our agents will immediately pay them the balance that may be due to them. As we shall send a vessel to St. Eustatia in a short time we must beg your answer by return of post...\" St. Eustatia, an island in the Caribbean, was a center for contraband trade during the Revolutionary War. Letter signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePetition from Ebenezer Dayton to the Executive Council of Pennsylvania. Dayton confesses how he did \"flee from there [New York] as a refugee, leaving his lands in the power of the enemy\", and petitions to acquire a \"whaleboat\".  William Floyd, Dayton's neighbor, certifies Dayton's claims. Floyd is a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Autograph , signed, 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam Ellery writes a 'Private \u0026amp; Confidential' letter to an unknown recipient regarding Daniel E. Updike's health circumstances and ability to work due to alcohol. Autograph letter signed, 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBenjamin Franklin writes to General Charles Lee in order to introduce Thomas Paine, author of Common Sense. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTrue copy of a General Horatio Gate's letter to John Hancock, in Hancock's hand. Gates writes to Hancock regarding a court martial of Col. Donald Campbell. Letter signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eElbridge Gerry writes to John Adams, President of the United States. He writes \"If an answer, to the letter which your excellency proposed to write to Mr. Pickering on my concerns, is received, I will do myself the honor of waiting on you at any time which may best serve your convenience. Mrs. Gerry unites with me in best respects to yourself and Lady. Be assured, I remain Dear Sir with every sentiment of attachment.\" Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLyman Hall, Governor of Georgia and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Mrs. Street (possibly his sister) regarding health and life post Revolutionary war. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlexander Hamilton writes to Colonel John Fitzgerald, while he waits for the Treaty of Paris to arrive. He writes \"The enclosed letter is for Mr. Bowman who married Mrs. Cattle. I am told he is at Alexandria which makes me trouble you with the letter. Should he have left that place for South Carolina, I will thank you to forward it to him. No definitive treaty yet arrived nor any thing else of importance new. I write in Congress...\" A cessation of hostilities had been proclaimed by the British in February and by Congress in April. The provisional peace treaty, negotiated in Paris, was ratified by Congress on April 15, but a long delay ensued before the signing of the final treaty in Paris, 1783 September 3. Both Hamilton and Fitzgerald served as aides-de-camp to Washington during the Revolution. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBenjamin Harrison, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes a letter to an unknown sir. He writes regarding a Capt. Cherry. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePatrick Henry writes to the unidentified 'County Lieutenant of Berkely [Berkeley].' He writes \"You are hereby directed to furnish General Hand with the numbers of men he may call from your militia to defend the frontier or challenge the Indians.\" Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam Hooper, away from the Continental Congress to visit his mother, writes to Joseph Hewes and John Penn regarding General Clinton. Hooper  was a member in all five North Carolina Provincial Congresses, a member of the Continental Congress, and a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eStephen Hopkins, Governor of Rhode Island and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Christopher Harris during the French and Indian War, ordering a Colonel to take forces to Albany and join Major General William Johnson for a campaign against the French at Crown Point. Autograph document, signed. 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrancis Hopkinson, Esq., Judge for the Courts of Admiralty for the State of Pennsylvania, directs Clement Biddle Esq., Marshall for the court, to \"sell at public venue the sloop or vessel called the Polly her guns, tackle, apparel, furniture and all and singular the goods, wares and merchandise laden and found on board her at the time of her capture and that after deducting the costs and charges of the trial condemnation and sale out of the monies arising from the said sale you divide the residue of the said monies into two equal parts one of which you are to pay overunto the agent or agents of the owners of the Brigantine or Vessel called the Fair American to and for their use and the other you are to pay over unto the Agent or Agents of the Officers and Crew belonging to the said Brigantine Fair American to and for their use and if it shall happen that any of the said owners officers or crew shall neglect to appear either in person or by agent to receive their respective shares of said monies then you are forthwith to bring such shares into this court to the intent the same may remain ready to be paid to them whenever they are their agents duly authorised may appear and demand the same according to the Resolves of Congress the usages of nations and the Act of Assembly of this state in such case made and provided and how you shall have executed this writ make return to me at a court of Admiralty to be held at my chambers in Philadelphia on the tenth day of November together with this writ given under my hand and the seal of the court twentieth day of October in the year of our lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty one.\" On verso, Biddle responds confirming sale of the Sloop Polly and cargo. Autograph document signed, 2 pages. Hopkinson was a signer of the Declaration of Independence.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSamuel Huntington, President of the Continental Congress and signer of the Declaration of the Independence, writes to Jabez Huntington, regarding preparations being made to prepare for the invasion of the British Navy. Letter mentions William Williams, another signer of the Declaration of Independence and Esek Hopkins, Commander of the Continental Navy. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJohn Jay, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown Sir, regarding court and Mr. Antell's affidavit. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThomas Jefferson writes, while he was the U.S. Minister to France, to William Gordon about the actions he has taken to assist Gordon's efforts to write a history of the American Revolution, and conveys his thoughts on what market may exist for the publication in France. Gordon conducted part of his research for his history at Mount Vernon. Gordon published The History of the Rise, Progress, and Establishment, of the Independence of the United States of America: Including an Account of the late War, and of the Thirteen Colonies from their origin, to that period, 4 vols. (London: William Gordon, 1788). Letter also mentions Marquis de la Fayette. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLafayette writes to George Augustine Washington. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrancis Lightfoot Lee, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to agents De Berdt, Lee \u0026amp; Sayre regarding the sale and purchase of 80 hogsheads and tobacco. Autograph letter, signed. 4 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRichard Henry Lee, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to John Langdon congratulating Langdon as a judge and describing his ill health. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Madison, Secretary of State, writes to Mitchill regarding court testimony, possibly in reference to Smith and Ogden trial. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJohn Marshall, Chief Justice of the United States and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to John Mercer Patton of Virginia regarding a court case and Judge Johnson. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Monroe, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown sir, regarding the sale of enslaved people. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRobert Morris, member of the Continental Congress and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to John Langdon regarding business relations with John Holker. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThomas Nelson, signer of the Declaration of Independence and brigadier general in the Continental army, writes to General George Weedon, of Richmond, updating him on the mobilization of Virginia's defenses against a British incursion in the Hampton Roads area.\nAutograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAttorney General for the State of Massachusetts, Robert Treat Paine, signer of the Declaration of Independence, files a complaint against the respondent Margaret Draper, as she \"levied war, and conspired to levy War against the Government and people of this Province, Colony, and State; and then and there adhered to the King of Great Britain, his fleets and armies, enemies of the said Province, Colony, and State; and then and there did give them aid and comfort\". Partially printed document, signed by the author, with notes in his hand. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTimothy Pickering, Secretary of War and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Burgess Ball to inform him that the president has not selected his Potomac land for the location of a federal arsenal. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePaul Revere writes a discharge certificate for Caleb Legg. Autograph document, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCaesar Rodney, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown recipient, ordering \"that the Guard be strengthened with a Captain and twenty four men to be furnished from all the Troops now in town proportion to their numbers\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBenjamin Rush, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Armand John DeRosset Sr., regarding Rush's \"second volume of medical inquiries\" about his \"principles on dropsy and pulmonary consumption\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEdward Rutledge, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown Sir regarding the legal proceedings in a land dispute. Date is unclear, could be February or July. Autograph letter, signed. 3 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGeorge Walton, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Major General Benjamin Lincoln seeking his help regarding sums for the military being misapplied by citizens [Georgia] and hung up in the Department of the Army resulting in shortages for the troops in the Georgia militias. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGeorge Washington writes to Burgess Ball, regarding Ball's interest in the federal government purchasing some of his land for the construction of an arsenal. Washington indicates that he will leave the matter to the Secretary of War, Timothy Pickering, and not discuss it further, lest their family connection lend an appearance of impropriety. Ball was married to Frances Washington, the daughter of George's brother Charles.  Autograph letter, signed. 3 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam Whipple, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to President Meshech Weare [New Hampshire] regarding the recent arrival of Mr. William Trail from Bermuda. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJohn Witherspoon, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to William Livingston, Governor of New Jersey, regarding the safe passage of a British deserter, Humphrey Belcher, through American lines. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOliver Wolcott, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to his wife, Laura Wolcott. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection contains 41 manuscripts dating 1770-1831. Many of the manuscripts date from the era of the American Revolution, and several are directly relevant to the course of the war. Among the documents are single letters by John Adams, Aaron Burr, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Hancock, Patrick Henry, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, Lafayette, James Madison, John Marshall, James Monroe, Paul Revere, and George Washington, as well as letters and other documents that include the signatures of signers of the Declaration of Independence.","John Adams writes William Plumer, New Hampshire Senator and Governor, discussing the Fries Rebellion of 1799 in Pennsylvania. He pardoned armed tax resisters, including John Fries, convicted of treason. Letter, signed. 1 page.","Letter from Josiah Bartlett to William Whipple regarding the movement of American and British forces in New York and New Jersey. He outlines the many challenges that the revolutionary cause faced in New York, New England, and generally, including supply and money problems, the health of the troops, and the persistence of divided loyalties in the aftermath of the Americans declaring independence. Bartlett signed the Declaration of Independence and served as governor of New Hampshire during Washington's presidency.","Autograph letter signed, 2 pages.","Aaron Burr writes to the President of the Senate, Thomas Jefferson, when the United States was almost at war with France in 1798, offering to provide information about New York City's defense plan to the state legislature. He writes, \"As one of the Committee appointed by the inhabitants of the City of New York to direct the temporary defence of the said city I have been instructed to give to either House of the Legislature such information as may be in my power relative to that object. Pursuant to such instructions I shall chearfully [sic] attend the Senate or any Committee thereof for that purpose whenever required\".  Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Aaron Burr writes to Thomas Hill Hubbard regarding a legal case. He writes \"In the case of Jackson... vs Varick and Bacon, I pray you to transmit to me, so soon as may be convenient to you, a copy of the Rule which was entered at the last term on my motion to amend the case and Bill of Exceptions - also certified copies of the affidavits which were produced on each side, those offered by the Depts to be certified separately... so that one my be used without the other. Also certified copies of the Rules entered on the Trials... in the several cases of W.D. Craft vs Baldwin Ex of Elias Baldwin and A. Burr is the same - note the changes, which will be remitted\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Chase writes to William Smallwood, President of the Maryland State Senate, regarding his recent appointment as Chief Judge of the General Court of Maryland and his subsequent resignation from his previous role. Autograph letter signed, 1 page.","Abraham Clark, a New Jersey delegate, writes to Col. Elias Dayton, an experienced veteran, to inform him he has not won the promotion he sought. Clark writes, \"Congress is impressed with the necessity of observing economy in the public expenses and having been formerly too profuse in the promotion of officers determined to stop their hand. They say N.Jersey hath our Major Gen. and by the reduction proposed we shall have but two Regiments. What prospect have I then of obtaining another Genl. officer... We have had no recommendation for this measure either from the Genl. [Washington] - The Legislature- or even the brigade. You mention the promotion of Genls. [Nathanael] Greene and [Daniel] Morgan, but their appointments were... requests from Maryland [actually Rhode Island] and Virginia, this cannot be offered in your favour. I see the embarrassment the subject is under.\" Clark adds that \"Genl. Sullivan hath wrote to the Genl. desiring his opinion... and desired me to postpone any proposals respecting you, till he rcd. an answer.\" He concludes, \"There stands the matter. I wish the arrangement of our Brigade could be postponed...that some favourable occurrence might offer in your favour.\" Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","Letter from Commercial Committee of Congress, Francis Lewis, James Searle, and John Fell, to Thomas Mumford. Francis Lewis is a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Letter is requesting gunpowder for American Independence, \"...This committee have lodged monies in the hands of the agents at St.Eustatia to procure powder... If therefore you will enclose us your order on Messrs. Milner and Haynes for the remainder for the fifty tons of powder they had contracted to deliver, our agents will immediately pay them the balance that may be due to them. As we shall send a vessel to St. Eustatia in a short time we must beg your answer by return of post...\" St. Eustatia, an island in the Caribbean, was a center for contraband trade during the Revolutionary War. Letter signed. 1 page.","Petition from Ebenezer Dayton to the Executive Council of Pennsylvania. Dayton confesses how he did \"flee from there [New York] as a refugee, leaving his lands in the power of the enemy\", and petitions to acquire a \"whaleboat\".  William Floyd, Dayton's neighbor, certifies Dayton's claims. Floyd is a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Autograph , signed, 2 pages.","William Ellery writes a 'Private \u0026 Confidential' letter to an unknown recipient regarding Daniel E. Updike's health circumstances and ability to work due to alcohol. Autograph letter signed, 2 pages.","Benjamin Franklin writes to General Charles Lee in order to introduce Thomas Paine, author of Common Sense. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","True copy of a General Horatio Gate's letter to John Hancock, in Hancock's hand. Gates writes to Hancock regarding a court martial of Col. Donald Campbell. Letter signed. 1 page.","Elbridge Gerry writes to John Adams, President of the United States. He writes \"If an answer, to the letter which your excellency proposed to write to Mr. Pickering on my concerns, is received, I will do myself the honor of waiting on you at any time which may best serve your convenience. Mrs. Gerry unites with me in best respects to yourself and Lady. Be assured, I remain Dear Sir with every sentiment of attachment.\" Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Lyman Hall, Governor of Georgia and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Mrs. Street (possibly his sister) regarding health and life post Revolutionary war. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Alexander Hamilton writes to Colonel John Fitzgerald, while he waits for the Treaty of Paris to arrive. He writes \"The enclosed letter is for Mr. Bowman who married Mrs. Cattle. I am told he is at Alexandria which makes me trouble you with the letter. Should he have left that place for South Carolina, I will thank you to forward it to him. No definitive treaty yet arrived nor any thing else of importance new. I write in Congress...\" A cessation of hostilities had been proclaimed by the British in February and by Congress in April. The provisional peace treaty, negotiated in Paris, was ratified by Congress on April 15, but a long delay ensued before the signing of the final treaty in Paris, 1783 September 3. Both Hamilton and Fitzgerald served as aides-de-camp to Washington during the Revolution. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Benjamin Harrison, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes a letter to an unknown sir. He writes regarding a Capt. Cherry. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Patrick Henry writes to the unidentified 'County Lieutenant of Berkely [Berkeley].' He writes \"You are hereby directed to furnish General Hand with the numbers of men he may call from your militia to defend the frontier or challenge the Indians.\" Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","William Hooper, away from the Continental Congress to visit his mother, writes to Joseph Hewes and John Penn regarding General Clinton. Hooper  was a member in all five North Carolina Provincial Congresses, a member of the Continental Congress, and a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Stephen Hopkins, Governor of Rhode Island and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Christopher Harris during the French and Indian War, ordering a Colonel to take forces to Albany and join Major General William Johnson for a campaign against the French at Crown Point. Autograph document, signed. 2 pages.","Francis Hopkinson, Esq., Judge for the Courts of Admiralty for the State of Pennsylvania, directs Clement Biddle Esq., Marshall for the court, to \"sell at public venue the sloop or vessel called the Polly her guns, tackle, apparel, furniture and all and singular the goods, wares and merchandise laden and found on board her at the time of her capture and that after deducting the costs and charges of the trial condemnation and sale out of the monies arising from the said sale you divide the residue of the said monies into two equal parts one of which you are to pay overunto the agent or agents of the owners of the Brigantine or Vessel called the Fair American to and for their use and the other you are to pay over unto the Agent or Agents of the Officers and Crew belonging to the said Brigantine Fair American to and for their use and if it shall happen that any of the said owners officers or crew shall neglect to appear either in person or by agent to receive their respective shares of said monies then you are forthwith to bring such shares into this court to the intent the same may remain ready to be paid to them whenever they are their agents duly authorised may appear and demand the same according to the Resolves of Congress the usages of nations and the Act of Assembly of this state in such case made and provided and how you shall have executed this writ make return to me at a court of Admiralty to be held at my chambers in Philadelphia on the tenth day of November together with this writ given under my hand and the seal of the court twentieth day of October in the year of our lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty one.\" On verso, Biddle responds confirming sale of the Sloop Polly and cargo. Autograph document signed, 2 pages. Hopkinson was a signer of the Declaration of Independence.","Samuel Huntington, President of the Continental Congress and signer of the Declaration of the Independence, writes to Jabez Huntington, regarding preparations being made to prepare for the invasion of the British Navy. Letter mentions William Williams, another signer of the Declaration of Independence and Esek Hopkins, Commander of the Continental Navy. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","John Jay, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown Sir, regarding court and Mr. Antell's affidavit. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","Thomas Jefferson writes, while he was the U.S. Minister to France, to William Gordon about the actions he has taken to assist Gordon's efforts to write a history of the American Revolution, and conveys his thoughts on what market may exist for the publication in France. Gordon conducted part of his research for his history at Mount Vernon. Gordon published The History of the Rise, Progress, and Establishment, of the Independence of the United States of America: Including an Account of the late War, and of the Thirteen Colonies from their origin, to that period, 4 vols. (London: William Gordon, 1788). Letter also mentions Marquis de la Fayette. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Lafayette writes to George Augustine Washington. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Francis Lightfoot Lee, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to agents De Berdt, Lee \u0026 Sayre regarding the sale and purchase of 80 hogsheads and tobacco. Autograph letter, signed. 4 pages.","Richard Henry Lee, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to John Langdon congratulating Langdon as a judge and describing his ill health. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","James Madison, Secretary of State, writes to Mitchill regarding court testimony, possibly in reference to Smith and Ogden trial. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","John Marshall, Chief Justice of the United States and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to John Mercer Patton of Virginia regarding a court case and Judge Johnson. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","James Monroe, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown sir, regarding the sale of enslaved people. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Robert Morris, member of the Continental Congress and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to John Langdon regarding business relations with John Holker. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Thomas Nelson, signer of the Declaration of Independence and brigadier general in the Continental army, writes to General George Weedon, of Richmond, updating him on the mobilization of Virginia's defenses against a British incursion in the Hampton Roads area.\nAutograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Attorney General for the State of Massachusetts, Robert Treat Paine, signer of the Declaration of Independence, files a complaint against the respondent Margaret Draper, as she \"levied war, and conspired to levy War against the Government and people of this Province, Colony, and State; and then and there adhered to the King of Great Britain, his fleets and armies, enemies of the said Province, Colony, and State; and then and there did give them aid and comfort\". Partially printed document, signed by the author, with notes in his hand. 1 page.","Timothy Pickering, Secretary of War and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Burgess Ball to inform him that the president has not selected his Potomac land for the location of a federal arsenal. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Paul Revere writes a discharge certificate for Caleb Legg. Autograph document, signed. 1 page.","Caesar Rodney, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown recipient, ordering \"that the Guard be strengthened with a Captain and twenty four men to be furnished from all the Troops now in town proportion to their numbers\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Benjamin Rush, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Armand John DeRosset Sr., regarding Rush's \"second volume of medical inquiries\" about his \"principles on dropsy and pulmonary consumption\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Edward Rutledge, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown Sir regarding the legal proceedings in a land dispute. Date is unclear, could be February or July. Autograph letter, signed. 3 pages.","George Walton, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Major General Benjamin Lincoln seeking his help regarding sums for the military being misapplied by citizens [Georgia] and hung up in the Department of the Army resulting in shortages for the troops in the Georgia militias. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","George Washington writes to Burgess Ball, regarding Ball's interest in the federal government purchasing some of his land for the construction of an arsenal. Washington indicates that he will leave the matter to the Secretary of War, Timothy Pickering, and not discuss it further, lest their family connection lend an appearance of impropriety. Ball was married to Frances Washington, the daughter of George's brother Charles.  Autograph letter, signed. 3 pages.","William Whipple, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to President Meshech Weare [New Hampshire] regarding the recent arrival of Mr. William Trail from Bermuda. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","John Witherspoon, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to William Livingston, Governor of New Jersey, regarding the safe passage of a British deserter, Humphrey Belcher, through American lines. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Oliver Wolcott, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to his wife, Laura Wolcott. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections at The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon","Rickert, Wayne","Adams, John, 1735-1826","Bartlett, Josiah, 1729-1795","Whipple, William, 1730-1785","Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836","Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826","Chase, Samuel, 1741-1811","Smallwood, William, 1732-1792","Clark, Abraham, 1726-1794","Dayton, Elias, 1737-1807","Lewis, Francis, 1713-1803","Searle, James, 1730-1797","Fell, John, 1721-1798","Mumford, Thomas, 1728-1799","Floyd, William, 1734-1821","Dayton, Ebenezer, 1744-1802","Ellery, William, 1727-1820","Franklin, Benjamin, 1706-1790","Lee, Charles, 1731-1782","Gates, Horatio, 1728-1806","Hancock, John, 1737-1793","Gerry, Elbridge, 1744-1814","Hall, Lyman, 1724-1790","Hamilton, Alexander, 1757-1804","Fitzgerald, John, -1799","Harrison, Benjamin, approximately 1726-1791","Henry, Patrick, 1736-1799","Hooper, William, 1742-1790","Hewes, Joseph, 1730-1779","Penn, John, 1740 or 1741-1788","Hopkins, Stephen, 1707-1785","Hopkinson, Francis, 1737-1791","Biddle, Clement, 1740-1814","Huntington, Samuel, 1731-1796","Huntington, Jabez, 1719-1786","Jay, John, 1745-1829","Gordon, William, 1728-1807","Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Du Motier, marquis de, 1757-1834","Washington, George Augustine, approximately 1759-1793","Lee, Francis Lightfoot, 1734-1797","Lee, William, 1739-1795","Sayre, Stephen, 1736-1818","De Berdt, Dennis, Jr.","Lee, Richard Henry, 1732-1794","Langdon, John, 1741-1819","Madison, James, 1751-1836","Mitchill, Samuel L. (Samuel Latham), 1764-1831","Marshall, John, 1755-1835","Patton, John M. (John Mercer), 1797-1858","Monroe, James, 1758-1831","Morris, Robert, 1734-1806","Holker, John, 1745-1822","Nelson, Thomas, 1738-1789","Paine, Robert Treat, 1731-1814","Pickering, Timothy, 1745-1829","Ball, Burgess, 1749-1800","Revere, Paul, 1735-1818","Rodney, Caesar, 1728-1784","Rush, Benjamin, 1746-1813","Rutledge, Edward, 1749-1800","Walton, George, 1749 or 1750-1804","Lincoln, Benjamin, 1733-1810","Washington, George, 1732-1799","Weare, Meshech, 1713-1786","Witherspoon, John, 1723-1794","Livingston, William, 1723-1790","Wolcott, Oliver, 1726-1797"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections at The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"names_coll_ssim":["Rickert, Wayne"],"persname_ssim":["Rickert, Wayne","Adams, John, 1735-1826","Bartlett, Josiah, 1729-1795","Whipple, William, 1730-1785","Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836","Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826","Chase, Samuel, 1741-1811","Smallwood, William, 1732-1792","Clark, Abraham, 1726-1794","Dayton, Elias, 1737-1807","Lewis, Francis, 1713-1803","Searle, James, 1730-1797","Fell, John, 1721-1798","Mumford, Thomas, 1728-1799","Floyd, William, 1734-1821","Dayton, Ebenezer, 1744-1802","Ellery, William, 1727-1820","Franklin, Benjamin, 1706-1790","Lee, Charles, 1731-1782","Gates, Horatio, 1728-1806","Hancock, John, 1737-1793","Gerry, Elbridge, 1744-1814","Hall, Lyman, 1724-1790","Hamilton, Alexander, 1757-1804","Fitzgerald, John, -1799","Harrison, Benjamin, approximately 1726-1791","Henry, Patrick, 1736-1799","Hooper, William, 1742-1790","Hewes, Joseph, 1730-1779","Penn, John, 1740 or 1741-1788","Hopkins, Stephen, 1707-1785","Hopkinson, Francis, 1737-1791","Biddle, Clement, 1740-1814","Huntington, Samuel, 1731-1796","Huntington, Jabez, 1719-1786","Jay, John, 1745-1829","Gordon, William, 1728-1807","Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Du Motier, marquis de, 1757-1834","Washington, George Augustine, approximately 1759-1793","Lee, Francis Lightfoot, 1734-1797","Lee, William, 1739-1795","Sayre, Stephen, 1736-1818","De Berdt, Dennis, Jr.","Lee, Richard Henry, 1732-1794","Langdon, John, 1741-1819","Madison, James, 1751-1836","Mitchill, Samuel L. (Samuel Latham), 1764-1831","Marshall, John, 1755-1835","Patton, John M. (John Mercer), 1797-1858","Monroe, James, 1758-1831","Morris, Robert, 1734-1806","Holker, John, 1745-1822","Nelson, Thomas, 1738-1789","Paine, Robert Treat, 1731-1814","Pickering, Timothy, 1745-1829","Ball, Burgess, 1749-1800","Revere, Paul, 1735-1818","Rodney, Caesar, 1728-1784","Rush, Benjamin, 1746-1813","Rutledge, Edward, 1749-1800","Walton, George, 1749 or 1750-1804","Lincoln, Benjamin, 1733-1810","Washington, George, 1732-1799","Weare, Meshech, 1713-1786","Witherspoon, John, 1723-1794","Livingston, William, 1723-1790","Wolcott, Oliver, 1726-1797"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":41,"online_item_count_is":41,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T05:46:39.072Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_77","ead_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_77","_root_":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_77","_nest_parent_":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_77","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/MV/repositories_3_resources_77.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Wayne Rickert collection of founders' autographs","title_ssm":["Wayne Rickert collection of founders' autographs"],"title_tesim":["Wayne Rickert collection of founders' autographs"],"unitdate_ssm":["1770-1831"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1770-1831"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["2021.SC.004","/repositories/3/resources/77"],"text":["2021.SC.004","/repositories/3/resources/77","Wayne Rickert collection of founders' autographs","United States -- History -- Revolution, 1775-1783","Correspondence","This collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes.","Arranged alphabetically by author.","Wayne and Grace Rickert donated the collection of founders' autographs to the Washington Library in 2021.","See 2021-SC-004-038","See 2021-SC-004-032","The collection contains 41 manuscripts dating 1770-1831. Many of the manuscripts date from the era of the American Revolution, and several are directly relevant to the course of the war. Among the documents are single letters by John Adams, Aaron Burr, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Hancock, Patrick Henry, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, Lafayette, James Madison, John Marshall, James Monroe, Paul Revere, and George Washington, as well as letters and other documents that include the signatures of signers of the Declaration of Independence.","John Adams writes William Plumer, New Hampshire Senator and Governor, discussing the Fries Rebellion of 1799 in Pennsylvania. He pardoned armed tax resisters, including John Fries, convicted of treason. Letter, signed. 1 page.","Letter from Josiah Bartlett to William Whipple regarding the movement of American and British forces in New York and New Jersey. He outlines the many challenges that the revolutionary cause faced in New York, New England, and generally, including supply and money problems, the health of the troops, and the persistence of divided loyalties in the aftermath of the Americans declaring independence. Bartlett signed the Declaration of Independence and served as governor of New Hampshire during Washington's presidency.","Autograph letter signed, 2 pages.","Aaron Burr writes to the President of the Senate, Thomas Jefferson, when the United States was almost at war with France in 1798, offering to provide information about New York City's defense plan to the state legislature. He writes, \"As one of the Committee appointed by the inhabitants of the City of New York to direct the temporary defence of the said city I have been instructed to give to either House of the Legislature such information as may be in my power relative to that object. Pursuant to such instructions I shall chearfully [sic] attend the Senate or any Committee thereof for that purpose whenever required\".  Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Aaron Burr writes to Thomas Hill Hubbard regarding a legal case. He writes \"In the case of Jackson... vs Varick and Bacon, I pray you to transmit to me, so soon as may be convenient to you, a copy of the Rule which was entered at the last term on my motion to amend the case and Bill of Exceptions - also certified copies of the affidavits which were produced on each side, those offered by the Depts to be certified separately... so that one my be used without the other. Also certified copies of the Rules entered on the Trials... in the several cases of W.D. Craft vs Baldwin Ex of Elias Baldwin and A. Burr is the same - note the changes, which will be remitted\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Chase writes to William Smallwood, President of the Maryland State Senate, regarding his recent appointment as Chief Judge of the General Court of Maryland and his subsequent resignation from his previous role. Autograph letter signed, 1 page.","Abraham Clark, a New Jersey delegate, writes to Col. Elias Dayton, an experienced veteran, to inform him he has not won the promotion he sought. Clark writes, \"Congress is impressed with the necessity of observing economy in the public expenses and having been formerly too profuse in the promotion of officers determined to stop their hand. They say N.Jersey hath our Major Gen. and by the reduction proposed we shall have but two Regiments. What prospect have I then of obtaining another Genl. officer... We have had no recommendation for this measure either from the Genl. [Washington] - The Legislature- or even the brigade. You mention the promotion of Genls. [Nathanael] Greene and [Daniel] Morgan, but their appointments were... requests from Maryland [actually Rhode Island] and Virginia, this cannot be offered in your favour. I see the embarrassment the subject is under.\" Clark adds that \"Genl. Sullivan hath wrote to the Genl. desiring his opinion... and desired me to postpone any proposals respecting you, till he rcd. an answer.\" He concludes, \"There stands the matter. I wish the arrangement of our Brigade could be postponed...that some favourable occurrence might offer in your favour.\" Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","Letter from Commercial Committee of Congress, Francis Lewis, James Searle, and John Fell, to Thomas Mumford. Francis Lewis is a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Letter is requesting gunpowder for American Independence, \"...This committee have lodged monies in the hands of the agents at St.Eustatia to procure powder... If therefore you will enclose us your order on Messrs. Milner and Haynes for the remainder for the fifty tons of powder they had contracted to deliver, our agents will immediately pay them the balance that may be due to them. As we shall send a vessel to St. Eustatia in a short time we must beg your answer by return of post...\" St. Eustatia, an island in the Caribbean, was a center for contraband trade during the Revolutionary War. Letter signed. 1 page.","Petition from Ebenezer Dayton to the Executive Council of Pennsylvania. Dayton confesses how he did \"flee from there [New York] as a refugee, leaving his lands in the power of the enemy\", and petitions to acquire a \"whaleboat\".  William Floyd, Dayton's neighbor, certifies Dayton's claims. Floyd is a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Autograph , signed, 2 pages.","William Ellery writes a 'Private \u0026 Confidential' letter to an unknown recipient regarding Daniel E. Updike's health circumstances and ability to work due to alcohol. Autograph letter signed, 2 pages.","Benjamin Franklin writes to General Charles Lee in order to introduce Thomas Paine, author of Common Sense. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","True copy of a General Horatio Gate's letter to John Hancock, in Hancock's hand. Gates writes to Hancock regarding a court martial of Col. Donald Campbell. Letter signed. 1 page.","Elbridge Gerry writes to John Adams, President of the United States. He writes \"If an answer, to the letter which your excellency proposed to write to Mr. Pickering on my concerns, is received, I will do myself the honor of waiting on you at any time which may best serve your convenience. Mrs. Gerry unites with me in best respects to yourself and Lady. Be assured, I remain Dear Sir with every sentiment of attachment.\" Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Lyman Hall, Governor of Georgia and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Mrs. Street (possibly his sister) regarding health and life post Revolutionary war. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Alexander Hamilton writes to Colonel John Fitzgerald, while he waits for the Treaty of Paris to arrive. He writes \"The enclosed letter is for Mr. Bowman who married Mrs. Cattle. I am told he is at Alexandria which makes me trouble you with the letter. Should he have left that place for South Carolina, I will thank you to forward it to him. No definitive treaty yet arrived nor any thing else of importance new. I write in Congress...\" A cessation of hostilities had been proclaimed by the British in February and by Congress in April. The provisional peace treaty, negotiated in Paris, was ratified by Congress on April 15, but a long delay ensued before the signing of the final treaty in Paris, 1783 September 3. Both Hamilton and Fitzgerald served as aides-de-camp to Washington during the Revolution. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Benjamin Harrison, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes a letter to an unknown sir. He writes regarding a Capt. Cherry. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Patrick Henry writes to the unidentified 'County Lieutenant of Berkely [Berkeley].' He writes \"You are hereby directed to furnish General Hand with the numbers of men he may call from your militia to defend the frontier or challenge the Indians.\" Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","William Hooper, away from the Continental Congress to visit his mother, writes to Joseph Hewes and John Penn regarding General Clinton. Hooper  was a member in all five North Carolina Provincial Congresses, a member of the Continental Congress, and a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Stephen Hopkins, Governor of Rhode Island and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Christopher Harris during the French and Indian War, ordering a Colonel to take forces to Albany and join Major General William Johnson for a campaign against the French at Crown Point. Autograph document, signed. 2 pages.","Francis Hopkinson, Esq., Judge for the Courts of Admiralty for the State of Pennsylvania, directs Clement Biddle Esq., Marshall for the court, to \"sell at public venue the sloop or vessel called the Polly her guns, tackle, apparel, furniture and all and singular the goods, wares and merchandise laden and found on board her at the time of her capture and that after deducting the costs and charges of the trial condemnation and sale out of the monies arising from the said sale you divide the residue of the said monies into two equal parts one of which you are to pay overunto the agent or agents of the owners of the Brigantine or Vessel called the Fair American to and for their use and the other you are to pay over unto the Agent or Agents of the Officers and Crew belonging to the said Brigantine Fair American to and for their use and if it shall happen that any of the said owners officers or crew shall neglect to appear either in person or by agent to receive their respective shares of said monies then you are forthwith to bring such shares into this court to the intent the same may remain ready to be paid to them whenever they are their agents duly authorised may appear and demand the same according to the Resolves of Congress the usages of nations and the Act of Assembly of this state in such case made and provided and how you shall have executed this writ make return to me at a court of Admiralty to be held at my chambers in Philadelphia on the tenth day of November together with this writ given under my hand and the seal of the court twentieth day of October in the year of our lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty one.\" On verso, Biddle responds confirming sale of the Sloop Polly and cargo. Autograph document signed, 2 pages. Hopkinson was a signer of the Declaration of Independence.","Samuel Huntington, President of the Continental Congress and signer of the Declaration of the Independence, writes to Jabez Huntington, regarding preparations being made to prepare for the invasion of the British Navy. Letter mentions William Williams, another signer of the Declaration of Independence and Esek Hopkins, Commander of the Continental Navy. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","John Jay, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown Sir, regarding court and Mr. Antell's affidavit. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","Thomas Jefferson writes, while he was the U.S. Minister to France, to William Gordon about the actions he has taken to assist Gordon's efforts to write a history of the American Revolution, and conveys his thoughts on what market may exist for the publication in France. Gordon conducted part of his research for his history at Mount Vernon. Gordon published The History of the Rise, Progress, and Establishment, of the Independence of the United States of America: Including an Account of the late War, and of the Thirteen Colonies from their origin, to that period, 4 vols. (London: William Gordon, 1788). Letter also mentions Marquis de la Fayette. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Lafayette writes to George Augustine Washington. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Francis Lightfoot Lee, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to agents De Berdt, Lee \u0026 Sayre regarding the sale and purchase of 80 hogsheads and tobacco. Autograph letter, signed. 4 pages.","Richard Henry Lee, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to John Langdon congratulating Langdon as a judge and describing his ill health. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","James Madison, Secretary of State, writes to Mitchill regarding court testimony, possibly in reference to Smith and Ogden trial. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","John Marshall, Chief Justice of the United States and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to John Mercer Patton of Virginia regarding a court case and Judge Johnson. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","James Monroe, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown sir, regarding the sale of enslaved people. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Robert Morris, member of the Continental Congress and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to John Langdon regarding business relations with John Holker. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Thomas Nelson, signer of the Declaration of Independence and brigadier general in the Continental army, writes to General George Weedon, of Richmond, updating him on the mobilization of Virginia's defenses against a British incursion in the Hampton Roads area.\nAutograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Attorney General for the State of Massachusetts, Robert Treat Paine, signer of the Declaration of Independence, files a complaint against the respondent Margaret Draper, as she \"levied war, and conspired to levy War against the Government and people of this Province, Colony, and State; and then and there adhered to the King of Great Britain, his fleets and armies, enemies of the said Province, Colony, and State; and then and there did give them aid and comfort\". Partially printed document, signed by the author, with notes in his hand. 1 page.","Timothy Pickering, Secretary of War and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Burgess Ball to inform him that the president has not selected his Potomac land for the location of a federal arsenal. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Paul Revere writes a discharge certificate for Caleb Legg. Autograph document, signed. 1 page.","Caesar Rodney, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown recipient, ordering \"that the Guard be strengthened with a Captain and twenty four men to be furnished from all the Troops now in town proportion to their numbers\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Benjamin Rush, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Armand John DeRosset Sr., regarding Rush's \"second volume of medical inquiries\" about his \"principles on dropsy and pulmonary consumption\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Edward Rutledge, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown Sir regarding the legal proceedings in a land dispute. Date is unclear, could be February or July. Autograph letter, signed. 3 pages.","George Walton, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Major General Benjamin Lincoln seeking his help regarding sums for the military being misapplied by citizens [Georgia] and hung up in the Department of the Army resulting in shortages for the troops in the Georgia militias. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","George Washington writes to Burgess Ball, regarding Ball's interest in the federal government purchasing some of his land for the construction of an arsenal. Washington indicates that he will leave the matter to the Secretary of War, Timothy Pickering, and not discuss it further, lest their family connection lend an appearance of impropriety. Ball was married to Frances Washington, the daughter of George's brother Charles.  Autograph letter, signed. 3 pages.","William Whipple, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to President Meshech Weare [New Hampshire] regarding the recent arrival of Mr. William Trail from Bermuda. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","John Witherspoon, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to William Livingston, Governor of New Jersey, regarding the safe passage of a British deserter, Humphrey Belcher, through American lines. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Oliver Wolcott, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to his wife, Laura Wolcott. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Special Collections at The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon","Rickert, Wayne","Adams, John, 1735-1826","Bartlett, Josiah, 1729-1795","Whipple, William, 1730-1785","Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836","Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826","Chase, Samuel, 1741-1811","Smallwood, William, 1732-1792","Clark, Abraham, 1726-1794","Dayton, Elias, 1737-1807","Lewis, Francis, 1713-1803","Searle, James, 1730-1797","Fell, John, 1721-1798","Mumford, Thomas, 1728-1799","Floyd, William, 1734-1821","Dayton, Ebenezer, 1744-1802","Ellery, William, 1727-1820","Franklin, Benjamin, 1706-1790","Lee, Charles, 1731-1782","Gates, Horatio, 1728-1806","Hancock, John, 1737-1793","Gerry, Elbridge, 1744-1814","Hall, Lyman, 1724-1790","Hamilton, Alexander, 1757-1804","Fitzgerald, John, -1799","Harrison, Benjamin, approximately 1726-1791","Henry, Patrick, 1736-1799","Hooper, William, 1742-1790","Hewes, Joseph, 1730-1779","Penn, John, 1740 or 1741-1788","Hopkins, Stephen, 1707-1785","Hopkinson, Francis, 1737-1791","Biddle, Clement, 1740-1814","Huntington, Samuel, 1731-1796","Huntington, Jabez, 1719-1786","Jay, John, 1745-1829","Gordon, William, 1728-1807","Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Du Motier, marquis de, 1757-1834","Washington, George Augustine, approximately 1759-1793","Lee, Francis Lightfoot, 1734-1797","Lee, William, 1739-1795","Sayre, Stephen, 1736-1818","De Berdt, Dennis, Jr.","Lee, Richard Henry, 1732-1794","Langdon, John, 1741-1819","Madison, James, 1751-1836","Mitchill, Samuel L. (Samuel Latham), 1764-1831","Marshall, John, 1755-1835","Patton, John M. (John Mercer), 1797-1858","Monroe, James, 1758-1831","Morris, Robert, 1734-1806","Holker, John, 1745-1822","Nelson, Thomas, 1738-1789","Paine, Robert Treat, 1731-1814","Pickering, Timothy, 1745-1829","Ball, Burgess, 1749-1800","Revere, Paul, 1735-1818","Rodney, Caesar, 1728-1784","Rush, Benjamin, 1746-1813","Rutledge, Edward, 1749-1800","Walton, George, 1749 or 1750-1804","Lincoln, Benjamin, 1733-1810","Washington, George, 1732-1799","Weare, Meshech, 1713-1786","Witherspoon, John, 1723-1794","Livingston, William, 1723-1790","Wolcott, Oliver, 1726-1797","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["2021.SC.004","/repositories/3/resources/77"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Wayne Rickert collection of founders' autographs"],"collection_title_tesim":["Wayne Rickert collection of founders' autographs"],"collection_ssim":["Wayne Rickert collection of founders' autographs"],"repository_ssm":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"repository_ssim":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"geogname_ssm":["United States -- History -- Revolution, 1775-1783"],"geogname_ssim":["United States -- History -- Revolution, 1775-1783"],"creator_ssm":["Rickert, Wayne"],"creator_ssim":["Rickert, Wayne"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Rickert, Wayne"],"creators_ssim":["Rickert, Wayne"],"places_ssim":["United States -- History -- Revolution, 1775-1783"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Correspondence"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Correspondence"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":["41 Sheets (2 boxes)"],"extent_tesim":["41 Sheets (2 boxes)"],"genreform_ssim":["Correspondence"],"date_range_isim":[1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eArranged alphabetically by author.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Arranged alphabetically by author."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWayne and Grace Rickert donated the collection of founders' autographs to the Washington Library in 2021.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Wayne and Grace Rickert donated the collection of founders' autographs to the Washington Library in 2021."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Name and date of item], Rickert collection of founders' autographs, [Folder], Special Collections, The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon [hereafter Washington Library], Mount Vernon, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Name and date of item], Rickert collection of founders' autographs, [Folder], Special Collections, The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon [hereafter Washington Library], Mount Vernon, Virginia."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee 2021-SC-004-038\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee 2021-SC-004-032\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials","Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["See 2021-SC-004-038","See 2021-SC-004-032"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains 41 manuscripts dating 1770-1831. Many of the manuscripts date from the era of the American Revolution, and several are directly relevant to the course of the war. Among the documents are single letters by John Adams, Aaron Burr, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Hancock, Patrick Henry, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, Lafayette, James Madison, John Marshall, James Monroe, Paul Revere, and George Washington, as well as letters and other documents that include the signatures of signers of the Declaration of Independence.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJohn Adams writes William Plumer, New Hampshire Senator and Governor, discussing the Fries Rebellion of 1799 in Pennsylvania. He pardoned armed tax resisters, including John Fries, convicted of treason. Letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter from Josiah Bartlett to William Whipple regarding the movement of American and British forces in New York and New Jersey. He outlines the many challenges that the revolutionary cause faced in New York, New England, and generally, including supply and money problems, the health of the troops, and the persistence of divided loyalties in the aftermath of the Americans declaring independence. Bartlett signed the Declaration of Independence and served as governor of New Hampshire during Washington's presidency.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAutograph letter signed, 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAaron Burr writes to the President of the Senate, Thomas Jefferson, when the United States was almost at war with France in 1798, offering to provide information about New York City's defense plan to the state legislature. He writes, \"As one of the Committee appointed by the inhabitants of the City of New York to direct the temporary defence of the said city I have been instructed to give to either House of the Legislature such information as may be in my power relative to that object. Pursuant to such instructions I shall chearfully [sic] attend the Senate or any Committee thereof for that purpose whenever required\".  Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAaron Burr writes to Thomas Hill Hubbard regarding a legal case. He writes \"In the case of Jackson... vs Varick and Bacon, I pray you to transmit to me, so soon as may be convenient to you, a copy of the Rule which was entered at the last term on my motion to amend the case and Bill of Exceptions - also certified copies of the affidavits which were produced on each side, those offered by the Depts to be certified separately... so that one my be used without the other. Also certified copies of the Rules entered on the Trials... in the several cases of W.D. Craft vs Baldwin Ex of Elias Baldwin and A. Burr is the same - note the changes, which will be remitted\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eChase writes to William Smallwood, President of the Maryland State Senate, regarding his recent appointment as Chief Judge of the General Court of Maryland and his subsequent resignation from his previous role. Autograph letter signed, 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAbraham Clark, a New Jersey delegate, writes to Col. Elias Dayton, an experienced veteran, to inform him he has not won the promotion he sought. Clark writes, \"Congress is impressed with the necessity of observing economy in the public expenses and having been formerly too profuse in the promotion of officers determined to stop their hand. They say N.Jersey hath our Major Gen. and by the reduction proposed we shall have but two Regiments. What prospect have I then of obtaining another Genl. officer... We have had no recommendation for this measure either from the Genl. [Washington] - The Legislature- or even the brigade. You mention the promotion of Genls. [Nathanael] Greene and [Daniel] Morgan, but their appointments were... requests from Maryland [actually Rhode Island] and Virginia, this cannot be offered in your favour. I see the embarrassment the subject is under.\" Clark adds that \"Genl. Sullivan hath wrote to the Genl. desiring his opinion... and desired me to postpone any proposals respecting you, till he rcd. an answer.\" He concludes, \"There stands the matter. I wish the arrangement of our Brigade could be postponed...that some favourable occurrence might offer in your favour.\" Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter from Commercial Committee of Congress, Francis Lewis, James Searle, and John Fell, to Thomas Mumford. Francis Lewis is a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Letter is requesting gunpowder for American Independence, \"...This committee have lodged monies in the hands of the agents at St.Eustatia to procure powder... If therefore you will enclose us your order on Messrs. Milner and Haynes for the remainder for the fifty tons of powder they had contracted to deliver, our agents will immediately pay them the balance that may be due to them. As we shall send a vessel to St. Eustatia in a short time we must beg your answer by return of post...\" St. Eustatia, an island in the Caribbean, was a center for contraband trade during the Revolutionary War. Letter signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePetition from Ebenezer Dayton to the Executive Council of Pennsylvania. Dayton confesses how he did \"flee from there [New York] as a refugee, leaving his lands in the power of the enemy\", and petitions to acquire a \"whaleboat\".  William Floyd, Dayton's neighbor, certifies Dayton's claims. Floyd is a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Autograph , signed, 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam Ellery writes a 'Private \u0026amp; Confidential' letter to an unknown recipient regarding Daniel E. Updike's health circumstances and ability to work due to alcohol. Autograph letter signed, 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBenjamin Franklin writes to General Charles Lee in order to introduce Thomas Paine, author of Common Sense. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTrue copy of a General Horatio Gate's letter to John Hancock, in Hancock's hand. Gates writes to Hancock regarding a court martial of Col. Donald Campbell. Letter signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eElbridge Gerry writes to John Adams, President of the United States. He writes \"If an answer, to the letter which your excellency proposed to write to Mr. Pickering on my concerns, is received, I will do myself the honor of waiting on you at any time which may best serve your convenience. Mrs. Gerry unites with me in best respects to yourself and Lady. Be assured, I remain Dear Sir with every sentiment of attachment.\" Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLyman Hall, Governor of Georgia and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Mrs. Street (possibly his sister) regarding health and life post Revolutionary war. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlexander Hamilton writes to Colonel John Fitzgerald, while he waits for the Treaty of Paris to arrive. He writes \"The enclosed letter is for Mr. Bowman who married Mrs. Cattle. I am told he is at Alexandria which makes me trouble you with the letter. Should he have left that place for South Carolina, I will thank you to forward it to him. No definitive treaty yet arrived nor any thing else of importance new. I write in Congress...\" A cessation of hostilities had been proclaimed by the British in February and by Congress in April. The provisional peace treaty, negotiated in Paris, was ratified by Congress on April 15, but a long delay ensued before the signing of the final treaty in Paris, 1783 September 3. Both Hamilton and Fitzgerald served as aides-de-camp to Washington during the Revolution. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBenjamin Harrison, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes a letter to an unknown sir. He writes regarding a Capt. Cherry. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePatrick Henry writes to the unidentified 'County Lieutenant of Berkely [Berkeley].' He writes \"You are hereby directed to furnish General Hand with the numbers of men he may call from your militia to defend the frontier or challenge the Indians.\" Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam Hooper, away from the Continental Congress to visit his mother, writes to Joseph Hewes and John Penn regarding General Clinton. Hooper  was a member in all five North Carolina Provincial Congresses, a member of the Continental Congress, and a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eStephen Hopkins, Governor of Rhode Island and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Christopher Harris during the French and Indian War, ordering a Colonel to take forces to Albany and join Major General William Johnson for a campaign against the French at Crown Point. Autograph document, signed. 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrancis Hopkinson, Esq., Judge for the Courts of Admiralty for the State of Pennsylvania, directs Clement Biddle Esq., Marshall for the court, to \"sell at public venue the sloop or vessel called the Polly her guns, tackle, apparel, furniture and all and singular the goods, wares and merchandise laden and found on board her at the time of her capture and that after deducting the costs and charges of the trial condemnation and sale out of the monies arising from the said sale you divide the residue of the said monies into two equal parts one of which you are to pay overunto the agent or agents of the owners of the Brigantine or Vessel called the Fair American to and for their use and the other you are to pay over unto the Agent or Agents of the Officers and Crew belonging to the said Brigantine Fair American to and for their use and if it shall happen that any of the said owners officers or crew shall neglect to appear either in person or by agent to receive their respective shares of said monies then you are forthwith to bring such shares into this court to the intent the same may remain ready to be paid to them whenever they are their agents duly authorised may appear and demand the same according to the Resolves of Congress the usages of nations and the Act of Assembly of this state in such case made and provided and how you shall have executed this writ make return to me at a court of Admiralty to be held at my chambers in Philadelphia on the tenth day of November together with this writ given under my hand and the seal of the court twentieth day of October in the year of our lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty one.\" On verso, Biddle responds confirming sale of the Sloop Polly and cargo. Autograph document signed, 2 pages. Hopkinson was a signer of the Declaration of Independence.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSamuel Huntington, President of the Continental Congress and signer of the Declaration of the Independence, writes to Jabez Huntington, regarding preparations being made to prepare for the invasion of the British Navy. Letter mentions William Williams, another signer of the Declaration of Independence and Esek Hopkins, Commander of the Continental Navy. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJohn Jay, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown Sir, regarding court and Mr. Antell's affidavit. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThomas Jefferson writes, while he was the U.S. Minister to France, to William Gordon about the actions he has taken to assist Gordon's efforts to write a history of the American Revolution, and conveys his thoughts on what market may exist for the publication in France. Gordon conducted part of his research for his history at Mount Vernon. Gordon published The History of the Rise, Progress, and Establishment, of the Independence of the United States of America: Including an Account of the late War, and of the Thirteen Colonies from their origin, to that period, 4 vols. (London: William Gordon, 1788). Letter also mentions Marquis de la Fayette. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLafayette writes to George Augustine Washington. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrancis Lightfoot Lee, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to agents De Berdt, Lee \u0026amp; Sayre regarding the sale and purchase of 80 hogsheads and tobacco. Autograph letter, signed. 4 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRichard Henry Lee, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to John Langdon congratulating Langdon as a judge and describing his ill health. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Madison, Secretary of State, writes to Mitchill regarding court testimony, possibly in reference to Smith and Ogden trial. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJohn Marshall, Chief Justice of the United States and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to John Mercer Patton of Virginia regarding a court case and Judge Johnson. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Monroe, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown sir, regarding the sale of enslaved people. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRobert Morris, member of the Continental Congress and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to John Langdon regarding business relations with John Holker. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThomas Nelson, signer of the Declaration of Independence and brigadier general in the Continental army, writes to General George Weedon, of Richmond, updating him on the mobilization of Virginia's defenses against a British incursion in the Hampton Roads area.\nAutograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAttorney General for the State of Massachusetts, Robert Treat Paine, signer of the Declaration of Independence, files a complaint against the respondent Margaret Draper, as she \"levied war, and conspired to levy War against the Government and people of this Province, Colony, and State; and then and there adhered to the King of Great Britain, his fleets and armies, enemies of the said Province, Colony, and State; and then and there did give them aid and comfort\". Partially printed document, signed by the author, with notes in his hand. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTimothy Pickering, Secretary of War and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Burgess Ball to inform him that the president has not selected his Potomac land for the location of a federal arsenal. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePaul Revere writes a discharge certificate for Caleb Legg. Autograph document, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCaesar Rodney, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown recipient, ordering \"that the Guard be strengthened with a Captain and twenty four men to be furnished from all the Troops now in town proportion to their numbers\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBenjamin Rush, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Armand John DeRosset Sr., regarding Rush's \"second volume of medical inquiries\" about his \"principles on dropsy and pulmonary consumption\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEdward Rutledge, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown Sir regarding the legal proceedings in a land dispute. Date is unclear, could be February or July. Autograph letter, signed. 3 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGeorge Walton, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Major General Benjamin Lincoln seeking his help regarding sums for the military being misapplied by citizens [Georgia] and hung up in the Department of the Army resulting in shortages for the troops in the Georgia militias. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGeorge Washington writes to Burgess Ball, regarding Ball's interest in the federal government purchasing some of his land for the construction of an arsenal. Washington indicates that he will leave the matter to the Secretary of War, Timothy Pickering, and not discuss it further, lest their family connection lend an appearance of impropriety. Ball was married to Frances Washington, the daughter of George's brother Charles.  Autograph letter, signed. 3 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam Whipple, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to President Meshech Weare [New Hampshire] regarding the recent arrival of Mr. William Trail from Bermuda. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJohn Witherspoon, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to William Livingston, Governor of New Jersey, regarding the safe passage of a British deserter, Humphrey Belcher, through American lines. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOliver Wolcott, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to his wife, Laura Wolcott. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection contains 41 manuscripts dating 1770-1831. Many of the manuscripts date from the era of the American Revolution, and several are directly relevant to the course of the war. Among the documents are single letters by John Adams, Aaron Burr, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Hancock, Patrick Henry, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, Lafayette, James Madison, John Marshall, James Monroe, Paul Revere, and George Washington, as well as letters and other documents that include the signatures of signers of the Declaration of Independence.","John Adams writes William Plumer, New Hampshire Senator and Governor, discussing the Fries Rebellion of 1799 in Pennsylvania. He pardoned armed tax resisters, including John Fries, convicted of treason. Letter, signed. 1 page.","Letter from Josiah Bartlett to William Whipple regarding the movement of American and British forces in New York and New Jersey. He outlines the many challenges that the revolutionary cause faced in New York, New England, and generally, including supply and money problems, the health of the troops, and the persistence of divided loyalties in the aftermath of the Americans declaring independence. Bartlett signed the Declaration of Independence and served as governor of New Hampshire during Washington's presidency.","Autograph letter signed, 2 pages.","Aaron Burr writes to the President of the Senate, Thomas Jefferson, when the United States was almost at war with France in 1798, offering to provide information about New York City's defense plan to the state legislature. He writes, \"As one of the Committee appointed by the inhabitants of the City of New York to direct the temporary defence of the said city I have been instructed to give to either House of the Legislature such information as may be in my power relative to that object. Pursuant to such instructions I shall chearfully [sic] attend the Senate or any Committee thereof for that purpose whenever required\".  Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Aaron Burr writes to Thomas Hill Hubbard regarding a legal case. He writes \"In the case of Jackson... vs Varick and Bacon, I pray you to transmit to me, so soon as may be convenient to you, a copy of the Rule which was entered at the last term on my motion to amend the case and Bill of Exceptions - also certified copies of the affidavits which were produced on each side, those offered by the Depts to be certified separately... so that one my be used without the other. Also certified copies of the Rules entered on the Trials... in the several cases of W.D. Craft vs Baldwin Ex of Elias Baldwin and A. Burr is the same - note the changes, which will be remitted\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Chase writes to William Smallwood, President of the Maryland State Senate, regarding his recent appointment as Chief Judge of the General Court of Maryland and his subsequent resignation from his previous role. Autograph letter signed, 1 page.","Abraham Clark, a New Jersey delegate, writes to Col. Elias Dayton, an experienced veteran, to inform him he has not won the promotion he sought. Clark writes, \"Congress is impressed with the necessity of observing economy in the public expenses and having been formerly too profuse in the promotion of officers determined to stop their hand. They say N.Jersey hath our Major Gen. and by the reduction proposed we shall have but two Regiments. What prospect have I then of obtaining another Genl. officer... We have had no recommendation for this measure either from the Genl. [Washington] - The Legislature- or even the brigade. You mention the promotion of Genls. [Nathanael] Greene and [Daniel] Morgan, but their appointments were... requests from Maryland [actually Rhode Island] and Virginia, this cannot be offered in your favour. I see the embarrassment the subject is under.\" Clark adds that \"Genl. Sullivan hath wrote to the Genl. desiring his opinion... and desired me to postpone any proposals respecting you, till he rcd. an answer.\" He concludes, \"There stands the matter. I wish the arrangement of our Brigade could be postponed...that some favourable occurrence might offer in your favour.\" Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","Letter from Commercial Committee of Congress, Francis Lewis, James Searle, and John Fell, to Thomas Mumford. Francis Lewis is a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Letter is requesting gunpowder for American Independence, \"...This committee have lodged monies in the hands of the agents at St.Eustatia to procure powder... If therefore you will enclose us your order on Messrs. Milner and Haynes for the remainder for the fifty tons of powder they had contracted to deliver, our agents will immediately pay them the balance that may be due to them. As we shall send a vessel to St. Eustatia in a short time we must beg your answer by return of post...\" St. Eustatia, an island in the Caribbean, was a center for contraband trade during the Revolutionary War. Letter signed. 1 page.","Petition from Ebenezer Dayton to the Executive Council of Pennsylvania. Dayton confesses how he did \"flee from there [New York] as a refugee, leaving his lands in the power of the enemy\", and petitions to acquire a \"whaleboat\".  William Floyd, Dayton's neighbor, certifies Dayton's claims. Floyd is a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Autograph , signed, 2 pages.","William Ellery writes a 'Private \u0026 Confidential' letter to an unknown recipient regarding Daniel E. Updike's health circumstances and ability to work due to alcohol. Autograph letter signed, 2 pages.","Benjamin Franklin writes to General Charles Lee in order to introduce Thomas Paine, author of Common Sense. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","True copy of a General Horatio Gate's letter to John Hancock, in Hancock's hand. Gates writes to Hancock regarding a court martial of Col. Donald Campbell. Letter signed. 1 page.","Elbridge Gerry writes to John Adams, President of the United States. He writes \"If an answer, to the letter which your excellency proposed to write to Mr. Pickering on my concerns, is received, I will do myself the honor of waiting on you at any time which may best serve your convenience. Mrs. Gerry unites with me in best respects to yourself and Lady. Be assured, I remain Dear Sir with every sentiment of attachment.\" Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Lyman Hall, Governor of Georgia and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Mrs. Street (possibly his sister) regarding health and life post Revolutionary war. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Alexander Hamilton writes to Colonel John Fitzgerald, while he waits for the Treaty of Paris to arrive. He writes \"The enclosed letter is for Mr. Bowman who married Mrs. Cattle. I am told he is at Alexandria which makes me trouble you with the letter. Should he have left that place for South Carolina, I will thank you to forward it to him. No definitive treaty yet arrived nor any thing else of importance new. I write in Congress...\" A cessation of hostilities had been proclaimed by the British in February and by Congress in April. The provisional peace treaty, negotiated in Paris, was ratified by Congress on April 15, but a long delay ensued before the signing of the final treaty in Paris, 1783 September 3. Both Hamilton and Fitzgerald served as aides-de-camp to Washington during the Revolution. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Benjamin Harrison, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes a letter to an unknown sir. He writes regarding a Capt. Cherry. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Patrick Henry writes to the unidentified 'County Lieutenant of Berkely [Berkeley].' He writes \"You are hereby directed to furnish General Hand with the numbers of men he may call from your militia to defend the frontier or challenge the Indians.\" Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","William Hooper, away from the Continental Congress to visit his mother, writes to Joseph Hewes and John Penn regarding General Clinton. Hooper  was a member in all five North Carolina Provincial Congresses, a member of the Continental Congress, and a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Stephen Hopkins, Governor of Rhode Island and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Christopher Harris during the French and Indian War, ordering a Colonel to take forces to Albany and join Major General William Johnson for a campaign against the French at Crown Point. Autograph document, signed. 2 pages.","Francis Hopkinson, Esq., Judge for the Courts of Admiralty for the State of Pennsylvania, directs Clement Biddle Esq., Marshall for the court, to \"sell at public venue the sloop or vessel called the Polly her guns, tackle, apparel, furniture and all and singular the goods, wares and merchandise laden and found on board her at the time of her capture and that after deducting the costs and charges of the trial condemnation and sale out of the monies arising from the said sale you divide the residue of the said monies into two equal parts one of which you are to pay overunto the agent or agents of the owners of the Brigantine or Vessel called the Fair American to and for their use and the other you are to pay over unto the Agent or Agents of the Officers and Crew belonging to the said Brigantine Fair American to and for their use and if it shall happen that any of the said owners officers or crew shall neglect to appear either in person or by agent to receive their respective shares of said monies then you are forthwith to bring such shares into this court to the intent the same may remain ready to be paid to them whenever they are their agents duly authorised may appear and demand the same according to the Resolves of Congress the usages of nations and the Act of Assembly of this state in such case made and provided and how you shall have executed this writ make return to me at a court of Admiralty to be held at my chambers in Philadelphia on the tenth day of November together with this writ given under my hand and the seal of the court twentieth day of October in the year of our lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty one.\" On verso, Biddle responds confirming sale of the Sloop Polly and cargo. Autograph document signed, 2 pages. Hopkinson was a signer of the Declaration of Independence.","Samuel Huntington, President of the Continental Congress and signer of the Declaration of the Independence, writes to Jabez Huntington, regarding preparations being made to prepare for the invasion of the British Navy. Letter mentions William Williams, another signer of the Declaration of Independence and Esek Hopkins, Commander of the Continental Navy. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","John Jay, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown Sir, regarding court and Mr. Antell's affidavit. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","Thomas Jefferson writes, while he was the U.S. Minister to France, to William Gordon about the actions he has taken to assist Gordon's efforts to write a history of the American Revolution, and conveys his thoughts on what market may exist for the publication in France. Gordon conducted part of his research for his history at Mount Vernon. Gordon published The History of the Rise, Progress, and Establishment, of the Independence of the United States of America: Including an Account of the late War, and of the Thirteen Colonies from their origin, to that period, 4 vols. (London: William Gordon, 1788). Letter also mentions Marquis de la Fayette. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Lafayette writes to George Augustine Washington. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Francis Lightfoot Lee, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to agents De Berdt, Lee \u0026 Sayre regarding the sale and purchase of 80 hogsheads and tobacco. Autograph letter, signed. 4 pages.","Richard Henry Lee, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to John Langdon congratulating Langdon as a judge and describing his ill health. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","James Madison, Secretary of State, writes to Mitchill regarding court testimony, possibly in reference to Smith and Ogden trial. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","John Marshall, Chief Justice of the United States and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to John Mercer Patton of Virginia regarding a court case and Judge Johnson. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","James Monroe, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown sir, regarding the sale of enslaved people. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Robert Morris, member of the Continental Congress and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to John Langdon regarding business relations with John Holker. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Thomas Nelson, signer of the Declaration of Independence and brigadier general in the Continental army, writes to General George Weedon, of Richmond, updating him on the mobilization of Virginia's defenses against a British incursion in the Hampton Roads area.\nAutograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Attorney General for the State of Massachusetts, Robert Treat Paine, signer of the Declaration of Independence, files a complaint against the respondent Margaret Draper, as she \"levied war, and conspired to levy War against the Government and people of this Province, Colony, and State; and then and there adhered to the King of Great Britain, his fleets and armies, enemies of the said Province, Colony, and State; and then and there did give them aid and comfort\". Partially printed document, signed by the author, with notes in his hand. 1 page.","Timothy Pickering, Secretary of War and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Burgess Ball to inform him that the president has not selected his Potomac land for the location of a federal arsenal. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Paul Revere writes a discharge certificate for Caleb Legg. Autograph document, signed. 1 page.","Caesar Rodney, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown recipient, ordering \"that the Guard be strengthened with a Captain and twenty four men to be furnished from all the Troops now in town proportion to their numbers\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Benjamin Rush, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Armand John DeRosset Sr., regarding Rush's \"second volume of medical inquiries\" about his \"principles on dropsy and pulmonary consumption\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Edward Rutledge, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown Sir regarding the legal proceedings in a land dispute. Date is unclear, could be February or July. Autograph letter, signed. 3 pages.","George Walton, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Major General Benjamin Lincoln seeking his help regarding sums for the military being misapplied by citizens [Georgia] and hung up in the Department of the Army resulting in shortages for the troops in the Georgia militias. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","George Washington writes to Burgess Ball, regarding Ball's interest in the federal government purchasing some of his land for the construction of an arsenal. Washington indicates that he will leave the matter to the Secretary of War, Timothy Pickering, and not discuss it further, lest their family connection lend an appearance of impropriety. Ball was married to Frances Washington, the daughter of George's brother Charles.  Autograph letter, signed. 3 pages.","William Whipple, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to President Meshech Weare [New Hampshire] regarding the recent arrival of Mr. William Trail from Bermuda. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","John Witherspoon, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to William Livingston, Governor of New Jersey, regarding the safe passage of a British deserter, Humphrey Belcher, through American lines. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Oliver Wolcott, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to his wife, Laura Wolcott. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections at The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon","Rickert, Wayne","Adams, John, 1735-1826","Bartlett, Josiah, 1729-1795","Whipple, William, 1730-1785","Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836","Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826","Chase, Samuel, 1741-1811","Smallwood, William, 1732-1792","Clark, Abraham, 1726-1794","Dayton, Elias, 1737-1807","Lewis, Francis, 1713-1803","Searle, James, 1730-1797","Fell, John, 1721-1798","Mumford, Thomas, 1728-1799","Floyd, William, 1734-1821","Dayton, Ebenezer, 1744-1802","Ellery, William, 1727-1820","Franklin, Benjamin, 1706-1790","Lee, Charles, 1731-1782","Gates, Horatio, 1728-1806","Hancock, John, 1737-1793","Gerry, Elbridge, 1744-1814","Hall, Lyman, 1724-1790","Hamilton, Alexander, 1757-1804","Fitzgerald, John, -1799","Harrison, Benjamin, approximately 1726-1791","Henry, Patrick, 1736-1799","Hooper, William, 1742-1790","Hewes, Joseph, 1730-1779","Penn, John, 1740 or 1741-1788","Hopkins, Stephen, 1707-1785","Hopkinson, Francis, 1737-1791","Biddle, Clement, 1740-1814","Huntington, Samuel, 1731-1796","Huntington, Jabez, 1719-1786","Jay, John, 1745-1829","Gordon, William, 1728-1807","Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Du Motier, marquis de, 1757-1834","Washington, George Augustine, approximately 1759-1793","Lee, Francis Lightfoot, 1734-1797","Lee, William, 1739-1795","Sayre, Stephen, 1736-1818","De Berdt, Dennis, Jr.","Lee, Richard Henry, 1732-1794","Langdon, John, 1741-1819","Madison, James, 1751-1836","Mitchill, Samuel L. (Samuel Latham), 1764-1831","Marshall, John, 1755-1835","Patton, John M. 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Archibald Welton. There is a Fairfax deed for eighty-four acres in Hampshire County in 1770, and a pocket diary of A.A. Welton, for 1880-1881, which records daily farm chores, livestock sales, and the like.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3509#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3509","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3509","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3509","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3509","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WVU/repositories_2_resources_3509.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/ark:/99999/197355","title_ssm":["Welton Family Papers"],"title_tesim":["Welton Family Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1770-1928"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1770-1928"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A\u0026M 0806","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/3509"],"text":["A\u0026M 0806","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/3509","Welton Family Papers","Hampshire County (W. Va.)","Hardy County (W. Va.)","Livestock","Diaries and journals.","Fairfax lands.","Farms and farming.","archives and manuscripts","Separated to A\u0026M 435, Rare Signatures:","Land Grant from Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron, to James Ryan for Land in Hampshire County, Virginia, 10 September 1778. A facsimile and transcription were left in the collection.","Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","Receipts and land records of two generations of the Weltons in Hampshire and Hardy counties, West Virginia, including papers of Job, Aaron, Archibald, and A. Archibald Welton. There is a Fairfax deed for eighty-four acres in Hampshire County in 1770, and a pocket diary of A.A. Welton, for 1880-1881, which records daily farm chores, livestock sales, and the like.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/","West Virginia and Regional History Center","Welton family","Welton, A. Archibald.","Welton, Aaron.","Welton, Archibald.","Welton, Job.","English"],"unitid_tesim":["A\u0026M 0806","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/3509"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Welton Family Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Welton Family Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Welton Family Papers"],"repository_ssm":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"geogname_ssm":["Hampshire County (W. Va.)","Hardy County (W. Va.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Hampshire County (W. 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(56 reels of microfilm, 1.75 in. each)"],"date_range_isim":[1748,1749,1750,1751,1752,1753,1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo special access restriction applies.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["No special access restriction applies."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], West Virginia Land Grants Records, A\u0026amp;M 3369, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], West Virginia Land Grants Records, A\u0026M 3369, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRecords of land grants made by the Secretary of the Colony of Virginia from 1748 to 1778, by the Virginia Land Office of the Commonwealth of Virginia from 1779 until 1863, and by the State of West Virginia from its formation until 1912. These records were held by the Office of the West Virginia State Auditor at the time the Sims Index to Land Grants in West Virginia was published by State Auditor Edgar B. Sims in 1952. The land grants were microfilmed by the Genealogical Society of Utah and are now held by the West Virginia State Archives.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Records of land grants made by the Secretary of the Colony of Virginia from 1748 to 1778, by the Virginia Land Office of the Commonwealth of Virginia from 1779 until 1863, and by the State of West Virginia from its formation until 1912. These records were held by the Office of the West Virginia State Auditor at the time the Sims Index to Land Grants in West Virginia was published by State Auditor Edgar B. Sims in 1952. The land grants were microfilmed by the Genealogical Society of Utah and are now held by the West Virginia State Archives."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_65f2df43234c73b55de9898f12fe536e\"\u003eWest Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/"],"names_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":56,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T01:00:49.347Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_1570"}},{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4597","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"W. Guy Tetrick, Compiler, Records","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4597#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Tetrick, W. Guy, 1883-1956","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4597#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Marriage, birth, and death records; wills; estate inventories and settlements from various West Virginia counties; Sons of the Revolution applications; Harrison County family records and obituaries, and obituary clippings for West Virginia. Thistle, Roy, Collector. Papers, 1853-1934. ca.30 items (photocopies) and 1 reel of microfilm (1 vol.). Loaned for duplication by Roy Thistle, 1961. No.1443. A scrapbook containing: a brief history of Sistersville and the oil industry, particularly in Tyler County, West Virginia; a stock certificate of the Sistersville \u0026amp; Salem Turnpike Company, 1853; bills of lading for Ohio and Muskingum River steams, 1855-1934; and a list of steamboats operating on the Muskingum River, 1830-1890.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4597#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4597","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4597","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4597","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4597","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WVU/repositories_2_resources_4597.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/ark:/99999/198208","title_ssm":["W. Guy Tetrick, Compiler, Records"],"title_tesim":["W. Guy Tetrick, Compiler, Records"],"unitdate_ssm":["ca. 1780-1950"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["ca. 1780-1950"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A\u0026M 1306","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/4597"],"text":["A\u0026M 1306","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/4597","W. Guy Tetrick, Compiler, Records","Harrison County (W. Va.)","West Virginia","Birth, marriage, and death records.","Estate settlements.","Genealogy","Veterans -- Sons of the Revolution","No special access restriction applies.","Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","Marriage, birth, and death records; wills; estate inventories and settlements from various West Virginia counties; Sons of the Revolution applications; Harrison County family records and obituaries, and obituary clippings for West Virginia. Thistle, Roy, Collector. Papers, 1853-1934. ca.30 items (photocopies) and 1 reel of microfilm (1 vol.). Loaned for duplication by Roy Thistle, 1961. No.1443. A scrapbook containing: a brief history of Sistersville and the oil industry, particularly in Tyler County, West Virginia; a stock certificate of the Sistersville \u0026 Salem Turnpike Company, 1853; bills of lading for Ohio and Muskingum River steams, 1855-1934; and a list of steamboats operating on the Muskingum River, 1830-1890.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/","West Virginia and Regional History Center","Tetrick, W. Guy, 1883-1956","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["A\u0026M 1306","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/4597"],"normalized_title_ssm":["W. Guy Tetrick, Compiler, Records"],"collection_title_tesim":["W. Guy Tetrick, Compiler, Records"],"collection_ssim":["W. Guy Tetrick, Compiler, Records"],"repository_ssm":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"geogname_ssm":["Harrison County (W. Va.)","West Virginia"],"geogname_ssim":["Harrison County (W. Va.)","West Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Tetrick, W. Guy, 1883-1956"],"creator_ssim":["Tetrick, W. Guy, 1883-1956"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Tetrick, W. Guy, 1883-1956"],"creators_ssim":["Tetrick, W. Guy, 1883-1956"],"places_ssim":["Harrison County (W. Va.)","West Virginia"],"access_terms_ssm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Birth, marriage, and death records.","Estate settlements.","Genealogy","Veterans -- Sons of the Revolution"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Birth, marriage, and death records.","Estate settlements.","Genealogy","Veterans -- Sons of the Revolution"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["35.44 Linear Feet Summary: 35 ft. 5 1/4 in. (243 reels of microfilm, 1.75 in. each)"],"extent_tesim":["35.44 Linear Feet Summary: 35 ft. 5 1/4 in. (243 reels of microfilm, 1.75 in. each)"],"date_range_isim":[1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo special access restriction applies.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["No special access restriction applies."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], W. Guy Tetrick, Compiler, Records, A\u0026amp;M 1306, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], W. Guy Tetrick, Compiler, Records, A\u0026M 1306, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_ba1cae6adb204f3b56d6225946b34a1a\"\u003eMarriage, birth, and death records; wills; estate inventories and settlements from various West Virginia counties; Sons of the Revolution applications; Harrison County family records and obituaries, and obituary clippings for West Virginia. Thistle, Roy, Collector. Papers, 1853-1934. ca.30 items (photocopies) and 1 reel of microfilm (1 vol.). Loaned for duplication by Roy Thistle, 1961. No.1443. A scrapbook containing: a brief history of Sistersville and the oil industry, particularly in Tyler County, West Virginia; a stock certificate of the Sistersville \u0026amp; Salem Turnpike Company, 1853; bills of lading for Ohio and Muskingum River steams, 1855-1934; and a list of steamboats operating on the Muskingum River, 1830-1890.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Marriage, birth, and death records; wills; estate inventories and settlements from various West Virginia counties; Sons of the Revolution applications; Harrison County family records and obituaries, and obituary clippings for West Virginia. Thistle, Roy, Collector. Papers, 1853-1934. ca.30 items (photocopies) and 1 reel of microfilm (1 vol.). Loaned for duplication by Roy Thistle, 1961. No.1443. A scrapbook containing: a brief history of Sistersville and the oil industry, particularly in Tyler County, West Virginia; a stock certificate of the Sistersville \u0026 Salem Turnpike Company, 1853; bills of lading for Ohio and Muskingum River steams, 1855-1934; and a list of steamboats operating on the Muskingum River, 1830-1890."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_7258c3d98c8d3b5eaa6c55571d4ece01\"\u003eWest Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/"],"names_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Tetrick, W. 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Guy Tetrick, Compiler, Records"],"unitdate_ssm":["ca. 1780-1950"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["ca. 1780-1950"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A\u0026M 1306","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/4597"],"text":["A\u0026M 1306","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/4597","W. Guy Tetrick, Compiler, Records","Harrison County (W. Va.)","West Virginia","Birth, marriage, and death records.","Estate settlements.","Genealogy","Veterans -- Sons of the Revolution","No special access restriction applies.","Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","Marriage, birth, and death records; wills; estate inventories and settlements from various West Virginia counties; Sons of the Revolution applications; Harrison County family records and obituaries, and obituary clippings for West Virginia. Thistle, Roy, Collector. Papers, 1853-1934. ca.30 items (photocopies) and 1 reel of microfilm (1 vol.). Loaned for duplication by Roy Thistle, 1961. No.1443. A scrapbook containing: a brief history of Sistersville and the oil industry, particularly in Tyler County, West Virginia; a stock certificate of the Sistersville \u0026 Salem Turnpike Company, 1853; bills of lading for Ohio and Muskingum River steams, 1855-1934; and a list of steamboats operating on the Muskingum River, 1830-1890.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/","West Virginia and Regional History Center","Tetrick, W. Guy, 1883-1956","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["A\u0026M 1306","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/4597"],"normalized_title_ssm":["W. Guy Tetrick, Compiler, Records"],"collection_title_tesim":["W. Guy Tetrick, Compiler, Records"],"collection_ssim":["W. Guy Tetrick, Compiler, Records"],"repository_ssm":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"geogname_ssm":["Harrison County (W. Va.)","West Virginia"],"geogname_ssim":["Harrison County (W. Va.)","West Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Tetrick, W. Guy, 1883-1956"],"creator_ssim":["Tetrick, W. Guy, 1883-1956"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Tetrick, W. Guy, 1883-1956"],"creators_ssim":["Tetrick, W. Guy, 1883-1956"],"places_ssim":["Harrison County (W. Va.)","West Virginia"],"access_terms_ssm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Birth, marriage, and death records.","Estate settlements.","Genealogy","Veterans -- Sons of the Revolution"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Birth, marriage, and death records.","Estate settlements.","Genealogy","Veterans -- Sons of the Revolution"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["35.44 Linear Feet Summary: 35 ft. 5 1/4 in. (243 reels of microfilm, 1.75 in. each)"],"extent_tesim":["35.44 Linear Feet Summary: 35 ft. 5 1/4 in. (243 reels of microfilm, 1.75 in. each)"],"date_range_isim":[1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo special access restriction applies.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["No special access restriction applies."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], W. Guy Tetrick, Compiler, Records, A\u0026amp;M 1306, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], W. Guy Tetrick, Compiler, Records, A\u0026M 1306, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_ba1cae6adb204f3b56d6225946b34a1a\"\u003eMarriage, birth, and death records; wills; estate inventories and settlements from various West Virginia counties; Sons of the Revolution applications; Harrison County family records and obituaries, and obituary clippings for West Virginia. Thistle, Roy, Collector. Papers, 1853-1934. ca.30 items (photocopies) and 1 reel of microfilm (1 vol.). Loaned for duplication by Roy Thistle, 1961. No.1443. A scrapbook containing: a brief history of Sistersville and the oil industry, particularly in Tyler County, West Virginia; a stock certificate of the Sistersville \u0026amp; Salem Turnpike Company, 1853; bills of lading for Ohio and Muskingum River steams, 1855-1934; and a list of steamboats operating on the Muskingum River, 1830-1890.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Marriage, birth, and death records; wills; estate inventories and settlements from various West Virginia counties; Sons of the Revolution applications; Harrison County family records and obituaries, and obituary clippings for West Virginia. Thistle, Roy, Collector. Papers, 1853-1934. ca.30 items (photocopies) and 1 reel of microfilm (1 vol.). Loaned for duplication by Roy Thistle, 1961. No.1443. 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Guy, 1883-1956"],"corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"names_coll_ssim":["Tetrick, W. Guy, 1883-1956"],"persname_ssim":["Tetrick, W. Guy, 1883-1956"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T00:48:40.484Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4597"}},{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_4540","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Wharton and Radford Families Papers","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_4540#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Wharton, Gabriel C. (Gabriel Colvin), 1824-1906","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_4540#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"This collection is made up of the personal and family papers of the Wharton and Radford families of Southwestern Virginia. While the bulk of the collection relates to Confederate General Gabriel C. Wharton and Anne (Nannie) Radford Wharton, it contains personal materials such as correspondence, financial documents, and family papers from other family members as well. This collection also contains materials related to Wharton's military service.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_4540#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_4540","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_4540","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_4540","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_4540","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_4540.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Wharton and Radford Families Papers","title_ssm":["Wharton and Radford Families Papers"],"title_tesim":["Wharton and Radford Families Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1783-1906"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1783-1906"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Ms.2025.074","/repositories/2/resources/4540"],"text":["Ms.2025.074","/repositories/2/resources/4540","Wharton and Radford Families Papers","Montgomery County (Va.)","Radford (Va.)","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Confederate States of America","Confederate States of America -- Army -- Recruiting, enlistment, etc.","Slavery -- United States","Reconstruction (U.S. history, 1865-1877)","The collection is open for research.","Subseries A: Gabriel C. and Nannie (Radford) Wharton, 1863-1865. Arranged chronologically, this subseries includes correspondence between Gabriel C. and Nannie (Radford) Wharton, both during their engagement and after their marriage.  Subseries B: Gabriel C. Wharton Incoming Correspondence, 1842-1905. Subseries C: Gabriel C. Wharton Outgoing Correspondence, 1842-1874. Subseries D: Nannie (Radford) Wharton Incoming Correspondence, 1861-1865. Subseries E: Nannie (Radford) Wharton Outgoing Correspondence, 1861-1863. Subseries F: Radford Family, 1826-1900. Subseries G: Wharton Family, 1846-1864. Subseries H: External Correspondence, 1797-1887. Materials in this subseries are arranged alphabetically by author with the exception of materials relating to the Taylor family, which are grouped together for easier access.","Subseries A: Receipts, Invoices, and Promissory Notes, 1813-1865. Subseries B: Land Grants and Deeds, 1783-1859. Subseries C: Enslaved Persons Documents, 1855-1857. Subseries D: Legal Documents, 1845-1865.","Subseries A: Orders, 1861-1864. Subseries B: Roll Calls and Reports, 1861-1864, 1902. Subseries C: Commission, Enlistment, and Transfer Requests, 1848-1864. Subseries D: Passes, 1863-1865.","Subseries A: Education, 1822-1862. Subseries B: Newspaper Clippings, 1842, 1904, 1906. Subseries C: Ephemera, 1851-1902.","The Wharton and Radford families were prominent figures in Southwest Virginia, especially during the 19th century. Dr. John B. Radford is the namesake of Radford, Virginia. Both families had a hand in shaping Southwestern Virginia and leave a lasting legacy.","Gabriel Colvin Wharton (GCW) was born on July 23, 1824 in Culpepper, Virginia, to parents John Redd and Eliza Colvin Wharton. Gabriel (or, often, Gabe) attended private school and multiple academies before enrolling in the Virginia Military Institute in 1845. He graduated with distinction only two years later in 1847. Immediately after graduating, Gabriel held a number of teaching positions, tutoring children in Latin, French, math, and English. A year later, he took a job with the Orange and Alexandria Railroad, getting promoted soon after. By late 1856, Gabriel was chief engineer of the Washington and Alexandria Railroad. He worked in the southwestern United States as a civil engineer from 1857 to 1859 surveying possible road routes. Gabriel continued to work as a civil engineer, often surveying possible road routes until the beginning of the American Civil War. While he was not a staunch secessionist, he did support the economic and social institution of slavery.  A Virginia loyalist and slaveholder, Gabriel held the idea that secession was necessary if state rights were oppressed. In April of 1861, he travelled to Richmond and began working as a lieutenant of engineers, making topographical surveys to assist in siting and erecting fortifications. Gabriel soon became Major Wharton, then Colonel, organizing regiments and marching into battle with General Floyd. ","Anne Rebecca \"Nannie\" Radford was born on August 15, 1843 in the New River Valley of southwestern Virginia to parents Dr. John Blair Radford and Elizabeth Campbell Taylor Radford. Nannie enjoyed a privileged upbringing, attending school in Salem, Virginia, and later at Cedar Hill Academy in Montgomery County. The Radford family was well-off; Dr. Radford owned 68 enslaved people and had a net worth of almost $65,000 by 1863. Once the war began, Nannie herself was a staunch supporter of the Confederate cause. ","In early 1863, a friend introduced Nannie to Gabriel. By May 14, 1863, they were married. Soon after, he was promoted to brigadier general, effective July 8, 1863. Nannie and Gabriel had one child together, a son named William (Willie). Gabriel continued to serve in the Confederate forces, participating in operations in both the Western and Eastern Theaters, commanding divisions and brigades, and fighting in battles such as Cold Harbor, Monocacy, Cedar Creek, and Waynesboro. On June 4, 1865, Gabriel was paroled from Lynchburg, Virginia.","After the war, Gabriel went back to work at the railroad, overseeing the rebuilding of bridges damaged during the war. After a string of financial troubles, Gabriel ran for a seat in the House of Delegates, becoming a legislator in the Virginia General Assembly in 1871. During his time as state legislator, he helped establish the Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College, serving as a member of the Board of Visitors. Gabriel continued to run into business and financial trouble, borrowing money to start businesses like mills, hotels, and newspapers that failed, requiring the Whartons to sell or rent out much of their land to repay their debts. Nannie, frequently depressed and anxious about the state of their finances, managed their affairs when Gabriel went out West again in 1885 to work as an inspector of surveyors general and district land offices for the General Land Office in Washington. He continued to work away from home for the next few years, only returning to southwestern Virginia in 1889. On April 15th of the following year, Nannie died at the age of 46 after a long period of illness and emotional turmoil, most likely connected to earlier liver and bladder problems. After another failed business attempt, Gabriel ran for (and won) a seat in the Virginia House of Delegates in 1897, supporting coining gold and silver, education, and state pensions for Confederate veterans. After dropping from the race the following term, Gabriel began to be more active in Confederate veterans' affairs, still struggling with his own debts. Gabriel seemed to care more about preserving the history of the war than continuing it. On May 11, 1906, he passed away at the age of 80.","The Wharton and Radford families held many enslaved people over the years, including Emeline Pate and Tim Lewis. Emeline and Tim entered a slave marriage in 1858. Purchased by Nannie's uncle James L. Taylor in 1856, Emeline acted as Nannie's personal servant when Taylor died. Also after Taylor died, Tim went with John Radford in 1861 when he went to war. When Nannie and Gabriel were married, Tim and Emeline were given to them as a wedding present. Like Tim did with John Radford, he waited on Gabriel while he was away in the army. Little is known about how Tim and Emeline felt or what they thought about events in their lives, as we only have Nannie and Gabriel's interpretation. Tim and Emeline remained closely involved with the Whartons through the end of the war and after. Sometime in 1864, Tim began to go by William. When Nannie and Gabriel had their son, Emeline took over much of his care. Towards the end of the war, Gabriel told William that if he ever wanted to leave, that he would provide a horse, money, and a pass for William to go north \"as a man\" rather than sneaking away. After the war, like many freed people, William and Emeline stayed on with the Whartons working for wages. They legally reaffirmed their marriage in 1866, living next door to the Whartons while William worked on the Radford farm and Emeline worked as Nannie's housemaid. By 1875, the Lewises were no longer working for the Whartons, but still lived close by. In 1882, they moved to a house and lot in Christiansburg, severing any remaining ties or communication with the Whartons.","The guide to the Wharton and Radford Families Papers by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ ).","The processing, arrangement, and description of the Wharton and Radford Families Papers was completed in December 2025."," Content Warning: This series does contain references to enslavement, which may be upsetting.","Subseries A: Gabriel C. and Nannie (Radford) Wharton, 1863-1865. This subseries includes correspondence between Gabriel C. and Anne (Nannie) Radford Wharton, both during their engagement and after their marriage. The bulk of their correspondence takes place during the American Civil War while Gabriel C. Wharton (GCW) served in the Confederate Army. Their letters include discussions on the war and troop movements, news of home and family, references to enslaved and formerly enslaved people, and expressions of love.  Subseries B: Gabriel C. Wharton Incoming Correspondence, 1842-1905, contains correspondence addressed to GCW. Topics include the railroad, the war, news of family and friends, the Reconstruction era, politics and pardons, provisions, grievances, enslaved and formerly enslaved people, and invitations. Subseries C: Gabriel C. Wharton Outgoing Correspondence, 1842-1874, is made up of correspondence authored by GCW. Conversation topics include the war, news of friends and family, provisions, a request for a leave of absence, and a letter of reference. This subseries also includes unsent drafts. Subseries D: Nannie Radford Wharton Incoming Correspondence, 1861-1865, includes correspondence addressed to Nannie Radford Wharton, discussing news of the war, the death of Col. John Taylor Radford, news of friends and family, enslaved and formerly enslaved people, and provisions.  Subseries E: Nannie Radford Wharton Outgoing Correspondence, 1861-1863. This subseries consists of letters authored by Nannie Radford Wharton, including an unfinished draft of an obituary. Conversation topics include politics and education. Subseries F: Radford Family, 1826-1900. This subseries includes correspondence both written by and written to members of the Radford family (with the exception of Nannie Radford Wharton). Topics discussed include politics and the war, provisions, news of family and friends, medicine, enslaved and formerly enslaved people, and expressions of sympathy.   Subseries G: Wharton Family, 1846-1864, contains correspondence written by and to members of the Wharton family (with the exception of Gabriel C. Wharton). Topics include politics, enslaved and formerly enslaved people, provisions, sickness, and news of family and friends. Subseries H: External Correspondence, 1797-1887. This subseries contains correspondence between individuals not closely related to either the Radford or Wharton families. It may include correspondence from cousins or more distant relations. This subseries contains references to enslaved people.","Content Warning: This series contains materials related to the sale of enslaved persons, which may be upsetting.","Subseries A: Receipts, Invoices, and Promissory Notes, 1813-1865, consists of transaction records for goods and services such as lodging, school supplies, seed, cloth, and food, as well as tax records. Subseries B: Land Grants and Deeds, 1783-1859. This subseries contains records of land transfers, including deeds, indentures, articles of agreements, and land grants. Subseries C: Enslaved Persons Documents, 1855-1857. This subseries contains records relating to the sale of enslaved persons. Subseries D: Legal Documents, 1845-1865, includes various documents such as an arrest warrant, record of a suit, and Dr. John Blair Radford's request for a special pardon from President Johnson.","Subseries A: Orders, 1861-1864, consists of orders and special orders, many addressed to GCW, from higher-ranking officers. These include requests for reports, rules and regulations for soldiers, instructions for troop movements, appointments, and authorizations for recruitment. Subseries B: Roll Calls and Reports, 1861-1864, 1902, contains roll calls, lists of wounded or killed, documents confirming the reporting of soldiers to their commands, and reports. Subseries C: Commission, Enlistment, and Transfer Requests, 1848-1864, includes documents such as lists of enlisted or reenlisted soldiers, commission certificates and appointments, and transfer requests. Subseries D: Passes, 1863-1865, contains documents used to allow passage through certain areas during the war.","Subseries A: Education, 1822-1862, includes materials such as report cards and a letter of acceptance to the Virginia Military Institute. Subseries B: Newspaper Clippings, 1842, 1904, 1906. This subseries consists of newspaper articles collected by the family that relate to family members or personal events, such as GCW's obituary. Subseries C: Ephemera, 1851-1902. This subseries contains Confederate States of America currency, stamps, a brochure, a railroad time table, and ephemera such as Confederate Reunion ribbons.","The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction .","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . ","Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.","This collection is made up of the personal and family papers of the Wharton and Radford families of Southwestern Virginia. While the bulk of the collection relates to Confederate General Gabriel C. Wharton and Anne (Nannie) Radford Wharton, it contains personal materials such as correspondence, financial documents, and family papers from other family members as well. This collection also contains materials related to Wharton's military service.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Wharton, Gabriel C. (Gabriel Colvin), 1824-1906","Radford, John Taylor, 1838-1864","Materials in this collection are in English."],"unitid_tesim":["Ms.2025.074","/repositories/2/resources/4540"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Wharton and Radford Families Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Wharton and Radford Families Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Wharton and Radford Families Papers"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"geogname_ssm":["Montgomery County (Va.)","Radford (Va.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Montgomery County (Va.)","Radford (Va.)"],"creator_ssm":["Wharton, Gabriel C. (Gabriel Colvin), 1824-1906","Radford, John Taylor, 1838-1864"],"creator_ssim":["Wharton, Gabriel C. (Gabriel Colvin), 1824-1906","Radford, John Taylor, 1838-1864"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Wharton, Gabriel C. (Gabriel Colvin), 1824-1906","Radford, John Taylor, 1838-1864"],"creators_ssim":["Wharton, Gabriel C. (Gabriel Colvin), 1824-1906","Radford, John Taylor, 1838-1864"],"places_ssim":["Montgomery County (Va.)","Radford (Va.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction .","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . ","Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was donated in April 2025."],"access_subjects_ssim":["United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Confederate States of America","Confederate States of America -- Army -- Recruiting, enlistment, etc.","Slavery -- United States","Reconstruction (U.S. history, 1865-1877)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Confederate States of America","Confederate States of America -- Army -- Recruiting, enlistment, etc.","Slavery -- United States","Reconstruction (U.S. history, 1865-1877)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["7 Cubic Feet 3 boxes; 1 oversize folder"],"extent_tesim":["7 Cubic Feet 3 boxes; 1 oversize folder"],"date_range_isim":[1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cul\u003e\n    \u003cli\u003eSubseries A: Gabriel C. and Nannie (Radford) Wharton, 1863-1865. Arranged chronologically, this subseries includes correspondence between Gabriel C. and Nannie (Radford) Wharton, both during their engagement and after their marriage. \u003c/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries B: Gabriel C. Wharton Incoming Correspondence, 1842-1905.\u003c/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries C: Gabriel C. Wharton Outgoing Correspondence, 1842-1874.\u003c/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries D: Nannie (Radford) Wharton Incoming Correspondence, 1861-1865.\u003c/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries E: Nannie (Radford) Wharton Outgoing Correspondence, 1861-1863.\u003c/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries F: Radford Family, 1826-1900.\u003c/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries G: Wharton Family, 1846-1864.\u003c/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries H: External Correspondence, 1797-1887. Materials in this subseries are arranged alphabetically by author with the exception of materials relating to the Taylor family, which are grouped together for easier access.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e","\u003cul\u003e\n    \u003cli\u003eSubseries A: Receipts, Invoices, and Promissory Notes, 1813-1865.\u003c/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries B: Land Grants and Deeds, 1783-1859.\u003c/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries C: Enslaved Persons Documents, 1855-1857.\u003c/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries D: Legal Documents, 1845-1865.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e","\u003cul\u003e\n    \u003cli\u003eSubseries A: Orders, 1861-1864.\u003c/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries B: Roll Calls and Reports, 1861-1864, 1902.\u003c/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries C: Commission, Enlistment, and Transfer Requests, 1848-1864.\u003c/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries D: Passes, 1863-1865.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e","\u003cul\u003e\n    \u003cli\u003eSubseries A: Education, 1822-1862.\u003c/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries B: Newspaper Clippings, 1842, 1904, 1906.\u003c/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries C: Ephemera, 1851-1902.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Subseries A: Gabriel C. and Nannie (Radford) Wharton, 1863-1865. Arranged chronologically, this subseries includes correspondence between Gabriel C. and Nannie (Radford) Wharton, both during their engagement and after their marriage.  Subseries B: Gabriel C. Wharton Incoming Correspondence, 1842-1905. Subseries C: Gabriel C. Wharton Outgoing Correspondence, 1842-1874. Subseries D: Nannie (Radford) Wharton Incoming Correspondence, 1861-1865. Subseries E: Nannie (Radford) Wharton Outgoing Correspondence, 1861-1863. Subseries F: Radford Family, 1826-1900. Subseries G: Wharton Family, 1846-1864. Subseries H: External Correspondence, 1797-1887. Materials in this subseries are arranged alphabetically by author with the exception of materials relating to the Taylor family, which are grouped together for easier access.","Subseries A: Receipts, Invoices, and Promissory Notes, 1813-1865. Subseries B: Land Grants and Deeds, 1783-1859. Subseries C: Enslaved Persons Documents, 1855-1857. Subseries D: Legal Documents, 1845-1865.","Subseries A: Orders, 1861-1864. Subseries B: Roll Calls and Reports, 1861-1864, 1902. Subseries C: Commission, Enlistment, and Transfer Requests, 1848-1864. Subseries D: Passes, 1863-1865.","Subseries A: Education, 1822-1862. Subseries B: Newspaper Clippings, 1842, 1904, 1906. Subseries C: Ephemera, 1851-1902."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Wharton and Radford families were prominent figures in Southwest Virginia, especially during the 19th century. Dr. John B. Radford is the namesake of Radford, Virginia. Both families had a hand in shaping Southwestern Virginia and leave a lasting legacy.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eGabriel Colvin Wharton (GCW) was born on July 23, 1824 in Culpepper, Virginia, to parents John Redd and Eliza Colvin Wharton. Gabriel (or, often, Gabe) attended private school and multiple academies before enrolling in the Virginia Military Institute in 1845. He graduated with distinction only two years later in 1847. Immediately after graduating, Gabriel held a number of teaching positions, tutoring children in Latin, French, math, and English. A year later, he took a job with the Orange and Alexandria Railroad, getting promoted soon after. By late 1856, Gabriel was chief engineer of the Washington and Alexandria Railroad. He worked in the southwestern United States as a civil engineer from 1857 to 1859 surveying possible road routes. Gabriel continued to work as a civil engineer, often surveying possible road routes until the beginning of the American Civil War. While he was not a staunch secessionist, he did support the economic and social institution of slavery.  A Virginia loyalist and slaveholder, Gabriel held the idea that secession was necessary if state rights were oppressed. In April of 1861, he travelled to Richmond and began working as a lieutenant of engineers, making topographical surveys to assist in siting and erecting fortifications. Gabriel soon became Major Wharton, then Colonel, organizing regiments and marching into battle with General Floyd. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAnne Rebecca \"Nannie\" Radford was born on August 15, 1843 in the New River Valley of southwestern Virginia to parents Dr. John Blair Radford and Elizabeth Campbell Taylor Radford. Nannie enjoyed a privileged upbringing, attending school in Salem, Virginia, and later at Cedar Hill Academy in Montgomery County. The Radford family was well-off; Dr. Radford owned 68 enslaved people and had a net worth of almost $65,000 by 1863. Once the war began, Nannie herself was a staunch supporter of the Confederate cause. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn early 1863, a friend introduced Nannie to Gabriel. By May 14, 1863, they were married. Soon after, he was promoted to brigadier general, effective July 8, 1863. Nannie and Gabriel had one child together, a son named William (Willie). Gabriel continued to serve in the Confederate forces, participating in operations in both the Western and Eastern Theaters, commanding divisions and brigades, and fighting in battles such as Cold Harbor, Monocacy, Cedar Creek, and Waynesboro. On June 4, 1865, Gabriel was paroled from Lynchburg, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAfter the war, Gabriel went back to work at the railroad, overseeing the rebuilding of bridges damaged during the war. After a string of financial troubles, Gabriel ran for a seat in the House of Delegates, becoming a legislator in the Virginia General Assembly in 1871. During his time as state legislator, he helped establish the Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College, serving as a member of the Board of Visitors. Gabriel continued to run into business and financial trouble, borrowing money to start businesses like mills, hotels, and newspapers that failed, requiring the Whartons to sell or rent out much of their land to repay their debts. Nannie, frequently depressed and anxious about the state of their finances, managed their affairs when Gabriel went out West again in 1885 to work as an inspector of surveyors general and district land offices for the General Land Office in Washington. He continued to work away from home for the next few years, only returning to southwestern Virginia in 1889. On April 15th of the following year, Nannie died at the age of 46 after a long period of illness and emotional turmoil, most likely connected to earlier liver and bladder problems. After another failed business attempt, Gabriel ran for (and won) a seat in the Virginia House of Delegates in 1897, supporting coining gold and silver, education, and state pensions for Confederate veterans. After dropping from the race the following term, Gabriel began to be more active in Confederate veterans' affairs, still struggling with his own debts. Gabriel seemed to care more about preserving the history of the war than continuing it. On May 11, 1906, he passed away at the age of 80.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Wharton and Radford families held many enslaved people over the years, including Emeline Pate and Tim Lewis. Emeline and Tim entered a slave marriage in 1858. Purchased by Nannie's uncle James L. Taylor in 1856, Emeline acted as Nannie's personal servant when Taylor died. Also after Taylor died, Tim went with John Radford in 1861 when he went to war. When Nannie and Gabriel were married, Tim and Emeline were given to them as a wedding present. Like Tim did with John Radford, he waited on Gabriel while he was away in the army. Little is known about how Tim and Emeline felt or what they thought about events in their lives, as we only have Nannie and Gabriel's interpretation. Tim and Emeline remained closely involved with the Whartons through the end of the war and after. Sometime in 1864, Tim began to go by William. When Nannie and Gabriel had their son, Emeline took over much of his care. Towards the end of the war, Gabriel told William that if he ever wanted to leave, that he would provide a horse, money, and a pass for William to go north \"as a man\" rather than sneaking away. After the war, like many freed people, William and Emeline stayed on with the Whartons working for wages. They legally reaffirmed their marriage in 1866, living next door to the Whartons while William worked on the Radford farm and Emeline worked as Nannie's housemaid. By 1875, the Lewises were no longer working for the Whartons, but still lived close by. In 1882, they moved to a house and lot in Christiansburg, severing any remaining ties or communication with the Whartons.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Wharton and Radford families were prominent figures in Southwest Virginia, especially during the 19th century. Dr. John B. Radford is the namesake of Radford, Virginia. Both families had a hand in shaping Southwestern Virginia and leave a lasting legacy.","Gabriel Colvin Wharton (GCW) was born on July 23, 1824 in Culpepper, Virginia, to parents John Redd and Eliza Colvin Wharton. Gabriel (or, often, Gabe) attended private school and multiple academies before enrolling in the Virginia Military Institute in 1845. He graduated with distinction only two years later in 1847. Immediately after graduating, Gabriel held a number of teaching positions, tutoring children in Latin, French, math, and English. A year later, he took a job with the Orange and Alexandria Railroad, getting promoted soon after. By late 1856, Gabriel was chief engineer of the Washington and Alexandria Railroad. He worked in the southwestern United States as a civil engineer from 1857 to 1859 surveying possible road routes. Gabriel continued to work as a civil engineer, often surveying possible road routes until the beginning of the American Civil War. While he was not a staunch secessionist, he did support the economic and social institution of slavery.  A Virginia loyalist and slaveholder, Gabriel held the idea that secession was necessary if state rights were oppressed. In April of 1861, he travelled to Richmond and began working as a lieutenant of engineers, making topographical surveys to assist in siting and erecting fortifications. Gabriel soon became Major Wharton, then Colonel, organizing regiments and marching into battle with General Floyd. ","Anne Rebecca \"Nannie\" Radford was born on August 15, 1843 in the New River Valley of southwestern Virginia to parents Dr. John Blair Radford and Elizabeth Campbell Taylor Radford. Nannie enjoyed a privileged upbringing, attending school in Salem, Virginia, and later at Cedar Hill Academy in Montgomery County. The Radford family was well-off; Dr. Radford owned 68 enslaved people and had a net worth of almost $65,000 by 1863. Once the war began, Nannie herself was a staunch supporter of the Confederate cause. ","In early 1863, a friend introduced Nannie to Gabriel. By May 14, 1863, they were married. Soon after, he was promoted to brigadier general, effective July 8, 1863. Nannie and Gabriel had one child together, a son named William (Willie). Gabriel continued to serve in the Confederate forces, participating in operations in both the Western and Eastern Theaters, commanding divisions and brigades, and fighting in battles such as Cold Harbor, Monocacy, Cedar Creek, and Waynesboro. On June 4, 1865, Gabriel was paroled from Lynchburg, Virginia.","After the war, Gabriel went back to work at the railroad, overseeing the rebuilding of bridges damaged during the war. After a string of financial troubles, Gabriel ran for a seat in the House of Delegates, becoming a legislator in the Virginia General Assembly in 1871. During his time as state legislator, he helped establish the Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College, serving as a member of the Board of Visitors. Gabriel continued to run into business and financial trouble, borrowing money to start businesses like mills, hotels, and newspapers that failed, requiring the Whartons to sell or rent out much of their land to repay their debts. Nannie, frequently depressed and anxious about the state of their finances, managed their affairs when Gabriel went out West again in 1885 to work as an inspector of surveyors general and district land offices for the General Land Office in Washington. He continued to work away from home for the next few years, only returning to southwestern Virginia in 1889. On April 15th of the following year, Nannie died at the age of 46 after a long period of illness and emotional turmoil, most likely connected to earlier liver and bladder problems. After another failed business attempt, Gabriel ran for (and won) a seat in the Virginia House of Delegates in 1897, supporting coining gold and silver, education, and state pensions for Confederate veterans. After dropping from the race the following term, Gabriel began to be more active in Confederate veterans' affairs, still struggling with his own debts. Gabriel seemed to care more about preserving the history of the war than continuing it. On May 11, 1906, he passed away at the age of 80.","The Wharton and Radford families held many enslaved people over the years, including Emeline Pate and Tim Lewis. Emeline and Tim entered a slave marriage in 1858. Purchased by Nannie's uncle James L. Taylor in 1856, Emeline acted as Nannie's personal servant when Taylor died. Also after Taylor died, Tim went with John Radford in 1861 when he went to war. When Nannie and Gabriel were married, Tim and Emeline were given to them as a wedding present. Like Tim did with John Radford, he waited on Gabriel while he was away in the army. Little is known about how Tim and Emeline felt or what they thought about events in their lives, as we only have Nannie and Gabriel's interpretation. Tim and Emeline remained closely involved with the Whartons through the end of the war and after. Sometime in 1864, Tim began to go by William. When Nannie and Gabriel had their son, Emeline took over much of his care. Towards the end of the war, Gabriel told William that if he ever wanted to leave, that he would provide a horse, money, and a pass for William to go north \"as a man\" rather than sneaking away. After the war, like many freed people, William and Emeline stayed on with the Whartons working for wages. They legally reaffirmed their marriage in 1866, living next door to the Whartons while William worked on the Radford farm and Emeline worked as Nannie's housemaid. By 1875, the Lewises were no longer working for the Whartons, but still lived close by. In 1882, they moved to a house and lot in Christiansburg, severing any remaining ties or communication with the Whartons."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe guide to the Wharton and Radford Families Papers by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (\u003cextref href=\"https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\"\u003ehttps://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\u003c/extref\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Rights Statement for Archival Description"],"odd_tesim":["The guide to the Wharton and Radford Families Papers by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ )."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Wharton and Radford Families Papers, 1783-1906, Ms2025-074, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Wharton and Radford Families Papers, 1783-1906, Ms2025-074, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe processing, arrangement, and description of the Wharton and Radford Families Papers was completed in December 2025.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The processing, arrangement, and description of the Wharton and Radford Families Papers was completed in December 2025."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003e Content Warning: This series does contain references to enslavement, which may be upsetting.\u003c/emph\u003e","\u003cul\u003e\n    \u003cli\u003eSubseries A: Gabriel C. and Nannie (Radford) Wharton, 1863-1865. This subseries includes correspondence between Gabriel C. and Anne (Nannie) Radford Wharton, both during their engagement and after their marriage. The bulk of their correspondence takes place during the American Civil War while Gabriel C. Wharton (GCW) served in the Confederate Army. Their letters include discussions on the war and troop movements, news of home and family, references to enslaved and formerly enslaved people, and expressions of love. \u003c/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries B: Gabriel C. Wharton Incoming Correspondence, 1842-1905, contains correspondence addressed to GCW. Topics include the railroad, the war, news of family and friends, the Reconstruction era, politics and pardons, provisions, grievances, enslaved and formerly enslaved people, and invitations.\u003c/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries C: Gabriel C. Wharton Outgoing Correspondence, 1842-1874, is made up of correspondence authored by GCW. Conversation topics include the war, news of friends and family, provisions, a request for a leave of absence, and a letter of reference. This subseries also includes unsent drafts.\u003c/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries D: Nannie Radford Wharton Incoming Correspondence, 1861-1865, includes correspondence addressed to Nannie Radford Wharton, discussing news of the war, the death of Col. John Taylor Radford, news of friends and family, enslaved and formerly enslaved people, and provisions. \u003c/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries E: Nannie Radford Wharton Outgoing Correspondence, 1861-1863. This subseries consists of letters authored by Nannie Radford Wharton, including an unfinished draft of an obituary. Conversation topics include politics and education.\u003c/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries F: Radford Family, 1826-1900. This subseries includes correspondence both written by and written to members of the Radford family (with the exception of Nannie Radford Wharton). Topics discussed include politics and the war, provisions, news of family and friends, medicine, enslaved and formerly enslaved people, and expressions of sympathy.  \u003c/li\u003e \n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries G: Wharton Family, 1846-1864, contains correspondence written by and to members of the Wharton family (with the exception of Gabriel C. Wharton). Topics include politics, enslaved and formerly enslaved people, provisions, sickness, and news of family and friends.\u003c/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries H: External Correspondence, 1797-1887. This subseries contains correspondence between individuals not closely related to either the Radford or Wharton families. It may include correspondence from cousins or more distant relations. This subseries contains references to enslaved people.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e","\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eContent Warning: This series contains materials related to the sale of enslaved persons, which may be upsetting.\u003c/emph\u003e","\u003cul\u003e\n    \u003cli\u003eSubseries A: Receipts, Invoices, and Promissory Notes, 1813-1865, consists of transaction records for goods and services such as lodging, school supplies, seed, cloth, and food, as well as tax records.\u003c/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries B: Land Grants and Deeds, 1783-1859. This subseries contains records of land transfers, including deeds, indentures, articles of agreements, and land grants.\u003c/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries C: Enslaved Persons Documents, 1855-1857. This subseries contains records relating to the sale of enslaved persons.\u003c/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries D: Legal Documents, 1845-1865, includes various documents such as an arrest warrant, record of a suit, and Dr. John Blair Radford's request for a special pardon from President Johnson.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e","\u003cul\u003e\n    \u003cli\u003eSubseries A: Orders, 1861-1864, consists of orders and special orders, many addressed to GCW, from higher-ranking officers. These include requests for reports, rules and regulations for soldiers, instructions for troop movements, appointments, and authorizations for recruitment.\u003c/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries B: Roll Calls and Reports, 1861-1864, 1902, contains roll calls, lists of wounded or killed, documents confirming the reporting of soldiers to their commands, and reports.\u003c/li\u003e \n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries C: Commission, Enlistment, and Transfer Requests, 1848-1864, includes documents such as lists of enlisted or reenlisted soldiers, commission certificates and appointments, and transfer requests.\u003c/li\u003e \n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries D: Passes, 1863-1865, contains documents used to allow passage through certain areas during the war.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e","\u003cul\u003e\n    \u003cli\u003eSubseries A: Education, 1822-1862, includes materials such as report cards and a letter of acceptance to the Virginia Military Institute.\u003c/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries B: Newspaper Clippings, 1842, 1904, 1906. This subseries consists of newspaper articles collected by the family that relate to family members or personal events, such as GCW's obituary.\u003c/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries C: Ephemera, 1851-1902. This subseries contains Confederate States of America currency, stamps, a brochure, a railroad time table, and ephemera such as Confederate Reunion ribbons.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":[" Content Warning: This series does contain references to enslavement, which may be upsetting.","Subseries A: Gabriel C. and Nannie (Radford) Wharton, 1863-1865. This subseries includes correspondence between Gabriel C. and Anne (Nannie) Radford Wharton, both during their engagement and after their marriage. The bulk of their correspondence takes place during the American Civil War while Gabriel C. Wharton (GCW) served in the Confederate Army. Their letters include discussions on the war and troop movements, news of home and family, references to enslaved and formerly enslaved people, and expressions of love.  Subseries B: Gabriel C. Wharton Incoming Correspondence, 1842-1905, contains correspondence addressed to GCW. Topics include the railroad, the war, news of family and friends, the Reconstruction era, politics and pardons, provisions, grievances, enslaved and formerly enslaved people, and invitations. Subseries C: Gabriel C. Wharton Outgoing Correspondence, 1842-1874, is made up of correspondence authored by GCW. Conversation topics include the war, news of friends and family, provisions, a request for a leave of absence, and a letter of reference. This subseries also includes unsent drafts. Subseries D: Nannie Radford Wharton Incoming Correspondence, 1861-1865, includes correspondence addressed to Nannie Radford Wharton, discussing news of the war, the death of Col. John Taylor Radford, news of friends and family, enslaved and formerly enslaved people, and provisions.  Subseries E: Nannie Radford Wharton Outgoing Correspondence, 1861-1863. This subseries consists of letters authored by Nannie Radford Wharton, including an unfinished draft of an obituary. Conversation topics include politics and education. Subseries F: Radford Family, 1826-1900. This subseries includes correspondence both written by and written to members of the Radford family (with the exception of Nannie Radford Wharton). Topics discussed include politics and the war, provisions, news of family and friends, medicine, enslaved and formerly enslaved people, and expressions of sympathy.   Subseries G: Wharton Family, 1846-1864, contains correspondence written by and to members of the Wharton family (with the exception of Gabriel C. Wharton). Topics include politics, enslaved and formerly enslaved people, provisions, sickness, and news of family and friends. Subseries H: External Correspondence, 1797-1887. This subseries contains correspondence between individuals not closely related to either the Radford or Wharton families. It may include correspondence from cousins or more distant relations. This subseries contains references to enslaved people.","Content Warning: This series contains materials related to the sale of enslaved persons, which may be upsetting.","Subseries A: Receipts, Invoices, and Promissory Notes, 1813-1865, consists of transaction records for goods and services such as lodging, school supplies, seed, cloth, and food, as well as tax records. Subseries B: Land Grants and Deeds, 1783-1859. This subseries contains records of land transfers, including deeds, indentures, articles of agreements, and land grants. Subseries C: Enslaved Persons Documents, 1855-1857. This subseries contains records relating to the sale of enslaved persons. Subseries D: Legal Documents, 1845-1865, includes various documents such as an arrest warrant, record of a suit, and Dr. John Blair Radford's request for a special pardon from President Johnson.","Subseries A: Orders, 1861-1864, consists of orders and special orders, many addressed to GCW, from higher-ranking officers. These include requests for reports, rules and regulations for soldiers, instructions for troop movements, appointments, and authorizations for recruitment. Subseries B: Roll Calls and Reports, 1861-1864, 1902, contains roll calls, lists of wounded or killed, documents confirming the reporting of soldiers to their commands, and reports. Subseries C: Commission, Enlistment, and Transfer Requests, 1848-1864, includes documents such as lists of enlisted or reenlisted soldiers, commission certificates and appointments, and transfer requests. Subseries D: Passes, 1863-1865, contains documents used to allow passage through certain areas during the war.","Subseries A: Education, 1822-1862, includes materials such as report cards and a letter of acceptance to the Virginia Military Institute. Subseries B: Newspaper Clippings, 1842, 1904, 1906. This subseries consists of newspaper articles collected by the family that relate to family members or personal events, such as GCW's obituary. Subseries C: Ephemera, 1851-1902. This subseries contains Confederate States of America currency, stamps, a brochure, a railroad time table, and ephemera such as Confederate Reunion ribbons."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuareproduction\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuapublication\u003c/a\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePlease contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Reproduction and Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction .","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . ","Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_e618e9a9170b925d5ffa8d5c7635be0b\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThis collection is made up of the personal and family papers of the Wharton and Radford families of Southwestern Virginia. While the bulk of the collection relates to Confederate General Gabriel C. Wharton and Anne (Nannie) Radford Wharton, it contains personal materials such as correspondence, financial documents, and family papers from other family members as well. This collection also contains materials related to Wharton's military service.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["This collection is made up of the personal and family papers of the Wharton and Radford families of Southwestern Virginia. While the bulk of the collection relates to Confederate General Gabriel C. Wharton and Anne (Nannie) Radford Wharton, it contains personal materials such as correspondence, financial documents, and family papers from other family members as well. This collection also contains materials related to Wharton's military service."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Wharton, Gabriel C. (Gabriel Colvin), 1824-1906","Radford, John Taylor, 1838-1864"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech"],"persname_ssim":["Wharton, Gabriel C. (Gabriel Colvin), 1824-1906","Radford, John Taylor, 1838-1864"],"language_ssim":["Materials in this collection are in English."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1313,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-29T07:05:00.759Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_4540","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_4540","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_4540","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_4540","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_4540.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Wharton and Radford Families Papers","title_ssm":["Wharton and Radford Families Papers"],"title_tesim":["Wharton and Radford Families Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1783-1906"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1783-1906"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Ms.2025.074","/repositories/2/resources/4540"],"text":["Ms.2025.074","/repositories/2/resources/4540","Wharton and Radford Families Papers","Montgomery County (Va.)","Radford (Va.)","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Confederate States of America","Confederate States of America -- Army -- Recruiting, enlistment, etc.","Slavery -- United States","Reconstruction (U.S. history, 1865-1877)","The collection is open for research.","Subseries A: Gabriel C. and Nannie (Radford) Wharton, 1863-1865. Arranged chronologically, this subseries includes correspondence between Gabriel C. and Nannie (Radford) Wharton, both during their engagement and after their marriage.  Subseries B: Gabriel C. Wharton Incoming Correspondence, 1842-1905. Subseries C: Gabriel C. Wharton Outgoing Correspondence, 1842-1874. Subseries D: Nannie (Radford) Wharton Incoming Correspondence, 1861-1865. Subseries E: Nannie (Radford) Wharton Outgoing Correspondence, 1861-1863. Subseries F: Radford Family, 1826-1900. Subseries G: Wharton Family, 1846-1864. Subseries H: External Correspondence, 1797-1887. Materials in this subseries are arranged alphabetically by author with the exception of materials relating to the Taylor family, which are grouped together for easier access.","Subseries A: Receipts, Invoices, and Promissory Notes, 1813-1865. Subseries B: Land Grants and Deeds, 1783-1859. Subseries C: Enslaved Persons Documents, 1855-1857. Subseries D: Legal Documents, 1845-1865.","Subseries A: Orders, 1861-1864. Subseries B: Roll Calls and Reports, 1861-1864, 1902. Subseries C: Commission, Enlistment, and Transfer Requests, 1848-1864. Subseries D: Passes, 1863-1865.","Subseries A: Education, 1822-1862. Subseries B: Newspaper Clippings, 1842, 1904, 1906. Subseries C: Ephemera, 1851-1902.","The Wharton and Radford families were prominent figures in Southwest Virginia, especially during the 19th century. Dr. John B. Radford is the namesake of Radford, Virginia. Both families had a hand in shaping Southwestern Virginia and leave a lasting legacy.","Gabriel Colvin Wharton (GCW) was born on July 23, 1824 in Culpepper, Virginia, to parents John Redd and Eliza Colvin Wharton. Gabriel (or, often, Gabe) attended private school and multiple academies before enrolling in the Virginia Military Institute in 1845. He graduated with distinction only two years later in 1847. Immediately after graduating, Gabriel held a number of teaching positions, tutoring children in Latin, French, math, and English. A year later, he took a job with the Orange and Alexandria Railroad, getting promoted soon after. By late 1856, Gabriel was chief engineer of the Washington and Alexandria Railroad. He worked in the southwestern United States as a civil engineer from 1857 to 1859 surveying possible road routes. Gabriel continued to work as a civil engineer, often surveying possible road routes until the beginning of the American Civil War. While he was not a staunch secessionist, he did support the economic and social institution of slavery.  A Virginia loyalist and slaveholder, Gabriel held the idea that secession was necessary if state rights were oppressed. In April of 1861, he travelled to Richmond and began working as a lieutenant of engineers, making topographical surveys to assist in siting and erecting fortifications. Gabriel soon became Major Wharton, then Colonel, organizing regiments and marching into battle with General Floyd. ","Anne Rebecca \"Nannie\" Radford was born on August 15, 1843 in the New River Valley of southwestern Virginia to parents Dr. John Blair Radford and Elizabeth Campbell Taylor Radford. Nannie enjoyed a privileged upbringing, attending school in Salem, Virginia, and later at Cedar Hill Academy in Montgomery County. The Radford family was well-off; Dr. Radford owned 68 enslaved people and had a net worth of almost $65,000 by 1863. Once the war began, Nannie herself was a staunch supporter of the Confederate cause. ","In early 1863, a friend introduced Nannie to Gabriel. By May 14, 1863, they were married. Soon after, he was promoted to brigadier general, effective July 8, 1863. Nannie and Gabriel had one child together, a son named William (Willie). Gabriel continued to serve in the Confederate forces, participating in operations in both the Western and Eastern Theaters, commanding divisions and brigades, and fighting in battles such as Cold Harbor, Monocacy, Cedar Creek, and Waynesboro. On June 4, 1865, Gabriel was paroled from Lynchburg, Virginia.","After the war, Gabriel went back to work at the railroad, overseeing the rebuilding of bridges damaged during the war. After a string of financial troubles, Gabriel ran for a seat in the House of Delegates, becoming a legislator in the Virginia General Assembly in 1871. During his time as state legislator, he helped establish the Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College, serving as a member of the Board of Visitors. Gabriel continued to run into business and financial trouble, borrowing money to start businesses like mills, hotels, and newspapers that failed, requiring the Whartons to sell or rent out much of their land to repay their debts. Nannie, frequently depressed and anxious about the state of their finances, managed their affairs when Gabriel went out West again in 1885 to work as an inspector of surveyors general and district land offices for the General Land Office in Washington. He continued to work away from home for the next few years, only returning to southwestern Virginia in 1889. On April 15th of the following year, Nannie died at the age of 46 after a long period of illness and emotional turmoil, most likely connected to earlier liver and bladder problems. After another failed business attempt, Gabriel ran for (and won) a seat in the Virginia House of Delegates in 1897, supporting coining gold and silver, education, and state pensions for Confederate veterans. After dropping from the race the following term, Gabriel began to be more active in Confederate veterans' affairs, still struggling with his own debts. Gabriel seemed to care more about preserving the history of the war than continuing it. On May 11, 1906, he passed away at the age of 80.","The Wharton and Radford families held many enslaved people over the years, including Emeline Pate and Tim Lewis. Emeline and Tim entered a slave marriage in 1858. Purchased by Nannie's uncle James L. Taylor in 1856, Emeline acted as Nannie's personal servant when Taylor died. Also after Taylor died, Tim went with John Radford in 1861 when he went to war. When Nannie and Gabriel were married, Tim and Emeline were given to them as a wedding present. Like Tim did with John Radford, he waited on Gabriel while he was away in the army. Little is known about how Tim and Emeline felt or what they thought about events in their lives, as we only have Nannie and Gabriel's interpretation. Tim and Emeline remained closely involved with the Whartons through the end of the war and after. Sometime in 1864, Tim began to go by William. When Nannie and Gabriel had their son, Emeline took over much of his care. Towards the end of the war, Gabriel told William that if he ever wanted to leave, that he would provide a horse, money, and a pass for William to go north \"as a man\" rather than sneaking away. After the war, like many freed people, William and Emeline stayed on with the Whartons working for wages. They legally reaffirmed their marriage in 1866, living next door to the Whartons while William worked on the Radford farm and Emeline worked as Nannie's housemaid. By 1875, the Lewises were no longer working for the Whartons, but still lived close by. In 1882, they moved to a house and lot in Christiansburg, severing any remaining ties or communication with the Whartons.","The guide to the Wharton and Radford Families Papers by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ ).","The processing, arrangement, and description of the Wharton and Radford Families Papers was completed in December 2025."," Content Warning: This series does contain references to enslavement, which may be upsetting.","Subseries A: Gabriel C. and Nannie (Radford) Wharton, 1863-1865. This subseries includes correspondence between Gabriel C. and Anne (Nannie) Radford Wharton, both during their engagement and after their marriage. The bulk of their correspondence takes place during the American Civil War while Gabriel C. Wharton (GCW) served in the Confederate Army. Their letters include discussions on the war and troop movements, news of home and family, references to enslaved and formerly enslaved people, and expressions of love.  Subseries B: Gabriel C. Wharton Incoming Correspondence, 1842-1905, contains correspondence addressed to GCW. Topics include the railroad, the war, news of family and friends, the Reconstruction era, politics and pardons, provisions, grievances, enslaved and formerly enslaved people, and invitations. Subseries C: Gabriel C. Wharton Outgoing Correspondence, 1842-1874, is made up of correspondence authored by GCW. Conversation topics include the war, news of friends and family, provisions, a request for a leave of absence, and a letter of reference. This subseries also includes unsent drafts. Subseries D: Nannie Radford Wharton Incoming Correspondence, 1861-1865, includes correspondence addressed to Nannie Radford Wharton, discussing news of the war, the death of Col. John Taylor Radford, news of friends and family, enslaved and formerly enslaved people, and provisions.  Subseries E: Nannie Radford Wharton Outgoing Correspondence, 1861-1863. This subseries consists of letters authored by Nannie Radford Wharton, including an unfinished draft of an obituary. Conversation topics include politics and education. Subseries F: Radford Family, 1826-1900. This subseries includes correspondence both written by and written to members of the Radford family (with the exception of Nannie Radford Wharton). Topics discussed include politics and the war, provisions, news of family and friends, medicine, enslaved and formerly enslaved people, and expressions of sympathy.   Subseries G: Wharton Family, 1846-1864, contains correspondence written by and to members of the Wharton family (with the exception of Gabriel C. Wharton). Topics include politics, enslaved and formerly enslaved people, provisions, sickness, and news of family and friends. Subseries H: External Correspondence, 1797-1887. This subseries contains correspondence between individuals not closely related to either the Radford or Wharton families. It may include correspondence from cousins or more distant relations. This subseries contains references to enslaved people.","Content Warning: This series contains materials related to the sale of enslaved persons, which may be upsetting.","Subseries A: Receipts, Invoices, and Promissory Notes, 1813-1865, consists of transaction records for goods and services such as lodging, school supplies, seed, cloth, and food, as well as tax records. Subseries B: Land Grants and Deeds, 1783-1859. This subseries contains records of land transfers, including deeds, indentures, articles of agreements, and land grants. Subseries C: Enslaved Persons Documents, 1855-1857. This subseries contains records relating to the sale of enslaved persons. Subseries D: Legal Documents, 1845-1865, includes various documents such as an arrest warrant, record of a suit, and Dr. John Blair Radford's request for a special pardon from President Johnson.","Subseries A: Orders, 1861-1864, consists of orders and special orders, many addressed to GCW, from higher-ranking officers. These include requests for reports, rules and regulations for soldiers, instructions for troop movements, appointments, and authorizations for recruitment. Subseries B: Roll Calls and Reports, 1861-1864, 1902, contains roll calls, lists of wounded or killed, documents confirming the reporting of soldiers to their commands, and reports. Subseries C: Commission, Enlistment, and Transfer Requests, 1848-1864, includes documents such as lists of enlisted or reenlisted soldiers, commission certificates and appointments, and transfer requests. Subseries D: Passes, 1863-1865, contains documents used to allow passage through certain areas during the war.","Subseries A: Education, 1822-1862, includes materials such as report cards and a letter of acceptance to the Virginia Military Institute. Subseries B: Newspaper Clippings, 1842, 1904, 1906. This subseries consists of newspaper articles collected by the family that relate to family members or personal events, such as GCW's obituary. Subseries C: Ephemera, 1851-1902. This subseries contains Confederate States of America currency, stamps, a brochure, a railroad time table, and ephemera such as Confederate Reunion ribbons.","The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction .","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . ","Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.","This collection is made up of the personal and family papers of the Wharton and Radford families of Southwestern Virginia. While the bulk of the collection relates to Confederate General Gabriel C. Wharton and Anne (Nannie) Radford Wharton, it contains personal materials such as correspondence, financial documents, and family papers from other family members as well. This collection also contains materials related to Wharton's military service.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Wharton, Gabriel C. (Gabriel Colvin), 1824-1906","Radford, John Taylor, 1838-1864","Materials in this collection are in English."],"unitid_tesim":["Ms.2025.074","/repositories/2/resources/4540"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Wharton and Radford Families Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Wharton and Radford Families Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Wharton and Radford Families Papers"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"geogname_ssm":["Montgomery County (Va.)","Radford (Va.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Montgomery County (Va.)","Radford (Va.)"],"creator_ssm":["Wharton, Gabriel C. (Gabriel Colvin), 1824-1906","Radford, John Taylor, 1838-1864"],"creator_ssim":["Wharton, Gabriel C. (Gabriel Colvin), 1824-1906","Radford, John Taylor, 1838-1864"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Wharton, Gabriel C. (Gabriel Colvin), 1824-1906","Radford, John Taylor, 1838-1864"],"creators_ssim":["Wharton, Gabriel C. (Gabriel Colvin), 1824-1906","Radford, John Taylor, 1838-1864"],"places_ssim":["Montgomery County (Va.)","Radford (Va.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction .","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . ","Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was donated in April 2025."],"access_subjects_ssim":["United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Confederate States of America","Confederate States of America -- Army -- Recruiting, enlistment, etc.","Slavery -- United States","Reconstruction (U.S. history, 1865-1877)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Confederate States of America","Confederate States of America -- Army -- Recruiting, enlistment, etc.","Slavery -- United States","Reconstruction (U.S. history, 1865-1877)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["7 Cubic Feet 3 boxes; 1 oversize folder"],"extent_tesim":["7 Cubic Feet 3 boxes; 1 oversize folder"],"date_range_isim":[1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cul\u003e\n    \u003cli\u003eSubseries A: Gabriel C. and Nannie (Radford) Wharton, 1863-1865. Arranged chronologically, this subseries includes correspondence between Gabriel C. and Nannie (Radford) Wharton, both during their engagement and after their marriage. \u003c/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries B: Gabriel C. Wharton Incoming Correspondence, 1842-1905.\u003c/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries C: Gabriel C. Wharton Outgoing Correspondence, 1842-1874.\u003c/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries D: Nannie (Radford) Wharton Incoming Correspondence, 1861-1865.\u003c/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries E: Nannie (Radford) Wharton Outgoing Correspondence, 1861-1863.\u003c/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries F: Radford Family, 1826-1900.\u003c/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries G: Wharton Family, 1846-1864.\u003c/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries H: External Correspondence, 1797-1887. Materials in this subseries are arranged alphabetically by author with the exception of materials relating to the Taylor family, which are grouped together for easier access.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e","\u003cul\u003e\n    \u003cli\u003eSubseries A: Receipts, Invoices, and Promissory Notes, 1813-1865.\u003c/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries B: Land Grants and Deeds, 1783-1859.\u003c/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries C: Enslaved Persons Documents, 1855-1857.\u003c/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries D: Legal Documents, 1845-1865.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e","\u003cul\u003e\n    \u003cli\u003eSubseries A: Orders, 1861-1864.\u003c/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries B: Roll Calls and Reports, 1861-1864, 1902.\u003c/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries C: Commission, Enlistment, and Transfer Requests, 1848-1864.\u003c/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries D: Passes, 1863-1865.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e","\u003cul\u003e\n    \u003cli\u003eSubseries A: Education, 1822-1862.\u003c/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries B: Newspaper Clippings, 1842, 1904, 1906.\u003c/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries C: Ephemera, 1851-1902.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Subseries A: Gabriel C. and Nannie (Radford) Wharton, 1863-1865. Arranged chronologically, this subseries includes correspondence between Gabriel C. and Nannie (Radford) Wharton, both during their engagement and after their marriage.  Subseries B: Gabriel C. Wharton Incoming Correspondence, 1842-1905. Subseries C: Gabriel C. Wharton Outgoing Correspondence, 1842-1874. Subseries D: Nannie (Radford) Wharton Incoming Correspondence, 1861-1865. Subseries E: Nannie (Radford) Wharton Outgoing Correspondence, 1861-1863. Subseries F: Radford Family, 1826-1900. Subseries G: Wharton Family, 1846-1864. Subseries H: External Correspondence, 1797-1887. Materials in this subseries are arranged alphabetically by author with the exception of materials relating to the Taylor family, which are grouped together for easier access.","Subseries A: Receipts, Invoices, and Promissory Notes, 1813-1865. Subseries B: Land Grants and Deeds, 1783-1859. Subseries C: Enslaved Persons Documents, 1855-1857. Subseries D: Legal Documents, 1845-1865.","Subseries A: Orders, 1861-1864. Subseries B: Roll Calls and Reports, 1861-1864, 1902. Subseries C: Commission, Enlistment, and Transfer Requests, 1848-1864. Subseries D: Passes, 1863-1865.","Subseries A: Education, 1822-1862. Subseries B: Newspaper Clippings, 1842, 1904, 1906. Subseries C: Ephemera, 1851-1902."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Wharton and Radford families were prominent figures in Southwest Virginia, especially during the 19th century. Dr. John B. Radford is the namesake of Radford, Virginia. Both families had a hand in shaping Southwestern Virginia and leave a lasting legacy.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eGabriel Colvin Wharton (GCW) was born on July 23, 1824 in Culpepper, Virginia, to parents John Redd and Eliza Colvin Wharton. Gabriel (or, often, Gabe) attended private school and multiple academies before enrolling in the Virginia Military Institute in 1845. He graduated with distinction only two years later in 1847. Immediately after graduating, Gabriel held a number of teaching positions, tutoring children in Latin, French, math, and English. A year later, he took a job with the Orange and Alexandria Railroad, getting promoted soon after. By late 1856, Gabriel was chief engineer of the Washington and Alexandria Railroad. He worked in the southwestern United States as a civil engineer from 1857 to 1859 surveying possible road routes. Gabriel continued to work as a civil engineer, often surveying possible road routes until the beginning of the American Civil War. While he was not a staunch secessionist, he did support the economic and social institution of slavery.  A Virginia loyalist and slaveholder, Gabriel held the idea that secession was necessary if state rights were oppressed. In April of 1861, he travelled to Richmond and began working as a lieutenant of engineers, making topographical surveys to assist in siting and erecting fortifications. Gabriel soon became Major Wharton, then Colonel, organizing regiments and marching into battle with General Floyd. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAnne Rebecca \"Nannie\" Radford was born on August 15, 1843 in the New River Valley of southwestern Virginia to parents Dr. John Blair Radford and Elizabeth Campbell Taylor Radford. Nannie enjoyed a privileged upbringing, attending school in Salem, Virginia, and later at Cedar Hill Academy in Montgomery County. The Radford family was well-off; Dr. Radford owned 68 enslaved people and had a net worth of almost $65,000 by 1863. Once the war began, Nannie herself was a staunch supporter of the Confederate cause. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn early 1863, a friend introduced Nannie to Gabriel. By May 14, 1863, they were married. Soon after, he was promoted to brigadier general, effective July 8, 1863. Nannie and Gabriel had one child together, a son named William (Willie). Gabriel continued to serve in the Confederate forces, participating in operations in both the Western and Eastern Theaters, commanding divisions and brigades, and fighting in battles such as Cold Harbor, Monocacy, Cedar Creek, and Waynesboro. On June 4, 1865, Gabriel was paroled from Lynchburg, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAfter the war, Gabriel went back to work at the railroad, overseeing the rebuilding of bridges damaged during the war. After a string of financial troubles, Gabriel ran for a seat in the House of Delegates, becoming a legislator in the Virginia General Assembly in 1871. During his time as state legislator, he helped establish the Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College, serving as a member of the Board of Visitors. Gabriel continued to run into business and financial trouble, borrowing money to start businesses like mills, hotels, and newspapers that failed, requiring the Whartons to sell or rent out much of their land to repay their debts. Nannie, frequently depressed and anxious about the state of their finances, managed their affairs when Gabriel went out West again in 1885 to work as an inspector of surveyors general and district land offices for the General Land Office in Washington. He continued to work away from home for the next few years, only returning to southwestern Virginia in 1889. On April 15th of the following year, Nannie died at the age of 46 after a long period of illness and emotional turmoil, most likely connected to earlier liver and bladder problems. After another failed business attempt, Gabriel ran for (and won) a seat in the Virginia House of Delegates in 1897, supporting coining gold and silver, education, and state pensions for Confederate veterans. After dropping from the race the following term, Gabriel began to be more active in Confederate veterans' affairs, still struggling with his own debts. Gabriel seemed to care more about preserving the history of the war than continuing it. On May 11, 1906, he passed away at the age of 80.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Wharton and Radford families held many enslaved people over the years, including Emeline Pate and Tim Lewis. Emeline and Tim entered a slave marriage in 1858. Purchased by Nannie's uncle James L. Taylor in 1856, Emeline acted as Nannie's personal servant when Taylor died. Also after Taylor died, Tim went with John Radford in 1861 when he went to war. When Nannie and Gabriel were married, Tim and Emeline were given to them as a wedding present. Like Tim did with John Radford, he waited on Gabriel while he was away in the army. Little is known about how Tim and Emeline felt or what they thought about events in their lives, as we only have Nannie and Gabriel's interpretation. Tim and Emeline remained closely involved with the Whartons through the end of the war and after. Sometime in 1864, Tim began to go by William. When Nannie and Gabriel had their son, Emeline took over much of his care. Towards the end of the war, Gabriel told William that if he ever wanted to leave, that he would provide a horse, money, and a pass for William to go north \"as a man\" rather than sneaking away. After the war, like many freed people, William and Emeline stayed on with the Whartons working for wages. They legally reaffirmed their marriage in 1866, living next door to the Whartons while William worked on the Radford farm and Emeline worked as Nannie's housemaid. By 1875, the Lewises were no longer working for the Whartons, but still lived close by. In 1882, they moved to a house and lot in Christiansburg, severing any remaining ties or communication with the Whartons.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Wharton and Radford families were prominent figures in Southwest Virginia, especially during the 19th century. Dr. John B. Radford is the namesake of Radford, Virginia. Both families had a hand in shaping Southwestern Virginia and leave a lasting legacy.","Gabriel Colvin Wharton (GCW) was born on July 23, 1824 in Culpepper, Virginia, to parents John Redd and Eliza Colvin Wharton. Gabriel (or, often, Gabe) attended private school and multiple academies before enrolling in the Virginia Military Institute in 1845. He graduated with distinction only two years later in 1847. Immediately after graduating, Gabriel held a number of teaching positions, tutoring children in Latin, French, math, and English. A year later, he took a job with the Orange and Alexandria Railroad, getting promoted soon after. By late 1856, Gabriel was chief engineer of the Washington and Alexandria Railroad. He worked in the southwestern United States as a civil engineer from 1857 to 1859 surveying possible road routes. Gabriel continued to work as a civil engineer, often surveying possible road routes until the beginning of the American Civil War. While he was not a staunch secessionist, he did support the economic and social institution of slavery.  A Virginia loyalist and slaveholder, Gabriel held the idea that secession was necessary if state rights were oppressed. In April of 1861, he travelled to Richmond and began working as a lieutenant of engineers, making topographical surveys to assist in siting and erecting fortifications. Gabriel soon became Major Wharton, then Colonel, organizing regiments and marching into battle with General Floyd. ","Anne Rebecca \"Nannie\" Radford was born on August 15, 1843 in the New River Valley of southwestern Virginia to parents Dr. John Blair Radford and Elizabeth Campbell Taylor Radford. Nannie enjoyed a privileged upbringing, attending school in Salem, Virginia, and later at Cedar Hill Academy in Montgomery County. The Radford family was well-off; Dr. Radford owned 68 enslaved people and had a net worth of almost $65,000 by 1863. Once the war began, Nannie herself was a staunch supporter of the Confederate cause. ","In early 1863, a friend introduced Nannie to Gabriel. By May 14, 1863, they were married. Soon after, he was promoted to brigadier general, effective July 8, 1863. Nannie and Gabriel had one child together, a son named William (Willie). Gabriel continued to serve in the Confederate forces, participating in operations in both the Western and Eastern Theaters, commanding divisions and brigades, and fighting in battles such as Cold Harbor, Monocacy, Cedar Creek, and Waynesboro. On June 4, 1865, Gabriel was paroled from Lynchburg, Virginia.","After the war, Gabriel went back to work at the railroad, overseeing the rebuilding of bridges damaged during the war. After a string of financial troubles, Gabriel ran for a seat in the House of Delegates, becoming a legislator in the Virginia General Assembly in 1871. During his time as state legislator, he helped establish the Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College, serving as a member of the Board of Visitors. Gabriel continued to run into business and financial trouble, borrowing money to start businesses like mills, hotels, and newspapers that failed, requiring the Whartons to sell or rent out much of their land to repay their debts. Nannie, frequently depressed and anxious about the state of their finances, managed their affairs when Gabriel went out West again in 1885 to work as an inspector of surveyors general and district land offices for the General Land Office in Washington. He continued to work away from home for the next few years, only returning to southwestern Virginia in 1889. On April 15th of the following year, Nannie died at the age of 46 after a long period of illness and emotional turmoil, most likely connected to earlier liver and bladder problems. After another failed business attempt, Gabriel ran for (and won) a seat in the Virginia House of Delegates in 1897, supporting coining gold and silver, education, and state pensions for Confederate veterans. After dropping from the race the following term, Gabriel began to be more active in Confederate veterans' affairs, still struggling with his own debts. Gabriel seemed to care more about preserving the history of the war than continuing it. On May 11, 1906, he passed away at the age of 80.","The Wharton and Radford families held many enslaved people over the years, including Emeline Pate and Tim Lewis. Emeline and Tim entered a slave marriage in 1858. Purchased by Nannie's uncle James L. Taylor in 1856, Emeline acted as Nannie's personal servant when Taylor died. Also after Taylor died, Tim went with John Radford in 1861 when he went to war. When Nannie and Gabriel were married, Tim and Emeline were given to them as a wedding present. Like Tim did with John Radford, he waited on Gabriel while he was away in the army. Little is known about how Tim and Emeline felt or what they thought about events in their lives, as we only have Nannie and Gabriel's interpretation. Tim and Emeline remained closely involved with the Whartons through the end of the war and after. Sometime in 1864, Tim began to go by William. When Nannie and Gabriel had their son, Emeline took over much of his care. Towards the end of the war, Gabriel told William that if he ever wanted to leave, that he would provide a horse, money, and a pass for William to go north \"as a man\" rather than sneaking away. After the war, like many freed people, William and Emeline stayed on with the Whartons working for wages. They legally reaffirmed their marriage in 1866, living next door to the Whartons while William worked on the Radford farm and Emeline worked as Nannie's housemaid. By 1875, the Lewises were no longer working for the Whartons, but still lived close by. In 1882, they moved to a house and lot in Christiansburg, severing any remaining ties or communication with the Whartons."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe guide to the Wharton and Radford Families Papers by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (\u003cextref href=\"https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\"\u003ehttps://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\u003c/extref\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Rights Statement for Archival Description"],"odd_tesim":["The guide to the Wharton and Radford Families Papers by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ )."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Wharton and Radford Families Papers, 1783-1906, Ms2025-074, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Wharton and Radford Families Papers, 1783-1906, Ms2025-074, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe processing, arrangement, and description of the Wharton and Radford Families Papers was completed in December 2025.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The processing, arrangement, and description of the Wharton and Radford Families Papers was completed in December 2025."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003e Content Warning: This series does contain references to enslavement, which may be upsetting.\u003c/emph\u003e","\u003cul\u003e\n    \u003cli\u003eSubseries A: Gabriel C. and Nannie (Radford) Wharton, 1863-1865. This subseries includes correspondence between Gabriel C. and Anne (Nannie) Radford Wharton, both during their engagement and after their marriage. The bulk of their correspondence takes place during the American Civil War while Gabriel C. Wharton (GCW) served in the Confederate Army. Their letters include discussions on the war and troop movements, news of home and family, references to enslaved and formerly enslaved people, and expressions of love. \u003c/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries B: Gabriel C. Wharton Incoming Correspondence, 1842-1905, contains correspondence addressed to GCW. Topics include the railroad, the war, news of family and friends, the Reconstruction era, politics and pardons, provisions, grievances, enslaved and formerly enslaved people, and invitations.\u003c/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries C: Gabriel C. Wharton Outgoing Correspondence, 1842-1874, is made up of correspondence authored by GCW. Conversation topics include the war, news of friends and family, provisions, a request for a leave of absence, and a letter of reference. This subseries also includes unsent drafts.\u003c/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries D: Nannie Radford Wharton Incoming Correspondence, 1861-1865, includes correspondence addressed to Nannie Radford Wharton, discussing news of the war, the death of Col. John Taylor Radford, news of friends and family, enslaved and formerly enslaved people, and provisions. \u003c/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries E: Nannie Radford Wharton Outgoing Correspondence, 1861-1863. This subseries consists of letters authored by Nannie Radford Wharton, including an unfinished draft of an obituary. Conversation topics include politics and education.\u003c/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries F: Radford Family, 1826-1900. This subseries includes correspondence both written by and written to members of the Radford family (with the exception of Nannie Radford Wharton). Topics discussed include politics and the war, provisions, news of family and friends, medicine, enslaved and formerly enslaved people, and expressions of sympathy.  \u003c/li\u003e \n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries G: Wharton Family, 1846-1864, contains correspondence written by and to members of the Wharton family (with the exception of Gabriel C. Wharton). Topics include politics, enslaved and formerly enslaved people, provisions, sickness, and news of family and friends.\u003c/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries H: External Correspondence, 1797-1887. This subseries contains correspondence between individuals not closely related to either the Radford or Wharton families. It may include correspondence from cousins or more distant relations. This subseries contains references to enslaved people.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e","\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eContent Warning: This series contains materials related to the sale of enslaved persons, which may be upsetting.\u003c/emph\u003e","\u003cul\u003e\n    \u003cli\u003eSubseries A: Receipts, Invoices, and Promissory Notes, 1813-1865, consists of transaction records for goods and services such as lodging, school supplies, seed, cloth, and food, as well as tax records.\u003c/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries B: Land Grants and Deeds, 1783-1859. This subseries contains records of land transfers, including deeds, indentures, articles of agreements, and land grants.\u003c/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries C: Enslaved Persons Documents, 1855-1857. This subseries contains records relating to the sale of enslaved persons.\u003c/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries D: Legal Documents, 1845-1865, includes various documents such as an arrest warrant, record of a suit, and Dr. John Blair Radford's request for a special pardon from President Johnson.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e","\u003cul\u003e\n    \u003cli\u003eSubseries A: Orders, 1861-1864, consists of orders and special orders, many addressed to GCW, from higher-ranking officers. These include requests for reports, rules and regulations for soldiers, instructions for troop movements, appointments, and authorizations for recruitment.\u003c/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries B: Roll Calls and Reports, 1861-1864, 1902, contains roll calls, lists of wounded or killed, documents confirming the reporting of soldiers to their commands, and reports.\u003c/li\u003e \n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries C: Commission, Enlistment, and Transfer Requests, 1848-1864, includes documents such as lists of enlisted or reenlisted soldiers, commission certificates and appointments, and transfer requests.\u003c/li\u003e \n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries D: Passes, 1863-1865, contains documents used to allow passage through certain areas during the war.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e","\u003cul\u003e\n    \u003cli\u003eSubseries A: Education, 1822-1862, includes materials such as report cards and a letter of acceptance to the Virginia Military Institute.\u003c/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries B: Newspaper Clippings, 1842, 1904, 1906. This subseries consists of newspaper articles collected by the family that relate to family members or personal events, such as GCW's obituary.\u003c/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003eSubseries C: Ephemera, 1851-1902. This subseries contains Confederate States of America currency, stamps, a brochure, a railroad time table, and ephemera such as Confederate Reunion ribbons.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":[" Content Warning: This series does contain references to enslavement, which may be upsetting.","Subseries A: Gabriel C. and Nannie (Radford) Wharton, 1863-1865. This subseries includes correspondence between Gabriel C. and Anne (Nannie) Radford Wharton, both during their engagement and after their marriage. The bulk of their correspondence takes place during the American Civil War while Gabriel C. Wharton (GCW) served in the Confederate Army. Their letters include discussions on the war and troop movements, news of home and family, references to enslaved and formerly enslaved people, and expressions of love.  Subseries B: Gabriel C. Wharton Incoming Correspondence, 1842-1905, contains correspondence addressed to GCW. Topics include the railroad, the war, news of family and friends, the Reconstruction era, politics and pardons, provisions, grievances, enslaved and formerly enslaved people, and invitations. Subseries C: Gabriel C. Wharton Outgoing Correspondence, 1842-1874, is made up of correspondence authored by GCW. Conversation topics include the war, news of friends and family, provisions, a request for a leave of absence, and a letter of reference. This subseries also includes unsent drafts. Subseries D: Nannie Radford Wharton Incoming Correspondence, 1861-1865, includes correspondence addressed to Nannie Radford Wharton, discussing news of the war, the death of Col. John Taylor Radford, news of friends and family, enslaved and formerly enslaved people, and provisions.  Subseries E: Nannie Radford Wharton Outgoing Correspondence, 1861-1863. This subseries consists of letters authored by Nannie Radford Wharton, including an unfinished draft of an obituary. Conversation topics include politics and education. Subseries F: Radford Family, 1826-1900. This subseries includes correspondence both written by and written to members of the Radford family (with the exception of Nannie Radford Wharton). Topics discussed include politics and the war, provisions, news of family and friends, medicine, enslaved and formerly enslaved people, and expressions of sympathy.   Subseries G: Wharton Family, 1846-1864, contains correspondence written by and to members of the Wharton family (with the exception of Gabriel C. Wharton). Topics include politics, enslaved and formerly enslaved people, provisions, sickness, and news of family and friends. Subseries H: External Correspondence, 1797-1887. This subseries contains correspondence between individuals not closely related to either the Radford or Wharton families. It may include correspondence from cousins or more distant relations. This subseries contains references to enslaved people.","Content Warning: This series contains materials related to the sale of enslaved persons, which may be upsetting.","Subseries A: Receipts, Invoices, and Promissory Notes, 1813-1865, consists of transaction records for goods and services such as lodging, school supplies, seed, cloth, and food, as well as tax records. Subseries B: Land Grants and Deeds, 1783-1859. This subseries contains records of land transfers, including deeds, indentures, articles of agreements, and land grants. Subseries C: Enslaved Persons Documents, 1855-1857. This subseries contains records relating to the sale of enslaved persons. Subseries D: Legal Documents, 1845-1865, includes various documents such as an arrest warrant, record of a suit, and Dr. John Blair Radford's request for a special pardon from President Johnson.","Subseries A: Orders, 1861-1864, consists of orders and special orders, many addressed to GCW, from higher-ranking officers. These include requests for reports, rules and regulations for soldiers, instructions for troop movements, appointments, and authorizations for recruitment. Subseries B: Roll Calls and Reports, 1861-1864, 1902, contains roll calls, lists of wounded or killed, documents confirming the reporting of soldiers to their commands, and reports. Subseries C: Commission, Enlistment, and Transfer Requests, 1848-1864, includes documents such as lists of enlisted or reenlisted soldiers, commission certificates and appointments, and transfer requests. Subseries D: Passes, 1863-1865, contains documents used to allow passage through certain areas during the war.","Subseries A: Education, 1822-1862, includes materials such as report cards and a letter of acceptance to the Virginia Military Institute. Subseries B: Newspaper Clippings, 1842, 1904, 1906. This subseries consists of newspaper articles collected by the family that relate to family members or personal events, such as GCW's obituary. Subseries C: Ephemera, 1851-1902. This subseries contains Confederate States of America currency, stamps, a brochure, a railroad time table, and ephemera such as Confederate Reunion ribbons."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuareproduction\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuapublication\u003c/a\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePlease contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Reproduction and Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction .","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . ","Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_e618e9a9170b925d5ffa8d5c7635be0b\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThis collection is made up of the personal and family papers of the Wharton and Radford families of Southwestern Virginia. While the bulk of the collection relates to Confederate General Gabriel C. Wharton and Anne (Nannie) Radford Wharton, it contains personal materials such as correspondence, financial documents, and family papers from other family members as well. This collection also contains materials related to Wharton's military service.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["This collection is made up of the personal and family papers of the Wharton and Radford families of Southwestern Virginia. While the bulk of the collection relates to Confederate General Gabriel C. Wharton and Anne (Nannie) Radford Wharton, it contains personal materials such as correspondence, financial documents, and family papers from other family members as well. This collection also contains materials related to Wharton's military service."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Wharton, Gabriel C. (Gabriel Colvin), 1824-1906","Radford, John Taylor, 1838-1864"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech"],"persname_ssim":["Wharton, Gabriel C. (Gabriel Colvin), 1824-1906","Radford, John Taylor, 1838-1864"],"language_ssim":["Materials in this collection are in English."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1313,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-29T07:05:00.759Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_4540"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_294","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Wickham family papers","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_294#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Wickham family","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_294#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Wickham family papers (1704-1950; 9.5 cubic feet) consist of papers of Richmond, Virginia and \"Hickory Hill\" plantation in Hanover County, Virginia, including the families of John Wickham (1763-1839), his son, William Fanning Wickham (1793-1880), grandson, Williams Carter Wickham (1820-1888), and great-grandson, Henry Taylor Wickham (1849-1943). \u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_294#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_294","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_294","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_294","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_294","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_294.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/120871","title_filing_ssi":"Wickham family papers","title_ssm":["Wickham family papers"],"title_tesim":["Wickham family papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1704-circa 1950"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1704-circa 1950"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["File","Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 15753","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/294"],"text":["MSS 15753","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/294","Wickham family papers","Hickory Hill (Hanover County, Virginia)","Virginia -- History -- 19th Century","Plantation life -- Virginia","Slavery--United States -- Virginia","Slaves -- Virginia -- Hanover County","The collection is arranged in four series, Series 1: Business correspondence arranged chronologically (Boxes 1-5). Several business correspondents warranted individual folders based on either the amount of material or the importance of the correspondent. Series 2: Correspondence of John Wickham, arranged alphabetically by the last name of the chief correspondent (Box 5); Series 3: Correspondence of the Wickham and related families, arranged by the last name of the main correspondent (Boxes 6-15); Series 4: Financial and Legal Papers and Miscellany (Boxes 16-19), all arranged in chronological order.","This collection chiefly concerns the Wickham family of Richmond, Virginia and \"Hickory Hill\" plantation in Hanover County, Virginia, including the families of John Wickham (1763-1839), his son, William Fanning Wickham (1793-1880), grandson, Williams Carter Wickham (1820-1888), and great-grandson, Henry Taylor Wickham (1849-1943). When other relatives and friends appear in the folder listing, their birth and death dates and relationships are noted if known. The family owned enslaved persons and lists them by age. ","Attorney John Wickham married twice and had two lines of descent. His first wife was Mary Smith Fanning (1775-1799) by whom he had two sons, William Fanning Wickham of \"Hickory Hills,\" married to Anne Butler Carter (1797-1868), and Edmund Fanning Wickham of \"Rocky Mount\" (1796-1843), married to Anne's sister, Lucy Carter (1799-1835). ","After the death of his first wife, John Wickham married Elizabeth Seldon McClurg and had several more children. Some of these children are also represented in these papers.","Anne Carter Wickham (1851-1939), the daughter of Williams Carter Wickham and Lucy Penn Taylor Wickham, married Robert H. Renshaw (1833-1910) in 1881 and they had four children. In 1920, Anne Renshaw married Dr. W.E. Byerly and lived in Massachusetts.","Lucy Carter Wickham Byrd was the daughter of Edmund Fanning Wickham (1796-1834) and Lucy Carter (1799-1835) and the wife of George Harrison Byrd (1827-1910).","Apparently the spelling of his name varies slightly from his mother's family name, Maclurg versus McClurg, but the use here reflects the spelling on his grave stone.","The Howard School opened in 1831 and continued until 1834 with two teachers, the Reverend Jonathan Loring Woart (1807-1838) and his brother, the Reverend John Woart. The Episcopal High School opened in 1839 on the former Howard School location. There are also letters from the Reverend Jonathan Loring Woart (1807-1838) to William F. Wickham, including progress reports on the two boys, among this correspondence.","Added fa to VH 7 Dec. 2017.","The original letter has been transferred to the Henry Clay Papers.","Originals of these letters transferred to the John Randolph of Roanoke papers.","The originals of all three Wirt letters have been transferred to the Autographs collection.","The original of the Robert E. Lee letter has been transferred to the Robert E. Lee papers.","The  original of the Lee letter  has been transferred to the Robert E. Lee papers.","The original of letters to Robert E. Lee have been transferred to the Robert E. Lee papers, the originals of the letters from Henry Clay transferred to the Henry Clay papers and those from John Singleton Mosby were transferred to the John Singleton Mosby papers.","The originals of Lee letters were transferred to Robert E. Lee papers.","The Wickham family papers (1704-1950; 9.5 cubic feet) consist of papers of Richmond, Virginia and \"Hickory Hill\" plantation in Hanover County, Virginia, including the families of John Wickham (1763-1839), his son, William Fanning Wickham (1793-1880), grandson, Williams Carter Wickham (1820-1888), and great-grandson, Henry Taylor Wickham (1849-1943). ","The collection contains business correspondence, chiefly concerning legal and agricultural pursuits; family correspondence with immediate and extended relatives; personal correspondence from friends and political associates; two brief diaries discussing the secession and the beginning of the Civil War; financial and legal papers, including lists of books purchased, hires of enslaved laborers, the purchase of enslaved laborers, medical care for enslaved laborers, losses from invading soldiers during the Civil War, estate values, including those of enslaved laborers, indentures, deeds, receipts, plats and surveys, and lists of enslaved laborers by name and age; genealogies and genealogical charts; invitations and calling cards; military papers of General Williams Carter Wickham in the Civil War and Captain Williams Carter Wickham, U.S. Navy; news clippings; some notes and manuscripts of William F. Wickham; a few photographs and snapshots; poetry; hand-written recipes; school papers; and sympathy and greeting cards. ","There is also a hand drawn map of Hickory Hill plantation, the Wickham family estate which may have been drawn by a descendant of an enslaved laborer. It shows a diagram of \"Mammy's House\" and surrounding buildings that were revisited in the 1980's. The pages following the illustration name African Americans who were still living and working at Hickory Hill estate in the early 1900's. Mentioned are the families of John Robinson, Albert Cash,  Henry Toliver, Edith Jackson, Matt Foley, Maria Tucker, Ruben Lewis,Landonia Lewis, ALec Hewlett, Louisa and Albert Jackson, Henry Abrams, Betty Jackson, John Abram and Roselyn, Milton Hewlett, and Virginia Shelton.","Topics include the Civil War, the relationships between family members in both the North and the South, and attitudes toward secession; many aspects of enslavement, often naming the enslaved laborers involved; Virginia and national politics; the practice of agriculture in Virginia; the education of the children of Virginia planters, including attendance at the Howard School, Episcopal High School, Washington College and the University of Virginia; military service of General Williams Carter Wickham (1820-1888), Captain William Carter Wickham (1887-1985), and other Wickham relatives.  ","Correspondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include:, John Slidell and Co., Thomas C. Keaton, William Lyne, W.P. Mason, W.T. Nivison, William B. Page, Philip Rogers, Thomas Rotch, Penn T. Sale, John M. Shepherd, Peter F. Smith, Thomas Strode, William Sullivan, Thomas Swann, Richard Wallack, Ralph Wingfield, Alice B. Winston, and Zach Vowels","Correspondents, chiefly with Edmund F. Wickham, include: Williams Carter (1819), Archibald Gracie and Robert Gracie (1821), and multiple correspondents in 1822: Curwen and Hagarty, Samuel John Dunlop, King and Gracie, Samuel Lambert, and Robert Hughes and Co.","Correspondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include: James Dunlop, Ninian Edwards, John Ferguson, C.B. Fleet, William Fleet, Robert Gracie, Francis Gregg, James Hagarty, George E. Harrison, James Henderson, L. Jones, T. Jones, and Robert King.","Letters involving enslavement or enslaved laborers include one from L. Jones, asking for protection for \"old Billy\" and mentioning other issues concerning the welfare of enslaved laborers, January 2, 1823, and another letter from Ninian Edwards discussing the possible purchase of a female enslaved laborer for the wife of Dr. Harvey Lane, January 13, 1823.","Correspondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include: Henry Arnall, Curwen and Hagarty, [J.] Dunlop, Ninian Edwards, C.B. Fleet, John G. Gamble, Robert G. Harper, George E. Harrison, Jones and Rodes, Hardage Lane, C.C. Lee, Lewis and Tomes, George Marx, John Morgan, and Charles Morris.","Letters involving enslavement include the inquiry by Robert G. Harper, May 5, 182[3], for information about the \"present condition, conduct, and prospects\" of some manumitted enslaved laborers formerly belonging to Samuel Gist who were freed in his will. He also asks for  the name and address of some respectable and intelligent person in the area where the freed formerly enslaved laborers now live who can send a report to Gist's relatives.","Correspondents, chiefly Edmund F. Wickham and William F. Wickham, include: Curwen and Hagarty, James Dunlop, John Dunlop, William Logan Fisher, William Fleet, George Greenhow, George E. Harrison, B.B. Keesee, Robert King, Thomas Kelly, Hardage Lane, Lewis and Tomes, Charles F. Logan, William Lyne, and  Robert and John Oliver. One letter mentions a runaway enslaved man, named Joe, December 18, 1823.","Correspondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include: David Barclay, John H. Blair, Carter Braxton, William Burns, William L. Dance, S.W. Dandridge, Aaron Denman, Robert Douthat, Ninian Edwards, William Fleet, Gillingham and Randolphs (G.F. and E. Randolph), James Hagerty, George E. Harrison, John Hopkins, and Thomas and John G. Riddle.","Correspondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include: Richard Anderson, John Balfour, Thomas and John S. Biddle, Carter Braxton, William Burns, Hugh Campbell, Robert Douthat, and Gillingham and Randolphs (G.F. and E. Randolph).","Correspondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include: Carter Berkeley, Carter Braxton, Roger Mallory, Thomas Nelson, and William F. Wickham to Thomas B. Coleman. Roger Mallory, the jailor in Petersburg, Virginia, writes concerning a runaway enslaved man named Jim who finally admitted he belonged to William F. Wickham. Jim had originally claimed to belong to Price Sharpe who was charged with permitting him to \"go at large contrary to law,\" and hire himself out, March 19, 1827.","Correspondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include: G.H. Bacchus, Thomas T. Bouldin, Thomas B. Coleman, M. Huelin,  Benjamin Whitehead Ladd, W.H. McFarland, William Nelson, John W. Payne, William G. Pendleton, M.E.M. Roane, and A.B. Spooner. Topics include the reception of freed former enslaved laborers in Ohio (Benjamin W. Ladd, March 4, 1830); and the [Samuel?] Gist estate (John M. Payne, April 22, 1830).","Correspondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include: Patrick Nesbett Edgar, John Exall, Chapman Johnson, Thomas N. Lee, John Ponsonby Martin, William Nelson, Severn E. Parker, A. Robinson, Jr., William Rowlett, J.S. Skinner, Benjamin Temple, Robert Temple, Thomas Biddle and Company, and John R. Triplett. Topics include: blue wheat (Benjamin and Robert Temple, July 4, 1830 and August 4, 1830); American turf and racing magazine (August 3, 1830; September 1, 1830; October 19, 1830); and a collection of pedigrees for an American Stud Book (October 13, 1830).","Correspondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include: J.D. Andrews, John Corbin, Alfred V. Crenshaw, Crouches and Snead, Gracie and Company, James Gray, Richard B. Haxall, William Hilberg, James Lyle, and Francis Page. Topics include problems with a horse purchased from Wickham (November 15, 1838), the safe arrival of the Andrews family in Houston, Texas (January 28, 1839), and the sending of an enslaved man named Jefferson to fetch two mules from Wickham (April 22, 1839).","Correspondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include: Beers and Poindexter, Robert M. Candlish, John S. Corbin, Robert Ellett, William Linton, A.T.B. Merritt, Nathaniel Nelson, J.W. Pegram, W. Richardson, Thomas Samson, John Shore, John N. Tazewell, James G. Watson, and William L. White. Topics include mention of the horse \"Priam\" at Merritt's Hicks Ford stud in Virginia and the failure of Wickham's Eclipse mare to foal last spring (May 11, 1842); the dire condition of the [enslaved man?] old Bob Clark and his family on the land of Nathanael Nelson and attempts to provide for their care (June 15 and July 11, 1842); and a discussion of improvements to Wickham's bevel wheel (July 11, 1842) by Thomas Samson of D.J. Burr and Company.","Correspondents include: John S. Corbin, Nathanael Cross, William Dorbaker, Thomas Ellis and Charles Ellis, Robert G. Gilman, J.H. Martin, [S.H.] Parker, James L. Pendleton, James A. Seddon, Jane J. Swann, George Taylor, John N. Tazewell, William L. White, and John Wight. Topics include lumber needed for a penitentiary and a possible list of enslaved laborers written in pencil on an address portion of the letter (October 10, 1842).","Correspondents include: Warwick Barksdale, John Barr, Samuel Cottrell, Richard Gwathmey, John Struthers and Son, Lucius Minor, William Nelson, Lucien B. Price, Richard Randolph, Edmund Ruffin, William D. Taylor, John N. Tazewell, Philip B. Winston, and Richard M. Young (General Land Office). Topics include the sale of two enslaved women (January 29, 1845).","Correspondents include: Warwick Barksdale, Wellington Goddin, Phineas Janney, C.C. Lee, Thomas Nelson, Bernard Peyton, [Lucien] B. Price, John T. Rogers, Edmund Ruffin, Robert Taylor, J.R. Underwood, William F. Watson, Joseph Wingfield, and Philip B. Winston. Topics include a description of damage to the property of Joseph Wingfield by the breakage of the mill dam of Wickham (March 12, 1848).","Correspondents include: John Gibson, G.W. Goode, Richard Gwathmey, Benjamin F. Larned (1794-1862), William Leigh, Thomas Nelson, John E. Page, James A. Seddon, Alexander H.H. Stuart, William F. Watson, Hugh A. Watt, W.C. Wickham (to James M. Ford), Edmund Winston, and William Overton Winston. Topics include the shipment of some prairie birds and directions for their care (December 23, 1849); lists of enslaved laborers for hire, including \"old Fanny,\" Nancy and her three children, and Betsy (January 1, 1850); request for information about the amount due on account of the division of the \"Negroes\" or enslaved laborers (March 5, 1850); William F. Wickham as the guardian of the minor heirs of Robert C. Wickham (April 20, 1850); the offer of the use of a Southdown buck for sheep breeding (July 12, 1850); the increase of visitors to the mountains of Virginia, especially at White Sulphur Springs, the Warm Springs, and the Hot Springs (August 5, 1850); the purchase of stained glass (November 19 and 23, 1850); the return of an enslaved woman who was a wet nurse, \"Mamma Betsy\" hired the year before for his little boy (July 28, 1849; November 5, 1850); and an opinion about Jenny Lind (December 20, 1850).","Correspondents include: Alexander Hew, John F. Lay, [Laudonier] J. Randolph; Robert L. Randolph, Allen P. Richardson, William Sayre, William F. Wickham, and Thomas Wight. \nTopics include the redemption of land in Saline County, Missouri (September 13, 1853) and the settlement with McClurg Wickham, Littleton Waller Tazewell Wickham, and John Wickham concerning a loan from John Henry Wickham to them on August 11, 1851 (May 28, 1858).","Correspondents include: J.A. Allen, David Anderson, Jr., A.W. Ball, Ann B. Berkeley, the Reverend P.F. Berkeley, George H. Byrd (Wyman, Byrd and Co. Commission Merchants), [Magrat] Davis, R.B. Davis, Robert Johnston, J.H. Montague, H.C. Parsons, James H. Storrs, John R. Taylor, James Usher, and William F. Wickham (drafts to Ann B. Berkeley, the Reverend P.F. Berkeley, and B.W. Green). \nTopics include: the question in the legislature concerning the payment of legacies given in Confederate money between 1862-1865 (March 10, 1866); difficulties in settling court cases in West Virginia following the Civil War (November 16, 1866); a request from a woman for legal help in keeping her inheritance in her name and under her control rather than her husband's as her current lawyer advised (April 25, 1867); and reports on the \"North Wales\" farm (May 20, 27, and 31, 1870).","Correspondents include: James L. Apperson, W.W. Baldwin, Lewis D. Crenshaw, Jr., Isaac Davis, L.R. Dickinson, Maynard Dyson,  James S. Earle and Sons, George William Gibson, Charles Herndon, J.M. Hill, I.M. Parr and Son (Commission Merchants), J. Sabin and Sons (Booksellers, Printsellers and Importers), Walter C. Jones, A.C. Loomis, J.H. Montague, Henry Parry, G. Peyton, Joseph T. Priddy, R.H. Maury and Co. (Stock and Exchange Brokers), J.W. Ratcliffe, C.T. Smith, E.D. Starke, A.T. Stewart, W.T. Tinsley, H. Wernich, William F. Wickham (draft to L. Upshur Evans), and Wright and Co., Rio de Janeiro. \nTopics include: the sale of property in Richmond, Virginia, of a former brewery belonging to the estate of David G. Yuengling, Jr. along the James River called the \"James River Steam Brewery\" (August 16, 1879).","Correspondents include: George B. Butler, Alexander Kaslovistsh, and John Watkins.","Alvis discusses the farm operations of the East Tuckahoe Plantation.","The company sends sketches and discusses the replacement of the mantle damaged in the house fire at Hickory Hill.","Discusses the oak tobacco boxes supplied by Edmund F. Wickham from \"Rocky Mills\" plantation.","Correspondence is chiefly with William F. Wickham and Williams Carter Wickham. Topics include concern about the \"military bill\" in the South as a way for Congress to get at the landed property there (March 4, 1867); Wickham's fondness for memoirs and other mentions of reading (December 17, 1868; May 30, 1873; June 15 and 20, 1875; February 11, 1876; May 4, 1877; July 2, 1880); and the offer of building supplies currently at \"Broad Neck\" in order to rebuild the house at \"Hickory Hill\" after a fire (February 16, 1875).","Correspondence is chiefly with William F. Wickham and Williams Carter Wickham. Topics include the financial affairs of their cousin Georgina L. Featherstonhaugh (September 24 and October 28, 1879).","Topics include Carter's impressions of Bristol College, Bucks County, Pennsylvania (October 18, 1834); complaints about the western states and their impact upon agricultural prices and politics, mentioning James Buchanan by name (July 17, 1846); suggestion that the enslaved laborers belonging to their nephews, Robert and John Wickham, be sold to pay the debt of their education (June 18, 1847); mention of a violent snowstorm that occurred just after he had returned home on a gunboat following a period of being nursed by his sister at \"Hickory Hill\" (November 8, 1862); and the death of Julia Wickham (July 16, 1873).","Correspondents include C.P. Huntington (President), Henry Taylor Wickham, and Williams C. Wickham and J.S.F. Smith (Paint Creek Depot) concerning the opening of the coal mines on the land purchased from the Hansford heirs and the employment of miners in Kanawha County, West Virginia.","Correspondents include C.P. Huntington (President), Henry Taylor Wickham, and Williams C. Wickham and J.S.F. Smith (Paint Creek Depot) concerning the opening of the coal mines on the land purchased from the Hansford heirs and the employment of miners in Kanawha County, West Virginia.","Letters concern lands held by Reuben Jenkins and John Henry Wickham in Saline County, Missouri.","Letters discuss matters concerning the Louisa Railroad, which was chartered by the Virginia General Assembly in 1836, and renamed the Virginia Central Railroad in 1850, with Fontaine as its longtime president.","Correspondence is concerned with securing payment on the accounts of John Wickham and Littleton W. T. Wickham, brothers of William F. Wickham by an immediate sale of livestock and agricultural goods.","Mentions the illness of President Monroe and his own wife, Eliza Kortright Monroe Hay, the daughter of Monroe (August 4, 1823) and expresses disparaging remarks concerning a Yankee business associate (October 19, 1823).","Topics include a request to help in the administration of the estate of Dr. McClurg (March 2, 1839); fears about the possible death of his son, Thomas, in [Mississippi?] (June 22, 1839); instructions about the purchase of summer clothing for the enslaved laborers by Alvis (April 21, 1840); mention that there are 70 enslaved laborerss associated with the \"Rocky Mills\" plantation of Edmund Wickham and 40 additional enslaved laborers associated with his father's [John Wickham] estate (July 28, 1842). Much of the correspondence in general deals with the settling of the estate of John Wickham (1763-1839).","Discusses arrangements for the support of Mr. Harrison's children and his disappointment with Dr. Selden.","Letter of introduction from Henry Clay for Mr. Bainbridge of Kentucky to John Wickham.","Kerr requests copies of any ordinances or laws concerning lands either given or planned to be given by the state of Virginia to the officers and soldiers who served in either the Continental Army or the Virginia state militia for use in the United States Court in Ohio.","Discusses the best way to secure the claim of Dr. McClurg for surgeon pay during his service in the Continental Army, keeping in mind that the United States will soon find a use for surplus money and mentions Henry Clay as doing a great deal of good [in Congress?].","Recommends that they make sure that Dr. [James] McClurg's will is recorded in Kentucky.","Notifies Wickham that he has located among his scorched papers enough information to send him a transcript of all he knows or remembers about the bonds of Mr. Balfour and invites him to visit Studley, Virginia.","Mentions the health concerns of family members and friends in Baltimore, Maryland.","Describes the worsening physical condition of Walter [Maclurg Wickham?]  in Baltimore, Maryland.","Notifies Wickham about the death of Walter [Maclurg Wickham?] in Baltimore, Maryland.","Requests Wickham provide the wording to a decree that would enable a sale of his property in Richmond, Virginia, to proceed since his power of attorney, Mr. Botts, was unable to perform his duties.","One letter, March 24, 1820, incomplete, last page only, John Randolph of Roanoke writes concerning Stephen Decatur's death. In a second letter, April 1, 1820,   part of the letter and autograph signature excised, John Randolph of Roanoke thanks Wickham for his indulgence and civility in the matter of his father's estate and mentions [Littleton Waller] Tazewell's move to Norfolk.,","Topics include: request for advice on a business proposition concerning property offered by Mr. Page as security for the payment of Tazewell's stock (July 4 and 9, 1819); Tazewell's current ill health (November 26, 1819); criticism of President John Quincy Adams and a description of a duel between Henry Clay and John Randolph of Roanoke (April 8, 1826); and damages suffered during a hurricane (October 14, 1838).","Letters concerns legal work performed by Wickham for Richardson.","Expresses concern over several outbreaks of cholera among citizens and enslaved laborers on the plantation.","Writes from White Sulphur Springs about the convalescence of Susan [Decatur Wickham (1819 -1831)].","John Wickham addresses business matters in his absence on a trip to Philadelphia, sending four letters from stops in Washington, Baltimore, New York and Philadelphia.","He discusses the prospects for the wheat crop, the demand for flour in [American] towns and South America, and reports on his conversations with Mr. Haxall about pricing if the crop is delivered early (May through August 1830) and the last letter mentions their pleasant stay at the Sulphur Springs and Sweet Springs and the journey home, the drought in Kentucky and Ohio, and \"this new explosion in France\" (September 24, 1830).","Wickham writes to his son William F. Wickham with concerns about his wheat crop, a notification of an outbreak of disease at Howard School for boys from Jonathan Loring Woart, and the preoccupation of the Virginia General Assembly over internal improvements (January 29 and May 30, 1834); the design of a mill powered by water (February 21, 1834); discussions about the Bank of Virginia and the elections (April 17 and 21, 1834); discussions about possible schools for their boys and rumors of a duel in Washington (September 28, 1834); discusses the President's message (December 7, 1834); an enslaved laborer, sick with cholera, who was believed to be dead several times, appears to be recovering partly due to work of Dr. McCaw (December 18, 1834); and politics in Washington (December 24, 1834).","Wickham writes to his son William F. Wickham with concerns about his wheat crop (July 6, 1837) and to his sons at the University of Virginia, George and Littleton W.T. Wickham with advice about their studies, especially geology and the study of soils, and their visit to the Natural Bridge (May 15, 1837).","The letters written during a trip to New England by William F. Wickham and Anne Wickham mention seeing the effects of a great drought all over the northeast, speculations about the wheat crop, poor corn crop of the current year, Littleton at the University of Virginia and George reporting for duty in Washington in the U.S. Navy (September 13, 17, and 25, 1838); news about the wheat market and John Wickham's health (November 20 and December 12, 1838); and news about the opening of the [James River and Kanawha Canal] and its advantages for Richmond, Virginia (December 20, 1838).","Wirt asks for Wickham's advice concerning the rights of the widow in the estate of John Ellis (December 21, 1815); in another letter, October 10, 1830, autograph signature excised, Wirt asks for his advice and support in the case of the Cherokee Nation versus the state of Georgia, argued by Wirt before the Supreme Court; and in a third undated letter, Wirt discusses a property case involving Colonel Byrd and Mr. Harrison of Berkeley and lots in Manchester and Richmond, Virginia.","Includes two letters mentioning visits by Yankees to Hickory Hill and the taking of her father as a prisoner (May 27, 1862; August 4, 1862); also includes a letter from Robert E. Lee to his cousin, Miss Annie Wickham [later Anne Carter Wickham Renshaw Byerly], Lee promises to stop by \"Hickory Hill\" to visit if at all possible on his way back to Lexington, autograph signature excised from the letter (May 23, 1870).","Letters through March 1883 are written from Port Oratava to Henry T. Wickham but in April 1883 the Renshaw's began their journey home, settling in New Market and then Boyce, Virginia, by the turn of the century; In 1906, Annie writes from the University of Virginia about Robert H. Renshaw's poor health which continues until his death in 1910.","These letters are chiefly undated, but she appears to continue her correspondence with her uncle after the death of her Aunt Anne in1868, chiefly written from New York.","Leigh mentions the death of Lizzie Wickham (February 27, 1862); General Johnston and his prospects in the Tennessee area (March 25, 1863); and the death of Mrs. Carter, probably Mary B. Randolph Carter (August 6, 1864).","One letter, September 16, 1836, described a duel between her brother James and John Chapman, which ended in reconciliation between the two men.","Contains one letter, August 17, 1863, concerning the Civil War, from Chattanooga, Tennessee, shortly before his death following his wounding and capture.","Topics include the preparation to leave for France with her husband, William Cabell Rives, appointed minister to France (June 26, 1829); and their return to Paris, France (August 2, 1851).","One letter, written from the Warm Springs Hospital, discusses Taylor's health problems and the recent Battle of Cheat Mountain (October 2, 1861).","Two letters are written from China, one from Chefoo [present day Yantai] and the second from Tsingtao, while her husband, Captain Williams C. Wickham (1887-1985) was serving in the U.S. Asiatic Fleet.","One letter from Williams Carter Wickham expresses his pleasure at her engagement to his son, Henry Taylor Wickham (August 26, 1885).","These letters are chiefly to her husband, Henry, while staying at the Homestead, Hot Springs, Virginia, (1911) and White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia (1913) for her health but two letters are to her son, Captain Williams Carter Wickham during his journey to join the Asiastic fleet (1924).","Early letters are chiefly from his grandparents, William F. and Anne Wickham, and the letters in 1864 are between Henry and his parents, Williams C. and Lucy Wickham","One letter mentions the death of his grandmother, Anne B. Carter Wickham (February 26, 1868); four letters were written as a University of Virginia student (October 17, 24, and 31, 1869; and May 8, 1870); and one letter from Henry to his son, Captain Williams C. Wickham, congratulating him on his engagement to Credilla Miller (October 2, 1911).","John Wickham writes concerning land in Franklin County, Missouri, belonging to the estate of John Wickham (July 11, 1850).","During the Civil War, Leigh Wickham received an appointment in the Confederate Quartermaster department at Memphis, Tennessee (September 13 and 19, and December 8, 1861); reports that the people of Mississippi were frightened of General Grant's army (December 23, 1862); and mentions the hanging of Colonel Lawrence Orton Williams as a Confederate spy by the Federals (June 14, 1863).","Correspondence includes one letter from Williams Carter Wickham while at the University of Virginia concerning the results of Professor Rogers' analysis of Edmund's specimens of marl (January 16, 1838).","Contains two letters from W.F. Wickham, Jr. as a student at the University of Virginia (December 19, 1848 and January 12, 1849).","Includes letters written as a student at the Episcopal High School of Virginia, Fairfax, Virginia (1874-1878) and the University of Virginia (1878-1883).","While his father is away in New York and Boston, Williams Carter Wickham sends reports on the activities and condition of the plantation, including illness and death among the enslaved laborers (September 7, 1845; September 15, 1848). Williams Carter Wickham writes with further reports to his father hoping to catch him still at Bowling Green (August 30, 1849); and Williams describes a trip with his wife Lucy to New York and on to Quebec (August 27, 1855).","This folder contains references to the participation of Williams Carter Wickham in the First Battle of Bull Run (July 24, 1861, and August 1861); rumors of possible attacks on Arlington and Alexandria and Norfolk (September 2, 1861); discussion about the ramifications of the seizure of James Murray Mason and John Slidell on board the RMS Trent by Union Captain Charles Wilkes (December 8, 1861); and W. Leigh Wickham's commission as assistant quartermaster with rank of captain (December 20, 1861). During the recent visit of William F. Wickham with General Robert E. Lee, Lee reported on the sufferings of the army in the west [1861].","Williams Carter Wickham shares his weariness of the war and announces himself as a candidate for Congress (May 15, 1863); William F. Wickham voices his concern over scarcity of food in Richmond and near Charlottesville to Lucy Penn Taylor Wickham (January 19, 1864); and William F. Wickham fears that Lee cannot maintain communications to the south and wishes he had nothing more to do with land or enslaved laborers if only his son were home in peace (June 28, [1864]).","This folder contains references to the participation of Williams Carter Wickham in the First Battle of Bull Run (July 22-23, 27, and 31, 1861).","Wickham is in Cavalry Camp, 5th Brigade and attached to Colonel Cocke's Brigade and has a complete blacksmith shop and blacksmith fixed up with his company but requires clothes for his [enslaved?] personal attendant, Robin (September 1, 1861); Many letters discuss conditions of camp life for an officer in the Confederate forces and the efforts of family at home to supply the needs and wants of their own family members in the forces but also those of other soldiers, such as clothing. The letters also show a desire to establish a local hospital for the troops like the ones run by the ladies in Fredericksburg, Virginia (September 4, 1861); Wickham writes from his camp at Fairfax Courthouse about opportunities for drilling the troops, his resignation of his seat in the Convention and in the Virginia Senate, his increasing concerns over the conduct of the war in the last two months, and the injurious effect of the capture of Fort Hatteras in North Carolina to the South (September 6, 1861); news that his son, Henry T. Taylor, is intensely reading the novels of Sir Walter Scott to the detriment of his studies (September 26, 1861); clothing made by the ladies of the community shipped off to the troops (October 12, 1861); Wickham currently at Union Mills (October 22, 1861); the difficulties of Lizzie Fry in getting a permit to leave to go home (October 24, 1861); and Wickham's meeting with General [Jeb] Stuart with whom he is very pleased (October 27, 1861).","Wickham writes a very detailed letter about the detrimental effects of fighting the Civil War on their own home soil, his dinner with General Cocke, whose ardor for the war has cooled considerably, the wasting of their best resources in an unnatural strife, and the devastation wrought by both occupying armies (November 3, 1861); and mention of Colonel Robertson and General Stuart (November 7, 13, and 29, 1861). \nWriting from Camp Frontier after an absence of three days, he describes a plan for a force of  nine companies of cavalry and three regiments of infantry, all under General Stuart, to cut off an enemy encampment near Alexandria, but this was prevented by the arrival of more Federal forces in the area near Pohick Church and describes his activities as a member of the scouting party (November 13, 1861); furnishes a description of his strategy when in new territory (November 21, 1861); shares his belief that the Yankees will advance along the Evansport line, chiefly by water, but with a land force on the telegraph road, otherwise believes that they will go into winter quarters (November 24, 1861); and repeats a report from Mr. Porcher [of South Carolina?] that some of the coloured people had been shot by the Confederates and that some of the people offered to work on the entrenchments for the Yankees for pay (November 28, 1861). \nWickham is still waiting for word on any advancement against the enemy and a describes the Federal forces arrayed against Virginia (December 4, 1861); Wickham shares his wish to command a full regiment of cavalry if he cannot have his first  preference to be at home with Lucy, his shock at hearing about the death of Mr. [Cooke?] and his efforts to secure a furlough for Church to go home for the funeral (December 14, 1861).","Wickham writes about the following topics, a story about Lt. Colonel Thomas L. Kane, commander of the Bucktail Rifles of Northern Pennsylvania and a relative (January 2, 1862); General Johnston likes Wickham's bill for the better organization of the army (January 8, 1862); Wickham's [enslaved?], attendant, Robin, has built a wonderful shelter for the horses in their winter camp (January 8, 1862); Wickham's return to Camp Ewell after his furlough (January 29, 1862); his disapproval of the bill in the Senate concerning the Virginia forces (February 4, 1862); and his concerns over the reorganization of his regiment (February 15, 1862).","Topics include the alarm of the people in the area north of the Rappahannock where people are abandoning their homes and \"Negroes\" or enslaved laborers are going northward by the hundreds (March 14, 1862); bivouacking comfortably near Brandy Station (April 4, 1862); and reports that their new location is twelve miles below Williamsburg and five miles from Yorktown at \"Blows Mill\" and that they are short on provisions (April 18, 22 and 24, 1862).","Topics include writing from Sudley Mills describes recent events that have greatly reduced his regiment and prevented his communicating with his family, noting that with 200 men Wickham charged the 12th Pennsylvania Cavalry 800 strong, routing them and capturing a large number, mentioning that General Ewell has lost a leg [during the battle of Groveton] (August 30, 1862); currently near Frederick, Maryland (September 7, 1862); yesterday at Sharpsburg, Maryland, \"fought probably the most desperate battle of the war\" [Battle of Antietam], Wickham lost twenty  men killed, wounded or missing, W.H.F. Lee's horse fell with him, Lt. Colonel Thornton of the 3rd had his arm torn by a shell and died of shock, Hill Carter received two severe wounds at Boonsborough and was left in the hands of the enemy, very difficult to find anything to eat, as local people will not sell them anything, and Thomas L. Kane was just made a Brigadier General in the Union army (September 18 and 21, 1862).\nReports on his safe return from an expedition to Pennsylvania with 1800 men (October 14 and 19, 1862); details of the cavalry raid to collect horses from Mercersburg, Chambersburg, and Emmitsburg (October 19, 1862); troops destroying the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (October 21, 1862);  his participation recently in a serious battle with losses of 1500 killed or wounded [Battle of Fredericksburg], with the town of Fredericksburg totally devastated and mentions activities of Major General Ambrose Burnside (December 15 and 18, 1862).","Topics include the rejection of his resignation by the Secretary of War (January 15, 1863); staying with General Robert E. Lee at Culpeper Courthouse (March 1, 1863); discussion of the [Battle of Chancellorsville] (May 8, 1863 copy); spent the day with Lee who was in good spirits but without any hope of quick termination of the war and who would not allow his resignation, and General Jackson said to be dangerously ill with pleurisy (May 10, 1863); mentions the death of General Jackson and his fears for the safety of General Lee who he describes in appreciative terms (May 11, 1863); and describes his visit to General Lee's headquarters and assesses the results of recent battles (May 31, 1863).","Topics include Wickham's approval of the generals James Longstreet, A.P. Hill, and Richard S. Ewell (June 3, 1863); Lucy relates their losses during visits of the Yankees to \"Hickory Hill\" and \"North Wales\" plantations and the capture of Fitzhugh Lee out of his sick bed (July 25, 1863); Wickham writes from the headquarters of Wickham's Brigade, following his commission as Brigadier General (September 12, 1863); news of Julius Theodore Porcher being mortally wounded from members of the 10th South Carolina Regiment (December 1863); Lucy Wickham's visit with General Wickham near Charlottesville, Virginia (January 17, 21, 31, 1864); General Lee has issued the first order that has not received Wickham's admiration (February 8, 1864); and draft of a letter from Wickham to Captain J.E. Cook, describing his actions beginning on October 28, 1862 until November 3, 1862 (February 26, 1864).","Topics include accompanying General Robert E. Lee to the anniversary of the Young Men's Christian Association of Poney's Brigade to hear a talk on the character of General [Stonewall?] Jackson (March 29, 1864); description of the pillaging of \"Hickory Hill\" by the Yankees and their threatening Uncle Hill Carter (June 5, 1864, June 1864, August 1, 1864); mention of General Sheridan (July 25, 1864); description of the devastation in the area around Culpeper and mention of [Jubal] Early (August 12, 1864); and Wickham, while stationed in Winchester, Virginia, describing the broad valley just prior to the Battle of Winchester (September 5, 8, and 10, 1864).","Wickham attended the U.S. Naval Academy from 1904 until 1909 and most of the letters from this period were to his parents. There are also a few dating from his service aboard the U.S.S. Minnesota (1911) and the U.S.S. Smith (1913) addressed to them. Letters dated 1924 from Captain Wickham to his wife, Credilla Miller Wickham, were written while serving in the U.S. Asiastic Fleet aboard the U.S.S. Pillsbury when the navy summered at Chefoo [present day Yantai], China.","Correspondents include: J.S.B. Alleyne (resolutions concerning the death of Dr. William F. Wickham in 1851); John B. Baldwin; L.M. Baldwin; Nannie P. Ballard; A.P. Bankhead; B. Johnson Barbour, John L. Barbour; Greta du Pont Barksdale (1891-1965); Phoebe [Barksdale?]; Marianna Elizabeth Barksdale (1796-1856) and her husband, William Jones Barksdale (1794-1859); Ann B. Berkeley; Letitia Glenn Biddle (1864-1950); John Minor Botts (1802-1869); Mary G. Braxton; Mary Carter Brickner; G. Thompson Brown; Alfred H. Byrd; E.H. Byrd and L.C. Byrd.\nTopics include a very detailed letter from John Minor Botts to General Williams Carter Wickham about the Civil War, particularly the requested transfer of Colonel Charles H. Wager from the infantry service to the cavalry, rumors about General Lee evacuating Virginia, complaints about the press stimulating the prejudices of the people, and rumors of a proposal to arm enslaved laborers to help fight against the Northern forces (January 8, 1865).","Correspondents include: Ellen J. Cackie; J.R. Campbell (damaged postal card only); B.B. Claike; George Colton; A. Coolidge; O.A. Crenshaw; M.W.T. Cumberland; John B. Custis; Laura G. Custis; Raleigh T. Daniel; J.S. Davis; Enid Deem; Martha Lee Doughty \"To the Women of the Confederacy\" (undated); Fanny Duncan; Georgina L. Featherstonhaugh; and Mary J. Foster.\nTopics include: a discussion of several books read by Laura G. Custis of Boston (May 25, no year) and a description of the past few months the Custis family were forced to stay in Versailles, France, due to illness and the onset of the Franco-Prussian War (March 30, [1871]).","Correspondents include: Ellen Carter, Lizzie Carter, L.W. Carter, Mary Carter, and W[illiams?] Carter, Jr.\nTopics include: the concern of W[illiams] Carter, Jr. that his father make a will immediately so that the Confederacy will not get any of [his brother?] Charles' portion of the estate.  He writes emphatically \"I don't wish the South to get a cent – no country in the history of the world has so worked out its own destruction as the Southern portion of the U.S. America, and all Christendom will in history say, Amen – next to Sodom and Gomorrah\" (February 3, 1862); W[illiams?] Carter, Jr. also asks that the enslaved laborers on both the North Wales and South Wales plantations be sent to Charlotte or some safe place so they will not be sold like cattle, mentioning all of the Tom and Sarah Fox family, Ben Napper and family, the Tom Brown and Harry Brown families, and other enslaved laborers by first name only (March 1, 1862).","Correspondents include: A.W. Carter; Agnes M. Carter; Annie Carter; Betty Carter; E.H. Carter; Emily Carter; Fanny N. Carter; L.H. Carter, Louise Carter, Pauline Carter, Susan Roy Carter, Thomas B. Carter, Thomas H. Carter (1831-1908), and Williams Carter.\nTopics include: the death of Julia Wickham (Thomas H. Carter, July 19, 1873); an expression of hope that the nation will mend following the Civil War, saying \"my hatred for Davis is only equaled by that for Charles Sumner,\" and mention of balloon flights and France's position of strength in Europe (Thomas B. Carter, Paris, May 22, 1866).","Topics of note include two references to the Civil War, including the \"suffering northern soldiers\" and the sentiment \"the same God made us all\" (August 10, 1861); and a second letter about the Civil War concerning shelling of the area near Shirley along the river by northern gunboats and comments about [General John] Pope (August 28, 1862).","Topics include a condolence letter (July 12, 1873) concerning the death of Julia Leiper Wickham (1859-1873).","Correspondents include: Peter J. Chevallie to his wife, Elizabeth Gilliam Chevallie; Sarah Magee \"Sally\" Chevallie Warwick (1816-1846) to her mother, Elizabeth Green Gilliam Chevallie (1796-1865); Joseph Gallego to his nephew, Peter J. Chevallie;  Henry Chevallie to his sister, Mary G. Chevallie; and Abraham Warwick (1794-1874) to his daughter-in-law, Elise F. Warwick.","Correspondents include: Robert Gamble; S.P. Gregory; Gene and [George?] Griffin; A.G. Grinnan; Evelyn Hale; Hetty Cary Harrison; Ella Havisham; Jane R. Haxall; Rosalie Haxall; Eva Mary Anna Mason Heth (1836-1915); Mary Heywood (with a photograph of her on her 78th birthday);  E.[L.] Holmes; R.R. Howison; J. Johns, Jr.; S. Harvey Johnson; William T. Joyner; W.M. Justis; Bessie D. Kane; J.D.L. Kane; Sallie G. Kean; and Ethel Kilburn.\nTopics include the Civil War (Robert Gamble, June 19, 1863); reminiscences about the Civil War and General Stuart, and a discussion about genealogy (A.G. Grinnan, 1892-1893); family reading (R.R. Howison, January 30, 1878); discussion of Reuben Lindsay Walker (1827-1890), commander of the Third Corps artillery, and his opposition to the peace commission, known as the [Hampton Roads Conference] during the Civil War and political issues that will arise at the conclusion of the war (William T. Joyner, February 3, 1865); and the poor state of the Confederate army, due in part to desertions (William T. Joyner, February 25, 1865).","Correspondents include: Frances Wickham Graham; [Hartley] Graham; James Duncan Graham; Salva Graham; and William F. Wickham.\nTopics include chiefly family news but also some references to the work of James Duncan Graham as a member of the United States Engineer Corps (April 13, 1862; April 9, 1865; May 9, 1865); the condition of the South at the conclusion of the Civil War (June 2, 1865); and papers concerning the pension of James Duncan Graham (1867-1871).","Correspondents include: E.W. Hubard and J.L. Hubard.","Correspondents include: Robert B. Lancaster; Elizabeth W. Lay; R. Bruce Lockhart; A.C. Leigh; William Leigh; Ellen McCaw; Rose M. MacDonald; F. Mark; Captain G. [Marvel]; Dido Mason; E.K.N. Massie; Alice W. Meade; Susan W. Miller; Edgar Miller; F.B. Minor; Mary W. Minor;  and M.M. Morris. \nTopics include work on the book about old homes of Hanover (Robert B. Lancaster, January 8, 1984); the fire at Hickory Hill (Elizabeth W. Lay, February 17, 1875); and notification of an ankle injury of Captain W. Leigh Wickham in Chattanooga, Tennessee while serving as paymaster for the Confederate army (Edgar Miller, May 2, 1863).","Correspondents include: Agnes Lee, Annie C. Lee, Ann H. Lee, C.C. Lee; Mary Custis Lee; Richard Henry Lee (1794-1865) concerning the state literary fund and his proposed memoir of Richard A. Lee; Robert E. Lee, Jr. concerning the death of William F. Wickham (July 16, 1873); and William H.F. \"Rooney\"  Lee (1837-1891).","Correspondents include: Elizabeth B. Nicholas, concerning the fall of New Orleans to Federal forces (April 30, 1862); Helen N. Patterson; Lt. Colonel William H. Payne; Virginia Porcher; Lucy Carter Renshaw (1838-1965) concerning damages suffered by the \"Shirley\" plantation during the Civil War battles (July 4, 1862); Amelie Louise Rives Troubetzkoy (1863-1945); and M.C. Rives.","Correspondents include: Carrie P. Nelson; F. Nelson; F.P. Nelson; Jane E. Nelson; Jenny Nelson concerning the capture of Confederate George Washington \"Wash\" Nelson near Smithfield (November 6, 1863) and the raids of the Yankee soldiers in the neighborhood against the local residents (undated Civil War letter); Judith? Nelson; M.W. Nelson concerning the death of Lucy Carter Wickham (January 17, 1835); Mary C. Nelson; Robert Nelson on board the ship Oriental with his friend John Lewis [Points?] (August 29, 1851); Rose Nelson; Virginia L. Nelson; and W. Nelson.","Correspondents include: Anne Rose Page; Elizabeth Burwell Page; John Page; Judith Nelson Page; Leila Page; and Thomas Nelson Page concerning his book about Italy and his visit to England (January 9, 1920).","Correspondents include: George William Shelton; Amelie Louise Sigourney; M.M. Smith; Walter N. Sprinkel; A.M. Stearns; Alexander H.H. Stuart writes of his fear of the future, suggests that Williams Carter Wickham and himself travel to Washington on business to meet with some of the Yankee magnates and discuss ways to end the Civil War and expresses his sorrow over the sundering of the Union (January 23, 1865); Alta E. Stumpf concerning the awakening of Russia and its development (June 29, 1931); J.V. Swearingen; Louisa Nivison Tazewell (1804-1873) describing the death of her father, former Virginia governor, Littleton Waller Tazewell (1774-1860) in her letter (May 16, 1860); Fannie W. Toler; and C. Vanderbilt, Jr.","Correspondents include: Belle Taylor; Bertie Taylor; Edmund P. Taylor; Elizabeth Taylor; Henry Taylor; Henry Taylor, Jr., John Taylor; Julianna Dunlap Leiper Taylor (1801-1883); R.I. Taylor; and Susan W. Taylor.\nOne letter from Henry Taylor, Jr., July 31, 1877, includes a very detailed discussion about Professor Colonel Peters at the University of Virginia.","Correspondents include: Davy Wallace; S. Gardner Waller; Louisa Webb; C.E. Wellford; Mary T. Williams; Captain W.L. Wingfield; Alice B. Winston; Philip B. Winston; and Beulah H.J. Woolston.","Correspondents include: A.C.L. Wickham; Elizabeth S. Wickham; Fanny Wickham concerning the death of Ella Wickham (March 27, 1851); George Wickham; Julia L. Wickham; J.L. Wickham; L.A.C. Wickham; [L.V.] Wickham; M.F. Wickham; and Sarah Wickham.","Topics include a description of the meeting of the trustees of the Peabody Fund for Education in the South, particularly Bishop Henry Benjamin Whipple of Minnesota and his life among the indigenous native Americans, who he referred to as \"Indians\" (August 12, 1876).","Topics include climate change (January 31, 1872); details of the career of his friend Custis, who died in 1872 and was a water commissioner in Boston (February 8, 1872); the influence of John C. Calhoun in ruining the whole South and his own state by men following his \"evil counsel\" (January 1, 1875); discussions of reading and current politics (January 8, 1875); description of Wickham's losses during the fire in February (March 13, 1875); mentions of Lord Byron, Charles Lamb, William Cullen Bryant and other literary figures (March 22, 1875); description of the Bunker Hill centennial (June 7, 1875); detailed discussion of the career of Patrick Henry (January 1, 1878); religious reading (March 13, 1878); and Richard Henry Dana, Jr. (December 11, 1878).","The letters are chiefly social or agricultural but one, May 30, 1867, touches upon politics and international events and mentions Rives reading the biography of James Madison.","Topics include the perils of travel by stage to Norfolk, Virginia, in winter (March 3, 1817); condolence letter upon the death of his friend, John Wickham, and reflections upon Wickham's importance in his own life as a mentor and friend and his singular character (January 26, 1839); the mention of Tazewell in the will of John Wickham (March 17 and April 1, 1839); ten inch snowfall in March and the economic difficulties of the country (March 21, 1843); discussion on the political issue on \"our title to Oregon\" (February 26, 1846); and Tazewell thanking William F. Wickham for his translations of Italian comedies, but does not think they merit the efforts of someone of Wickham's ability in the Italian language (July 15, 1849).","Correspondents include: William B. Bowers; E.E. Cooke; E.S. Holmes; E. Laurens; Robert E. Lee; L.M. Mason; N.W. Massie; Catharine H. Myers; [J.] R. Ritchie; E.R. Simons; Sue R. Simons; and Sallie P. Winston.\nThe letter from Robert E. Lee to his cousin, Anne B. Carter Wickham, November 11, 1862, hand-written copy, expresses his regret that her son, Williams Carter Wickham, has again been wounded but explains that he cannot spare Wickham from returning to duty in the army.","Among the numerous correspondents are George Washington Custis Lee; Mildred Lee; W.H.F. Lee; General William Mahone; Francis H. Smith; and George D. Wise.","Correspondents include: John Minor discussing the two engravings, of General Marion and \"the Artist's Dream,\" sent by the Apollo Association for the Promotion of the Fine Arts in the United States and the current relations of the United States and England, especially as affected by the affair of the \"Creole\" (March 18 and October 12, 1842); Henry Clay declines an invitation to visit (February 22, 1848); John S. Mosby, concerning the service of the late Dr. James McClurg as a surgeon in the Revolutionary War (July 16 and August 6, 1849); Francis Robert Rives (1822-1891); Andrew Stevenson (1784-1857) concerning politics and enslavement (February 15, 1850) and a visit (July 20, 1854); John R. Thompson, editor of the  \"Messenger,\" refusing an essay by Wickham defending the Mormons (December 4, 1850);  Edward Vernon Childe (1804-1861) writes concerning the peace negotiations during the Crimean War (December 18, 1855); and two drafts of a letter from Wickham to Robert E. Lee concerning the arrival of the Yankee cavalry at \"Hickory Hill,\" who carried off General W.H. F. Lee as a prisoner in Wickham's carriage as well as horses and enslaved laborers, and includes the report that Charlotte Lee's health is not good and that she is much distressed at her husband's capture (June 28, 1863).","Topics include financial inquiry about Virginia's non-payment of the interest on state stock (January 17, 1872); the fire at Hickory Hill, Hanover County, Virginia (February 15, 1875); the voyage of William D. Shipman to England and his assessment of Thomas Jefferson's life and career (July 4, 1876); Wickham's analysis of State Trials of the United States by Francis Wharton, including his own memories of the James T. Callendar trial (June 19, 1876); and William D. Shipman's mention of seeing the effigy of ancestor William of Wykeham in Winchester, England and information about him (November 6, 1876).","Topics include advice for Henry T. Wickham on entering the legal profession and the study of law (July 24, 1868); Robinson's work with a case in the Supreme Court concerning Allen T. Caperton (1810-1876) and his acts in West Virginia as Provost Marshal (April 15, 1872).","Topics include the declaration of [William B.] Preston for the immediate secession of Virginia from the Union and Wickham's fear that \"the dogs of war will be let loose\" (April 16, 1861); two letters from Colonel [Beverly Holcombe] Robertson about missing and absent soldiers and his efforts to round them up (May 13 and 14, 1862); request for Wickham's support and vote for Robert H. Wynne as doorkeeper of the Confederate House of Representatives (December 24, 1863); John B. Baldwin informs Williams Carter Wickham that his nomination has not been acted upon (February 5, 1864) and two letters from John Taylor about family and home events during the Civil War (February 2 and 8, 1864).","Topics include a letter from Robert E. Lee about Henry T. Wickham's attendance at Washington College in Lexington and Lee's plan to write a history about military campaigns in Virginia during the Civil War (October 3, 1865) and a draft of Wickham's reply to Lee in the hand of Lucy Wickham [October 13, 1865];  a draft of Wickham's letter to General W.H.F. Lee about contemporary politics (April 16, 1868); the formation of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad (September 17, 1868); Horace Greeley's comments on the progress of the railroads in Virginia (November 15, 1868); request and recommendation from Alexander H.H. Stuart on behalf of two job seekers in the railroad business (May 5, 1873); efforts of C.T. Smith to get Wickham elected (August 19, 1883); two congratulatory letters on the recent election of Wickham to the Virginia Senate from B. Johnson Barbour and John T. Harris (November 19, 1883); and a request for a donation towards a University of Virginia chapel from Schele de Vere (November 21, 1883).","The diary begins with an entry about the secession of South Carolina from the Union and continues with entries about the evacuation of Fort Moultrie and the removal of troops to Fort Sumter in South Carolina; each state that secedes from the Union is noted and mention made of the firing upon the steamer Star of the West at Charleston, South Carolina; Intermixed with news of the impending war are notes about building a henhouse, nests, the receipt of toys, and weather; his father [Williams Carter Wickham] as a candidate for the Virginia Secession Convention from Henrico (January 29, 1861); and ends with an entry for February 12, 1861.","The diary mentions the following topics: the loan of a sharps rifle from George W. Randolph, supposedly owned before by John Brown and presented to the 1st [Virginia?] Regiment at Harper's Ferry; a four mile drive on the Petersburg Road to \"Strawberry Hill\" owned by Robert Edmond;  Judge and Mrs. Robertson leaving for \"Mount Athos\" their place in the country near Lynchburg, Virginia; double guard on \"the mills\" [Gallego Mills?]; the arrival of 1,000 men from Tennessee who went to the old fairgrounds; a drill by the \"Richland Rifles\" at the South Carolina camp; occupation of Alexandria by President Lincoln's troops; news of a battle at Bethel Church between Yorktown and Hampton; the departure of 2,000 troops for Manassas on June 13th; a visit to Camp Lee; examination of the fortifications below the city with locations noted; note that business is very slow since the commencement of the war; the meeting with Mr. and Mrs. Macfarland and General Lee at Mr. Lyon's [home?]; birth of a daughter [Elise Warwick Barksdale Wickham (1861-1952)] on August 28, 1861; note that he spent the last month with the 16th Virginia Regiment as Quartermaster at \"Camp Withers\" six miles from Norfolk; his orders to transfer to Colonel L. Smith's office as paymaster, September 13, 1861; and the death of cousin Fanny Townes, September 20, 1861.","Subjects include: lists of books purchased from Peter Cotton (October 20, 1816-January 27, 1817 and September 22, 1817); purchases of quills, paper, ink, chessmen, etc. (October 15, 1817); hires of enslaved laborers (January 25 and 27, 1817 and February 21, 1817); and a bill of sale for enslaved laborers (September 17, 1817).","Subjects include: medical care for enslaved laborers from Dr. W.P. Jones (January 12, February 24 and 26, March 24, and June 24, 1818); a hire of an enslaved laborer (April 2, 1819); and a bill of sale for two male enslaved men (January 19, 1820).","Subjects include: the return of a little boy, Joe Lewis, and little girl, Lucy, the property of William F. Wickham (September 28, 1821); payment to overseer William Lizer on \"South Wales\" plantation (January 26, 1821); and purchase of paper, ink, and books (July 7, 1821).","Subjects include: the hire of an enslaved girl, Jenny (January 11, 1823).","Subjects include: hiring of Nathaniel B. Priddy as overseer (1834-1835; 1837-1838, 1840); and a list of books and magazines, quills, pencils, and paper purchased (1836-1838).","Subjects include: hiring of Samuel Bumpass as overseer (1842); the sale of an enslaved boy, Washington (January 6, 1843); hiring of Nathaniel B. Priddy as overseer (1843); sale of the enslaved woman, Nancy Wylde, and her two youngest children (May 23, 1843); and the sale of an enslaved man, Ned Davis (June 27, 1843).","Subjects include: lists of books and writing supplies purchased (July 20, 1846; March 22 and April 16, 1847).","Subjects include: lists of books and writing supplies purchased (February 1848; July 14, 1848; and October 4, 1849).","Subjects include: lists of books purchased (January and November 1850); memoranda book containing the names of enslaved laborers (May 12, 1850); and the hire of enslaved men, Giles, Frank, and John from J.H. Wickham (1851).","Subjects include: list of taxable property for William F. Wickham in 1853, includes 96 enslaved laborers over 16 years old and 116 enslaved laborers over twelve years old.","Subjects include: partners listed for Warwick and Barksdale at the \"Gallego Mills\" following the death of William J. Barksdale (February 15 and July 2, 1860).","Subjects include: theft of stock certificates, bank book, and checks from Williams Carter at the \"North Wales\" plantation during a Yankee raid (May 31, 1864); copy of the last will and testament of Williams Carter with a codicil dated July 30, 1864, freeing his two enslaved women, Margaret and Sally, with any offspring that they have as soon as peace shall be established in the country (July 17, 1864); an enslaved mulatto girl named Sally was lent to Anne Butler Berkeley by Williams Carter (August 10, 1864); indenture concerning the former plantations and property of Williams Carter, Sr. including \"North Wales\" and \"Broad Neck\" (May 16, 1867); and payroll lists (April 1, 1868).","Subjects include: receipts for work in the coal banks, Clifton, West Virginia (1873).","Subjects include: a valuation of personal property at \"North Wales\" plantation; valuation of real estate of Mr. [Abraham] Warwick made by commissioners, including factories, blacksmith shop, houses, lots, and a Brookfield farm; and a list of the names of enslaved laborers, with their evaluations.","These three oversize items include an indenture between Betty Littlepage and Charles Carter of Corotoman (May 5, 1768); a deed of trust from Carter B. Page and Rebecca Page to Thomas Taylor and Benjamin Harrison (June 17, 1817); and an indenture concerning Catherine Page, \"Broad Neck\" and Williams Carter (March 11, 1822).","The oversize deeds and indentures include those signed by Carter B. and Rebecca Page and Thomas Taylor (June 7, 1817); an indenture between John Wickham, Edward Carrington, Daniel Call, and Littleton Waller Tazewell (March 17, 1800); an indenture between Harry and Anna Terrell and Charles Carter (October 7, 1769); an indenture between James Littlepage and Joel Terrell (April 23, 1751); an indenture between John Littlepage and John Carter (March 2, 1735); and a bill of sale for two male enslaved men, Billy and Cyrus (January 15, 1820).","These include a list with the heading \"A List of My Slaves, such as I wish to keep, such as I may wish to sell and may wish to send to the West\" with names, ages, special skills or jobs, and their evaluations on the \"Rocky Mills\" and \"South Wales\" plantations belonging to Edmund Fanning Wickham in 1835; an account of the sale of land and enslaved laborers at \"Rocky Mills\" in November 1842 with the name of the purchaser, name of the enslaved laborer and the prices; a list of enslaved laborers treated by Dr. J.P. Harrison (April 24, 1844; July 1845; July 1848); list of William F. Wickham's enslaved laborers by age category (1843); the evaluation of an enslaved man, Tom Christian and his entire family (December 22, 1846); a list of named enslaved laborers with their ages belonging to the estate of Dr. James McClurg, Hanover County, Virginia, with evalutions by W. O. Winston (January 18, 1852); a list of 209 named enslaved laborers belonging to [William F. Wickham?] (January 1854); a list of 269 named enslaved laborers belonging to [William F. Wickham?] (January 1859); a list of enslaved laborers belonging to [William F. Wickham?] who were either carried off the plantation by Yankee forces or left of their own accord during the Civil War (1862-1864); and one list of enslaved men between the ages of 18 and 55 with the notation that two are in Confederate service, 14 remain on the plantation and 33 have left and gone to the enemy (January 31, 1865) and another list of enslaved laborers that went to the enemy by year, 120 in all [1865].","These six oversize items include four land grant certificates to Edmund F. Wickham and Edwin P. Crenshaw; a London Medical Society membership certificate for Dr. James Maclurg (1784); a letter from Lucy Nelson (1835).","The oversize plats include one for \"North Wales\" plantation belonging to Charles Carter, October 4, 1779; a plat of \"South Wales\" and Lane plantations, Hanover County, according to the division of January 1818, but updated on May 21, 1858; a plat showing the part of \"South Wales\" plantation allotted to Anne B. Carter, the purchase of land by W.F. Wickham from Thomas Carter, and \"Hickory Hill\" plantation purchased by W.F. Wickham from the estate of George W. Smith, November 27, 1825; plat of \"Verdon\" Hanover County, Virginia, belonging to the estate of John T. Anderson (December 1, 1865); and an undated plat showing parcels of land west of the Missouri River, apparently belonging to Thomas Gorham and a Wickham family member, 4 items.","These six oversize items include a survey of the Broad Neck or Big Neck tract for Thomas C. Nelson (September 8, 1818); survey of the Lane tract, part of the South Wales Estate (January 1818); plat of the Lane tract, South Wales and Hickory Hill (January 1818); fields laid off and numbered from a survey of W.F. Wickham's river fields (February 16, 1837); surveys no. 137 and no. 146 in Saline County, Missouri for Edmund F. Wickham (1841); diagram of land plots to the west of the Missouri River and the 5th principal meridian, presumably in Missouri [1841-1842?].","This material includes a recollection of George Wythe by William F. Wickham (1874); and the first recollection of General Robert E. Lee by Anne Carter Wickham Renshaw Byerly, written in a letter to her brother Henry (undated); biographical sketches of Captain William C. Wickham, U.S. Navy (April 19, 1962 and September 1985), John Wickham (undated), and General Williams Carter Wickham (undated); and history of \"Hickory Hill\" (undated).","Families discussed include Fanning, Leiper, Martian, Peyton, Pye, Tabb and Barksdale, Taylor, Warwick, and Wingfield.","This includes a report of [3rd (Wickham's) Virginia Cavalry Brigade] near Front Royal, Virginia (August 23, 1864).","This folder includes such items as the weather at Hickory Hill (1857); a prayer of Bishop Meade (1861); printed advertisement for a catalog of attorneys (1875); damaged circular from a Rochester nursery (1882); a horse pedigree (undated); and \"Notes on Planting Box at Williamsburg\" by Arthur A. Shurcliff (undated).","These include Wickham's notes concerning the \"Home Reminiscences of John Randolph, of Roanoke\" by Powhatan Bouldin, the benefits of lime and marl, and W.W. Mac Farland's address.","These include [Julia L. Wickham], \"Peliso\" Orange, Virginia, gardens in Rome, [Hickory Hill], Captain Williams C. Wickham, U.S. Navy, and an unidentified boy taken by Tyson and Perry, Charlottesville, Virginia.","This collection is open for research use.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Wickham family","Wickham, John, 1763-1839","Wickham, William Fanning , 1793-1880","Wickham, Lucy Taylor, 1830-1913","Wickham, Williams Carter, 1820-1888","Wickham, Henry Taylor","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 15753","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/294"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Wickham family papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Wickham family papers"],"collection_ssim":["Wickham family papers"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["Hickory Hill (Hanover County, Virginia)","Virginia -- History -- 19th Century"],"geogname_ssim":["Hickory Hill (Hanover County, Virginia)","Virginia -- History -- 19th Century"],"creator_ssm":["Wickham family","Wickham, John, 1763-1839","Wickham, William Fanning , 1793-1880","Wickham, Lucy Taylor, 1830-1913","Wickham, Williams Carter, 1820-1888","Wickham, Henry Taylor"],"creator_ssim":["Wickham family","Wickham, John, 1763-1839","Wickham, William Fanning , 1793-1880","Wickham, Lucy Taylor, 1830-1913","Wickham, Williams Carter, 1820-1888","Wickham, Henry Taylor"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Wickham, John, 1763-1839","Wickham, William Fanning , 1793-1880","Wickham, Lucy Taylor, 1830-1913","Wickham, Williams Carter, 1820-1888","Wickham, Henry Taylor"],"creator_famname_ssim":["Wickham family"],"creators_ssim":["Wickham, John, 1763-1839","Wickham, William Fanning , 1793-1880","Wickham, Lucy Taylor, 1830-1913","Wickham, Williams Carter, 1820-1888","Wickham, Henry Taylor","Wickham family"],"places_ssim":["Hickory Hill (Hanover County, Virginia)","Virginia -- History -- 19th Century"],"access_terms_ssm":["This collection is open for research use."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchased, 3 July 2014. The first addition to this collection, MSS 15753-a,was purchased from Beltrone and Company on 6 July 2016."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Plantation life -- Virginia","Slavery--United States -- Virginia","Slaves -- Virginia -- Hanover County"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Plantation life -- Virginia","Slavery--United States -- Virginia","Slaves -- Virginia -- Hanover County"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["9.5 Cubic Feet 19 legal doc boxes, 6 oversize folders."],"extent_tesim":["9.5 Cubic Feet 19 legal doc boxes, 6 oversize folders."],"date_range_isim":[1704,1705,1706,1707,1708,1709,1710,1711,1712,1713,1714,1715,1716,1717,1718,1719,1720,1721,1722,1723,1724,1725,1726,1727,1728,1729,1730,1731,1732,1733,1734,1735,1736,1737,1738,1739,1740,1741,1742,1743,1744,1745,1746,1747,1748,1749,1750,1751,1752,1753,1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged in four series, Series 1: Business correspondence arranged chronologically (Boxes 1-5). Several business correspondents warranted individual folders based on either the amount of material or the importance of the correspondent. Series 2: Correspondence of John Wickham, arranged alphabetically by the last name of the chief correspondent (Box 5); Series 3: Correspondence of the Wickham and related families, arranged by the last name of the main correspondent (Boxes 6-15); Series 4: Financial and Legal Papers and Miscellany (Boxes 16-19), all arranged in chronological order.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged in four series, Series 1: Business correspondence arranged chronologically (Boxes 1-5). Several business correspondents warranted individual folders based on either the amount of material or the importance of the correspondent. Series 2: Correspondence of John Wickham, arranged alphabetically by the last name of the chief correspondent (Box 5); Series 3: Correspondence of the Wickham and related families, arranged by the last name of the main correspondent (Boxes 6-15); Series 4: Financial and Legal Papers and Miscellany (Boxes 16-19), all arranged in chronological order."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection chiefly concerns the Wickham family of Richmond, Virginia and \"Hickory Hill\" plantation in Hanover County, Virginia, including the families of John Wickham (1763-1839), his son, William Fanning Wickham (1793-1880), grandson, Williams Carter Wickham (1820-1888), and great-grandson, Henry Taylor Wickham (1849-1943). When other relatives and friends appear in the folder listing, their birth and death dates and relationships are noted if known. The family owned enslaved persons and lists them by age. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAttorney John Wickham married twice and had two lines of descent. His first wife was Mary Smith Fanning (1775-1799) by whom he had two sons, William Fanning Wickham of \"Hickory Hills,\" married to Anne Butler Carter (1797-1868), and Edmund Fanning Wickham of \"Rocky Mount\" (1796-1843), married to Anne's sister, Lucy Carter (1799-1835). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAfter the death of his first wife, John Wickham married Elizabeth Seldon McClurg and had several more children. Some of these children are also represented in these papers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAnne Carter Wickham (1851-1939), the daughter of Williams Carter Wickham and Lucy Penn Taylor Wickham, married Robert H. Renshaw (1833-1910) in 1881 and they had four children. In 1920, Anne Renshaw married Dr. W.E. Byerly and lived in Massachusetts.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLucy Carter Wickham Byrd was the daughter of Edmund Fanning Wickham (1796-1834) and Lucy Carter (1799-1835) and the wife of George Harrison Byrd (1827-1910).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eApparently the spelling of his name varies slightly from his mother's family name, Maclurg versus McClurg, but the use here reflects the spelling on his grave stone.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Howard School opened in 1831 and continued until 1834 with two teachers, the Reverend Jonathan Loring Woart (1807-1838) and his brother, the Reverend John Woart. The Episcopal High School opened in 1839 on the former Howard School location. There are also letters from the Reverend Jonathan Loring Woart (1807-1838) to William F. Wickham, including progress reports on the two boys, among this correspondence.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["This collection chiefly concerns the Wickham family of Richmond, Virginia and \"Hickory Hill\" plantation in Hanover County, Virginia, including the families of John Wickham (1763-1839), his son, William Fanning Wickham (1793-1880), grandson, Williams Carter Wickham (1820-1888), and great-grandson, Henry Taylor Wickham (1849-1943). When other relatives and friends appear in the folder listing, their birth and death dates and relationships are noted if known. The family owned enslaved persons and lists them by age. ","Attorney John Wickham married twice and had two lines of descent. His first wife was Mary Smith Fanning (1775-1799) by whom he had two sons, William Fanning Wickham of \"Hickory Hills,\" married to Anne Butler Carter (1797-1868), and Edmund Fanning Wickham of \"Rocky Mount\" (1796-1843), married to Anne's sister, Lucy Carter (1799-1835). ","After the death of his first wife, John Wickham married Elizabeth Seldon McClurg and had several more children. Some of these children are also represented in these papers.","Anne Carter Wickham (1851-1939), the daughter of Williams Carter Wickham and Lucy Penn Taylor Wickham, married Robert H. Renshaw (1833-1910) in 1881 and they had four children. In 1920, Anne Renshaw married Dr. W.E. Byerly and lived in Massachusetts.","Lucy Carter Wickham Byrd was the daughter of Edmund Fanning Wickham (1796-1834) and Lucy Carter (1799-1835) and the wife of George Harrison Byrd (1827-1910).","Apparently the spelling of his name varies slightly from his mother's family name, Maclurg versus McClurg, but the use here reflects the spelling on his grave stone.","The Howard School opened in 1831 and continued until 1834 with two teachers, the Reverend Jonathan Loring Woart (1807-1838) and his brother, the Reverend John Woart. The Episcopal High School opened in 1839 on the former Howard School location. There are also letters from the Reverend Jonathan Loring Woart (1807-1838) to William F. Wickham, including progress reports on the two boys, among this correspondence."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAdded fa to VH 7 Dec. 2017.\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["General"],"odd_tesim":["Added fa to VH 7 Dec. 2017."],"originalsloc_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe original letter has been transferred to the Henry Clay Papers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOriginals of these letters transferred to the John Randolph of Roanoke papers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe originals of all three Wirt letters have been transferred to the Autographs collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe original of the Robert E. Lee letter has been transferred to the Robert E. Lee papers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe  original of the Lee letter  has been transferred to the Robert E. Lee papers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe original of letters to Robert E. Lee have been transferred to the Robert E. Lee papers, the originals of the letters from Henry Clay transferred to the Henry Clay papers and those from John Singleton Mosby were transferred to the John Singleton Mosby papers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe originals of Lee letters were transferred to Robert E. Lee papers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"originalsloc_heading_ssm":["Existence and Location of Originals","Existence and Location of Originals","Existence and Location of Originals","Existence and Location of Originals","Existence and Location of Originals","Existence and Location of Originals","Existence and Location of Originals"],"originalsloc_tesim":["The original letter has been transferred to the Henry Clay Papers.","Originals of these letters transferred to the John Randolph of Roanoke papers.","The originals of all three Wirt letters have been transferred to the Autographs collection.","The original of the Robert E. Lee letter has been transferred to the Robert E. Lee papers.","The  original of the Lee letter  has been transferred to the Robert E. Lee papers.","The original of letters to Robert E. Lee have been transferred to the Robert E. Lee papers, the originals of the letters from Henry Clay transferred to the Henry Clay papers and those from John Singleton Mosby were transferred to the John Singleton Mosby papers.","The originals of Lee letters were transferred to Robert E. Lee papers."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 15753 Wickham family papers, Albert and Shirley Special Collection Library, University of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 15753 Wickham family papers, Albert and Shirley Special Collection Library, University of Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Wickham family papers (1704-1950; 9.5 cubic feet) consist of papers of Richmond, Virginia and \"Hickory Hill\" plantation in Hanover County, Virginia, including the families of John Wickham (1763-1839), his son, William Fanning Wickham (1793-1880), grandson, Williams Carter Wickham (1820-1888), and great-grandson, Henry Taylor Wickham (1849-1943). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains business correspondence, chiefly concerning legal and agricultural pursuits; family correspondence with immediate and extended relatives; personal correspondence from friends and political associates; two brief diaries discussing the secession and the beginning of the Civil War; financial and legal papers, including lists of books purchased, hires of enslaved laborers, the purchase of enslaved laborers, medical care for enslaved laborers, losses from invading soldiers during the Civil War, estate values, including those of enslaved laborers, indentures, deeds, receipts, plats and surveys, and lists of enslaved laborers by name and age; genealogies and genealogical charts; invitations and calling cards; military papers of General Williams Carter Wickham in the Civil War and Captain Williams Carter Wickham, U.S. Navy; news clippings; some notes and manuscripts of William F. Wickham; a few photographs and snapshots; poetry; hand-written recipes; school papers; and sympathy and greeting cards. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThere is also a hand drawn map of Hickory Hill plantation, the Wickham family estate which may have been drawn by a descendant of an enslaved laborer. It shows a diagram of \"Mammy's House\" and surrounding buildings that were revisited in the 1980's. The pages following the illustration name African Americans who were still living and working at Hickory Hill estate in the early 1900's. Mentioned are the families of John Robinson, Albert Cash,  Henry Toliver, Edith Jackson, Matt Foley, Maria Tucker, Ruben Lewis,Landonia Lewis, ALec Hewlett, Louisa and Albert Jackson, Henry Abrams, Betty Jackson, John Abram and Roselyn, Milton Hewlett, and Virginia Shelton.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTopics include the Civil War, the relationships between family members in both the North and the South, and attitudes toward secession; many aspects of enslavement, often naming the enslaved laborers involved; Virginia and national politics; the practice of agriculture in Virginia; the education of the children of Virginia planters, including attendance at the Howard School, Episcopal High School, Washington College and the University of Virginia; military service of General Williams Carter Wickham (1820-1888), Captain William Carter Wickham (1887-1985), and other Wickham relatives.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include:, John Slidell and Co., Thomas C. Keaton, William Lyne, W.P. Mason, W.T. Nivison, William B. Page, Philip Rogers, Thomas Rotch, Penn T. Sale, John M. Shepherd, Peter F. Smith, Thomas Strode, William Sullivan, Thomas Swann, Richard Wallack, Ralph Wingfield, Alice B. Winston, and Zach Vowels\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents, chiefly with Edmund F. Wickham, include: Williams Carter (1819), Archibald Gracie and Robert Gracie (1821), and multiple correspondents in 1822: Curwen and Hagarty, Samuel John Dunlop, King and Gracie, Samuel Lambert, and Robert Hughes and Co.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include: James Dunlop, Ninian Edwards, John Ferguson, C.B. Fleet, William Fleet, Robert Gracie, Francis Gregg, James Hagarty, George E. Harrison, James Henderson, L. Jones, T. Jones, and Robert King.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eLetters involving enslavement or enslaved laborers include one from L. Jones, asking for protection for \"old Billy\" and mentioning other issues concerning the welfare of enslaved laborers, January 2, 1823, and another letter from Ninian Edwards discussing the possible purchase of a female enslaved laborer for the wife of Dr. Harvey Lane, January 13, 1823.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include: Henry Arnall, Curwen and Hagarty, [J.] Dunlop, Ninian Edwards, C.B. Fleet, John G. Gamble, Robert G. Harper, George E. Harrison, Jones and Rodes, Hardage Lane, C.C. Lee, Lewis and Tomes, George Marx, John Morgan, and Charles Morris.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eLetters involving enslavement include the inquiry by Robert G. Harper, May 5, 182[3], for information about the \"present condition, conduct, and prospects\" of some manumitted enslaved laborers formerly belonging to Samuel Gist who were freed in his will. He also asks for  the name and address of some respectable and intelligent person in the area where the freed formerly enslaved laborers now live who can send a report to Gist's relatives.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents, chiefly Edmund F. Wickham and William F. Wickham, include: Curwen and Hagarty, James Dunlop, John Dunlop, William Logan Fisher, William Fleet, George Greenhow, George E. Harrison, B.B. Keesee, Robert King, Thomas Kelly, Hardage Lane, Lewis and Tomes, Charles F. Logan, William Lyne, and  Robert and John Oliver. One letter mentions a runaway enslaved man, named Joe, December 18, 1823.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include: David Barclay, John H. Blair, Carter Braxton, William Burns, William L. Dance, S.W. Dandridge, Aaron Denman, Robert Douthat, Ninian Edwards, William Fleet, Gillingham and Randolphs (G.F. and E. Randolph), James Hagerty, George E. Harrison, John Hopkins, and Thomas and John G. Riddle.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include: Richard Anderson, John Balfour, Thomas and John S. Biddle, Carter Braxton, William Burns, Hugh Campbell, Robert Douthat, and Gillingham and Randolphs (G.F. and E. Randolph).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include: Carter Berkeley, Carter Braxton, Roger Mallory, Thomas Nelson, and William F. Wickham to Thomas B. Coleman. Roger Mallory, the jailor in Petersburg, Virginia, writes concerning a runaway enslaved man named Jim who finally admitted he belonged to William F. Wickham. Jim had originally claimed to belong to Price Sharpe who was charged with permitting him to \"go at large contrary to law,\" and hire himself out, March 19, 1827.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include: G.H. Bacchus, Thomas T. Bouldin, Thomas B. Coleman, M. Huelin,  Benjamin Whitehead Ladd, W.H. McFarland, William Nelson, John W. Payne, William G. Pendleton, M.E.M. Roane, and A.B. Spooner. Topics include the reception of freed former enslaved laborers in Ohio (Benjamin W. Ladd, March 4, 1830); and the [Samuel?] Gist estate (John M. Payne, April 22, 1830).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include: Patrick Nesbett Edgar, John Exall, Chapman Johnson, Thomas N. Lee, John Ponsonby Martin, William Nelson, Severn E. Parker, A. Robinson, Jr., William Rowlett, J.S. Skinner, Benjamin Temple, Robert Temple, Thomas Biddle and Company, and John R. Triplett. Topics include: blue wheat (Benjamin and Robert Temple, July 4, 1830 and August 4, 1830); American turf and racing magazine (August 3, 1830; September 1, 1830; October 19, 1830); and a collection of pedigrees for an American Stud Book (October 13, 1830).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include: J.D. Andrews, John Corbin, Alfred V. Crenshaw, Crouches and Snead, Gracie and Company, James Gray, Richard B. Haxall, William Hilberg, James Lyle, and Francis Page. Topics include problems with a horse purchased from Wickham (November 15, 1838), the safe arrival of the Andrews family in Houston, Texas (January 28, 1839), and the sending of an enslaved man named Jefferson to fetch two mules from Wickham (April 22, 1839).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include: Beers and Poindexter, Robert M. Candlish, John S. Corbin, Robert Ellett, William Linton, A.T.B. Merritt, Nathaniel Nelson, J.W. Pegram, W. Richardson, Thomas Samson, John Shore, John N. Tazewell, James G. Watson, and William L. White. Topics include mention of the horse \"Priam\" at Merritt's Hicks Ford stud in Virginia and the failure of Wickham's Eclipse mare to foal last spring (May 11, 1842); the dire condition of the [enslaved man?] old Bob Clark and his family on the land of Nathanael Nelson and attempts to provide for their care (June 15 and July 11, 1842); and a discussion of improvements to Wickham's bevel wheel (July 11, 1842) by Thomas Samson of D.J. Burr and Company.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include: John S. Corbin, Nathanael Cross, William Dorbaker, Thomas Ellis and Charles Ellis, Robert G. Gilman, J.H. Martin, [S.H.] Parker, James L. Pendleton, James A. Seddon, Jane J. Swann, George Taylor, John N. Tazewell, William L. White, and John Wight. Topics include lumber needed for a penitentiary and a possible list of enslaved laborers written in pencil on an address portion of the letter (October 10, 1842).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include: Warwick Barksdale, John Barr, Samuel Cottrell, Richard Gwathmey, John Struthers and Son, Lucius Minor, William Nelson, Lucien B. Price, Richard Randolph, Edmund Ruffin, William D. Taylor, John N. Tazewell, Philip B. Winston, and Richard M. Young (General Land Office). Topics include the sale of two enslaved women (January 29, 1845).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include: Warwick Barksdale, Wellington Goddin, Phineas Janney, C.C. Lee, Thomas Nelson, Bernard Peyton, [Lucien] B. Price, John T. Rogers, Edmund Ruffin, Robert Taylor, J.R. Underwood, William F. Watson, Joseph Wingfield, and Philip B. Winston. Topics include a description of damage to the property of Joseph Wingfield by the breakage of the mill dam of Wickham (March 12, 1848).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include: John Gibson, G.W. Goode, Richard Gwathmey, Benjamin F. Larned (1794-1862), William Leigh, Thomas Nelson, John E. Page, James A. Seddon, Alexander H.H. Stuart, William F. Watson, Hugh A. Watt, W.C. Wickham (to James M. Ford), Edmund Winston, and William Overton Winston. Topics include the shipment of some prairie birds and directions for their care (December 23, 1849); lists of enslaved laborers for hire, including \"old Fanny,\" Nancy and her three children, and Betsy (January 1, 1850); request for information about the amount due on account of the division of the \"Negroes\" or enslaved laborers (March 5, 1850); William F. Wickham as the guardian of the minor heirs of Robert C. Wickham (April 20, 1850); the offer of the use of a Southdown buck for sheep breeding (July 12, 1850); the increase of visitors to the mountains of Virginia, especially at White Sulphur Springs, the Warm Springs, and the Hot Springs (August 5, 1850); the purchase of stained glass (November 19 and 23, 1850); the return of an enslaved woman who was a wet nurse, \"Mamma Betsy\" hired the year before for his little boy (July 28, 1849; November 5, 1850); and an opinion about Jenny Lind (December 20, 1850).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include: Alexander Hew, John F. Lay, [Laudonier] J. Randolph; Robert L. Randolph, Allen P. Richardson, William Sayre, William F. Wickham, and Thomas Wight. \nTopics include the redemption of land in Saline County, Missouri (September 13, 1853) and the settlement with McClurg Wickham, Littleton Waller Tazewell Wickham, and John Wickham concerning a loan from John Henry Wickham to them on August 11, 1851 (May 28, 1858).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include: J.A. Allen, David Anderson, Jr., A.W. Ball, Ann B. Berkeley, the Reverend P.F. Berkeley, George H. Byrd (Wyman, Byrd and Co. Commission Merchants), [Magrat] Davis, R.B. Davis, Robert Johnston, J.H. Montague, H.C. Parsons, James H. Storrs, John R. Taylor, James Usher, and William F. Wickham (drafts to Ann B. Berkeley, the Reverend P.F. Berkeley, and B.W. Green). \nTopics include: the question in the legislature concerning the payment of legacies given in Confederate money between 1862-1865 (March 10, 1866); difficulties in settling court cases in West Virginia following the Civil War (November 16, 1866); a request from a woman for legal help in keeping her inheritance in her name and under her control rather than her husband's as her current lawyer advised (April 25, 1867); and reports on the \"North Wales\" farm (May 20, 27, and 31, 1870).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include: James L. Apperson, W.W. Baldwin, Lewis D. Crenshaw, Jr., Isaac Davis, L.R. Dickinson, Maynard Dyson,  James S. Earle and Sons, George William Gibson, Charles Herndon, J.M. Hill, I.M. Parr and Son (Commission Merchants), J. Sabin and Sons (Booksellers, Printsellers and Importers), Walter C. Jones, A.C. Loomis, J.H. Montague, Henry Parry, G. Peyton, Joseph T. Priddy, R.H. Maury and Co. (Stock and Exchange Brokers), J.W. Ratcliffe, C.T. Smith, E.D. Starke, A.T. Stewart, W.T. Tinsley, H. Wernich, William F. Wickham (draft to L. Upshur Evans), and Wright and Co., Rio de Janeiro. \nTopics include: the sale of property in Richmond, Virginia, of a former brewery belonging to the estate of David G. Yuengling, Jr. along the James River called the \"James River Steam Brewery\" (August 16, 1879).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include: George B. Butler, Alexander Kaslovistsh, and John Watkins.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlvis discusses the farm operations of the East Tuckahoe Plantation.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe company sends sketches and discusses the replacement of the mantle damaged in the house fire at Hickory Hill.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscusses the oak tobacco boxes supplied by Edmund F. Wickham from \"Rocky Mills\" plantation.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence is chiefly with William F. Wickham and Williams Carter Wickham. Topics include concern about the \"military bill\" in the South as a way for Congress to get at the landed property there (March 4, 1867); Wickham's fondness for memoirs and other mentions of reading (December 17, 1868; May 30, 1873; June 15 and 20, 1875; February 11, 1876; May 4, 1877; July 2, 1880); and the offer of building supplies currently at \"Broad Neck\" in order to rebuild the house at \"Hickory Hill\" after a fire (February 16, 1875).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence is chiefly with William F. Wickham and Williams Carter Wickham. Topics include the financial affairs of their cousin Georgina L. Featherstonhaugh (September 24 and October 28, 1879).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTopics include Carter's impressions of Bristol College, Bucks County, Pennsylvania (October 18, 1834); complaints about the western states and their impact upon agricultural prices and politics, mentioning James Buchanan by name (July 17, 1846); suggestion that the enslaved laborers belonging to their nephews, Robert and John Wickham, be sold to pay the debt of their education (June 18, 1847); mention of a violent snowstorm that occurred just after he had returned home on a gunboat following a period of being nursed by his sister at \"Hickory Hill\" (November 8, 1862); and the death of Julia Wickham (July 16, 1873).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include C.P. Huntington (President), Henry Taylor Wickham, and Williams C. Wickham and J.S.F. Smith (Paint Creek Depot) concerning the opening of the coal mines on the land purchased from the Hansford heirs and the employment of miners in Kanawha County, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include C.P. Huntington (President), Henry Taylor Wickham, and Williams C. Wickham and J.S.F. Smith (Paint Creek Depot) concerning the opening of the coal mines on the land purchased from the Hansford heirs and the employment of miners in Kanawha County, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetters concern lands held by Reuben Jenkins and John Henry Wickham in Saline County, Missouri.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetters discuss matters concerning the Louisa Railroad, which was chartered by the Virginia General Assembly in 1836, and renamed the Virginia Central Railroad in 1850, with Fontaine as its longtime president.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence is concerned with securing payment on the accounts of John Wickham and Littleton W. T. Wickham, brothers of William F. Wickham by an immediate sale of livestock and agricultural goods.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMentions the illness of President Monroe and his own wife, Eliza Kortright Monroe Hay, the daughter of Monroe (August 4, 1823) and expresses disparaging remarks concerning a Yankee business associate (October 19, 1823).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTopics include a request to help in the administration of the estate of Dr. McClurg (March 2, 1839); fears about the possible death of his son, Thomas, in [Mississippi?] (June 22, 1839); instructions about the purchase of summer clothing for the enslaved laborers by Alvis (April 21, 1840); mention that there are 70 enslaved laborerss associated with the \"Rocky Mills\" plantation of Edmund Wickham and 40 additional enslaved laborers associated with his father's [John Wickham] estate (July 28, 1842). Much of the correspondence in general deals with the settling of the estate of John Wickham (1763-1839).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscusses arrangements for the support of Mr. Harrison's children and his disappointment with Dr. Selden.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter of introduction from Henry Clay for Mr. Bainbridge of Kentucky to John Wickham.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eKerr requests copies of any ordinances or laws concerning lands either given or planned to be given by the state of Virginia to the officers and soldiers who served in either the Continental Army or the Virginia state militia for use in the United States Court in Ohio.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscusses the best way to secure the claim of Dr. McClurg for surgeon pay during his service in the Continental Army, keeping in mind that the United States will soon find a use for surplus money and mentions Henry Clay as doing a great deal of good [in Congress?].\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRecommends that they make sure that Dr. [James] McClurg's will is recorded in Kentucky.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNotifies Wickham that he has located among his scorched papers enough information to send him a transcript of all he knows or remembers about the bonds of Mr. Balfour and invites him to visit Studley, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMentions the health concerns of family members and friends in Baltimore, Maryland.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDescribes the worsening physical condition of Walter [Maclurg Wickham?]  in Baltimore, Maryland.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNotifies Wickham about the death of Walter [Maclurg Wickham?] in Baltimore, Maryland.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRequests Wickham provide the wording to a decree that would enable a sale of his property in Richmond, Virginia, to proceed since his power of attorney, Mr. Botts, was unable to perform his duties.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOne letter, March 24, 1820, incomplete, last page only, John Randolph of Roanoke writes concerning Stephen Decatur's death. In a second letter, April 1, 1820,   part of the letter and autograph signature excised, John Randolph of Roanoke thanks Wickham for his indulgence and civility in the matter of his father's estate and mentions [Littleton Waller] Tazewell's move to Norfolk.,\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTopics include: request for advice on a business proposition concerning property offered by Mr. Page as security for the payment of Tazewell's stock (July 4 and 9, 1819); Tazewell's current ill health (November 26, 1819); criticism of President John Quincy Adams and a description of a duel between Henry Clay and John Randolph of Roanoke (April 8, 1826); and damages suffered during a hurricane (October 14, 1838).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetters concerns legal work performed by Wickham for Richardson.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eExpresses concern over several outbreaks of cholera among citizens and enslaved laborers on the plantation.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWrites from White Sulphur Springs about the convalescence of Susan [Decatur Wickham (1819 -1831)].\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJohn Wickham addresses business matters in his absence on a trip to Philadelphia, sending four letters from stops in Washington, Baltimore, New York and Philadelphia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe discusses the prospects for the wheat crop, the demand for flour in [American] towns and South America, and reports on his conversations with Mr. Haxall about pricing if the crop is delivered early (May through August 1830) and the last letter mentions their pleasant stay at the Sulphur Springs and Sweet Springs and the journey home, the drought in Kentucky and Ohio, and \"this new explosion in France\" (September 24, 1830).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWickham writes to his son William F. Wickham with concerns about his wheat crop, a notification of an outbreak of disease at Howard School for boys from Jonathan Loring Woart, and the preoccupation of the Virginia General Assembly over internal improvements (January 29 and May 30, 1834); the design of a mill powered by water (February 21, 1834); discussions about the Bank of Virginia and the elections (April 17 and 21, 1834); discussions about possible schools for their boys and rumors of a duel in Washington (September 28, 1834); discusses the President's message (December 7, 1834); an enslaved laborer, sick with cholera, who was believed to be dead several times, appears to be recovering partly due to work of Dr. McCaw (December 18, 1834); and politics in Washington (December 24, 1834).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWickham writes to his son William F. Wickham with concerns about his wheat crop (July 6, 1837) and to his sons at the University of Virginia, George and Littleton W.T. Wickham with advice about their studies, especially geology and the study of soils, and their visit to the Natural Bridge (May 15, 1837).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe letters written during a trip to New England by William F. Wickham and Anne Wickham mention seeing the effects of a great drought all over the northeast, speculations about the wheat crop, poor corn crop of the current year, Littleton at the University of Virginia and George reporting for duty in Washington in the U.S. Navy (September 13, 17, and 25, 1838); news about the wheat market and John Wickham's health (November 20 and December 12, 1838); and news about the opening of the [James River and Kanawha Canal] and its advantages for Richmond, Virginia (December 20, 1838).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWirt asks for Wickham's advice concerning the rights of the widow in the estate of John Ellis (December 21, 1815); in another letter, October 10, 1830, autograph signature excised, Wirt asks for his advice and support in the case of the Cherokee Nation versus the state of Georgia, argued by Wirt before the Supreme Court; and in a third undated letter, Wirt discusses a property case involving Colonel Byrd and Mr. Harrison of Berkeley and lots in Manchester and Richmond, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes two letters mentioning visits by Yankees to Hickory Hill and the taking of her father as a prisoner (May 27, 1862; August 4, 1862); also includes a letter from Robert E. Lee to his cousin, Miss Annie Wickham [later Anne Carter Wickham Renshaw Byerly], Lee promises to stop by \"Hickory Hill\" to visit if at all possible on his way back to Lexington, autograph signature excised from the letter (May 23, 1870).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetters through March 1883 are written from Port Oratava to Henry T. Wickham but in April 1883 the Renshaw's began their journey home, settling in New Market and then Boyce, Virginia, by the turn of the century; In 1906, Annie writes from the University of Virginia about Robert H. Renshaw's poor health which continues until his death in 1910.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese letters are chiefly undated, but she appears to continue her correspondence with her uncle after the death of her Aunt Anne in1868, chiefly written from New York.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLeigh mentions the death of Lizzie Wickham (February 27, 1862); General Johnston and his prospects in the Tennessee area (March 25, 1863); and the death of Mrs. Carter, probably Mary B. Randolph Carter (August 6, 1864).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOne letter, September 16, 1836, described a duel between her brother James and John Chapman, which ended in reconciliation between the two men.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains one letter, August 17, 1863, concerning the Civil War, from Chattanooga, Tennessee, shortly before his death following his wounding and capture.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTopics include the preparation to leave for France with her husband, William Cabell Rives, appointed minister to France (June 26, 1829); and their return to Paris, France (August 2, 1851).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOne letter, written from the Warm Springs Hospital, discusses Taylor's health problems and the recent Battle of Cheat Mountain (October 2, 1861).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTwo letters are written from China, one from Chefoo [present day Yantai] and the second from Tsingtao, while her husband, Captain Williams C. Wickham (1887-1985) was serving in the U.S. Asiatic Fleet.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOne letter from Williams Carter Wickham expresses his pleasure at her engagement to his son, Henry Taylor Wickham (August 26, 1885).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese letters are chiefly to her husband, Henry, while staying at the Homestead, Hot Springs, Virginia, (1911) and White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia (1913) for her health but two letters are to her son, Captain Williams Carter Wickham during his journey to join the Asiastic fleet (1924).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEarly letters are chiefly from his grandparents, William F. and Anne Wickham, and the letters in 1864 are between Henry and his parents, Williams C. and Lucy Wickham\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOne letter mentions the death of his grandmother, Anne B. Carter Wickham (February 26, 1868); four letters were written as a University of Virginia student (October 17, 24, and 31, 1869; and May 8, 1870); and one letter from Henry to his son, Captain Williams C. Wickham, congratulating him on his engagement to Credilla Miller (October 2, 1911).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJohn Wickham writes concerning land in Franklin County, Missouri, belonging to the estate of John Wickham (July 11, 1850).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDuring the Civil War, Leigh Wickham received an appointment in the Confederate Quartermaster department at Memphis, Tennessee (September 13 and 19, and December 8, 1861); reports that the people of Mississippi were frightened of General Grant's army (December 23, 1862); and mentions the hanging of Colonel Lawrence Orton Williams as a Confederate spy by the Federals (June 14, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence includes one letter from Williams Carter Wickham while at the University of Virginia concerning the results of Professor Rogers' analysis of Edmund's specimens of marl (January 16, 1838).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains two letters from W.F. Wickham, Jr. as a student at the University of Virginia (December 19, 1848 and January 12, 1849).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes letters written as a student at the Episcopal High School of Virginia, Fairfax, Virginia (1874-1878) and the University of Virginia (1878-1883).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWhile his father is away in New York and Boston, Williams Carter Wickham sends reports on the activities and condition of the plantation, including illness and death among the enslaved laborers (September 7, 1845; September 15, 1848). Williams Carter Wickham writes with further reports to his father hoping to catch him still at Bowling Green (August 30, 1849); and Williams describes a trip with his wife Lucy to New York and on to Quebec (August 27, 1855).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains references to the participation of Williams Carter Wickham in the First Battle of Bull Run (July 24, 1861, and August 1861); rumors of possible attacks on Arlington and Alexandria and Norfolk (September 2, 1861); discussion about the ramifications of the seizure of James Murray Mason and John Slidell on board the RMS Trent by Union Captain Charles Wilkes (December 8, 1861); and W. Leigh Wickham's commission as assistant quartermaster with rank of captain (December 20, 1861). During the recent visit of William F. Wickham with General Robert E. Lee, Lee reported on the sufferings of the army in the west [1861].\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliams Carter Wickham shares his weariness of the war and announces himself as a candidate for Congress (May 15, 1863); William F. Wickham voices his concern over scarcity of food in Richmond and near Charlottesville to Lucy Penn Taylor Wickham (January 19, 1864); and William F. Wickham fears that Lee cannot maintain communications to the south and wishes he had nothing more to do with land or enslaved laborers if only his son were home in peace (June 28, [1864]).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains references to the participation of Williams Carter Wickham in the First Battle of Bull Run (July 22-23, 27, and 31, 1861).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWickham is in Cavalry Camp, 5th Brigade and attached to Colonel Cocke's Brigade and has a complete blacksmith shop and blacksmith fixed up with his company but requires clothes for his [enslaved?] personal attendant, Robin (September 1, 1861); Many letters discuss conditions of camp life for an officer in the Confederate forces and the efforts of family at home to supply the needs and wants of their own family members in the forces but also those of other soldiers, such as clothing. The letters also show a desire to establish a local hospital for the troops like the ones run by the ladies in Fredericksburg, Virginia (September 4, 1861); Wickham writes from his camp at Fairfax Courthouse about opportunities for drilling the troops, his resignation of his seat in the Convention and in the Virginia Senate, his increasing concerns over the conduct of the war in the last two months, and the injurious effect of the capture of Fort Hatteras in North Carolina to the South (September 6, 1861); news that his son, Henry T. Taylor, is intensely reading the novels of Sir Walter Scott to the detriment of his studies (September 26, 1861); clothing made by the ladies of the community shipped off to the troops (October 12, 1861); Wickham currently at Union Mills (October 22, 1861); the difficulties of Lizzie Fry in getting a permit to leave to go home (October 24, 1861); and Wickham's meeting with General [Jeb] Stuart with whom he is very pleased (October 27, 1861).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWickham writes a very detailed letter about the detrimental effects of fighting the Civil War on their own home soil, his dinner with General Cocke, whose ardor for the war has cooled considerably, the wasting of their best resources in an unnatural strife, and the devastation wrought by both occupying armies (November 3, 1861); and mention of Colonel Robertson and General Stuart (November 7, 13, and 29, 1861). \nWriting from Camp Frontier after an absence of three days, he describes a plan for a force of  nine companies of cavalry and three regiments of infantry, all under General Stuart, to cut off an enemy encampment near Alexandria, but this was prevented by the arrival of more Federal forces in the area near Pohick Church and describes his activities as a member of the scouting party (November 13, 1861); furnishes a description of his strategy when in new territory (November 21, 1861); shares his belief that the Yankees will advance along the Evansport line, chiefly by water, but with a land force on the telegraph road, otherwise believes that they will go into winter quarters (November 24, 1861); and repeats a report from Mr. Porcher [of South Carolina?] that some of the coloured people had been shot by the Confederates and that some of the people offered to work on the entrenchments for the Yankees for pay (November 28, 1861). \nWickham is still waiting for word on any advancement against the enemy and a describes the Federal forces arrayed against Virginia (December 4, 1861); Wickham shares his wish to command a full regiment of cavalry if he cannot have his first  preference to be at home with Lucy, his shock at hearing about the death of Mr. [Cooke?] and his efforts to secure a furlough for Church to go home for the funeral (December 14, 1861).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWickham writes about the following topics, a story about Lt. Colonel Thomas L. Kane, commander of the Bucktail Rifles of Northern Pennsylvania and a relative (January 2, 1862); General Johnston likes Wickham's bill for the better organization of the army (January 8, 1862); Wickham's [enslaved?], attendant, Robin, has built a wonderful shelter for the horses in their winter camp (January 8, 1862); Wickham's return to Camp Ewell after his furlough (January 29, 1862); his disapproval of the bill in the Senate concerning the Virginia forces (February 4, 1862); and his concerns over the reorganization of his regiment (February 15, 1862).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTopics include the alarm of the people in the area north of the Rappahannock where people are abandoning their homes and \"Negroes\" or enslaved laborers are going northward by the hundreds (March 14, 1862); bivouacking comfortably near Brandy Station (April 4, 1862); and reports that their new location is twelve miles below Williamsburg and five miles from Yorktown at \"Blows Mill\" and that they are short on provisions (April 18, 22 and 24, 1862).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTopics include writing from Sudley Mills describes recent events that have greatly reduced his regiment and prevented his communicating with his family, noting that with 200 men Wickham charged the 12th Pennsylvania Cavalry 800 strong, routing them and capturing a large number, mentioning that General Ewell has lost a leg [during the battle of Groveton] (August 30, 1862); currently near Frederick, Maryland (September 7, 1862); yesterday at Sharpsburg, Maryland, \"fought probably the most desperate battle of the war\" [Battle of Antietam], Wickham lost twenty  men killed, wounded or missing, W.H.F. Lee's horse fell with him, Lt. Colonel Thornton of the 3rd had his arm torn by a shell and died of shock, Hill Carter received two severe wounds at Boonsborough and was left in the hands of the enemy, very difficult to find anything to eat, as local people will not sell them anything, and Thomas L. Kane was just made a Brigadier General in the Union army (September 18 and 21, 1862).\nReports on his safe return from an expedition to Pennsylvania with 1800 men (October 14 and 19, 1862); details of the cavalry raid to collect horses from Mercersburg, Chambersburg, and Emmitsburg (October 19, 1862); troops destroying the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (October 21, 1862);  his participation recently in a serious battle with losses of 1500 killed or wounded [Battle of Fredericksburg], with the town of Fredericksburg totally devastated and mentions activities of Major General Ambrose Burnside (December 15 and 18, 1862).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTopics include the rejection of his resignation by the Secretary of War (January 15, 1863); staying with General Robert E. Lee at Culpeper Courthouse (March 1, 1863); discussion of the [Battle of Chancellorsville] (May 8, 1863 copy); spent the day with Lee who was in good spirits but without any hope of quick termination of the war and who would not allow his resignation, and General Jackson said to be dangerously ill with pleurisy (May 10, 1863); mentions the death of General Jackson and his fears for the safety of General Lee who he describes in appreciative terms (May 11, 1863); and describes his visit to General Lee's headquarters and assesses the results of recent battles (May 31, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTopics include Wickham's approval of the generals James Longstreet, A.P. Hill, and Richard S. Ewell (June 3, 1863); Lucy relates their losses during visits of the Yankees to \"Hickory Hill\" and \"North Wales\" plantations and the capture of Fitzhugh Lee out of his sick bed (July 25, 1863); Wickham writes from the headquarters of Wickham's Brigade, following his commission as Brigadier General (September 12, 1863); news of Julius Theodore Porcher being mortally wounded from members of the 10th South Carolina Regiment (December 1863); Lucy Wickham's visit with General Wickham near Charlottesville, Virginia (January 17, 21, 31, 1864); General Lee has issued the first order that has not received Wickham's admiration (February 8, 1864); and draft of a letter from Wickham to Captain J.E. Cook, describing his actions beginning on October 28, 1862 until November 3, 1862 (February 26, 1864).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTopics include accompanying General Robert E. Lee to the anniversary of the Young Men's Christian Association of Poney's Brigade to hear a talk on the character of General [Stonewall?] Jackson (March 29, 1864); description of the pillaging of \"Hickory Hill\" by the Yankees and their threatening Uncle Hill Carter (June 5, 1864, June 1864, August 1, 1864); mention of General Sheridan (July 25, 1864); description of the devastation in the area around Culpeper and mention of [Jubal] Early (August 12, 1864); and Wickham, while stationed in Winchester, Virginia, describing the broad valley just prior to the Battle of Winchester (September 5, 8, and 10, 1864).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWickham attended the U.S. Naval Academy from 1904 until 1909 and most of the letters from this period were to his parents. There are also a few dating from his service aboard the U.S.S. Minnesota (1911) and the U.S.S. Smith (1913) addressed to them. Letters dated 1924 from Captain Wickham to his wife, Credilla Miller Wickham, were written while serving in the U.S. Asiastic Fleet aboard the U.S.S. Pillsbury when the navy summered at Chefoo [present day Yantai], China.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include: J.S.B. Alleyne (resolutions concerning the death of Dr. William F. Wickham in 1851); John B. Baldwin; L.M. Baldwin; Nannie P. Ballard; A.P. Bankhead; B. Johnson Barbour, John L. Barbour; Greta du Pont Barksdale (1891-1965); Phoebe [Barksdale?]; Marianna Elizabeth Barksdale (1796-1856) and her husband, William Jones Barksdale (1794-1859); Ann B. Berkeley; Letitia Glenn Biddle (1864-1950); John Minor Botts (1802-1869); Mary G. Braxton; Mary Carter Brickner; G. Thompson Brown; Alfred H. Byrd; E.H. Byrd and L.C. Byrd.\nTopics include a very detailed letter from John Minor Botts to General Williams Carter Wickham about the Civil War, particularly the requested transfer of Colonel Charles H. Wager from the infantry service to the cavalry, rumors about General Lee evacuating Virginia, complaints about the press stimulating the prejudices of the people, and rumors of a proposal to arm enslaved laborers to help fight against the Northern forces (January 8, 1865).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include: Ellen J. Cackie; J.R. Campbell (damaged postal card only); B.B. Claike; George Colton; A. Coolidge; O.A. Crenshaw; M.W.T. Cumberland; John B. Custis; Laura G. Custis; Raleigh T. Daniel; J.S. Davis; Enid Deem; Martha Lee Doughty \"To the Women of the Confederacy\" (undated); Fanny Duncan; Georgina L. Featherstonhaugh; and Mary J. Foster.\nTopics include: a discussion of several books read by Laura G. Custis of Boston (May 25, no year) and a description of the past few months the Custis family were forced to stay in Versailles, France, due to illness and the onset of the Franco-Prussian War (March 30, [1871]).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include: Ellen Carter, Lizzie Carter, L.W. Carter, Mary Carter, and W[illiams?] Carter, Jr.\nTopics include: the concern of W[illiams] Carter, Jr. that his father make a will immediately so that the Confederacy will not get any of [his brother?] Charles' portion of the estate.  He writes emphatically \"I don't wish the South to get a cent – no country in the history of the world has so worked out its own destruction as the Southern portion of the U.S. America, and all Christendom will in history say, Amen – next to Sodom and Gomorrah\" (February 3, 1862); W[illiams?] Carter, Jr. also asks that the enslaved laborers on both the North Wales and South Wales plantations be sent to Charlotte or some safe place so they will not be sold like cattle, mentioning all of the Tom and Sarah Fox family, Ben Napper and family, the Tom Brown and Harry Brown families, and other enslaved laborers by first name only (March 1, 1862).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include: A.W. Carter; Agnes M. Carter; Annie Carter; Betty Carter; E.H. Carter; Emily Carter; Fanny N. Carter; L.H. Carter, Louise Carter, Pauline Carter, Susan Roy Carter, Thomas B. Carter, Thomas H. Carter (1831-1908), and Williams Carter.\nTopics include: the death of Julia Wickham (Thomas H. Carter, July 19, 1873); an expression of hope that the nation will mend following the Civil War, saying \"my hatred for Davis is only equaled by that for Charles Sumner,\" and mention of balloon flights and France's position of strength in Europe (Thomas B. Carter, Paris, May 22, 1866).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTopics of note include two references to the Civil War, including the \"suffering northern soldiers\" and the sentiment \"the same God made us all\" (August 10, 1861); and a second letter about the Civil War concerning shelling of the area near Shirley along the river by northern gunboats and comments about [General John] Pope (August 28, 1862).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTopics include a condolence letter (July 12, 1873) concerning the death of Julia Leiper Wickham (1859-1873).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include: Peter J. Chevallie to his wife, Elizabeth Gilliam Chevallie; Sarah Magee \"Sally\" Chevallie Warwick (1816-1846) to her mother, Elizabeth Green Gilliam Chevallie (1796-1865); Joseph Gallego to his nephew, Peter J. Chevallie;  Henry Chevallie to his sister, Mary G. Chevallie; and Abraham Warwick (1794-1874) to his daughter-in-law, Elise F. Warwick.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include: Robert Gamble; S.P. Gregory; Gene and [George?] Griffin; A.G. Grinnan; Evelyn Hale; Hetty Cary Harrison; Ella Havisham; Jane R. Haxall; Rosalie Haxall; Eva Mary Anna Mason Heth (1836-1915); Mary Heywood (with a photograph of her on her 78th birthday);  E.[L.] Holmes; R.R. Howison; J. Johns, Jr.; S. Harvey Johnson; William T. Joyner; W.M. Justis; Bessie D. Kane; J.D.L. Kane; Sallie G. Kean; and Ethel Kilburn.\nTopics include the Civil War (Robert Gamble, June 19, 1863); reminiscences about the Civil War and General Stuart, and a discussion about genealogy (A.G. Grinnan, 1892-1893); family reading (R.R. Howison, January 30, 1878); discussion of Reuben Lindsay Walker (1827-1890), commander of the Third Corps artillery, and his opposition to the peace commission, known as the [Hampton Roads Conference] during the Civil War and political issues that will arise at the conclusion of the war (William T. Joyner, February 3, 1865); and the poor state of the Confederate army, due in part to desertions (William T. Joyner, February 25, 1865).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include: Frances Wickham Graham; [Hartley] Graham; James Duncan Graham; Salva Graham; and William F. Wickham.\nTopics include chiefly family news but also some references to the work of James Duncan Graham as a member of the United States Engineer Corps (April 13, 1862; April 9, 1865; May 9, 1865); the condition of the South at the conclusion of the Civil War (June 2, 1865); and papers concerning the pension of James Duncan Graham (1867-1871).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include: E.W. Hubard and J.L. Hubard.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include: Robert B. Lancaster; Elizabeth W. Lay; R. Bruce Lockhart; A.C. Leigh; William Leigh; Ellen McCaw; Rose M. MacDonald; F. Mark; Captain G. [Marvel]; Dido Mason; E.K.N. Massie; Alice W. Meade; Susan W. Miller; Edgar Miller; F.B. Minor; Mary W. Minor;  and M.M. Morris. \nTopics include work on the book about old homes of Hanover (Robert B. Lancaster, January 8, 1984); the fire at Hickory Hill (Elizabeth W. Lay, February 17, 1875); and notification of an ankle injury of Captain W. Leigh Wickham in Chattanooga, Tennessee while serving as paymaster for the Confederate army (Edgar Miller, May 2, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include: Agnes Lee, Annie C. Lee, Ann H. Lee, C.C. Lee; Mary Custis Lee; Richard Henry Lee (1794-1865) concerning the state literary fund and his proposed memoir of Richard A. Lee; Robert E. Lee, Jr. concerning the death of William F. Wickham (July 16, 1873); and William H.F. \"Rooney\"  Lee (1837-1891).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include: Elizabeth B. Nicholas, concerning the fall of New Orleans to Federal forces (April 30, 1862); Helen N. Patterson; Lt. Colonel William H. Payne; Virginia Porcher; Lucy Carter Renshaw (1838-1965) concerning damages suffered by the \"Shirley\" plantation during the Civil War battles (July 4, 1862); Amelie Louise Rives Troubetzkoy (1863-1945); and M.C. Rives.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include: Carrie P. Nelson; F. Nelson; F.P. Nelson; Jane E. Nelson; Jenny Nelson concerning the capture of Confederate George Washington \"Wash\" Nelson near Smithfield (November 6, 1863) and the raids of the Yankee soldiers in the neighborhood against the local residents (undated Civil War letter); Judith? Nelson; M.W. Nelson concerning the death of Lucy Carter Wickham (January 17, 1835); Mary C. Nelson; Robert Nelson on board the ship Oriental with his friend John Lewis [Points?] (August 29, 1851); Rose Nelson; Virginia L. Nelson; and W. Nelson.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include: Anne Rose Page; Elizabeth Burwell Page; John Page; Judith Nelson Page; Leila Page; and Thomas Nelson Page concerning his book about Italy and his visit to England (January 9, 1920).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include: George William Shelton; Amelie Louise Sigourney; M.M. Smith; Walter N. Sprinkel; A.M. Stearns; Alexander H.H. Stuart writes of his fear of the future, suggests that Williams Carter Wickham and himself travel to Washington on business to meet with some of the Yankee magnates and discuss ways to end the Civil War and expresses his sorrow over the sundering of the Union (January 23, 1865); Alta E. Stumpf concerning the awakening of Russia and its development (June 29, 1931); J.V. Swearingen; Louisa Nivison Tazewell (1804-1873) describing the death of her father, former Virginia governor, Littleton Waller Tazewell (1774-1860) in her letter (May 16, 1860); Fannie W. Toler; and C. Vanderbilt, Jr.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include: Belle Taylor; Bertie Taylor; Edmund P. Taylor; Elizabeth Taylor; Henry Taylor; Henry Taylor, Jr., John Taylor; Julianna Dunlap Leiper Taylor (1801-1883); R.I. Taylor; and Susan W. Taylor.\nOne letter from Henry Taylor, Jr., July 31, 1877, includes a very detailed discussion about Professor Colonel Peters at the University of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include: Davy Wallace; S. Gardner Waller; Louisa Webb; C.E. Wellford; Mary T. Williams; Captain W.L. Wingfield; Alice B. Winston; Philip B. Winston; and Beulah H.J. Woolston.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include: A.C.L. Wickham; Elizabeth S. Wickham; Fanny Wickham concerning the death of Ella Wickham (March 27, 1851); George Wickham; Julia L. Wickham; J.L. Wickham; L.A.C. Wickham; [L.V.] Wickham; M.F. Wickham; and Sarah Wickham.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTopics include a description of the meeting of the trustees of the Peabody Fund for Education in the South, particularly Bishop Henry Benjamin Whipple of Minnesota and his life among the indigenous native Americans, who he referred to as \"Indians\" (August 12, 1876).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTopics include climate change (January 31, 1872); details of the career of his friend Custis, who died in 1872 and was a water commissioner in Boston (February 8, 1872); the influence of John C. Calhoun in ruining the whole South and his own state by men following his \"evil counsel\" (January 1, 1875); discussions of reading and current politics (January 8, 1875); description of Wickham's losses during the fire in February (March 13, 1875); mentions of Lord Byron, Charles Lamb, William Cullen Bryant and other literary figures (March 22, 1875); description of the Bunker Hill centennial (June 7, 1875); detailed discussion of the career of Patrick Henry (January 1, 1878); religious reading (March 13, 1878); and Richard Henry Dana, Jr. (December 11, 1878).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe letters are chiefly social or agricultural but one, May 30, 1867, touches upon politics and international events and mentions Rives reading the biography of James Madison.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTopics include the perils of travel by stage to Norfolk, Virginia, in winter (March 3, 1817); condolence letter upon the death of his friend, John Wickham, and reflections upon Wickham's importance in his own life as a mentor and friend and his singular character (January 26, 1839); the mention of Tazewell in the will of John Wickham (March 17 and April 1, 1839); ten inch snowfall in March and the economic difficulties of the country (March 21, 1843); discussion on the political issue on \"our title to Oregon\" (February 26, 1846); and Tazewell thanking William F. Wickham for his translations of Italian comedies, but does not think they merit the efforts of someone of Wickham's ability in the Italian language (July 15, 1849).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include: William B. Bowers; E.E. Cooke; E.S. Holmes; E. Laurens; Robert E. Lee; L.M. Mason; N.W. Massie; Catharine H. Myers; [J.] R. Ritchie; E.R. Simons; Sue R. Simons; and Sallie P. Winston.\nThe letter from Robert E. Lee to his cousin, Anne B. Carter Wickham, November 11, 1862, hand-written copy, expresses his regret that her son, Williams Carter Wickham, has again been wounded but explains that he cannot spare Wickham from returning to duty in the army.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAmong the numerous correspondents are George Washington Custis Lee; Mildred Lee; W.H.F. Lee; General William Mahone; Francis H. Smith; and George D. Wise.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include: John Minor discussing the two engravings, of General Marion and \"the Artist's Dream,\" sent by the Apollo Association for the Promotion of the Fine Arts in the United States and the current relations of the United States and England, especially as affected by the affair of the \"Creole\" (March 18 and October 12, 1842); Henry Clay declines an invitation to visit (February 22, 1848); John S. Mosby, concerning the service of the late Dr. James McClurg as a surgeon in the Revolutionary War (July 16 and August 6, 1849); Francis Robert Rives (1822-1891); Andrew Stevenson (1784-1857) concerning politics and enslavement (February 15, 1850) and a visit (July 20, 1854); John R. Thompson, editor of the  \"Messenger,\" refusing an essay by Wickham defending the Mormons (December 4, 1850);  Edward Vernon Childe (1804-1861) writes concerning the peace negotiations during the Crimean War (December 18, 1855); and two drafts of a letter from Wickham to Robert E. Lee concerning the arrival of the Yankee cavalry at \"Hickory Hill,\" who carried off General W.H. F. Lee as a prisoner in Wickham's carriage as well as horses and enslaved laborers, and includes the report that Charlotte Lee's health is not good and that she is much distressed at her husband's capture (June 28, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTopics include financial inquiry about Virginia's non-payment of the interest on state stock (January 17, 1872); the fire at Hickory Hill, Hanover County, Virginia (February 15, 1875); the voyage of William D. Shipman to England and his assessment of Thomas Jefferson's life and career (July 4, 1876); Wickham's analysis of State Trials of the United States by Francis Wharton, including his own memories of the James T. Callendar trial (June 19, 1876); and William D. Shipman's mention of seeing the effigy of ancestor William of Wykeham in Winchester, England and information about him (November 6, 1876).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTopics include advice for Henry T. Wickham on entering the legal profession and the study of law (July 24, 1868); Robinson's work with a case in the Supreme Court concerning Allen T. Caperton (1810-1876) and his acts in West Virginia as Provost Marshal (April 15, 1872).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTopics include the declaration of [William B.] Preston for the immediate secession of Virginia from the Union and Wickham's fear that \"the dogs of war will be let loose\" (April 16, 1861); two letters from Colonel [Beverly Holcombe] Robertson about missing and absent soldiers and his efforts to round them up (May 13 and 14, 1862); request for Wickham's support and vote for Robert H. Wynne as doorkeeper of the Confederate House of Representatives (December 24, 1863); John B. Baldwin informs Williams Carter Wickham that his nomination has not been acted upon (February 5, 1864) and two letters from John Taylor about family and home events during the Civil War (February 2 and 8, 1864).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTopics include a letter from Robert E. Lee about Henry T. Wickham's attendance at Washington College in Lexington and Lee's plan to write a history about military campaigns in Virginia during the Civil War (October 3, 1865) and a draft of Wickham's reply to Lee in the hand of Lucy Wickham [October 13, 1865];  a draft of Wickham's letter to General W.H.F. Lee about contemporary politics (April 16, 1868); the formation of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad (September 17, 1868); Horace Greeley's comments on the progress of the railroads in Virginia (November 15, 1868); request and recommendation from Alexander H.H. Stuart on behalf of two job seekers in the railroad business (May 5, 1873); efforts of C.T. Smith to get Wickham elected (August 19, 1883); two congratulatory letters on the recent election of Wickham to the Virginia Senate from B. Johnson Barbour and John T. Harris (November 19, 1883); and a request for a donation towards a University of Virginia chapel from Schele de Vere (November 21, 1883).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe diary begins with an entry about the secession of South Carolina from the Union and continues with entries about the evacuation of Fort Moultrie and the removal of troops to Fort Sumter in South Carolina; each state that secedes from the Union is noted and mention made of the firing upon the steamer Star of the West at Charleston, South Carolina; Intermixed with news of the impending war are notes about building a henhouse, nests, the receipt of toys, and weather; his father [Williams Carter Wickham] as a candidate for the Virginia Secession Convention from Henrico (January 29, 1861); and ends with an entry for February 12, 1861.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe diary mentions the following topics: the loan of a sharps rifle from George W. Randolph, supposedly owned before by John Brown and presented to the 1st [Virginia?] Regiment at Harper's Ferry; a four mile drive on the Petersburg Road to \"Strawberry Hill\" owned by Robert Edmond;  Judge and Mrs. Robertson leaving for \"Mount Athos\" their place in the country near Lynchburg, Virginia; double guard on \"the mills\" [Gallego Mills?]; the arrival of 1,000 men from Tennessee who went to the old fairgrounds; a drill by the \"Richland Rifles\" at the South Carolina camp; occupation of Alexandria by President Lincoln's troops; news of a battle at Bethel Church between Yorktown and Hampton; the departure of 2,000 troops for Manassas on June 13th; a visit to Camp Lee; examination of the fortifications below the city with locations noted; note that business is very slow since the commencement of the war; the meeting with Mr. and Mrs. Macfarland and General Lee at Mr. Lyon's [home?]; birth of a daughter [Elise Warwick Barksdale Wickham (1861-1952)] on August 28, 1861; note that he spent the last month with the 16th Virginia Regiment as Quartermaster at \"Camp Withers\" six miles from Norfolk; his orders to transfer to Colonel L. Smith's office as paymaster, September 13, 1861; and the death of cousin Fanny Townes, September 20, 1861.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubjects include: lists of books purchased from Peter Cotton (October 20, 1816-January 27, 1817 and September 22, 1817); purchases of quills, paper, ink, chessmen, etc. (October 15, 1817); hires of enslaved laborers (January 25 and 27, 1817 and February 21, 1817); and a bill of sale for enslaved laborers (September 17, 1817).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubjects include: medical care for enslaved laborers from Dr. W.P. Jones (January 12, February 24 and 26, March 24, and June 24, 1818); a hire of an enslaved laborer (April 2, 1819); and a bill of sale for two male enslaved men (January 19, 1820).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubjects include: the return of a little boy, Joe Lewis, and little girl, Lucy, the property of William F. Wickham (September 28, 1821); payment to overseer William Lizer on \"South Wales\" plantation (January 26, 1821); and purchase of paper, ink, and books (July 7, 1821).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubjects include: the hire of an enslaved girl, Jenny (January 11, 1823).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubjects include: hiring of Nathaniel B. Priddy as overseer (1834-1835; 1837-1838, 1840); and a list of books and magazines, quills, pencils, and paper purchased (1836-1838).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubjects include: hiring of Samuel Bumpass as overseer (1842); the sale of an enslaved boy, Washington (January 6, 1843); hiring of Nathaniel B. Priddy as overseer (1843); sale of the enslaved woman, Nancy Wylde, and her two youngest children (May 23, 1843); and the sale of an enslaved man, Ned Davis (June 27, 1843).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubjects include: lists of books and writing supplies purchased (July 20, 1846; March 22 and April 16, 1847).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubjects include: lists of books and writing supplies purchased (February 1848; July 14, 1848; and October 4, 1849).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubjects include: lists of books purchased (January and November 1850); memoranda book containing the names of enslaved laborers (May 12, 1850); and the hire of enslaved men, Giles, Frank, and John from J.H. Wickham (1851).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubjects include: list of taxable property for William F. Wickham in 1853, includes 96 enslaved laborers over 16 years old and 116 enslaved laborers over twelve years old.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubjects include: partners listed for Warwick and Barksdale at the \"Gallego Mills\" following the death of William J. Barksdale (February 15 and July 2, 1860).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubjects include: theft of stock certificates, bank book, and checks from Williams Carter at the \"North Wales\" plantation during a Yankee raid (May 31, 1864); copy of the last will and testament of Williams Carter with a codicil dated July 30, 1864, freeing his two enslaved women, Margaret and Sally, with any offspring that they have as soon as peace shall be established in the country (July 17, 1864); an enslaved mulatto girl named Sally was lent to Anne Butler Berkeley by Williams Carter (August 10, 1864); indenture concerning the former plantations and property of Williams Carter, Sr. including \"North Wales\" and \"Broad Neck\" (May 16, 1867); and payroll lists (April 1, 1868).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubjects include: receipts for work in the coal banks, Clifton, West Virginia (1873).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubjects include: a valuation of personal property at \"North Wales\" plantation; valuation of real estate of Mr. [Abraham] Warwick made by commissioners, including factories, blacksmith shop, houses, lots, and a Brookfield farm; and a list of the names of enslaved laborers, with their evaluations.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese three oversize items include an indenture between Betty Littlepage and Charles Carter of Corotoman (May 5, 1768); a deed of trust from Carter B. Page and Rebecca Page to Thomas Taylor and Benjamin Harrison (June 17, 1817); and an indenture concerning Catherine Page, \"Broad Neck\" and Williams Carter (March 11, 1822).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe oversize deeds and indentures include those signed by Carter B. and Rebecca Page and Thomas Taylor (June 7, 1817); an indenture between John Wickham, Edward Carrington, Daniel Call, and Littleton Waller Tazewell (March 17, 1800); an indenture between Harry and Anna Terrell and Charles Carter (October 7, 1769); an indenture between James Littlepage and Joel Terrell (April 23, 1751); an indenture between John Littlepage and John Carter (March 2, 1735); and a bill of sale for two male enslaved men, Billy and Cyrus (January 15, 1820).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese include a list with the heading \"A List of My Slaves, such as I wish to keep, such as I may wish to sell and may wish to send to the West\" with names, ages, special skills or jobs, and their evaluations on the \"Rocky Mills\" and \"South Wales\" plantations belonging to Edmund Fanning Wickham in 1835; an account of the sale of land and enslaved laborers at \"Rocky Mills\" in November 1842 with the name of the purchaser, name of the enslaved laborer and the prices; a list of enslaved laborers treated by Dr. J.P. Harrison (April 24, 1844; July 1845; July 1848); list of William F. Wickham's enslaved laborers by age category (1843); the evaluation of an enslaved man, Tom Christian and his entire family (December 22, 1846); a list of named enslaved laborers with their ages belonging to the estate of Dr. James McClurg, Hanover County, Virginia, with evalutions by W. O. Winston (January 18, 1852); a list of 209 named enslaved laborers belonging to [William F. Wickham?] (January 1854); a list of 269 named enslaved laborers belonging to [William F. Wickham?] (January 1859); a list of enslaved laborers belonging to [William F. Wickham?] who were either carried off the plantation by Yankee forces or left of their own accord during the Civil War (1862-1864); and one list of enslaved men between the ages of 18 and 55 with the notation that two are in Confederate service, 14 remain on the plantation and 33 have left and gone to the enemy (January 31, 1865) and another list of enslaved laborers that went to the enemy by year, 120 in all [1865].\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese six oversize items include four land grant certificates to Edmund F. Wickham and Edwin P. Crenshaw; a London Medical Society membership certificate for Dr. James Maclurg (1784); a letter from Lucy Nelson (1835).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe oversize plats include one for \"North Wales\" plantation belonging to Charles Carter, October 4, 1779; a plat of \"South Wales\" and Lane plantations, Hanover County, according to the division of January 1818, but updated on May 21, 1858; a plat showing the part of \"South Wales\" plantation allotted to Anne B. Carter, the purchase of land by W.F. Wickham from Thomas Carter, and \"Hickory Hill\" plantation purchased by W.F. Wickham from the estate of George W. Smith, November 27, 1825; plat of \"Verdon\" Hanover County, Virginia, belonging to the estate of John T. Anderson (December 1, 1865); and an undated plat showing parcels of land west of the Missouri River, apparently belonging to Thomas Gorham and a Wickham family member, 4 items.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese six oversize items include a survey of the Broad Neck or Big Neck tract for Thomas C. Nelson (September 8, 1818); survey of the Lane tract, part of the South Wales Estate (January 1818); plat of the Lane tract, South Wales and Hickory Hill (January 1818); fields laid off and numbered from a survey of W.F. Wickham's river fields (February 16, 1837); surveys no. 137 and no. 146 in Saline County, Missouri for Edmund F. Wickham (1841); diagram of land plots to the west of the Missouri River and the 5th principal meridian, presumably in Missouri [1841-1842?].\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis material includes a recollection of George Wythe by William F. Wickham (1874); and the first recollection of General Robert E. Lee by Anne Carter Wickham Renshaw Byerly, written in a letter to her brother Henry (undated); biographical sketches of Captain William C. Wickham, U.S. Navy (April 19, 1962 and September 1985), John Wickham (undated), and General Williams Carter Wickham (undated); and history of \"Hickory Hill\" (undated).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFamilies discussed include Fanning, Leiper, Martian, Peyton, Pye, Tabb and Barksdale, Taylor, Warwick, and Wingfield.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis includes a report of [3rd (Wickham's) Virginia Cavalry Brigade] near Front Royal, Virginia (August 23, 1864).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder includes such items as the weather at Hickory Hill (1857); a prayer of Bishop Meade (1861); printed advertisement for a catalog of attorneys (1875); damaged circular from a Rochester nursery (1882); a horse pedigree (undated); and \"Notes on Planting Box at Williamsburg\" by Arthur A. Shurcliff (undated).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese include Wickham's notes concerning the \"Home Reminiscences of John Randolph, of Roanoke\" by Powhatan Bouldin, the benefits of lime and marl, and W.W. Mac Farland's address.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese include [Julia L. Wickham], \"Peliso\" Orange, Virginia, gardens in Rome, [Hickory Hill], Captain Williams C. Wickham, U.S. Navy, and an unidentified boy taken by Tyson and Perry, Charlottesville, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Wickham family papers (1704-1950; 9.5 cubic feet) consist of papers of Richmond, Virginia and \"Hickory Hill\" plantation in Hanover County, Virginia, including the families of John Wickham (1763-1839), his son, William Fanning Wickham (1793-1880), grandson, Williams Carter Wickham (1820-1888), and great-grandson, Henry Taylor Wickham (1849-1943). ","The collection contains business correspondence, chiefly concerning legal and agricultural pursuits; family correspondence with immediate and extended relatives; personal correspondence from friends and political associates; two brief diaries discussing the secession and the beginning of the Civil War; financial and legal papers, including lists of books purchased, hires of enslaved laborers, the purchase of enslaved laborers, medical care for enslaved laborers, losses from invading soldiers during the Civil War, estate values, including those of enslaved laborers, indentures, deeds, receipts, plats and surveys, and lists of enslaved laborers by name and age; genealogies and genealogical charts; invitations and calling cards; military papers of General Williams Carter Wickham in the Civil War and Captain Williams Carter Wickham, U.S. Navy; news clippings; some notes and manuscripts of William F. Wickham; a few photographs and snapshots; poetry; hand-written recipes; school papers; and sympathy and greeting cards. ","There is also a hand drawn map of Hickory Hill plantation, the Wickham family estate which may have been drawn by a descendant of an enslaved laborer. It shows a diagram of \"Mammy's House\" and surrounding buildings that were revisited in the 1980's. The pages following the illustration name African Americans who were still living and working at Hickory Hill estate in the early 1900's. Mentioned are the families of John Robinson, Albert Cash,  Henry Toliver, Edith Jackson, Matt Foley, Maria Tucker, Ruben Lewis,Landonia Lewis, ALec Hewlett, Louisa and Albert Jackson, Henry Abrams, Betty Jackson, John Abram and Roselyn, Milton Hewlett, and Virginia Shelton.","Topics include the Civil War, the relationships between family members in both the North and the South, and attitudes toward secession; many aspects of enslavement, often naming the enslaved laborers involved; Virginia and national politics; the practice of agriculture in Virginia; the education of the children of Virginia planters, including attendance at the Howard School, Episcopal High School, Washington College and the University of Virginia; military service of General Williams Carter Wickham (1820-1888), Captain William Carter Wickham (1887-1985), and other Wickham relatives.  ","Correspondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include:, John Slidell and Co., Thomas C. Keaton, William Lyne, W.P. Mason, W.T. Nivison, William B. Page, Philip Rogers, Thomas Rotch, Penn T. Sale, John M. Shepherd, Peter F. Smith, Thomas Strode, William Sullivan, Thomas Swann, Richard Wallack, Ralph Wingfield, Alice B. Winston, and Zach Vowels","Correspondents, chiefly with Edmund F. Wickham, include: Williams Carter (1819), Archibald Gracie and Robert Gracie (1821), and multiple correspondents in 1822: Curwen and Hagarty, Samuel John Dunlop, King and Gracie, Samuel Lambert, and Robert Hughes and Co.","Correspondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include: James Dunlop, Ninian Edwards, John Ferguson, C.B. Fleet, William Fleet, Robert Gracie, Francis Gregg, James Hagarty, George E. Harrison, James Henderson, L. Jones, T. Jones, and Robert King.","Letters involving enslavement or enslaved laborers include one from L. Jones, asking for protection for \"old Billy\" and mentioning other issues concerning the welfare of enslaved laborers, January 2, 1823, and another letter from Ninian Edwards discussing the possible purchase of a female enslaved laborer for the wife of Dr. Harvey Lane, January 13, 1823.","Correspondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include: Henry Arnall, Curwen and Hagarty, [J.] Dunlop, Ninian Edwards, C.B. Fleet, John G. Gamble, Robert G. Harper, George E. Harrison, Jones and Rodes, Hardage Lane, C.C. Lee, Lewis and Tomes, George Marx, John Morgan, and Charles Morris.","Letters involving enslavement include the inquiry by Robert G. Harper, May 5, 182[3], for information about the \"present condition, conduct, and prospects\" of some manumitted enslaved laborers formerly belonging to Samuel Gist who were freed in his will. He also asks for  the name and address of some respectable and intelligent person in the area where the freed formerly enslaved laborers now live who can send a report to Gist's relatives.","Correspondents, chiefly Edmund F. Wickham and William F. Wickham, include: Curwen and Hagarty, James Dunlop, John Dunlop, William Logan Fisher, William Fleet, George Greenhow, George E. Harrison, B.B. Keesee, Robert King, Thomas Kelly, Hardage Lane, Lewis and Tomes, Charles F. Logan, William Lyne, and  Robert and John Oliver. One letter mentions a runaway enslaved man, named Joe, December 18, 1823.","Correspondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include: David Barclay, John H. Blair, Carter Braxton, William Burns, William L. Dance, S.W. Dandridge, Aaron Denman, Robert Douthat, Ninian Edwards, William Fleet, Gillingham and Randolphs (G.F. and E. Randolph), James Hagerty, George E. Harrison, John Hopkins, and Thomas and John G. Riddle.","Correspondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include: Richard Anderson, John Balfour, Thomas and John S. Biddle, Carter Braxton, William Burns, Hugh Campbell, Robert Douthat, and Gillingham and Randolphs (G.F. and E. Randolph).","Correspondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include: Carter Berkeley, Carter Braxton, Roger Mallory, Thomas Nelson, and William F. Wickham to Thomas B. Coleman. Roger Mallory, the jailor in Petersburg, Virginia, writes concerning a runaway enslaved man named Jim who finally admitted he belonged to William F. Wickham. Jim had originally claimed to belong to Price Sharpe who was charged with permitting him to \"go at large contrary to law,\" and hire himself out, March 19, 1827.","Correspondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include: G.H. Bacchus, Thomas T. Bouldin, Thomas B. Coleman, M. Huelin,  Benjamin Whitehead Ladd, W.H. McFarland, William Nelson, John W. Payne, William G. Pendleton, M.E.M. Roane, and A.B. Spooner. Topics include the reception of freed former enslaved laborers in Ohio (Benjamin W. Ladd, March 4, 1830); and the [Samuel?] Gist estate (John M. Payne, April 22, 1830).","Correspondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include: Patrick Nesbett Edgar, John Exall, Chapman Johnson, Thomas N. Lee, John Ponsonby Martin, William Nelson, Severn E. Parker, A. Robinson, Jr., William Rowlett, J.S. Skinner, Benjamin Temple, Robert Temple, Thomas Biddle and Company, and John R. Triplett. Topics include: blue wheat (Benjamin and Robert Temple, July 4, 1830 and August 4, 1830); American turf and racing magazine (August 3, 1830; September 1, 1830; October 19, 1830); and a collection of pedigrees for an American Stud Book (October 13, 1830).","Correspondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include: J.D. Andrews, John Corbin, Alfred V. Crenshaw, Crouches and Snead, Gracie and Company, James Gray, Richard B. Haxall, William Hilberg, James Lyle, and Francis Page. Topics include problems with a horse purchased from Wickham (November 15, 1838), the safe arrival of the Andrews family in Houston, Texas (January 28, 1839), and the sending of an enslaved man named Jefferson to fetch two mules from Wickham (April 22, 1839).","Correspondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include: Beers and Poindexter, Robert M. Candlish, John S. Corbin, Robert Ellett, William Linton, A.T.B. Merritt, Nathaniel Nelson, J.W. Pegram, W. Richardson, Thomas Samson, John Shore, John N. Tazewell, James G. Watson, and William L. White. Topics include mention of the horse \"Priam\" at Merritt's Hicks Ford stud in Virginia and the failure of Wickham's Eclipse mare to foal last spring (May 11, 1842); the dire condition of the [enslaved man?] old Bob Clark and his family on the land of Nathanael Nelson and attempts to provide for their care (June 15 and July 11, 1842); and a discussion of improvements to Wickham's bevel wheel (July 11, 1842) by Thomas Samson of D.J. Burr and Company.","Correspondents include: John S. Corbin, Nathanael Cross, William Dorbaker, Thomas Ellis and Charles Ellis, Robert G. Gilman, J.H. Martin, [S.H.] Parker, James L. Pendleton, James A. Seddon, Jane J. Swann, George Taylor, John N. Tazewell, William L. White, and John Wight. Topics include lumber needed for a penitentiary and a possible list of enslaved laborers written in pencil on an address portion of the letter (October 10, 1842).","Correspondents include: Warwick Barksdale, John Barr, Samuel Cottrell, Richard Gwathmey, John Struthers and Son, Lucius Minor, William Nelson, Lucien B. Price, Richard Randolph, Edmund Ruffin, William D. Taylor, John N. Tazewell, Philip B. Winston, and Richard M. Young (General Land Office). Topics include the sale of two enslaved women (January 29, 1845).","Correspondents include: Warwick Barksdale, Wellington Goddin, Phineas Janney, C.C. Lee, Thomas Nelson, Bernard Peyton, [Lucien] B. Price, John T. Rogers, Edmund Ruffin, Robert Taylor, J.R. Underwood, William F. Watson, Joseph Wingfield, and Philip B. Winston. Topics include a description of damage to the property of Joseph Wingfield by the breakage of the mill dam of Wickham (March 12, 1848).","Correspondents include: John Gibson, G.W. Goode, Richard Gwathmey, Benjamin F. Larned (1794-1862), William Leigh, Thomas Nelson, John E. Page, James A. Seddon, Alexander H.H. Stuart, William F. Watson, Hugh A. Watt, W.C. Wickham (to James M. Ford), Edmund Winston, and William Overton Winston. Topics include the shipment of some prairie birds and directions for their care (December 23, 1849); lists of enslaved laborers for hire, including \"old Fanny,\" Nancy and her three children, and Betsy (January 1, 1850); request for information about the amount due on account of the division of the \"Negroes\" or enslaved laborers (March 5, 1850); William F. Wickham as the guardian of the minor heirs of Robert C. Wickham (April 20, 1850); the offer of the use of a Southdown buck for sheep breeding (July 12, 1850); the increase of visitors to the mountains of Virginia, especially at White Sulphur Springs, the Warm Springs, and the Hot Springs (August 5, 1850); the purchase of stained glass (November 19 and 23, 1850); the return of an enslaved woman who was a wet nurse, \"Mamma Betsy\" hired the year before for his little boy (July 28, 1849; November 5, 1850); and an opinion about Jenny Lind (December 20, 1850).","Correspondents include: Alexander Hew, John F. Lay, [Laudonier] J. Randolph; Robert L. Randolph, Allen P. Richardson, William Sayre, William F. Wickham, and Thomas Wight. \nTopics include the redemption of land in Saline County, Missouri (September 13, 1853) and the settlement with McClurg Wickham, Littleton Waller Tazewell Wickham, and John Wickham concerning a loan from John Henry Wickham to them on August 11, 1851 (May 28, 1858).","Correspondents include: J.A. Allen, David Anderson, Jr., A.W. Ball, Ann B. Berkeley, the Reverend P.F. Berkeley, George H. Byrd (Wyman, Byrd and Co. Commission Merchants), [Magrat] Davis, R.B. Davis, Robert Johnston, J.H. Montague, H.C. Parsons, James H. Storrs, John R. Taylor, James Usher, and William F. Wickham (drafts to Ann B. Berkeley, the Reverend P.F. Berkeley, and B.W. Green). \nTopics include: the question in the legislature concerning the payment of legacies given in Confederate money between 1862-1865 (March 10, 1866); difficulties in settling court cases in West Virginia following the Civil War (November 16, 1866); a request from a woman for legal help in keeping her inheritance in her name and under her control rather than her husband's as her current lawyer advised (April 25, 1867); and reports on the \"North Wales\" farm (May 20, 27, and 31, 1870).","Correspondents include: James L. Apperson, W.W. Baldwin, Lewis D. Crenshaw, Jr., Isaac Davis, L.R. Dickinson, Maynard Dyson,  James S. Earle and Sons, George William Gibson, Charles Herndon, J.M. Hill, I.M. Parr and Son (Commission Merchants), J. Sabin and Sons (Booksellers, Printsellers and Importers), Walter C. Jones, A.C. Loomis, J.H. Montague, Henry Parry, G. Peyton, Joseph T. Priddy, R.H. Maury and Co. (Stock and Exchange Brokers), J.W. Ratcliffe, C.T. Smith, E.D. Starke, A.T. Stewart, W.T. Tinsley, H. Wernich, William F. Wickham (draft to L. Upshur Evans), and Wright and Co., Rio de Janeiro. \nTopics include: the sale of property in Richmond, Virginia, of a former brewery belonging to the estate of David G. Yuengling, Jr. along the James River called the \"James River Steam Brewery\" (August 16, 1879).","Correspondents include: George B. Butler, Alexander Kaslovistsh, and John Watkins.","Alvis discusses the farm operations of the East Tuckahoe Plantation.","The company sends sketches and discusses the replacement of the mantle damaged in the house fire at Hickory Hill.","Discusses the oak tobacco boxes supplied by Edmund F. Wickham from \"Rocky Mills\" plantation.","Correspondence is chiefly with William F. Wickham and Williams Carter Wickham. Topics include concern about the \"military bill\" in the South as a way for Congress to get at the landed property there (March 4, 1867); Wickham's fondness for memoirs and other mentions of reading (December 17, 1868; May 30, 1873; June 15 and 20, 1875; February 11, 1876; May 4, 1877; July 2, 1880); and the offer of building supplies currently at \"Broad Neck\" in order to rebuild the house at \"Hickory Hill\" after a fire (February 16, 1875).","Correspondence is chiefly with William F. Wickham and Williams Carter Wickham. Topics include the financial affairs of their cousin Georgina L. Featherstonhaugh (September 24 and October 28, 1879).","Topics include Carter's impressions of Bristol College, Bucks County, Pennsylvania (October 18, 1834); complaints about the western states and their impact upon agricultural prices and politics, mentioning James Buchanan by name (July 17, 1846); suggestion that the enslaved laborers belonging to their nephews, Robert and John Wickham, be sold to pay the debt of their education (June 18, 1847); mention of a violent snowstorm that occurred just after he had returned home on a gunboat following a period of being nursed by his sister at \"Hickory Hill\" (November 8, 1862); and the death of Julia Wickham (July 16, 1873).","Correspondents include C.P. Huntington (President), Henry Taylor Wickham, and Williams C. Wickham and J.S.F. Smith (Paint Creek Depot) concerning the opening of the coal mines on the land purchased from the Hansford heirs and the employment of miners in Kanawha County, West Virginia.","Correspondents include C.P. Huntington (President), Henry Taylor Wickham, and Williams C. Wickham and J.S.F. Smith (Paint Creek Depot) concerning the opening of the coal mines on the land purchased from the Hansford heirs and the employment of miners in Kanawha County, West Virginia.","Letters concern lands held by Reuben Jenkins and John Henry Wickham in Saline County, Missouri.","Letters discuss matters concerning the Louisa Railroad, which was chartered by the Virginia General Assembly in 1836, and renamed the Virginia Central Railroad in 1850, with Fontaine as its longtime president.","Correspondence is concerned with securing payment on the accounts of John Wickham and Littleton W. T. Wickham, brothers of William F. Wickham by an immediate sale of livestock and agricultural goods.","Mentions the illness of President Monroe and his own wife, Eliza Kortright Monroe Hay, the daughter of Monroe (August 4, 1823) and expresses disparaging remarks concerning a Yankee business associate (October 19, 1823).","Topics include a request to help in the administration of the estate of Dr. McClurg (March 2, 1839); fears about the possible death of his son, Thomas, in [Mississippi?] (June 22, 1839); instructions about the purchase of summer clothing for the enslaved laborers by Alvis (April 21, 1840); mention that there are 70 enslaved laborerss associated with the \"Rocky Mills\" plantation of Edmund Wickham and 40 additional enslaved laborers associated with his father's [John Wickham] estate (July 28, 1842). Much of the correspondence in general deals with the settling of the estate of John Wickham (1763-1839).","Discusses arrangements for the support of Mr. Harrison's children and his disappointment with Dr. Selden.","Letter of introduction from Henry Clay for Mr. Bainbridge of Kentucky to John Wickham.","Kerr requests copies of any ordinances or laws concerning lands either given or planned to be given by the state of Virginia to the officers and soldiers who served in either the Continental Army or the Virginia state militia for use in the United States Court in Ohio.","Discusses the best way to secure the claim of Dr. McClurg for surgeon pay during his service in the Continental Army, keeping in mind that the United States will soon find a use for surplus money and mentions Henry Clay as doing a great deal of good [in Congress?].","Recommends that they make sure that Dr. [James] McClurg's will is recorded in Kentucky.","Notifies Wickham that he has located among his scorched papers enough information to send him a transcript of all he knows or remembers about the bonds of Mr. Balfour and invites him to visit Studley, Virginia.","Mentions the health concerns of family members and friends in Baltimore, Maryland.","Describes the worsening physical condition of Walter [Maclurg Wickham?]  in Baltimore, Maryland.","Notifies Wickham about the death of Walter [Maclurg Wickham?] in Baltimore, Maryland.","Requests Wickham provide the wording to a decree that would enable a sale of his property in Richmond, Virginia, to proceed since his power of attorney, Mr. Botts, was unable to perform his duties.","One letter, March 24, 1820, incomplete, last page only, John Randolph of Roanoke writes concerning Stephen Decatur's death. In a second letter, April 1, 1820,   part of the letter and autograph signature excised, John Randolph of Roanoke thanks Wickham for his indulgence and civility in the matter of his father's estate and mentions [Littleton Waller] Tazewell's move to Norfolk.,","Topics include: request for advice on a business proposition concerning property offered by Mr. Page as security for the payment of Tazewell's stock (July 4 and 9, 1819); Tazewell's current ill health (November 26, 1819); criticism of President John Quincy Adams and a description of a duel between Henry Clay and John Randolph of Roanoke (April 8, 1826); and damages suffered during a hurricane (October 14, 1838).","Letters concerns legal work performed by Wickham for Richardson.","Expresses concern over several outbreaks of cholera among citizens and enslaved laborers on the plantation.","Writes from White Sulphur Springs about the convalescence of Susan [Decatur Wickham (1819 -1831)].","John Wickham addresses business matters in his absence on a trip to Philadelphia, sending four letters from stops in Washington, Baltimore, New York and Philadelphia.","He discusses the prospects for the wheat crop, the demand for flour in [American] towns and South America, and reports on his conversations with Mr. Haxall about pricing if the crop is delivered early (May through August 1830) and the last letter mentions their pleasant stay at the Sulphur Springs and Sweet Springs and the journey home, the drought in Kentucky and Ohio, and \"this new explosion in France\" (September 24, 1830).","Wickham writes to his son William F. Wickham with concerns about his wheat crop, a notification of an outbreak of disease at Howard School for boys from Jonathan Loring Woart, and the preoccupation of the Virginia General Assembly over internal improvements (January 29 and May 30, 1834); the design of a mill powered by water (February 21, 1834); discussions about the Bank of Virginia and the elections (April 17 and 21, 1834); discussions about possible schools for their boys and rumors of a duel in Washington (September 28, 1834); discusses the President's message (December 7, 1834); an enslaved laborer, sick with cholera, who was believed to be dead several times, appears to be recovering partly due to work of Dr. McCaw (December 18, 1834); and politics in Washington (December 24, 1834).","Wickham writes to his son William F. Wickham with concerns about his wheat crop (July 6, 1837) and to his sons at the University of Virginia, George and Littleton W.T. Wickham with advice about their studies, especially geology and the study of soils, and their visit to the Natural Bridge (May 15, 1837).","The letters written during a trip to New England by William F. Wickham and Anne Wickham mention seeing the effects of a great drought all over the northeast, speculations about the wheat crop, poor corn crop of the current year, Littleton at the University of Virginia and George reporting for duty in Washington in the U.S. Navy (September 13, 17, and 25, 1838); news about the wheat market and John Wickham's health (November 20 and December 12, 1838); and news about the opening of the [James River and Kanawha Canal] and its advantages for Richmond, Virginia (December 20, 1838).","Wirt asks for Wickham's advice concerning the rights of the widow in the estate of John Ellis (December 21, 1815); in another letter, October 10, 1830, autograph signature excised, Wirt asks for his advice and support in the case of the Cherokee Nation versus the state of Georgia, argued by Wirt before the Supreme Court; and in a third undated letter, Wirt discusses a property case involving Colonel Byrd and Mr. Harrison of Berkeley and lots in Manchester and Richmond, Virginia.","Includes two letters mentioning visits by Yankees to Hickory Hill and the taking of her father as a prisoner (May 27, 1862; August 4, 1862); also includes a letter from Robert E. Lee to his cousin, Miss Annie Wickham [later Anne Carter Wickham Renshaw Byerly], Lee promises to stop by \"Hickory Hill\" to visit if at all possible on his way back to Lexington, autograph signature excised from the letter (May 23, 1870).","Letters through March 1883 are written from Port Oratava to Henry T. Wickham but in April 1883 the Renshaw's began their journey home, settling in New Market and then Boyce, Virginia, by the turn of the century; In 1906, Annie writes from the University of Virginia about Robert H. Renshaw's poor health which continues until his death in 1910.","These letters are chiefly undated, but she appears to continue her correspondence with her uncle after the death of her Aunt Anne in1868, chiefly written from New York.","Leigh mentions the death of Lizzie Wickham (February 27, 1862); General Johnston and his prospects in the Tennessee area (March 25, 1863); and the death of Mrs. Carter, probably Mary B. Randolph Carter (August 6, 1864).","One letter, September 16, 1836, described a duel between her brother James and John Chapman, which ended in reconciliation between the two men.","Contains one letter, August 17, 1863, concerning the Civil War, from Chattanooga, Tennessee, shortly before his death following his wounding and capture.","Topics include the preparation to leave for France with her husband, William Cabell Rives, appointed minister to France (June 26, 1829); and their return to Paris, France (August 2, 1851).","One letter, written from the Warm Springs Hospital, discusses Taylor's health problems and the recent Battle of Cheat Mountain (October 2, 1861).","Two letters are written from China, one from Chefoo [present day Yantai] and the second from Tsingtao, while her husband, Captain Williams C. Wickham (1887-1985) was serving in the U.S. Asiatic Fleet.","One letter from Williams Carter Wickham expresses his pleasure at her engagement to his son, Henry Taylor Wickham (August 26, 1885).","These letters are chiefly to her husband, Henry, while staying at the Homestead, Hot Springs, Virginia, (1911) and White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia (1913) for her health but two letters are to her son, Captain Williams Carter Wickham during his journey to join the Asiastic fleet (1924).","Early letters are chiefly from his grandparents, William F. and Anne Wickham, and the letters in 1864 are between Henry and his parents, Williams C. and Lucy Wickham","One letter mentions the death of his grandmother, Anne B. Carter Wickham (February 26, 1868); four letters were written as a University of Virginia student (October 17, 24, and 31, 1869; and May 8, 1870); and one letter from Henry to his son, Captain Williams C. Wickham, congratulating him on his engagement to Credilla Miller (October 2, 1911).","John Wickham writes concerning land in Franklin County, Missouri, belonging to the estate of John Wickham (July 11, 1850).","During the Civil War, Leigh Wickham received an appointment in the Confederate Quartermaster department at Memphis, Tennessee (September 13 and 19, and December 8, 1861); reports that the people of Mississippi were frightened of General Grant's army (December 23, 1862); and mentions the hanging of Colonel Lawrence Orton Williams as a Confederate spy by the Federals (June 14, 1863).","Correspondence includes one letter from Williams Carter Wickham while at the University of Virginia concerning the results of Professor Rogers' analysis of Edmund's specimens of marl (January 16, 1838).","Contains two letters from W.F. Wickham, Jr. as a student at the University of Virginia (December 19, 1848 and January 12, 1849).","Includes letters written as a student at the Episcopal High School of Virginia, Fairfax, Virginia (1874-1878) and the University of Virginia (1878-1883).","While his father is away in New York and Boston, Williams Carter Wickham sends reports on the activities and condition of the plantation, including illness and death among the enslaved laborers (September 7, 1845; September 15, 1848). Williams Carter Wickham writes with further reports to his father hoping to catch him still at Bowling Green (August 30, 1849); and Williams describes a trip with his wife Lucy to New York and on to Quebec (August 27, 1855).","This folder contains references to the participation of Williams Carter Wickham in the First Battle of Bull Run (July 24, 1861, and August 1861); rumors of possible attacks on Arlington and Alexandria and Norfolk (September 2, 1861); discussion about the ramifications of the seizure of James Murray Mason and John Slidell on board the RMS Trent by Union Captain Charles Wilkes (December 8, 1861); and W. Leigh Wickham's commission as assistant quartermaster with rank of captain (December 20, 1861). During the recent visit of William F. Wickham with General Robert E. Lee, Lee reported on the sufferings of the army in the west [1861].","Williams Carter Wickham shares his weariness of the war and announces himself as a candidate for Congress (May 15, 1863); William F. Wickham voices his concern over scarcity of food in Richmond and near Charlottesville to Lucy Penn Taylor Wickham (January 19, 1864); and William F. Wickham fears that Lee cannot maintain communications to the south and wishes he had nothing more to do with land or enslaved laborers if only his son were home in peace (June 28, [1864]).","This folder contains references to the participation of Williams Carter Wickham in the First Battle of Bull Run (July 22-23, 27, and 31, 1861).","Wickham is in Cavalry Camp, 5th Brigade and attached to Colonel Cocke's Brigade and has a complete blacksmith shop and blacksmith fixed up with his company but requires clothes for his [enslaved?] personal attendant, Robin (September 1, 1861); Many letters discuss conditions of camp life for an officer in the Confederate forces and the efforts of family at home to supply the needs and wants of their own family members in the forces but also those of other soldiers, such as clothing. The letters also show a desire to establish a local hospital for the troops like the ones run by the ladies in Fredericksburg, Virginia (September 4, 1861); Wickham writes from his camp at Fairfax Courthouse about opportunities for drilling the troops, his resignation of his seat in the Convention and in the Virginia Senate, his increasing concerns over the conduct of the war in the last two months, and the injurious effect of the capture of Fort Hatteras in North Carolina to the South (September 6, 1861); news that his son, Henry T. Taylor, is intensely reading the novels of Sir Walter Scott to the detriment of his studies (September 26, 1861); clothing made by the ladies of the community shipped off to the troops (October 12, 1861); Wickham currently at Union Mills (October 22, 1861); the difficulties of Lizzie Fry in getting a permit to leave to go home (October 24, 1861); and Wickham's meeting with General [Jeb] Stuart with whom he is very pleased (October 27, 1861).","Wickham writes a very detailed letter about the detrimental effects of fighting the Civil War on their own home soil, his dinner with General Cocke, whose ardor for the war has cooled considerably, the wasting of their best resources in an unnatural strife, and the devastation wrought by both occupying armies (November 3, 1861); and mention of Colonel Robertson and General Stuart (November 7, 13, and 29, 1861). \nWriting from Camp Frontier after an absence of three days, he describes a plan for a force of  nine companies of cavalry and three regiments of infantry, all under General Stuart, to cut off an enemy encampment near Alexandria, but this was prevented by the arrival of more Federal forces in the area near Pohick Church and describes his activities as a member of the scouting party (November 13, 1861); furnishes a description of his strategy when in new territory (November 21, 1861); shares his belief that the Yankees will advance along the Evansport line, chiefly by water, but with a land force on the telegraph road, otherwise believes that they will go into winter quarters (November 24, 1861); and repeats a report from Mr. Porcher [of South Carolina?] that some of the coloured people had been shot by the Confederates and that some of the people offered to work on the entrenchments for the Yankees for pay (November 28, 1861). \nWickham is still waiting for word on any advancement against the enemy and a describes the Federal forces arrayed against Virginia (December 4, 1861); Wickham shares his wish to command a full regiment of cavalry if he cannot have his first  preference to be at home with Lucy, his shock at hearing about the death of Mr. [Cooke?] and his efforts to secure a furlough for Church to go home for the funeral (December 14, 1861).","Wickham writes about the following topics, a story about Lt. Colonel Thomas L. Kane, commander of the Bucktail Rifles of Northern Pennsylvania and a relative (January 2, 1862); General Johnston likes Wickham's bill for the better organization of the army (January 8, 1862); Wickham's [enslaved?], attendant, Robin, has built a wonderful shelter for the horses in their winter camp (January 8, 1862); Wickham's return to Camp Ewell after his furlough (January 29, 1862); his disapproval of the bill in the Senate concerning the Virginia forces (February 4, 1862); and his concerns over the reorganization of his regiment (February 15, 1862).","Topics include the alarm of the people in the area north of the Rappahannock where people are abandoning their homes and \"Negroes\" or enslaved laborers are going northward by the hundreds (March 14, 1862); bivouacking comfortably near Brandy Station (April 4, 1862); and reports that their new location is twelve miles below Williamsburg and five miles from Yorktown at \"Blows Mill\" and that they are short on provisions (April 18, 22 and 24, 1862).","Topics include writing from Sudley Mills describes recent events that have greatly reduced his regiment and prevented his communicating with his family, noting that with 200 men Wickham charged the 12th Pennsylvania Cavalry 800 strong, routing them and capturing a large number, mentioning that General Ewell has lost a leg [during the battle of Groveton] (August 30, 1862); currently near Frederick, Maryland (September 7, 1862); yesterday at Sharpsburg, Maryland, \"fought probably the most desperate battle of the war\" [Battle of Antietam], Wickham lost twenty  men killed, wounded or missing, W.H.F. Lee's horse fell with him, Lt. Colonel Thornton of the 3rd had his arm torn by a shell and died of shock, Hill Carter received two severe wounds at Boonsborough and was left in the hands of the enemy, very difficult to find anything to eat, as local people will not sell them anything, and Thomas L. Kane was just made a Brigadier General in the Union army (September 18 and 21, 1862).\nReports on his safe return from an expedition to Pennsylvania with 1800 men (October 14 and 19, 1862); details of the cavalry raid to collect horses from Mercersburg, Chambersburg, and Emmitsburg (October 19, 1862); troops destroying the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (October 21, 1862);  his participation recently in a serious battle with losses of 1500 killed or wounded [Battle of Fredericksburg], with the town of Fredericksburg totally devastated and mentions activities of Major General Ambrose Burnside (December 15 and 18, 1862).","Topics include the rejection of his resignation by the Secretary of War (January 15, 1863); staying with General Robert E. Lee at Culpeper Courthouse (March 1, 1863); discussion of the [Battle of Chancellorsville] (May 8, 1863 copy); spent the day with Lee who was in good spirits but without any hope of quick termination of the war and who would not allow his resignation, and General Jackson said to be dangerously ill with pleurisy (May 10, 1863); mentions the death of General Jackson and his fears for the safety of General Lee who he describes in appreciative terms (May 11, 1863); and describes his visit to General Lee's headquarters and assesses the results of recent battles (May 31, 1863).","Topics include Wickham's approval of the generals James Longstreet, A.P. Hill, and Richard S. Ewell (June 3, 1863); Lucy relates their losses during visits of the Yankees to \"Hickory Hill\" and \"North Wales\" plantations and the capture of Fitzhugh Lee out of his sick bed (July 25, 1863); Wickham writes from the headquarters of Wickham's Brigade, following his commission as Brigadier General (September 12, 1863); news of Julius Theodore Porcher being mortally wounded from members of the 10th South Carolina Regiment (December 1863); Lucy Wickham's visit with General Wickham near Charlottesville, Virginia (January 17, 21, 31, 1864); General Lee has issued the first order that has not received Wickham's admiration (February 8, 1864); and draft of a letter from Wickham to Captain J.E. Cook, describing his actions beginning on October 28, 1862 until November 3, 1862 (February 26, 1864).","Topics include accompanying General Robert E. Lee to the anniversary of the Young Men's Christian Association of Poney's Brigade to hear a talk on the character of General [Stonewall?] Jackson (March 29, 1864); description of the pillaging of \"Hickory Hill\" by the Yankees and their threatening Uncle Hill Carter (June 5, 1864, June 1864, August 1, 1864); mention of General Sheridan (July 25, 1864); description of the devastation in the area around Culpeper and mention of [Jubal] Early (August 12, 1864); and Wickham, while stationed in Winchester, Virginia, describing the broad valley just prior to the Battle of Winchester (September 5, 8, and 10, 1864).","Wickham attended the U.S. Naval Academy from 1904 until 1909 and most of the letters from this period were to his parents. There are also a few dating from his service aboard the U.S.S. Minnesota (1911) and the U.S.S. Smith (1913) addressed to them. Letters dated 1924 from Captain Wickham to his wife, Credilla Miller Wickham, were written while serving in the U.S. Asiastic Fleet aboard the U.S.S. Pillsbury when the navy summered at Chefoo [present day Yantai], China.","Correspondents include: J.S.B. Alleyne (resolutions concerning the death of Dr. William F. Wickham in 1851); John B. Baldwin; L.M. Baldwin; Nannie P. Ballard; A.P. Bankhead; B. Johnson Barbour, John L. Barbour; Greta du Pont Barksdale (1891-1965); Phoebe [Barksdale?]; Marianna Elizabeth Barksdale (1796-1856) and her husband, William Jones Barksdale (1794-1859); Ann B. Berkeley; Letitia Glenn Biddle (1864-1950); John Minor Botts (1802-1869); Mary G. Braxton; Mary Carter Brickner; G. Thompson Brown; Alfred H. Byrd; E.H. Byrd and L.C. Byrd.\nTopics include a very detailed letter from John Minor Botts to General Williams Carter Wickham about the Civil War, particularly the requested transfer of Colonel Charles H. Wager from the infantry service to the cavalry, rumors about General Lee evacuating Virginia, complaints about the press stimulating the prejudices of the people, and rumors of a proposal to arm enslaved laborers to help fight against the Northern forces (January 8, 1865).","Correspondents include: Ellen J. Cackie; J.R. Campbell (damaged postal card only); B.B. Claike; George Colton; A. Coolidge; O.A. Crenshaw; M.W.T. Cumberland; John B. Custis; Laura G. Custis; Raleigh T. Daniel; J.S. Davis; Enid Deem; Martha Lee Doughty \"To the Women of the Confederacy\" (undated); Fanny Duncan; Georgina L. Featherstonhaugh; and Mary J. Foster.\nTopics include: a discussion of several books read by Laura G. Custis of Boston (May 25, no year) and a description of the past few months the Custis family were forced to stay in Versailles, France, due to illness and the onset of the Franco-Prussian War (March 30, [1871]).","Correspondents include: Ellen Carter, Lizzie Carter, L.W. Carter, Mary Carter, and W[illiams?] Carter, Jr.\nTopics include: the concern of W[illiams] Carter, Jr. that his father make a will immediately so that the Confederacy will not get any of [his brother?] Charles' portion of the estate.  He writes emphatically \"I don't wish the South to get a cent – no country in the history of the world has so worked out its own destruction as the Southern portion of the U.S. America, and all Christendom will in history say, Amen – next to Sodom and Gomorrah\" (February 3, 1862); W[illiams?] Carter, Jr. also asks that the enslaved laborers on both the North Wales and South Wales plantations be sent to Charlotte or some safe place so they will not be sold like cattle, mentioning all of the Tom and Sarah Fox family, Ben Napper and family, the Tom Brown and Harry Brown families, and other enslaved laborers by first name only (March 1, 1862).","Correspondents include: A.W. Carter; Agnes M. Carter; Annie Carter; Betty Carter; E.H. Carter; Emily Carter; Fanny N. Carter; L.H. Carter, Louise Carter, Pauline Carter, Susan Roy Carter, Thomas B. Carter, Thomas H. Carter (1831-1908), and Williams Carter.\nTopics include: the death of Julia Wickham (Thomas H. Carter, July 19, 1873); an expression of hope that the nation will mend following the Civil War, saying \"my hatred for Davis is only equaled by that for Charles Sumner,\" and mention of balloon flights and France's position of strength in Europe (Thomas B. Carter, Paris, May 22, 1866).","Topics of note include two references to the Civil War, including the \"suffering northern soldiers\" and the sentiment \"the same God made us all\" (August 10, 1861); and a second letter about the Civil War concerning shelling of the area near Shirley along the river by northern gunboats and comments about [General John] Pope (August 28, 1862).","Topics include a condolence letter (July 12, 1873) concerning the death of Julia Leiper Wickham (1859-1873).","Correspondents include: Peter J. Chevallie to his wife, Elizabeth Gilliam Chevallie; Sarah Magee \"Sally\" Chevallie Warwick (1816-1846) to her mother, Elizabeth Green Gilliam Chevallie (1796-1865); Joseph Gallego to his nephew, Peter J. Chevallie;  Henry Chevallie to his sister, Mary G. Chevallie; and Abraham Warwick (1794-1874) to his daughter-in-law, Elise F. Warwick.","Correspondents include: Robert Gamble; S.P. Gregory; Gene and [George?] Griffin; A.G. Grinnan; Evelyn Hale; Hetty Cary Harrison; Ella Havisham; Jane R. Haxall; Rosalie Haxall; Eva Mary Anna Mason Heth (1836-1915); Mary Heywood (with a photograph of her on her 78th birthday);  E.[L.] Holmes; R.R. Howison; J. Johns, Jr.; S. Harvey Johnson; William T. Joyner; W.M. Justis; Bessie D. Kane; J.D.L. Kane; Sallie G. Kean; and Ethel Kilburn.\nTopics include the Civil War (Robert Gamble, June 19, 1863); reminiscences about the Civil War and General Stuart, and a discussion about genealogy (A.G. Grinnan, 1892-1893); family reading (R.R. Howison, January 30, 1878); discussion of Reuben Lindsay Walker (1827-1890), commander of the Third Corps artillery, and his opposition to the peace commission, known as the [Hampton Roads Conference] during the Civil War and political issues that will arise at the conclusion of the war (William T. Joyner, February 3, 1865); and the poor state of the Confederate army, due in part to desertions (William T. Joyner, February 25, 1865).","Correspondents include: Frances Wickham Graham; [Hartley] Graham; James Duncan Graham; Salva Graham; and William F. Wickham.\nTopics include chiefly family news but also some references to the work of James Duncan Graham as a member of the United States Engineer Corps (April 13, 1862; April 9, 1865; May 9, 1865); the condition of the South at the conclusion of the Civil War (June 2, 1865); and papers concerning the pension of James Duncan Graham (1867-1871).","Correspondents include: E.W. Hubard and J.L. Hubard.","Correspondents include: Robert B. Lancaster; Elizabeth W. Lay; R. Bruce Lockhart; A.C. Leigh; William Leigh; Ellen McCaw; Rose M. MacDonald; F. Mark; Captain G. [Marvel]; Dido Mason; E.K.N. Massie; Alice W. Meade; Susan W. Miller; Edgar Miller; F.B. Minor; Mary W. Minor;  and M.M. Morris. \nTopics include work on the book about old homes of Hanover (Robert B. Lancaster, January 8, 1984); the fire at Hickory Hill (Elizabeth W. Lay, February 17, 1875); and notification of an ankle injury of Captain W. Leigh Wickham in Chattanooga, Tennessee while serving as paymaster for the Confederate army (Edgar Miller, May 2, 1863).","Correspondents include: Agnes Lee, Annie C. Lee, Ann H. Lee, C.C. Lee; Mary Custis Lee; Richard Henry Lee (1794-1865) concerning the state literary fund and his proposed memoir of Richard A. Lee; Robert E. Lee, Jr. concerning the death of William F. Wickham (July 16, 1873); and William H.F. \"Rooney\"  Lee (1837-1891).","Correspondents include: Elizabeth B. Nicholas, concerning the fall of New Orleans to Federal forces (April 30, 1862); Helen N. Patterson; Lt. Colonel William H. Payne; Virginia Porcher; Lucy Carter Renshaw (1838-1965) concerning damages suffered by the \"Shirley\" plantation during the Civil War battles (July 4, 1862); Amelie Louise Rives Troubetzkoy (1863-1945); and M.C. Rives.","Correspondents include: Carrie P. Nelson; F. Nelson; F.P. Nelson; Jane E. Nelson; Jenny Nelson concerning the capture of Confederate George Washington \"Wash\" Nelson near Smithfield (November 6, 1863) and the raids of the Yankee soldiers in the neighborhood against the local residents (undated Civil War letter); Judith? Nelson; M.W. Nelson concerning the death of Lucy Carter Wickham (January 17, 1835); Mary C. Nelson; Robert Nelson on board the ship Oriental with his friend John Lewis [Points?] (August 29, 1851); Rose Nelson; Virginia L. Nelson; and W. Nelson.","Correspondents include: Anne Rose Page; Elizabeth Burwell Page; John Page; Judith Nelson Page; Leila Page; and Thomas Nelson Page concerning his book about Italy and his visit to England (January 9, 1920).","Correspondents include: George William Shelton; Amelie Louise Sigourney; M.M. Smith; Walter N. Sprinkel; A.M. Stearns; Alexander H.H. Stuart writes of his fear of the future, suggests that Williams Carter Wickham and himself travel to Washington on business to meet with some of the Yankee magnates and discuss ways to end the Civil War and expresses his sorrow over the sundering of the Union (January 23, 1865); Alta E. Stumpf concerning the awakening of Russia and its development (June 29, 1931); J.V. Swearingen; Louisa Nivison Tazewell (1804-1873) describing the death of her father, former Virginia governor, Littleton Waller Tazewell (1774-1860) in her letter (May 16, 1860); Fannie W. Toler; and C. Vanderbilt, Jr.","Correspondents include: Belle Taylor; Bertie Taylor; Edmund P. Taylor; Elizabeth Taylor; Henry Taylor; Henry Taylor, Jr., John Taylor; Julianna Dunlap Leiper Taylor (1801-1883); R.I. Taylor; and Susan W. Taylor.\nOne letter from Henry Taylor, Jr., July 31, 1877, includes a very detailed discussion about Professor Colonel Peters at the University of Virginia.","Correspondents include: Davy Wallace; S. Gardner Waller; Louisa Webb; C.E. Wellford; Mary T. Williams; Captain W.L. Wingfield; Alice B. Winston; Philip B. Winston; and Beulah H.J. Woolston.","Correspondents include: A.C.L. Wickham; Elizabeth S. Wickham; Fanny Wickham concerning the death of Ella Wickham (March 27, 1851); George Wickham; Julia L. Wickham; J.L. Wickham; L.A.C. Wickham; [L.V.] Wickham; M.F. Wickham; and Sarah Wickham.","Topics include a description of the meeting of the trustees of the Peabody Fund for Education in the South, particularly Bishop Henry Benjamin Whipple of Minnesota and his life among the indigenous native Americans, who he referred to as \"Indians\" (August 12, 1876).","Topics include climate change (January 31, 1872); details of the career of his friend Custis, who died in 1872 and was a water commissioner in Boston (February 8, 1872); the influence of John C. Calhoun in ruining the whole South and his own state by men following his \"evil counsel\" (January 1, 1875); discussions of reading and current politics (January 8, 1875); description of Wickham's losses during the fire in February (March 13, 1875); mentions of Lord Byron, Charles Lamb, William Cullen Bryant and other literary figures (March 22, 1875); description of the Bunker Hill centennial (June 7, 1875); detailed discussion of the career of Patrick Henry (January 1, 1878); religious reading (March 13, 1878); and Richard Henry Dana, Jr. (December 11, 1878).","The letters are chiefly social or agricultural but one, May 30, 1867, touches upon politics and international events and mentions Rives reading the biography of James Madison.","Topics include the perils of travel by stage to Norfolk, Virginia, in winter (March 3, 1817); condolence letter upon the death of his friend, John Wickham, and reflections upon Wickham's importance in his own life as a mentor and friend and his singular character (January 26, 1839); the mention of Tazewell in the will of John Wickham (March 17 and April 1, 1839); ten inch snowfall in March and the economic difficulties of the country (March 21, 1843); discussion on the political issue on \"our title to Oregon\" (February 26, 1846); and Tazewell thanking William F. Wickham for his translations of Italian comedies, but does not think they merit the efforts of someone of Wickham's ability in the Italian language (July 15, 1849).","Correspondents include: William B. Bowers; E.E. Cooke; E.S. Holmes; E. Laurens; Robert E. Lee; L.M. Mason; N.W. Massie; Catharine H. Myers; [J.] R. Ritchie; E.R. Simons; Sue R. Simons; and Sallie P. Winston.\nThe letter from Robert E. Lee to his cousin, Anne B. Carter Wickham, November 11, 1862, hand-written copy, expresses his regret that her son, Williams Carter Wickham, has again been wounded but explains that he cannot spare Wickham from returning to duty in the army.","Among the numerous correspondents are George Washington Custis Lee; Mildred Lee; W.H.F. Lee; General William Mahone; Francis H. Smith; and George D. Wise.","Correspondents include: John Minor discussing the two engravings, of General Marion and \"the Artist's Dream,\" sent by the Apollo Association for the Promotion of the Fine Arts in the United States and the current relations of the United States and England, especially as affected by the affair of the \"Creole\" (March 18 and October 12, 1842); Henry Clay declines an invitation to visit (February 22, 1848); John S. Mosby, concerning the service of the late Dr. James McClurg as a surgeon in the Revolutionary War (July 16 and August 6, 1849); Francis Robert Rives (1822-1891); Andrew Stevenson (1784-1857) concerning politics and enslavement (February 15, 1850) and a visit (July 20, 1854); John R. Thompson, editor of the  \"Messenger,\" refusing an essay by Wickham defending the Mormons (December 4, 1850);  Edward Vernon Childe (1804-1861) writes concerning the peace negotiations during the Crimean War (December 18, 1855); and two drafts of a letter from Wickham to Robert E. Lee concerning the arrival of the Yankee cavalry at \"Hickory Hill,\" who carried off General W.H. F. Lee as a prisoner in Wickham's carriage as well as horses and enslaved laborers, and includes the report that Charlotte Lee's health is not good and that she is much distressed at her husband's capture (June 28, 1863).","Topics include financial inquiry about Virginia's non-payment of the interest on state stock (January 17, 1872); the fire at Hickory Hill, Hanover County, Virginia (February 15, 1875); the voyage of William D. Shipman to England and his assessment of Thomas Jefferson's life and career (July 4, 1876); Wickham's analysis of State Trials of the United States by Francis Wharton, including his own memories of the James T. Callendar trial (June 19, 1876); and William D. Shipman's mention of seeing the effigy of ancestor William of Wykeham in Winchester, England and information about him (November 6, 1876).","Topics include advice for Henry T. Wickham on entering the legal profession and the study of law (July 24, 1868); Robinson's work with a case in the Supreme Court concerning Allen T. Caperton (1810-1876) and his acts in West Virginia as Provost Marshal (April 15, 1872).","Topics include the declaration of [William B.] Preston for the immediate secession of Virginia from the Union and Wickham's fear that \"the dogs of war will be let loose\" (April 16, 1861); two letters from Colonel [Beverly Holcombe] Robertson about missing and absent soldiers and his efforts to round them up (May 13 and 14, 1862); request for Wickham's support and vote for Robert H. Wynne as doorkeeper of the Confederate House of Representatives (December 24, 1863); John B. Baldwin informs Williams Carter Wickham that his nomination has not been acted upon (February 5, 1864) and two letters from John Taylor about family and home events during the Civil War (February 2 and 8, 1864).","Topics include a letter from Robert E. Lee about Henry T. Wickham's attendance at Washington College in Lexington and Lee's plan to write a history about military campaigns in Virginia during the Civil War (October 3, 1865) and a draft of Wickham's reply to Lee in the hand of Lucy Wickham [October 13, 1865];  a draft of Wickham's letter to General W.H.F. Lee about contemporary politics (April 16, 1868); the formation of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad (September 17, 1868); Horace Greeley's comments on the progress of the railroads in Virginia (November 15, 1868); request and recommendation from Alexander H.H. Stuart on behalf of two job seekers in the railroad business (May 5, 1873); efforts of C.T. Smith to get Wickham elected (August 19, 1883); two congratulatory letters on the recent election of Wickham to the Virginia Senate from B. Johnson Barbour and John T. Harris (November 19, 1883); and a request for a donation towards a University of Virginia chapel from Schele de Vere (November 21, 1883).","The diary begins with an entry about the secession of South Carolina from the Union and continues with entries about the evacuation of Fort Moultrie and the removal of troops to Fort Sumter in South Carolina; each state that secedes from the Union is noted and mention made of the firing upon the steamer Star of the West at Charleston, South Carolina; Intermixed with news of the impending war are notes about building a henhouse, nests, the receipt of toys, and weather; his father [Williams Carter Wickham] as a candidate for the Virginia Secession Convention from Henrico (January 29, 1861); and ends with an entry for February 12, 1861.","The diary mentions the following topics: the loan of a sharps rifle from George W. Randolph, supposedly owned before by John Brown and presented to the 1st [Virginia?] Regiment at Harper's Ferry; a four mile drive on the Petersburg Road to \"Strawberry Hill\" owned by Robert Edmond;  Judge and Mrs. Robertson leaving for \"Mount Athos\" their place in the country near Lynchburg, Virginia; double guard on \"the mills\" [Gallego Mills?]; the arrival of 1,000 men from Tennessee who went to the old fairgrounds; a drill by the \"Richland Rifles\" at the South Carolina camp; occupation of Alexandria by President Lincoln's troops; news of a battle at Bethel Church between Yorktown and Hampton; the departure of 2,000 troops for Manassas on June 13th; a visit to Camp Lee; examination of the fortifications below the city with locations noted; note that business is very slow since the commencement of the war; the meeting with Mr. and Mrs. Macfarland and General Lee at Mr. Lyon's [home?]; birth of a daughter [Elise Warwick Barksdale Wickham (1861-1952)] on August 28, 1861; note that he spent the last month with the 16th Virginia Regiment as Quartermaster at \"Camp Withers\" six miles from Norfolk; his orders to transfer to Colonel L. Smith's office as paymaster, September 13, 1861; and the death of cousin Fanny Townes, September 20, 1861.","Subjects include: lists of books purchased from Peter Cotton (October 20, 1816-January 27, 1817 and September 22, 1817); purchases of quills, paper, ink, chessmen, etc. (October 15, 1817); hires of enslaved laborers (January 25 and 27, 1817 and February 21, 1817); and a bill of sale for enslaved laborers (September 17, 1817).","Subjects include: medical care for enslaved laborers from Dr. W.P. Jones (January 12, February 24 and 26, March 24, and June 24, 1818); a hire of an enslaved laborer (April 2, 1819); and a bill of sale for two male enslaved men (January 19, 1820).","Subjects include: the return of a little boy, Joe Lewis, and little girl, Lucy, the property of William F. Wickham (September 28, 1821); payment to overseer William Lizer on \"South Wales\" plantation (January 26, 1821); and purchase of paper, ink, and books (July 7, 1821).","Subjects include: the hire of an enslaved girl, Jenny (January 11, 1823).","Subjects include: hiring of Nathaniel B. Priddy as overseer (1834-1835; 1837-1838, 1840); and a list of books and magazines, quills, pencils, and paper purchased (1836-1838).","Subjects include: hiring of Samuel Bumpass as overseer (1842); the sale of an enslaved boy, Washington (January 6, 1843); hiring of Nathaniel B. Priddy as overseer (1843); sale of the enslaved woman, Nancy Wylde, and her two youngest children (May 23, 1843); and the sale of an enslaved man, Ned Davis (June 27, 1843).","Subjects include: lists of books and writing supplies purchased (July 20, 1846; March 22 and April 16, 1847).","Subjects include: lists of books and writing supplies purchased (February 1848; July 14, 1848; and October 4, 1849).","Subjects include: lists of books purchased (January and November 1850); memoranda book containing the names of enslaved laborers (May 12, 1850); and the hire of enslaved men, Giles, Frank, and John from J.H. Wickham (1851).","Subjects include: list of taxable property for William F. Wickham in 1853, includes 96 enslaved laborers over 16 years old and 116 enslaved laborers over twelve years old.","Subjects include: partners listed for Warwick and Barksdale at the \"Gallego Mills\" following the death of William J. Barksdale (February 15 and July 2, 1860).","Subjects include: theft of stock certificates, bank book, and checks from Williams Carter at the \"North Wales\" plantation during a Yankee raid (May 31, 1864); copy of the last will and testament of Williams Carter with a codicil dated July 30, 1864, freeing his two enslaved women, Margaret and Sally, with any offspring that they have as soon as peace shall be established in the country (July 17, 1864); an enslaved mulatto girl named Sally was lent to Anne Butler Berkeley by Williams Carter (August 10, 1864); indenture concerning the former plantations and property of Williams Carter, Sr. including \"North Wales\" and \"Broad Neck\" (May 16, 1867); and payroll lists (April 1, 1868).","Subjects include: receipts for work in the coal banks, Clifton, West Virginia (1873).","Subjects include: a valuation of personal property at \"North Wales\" plantation; valuation of real estate of Mr. [Abraham] Warwick made by commissioners, including factories, blacksmith shop, houses, lots, and a Brookfield farm; and a list of the names of enslaved laborers, with their evaluations.","These three oversize items include an indenture between Betty Littlepage and Charles Carter of Corotoman (May 5, 1768); a deed of trust from Carter B. Page and Rebecca Page to Thomas Taylor and Benjamin Harrison (June 17, 1817); and an indenture concerning Catherine Page, \"Broad Neck\" and Williams Carter (March 11, 1822).","The oversize deeds and indentures include those signed by Carter B. and Rebecca Page and Thomas Taylor (June 7, 1817); an indenture between John Wickham, Edward Carrington, Daniel Call, and Littleton Waller Tazewell (March 17, 1800); an indenture between Harry and Anna Terrell and Charles Carter (October 7, 1769); an indenture between James Littlepage and Joel Terrell (April 23, 1751); an indenture between John Littlepage and John Carter (March 2, 1735); and a bill of sale for two male enslaved men, Billy and Cyrus (January 15, 1820).","These include a list with the heading \"A List of My Slaves, such as I wish to keep, such as I may wish to sell and may wish to send to the West\" with names, ages, special skills or jobs, and their evaluations on the \"Rocky Mills\" and \"South Wales\" plantations belonging to Edmund Fanning Wickham in 1835; an account of the sale of land and enslaved laborers at \"Rocky Mills\" in November 1842 with the name of the purchaser, name of the enslaved laborer and the prices; a list of enslaved laborers treated by Dr. J.P. Harrison (April 24, 1844; July 1845; July 1848); list of William F. Wickham's enslaved laborers by age category (1843); the evaluation of an enslaved man, Tom Christian and his entire family (December 22, 1846); a list of named enslaved laborers with their ages belonging to the estate of Dr. James McClurg, Hanover County, Virginia, with evalutions by W. O. Winston (January 18, 1852); a list of 209 named enslaved laborers belonging to [William F. Wickham?] (January 1854); a list of 269 named enslaved laborers belonging to [William F. Wickham?] (January 1859); a list of enslaved laborers belonging to [William F. Wickham?] who were either carried off the plantation by Yankee forces or left of their own accord during the Civil War (1862-1864); and one list of enslaved men between the ages of 18 and 55 with the notation that two are in Confederate service, 14 remain on the plantation and 33 have left and gone to the enemy (January 31, 1865) and another list of enslaved laborers that went to the enemy by year, 120 in all [1865].","These six oversize items include four land grant certificates to Edmund F. Wickham and Edwin P. Crenshaw; a London Medical Society membership certificate for Dr. James Maclurg (1784); a letter from Lucy Nelson (1835).","The oversize plats include one for \"North Wales\" plantation belonging to Charles Carter, October 4, 1779; a plat of \"South Wales\" and Lane plantations, Hanover County, according to the division of January 1818, but updated on May 21, 1858; a plat showing the part of \"South Wales\" plantation allotted to Anne B. Carter, the purchase of land by W.F. Wickham from Thomas Carter, and \"Hickory Hill\" plantation purchased by W.F. Wickham from the estate of George W. Smith, November 27, 1825; plat of \"Verdon\" Hanover County, Virginia, belonging to the estate of John T. Anderson (December 1, 1865); and an undated plat showing parcels of land west of the Missouri River, apparently belonging to Thomas Gorham and a Wickham family member, 4 items.","These six oversize items include a survey of the Broad Neck or Big Neck tract for Thomas C. Nelson (September 8, 1818); survey of the Lane tract, part of the South Wales Estate (January 1818); plat of the Lane tract, South Wales and Hickory Hill (January 1818); fields laid off and numbered from a survey of W.F. Wickham's river fields (February 16, 1837); surveys no. 137 and no. 146 in Saline County, Missouri for Edmund F. Wickham (1841); diagram of land plots to the west of the Missouri River and the 5th principal meridian, presumably in Missouri [1841-1842?].","This material includes a recollection of George Wythe by William F. Wickham (1874); and the first recollection of General Robert E. Lee by Anne Carter Wickham Renshaw Byerly, written in a letter to her brother Henry (undated); biographical sketches of Captain William C. Wickham, U.S. Navy (April 19, 1962 and September 1985), John Wickham (undated), and General Williams Carter Wickham (undated); and history of \"Hickory Hill\" (undated).","Families discussed include Fanning, Leiper, Martian, Peyton, Pye, Tabb and Barksdale, Taylor, Warwick, and Wingfield.","This includes a report of [3rd (Wickham's) Virginia Cavalry Brigade] near Front Royal, Virginia (August 23, 1864).","This folder includes such items as the weather at Hickory Hill (1857); a prayer of Bishop Meade (1861); printed advertisement for a catalog of attorneys (1875); damaged circular from a Rochester nursery (1882); a horse pedigree (undated); and \"Notes on Planting Box at Williamsburg\" by Arthur A. Shurcliff (undated).","These include Wickham's notes concerning the \"Home Reminiscences of John Randolph, of Roanoke\" by Powhatan Bouldin, the benefits of lime and marl, and W.W. Mac Farland's address.","These include [Julia L. Wickham], \"Peliso\" Orange, Virginia, gardens in Rome, [Hickory Hill], Captain Williams C. Wickham, U.S. Navy, and an unidentified boy taken by Tyson and Perry, Charlottesville, Virginia."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research use."],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Wickham family","Wickham, John, 1763-1839","Wickham, William Fanning , 1793-1880","Wickham, Lucy Taylor, 1830-1913","Wickham, Williams Carter, 1820-1888","Wickham, Henry Taylor"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"famname_ssim":["Wickham family"],"persname_ssim":["Wickham, John, 1763-1839","Wickham, William Fanning , 1793-1880","Wickham, Lucy Taylor, 1830-1913","Wickham, Williams Carter, 1820-1888","Wickham, Henry Taylor"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":223,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-09T07:08:45.006Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_294","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_294","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_294","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_294","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_294.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/120871","title_filing_ssi":"Wickham family papers","title_ssm":["Wickham family papers"],"title_tesim":["Wickham family papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1704-circa 1950"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1704-circa 1950"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["File","Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 15753","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/294"],"text":["MSS 15753","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/294","Wickham family papers","Hickory Hill (Hanover County, Virginia)","Virginia -- History -- 19th Century","Plantation life -- Virginia","Slavery--United States -- Virginia","Slaves -- Virginia -- Hanover County","The collection is arranged in four series, Series 1: Business correspondence arranged chronologically (Boxes 1-5). Several business correspondents warranted individual folders based on either the amount of material or the importance of the correspondent. Series 2: Correspondence of John Wickham, arranged alphabetically by the last name of the chief correspondent (Box 5); Series 3: Correspondence of the Wickham and related families, arranged by the last name of the main correspondent (Boxes 6-15); Series 4: Financial and Legal Papers and Miscellany (Boxes 16-19), all arranged in chronological order.","This collection chiefly concerns the Wickham family of Richmond, Virginia and \"Hickory Hill\" plantation in Hanover County, Virginia, including the families of John Wickham (1763-1839), his son, William Fanning Wickham (1793-1880), grandson, Williams Carter Wickham (1820-1888), and great-grandson, Henry Taylor Wickham (1849-1943). When other relatives and friends appear in the folder listing, their birth and death dates and relationships are noted if known. The family owned enslaved persons and lists them by age. ","Attorney John Wickham married twice and had two lines of descent. His first wife was Mary Smith Fanning (1775-1799) by whom he had two sons, William Fanning Wickham of \"Hickory Hills,\" married to Anne Butler Carter (1797-1868), and Edmund Fanning Wickham of \"Rocky Mount\" (1796-1843), married to Anne's sister, Lucy Carter (1799-1835). ","After the death of his first wife, John Wickham married Elizabeth Seldon McClurg and had several more children. Some of these children are also represented in these papers.","Anne Carter Wickham (1851-1939), the daughter of Williams Carter Wickham and Lucy Penn Taylor Wickham, married Robert H. Renshaw (1833-1910) in 1881 and they had four children. In 1920, Anne Renshaw married Dr. W.E. Byerly and lived in Massachusetts.","Lucy Carter Wickham Byrd was the daughter of Edmund Fanning Wickham (1796-1834) and Lucy Carter (1799-1835) and the wife of George Harrison Byrd (1827-1910).","Apparently the spelling of his name varies slightly from his mother's family name, Maclurg versus McClurg, but the use here reflects the spelling on his grave stone.","The Howard School opened in 1831 and continued until 1834 with two teachers, the Reverend Jonathan Loring Woart (1807-1838) and his brother, the Reverend John Woart. The Episcopal High School opened in 1839 on the former Howard School location. There are also letters from the Reverend Jonathan Loring Woart (1807-1838) to William F. Wickham, including progress reports on the two boys, among this correspondence.","Added fa to VH 7 Dec. 2017.","The original letter has been transferred to the Henry Clay Papers.","Originals of these letters transferred to the John Randolph of Roanoke papers.","The originals of all three Wirt letters have been transferred to the Autographs collection.","The original of the Robert E. Lee letter has been transferred to the Robert E. Lee papers.","The  original of the Lee letter  has been transferred to the Robert E. Lee papers.","The original of letters to Robert E. Lee have been transferred to the Robert E. Lee papers, the originals of the letters from Henry Clay transferred to the Henry Clay papers and those from John Singleton Mosby were transferred to the John Singleton Mosby papers.","The originals of Lee letters were transferred to Robert E. Lee papers.","The Wickham family papers (1704-1950; 9.5 cubic feet) consist of papers of Richmond, Virginia and \"Hickory Hill\" plantation in Hanover County, Virginia, including the families of John Wickham (1763-1839), his son, William Fanning Wickham (1793-1880), grandson, Williams Carter Wickham (1820-1888), and great-grandson, Henry Taylor Wickham (1849-1943). ","The collection contains business correspondence, chiefly concerning legal and agricultural pursuits; family correspondence with immediate and extended relatives; personal correspondence from friends and political associates; two brief diaries discussing the secession and the beginning of the Civil War; financial and legal papers, including lists of books purchased, hires of enslaved laborers, the purchase of enslaved laborers, medical care for enslaved laborers, losses from invading soldiers during the Civil War, estate values, including those of enslaved laborers, indentures, deeds, receipts, plats and surveys, and lists of enslaved laborers by name and age; genealogies and genealogical charts; invitations and calling cards; military papers of General Williams Carter Wickham in the Civil War and Captain Williams Carter Wickham, U.S. Navy; news clippings; some notes and manuscripts of William F. Wickham; a few photographs and snapshots; poetry; hand-written recipes; school papers; and sympathy and greeting cards. ","There is also a hand drawn map of Hickory Hill plantation, the Wickham family estate which may have been drawn by a descendant of an enslaved laborer. It shows a diagram of \"Mammy's House\" and surrounding buildings that were revisited in the 1980's. The pages following the illustration name African Americans who were still living and working at Hickory Hill estate in the early 1900's. Mentioned are the families of John Robinson, Albert Cash,  Henry Toliver, Edith Jackson, Matt Foley, Maria Tucker, Ruben Lewis,Landonia Lewis, ALec Hewlett, Louisa and Albert Jackson, Henry Abrams, Betty Jackson, John Abram and Roselyn, Milton Hewlett, and Virginia Shelton.","Topics include the Civil War, the relationships between family members in both the North and the South, and attitudes toward secession; many aspects of enslavement, often naming the enslaved laborers involved; Virginia and national politics; the practice of agriculture in Virginia; the education of the children of Virginia planters, including attendance at the Howard School, Episcopal High School, Washington College and the University of Virginia; military service of General Williams Carter Wickham (1820-1888), Captain William Carter Wickham (1887-1985), and other Wickham relatives.  ","Correspondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include:, John Slidell and Co., Thomas C. Keaton, William Lyne, W.P. Mason, W.T. Nivison, William B. Page, Philip Rogers, Thomas Rotch, Penn T. Sale, John M. Shepherd, Peter F. Smith, Thomas Strode, William Sullivan, Thomas Swann, Richard Wallack, Ralph Wingfield, Alice B. Winston, and Zach Vowels","Correspondents, chiefly with Edmund F. Wickham, include: Williams Carter (1819), Archibald Gracie and Robert Gracie (1821), and multiple correspondents in 1822: Curwen and Hagarty, Samuel John Dunlop, King and Gracie, Samuel Lambert, and Robert Hughes and Co.","Correspondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include: James Dunlop, Ninian Edwards, John Ferguson, C.B. Fleet, William Fleet, Robert Gracie, Francis Gregg, James Hagarty, George E. Harrison, James Henderson, L. Jones, T. Jones, and Robert King.","Letters involving enslavement or enslaved laborers include one from L. Jones, asking for protection for \"old Billy\" and mentioning other issues concerning the welfare of enslaved laborers, January 2, 1823, and another letter from Ninian Edwards discussing the possible purchase of a female enslaved laborer for the wife of Dr. Harvey Lane, January 13, 1823.","Correspondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include: Henry Arnall, Curwen and Hagarty, [J.] Dunlop, Ninian Edwards, C.B. Fleet, John G. Gamble, Robert G. Harper, George E. Harrison, Jones and Rodes, Hardage Lane, C.C. Lee, Lewis and Tomes, George Marx, John Morgan, and Charles Morris.","Letters involving enslavement include the inquiry by Robert G. Harper, May 5, 182[3], for information about the \"present condition, conduct, and prospects\" of some manumitted enslaved laborers formerly belonging to Samuel Gist who were freed in his will. He also asks for  the name and address of some respectable and intelligent person in the area where the freed formerly enslaved laborers now live who can send a report to Gist's relatives.","Correspondents, chiefly Edmund F. Wickham and William F. Wickham, include: Curwen and Hagarty, James Dunlop, John Dunlop, William Logan Fisher, William Fleet, George Greenhow, George E. Harrison, B.B. Keesee, Robert King, Thomas Kelly, Hardage Lane, Lewis and Tomes, Charles F. Logan, William Lyne, and  Robert and John Oliver. One letter mentions a runaway enslaved man, named Joe, December 18, 1823.","Correspondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include: David Barclay, John H. Blair, Carter Braxton, William Burns, William L. Dance, S.W. Dandridge, Aaron Denman, Robert Douthat, Ninian Edwards, William Fleet, Gillingham and Randolphs (G.F. and E. Randolph), James Hagerty, George E. Harrison, John Hopkins, and Thomas and John G. Riddle.","Correspondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include: Richard Anderson, John Balfour, Thomas and John S. Biddle, Carter Braxton, William Burns, Hugh Campbell, Robert Douthat, and Gillingham and Randolphs (G.F. and E. Randolph).","Correspondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include: Carter Berkeley, Carter Braxton, Roger Mallory, Thomas Nelson, and William F. Wickham to Thomas B. Coleman. Roger Mallory, the jailor in Petersburg, Virginia, writes concerning a runaway enslaved man named Jim who finally admitted he belonged to William F. Wickham. Jim had originally claimed to belong to Price Sharpe who was charged with permitting him to \"go at large contrary to law,\" and hire himself out, March 19, 1827.","Correspondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include: G.H. Bacchus, Thomas T. Bouldin, Thomas B. Coleman, M. Huelin,  Benjamin Whitehead Ladd, W.H. McFarland, William Nelson, John W. Payne, William G. Pendleton, M.E.M. Roane, and A.B. Spooner. Topics include the reception of freed former enslaved laborers in Ohio (Benjamin W. Ladd, March 4, 1830); and the [Samuel?] Gist estate (John M. Payne, April 22, 1830).","Correspondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include: Patrick Nesbett Edgar, John Exall, Chapman Johnson, Thomas N. Lee, John Ponsonby Martin, William Nelson, Severn E. Parker, A. Robinson, Jr., William Rowlett, J.S. Skinner, Benjamin Temple, Robert Temple, Thomas Biddle and Company, and John R. Triplett. Topics include: blue wheat (Benjamin and Robert Temple, July 4, 1830 and August 4, 1830); American turf and racing magazine (August 3, 1830; September 1, 1830; October 19, 1830); and a collection of pedigrees for an American Stud Book (October 13, 1830).","Correspondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include: J.D. Andrews, John Corbin, Alfred V. Crenshaw, Crouches and Snead, Gracie and Company, James Gray, Richard B. Haxall, William Hilberg, James Lyle, and Francis Page. Topics include problems with a horse purchased from Wickham (November 15, 1838), the safe arrival of the Andrews family in Houston, Texas (January 28, 1839), and the sending of an enslaved man named Jefferson to fetch two mules from Wickham (April 22, 1839).","Correspondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include: Beers and Poindexter, Robert M. Candlish, John S. Corbin, Robert Ellett, William Linton, A.T.B. Merritt, Nathaniel Nelson, J.W. Pegram, W. Richardson, Thomas Samson, John Shore, John N. Tazewell, James G. Watson, and William L. White. Topics include mention of the horse \"Priam\" at Merritt's Hicks Ford stud in Virginia and the failure of Wickham's Eclipse mare to foal last spring (May 11, 1842); the dire condition of the [enslaved man?] old Bob Clark and his family on the land of Nathanael Nelson and attempts to provide for their care (June 15 and July 11, 1842); and a discussion of improvements to Wickham's bevel wheel (July 11, 1842) by Thomas Samson of D.J. Burr and Company.","Correspondents include: John S. Corbin, Nathanael Cross, William Dorbaker, Thomas Ellis and Charles Ellis, Robert G. Gilman, J.H. Martin, [S.H.] Parker, James L. Pendleton, James A. Seddon, Jane J. Swann, George Taylor, John N. Tazewell, William L. White, and John Wight. Topics include lumber needed for a penitentiary and a possible list of enslaved laborers written in pencil on an address portion of the letter (October 10, 1842).","Correspondents include: Warwick Barksdale, John Barr, Samuel Cottrell, Richard Gwathmey, John Struthers and Son, Lucius Minor, William Nelson, Lucien B. Price, Richard Randolph, Edmund Ruffin, William D. Taylor, John N. Tazewell, Philip B. Winston, and Richard M. Young (General Land Office). Topics include the sale of two enslaved women (January 29, 1845).","Correspondents include: Warwick Barksdale, Wellington Goddin, Phineas Janney, C.C. Lee, Thomas Nelson, Bernard Peyton, [Lucien] B. Price, John T. Rogers, Edmund Ruffin, Robert Taylor, J.R. Underwood, William F. Watson, Joseph Wingfield, and Philip B. Winston. Topics include a description of damage to the property of Joseph Wingfield by the breakage of the mill dam of Wickham (March 12, 1848).","Correspondents include: John Gibson, G.W. Goode, Richard Gwathmey, Benjamin F. Larned (1794-1862), William Leigh, Thomas Nelson, John E. Page, James A. Seddon, Alexander H.H. Stuart, William F. Watson, Hugh A. Watt, W.C. Wickham (to James M. Ford), Edmund Winston, and William Overton Winston. Topics include the shipment of some prairie birds and directions for their care (December 23, 1849); lists of enslaved laborers for hire, including \"old Fanny,\" Nancy and her three children, and Betsy (January 1, 1850); request for information about the amount due on account of the division of the \"Negroes\" or enslaved laborers (March 5, 1850); William F. Wickham as the guardian of the minor heirs of Robert C. Wickham (April 20, 1850); the offer of the use of a Southdown buck for sheep breeding (July 12, 1850); the increase of visitors to the mountains of Virginia, especially at White Sulphur Springs, the Warm Springs, and the Hot Springs (August 5, 1850); the purchase of stained glass (November 19 and 23, 1850); the return of an enslaved woman who was a wet nurse, \"Mamma Betsy\" hired the year before for his little boy (July 28, 1849; November 5, 1850); and an opinion about Jenny Lind (December 20, 1850).","Correspondents include: Alexander Hew, John F. Lay, [Laudonier] J. Randolph; Robert L. Randolph, Allen P. Richardson, William Sayre, William F. Wickham, and Thomas Wight. \nTopics include the redemption of land in Saline County, Missouri (September 13, 1853) and the settlement with McClurg Wickham, Littleton Waller Tazewell Wickham, and John Wickham concerning a loan from John Henry Wickham to them on August 11, 1851 (May 28, 1858).","Correspondents include: J.A. Allen, David Anderson, Jr., A.W. Ball, Ann B. Berkeley, the Reverend P.F. Berkeley, George H. Byrd (Wyman, Byrd and Co. Commission Merchants), [Magrat] Davis, R.B. Davis, Robert Johnston, J.H. Montague, H.C. Parsons, James H. Storrs, John R. Taylor, James Usher, and William F. Wickham (drafts to Ann B. Berkeley, the Reverend P.F. Berkeley, and B.W. Green). \nTopics include: the question in the legislature concerning the payment of legacies given in Confederate money between 1862-1865 (March 10, 1866); difficulties in settling court cases in West Virginia following the Civil War (November 16, 1866); a request from a woman for legal help in keeping her inheritance in her name and under her control rather than her husband's as her current lawyer advised (April 25, 1867); and reports on the \"North Wales\" farm (May 20, 27, and 31, 1870).","Correspondents include: James L. Apperson, W.W. Baldwin, Lewis D. Crenshaw, Jr., Isaac Davis, L.R. Dickinson, Maynard Dyson,  James S. Earle and Sons, George William Gibson, Charles Herndon, J.M. Hill, I.M. Parr and Son (Commission Merchants), J. Sabin and Sons (Booksellers, Printsellers and Importers), Walter C. Jones, A.C. Loomis, J.H. Montague, Henry Parry, G. Peyton, Joseph T. Priddy, R.H. Maury and Co. (Stock and Exchange Brokers), J.W. Ratcliffe, C.T. Smith, E.D. Starke, A.T. Stewart, W.T. Tinsley, H. Wernich, William F. Wickham (draft to L. Upshur Evans), and Wright and Co., Rio de Janeiro. \nTopics include: the sale of property in Richmond, Virginia, of a former brewery belonging to the estate of David G. Yuengling, Jr. along the James River called the \"James River Steam Brewery\" (August 16, 1879).","Correspondents include: George B. Butler, Alexander Kaslovistsh, and John Watkins.","Alvis discusses the farm operations of the East Tuckahoe Plantation.","The company sends sketches and discusses the replacement of the mantle damaged in the house fire at Hickory Hill.","Discusses the oak tobacco boxes supplied by Edmund F. Wickham from \"Rocky Mills\" plantation.","Correspondence is chiefly with William F. Wickham and Williams Carter Wickham. Topics include concern about the \"military bill\" in the South as a way for Congress to get at the landed property there (March 4, 1867); Wickham's fondness for memoirs and other mentions of reading (December 17, 1868; May 30, 1873; June 15 and 20, 1875; February 11, 1876; May 4, 1877; July 2, 1880); and the offer of building supplies currently at \"Broad Neck\" in order to rebuild the house at \"Hickory Hill\" after a fire (February 16, 1875).","Correspondence is chiefly with William F. Wickham and Williams Carter Wickham. Topics include the financial affairs of their cousin Georgina L. Featherstonhaugh (September 24 and October 28, 1879).","Topics include Carter's impressions of Bristol College, Bucks County, Pennsylvania (October 18, 1834); complaints about the western states and their impact upon agricultural prices and politics, mentioning James Buchanan by name (July 17, 1846); suggestion that the enslaved laborers belonging to their nephews, Robert and John Wickham, be sold to pay the debt of their education (June 18, 1847); mention of a violent snowstorm that occurred just after he had returned home on a gunboat following a period of being nursed by his sister at \"Hickory Hill\" (November 8, 1862); and the death of Julia Wickham (July 16, 1873).","Correspondents include C.P. Huntington (President), Henry Taylor Wickham, and Williams C. Wickham and J.S.F. Smith (Paint Creek Depot) concerning the opening of the coal mines on the land purchased from the Hansford heirs and the employment of miners in Kanawha County, West Virginia.","Correspondents include C.P. Huntington (President), Henry Taylor Wickham, and Williams C. Wickham and J.S.F. Smith (Paint Creek Depot) concerning the opening of the coal mines on the land purchased from the Hansford heirs and the employment of miners in Kanawha County, West Virginia.","Letters concern lands held by Reuben Jenkins and John Henry Wickham in Saline County, Missouri.","Letters discuss matters concerning the Louisa Railroad, which was chartered by the Virginia General Assembly in 1836, and renamed the Virginia Central Railroad in 1850, with Fontaine as its longtime president.","Correspondence is concerned with securing payment on the accounts of John Wickham and Littleton W. T. Wickham, brothers of William F. Wickham by an immediate sale of livestock and agricultural goods.","Mentions the illness of President Monroe and his own wife, Eliza Kortright Monroe Hay, the daughter of Monroe (August 4, 1823) and expresses disparaging remarks concerning a Yankee business associate (October 19, 1823).","Topics include a request to help in the administration of the estate of Dr. McClurg (March 2, 1839); fears about the possible death of his son, Thomas, in [Mississippi?] (June 22, 1839); instructions about the purchase of summer clothing for the enslaved laborers by Alvis (April 21, 1840); mention that there are 70 enslaved laborerss associated with the \"Rocky Mills\" plantation of Edmund Wickham and 40 additional enslaved laborers associated with his father's [John Wickham] estate (July 28, 1842). Much of the correspondence in general deals with the settling of the estate of John Wickham (1763-1839).","Discusses arrangements for the support of Mr. Harrison's children and his disappointment with Dr. Selden.","Letter of introduction from Henry Clay for Mr. Bainbridge of Kentucky to John Wickham.","Kerr requests copies of any ordinances or laws concerning lands either given or planned to be given by the state of Virginia to the officers and soldiers who served in either the Continental Army or the Virginia state militia for use in the United States Court in Ohio.","Discusses the best way to secure the claim of Dr. McClurg for surgeon pay during his service in the Continental Army, keeping in mind that the United States will soon find a use for surplus money and mentions Henry Clay as doing a great deal of good [in Congress?].","Recommends that they make sure that Dr. [James] McClurg's will is recorded in Kentucky.","Notifies Wickham that he has located among his scorched papers enough information to send him a transcript of all he knows or remembers about the bonds of Mr. Balfour and invites him to visit Studley, Virginia.","Mentions the health concerns of family members and friends in Baltimore, Maryland.","Describes the worsening physical condition of Walter [Maclurg Wickham?]  in Baltimore, Maryland.","Notifies Wickham about the death of Walter [Maclurg Wickham?] in Baltimore, Maryland.","Requests Wickham provide the wording to a decree that would enable a sale of his property in Richmond, Virginia, to proceed since his power of attorney, Mr. Botts, was unable to perform his duties.","One letter, March 24, 1820, incomplete, last page only, John Randolph of Roanoke writes concerning Stephen Decatur's death. In a second letter, April 1, 1820,   part of the letter and autograph signature excised, John Randolph of Roanoke thanks Wickham for his indulgence and civility in the matter of his father's estate and mentions [Littleton Waller] Tazewell's move to Norfolk.,","Topics include: request for advice on a business proposition concerning property offered by Mr. Page as security for the payment of Tazewell's stock (July 4 and 9, 1819); Tazewell's current ill health (November 26, 1819); criticism of President John Quincy Adams and a description of a duel between Henry Clay and John Randolph of Roanoke (April 8, 1826); and damages suffered during a hurricane (October 14, 1838).","Letters concerns legal work performed by Wickham for Richardson.","Expresses concern over several outbreaks of cholera among citizens and enslaved laborers on the plantation.","Writes from White Sulphur Springs about the convalescence of Susan [Decatur Wickham (1819 -1831)].","John Wickham addresses business matters in his absence on a trip to Philadelphia, sending four letters from stops in Washington, Baltimore, New York and Philadelphia.","He discusses the prospects for the wheat crop, the demand for flour in [American] towns and South America, and reports on his conversations with Mr. Haxall about pricing if the crop is delivered early (May through August 1830) and the last letter mentions their pleasant stay at the Sulphur Springs and Sweet Springs and the journey home, the drought in Kentucky and Ohio, and \"this new explosion in France\" (September 24, 1830).","Wickham writes to his son William F. Wickham with concerns about his wheat crop, a notification of an outbreak of disease at Howard School for boys from Jonathan Loring Woart, and the preoccupation of the Virginia General Assembly over internal improvements (January 29 and May 30, 1834); the design of a mill powered by water (February 21, 1834); discussions about the Bank of Virginia and the elections (April 17 and 21, 1834); discussions about possible schools for their boys and rumors of a duel in Washington (September 28, 1834); discusses the President's message (December 7, 1834); an enslaved laborer, sick with cholera, who was believed to be dead several times, appears to be recovering partly due to work of Dr. McCaw (December 18, 1834); and politics in Washington (December 24, 1834).","Wickham writes to his son William F. Wickham with concerns about his wheat crop (July 6, 1837) and to his sons at the University of Virginia, George and Littleton W.T. Wickham with advice about their studies, especially geology and the study of soils, and their visit to the Natural Bridge (May 15, 1837).","The letters written during a trip to New England by William F. Wickham and Anne Wickham mention seeing the effects of a great drought all over the northeast, speculations about the wheat crop, poor corn crop of the current year, Littleton at the University of Virginia and George reporting for duty in Washington in the U.S. Navy (September 13, 17, and 25, 1838); news about the wheat market and John Wickham's health (November 20 and December 12, 1838); and news about the opening of the [James River and Kanawha Canal] and its advantages for Richmond, Virginia (December 20, 1838).","Wirt asks for Wickham's advice concerning the rights of the widow in the estate of John Ellis (December 21, 1815); in another letter, October 10, 1830, autograph signature excised, Wirt asks for his advice and support in the case of the Cherokee Nation versus the state of Georgia, argued by Wirt before the Supreme Court; and in a third undated letter, Wirt discusses a property case involving Colonel Byrd and Mr. Harrison of Berkeley and lots in Manchester and Richmond, Virginia.","Includes two letters mentioning visits by Yankees to Hickory Hill and the taking of her father as a prisoner (May 27, 1862; August 4, 1862); also includes a letter from Robert E. Lee to his cousin, Miss Annie Wickham [later Anne Carter Wickham Renshaw Byerly], Lee promises to stop by \"Hickory Hill\" to visit if at all possible on his way back to Lexington, autograph signature excised from the letter (May 23, 1870).","Letters through March 1883 are written from Port Oratava to Henry T. Wickham but in April 1883 the Renshaw's began their journey home, settling in New Market and then Boyce, Virginia, by the turn of the century; In 1906, Annie writes from the University of Virginia about Robert H. Renshaw's poor health which continues until his death in 1910.","These letters are chiefly undated, but she appears to continue her correspondence with her uncle after the death of her Aunt Anne in1868, chiefly written from New York.","Leigh mentions the death of Lizzie Wickham (February 27, 1862); General Johnston and his prospects in the Tennessee area (March 25, 1863); and the death of Mrs. Carter, probably Mary B. Randolph Carter (August 6, 1864).","One letter, September 16, 1836, described a duel between her brother James and John Chapman, which ended in reconciliation between the two men.","Contains one letter, August 17, 1863, concerning the Civil War, from Chattanooga, Tennessee, shortly before his death following his wounding and capture.","Topics include the preparation to leave for France with her husband, William Cabell Rives, appointed minister to France (June 26, 1829); and their return to Paris, France (August 2, 1851).","One letter, written from the Warm Springs Hospital, discusses Taylor's health problems and the recent Battle of Cheat Mountain (October 2, 1861).","Two letters are written from China, one from Chefoo [present day Yantai] and the second from Tsingtao, while her husband, Captain Williams C. Wickham (1887-1985) was serving in the U.S. Asiatic Fleet.","One letter from Williams Carter Wickham expresses his pleasure at her engagement to his son, Henry Taylor Wickham (August 26, 1885).","These letters are chiefly to her husband, Henry, while staying at the Homestead, Hot Springs, Virginia, (1911) and White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia (1913) for her health but two letters are to her son, Captain Williams Carter Wickham during his journey to join the Asiastic fleet (1924).","Early letters are chiefly from his grandparents, William F. and Anne Wickham, and the letters in 1864 are between Henry and his parents, Williams C. and Lucy Wickham","One letter mentions the death of his grandmother, Anne B. Carter Wickham (February 26, 1868); four letters were written as a University of Virginia student (October 17, 24, and 31, 1869; and May 8, 1870); and one letter from Henry to his son, Captain Williams C. Wickham, congratulating him on his engagement to Credilla Miller (October 2, 1911).","John Wickham writes concerning land in Franklin County, Missouri, belonging to the estate of John Wickham (July 11, 1850).","During the Civil War, Leigh Wickham received an appointment in the Confederate Quartermaster department at Memphis, Tennessee (September 13 and 19, and December 8, 1861); reports that the people of Mississippi were frightened of General Grant's army (December 23, 1862); and mentions the hanging of Colonel Lawrence Orton Williams as a Confederate spy by the Federals (June 14, 1863).","Correspondence includes one letter from Williams Carter Wickham while at the University of Virginia concerning the results of Professor Rogers' analysis of Edmund's specimens of marl (January 16, 1838).","Contains two letters from W.F. Wickham, Jr. as a student at the University of Virginia (December 19, 1848 and January 12, 1849).","Includes letters written as a student at the Episcopal High School of Virginia, Fairfax, Virginia (1874-1878) and the University of Virginia (1878-1883).","While his father is away in New York and Boston, Williams Carter Wickham sends reports on the activities and condition of the plantation, including illness and death among the enslaved laborers (September 7, 1845; September 15, 1848). Williams Carter Wickham writes with further reports to his father hoping to catch him still at Bowling Green (August 30, 1849); and Williams describes a trip with his wife Lucy to New York and on to Quebec (August 27, 1855).","This folder contains references to the participation of Williams Carter Wickham in the First Battle of Bull Run (July 24, 1861, and August 1861); rumors of possible attacks on Arlington and Alexandria and Norfolk (September 2, 1861); discussion about the ramifications of the seizure of James Murray Mason and John Slidell on board the RMS Trent by Union Captain Charles Wilkes (December 8, 1861); and W. Leigh Wickham's commission as assistant quartermaster with rank of captain (December 20, 1861). During the recent visit of William F. Wickham with General Robert E. Lee, Lee reported on the sufferings of the army in the west [1861].","Williams Carter Wickham shares his weariness of the war and announces himself as a candidate for Congress (May 15, 1863); William F. Wickham voices his concern over scarcity of food in Richmond and near Charlottesville to Lucy Penn Taylor Wickham (January 19, 1864); and William F. Wickham fears that Lee cannot maintain communications to the south and wishes he had nothing more to do with land or enslaved laborers if only his son were home in peace (June 28, [1864]).","This folder contains references to the participation of Williams Carter Wickham in the First Battle of Bull Run (July 22-23, 27, and 31, 1861).","Wickham is in Cavalry Camp, 5th Brigade and attached to Colonel Cocke's Brigade and has a complete blacksmith shop and blacksmith fixed up with his company but requires clothes for his [enslaved?] personal attendant, Robin (September 1, 1861); Many letters discuss conditions of camp life for an officer in the Confederate forces and the efforts of family at home to supply the needs and wants of their own family members in the forces but also those of other soldiers, such as clothing. The letters also show a desire to establish a local hospital for the troops like the ones run by the ladies in Fredericksburg, Virginia (September 4, 1861); Wickham writes from his camp at Fairfax Courthouse about opportunities for drilling the troops, his resignation of his seat in the Convention and in the Virginia Senate, his increasing concerns over the conduct of the war in the last two months, and the injurious effect of the capture of Fort Hatteras in North Carolina to the South (September 6, 1861); news that his son, Henry T. Taylor, is intensely reading the novels of Sir Walter Scott to the detriment of his studies (September 26, 1861); clothing made by the ladies of the community shipped off to the troops (October 12, 1861); Wickham currently at Union Mills (October 22, 1861); the difficulties of Lizzie Fry in getting a permit to leave to go home (October 24, 1861); and Wickham's meeting with General [Jeb] Stuart with whom he is very pleased (October 27, 1861).","Wickham writes a very detailed letter about the detrimental effects of fighting the Civil War on their own home soil, his dinner with General Cocke, whose ardor for the war has cooled considerably, the wasting of their best resources in an unnatural strife, and the devastation wrought by both occupying armies (November 3, 1861); and mention of Colonel Robertson and General Stuart (November 7, 13, and 29, 1861). \nWriting from Camp Frontier after an absence of three days, he describes a plan for a force of  nine companies of cavalry and three regiments of infantry, all under General Stuart, to cut off an enemy encampment near Alexandria, but this was prevented by the arrival of more Federal forces in the area near Pohick Church and describes his activities as a member of the scouting party (November 13, 1861); furnishes a description of his strategy when in new territory (November 21, 1861); shares his belief that the Yankees will advance along the Evansport line, chiefly by water, but with a land force on the telegraph road, otherwise believes that they will go into winter quarters (November 24, 1861); and repeats a report from Mr. Porcher [of South Carolina?] that some of the coloured people had been shot by the Confederates and that some of the people offered to work on the entrenchments for the Yankees for pay (November 28, 1861). \nWickham is still waiting for word on any advancement against the enemy and a describes the Federal forces arrayed against Virginia (December 4, 1861); Wickham shares his wish to command a full regiment of cavalry if he cannot have his first  preference to be at home with Lucy, his shock at hearing about the death of Mr. [Cooke?] and his efforts to secure a furlough for Church to go home for the funeral (December 14, 1861).","Wickham writes about the following topics, a story about Lt. Colonel Thomas L. Kane, commander of the Bucktail Rifles of Northern Pennsylvania and a relative (January 2, 1862); General Johnston likes Wickham's bill for the better organization of the army (January 8, 1862); Wickham's [enslaved?], attendant, Robin, has built a wonderful shelter for the horses in their winter camp (January 8, 1862); Wickham's return to Camp Ewell after his furlough (January 29, 1862); his disapproval of the bill in the Senate concerning the Virginia forces (February 4, 1862); and his concerns over the reorganization of his regiment (February 15, 1862).","Topics include the alarm of the people in the area north of the Rappahannock where people are abandoning their homes and \"Negroes\" or enslaved laborers are going northward by the hundreds (March 14, 1862); bivouacking comfortably near Brandy Station (April 4, 1862); and reports that their new location is twelve miles below Williamsburg and five miles from Yorktown at \"Blows Mill\" and that they are short on provisions (April 18, 22 and 24, 1862).","Topics include writing from Sudley Mills describes recent events that have greatly reduced his regiment and prevented his communicating with his family, noting that with 200 men Wickham charged the 12th Pennsylvania Cavalry 800 strong, routing them and capturing a large number, mentioning that General Ewell has lost a leg [during the battle of Groveton] (August 30, 1862); currently near Frederick, Maryland (September 7, 1862); yesterday at Sharpsburg, Maryland, \"fought probably the most desperate battle of the war\" [Battle of Antietam], Wickham lost twenty  men killed, wounded or missing, W.H.F. Lee's horse fell with him, Lt. Colonel Thornton of the 3rd had his arm torn by a shell and died of shock, Hill Carter received two severe wounds at Boonsborough and was left in the hands of the enemy, very difficult to find anything to eat, as local people will not sell them anything, and Thomas L. Kane was just made a Brigadier General in the Union army (September 18 and 21, 1862).\nReports on his safe return from an expedition to Pennsylvania with 1800 men (October 14 and 19, 1862); details of the cavalry raid to collect horses from Mercersburg, Chambersburg, and Emmitsburg (October 19, 1862); troops destroying the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (October 21, 1862);  his participation recently in a serious battle with losses of 1500 killed or wounded [Battle of Fredericksburg], with the town of Fredericksburg totally devastated and mentions activities of Major General Ambrose Burnside (December 15 and 18, 1862).","Topics include the rejection of his resignation by the Secretary of War (January 15, 1863); staying with General Robert E. Lee at Culpeper Courthouse (March 1, 1863); discussion of the [Battle of Chancellorsville] (May 8, 1863 copy); spent the day with Lee who was in good spirits but without any hope of quick termination of the war and who would not allow his resignation, and General Jackson said to be dangerously ill with pleurisy (May 10, 1863); mentions the death of General Jackson and his fears for the safety of General Lee who he describes in appreciative terms (May 11, 1863); and describes his visit to General Lee's headquarters and assesses the results of recent battles (May 31, 1863).","Topics include Wickham's approval of the generals James Longstreet, A.P. Hill, and Richard S. Ewell (June 3, 1863); Lucy relates their losses during visits of the Yankees to \"Hickory Hill\" and \"North Wales\" plantations and the capture of Fitzhugh Lee out of his sick bed (July 25, 1863); Wickham writes from the headquarters of Wickham's Brigade, following his commission as Brigadier General (September 12, 1863); news of Julius Theodore Porcher being mortally wounded from members of the 10th South Carolina Regiment (December 1863); Lucy Wickham's visit with General Wickham near Charlottesville, Virginia (January 17, 21, 31, 1864); General Lee has issued the first order that has not received Wickham's admiration (February 8, 1864); and draft of a letter from Wickham to Captain J.E. Cook, describing his actions beginning on October 28, 1862 until November 3, 1862 (February 26, 1864).","Topics include accompanying General Robert E. Lee to the anniversary of the Young Men's Christian Association of Poney's Brigade to hear a talk on the character of General [Stonewall?] Jackson (March 29, 1864); description of the pillaging of \"Hickory Hill\" by the Yankees and their threatening Uncle Hill Carter (June 5, 1864, June 1864, August 1, 1864); mention of General Sheridan (July 25, 1864); description of the devastation in the area around Culpeper and mention of [Jubal] Early (August 12, 1864); and Wickham, while stationed in Winchester, Virginia, describing the broad valley just prior to the Battle of Winchester (September 5, 8, and 10, 1864).","Wickham attended the U.S. Naval Academy from 1904 until 1909 and most of the letters from this period were to his parents. There are also a few dating from his service aboard the U.S.S. Minnesota (1911) and the U.S.S. Smith (1913) addressed to them. Letters dated 1924 from Captain Wickham to his wife, Credilla Miller Wickham, were written while serving in the U.S. Asiastic Fleet aboard the U.S.S. Pillsbury when the navy summered at Chefoo [present day Yantai], China.","Correspondents include: J.S.B. Alleyne (resolutions concerning the death of Dr. William F. Wickham in 1851); John B. Baldwin; L.M. Baldwin; Nannie P. Ballard; A.P. Bankhead; B. Johnson Barbour, John L. Barbour; Greta du Pont Barksdale (1891-1965); Phoebe [Barksdale?]; Marianna Elizabeth Barksdale (1796-1856) and her husband, William Jones Barksdale (1794-1859); Ann B. Berkeley; Letitia Glenn Biddle (1864-1950); John Minor Botts (1802-1869); Mary G. Braxton; Mary Carter Brickner; G. Thompson Brown; Alfred H. Byrd; E.H. Byrd and L.C. Byrd.\nTopics include a very detailed letter from John Minor Botts to General Williams Carter Wickham about the Civil War, particularly the requested transfer of Colonel Charles H. Wager from the infantry service to the cavalry, rumors about General Lee evacuating Virginia, complaints about the press stimulating the prejudices of the people, and rumors of a proposal to arm enslaved laborers to help fight against the Northern forces (January 8, 1865).","Correspondents include: Ellen J. Cackie; J.R. Campbell (damaged postal card only); B.B. Claike; George Colton; A. Coolidge; O.A. Crenshaw; M.W.T. Cumberland; John B. Custis; Laura G. Custis; Raleigh T. Daniel; J.S. Davis; Enid Deem; Martha Lee Doughty \"To the Women of the Confederacy\" (undated); Fanny Duncan; Georgina L. Featherstonhaugh; and Mary J. Foster.\nTopics include: a discussion of several books read by Laura G. Custis of Boston (May 25, no year) and a description of the past few months the Custis family were forced to stay in Versailles, France, due to illness and the onset of the Franco-Prussian War (March 30, [1871]).","Correspondents include: Ellen Carter, Lizzie Carter, L.W. Carter, Mary Carter, and W[illiams?] Carter, Jr.\nTopics include: the concern of W[illiams] Carter, Jr. that his father make a will immediately so that the Confederacy will not get any of [his brother?] Charles' portion of the estate.  He writes emphatically \"I don't wish the South to get a cent – no country in the history of the world has so worked out its own destruction as the Southern portion of the U.S. America, and all Christendom will in history say, Amen – next to Sodom and Gomorrah\" (February 3, 1862); W[illiams?] Carter, Jr. also asks that the enslaved laborers on both the North Wales and South Wales plantations be sent to Charlotte or some safe place so they will not be sold like cattle, mentioning all of the Tom and Sarah Fox family, Ben Napper and family, the Tom Brown and Harry Brown families, and other enslaved laborers by first name only (March 1, 1862).","Correspondents include: A.W. Carter; Agnes M. Carter; Annie Carter; Betty Carter; E.H. Carter; Emily Carter; Fanny N. Carter; L.H. Carter, Louise Carter, Pauline Carter, Susan Roy Carter, Thomas B. Carter, Thomas H. Carter (1831-1908), and Williams Carter.\nTopics include: the death of Julia Wickham (Thomas H. Carter, July 19, 1873); an expression of hope that the nation will mend following the Civil War, saying \"my hatred for Davis is only equaled by that for Charles Sumner,\" and mention of balloon flights and France's position of strength in Europe (Thomas B. Carter, Paris, May 22, 1866).","Topics of note include two references to the Civil War, including the \"suffering northern soldiers\" and the sentiment \"the same God made us all\" (August 10, 1861); and a second letter about the Civil War concerning shelling of the area near Shirley along the river by northern gunboats and comments about [General John] Pope (August 28, 1862).","Topics include a condolence letter (July 12, 1873) concerning the death of Julia Leiper Wickham (1859-1873).","Correspondents include: Peter J. Chevallie to his wife, Elizabeth Gilliam Chevallie; Sarah Magee \"Sally\" Chevallie Warwick (1816-1846) to her mother, Elizabeth Green Gilliam Chevallie (1796-1865); Joseph Gallego to his nephew, Peter J. Chevallie;  Henry Chevallie to his sister, Mary G. Chevallie; and Abraham Warwick (1794-1874) to his daughter-in-law, Elise F. Warwick.","Correspondents include: Robert Gamble; S.P. Gregory; Gene and [George?] Griffin; A.G. Grinnan; Evelyn Hale; Hetty Cary Harrison; Ella Havisham; Jane R. Haxall; Rosalie Haxall; Eva Mary Anna Mason Heth (1836-1915); Mary Heywood (with a photograph of her on her 78th birthday);  E.[L.] Holmes; R.R. Howison; J. Johns, Jr.; S. Harvey Johnson; William T. Joyner; W.M. Justis; Bessie D. Kane; J.D.L. Kane; Sallie G. Kean; and Ethel Kilburn.\nTopics include the Civil War (Robert Gamble, June 19, 1863); reminiscences about the Civil War and General Stuart, and a discussion about genealogy (A.G. Grinnan, 1892-1893); family reading (R.R. Howison, January 30, 1878); discussion of Reuben Lindsay Walker (1827-1890), commander of the Third Corps artillery, and his opposition to the peace commission, known as the [Hampton Roads Conference] during the Civil War and political issues that will arise at the conclusion of the war (William T. Joyner, February 3, 1865); and the poor state of the Confederate army, due in part to desertions (William T. Joyner, February 25, 1865).","Correspondents include: Frances Wickham Graham; [Hartley] Graham; James Duncan Graham; Salva Graham; and William F. Wickham.\nTopics include chiefly family news but also some references to the work of James Duncan Graham as a member of the United States Engineer Corps (April 13, 1862; April 9, 1865; May 9, 1865); the condition of the South at the conclusion of the Civil War (June 2, 1865); and papers concerning the pension of James Duncan Graham (1867-1871).","Correspondents include: E.W. Hubard and J.L. Hubard.","Correspondents include: Robert B. Lancaster; Elizabeth W. Lay; R. Bruce Lockhart; A.C. Leigh; William Leigh; Ellen McCaw; Rose M. MacDonald; F. Mark; Captain G. [Marvel]; Dido Mason; E.K.N. Massie; Alice W. Meade; Susan W. Miller; Edgar Miller; F.B. Minor; Mary W. Minor;  and M.M. Morris. \nTopics include work on the book about old homes of Hanover (Robert B. Lancaster, January 8, 1984); the fire at Hickory Hill (Elizabeth W. Lay, February 17, 1875); and notification of an ankle injury of Captain W. Leigh Wickham in Chattanooga, Tennessee while serving as paymaster for the Confederate army (Edgar Miller, May 2, 1863).","Correspondents include: Agnes Lee, Annie C. Lee, Ann H. Lee, C.C. Lee; Mary Custis Lee; Richard Henry Lee (1794-1865) concerning the state literary fund and his proposed memoir of Richard A. Lee; Robert E. Lee, Jr. concerning the death of William F. Wickham (July 16, 1873); and William H.F. \"Rooney\"  Lee (1837-1891).","Correspondents include: Elizabeth B. Nicholas, concerning the fall of New Orleans to Federal forces (April 30, 1862); Helen N. Patterson; Lt. Colonel William H. Payne; Virginia Porcher; Lucy Carter Renshaw (1838-1965) concerning damages suffered by the \"Shirley\" plantation during the Civil War battles (July 4, 1862); Amelie Louise Rives Troubetzkoy (1863-1945); and M.C. Rives.","Correspondents include: Carrie P. Nelson; F. Nelson; F.P. Nelson; Jane E. Nelson; Jenny Nelson concerning the capture of Confederate George Washington \"Wash\" Nelson near Smithfield (November 6, 1863) and the raids of the Yankee soldiers in the neighborhood against the local residents (undated Civil War letter); Judith? Nelson; M.W. Nelson concerning the death of Lucy Carter Wickham (January 17, 1835); Mary C. Nelson; Robert Nelson on board the ship Oriental with his friend John Lewis [Points?] (August 29, 1851); Rose Nelson; Virginia L. Nelson; and W. Nelson.","Correspondents include: Anne Rose Page; Elizabeth Burwell Page; John Page; Judith Nelson Page; Leila Page; and Thomas Nelson Page concerning his book about Italy and his visit to England (January 9, 1920).","Correspondents include: George William Shelton; Amelie Louise Sigourney; M.M. Smith; Walter N. Sprinkel; A.M. Stearns; Alexander H.H. Stuart writes of his fear of the future, suggests that Williams Carter Wickham and himself travel to Washington on business to meet with some of the Yankee magnates and discuss ways to end the Civil War and expresses his sorrow over the sundering of the Union (January 23, 1865); Alta E. Stumpf concerning the awakening of Russia and its development (June 29, 1931); J.V. Swearingen; Louisa Nivison Tazewell (1804-1873) describing the death of her father, former Virginia governor, Littleton Waller Tazewell (1774-1860) in her letter (May 16, 1860); Fannie W. Toler; and C. Vanderbilt, Jr.","Correspondents include: Belle Taylor; Bertie Taylor; Edmund P. Taylor; Elizabeth Taylor; Henry Taylor; Henry Taylor, Jr., John Taylor; Julianna Dunlap Leiper Taylor (1801-1883); R.I. Taylor; and Susan W. Taylor.\nOne letter from Henry Taylor, Jr., July 31, 1877, includes a very detailed discussion about Professor Colonel Peters at the University of Virginia.","Correspondents include: Davy Wallace; S. Gardner Waller; Louisa Webb; C.E. Wellford; Mary T. Williams; Captain W.L. Wingfield; Alice B. Winston; Philip B. Winston; and Beulah H.J. Woolston.","Correspondents include: A.C.L. Wickham; Elizabeth S. Wickham; Fanny Wickham concerning the death of Ella Wickham (March 27, 1851); George Wickham; Julia L. Wickham; J.L. Wickham; L.A.C. Wickham; [L.V.] Wickham; M.F. Wickham; and Sarah Wickham.","Topics include a description of the meeting of the trustees of the Peabody Fund for Education in the South, particularly Bishop Henry Benjamin Whipple of Minnesota and his life among the indigenous native Americans, who he referred to as \"Indians\" (August 12, 1876).","Topics include climate change (January 31, 1872); details of the career of his friend Custis, who died in 1872 and was a water commissioner in Boston (February 8, 1872); the influence of John C. Calhoun in ruining the whole South and his own state by men following his \"evil counsel\" (January 1, 1875); discussions of reading and current politics (January 8, 1875); description of Wickham's losses during the fire in February (March 13, 1875); mentions of Lord Byron, Charles Lamb, William Cullen Bryant and other literary figures (March 22, 1875); description of the Bunker Hill centennial (June 7, 1875); detailed discussion of the career of Patrick Henry (January 1, 1878); religious reading (March 13, 1878); and Richard Henry Dana, Jr. (December 11, 1878).","The letters are chiefly social or agricultural but one, May 30, 1867, touches upon politics and international events and mentions Rives reading the biography of James Madison.","Topics include the perils of travel by stage to Norfolk, Virginia, in winter (March 3, 1817); condolence letter upon the death of his friend, John Wickham, and reflections upon Wickham's importance in his own life as a mentor and friend and his singular character (January 26, 1839); the mention of Tazewell in the will of John Wickham (March 17 and April 1, 1839); ten inch snowfall in March and the economic difficulties of the country (March 21, 1843); discussion on the political issue on \"our title to Oregon\" (February 26, 1846); and Tazewell thanking William F. Wickham for his translations of Italian comedies, but does not think they merit the efforts of someone of Wickham's ability in the Italian language (July 15, 1849).","Correspondents include: William B. Bowers; E.E. Cooke; E.S. Holmes; E. Laurens; Robert E. Lee; L.M. Mason; N.W. Massie; Catharine H. Myers; [J.] R. Ritchie; E.R. Simons; Sue R. Simons; and Sallie P. Winston.\nThe letter from Robert E. Lee to his cousin, Anne B. Carter Wickham, November 11, 1862, hand-written copy, expresses his regret that her son, Williams Carter Wickham, has again been wounded but explains that he cannot spare Wickham from returning to duty in the army.","Among the numerous correspondents are George Washington Custis Lee; Mildred Lee; W.H.F. Lee; General William Mahone; Francis H. Smith; and George D. Wise.","Correspondents include: John Minor discussing the two engravings, of General Marion and \"the Artist's Dream,\" sent by the Apollo Association for the Promotion of the Fine Arts in the United States and the current relations of the United States and England, especially as affected by the affair of the \"Creole\" (March 18 and October 12, 1842); Henry Clay declines an invitation to visit (February 22, 1848); John S. Mosby, concerning the service of the late Dr. James McClurg as a surgeon in the Revolutionary War (July 16 and August 6, 1849); Francis Robert Rives (1822-1891); Andrew Stevenson (1784-1857) concerning politics and enslavement (February 15, 1850) and a visit (July 20, 1854); John R. Thompson, editor of the  \"Messenger,\" refusing an essay by Wickham defending the Mormons (December 4, 1850);  Edward Vernon Childe (1804-1861) writes concerning the peace negotiations during the Crimean War (December 18, 1855); and two drafts of a letter from Wickham to Robert E. Lee concerning the arrival of the Yankee cavalry at \"Hickory Hill,\" who carried off General W.H. F. Lee as a prisoner in Wickham's carriage as well as horses and enslaved laborers, and includes the report that Charlotte Lee's health is not good and that she is much distressed at her husband's capture (June 28, 1863).","Topics include financial inquiry about Virginia's non-payment of the interest on state stock (January 17, 1872); the fire at Hickory Hill, Hanover County, Virginia (February 15, 1875); the voyage of William D. Shipman to England and his assessment of Thomas Jefferson's life and career (July 4, 1876); Wickham's analysis of State Trials of the United States by Francis Wharton, including his own memories of the James T. Callendar trial (June 19, 1876); and William D. Shipman's mention of seeing the effigy of ancestor William of Wykeham in Winchester, England and information about him (November 6, 1876).","Topics include advice for Henry T. Wickham on entering the legal profession and the study of law (July 24, 1868); Robinson's work with a case in the Supreme Court concerning Allen T. Caperton (1810-1876) and his acts in West Virginia as Provost Marshal (April 15, 1872).","Topics include the declaration of [William B.] Preston for the immediate secession of Virginia from the Union and Wickham's fear that \"the dogs of war will be let loose\" (April 16, 1861); two letters from Colonel [Beverly Holcombe] Robertson about missing and absent soldiers and his efforts to round them up (May 13 and 14, 1862); request for Wickham's support and vote for Robert H. Wynne as doorkeeper of the Confederate House of Representatives (December 24, 1863); John B. Baldwin informs Williams Carter Wickham that his nomination has not been acted upon (February 5, 1864) and two letters from John Taylor about family and home events during the Civil War (February 2 and 8, 1864).","Topics include a letter from Robert E. Lee about Henry T. Wickham's attendance at Washington College in Lexington and Lee's plan to write a history about military campaigns in Virginia during the Civil War (October 3, 1865) and a draft of Wickham's reply to Lee in the hand of Lucy Wickham [October 13, 1865];  a draft of Wickham's letter to General W.H.F. Lee about contemporary politics (April 16, 1868); the formation of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad (September 17, 1868); Horace Greeley's comments on the progress of the railroads in Virginia (November 15, 1868); request and recommendation from Alexander H.H. Stuart on behalf of two job seekers in the railroad business (May 5, 1873); efforts of C.T. Smith to get Wickham elected (August 19, 1883); two congratulatory letters on the recent election of Wickham to the Virginia Senate from B. Johnson Barbour and John T. Harris (November 19, 1883); and a request for a donation towards a University of Virginia chapel from Schele de Vere (November 21, 1883).","The diary begins with an entry about the secession of South Carolina from the Union and continues with entries about the evacuation of Fort Moultrie and the removal of troops to Fort Sumter in South Carolina; each state that secedes from the Union is noted and mention made of the firing upon the steamer Star of the West at Charleston, South Carolina; Intermixed with news of the impending war are notes about building a henhouse, nests, the receipt of toys, and weather; his father [Williams Carter Wickham] as a candidate for the Virginia Secession Convention from Henrico (January 29, 1861); and ends with an entry for February 12, 1861.","The diary mentions the following topics: the loan of a sharps rifle from George W. Randolph, supposedly owned before by John Brown and presented to the 1st [Virginia?] Regiment at Harper's Ferry; a four mile drive on the Petersburg Road to \"Strawberry Hill\" owned by Robert Edmond;  Judge and Mrs. Robertson leaving for \"Mount Athos\" their place in the country near Lynchburg, Virginia; double guard on \"the mills\" [Gallego Mills?]; the arrival of 1,000 men from Tennessee who went to the old fairgrounds; a drill by the \"Richland Rifles\" at the South Carolina camp; occupation of Alexandria by President Lincoln's troops; news of a battle at Bethel Church between Yorktown and Hampton; the departure of 2,000 troops for Manassas on June 13th; a visit to Camp Lee; examination of the fortifications below the city with locations noted; note that business is very slow since the commencement of the war; the meeting with Mr. and Mrs. Macfarland and General Lee at Mr. Lyon's [home?]; birth of a daughter [Elise Warwick Barksdale Wickham (1861-1952)] on August 28, 1861; note that he spent the last month with the 16th Virginia Regiment as Quartermaster at \"Camp Withers\" six miles from Norfolk; his orders to transfer to Colonel L. Smith's office as paymaster, September 13, 1861; and the death of cousin Fanny Townes, September 20, 1861.","Subjects include: lists of books purchased from Peter Cotton (October 20, 1816-January 27, 1817 and September 22, 1817); purchases of quills, paper, ink, chessmen, etc. (October 15, 1817); hires of enslaved laborers (January 25 and 27, 1817 and February 21, 1817); and a bill of sale for enslaved laborers (September 17, 1817).","Subjects include: medical care for enslaved laborers from Dr. W.P. Jones (January 12, February 24 and 26, March 24, and June 24, 1818); a hire of an enslaved laborer (April 2, 1819); and a bill of sale for two male enslaved men (January 19, 1820).","Subjects include: the return of a little boy, Joe Lewis, and little girl, Lucy, the property of William F. Wickham (September 28, 1821); payment to overseer William Lizer on \"South Wales\" plantation (January 26, 1821); and purchase of paper, ink, and books (July 7, 1821).","Subjects include: the hire of an enslaved girl, Jenny (January 11, 1823).","Subjects include: hiring of Nathaniel B. Priddy as overseer (1834-1835; 1837-1838, 1840); and a list of books and magazines, quills, pencils, and paper purchased (1836-1838).","Subjects include: hiring of Samuel Bumpass as overseer (1842); the sale of an enslaved boy, Washington (January 6, 1843); hiring of Nathaniel B. Priddy as overseer (1843); sale of the enslaved woman, Nancy Wylde, and her two youngest children (May 23, 1843); and the sale of an enslaved man, Ned Davis (June 27, 1843).","Subjects include: lists of books and writing supplies purchased (July 20, 1846; March 22 and April 16, 1847).","Subjects include: lists of books and writing supplies purchased (February 1848; July 14, 1848; and October 4, 1849).","Subjects include: lists of books purchased (January and November 1850); memoranda book containing the names of enslaved laborers (May 12, 1850); and the hire of enslaved men, Giles, Frank, and John from J.H. Wickham (1851).","Subjects include: list of taxable property for William F. Wickham in 1853, includes 96 enslaved laborers over 16 years old and 116 enslaved laborers over twelve years old.","Subjects include: partners listed for Warwick and Barksdale at the \"Gallego Mills\" following the death of William J. Barksdale (February 15 and July 2, 1860).","Subjects include: theft of stock certificates, bank book, and checks from Williams Carter at the \"North Wales\" plantation during a Yankee raid (May 31, 1864); copy of the last will and testament of Williams Carter with a codicil dated July 30, 1864, freeing his two enslaved women, Margaret and Sally, with any offspring that they have as soon as peace shall be established in the country (July 17, 1864); an enslaved mulatto girl named Sally was lent to Anne Butler Berkeley by Williams Carter (August 10, 1864); indenture concerning the former plantations and property of Williams Carter, Sr. including \"North Wales\" and \"Broad Neck\" (May 16, 1867); and payroll lists (April 1, 1868).","Subjects include: receipts for work in the coal banks, Clifton, West Virginia (1873).","Subjects include: a valuation of personal property at \"North Wales\" plantation; valuation of real estate of Mr. [Abraham] Warwick made by commissioners, including factories, blacksmith shop, houses, lots, and a Brookfield farm; and a list of the names of enslaved laborers, with their evaluations.","These three oversize items include an indenture between Betty Littlepage and Charles Carter of Corotoman (May 5, 1768); a deed of trust from Carter B. Page and Rebecca Page to Thomas Taylor and Benjamin Harrison (June 17, 1817); and an indenture concerning Catherine Page, \"Broad Neck\" and Williams Carter (March 11, 1822).","The oversize deeds and indentures include those signed by Carter B. and Rebecca Page and Thomas Taylor (June 7, 1817); an indenture between John Wickham, Edward Carrington, Daniel Call, and Littleton Waller Tazewell (March 17, 1800); an indenture between Harry and Anna Terrell and Charles Carter (October 7, 1769); an indenture between James Littlepage and Joel Terrell (April 23, 1751); an indenture between John Littlepage and John Carter (March 2, 1735); and a bill of sale for two male enslaved men, Billy and Cyrus (January 15, 1820).","These include a list with the heading \"A List of My Slaves, such as I wish to keep, such as I may wish to sell and may wish to send to the West\" with names, ages, special skills or jobs, and their evaluations on the \"Rocky Mills\" and \"South Wales\" plantations belonging to Edmund Fanning Wickham in 1835; an account of the sale of land and enslaved laborers at \"Rocky Mills\" in November 1842 with the name of the purchaser, name of the enslaved laborer and the prices; a list of enslaved laborers treated by Dr. J.P. Harrison (April 24, 1844; July 1845; July 1848); list of William F. Wickham's enslaved laborers by age category (1843); the evaluation of an enslaved man, Tom Christian and his entire family (December 22, 1846); a list of named enslaved laborers with their ages belonging to the estate of Dr. James McClurg, Hanover County, Virginia, with evalutions by W. O. Winston (January 18, 1852); a list of 209 named enslaved laborers belonging to [William F. Wickham?] (January 1854); a list of 269 named enslaved laborers belonging to [William F. Wickham?] (January 1859); a list of enslaved laborers belonging to [William F. Wickham?] who were either carried off the plantation by Yankee forces or left of their own accord during the Civil War (1862-1864); and one list of enslaved men between the ages of 18 and 55 with the notation that two are in Confederate service, 14 remain on the plantation and 33 have left and gone to the enemy (January 31, 1865) and another list of enslaved laborers that went to the enemy by year, 120 in all [1865].","These six oversize items include four land grant certificates to Edmund F. Wickham and Edwin P. Crenshaw; a London Medical Society membership certificate for Dr. James Maclurg (1784); a letter from Lucy Nelson (1835).","The oversize plats include one for \"North Wales\" plantation belonging to Charles Carter, October 4, 1779; a plat of \"South Wales\" and Lane plantations, Hanover County, according to the division of January 1818, but updated on May 21, 1858; a plat showing the part of \"South Wales\" plantation allotted to Anne B. Carter, the purchase of land by W.F. Wickham from Thomas Carter, and \"Hickory Hill\" plantation purchased by W.F. Wickham from the estate of George W. Smith, November 27, 1825; plat of \"Verdon\" Hanover County, Virginia, belonging to the estate of John T. Anderson (December 1, 1865); and an undated plat showing parcels of land west of the Missouri River, apparently belonging to Thomas Gorham and a Wickham family member, 4 items.","These six oversize items include a survey of the Broad Neck or Big Neck tract for Thomas C. Nelson (September 8, 1818); survey of the Lane tract, part of the South Wales Estate (January 1818); plat of the Lane tract, South Wales and Hickory Hill (January 1818); fields laid off and numbered from a survey of W.F. Wickham's river fields (February 16, 1837); surveys no. 137 and no. 146 in Saline County, Missouri for Edmund F. Wickham (1841); diagram of land plots to the west of the Missouri River and the 5th principal meridian, presumably in Missouri [1841-1842?].","This material includes a recollection of George Wythe by William F. Wickham (1874); and the first recollection of General Robert E. Lee by Anne Carter Wickham Renshaw Byerly, written in a letter to her brother Henry (undated); biographical sketches of Captain William C. Wickham, U.S. Navy (April 19, 1962 and September 1985), John Wickham (undated), and General Williams Carter Wickham (undated); and history of \"Hickory Hill\" (undated).","Families discussed include Fanning, Leiper, Martian, Peyton, Pye, Tabb and Barksdale, Taylor, Warwick, and Wingfield.","This includes a report of [3rd (Wickham's) Virginia Cavalry Brigade] near Front Royal, Virginia (August 23, 1864).","This folder includes such items as the weather at Hickory Hill (1857); a prayer of Bishop Meade (1861); printed advertisement for a catalog of attorneys (1875); damaged circular from a Rochester nursery (1882); a horse pedigree (undated); and \"Notes on Planting Box at Williamsburg\" by Arthur A. Shurcliff (undated).","These include Wickham's notes concerning the \"Home Reminiscences of John Randolph, of Roanoke\" by Powhatan Bouldin, the benefits of lime and marl, and W.W. Mac Farland's address.","These include [Julia L. Wickham], \"Peliso\" Orange, Virginia, gardens in Rome, [Hickory Hill], Captain Williams C. Wickham, U.S. Navy, and an unidentified boy taken by Tyson and Perry, Charlottesville, Virginia.","This collection is open for research use.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Wickham family","Wickham, John, 1763-1839","Wickham, William Fanning , 1793-1880","Wickham, Lucy Taylor, 1830-1913","Wickham, Williams Carter, 1820-1888","Wickham, Henry Taylor","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 15753","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/294"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Wickham family papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Wickham family papers"],"collection_ssim":["Wickham family papers"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["Hickory Hill (Hanover County, Virginia)","Virginia -- History -- 19th Century"],"geogname_ssim":["Hickory Hill (Hanover County, Virginia)","Virginia -- History -- 19th Century"],"creator_ssm":["Wickham family","Wickham, John, 1763-1839","Wickham, William Fanning , 1793-1880","Wickham, Lucy Taylor, 1830-1913","Wickham, Williams Carter, 1820-1888","Wickham, Henry Taylor"],"creator_ssim":["Wickham family","Wickham, John, 1763-1839","Wickham, William Fanning , 1793-1880","Wickham, Lucy Taylor, 1830-1913","Wickham, Williams Carter, 1820-1888","Wickham, Henry Taylor"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Wickham, John, 1763-1839","Wickham, William Fanning , 1793-1880","Wickham, Lucy Taylor, 1830-1913","Wickham, Williams Carter, 1820-1888","Wickham, Henry Taylor"],"creator_famname_ssim":["Wickham family"],"creators_ssim":["Wickham, John, 1763-1839","Wickham, William Fanning , 1793-1880","Wickham, Lucy Taylor, 1830-1913","Wickham, Williams Carter, 1820-1888","Wickham, Henry Taylor","Wickham family"],"places_ssim":["Hickory Hill (Hanover County, Virginia)","Virginia -- History -- 19th Century"],"access_terms_ssm":["This collection is open for research use."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchased, 3 July 2014. The first addition to this collection, MSS 15753-a,was purchased from Beltrone and Company on 6 July 2016."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Plantation life -- Virginia","Slavery--United States -- Virginia","Slaves -- Virginia -- Hanover County"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Plantation life -- Virginia","Slavery--United States -- Virginia","Slaves -- Virginia -- Hanover County"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["9.5 Cubic Feet 19 legal doc boxes, 6 oversize folders."],"extent_tesim":["9.5 Cubic Feet 19 legal doc boxes, 6 oversize folders."],"date_range_isim":[1704,1705,1706,1707,1708,1709,1710,1711,1712,1713,1714,1715,1716,1717,1718,1719,1720,1721,1722,1723,1724,1725,1726,1727,1728,1729,1730,1731,1732,1733,1734,1735,1736,1737,1738,1739,1740,1741,1742,1743,1744,1745,1746,1747,1748,1749,1750,1751,1752,1753,1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged in four series, Series 1: Business correspondence arranged chronologically (Boxes 1-5). Several business correspondents warranted individual folders based on either the amount of material or the importance of the correspondent. Series 2: Correspondence of John Wickham, arranged alphabetically by the last name of the chief correspondent (Box 5); Series 3: Correspondence of the Wickham and related families, arranged by the last name of the main correspondent (Boxes 6-15); Series 4: Financial and Legal Papers and Miscellany (Boxes 16-19), all arranged in chronological order.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged in four series, Series 1: Business correspondence arranged chronologically (Boxes 1-5). Several business correspondents warranted individual folders based on either the amount of material or the importance of the correspondent. Series 2: Correspondence of John Wickham, arranged alphabetically by the last name of the chief correspondent (Box 5); Series 3: Correspondence of the Wickham and related families, arranged by the last name of the main correspondent (Boxes 6-15); Series 4: Financial and Legal Papers and Miscellany (Boxes 16-19), all arranged in chronological order."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection chiefly concerns the Wickham family of Richmond, Virginia and \"Hickory Hill\" plantation in Hanover County, Virginia, including the families of John Wickham (1763-1839), his son, William Fanning Wickham (1793-1880), grandson, Williams Carter Wickham (1820-1888), and great-grandson, Henry Taylor Wickham (1849-1943). When other relatives and friends appear in the folder listing, their birth and death dates and relationships are noted if known. The family owned enslaved persons and lists them by age. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAttorney John Wickham married twice and had two lines of descent. His first wife was Mary Smith Fanning (1775-1799) by whom he had two sons, William Fanning Wickham of \"Hickory Hills,\" married to Anne Butler Carter (1797-1868), and Edmund Fanning Wickham of \"Rocky Mount\" (1796-1843), married to Anne's sister, Lucy Carter (1799-1835). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAfter the death of his first wife, John Wickham married Elizabeth Seldon McClurg and had several more children. Some of these children are also represented in these papers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAnne Carter Wickham (1851-1939), the daughter of Williams Carter Wickham and Lucy Penn Taylor Wickham, married Robert H. Renshaw (1833-1910) in 1881 and they had four children. In 1920, Anne Renshaw married Dr. W.E. Byerly and lived in Massachusetts.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLucy Carter Wickham Byrd was the daughter of Edmund Fanning Wickham (1796-1834) and Lucy Carter (1799-1835) and the wife of George Harrison Byrd (1827-1910).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eApparently the spelling of his name varies slightly from his mother's family name, Maclurg versus McClurg, but the use here reflects the spelling on his grave stone.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Howard School opened in 1831 and continued until 1834 with two teachers, the Reverend Jonathan Loring Woart (1807-1838) and his brother, the Reverend John Woart. The Episcopal High School opened in 1839 on the former Howard School location. There are also letters from the Reverend Jonathan Loring Woart (1807-1838) to William F. Wickham, including progress reports on the two boys, among this correspondence.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["This collection chiefly concerns the Wickham family of Richmond, Virginia and \"Hickory Hill\" plantation in Hanover County, Virginia, including the families of John Wickham (1763-1839), his son, William Fanning Wickham (1793-1880), grandson, Williams Carter Wickham (1820-1888), and great-grandson, Henry Taylor Wickham (1849-1943). When other relatives and friends appear in the folder listing, their birth and death dates and relationships are noted if known. The family owned enslaved persons and lists them by age. ","Attorney John Wickham married twice and had two lines of descent. His first wife was Mary Smith Fanning (1775-1799) by whom he had two sons, William Fanning Wickham of \"Hickory Hills,\" married to Anne Butler Carter (1797-1868), and Edmund Fanning Wickham of \"Rocky Mount\" (1796-1843), married to Anne's sister, Lucy Carter (1799-1835). ","After the death of his first wife, John Wickham married Elizabeth Seldon McClurg and had several more children. Some of these children are also represented in these papers.","Anne Carter Wickham (1851-1939), the daughter of Williams Carter Wickham and Lucy Penn Taylor Wickham, married Robert H. Renshaw (1833-1910) in 1881 and they had four children. In 1920, Anne Renshaw married Dr. W.E. Byerly and lived in Massachusetts.","Lucy Carter Wickham Byrd was the daughter of Edmund Fanning Wickham (1796-1834) and Lucy Carter (1799-1835) and the wife of George Harrison Byrd (1827-1910).","Apparently the spelling of his name varies slightly from his mother's family name, Maclurg versus McClurg, but the use here reflects the spelling on his grave stone.","The Howard School opened in 1831 and continued until 1834 with two teachers, the Reverend Jonathan Loring Woart (1807-1838) and his brother, the Reverend John Woart. The Episcopal High School opened in 1839 on the former Howard School location. There are also letters from the Reverend Jonathan Loring Woart (1807-1838) to William F. Wickham, including progress reports on the two boys, among this correspondence."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAdded fa to VH 7 Dec. 2017.\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["General"],"odd_tesim":["Added fa to VH 7 Dec. 2017."],"originalsloc_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe original letter has been transferred to the Henry Clay Papers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOriginals of these letters transferred to the John Randolph of Roanoke papers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe originals of all three Wirt letters have been transferred to the Autographs collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe original of the Robert E. Lee letter has been transferred to the Robert E. Lee papers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe  original of the Lee letter  has been transferred to the Robert E. Lee papers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe original of letters to Robert E. Lee have been transferred to the Robert E. Lee papers, the originals of the letters from Henry Clay transferred to the Henry Clay papers and those from John Singleton Mosby were transferred to the John Singleton Mosby papers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe originals of Lee letters were transferred to Robert E. Lee papers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"originalsloc_heading_ssm":["Existence and Location of Originals","Existence and Location of Originals","Existence and Location of Originals","Existence and Location of Originals","Existence and Location of Originals","Existence and Location of Originals","Existence and Location of Originals"],"originalsloc_tesim":["The original letter has been transferred to the Henry Clay Papers.","Originals of these letters transferred to the John Randolph of Roanoke papers.","The originals of all three Wirt letters have been transferred to the Autographs collection.","The original of the Robert E. Lee letter has been transferred to the Robert E. Lee papers.","The  original of the Lee letter  has been transferred to the Robert E. Lee papers.","The original of letters to Robert E. Lee have been transferred to the Robert E. Lee papers, the originals of the letters from Henry Clay transferred to the Henry Clay papers and those from John Singleton Mosby were transferred to the John Singleton Mosby papers.","The originals of Lee letters were transferred to Robert E. Lee papers."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 15753 Wickham family papers, Albert and Shirley Special Collection Library, University of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 15753 Wickham family papers, Albert and Shirley Special Collection Library, University of Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Wickham family papers (1704-1950; 9.5 cubic feet) consist of papers of Richmond, Virginia and \"Hickory Hill\" plantation in Hanover County, Virginia, including the families of John Wickham (1763-1839), his son, William Fanning Wickham (1793-1880), grandson, Williams Carter Wickham (1820-1888), and great-grandson, Henry Taylor Wickham (1849-1943). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains business correspondence, chiefly concerning legal and agricultural pursuits; family correspondence with immediate and extended relatives; personal correspondence from friends and political associates; two brief diaries discussing the secession and the beginning of the Civil War; financial and legal papers, including lists of books purchased, hires of enslaved laborers, the purchase of enslaved laborers, medical care for enslaved laborers, losses from invading soldiers during the Civil War, estate values, including those of enslaved laborers, indentures, deeds, receipts, plats and surveys, and lists of enslaved laborers by name and age; genealogies and genealogical charts; invitations and calling cards; military papers of General Williams Carter Wickham in the Civil War and Captain Williams Carter Wickham, U.S. Navy; news clippings; some notes and manuscripts of William F. Wickham; a few photographs and snapshots; poetry; hand-written recipes; school papers; and sympathy and greeting cards. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThere is also a hand drawn map of Hickory Hill plantation, the Wickham family estate which may have been drawn by a descendant of an enslaved laborer. It shows a diagram of \"Mammy's House\" and surrounding buildings that were revisited in the 1980's. The pages following the illustration name African Americans who were still living and working at Hickory Hill estate in the early 1900's. Mentioned are the families of John Robinson, Albert Cash,  Henry Toliver, Edith Jackson, Matt Foley, Maria Tucker, Ruben Lewis,Landonia Lewis, ALec Hewlett, Louisa and Albert Jackson, Henry Abrams, Betty Jackson, John Abram and Roselyn, Milton Hewlett, and Virginia Shelton.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTopics include the Civil War, the relationships between family members in both the North and the South, and attitudes toward secession; many aspects of enslavement, often naming the enslaved laborers involved; Virginia and national politics; the practice of agriculture in Virginia; the education of the children of Virginia planters, including attendance at the Howard School, Episcopal High School, Washington College and the University of Virginia; military service of General Williams Carter Wickham (1820-1888), Captain William Carter Wickham (1887-1985), and other Wickham relatives.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include:, John Slidell and Co., Thomas C. Keaton, William Lyne, W.P. Mason, W.T. Nivison, William B. Page, Philip Rogers, Thomas Rotch, Penn T. Sale, John M. Shepherd, Peter F. Smith, Thomas Strode, William Sullivan, Thomas Swann, Richard Wallack, Ralph Wingfield, Alice B. Winston, and Zach Vowels\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents, chiefly with Edmund F. Wickham, include: Williams Carter (1819), Archibald Gracie and Robert Gracie (1821), and multiple correspondents in 1822: Curwen and Hagarty, Samuel John Dunlop, King and Gracie, Samuel Lambert, and Robert Hughes and Co.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include: James Dunlop, Ninian Edwards, John Ferguson, C.B. Fleet, William Fleet, Robert Gracie, Francis Gregg, James Hagarty, George E. Harrison, James Henderson, L. Jones, T. Jones, and Robert King.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eLetters involving enslavement or enslaved laborers include one from L. Jones, asking for protection for \"old Billy\" and mentioning other issues concerning the welfare of enslaved laborers, January 2, 1823, and another letter from Ninian Edwards discussing the possible purchase of a female enslaved laborer for the wife of Dr. Harvey Lane, January 13, 1823.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include: Henry Arnall, Curwen and Hagarty, [J.] Dunlop, Ninian Edwards, C.B. Fleet, John G. Gamble, Robert G. Harper, George E. Harrison, Jones and Rodes, Hardage Lane, C.C. Lee, Lewis and Tomes, George Marx, John Morgan, and Charles Morris.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eLetters involving enslavement include the inquiry by Robert G. Harper, May 5, 182[3], for information about the \"present condition, conduct, and prospects\" of some manumitted enslaved laborers formerly belonging to Samuel Gist who were freed in his will. He also asks for  the name and address of some respectable and intelligent person in the area where the freed formerly enslaved laborers now live who can send a report to Gist's relatives.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents, chiefly Edmund F. Wickham and William F. Wickham, include: Curwen and Hagarty, James Dunlop, John Dunlop, William Logan Fisher, William Fleet, George Greenhow, George E. Harrison, B.B. Keesee, Robert King, Thomas Kelly, Hardage Lane, Lewis and Tomes, Charles F. Logan, William Lyne, and  Robert and John Oliver. One letter mentions a runaway enslaved man, named Joe, December 18, 1823.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include: David Barclay, John H. Blair, Carter Braxton, William Burns, William L. Dance, S.W. Dandridge, Aaron Denman, Robert Douthat, Ninian Edwards, William Fleet, Gillingham and Randolphs (G.F. and E. Randolph), James Hagerty, George E. Harrison, John Hopkins, and Thomas and John G. Riddle.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include: Richard Anderson, John Balfour, Thomas and John S. Biddle, Carter Braxton, William Burns, Hugh Campbell, Robert Douthat, and Gillingham and Randolphs (G.F. and E. Randolph).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include: Carter Berkeley, Carter Braxton, Roger Mallory, Thomas Nelson, and William F. Wickham to Thomas B. Coleman. Roger Mallory, the jailor in Petersburg, Virginia, writes concerning a runaway enslaved man named Jim who finally admitted he belonged to William F. Wickham. Jim had originally claimed to belong to Price Sharpe who was charged with permitting him to \"go at large contrary to law,\" and hire himself out, March 19, 1827.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include: G.H. Bacchus, Thomas T. Bouldin, Thomas B. Coleman, M. Huelin,  Benjamin Whitehead Ladd, W.H. McFarland, William Nelson, John W. Payne, William G. Pendleton, M.E.M. Roane, and A.B. Spooner. Topics include the reception of freed former enslaved laborers in Ohio (Benjamin W. Ladd, March 4, 1830); and the [Samuel?] Gist estate (John M. Payne, April 22, 1830).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include: Patrick Nesbett Edgar, John Exall, Chapman Johnson, Thomas N. Lee, John Ponsonby Martin, William Nelson, Severn E. Parker, A. Robinson, Jr., William Rowlett, J.S. Skinner, Benjamin Temple, Robert Temple, Thomas Biddle and Company, and John R. Triplett. Topics include: blue wheat (Benjamin and Robert Temple, July 4, 1830 and August 4, 1830); American turf and racing magazine (August 3, 1830; September 1, 1830; October 19, 1830); and a collection of pedigrees for an American Stud Book (October 13, 1830).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include: J.D. Andrews, John Corbin, Alfred V. Crenshaw, Crouches and Snead, Gracie and Company, James Gray, Richard B. Haxall, William Hilberg, James Lyle, and Francis Page. Topics include problems with a horse purchased from Wickham (November 15, 1838), the safe arrival of the Andrews family in Houston, Texas (January 28, 1839), and the sending of an enslaved man named Jefferson to fetch two mules from Wickham (April 22, 1839).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include: Beers and Poindexter, Robert M. Candlish, John S. Corbin, Robert Ellett, William Linton, A.T.B. Merritt, Nathaniel Nelson, J.W. Pegram, W. Richardson, Thomas Samson, John Shore, John N. Tazewell, James G. Watson, and William L. White. Topics include mention of the horse \"Priam\" at Merritt's Hicks Ford stud in Virginia and the failure of Wickham's Eclipse mare to foal last spring (May 11, 1842); the dire condition of the [enslaved man?] old Bob Clark and his family on the land of Nathanael Nelson and attempts to provide for their care (June 15 and July 11, 1842); and a discussion of improvements to Wickham's bevel wheel (July 11, 1842) by Thomas Samson of D.J. Burr and Company.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include: John S. Corbin, Nathanael Cross, William Dorbaker, Thomas Ellis and Charles Ellis, Robert G. Gilman, J.H. Martin, [S.H.] Parker, James L. Pendleton, James A. Seddon, Jane J. Swann, George Taylor, John N. Tazewell, William L. White, and John Wight. Topics include lumber needed for a penitentiary and a possible list of enslaved laborers written in pencil on an address portion of the letter (October 10, 1842).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include: Warwick Barksdale, John Barr, Samuel Cottrell, Richard Gwathmey, John Struthers and Son, Lucius Minor, William Nelson, Lucien B. Price, Richard Randolph, Edmund Ruffin, William D. Taylor, John N. Tazewell, Philip B. Winston, and Richard M. Young (General Land Office). Topics include the sale of two enslaved women (January 29, 1845).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include: Warwick Barksdale, Wellington Goddin, Phineas Janney, C.C. Lee, Thomas Nelson, Bernard Peyton, [Lucien] B. Price, John T. Rogers, Edmund Ruffin, Robert Taylor, J.R. Underwood, William F. Watson, Joseph Wingfield, and Philip B. Winston. Topics include a description of damage to the property of Joseph Wingfield by the breakage of the mill dam of Wickham (March 12, 1848).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include: John Gibson, G.W. Goode, Richard Gwathmey, Benjamin F. Larned (1794-1862), William Leigh, Thomas Nelson, John E. Page, James A. Seddon, Alexander H.H. Stuart, William F. Watson, Hugh A. Watt, W.C. Wickham (to James M. Ford), Edmund Winston, and William Overton Winston. Topics include the shipment of some prairie birds and directions for their care (December 23, 1849); lists of enslaved laborers for hire, including \"old Fanny,\" Nancy and her three children, and Betsy (January 1, 1850); request for information about the amount due on account of the division of the \"Negroes\" or enslaved laborers (March 5, 1850); William F. Wickham as the guardian of the minor heirs of Robert C. Wickham (April 20, 1850); the offer of the use of a Southdown buck for sheep breeding (July 12, 1850); the increase of visitors to the mountains of Virginia, especially at White Sulphur Springs, the Warm Springs, and the Hot Springs (August 5, 1850); the purchase of stained glass (November 19 and 23, 1850); the return of an enslaved woman who was a wet nurse, \"Mamma Betsy\" hired the year before for his little boy (July 28, 1849; November 5, 1850); and an opinion about Jenny Lind (December 20, 1850).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include: Alexander Hew, John F. Lay, [Laudonier] J. Randolph; Robert L. Randolph, Allen P. Richardson, William Sayre, William F. Wickham, and Thomas Wight. \nTopics include the redemption of land in Saline County, Missouri (September 13, 1853) and the settlement with McClurg Wickham, Littleton Waller Tazewell Wickham, and John Wickham concerning a loan from John Henry Wickham to them on August 11, 1851 (May 28, 1858).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include: J.A. Allen, David Anderson, Jr., A.W. Ball, Ann B. Berkeley, the Reverend P.F. Berkeley, George H. Byrd (Wyman, Byrd and Co. Commission Merchants), [Magrat] Davis, R.B. Davis, Robert Johnston, J.H. Montague, H.C. Parsons, James H. Storrs, John R. Taylor, James Usher, and William F. Wickham (drafts to Ann B. Berkeley, the Reverend P.F. Berkeley, and B.W. Green). \nTopics include: the question in the legislature concerning the payment of legacies given in Confederate money between 1862-1865 (March 10, 1866); difficulties in settling court cases in West Virginia following the Civil War (November 16, 1866); a request from a woman for legal help in keeping her inheritance in her name and under her control rather than her husband's as her current lawyer advised (April 25, 1867); and reports on the \"North Wales\" farm (May 20, 27, and 31, 1870).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include: James L. Apperson, W.W. Baldwin, Lewis D. Crenshaw, Jr., Isaac Davis, L.R. Dickinson, Maynard Dyson,  James S. Earle and Sons, George William Gibson, Charles Herndon, J.M. Hill, I.M. Parr and Son (Commission Merchants), J. Sabin and Sons (Booksellers, Printsellers and Importers), Walter C. Jones, A.C. Loomis, J.H. Montague, Henry Parry, G. Peyton, Joseph T. Priddy, R.H. Maury and Co. (Stock and Exchange Brokers), J.W. Ratcliffe, C.T. Smith, E.D. Starke, A.T. Stewart, W.T. Tinsley, H. Wernich, William F. Wickham (draft to L. Upshur Evans), and Wright and Co., Rio de Janeiro. \nTopics include: the sale of property in Richmond, Virginia, of a former brewery belonging to the estate of David G. Yuengling, Jr. along the James River called the \"James River Steam Brewery\" (August 16, 1879).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include: George B. Butler, Alexander Kaslovistsh, and John Watkins.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlvis discusses the farm operations of the East Tuckahoe Plantation.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe company sends sketches and discusses the replacement of the mantle damaged in the house fire at Hickory Hill.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscusses the oak tobacco boxes supplied by Edmund F. Wickham from \"Rocky Mills\" plantation.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence is chiefly with William F. Wickham and Williams Carter Wickham. Topics include concern about the \"military bill\" in the South as a way for Congress to get at the landed property there (March 4, 1867); Wickham's fondness for memoirs and other mentions of reading (December 17, 1868; May 30, 1873; June 15 and 20, 1875; February 11, 1876; May 4, 1877; July 2, 1880); and the offer of building supplies currently at \"Broad Neck\" in order to rebuild the house at \"Hickory Hill\" after a fire (February 16, 1875).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence is chiefly with William F. Wickham and Williams Carter Wickham. Topics include the financial affairs of their cousin Georgina L. Featherstonhaugh (September 24 and October 28, 1879).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTopics include Carter's impressions of Bristol College, Bucks County, Pennsylvania (October 18, 1834); complaints about the western states and their impact upon agricultural prices and politics, mentioning James Buchanan by name (July 17, 1846); suggestion that the enslaved laborers belonging to their nephews, Robert and John Wickham, be sold to pay the debt of their education (June 18, 1847); mention of a violent snowstorm that occurred just after he had returned home on a gunboat following a period of being nursed by his sister at \"Hickory Hill\" (November 8, 1862); and the death of Julia Wickham (July 16, 1873).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include C.P. Huntington (President), Henry Taylor Wickham, and Williams C. Wickham and J.S.F. Smith (Paint Creek Depot) concerning the opening of the coal mines on the land purchased from the Hansford heirs and the employment of miners in Kanawha County, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include C.P. Huntington (President), Henry Taylor Wickham, and Williams C. Wickham and J.S.F. Smith (Paint Creek Depot) concerning the opening of the coal mines on the land purchased from the Hansford heirs and the employment of miners in Kanawha County, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetters concern lands held by Reuben Jenkins and John Henry Wickham in Saline County, Missouri.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetters discuss matters concerning the Louisa Railroad, which was chartered by the Virginia General Assembly in 1836, and renamed the Virginia Central Railroad in 1850, with Fontaine as its longtime president.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence is concerned with securing payment on the accounts of John Wickham and Littleton W. T. Wickham, brothers of William F. Wickham by an immediate sale of livestock and agricultural goods.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMentions the illness of President Monroe and his own wife, Eliza Kortright Monroe Hay, the daughter of Monroe (August 4, 1823) and expresses disparaging remarks concerning a Yankee business associate (October 19, 1823).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTopics include a request to help in the administration of the estate of Dr. McClurg (March 2, 1839); fears about the possible death of his son, Thomas, in [Mississippi?] (June 22, 1839); instructions about the purchase of summer clothing for the enslaved laborers by Alvis (April 21, 1840); mention that there are 70 enslaved laborerss associated with the \"Rocky Mills\" plantation of Edmund Wickham and 40 additional enslaved laborers associated with his father's [John Wickham] estate (July 28, 1842). Much of the correspondence in general deals with the settling of the estate of John Wickham (1763-1839).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscusses arrangements for the support of Mr. Harrison's children and his disappointment with Dr. Selden.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter of introduction from Henry Clay for Mr. Bainbridge of Kentucky to John Wickham.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eKerr requests copies of any ordinances or laws concerning lands either given or planned to be given by the state of Virginia to the officers and soldiers who served in either the Continental Army or the Virginia state militia for use in the United States Court in Ohio.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscusses the best way to secure the claim of Dr. McClurg for surgeon pay during his service in the Continental Army, keeping in mind that the United States will soon find a use for surplus money and mentions Henry Clay as doing a great deal of good [in Congress?].\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRecommends that they make sure that Dr. [James] McClurg's will is recorded in Kentucky.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNotifies Wickham that he has located among his scorched papers enough information to send him a transcript of all he knows or remembers about the bonds of Mr. Balfour and invites him to visit Studley, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMentions the health concerns of family members and friends in Baltimore, Maryland.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDescribes the worsening physical condition of Walter [Maclurg Wickham?]  in Baltimore, Maryland.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNotifies Wickham about the death of Walter [Maclurg Wickham?] in Baltimore, Maryland.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRequests Wickham provide the wording to a decree that would enable a sale of his property in Richmond, Virginia, to proceed since his power of attorney, Mr. Botts, was unable to perform his duties.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOne letter, March 24, 1820, incomplete, last page only, John Randolph of Roanoke writes concerning Stephen Decatur's death. In a second letter, April 1, 1820,   part of the letter and autograph signature excised, John Randolph of Roanoke thanks Wickham for his indulgence and civility in the matter of his father's estate and mentions [Littleton Waller] Tazewell's move to Norfolk.,\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTopics include: request for advice on a business proposition concerning property offered by Mr. Page as security for the payment of Tazewell's stock (July 4 and 9, 1819); Tazewell's current ill health (November 26, 1819); criticism of President John Quincy Adams and a description of a duel between Henry Clay and John Randolph of Roanoke (April 8, 1826); and damages suffered during a hurricane (October 14, 1838).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetters concerns legal work performed by Wickham for Richardson.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eExpresses concern over several outbreaks of cholera among citizens and enslaved laborers on the plantation.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWrites from White Sulphur Springs about the convalescence of Susan [Decatur Wickham (1819 -1831)].\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJohn Wickham addresses business matters in his absence on a trip to Philadelphia, sending four letters from stops in Washington, Baltimore, New York and Philadelphia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe discusses the prospects for the wheat crop, the demand for flour in [American] towns and South America, and reports on his conversations with Mr. Haxall about pricing if the crop is delivered early (May through August 1830) and the last letter mentions their pleasant stay at the Sulphur Springs and Sweet Springs and the journey home, the drought in Kentucky and Ohio, and \"this new explosion in France\" (September 24, 1830).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWickham writes to his son William F. Wickham with concerns about his wheat crop, a notification of an outbreak of disease at Howard School for boys from Jonathan Loring Woart, and the preoccupation of the Virginia General Assembly over internal improvements (January 29 and May 30, 1834); the design of a mill powered by water (February 21, 1834); discussions about the Bank of Virginia and the elections (April 17 and 21, 1834); discussions about possible schools for their boys and rumors of a duel in Washington (September 28, 1834); discusses the President's message (December 7, 1834); an enslaved laborer, sick with cholera, who was believed to be dead several times, appears to be recovering partly due to work of Dr. McCaw (December 18, 1834); and politics in Washington (December 24, 1834).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWickham writes to his son William F. Wickham with concerns about his wheat crop (July 6, 1837) and to his sons at the University of Virginia, George and Littleton W.T. Wickham with advice about their studies, especially geology and the study of soils, and their visit to the Natural Bridge (May 15, 1837).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe letters written during a trip to New England by William F. Wickham and Anne Wickham mention seeing the effects of a great drought all over the northeast, speculations about the wheat crop, poor corn crop of the current year, Littleton at the University of Virginia and George reporting for duty in Washington in the U.S. Navy (September 13, 17, and 25, 1838); news about the wheat market and John Wickham's health (November 20 and December 12, 1838); and news about the opening of the [James River and Kanawha Canal] and its advantages for Richmond, Virginia (December 20, 1838).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWirt asks for Wickham's advice concerning the rights of the widow in the estate of John Ellis (December 21, 1815); in another letter, October 10, 1830, autograph signature excised, Wirt asks for his advice and support in the case of the Cherokee Nation versus the state of Georgia, argued by Wirt before the Supreme Court; and in a third undated letter, Wirt discusses a property case involving Colonel Byrd and Mr. Harrison of Berkeley and lots in Manchester and Richmond, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes two letters mentioning visits by Yankees to Hickory Hill and the taking of her father as a prisoner (May 27, 1862; August 4, 1862); also includes a letter from Robert E. Lee to his cousin, Miss Annie Wickham [later Anne Carter Wickham Renshaw Byerly], Lee promises to stop by \"Hickory Hill\" to visit if at all possible on his way back to Lexington, autograph signature excised from the letter (May 23, 1870).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetters through March 1883 are written from Port Oratava to Henry T. Wickham but in April 1883 the Renshaw's began their journey home, settling in New Market and then Boyce, Virginia, by the turn of the century; In 1906, Annie writes from the University of Virginia about Robert H. Renshaw's poor health which continues until his death in 1910.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese letters are chiefly undated, but she appears to continue her correspondence with her uncle after the death of her Aunt Anne in1868, chiefly written from New York.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLeigh mentions the death of Lizzie Wickham (February 27, 1862); General Johnston and his prospects in the Tennessee area (March 25, 1863); and the death of Mrs. Carter, probably Mary B. Randolph Carter (August 6, 1864).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOne letter, September 16, 1836, described a duel between her brother James and John Chapman, which ended in reconciliation between the two men.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains one letter, August 17, 1863, concerning the Civil War, from Chattanooga, Tennessee, shortly before his death following his wounding and capture.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTopics include the preparation to leave for France with her husband, William Cabell Rives, appointed minister to France (June 26, 1829); and their return to Paris, France (August 2, 1851).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOne letter, written from the Warm Springs Hospital, discusses Taylor's health problems and the recent Battle of Cheat Mountain (October 2, 1861).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTwo letters are written from China, one from Chefoo [present day Yantai] and the second from Tsingtao, while her husband, Captain Williams C. Wickham (1887-1985) was serving in the U.S. Asiatic Fleet.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOne letter from Williams Carter Wickham expresses his pleasure at her engagement to his son, Henry Taylor Wickham (August 26, 1885).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese letters are chiefly to her husband, Henry, while staying at the Homestead, Hot Springs, Virginia, (1911) and White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia (1913) for her health but two letters are to her son, Captain Williams Carter Wickham during his journey to join the Asiastic fleet (1924).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEarly letters are chiefly from his grandparents, William F. and Anne Wickham, and the letters in 1864 are between Henry and his parents, Williams C. and Lucy Wickham\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOne letter mentions the death of his grandmother, Anne B. Carter Wickham (February 26, 1868); four letters were written as a University of Virginia student (October 17, 24, and 31, 1869; and May 8, 1870); and one letter from Henry to his son, Captain Williams C. Wickham, congratulating him on his engagement to Credilla Miller (October 2, 1911).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJohn Wickham writes concerning land in Franklin County, Missouri, belonging to the estate of John Wickham (July 11, 1850).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDuring the Civil War, Leigh Wickham received an appointment in the Confederate Quartermaster department at Memphis, Tennessee (September 13 and 19, and December 8, 1861); reports that the people of Mississippi were frightened of General Grant's army (December 23, 1862); and mentions the hanging of Colonel Lawrence Orton Williams as a Confederate spy by the Federals (June 14, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence includes one letter from Williams Carter Wickham while at the University of Virginia concerning the results of Professor Rogers' analysis of Edmund's specimens of marl (January 16, 1838).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains two letters from W.F. Wickham, Jr. as a student at the University of Virginia (December 19, 1848 and January 12, 1849).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes letters written as a student at the Episcopal High School of Virginia, Fairfax, Virginia (1874-1878) and the University of Virginia (1878-1883).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWhile his father is away in New York and Boston, Williams Carter Wickham sends reports on the activities and condition of the plantation, including illness and death among the enslaved laborers (September 7, 1845; September 15, 1848). Williams Carter Wickham writes with further reports to his father hoping to catch him still at Bowling Green (August 30, 1849); and Williams describes a trip with his wife Lucy to New York and on to Quebec (August 27, 1855).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains references to the participation of Williams Carter Wickham in the First Battle of Bull Run (July 24, 1861, and August 1861); rumors of possible attacks on Arlington and Alexandria and Norfolk (September 2, 1861); discussion about the ramifications of the seizure of James Murray Mason and John Slidell on board the RMS Trent by Union Captain Charles Wilkes (December 8, 1861); and W. Leigh Wickham's commission as assistant quartermaster with rank of captain (December 20, 1861). During the recent visit of William F. Wickham with General Robert E. Lee, Lee reported on the sufferings of the army in the west [1861].\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliams Carter Wickham shares his weariness of the war and announces himself as a candidate for Congress (May 15, 1863); William F. Wickham voices his concern over scarcity of food in Richmond and near Charlottesville to Lucy Penn Taylor Wickham (January 19, 1864); and William F. Wickham fears that Lee cannot maintain communications to the south and wishes he had nothing more to do with land or enslaved laborers if only his son were home in peace (June 28, [1864]).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains references to the participation of Williams Carter Wickham in the First Battle of Bull Run (July 22-23, 27, and 31, 1861).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWickham is in Cavalry Camp, 5th Brigade and attached to Colonel Cocke's Brigade and has a complete blacksmith shop and blacksmith fixed up with his company but requires clothes for his [enslaved?] personal attendant, Robin (September 1, 1861); Many letters discuss conditions of camp life for an officer in the Confederate forces and the efforts of family at home to supply the needs and wants of their own family members in the forces but also those of other soldiers, such as clothing. The letters also show a desire to establish a local hospital for the troops like the ones run by the ladies in Fredericksburg, Virginia (September 4, 1861); Wickham writes from his camp at Fairfax Courthouse about opportunities for drilling the troops, his resignation of his seat in the Convention and in the Virginia Senate, his increasing concerns over the conduct of the war in the last two months, and the injurious effect of the capture of Fort Hatteras in North Carolina to the South (September 6, 1861); news that his son, Henry T. Taylor, is intensely reading the novels of Sir Walter Scott to the detriment of his studies (September 26, 1861); clothing made by the ladies of the community shipped off to the troops (October 12, 1861); Wickham currently at Union Mills (October 22, 1861); the difficulties of Lizzie Fry in getting a permit to leave to go home (October 24, 1861); and Wickham's meeting with General [Jeb] Stuart with whom he is very pleased (October 27, 1861).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWickham writes a very detailed letter about the detrimental effects of fighting the Civil War on their own home soil, his dinner with General Cocke, whose ardor for the war has cooled considerably, the wasting of their best resources in an unnatural strife, and the devastation wrought by both occupying armies (November 3, 1861); and mention of Colonel Robertson and General Stuart (November 7, 13, and 29, 1861). \nWriting from Camp Frontier after an absence of three days, he describes a plan for a force of  nine companies of cavalry and three regiments of infantry, all under General Stuart, to cut off an enemy encampment near Alexandria, but this was prevented by the arrival of more Federal forces in the area near Pohick Church and describes his activities as a member of the scouting party (November 13, 1861); furnishes a description of his strategy when in new territory (November 21, 1861); shares his belief that the Yankees will advance along the Evansport line, chiefly by water, but with a land force on the telegraph road, otherwise believes that they will go into winter quarters (November 24, 1861); and repeats a report from Mr. Porcher [of South Carolina?] that some of the coloured people had been shot by the Confederates and that some of the people offered to work on the entrenchments for the Yankees for pay (November 28, 1861). \nWickham is still waiting for word on any advancement against the enemy and a describes the Federal forces arrayed against Virginia (December 4, 1861); Wickham shares his wish to command a full regiment of cavalry if he cannot have his first  preference to be at home with Lucy, his shock at hearing about the death of Mr. [Cooke?] and his efforts to secure a furlough for Church to go home for the funeral (December 14, 1861).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWickham writes about the following topics, a story about Lt. Colonel Thomas L. Kane, commander of the Bucktail Rifles of Northern Pennsylvania and a relative (January 2, 1862); General Johnston likes Wickham's bill for the better organization of the army (January 8, 1862); Wickham's [enslaved?], attendant, Robin, has built a wonderful shelter for the horses in their winter camp (January 8, 1862); Wickham's return to Camp Ewell after his furlough (January 29, 1862); his disapproval of the bill in the Senate concerning the Virginia forces (February 4, 1862); and his concerns over the reorganization of his regiment (February 15, 1862).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTopics include the alarm of the people in the area north of the Rappahannock where people are abandoning their homes and \"Negroes\" or enslaved laborers are going northward by the hundreds (March 14, 1862); bivouacking comfortably near Brandy Station (April 4, 1862); and reports that their new location is twelve miles below Williamsburg and five miles from Yorktown at \"Blows Mill\" and that they are short on provisions (April 18, 22 and 24, 1862).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTopics include writing from Sudley Mills describes recent events that have greatly reduced his regiment and prevented his communicating with his family, noting that with 200 men Wickham charged the 12th Pennsylvania Cavalry 800 strong, routing them and capturing a large number, mentioning that General Ewell has lost a leg [during the battle of Groveton] (August 30, 1862); currently near Frederick, Maryland (September 7, 1862); yesterday at Sharpsburg, Maryland, \"fought probably the most desperate battle of the war\" [Battle of Antietam], Wickham lost twenty  men killed, wounded or missing, W.H.F. Lee's horse fell with him, Lt. Colonel Thornton of the 3rd had his arm torn by a shell and died of shock, Hill Carter received two severe wounds at Boonsborough and was left in the hands of the enemy, very difficult to find anything to eat, as local people will not sell them anything, and Thomas L. Kane was just made a Brigadier General in the Union army (September 18 and 21, 1862).\nReports on his safe return from an expedition to Pennsylvania with 1800 men (October 14 and 19, 1862); details of the cavalry raid to collect horses from Mercersburg, Chambersburg, and Emmitsburg (October 19, 1862); troops destroying the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (October 21, 1862);  his participation recently in a serious battle with losses of 1500 killed or wounded [Battle of Fredericksburg], with the town of Fredericksburg totally devastated and mentions activities of Major General Ambrose Burnside (December 15 and 18, 1862).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTopics include the rejection of his resignation by the Secretary of War (January 15, 1863); staying with General Robert E. Lee at Culpeper Courthouse (March 1, 1863); discussion of the [Battle of Chancellorsville] (May 8, 1863 copy); spent the day with Lee who was in good spirits but without any hope of quick termination of the war and who would not allow his resignation, and General Jackson said to be dangerously ill with pleurisy (May 10, 1863); mentions the death of General Jackson and his fears for the safety of General Lee who he describes in appreciative terms (May 11, 1863); and describes his visit to General Lee's headquarters and assesses the results of recent battles (May 31, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTopics include Wickham's approval of the generals James Longstreet, A.P. Hill, and Richard S. Ewell (June 3, 1863); Lucy relates their losses during visits of the Yankees to \"Hickory Hill\" and \"North Wales\" plantations and the capture of Fitzhugh Lee out of his sick bed (July 25, 1863); Wickham writes from the headquarters of Wickham's Brigade, following his commission as Brigadier General (September 12, 1863); news of Julius Theodore Porcher being mortally wounded from members of the 10th South Carolina Regiment (December 1863); Lucy Wickham's visit with General Wickham near Charlottesville, Virginia (January 17, 21, 31, 1864); General Lee has issued the first order that has not received Wickham's admiration (February 8, 1864); and draft of a letter from Wickham to Captain J.E. Cook, describing his actions beginning on October 28, 1862 until November 3, 1862 (February 26, 1864).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTopics include accompanying General Robert E. Lee to the anniversary of the Young Men's Christian Association of Poney's Brigade to hear a talk on the character of General [Stonewall?] Jackson (March 29, 1864); description of the pillaging of \"Hickory Hill\" by the Yankees and their threatening Uncle Hill Carter (June 5, 1864, June 1864, August 1, 1864); mention of General Sheridan (July 25, 1864); description of the devastation in the area around Culpeper and mention of [Jubal] Early (August 12, 1864); and Wickham, while stationed in Winchester, Virginia, describing the broad valley just prior to the Battle of Winchester (September 5, 8, and 10, 1864).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWickham attended the U.S. Naval Academy from 1904 until 1909 and most of the letters from this period were to his parents. There are also a few dating from his service aboard the U.S.S. Minnesota (1911) and the U.S.S. Smith (1913) addressed to them. Letters dated 1924 from Captain Wickham to his wife, Credilla Miller Wickham, were written while serving in the U.S. Asiastic Fleet aboard the U.S.S. Pillsbury when the navy summered at Chefoo [present day Yantai], China.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include: J.S.B. Alleyne (resolutions concerning the death of Dr. William F. Wickham in 1851); John B. Baldwin; L.M. Baldwin; Nannie P. Ballard; A.P. Bankhead; B. Johnson Barbour, John L. Barbour; Greta du Pont Barksdale (1891-1965); Phoebe [Barksdale?]; Marianna Elizabeth Barksdale (1796-1856) and her husband, William Jones Barksdale (1794-1859); Ann B. Berkeley; Letitia Glenn Biddle (1864-1950); John Minor Botts (1802-1869); Mary G. Braxton; Mary Carter Brickner; G. Thompson Brown; Alfred H. Byrd; E.H. Byrd and L.C. Byrd.\nTopics include a very detailed letter from John Minor Botts to General Williams Carter Wickham about the Civil War, particularly the requested transfer of Colonel Charles H. Wager from the infantry service to the cavalry, rumors about General Lee evacuating Virginia, complaints about the press stimulating the prejudices of the people, and rumors of a proposal to arm enslaved laborers to help fight against the Northern forces (January 8, 1865).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include: Ellen J. Cackie; J.R. Campbell (damaged postal card only); B.B. Claike; George Colton; A. Coolidge; O.A. Crenshaw; M.W.T. Cumberland; John B. Custis; Laura G. Custis; Raleigh T. Daniel; J.S. Davis; Enid Deem; Martha Lee Doughty \"To the Women of the Confederacy\" (undated); Fanny Duncan; Georgina L. Featherstonhaugh; and Mary J. Foster.\nTopics include: a discussion of several books read by Laura G. Custis of Boston (May 25, no year) and a description of the past few months the Custis family were forced to stay in Versailles, France, due to illness and the onset of the Franco-Prussian War (March 30, [1871]).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include: Ellen Carter, Lizzie Carter, L.W. Carter, Mary Carter, and W[illiams?] Carter, Jr.\nTopics include: the concern of W[illiams] Carter, Jr. that his father make a will immediately so that the Confederacy will not get any of [his brother?] Charles' portion of the estate.  He writes emphatically \"I don't wish the South to get a cent – no country in the history of the world has so worked out its own destruction as the Southern portion of the U.S. America, and all Christendom will in history say, Amen – next to Sodom and Gomorrah\" (February 3, 1862); W[illiams?] Carter, Jr. also asks that the enslaved laborers on both the North Wales and South Wales plantations be sent to Charlotte or some safe place so they will not be sold like cattle, mentioning all of the Tom and Sarah Fox family, Ben Napper and family, the Tom Brown and Harry Brown families, and other enslaved laborers by first name only (March 1, 1862).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include: A.W. Carter; Agnes M. Carter; Annie Carter; Betty Carter; E.H. Carter; Emily Carter; Fanny N. Carter; L.H. Carter, Louise Carter, Pauline Carter, Susan Roy Carter, Thomas B. Carter, Thomas H. Carter (1831-1908), and Williams Carter.\nTopics include: the death of Julia Wickham (Thomas H. Carter, July 19, 1873); an expression of hope that the nation will mend following the Civil War, saying \"my hatred for Davis is only equaled by that for Charles Sumner,\" and mention of balloon flights and France's position of strength in Europe (Thomas B. Carter, Paris, May 22, 1866).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTopics of note include two references to the Civil War, including the \"suffering northern soldiers\" and the sentiment \"the same God made us all\" (August 10, 1861); and a second letter about the Civil War concerning shelling of the area near Shirley along the river by northern gunboats and comments about [General John] Pope (August 28, 1862).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTopics include a condolence letter (July 12, 1873) concerning the death of Julia Leiper Wickham (1859-1873).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include: Peter J. Chevallie to his wife, Elizabeth Gilliam Chevallie; Sarah Magee \"Sally\" Chevallie Warwick (1816-1846) to her mother, Elizabeth Green Gilliam Chevallie (1796-1865); Joseph Gallego to his nephew, Peter J. Chevallie;  Henry Chevallie to his sister, Mary G. Chevallie; and Abraham Warwick (1794-1874) to his daughter-in-law, Elise F. Warwick.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include: Robert Gamble; S.P. Gregory; Gene and [George?] Griffin; A.G. Grinnan; Evelyn Hale; Hetty Cary Harrison; Ella Havisham; Jane R. Haxall; Rosalie Haxall; Eva Mary Anna Mason Heth (1836-1915); Mary Heywood (with a photograph of her on her 78th birthday);  E.[L.] Holmes; R.R. Howison; J. Johns, Jr.; S. Harvey Johnson; William T. Joyner; W.M. Justis; Bessie D. Kane; J.D.L. Kane; Sallie G. Kean; and Ethel Kilburn.\nTopics include the Civil War (Robert Gamble, June 19, 1863); reminiscences about the Civil War and General Stuart, and a discussion about genealogy (A.G. Grinnan, 1892-1893); family reading (R.R. Howison, January 30, 1878); discussion of Reuben Lindsay Walker (1827-1890), commander of the Third Corps artillery, and his opposition to the peace commission, known as the [Hampton Roads Conference] during the Civil War and political issues that will arise at the conclusion of the war (William T. Joyner, February 3, 1865); and the poor state of the Confederate army, due in part to desertions (William T. Joyner, February 25, 1865).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include: Frances Wickham Graham; [Hartley] Graham; James Duncan Graham; Salva Graham; and William F. Wickham.\nTopics include chiefly family news but also some references to the work of James Duncan Graham as a member of the United States Engineer Corps (April 13, 1862; April 9, 1865; May 9, 1865); the condition of the South at the conclusion of the Civil War (June 2, 1865); and papers concerning the pension of James Duncan Graham (1867-1871).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include: E.W. Hubard and J.L. Hubard.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include: Robert B. Lancaster; Elizabeth W. Lay; R. Bruce Lockhart; A.C. Leigh; William Leigh; Ellen McCaw; Rose M. MacDonald; F. Mark; Captain G. [Marvel]; Dido Mason; E.K.N. Massie; Alice W. Meade; Susan W. Miller; Edgar Miller; F.B. Minor; Mary W. Minor;  and M.M. Morris. \nTopics include work on the book about old homes of Hanover (Robert B. Lancaster, January 8, 1984); the fire at Hickory Hill (Elizabeth W. Lay, February 17, 1875); and notification of an ankle injury of Captain W. Leigh Wickham in Chattanooga, Tennessee while serving as paymaster for the Confederate army (Edgar Miller, May 2, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include: Agnes Lee, Annie C. Lee, Ann H. Lee, C.C. Lee; Mary Custis Lee; Richard Henry Lee (1794-1865) concerning the state literary fund and his proposed memoir of Richard A. Lee; Robert E. Lee, Jr. concerning the death of William F. Wickham (July 16, 1873); and William H.F. \"Rooney\"  Lee (1837-1891).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include: Elizabeth B. Nicholas, concerning the fall of New Orleans to Federal forces (April 30, 1862); Helen N. Patterson; Lt. Colonel William H. Payne; Virginia Porcher; Lucy Carter Renshaw (1838-1965) concerning damages suffered by the \"Shirley\" plantation during the Civil War battles (July 4, 1862); Amelie Louise Rives Troubetzkoy (1863-1945); and M.C. Rives.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include: Carrie P. Nelson; F. Nelson; F.P. Nelson; Jane E. Nelson; Jenny Nelson concerning the capture of Confederate George Washington \"Wash\" Nelson near Smithfield (November 6, 1863) and the raids of the Yankee soldiers in the neighborhood against the local residents (undated Civil War letter); Judith? Nelson; M.W. Nelson concerning the death of Lucy Carter Wickham (January 17, 1835); Mary C. Nelson; Robert Nelson on board the ship Oriental with his friend John Lewis [Points?] (August 29, 1851); Rose Nelson; Virginia L. Nelson; and W. Nelson.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include: Anne Rose Page; Elizabeth Burwell Page; John Page; Judith Nelson Page; Leila Page; and Thomas Nelson Page concerning his book about Italy and his visit to England (January 9, 1920).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include: George William Shelton; Amelie Louise Sigourney; M.M. Smith; Walter N. Sprinkel; A.M. Stearns; Alexander H.H. Stuart writes of his fear of the future, suggests that Williams Carter Wickham and himself travel to Washington on business to meet with some of the Yankee magnates and discuss ways to end the Civil War and expresses his sorrow over the sundering of the Union (January 23, 1865); Alta E. Stumpf concerning the awakening of Russia and its development (June 29, 1931); J.V. Swearingen; Louisa Nivison Tazewell (1804-1873) describing the death of her father, former Virginia governor, Littleton Waller Tazewell (1774-1860) in her letter (May 16, 1860); Fannie W. Toler; and C. Vanderbilt, Jr.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include: Belle Taylor; Bertie Taylor; Edmund P. Taylor; Elizabeth Taylor; Henry Taylor; Henry Taylor, Jr., John Taylor; Julianna Dunlap Leiper Taylor (1801-1883); R.I. Taylor; and Susan W. Taylor.\nOne letter from Henry Taylor, Jr., July 31, 1877, includes a very detailed discussion about Professor Colonel Peters at the University of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include: Davy Wallace; S. Gardner Waller; Louisa Webb; C.E. Wellford; Mary T. Williams; Captain W.L. Wingfield; Alice B. Winston; Philip B. Winston; and Beulah H.J. Woolston.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include: A.C.L. Wickham; Elizabeth S. Wickham; Fanny Wickham concerning the death of Ella Wickham (March 27, 1851); George Wickham; Julia L. Wickham; J.L. Wickham; L.A.C. Wickham; [L.V.] Wickham; M.F. Wickham; and Sarah Wickham.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTopics include a description of the meeting of the trustees of the Peabody Fund for Education in the South, particularly Bishop Henry Benjamin Whipple of Minnesota and his life among the indigenous native Americans, who he referred to as \"Indians\" (August 12, 1876).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTopics include climate change (January 31, 1872); details of the career of his friend Custis, who died in 1872 and was a water commissioner in Boston (February 8, 1872); the influence of John C. Calhoun in ruining the whole South and his own state by men following his \"evil counsel\" (January 1, 1875); discussions of reading and current politics (January 8, 1875); description of Wickham's losses during the fire in February (March 13, 1875); mentions of Lord Byron, Charles Lamb, William Cullen Bryant and other literary figures (March 22, 1875); description of the Bunker Hill centennial (June 7, 1875); detailed discussion of the career of Patrick Henry (January 1, 1878); religious reading (March 13, 1878); and Richard Henry Dana, Jr. (December 11, 1878).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe letters are chiefly social or agricultural but one, May 30, 1867, touches upon politics and international events and mentions Rives reading the biography of James Madison.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTopics include the perils of travel by stage to Norfolk, Virginia, in winter (March 3, 1817); condolence letter upon the death of his friend, John Wickham, and reflections upon Wickham's importance in his own life as a mentor and friend and his singular character (January 26, 1839); the mention of Tazewell in the will of John Wickham (March 17 and April 1, 1839); ten inch snowfall in March and the economic difficulties of the country (March 21, 1843); discussion on the political issue on \"our title to Oregon\" (February 26, 1846); and Tazewell thanking William F. Wickham for his translations of Italian comedies, but does not think they merit the efforts of someone of Wickham's ability in the Italian language (July 15, 1849).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include: William B. Bowers; E.E. Cooke; E.S. Holmes; E. Laurens; Robert E. Lee; L.M. Mason; N.W. Massie; Catharine H. Myers; [J.] R. Ritchie; E.R. Simons; Sue R. Simons; and Sallie P. Winston.\nThe letter from Robert E. Lee to his cousin, Anne B. Carter Wickham, November 11, 1862, hand-written copy, expresses his regret that her son, Williams Carter Wickham, has again been wounded but explains that he cannot spare Wickham from returning to duty in the army.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAmong the numerous correspondents are George Washington Custis Lee; Mildred Lee; W.H.F. Lee; General William Mahone; Francis H. Smith; and George D. Wise.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include: John Minor discussing the two engravings, of General Marion and \"the Artist's Dream,\" sent by the Apollo Association for the Promotion of the Fine Arts in the United States and the current relations of the United States and England, especially as affected by the affair of the \"Creole\" (March 18 and October 12, 1842); Henry Clay declines an invitation to visit (February 22, 1848); John S. Mosby, concerning the service of the late Dr. James McClurg as a surgeon in the Revolutionary War (July 16 and August 6, 1849); Francis Robert Rives (1822-1891); Andrew Stevenson (1784-1857) concerning politics and enslavement (February 15, 1850) and a visit (July 20, 1854); John R. Thompson, editor of the  \"Messenger,\" refusing an essay by Wickham defending the Mormons (December 4, 1850);  Edward Vernon Childe (1804-1861) writes concerning the peace negotiations during the Crimean War (December 18, 1855); and two drafts of a letter from Wickham to Robert E. Lee concerning the arrival of the Yankee cavalry at \"Hickory Hill,\" who carried off General W.H. F. Lee as a prisoner in Wickham's carriage as well as horses and enslaved laborers, and includes the report that Charlotte Lee's health is not good and that she is much distressed at her husband's capture (June 28, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTopics include financial inquiry about Virginia's non-payment of the interest on state stock (January 17, 1872); the fire at Hickory Hill, Hanover County, Virginia (February 15, 1875); the voyage of William D. Shipman to England and his assessment of Thomas Jefferson's life and career (July 4, 1876); Wickham's analysis of State Trials of the United States by Francis Wharton, including his own memories of the James T. Callendar trial (June 19, 1876); and William D. Shipman's mention of seeing the effigy of ancestor William of Wykeham in Winchester, England and information about him (November 6, 1876).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTopics include advice for Henry T. Wickham on entering the legal profession and the study of law (July 24, 1868); Robinson's work with a case in the Supreme Court concerning Allen T. Caperton (1810-1876) and his acts in West Virginia as Provost Marshal (April 15, 1872).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTopics include the declaration of [William B.] Preston for the immediate secession of Virginia from the Union and Wickham's fear that \"the dogs of war will be let loose\" (April 16, 1861); two letters from Colonel [Beverly Holcombe] Robertson about missing and absent soldiers and his efforts to round them up (May 13 and 14, 1862); request for Wickham's support and vote for Robert H. Wynne as doorkeeper of the Confederate House of Representatives (December 24, 1863); John B. Baldwin informs Williams Carter Wickham that his nomination has not been acted upon (February 5, 1864) and two letters from John Taylor about family and home events during the Civil War (February 2 and 8, 1864).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTopics include a letter from Robert E. Lee about Henry T. Wickham's attendance at Washington College in Lexington and Lee's plan to write a history about military campaigns in Virginia during the Civil War (October 3, 1865) and a draft of Wickham's reply to Lee in the hand of Lucy Wickham [October 13, 1865];  a draft of Wickham's letter to General W.H.F. Lee about contemporary politics (April 16, 1868); the formation of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad (September 17, 1868); Horace Greeley's comments on the progress of the railroads in Virginia (November 15, 1868); request and recommendation from Alexander H.H. Stuart on behalf of two job seekers in the railroad business (May 5, 1873); efforts of C.T. Smith to get Wickham elected (August 19, 1883); two congratulatory letters on the recent election of Wickham to the Virginia Senate from B. Johnson Barbour and John T. Harris (November 19, 1883); and a request for a donation towards a University of Virginia chapel from Schele de Vere (November 21, 1883).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe diary begins with an entry about the secession of South Carolina from the Union and continues with entries about the evacuation of Fort Moultrie and the removal of troops to Fort Sumter in South Carolina; each state that secedes from the Union is noted and mention made of the firing upon the steamer Star of the West at Charleston, South Carolina; Intermixed with news of the impending war are notes about building a henhouse, nests, the receipt of toys, and weather; his father [Williams Carter Wickham] as a candidate for the Virginia Secession Convention from Henrico (January 29, 1861); and ends with an entry for February 12, 1861.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe diary mentions the following topics: the loan of a sharps rifle from George W. Randolph, supposedly owned before by John Brown and presented to the 1st [Virginia?] Regiment at Harper's Ferry; a four mile drive on the Petersburg Road to \"Strawberry Hill\" owned by Robert Edmond;  Judge and Mrs. Robertson leaving for \"Mount Athos\" their place in the country near Lynchburg, Virginia; double guard on \"the mills\" [Gallego Mills?]; the arrival of 1,000 men from Tennessee who went to the old fairgrounds; a drill by the \"Richland Rifles\" at the South Carolina camp; occupation of Alexandria by President Lincoln's troops; news of a battle at Bethel Church between Yorktown and Hampton; the departure of 2,000 troops for Manassas on June 13th; a visit to Camp Lee; examination of the fortifications below the city with locations noted; note that business is very slow since the commencement of the war; the meeting with Mr. and Mrs. Macfarland and General Lee at Mr. Lyon's [home?]; birth of a daughter [Elise Warwick Barksdale Wickham (1861-1952)] on August 28, 1861; note that he spent the last month with the 16th Virginia Regiment as Quartermaster at \"Camp Withers\" six miles from Norfolk; his orders to transfer to Colonel L. Smith's office as paymaster, September 13, 1861; and the death of cousin Fanny Townes, September 20, 1861.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubjects include: lists of books purchased from Peter Cotton (October 20, 1816-January 27, 1817 and September 22, 1817); purchases of quills, paper, ink, chessmen, etc. (October 15, 1817); hires of enslaved laborers (January 25 and 27, 1817 and February 21, 1817); and a bill of sale for enslaved laborers (September 17, 1817).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubjects include: medical care for enslaved laborers from Dr. W.P. Jones (January 12, February 24 and 26, March 24, and June 24, 1818); a hire of an enslaved laborer (April 2, 1819); and a bill of sale for two male enslaved men (January 19, 1820).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubjects include: the return of a little boy, Joe Lewis, and little girl, Lucy, the property of William F. Wickham (September 28, 1821); payment to overseer William Lizer on \"South Wales\" plantation (January 26, 1821); and purchase of paper, ink, and books (July 7, 1821).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubjects include: the hire of an enslaved girl, Jenny (January 11, 1823).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubjects include: hiring of Nathaniel B. Priddy as overseer (1834-1835; 1837-1838, 1840); and a list of books and magazines, quills, pencils, and paper purchased (1836-1838).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubjects include: hiring of Samuel Bumpass as overseer (1842); the sale of an enslaved boy, Washington (January 6, 1843); hiring of Nathaniel B. Priddy as overseer (1843); sale of the enslaved woman, Nancy Wylde, and her two youngest children (May 23, 1843); and the sale of an enslaved man, Ned Davis (June 27, 1843).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubjects include: lists of books and writing supplies purchased (July 20, 1846; March 22 and April 16, 1847).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubjects include: lists of books and writing supplies purchased (February 1848; July 14, 1848; and October 4, 1849).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubjects include: lists of books purchased (January and November 1850); memoranda book containing the names of enslaved laborers (May 12, 1850); and the hire of enslaved men, Giles, Frank, and John from J.H. Wickham (1851).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubjects include: list of taxable property for William F. Wickham in 1853, includes 96 enslaved laborers over 16 years old and 116 enslaved laborers over twelve years old.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubjects include: partners listed for Warwick and Barksdale at the \"Gallego Mills\" following the death of William J. Barksdale (February 15 and July 2, 1860).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubjects include: theft of stock certificates, bank book, and checks from Williams Carter at the \"North Wales\" plantation during a Yankee raid (May 31, 1864); copy of the last will and testament of Williams Carter with a codicil dated July 30, 1864, freeing his two enslaved women, Margaret and Sally, with any offspring that they have as soon as peace shall be established in the country (July 17, 1864); an enslaved mulatto girl named Sally was lent to Anne Butler Berkeley by Williams Carter (August 10, 1864); indenture concerning the former plantations and property of Williams Carter, Sr. including \"North Wales\" and \"Broad Neck\" (May 16, 1867); and payroll lists (April 1, 1868).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubjects include: receipts for work in the coal banks, Clifton, West Virginia (1873).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubjects include: a valuation of personal property at \"North Wales\" plantation; valuation of real estate of Mr. [Abraham] Warwick made by commissioners, including factories, blacksmith shop, houses, lots, and a Brookfield farm; and a list of the names of enslaved laborers, with their evaluations.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese three oversize items include an indenture between Betty Littlepage and Charles Carter of Corotoman (May 5, 1768); a deed of trust from Carter B. Page and Rebecca Page to Thomas Taylor and Benjamin Harrison (June 17, 1817); and an indenture concerning Catherine Page, \"Broad Neck\" and Williams Carter (March 11, 1822).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe oversize deeds and indentures include those signed by Carter B. and Rebecca Page and Thomas Taylor (June 7, 1817); an indenture between John Wickham, Edward Carrington, Daniel Call, and Littleton Waller Tazewell (March 17, 1800); an indenture between Harry and Anna Terrell and Charles Carter (October 7, 1769); an indenture between James Littlepage and Joel Terrell (April 23, 1751); an indenture between John Littlepage and John Carter (March 2, 1735); and a bill of sale for two male enslaved men, Billy and Cyrus (January 15, 1820).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese include a list with the heading \"A List of My Slaves, such as I wish to keep, such as I may wish to sell and may wish to send to the West\" with names, ages, special skills or jobs, and their evaluations on the \"Rocky Mills\" and \"South Wales\" plantations belonging to Edmund Fanning Wickham in 1835; an account of the sale of land and enslaved laborers at \"Rocky Mills\" in November 1842 with the name of the purchaser, name of the enslaved laborer and the prices; a list of enslaved laborers treated by Dr. J.P. Harrison (April 24, 1844; July 1845; July 1848); list of William F. Wickham's enslaved laborers by age category (1843); the evaluation of an enslaved man, Tom Christian and his entire family (December 22, 1846); a list of named enslaved laborers with their ages belonging to the estate of Dr. James McClurg, Hanover County, Virginia, with evalutions by W. O. Winston (January 18, 1852); a list of 209 named enslaved laborers belonging to [William F. Wickham?] (January 1854); a list of 269 named enslaved laborers belonging to [William F. Wickham?] (January 1859); a list of enslaved laborers belonging to [William F. Wickham?] who were either carried off the plantation by Yankee forces or left of their own accord during the Civil War (1862-1864); and one list of enslaved men between the ages of 18 and 55 with the notation that two are in Confederate service, 14 remain on the plantation and 33 have left and gone to the enemy (January 31, 1865) and another list of enslaved laborers that went to the enemy by year, 120 in all [1865].\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese six oversize items include four land grant certificates to Edmund F. Wickham and Edwin P. Crenshaw; a London Medical Society membership certificate for Dr. James Maclurg (1784); a letter from Lucy Nelson (1835).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe oversize plats include one for \"North Wales\" plantation belonging to Charles Carter, October 4, 1779; a plat of \"South Wales\" and Lane plantations, Hanover County, according to the division of January 1818, but updated on May 21, 1858; a plat showing the part of \"South Wales\" plantation allotted to Anne B. Carter, the purchase of land by W.F. Wickham from Thomas Carter, and \"Hickory Hill\" plantation purchased by W.F. Wickham from the estate of George W. Smith, November 27, 1825; plat of \"Verdon\" Hanover County, Virginia, belonging to the estate of John T. Anderson (December 1, 1865); and an undated plat showing parcels of land west of the Missouri River, apparently belonging to Thomas Gorham and a Wickham family member, 4 items.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese six oversize items include a survey of the Broad Neck or Big Neck tract for Thomas C. Nelson (September 8, 1818); survey of the Lane tract, part of the South Wales Estate (January 1818); plat of the Lane tract, South Wales and Hickory Hill (January 1818); fields laid off and numbered from a survey of W.F. Wickham's river fields (February 16, 1837); surveys no. 137 and no. 146 in Saline County, Missouri for Edmund F. Wickham (1841); diagram of land plots to the west of the Missouri River and the 5th principal meridian, presumably in Missouri [1841-1842?].\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis material includes a recollection of George Wythe by William F. Wickham (1874); and the first recollection of General Robert E. Lee by Anne Carter Wickham Renshaw Byerly, written in a letter to her brother Henry (undated); biographical sketches of Captain William C. Wickham, U.S. Navy (April 19, 1962 and September 1985), John Wickham (undated), and General Williams Carter Wickham (undated); and history of \"Hickory Hill\" (undated).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFamilies discussed include Fanning, Leiper, Martian, Peyton, Pye, Tabb and Barksdale, Taylor, Warwick, and Wingfield.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis includes a report of [3rd (Wickham's) Virginia Cavalry Brigade] near Front Royal, Virginia (August 23, 1864).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder includes such items as the weather at Hickory Hill (1857); a prayer of Bishop Meade (1861); printed advertisement for a catalog of attorneys (1875); damaged circular from a Rochester nursery (1882); a horse pedigree (undated); and \"Notes on Planting Box at Williamsburg\" by Arthur A. Shurcliff (undated).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese include Wickham's notes concerning the \"Home Reminiscences of John Randolph, of Roanoke\" by Powhatan Bouldin, the benefits of lime and marl, and W.W. Mac Farland's address.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese include [Julia L. Wickham], \"Peliso\" Orange, Virginia, gardens in Rome, [Hickory Hill], Captain Williams C. Wickham, U.S. Navy, and an unidentified boy taken by Tyson and Perry, Charlottesville, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Wickham family papers (1704-1950; 9.5 cubic feet) consist of papers of Richmond, Virginia and \"Hickory Hill\" plantation in Hanover County, Virginia, including the families of John Wickham (1763-1839), his son, William Fanning Wickham (1793-1880), grandson, Williams Carter Wickham (1820-1888), and great-grandson, Henry Taylor Wickham (1849-1943). ","The collection contains business correspondence, chiefly concerning legal and agricultural pursuits; family correspondence with immediate and extended relatives; personal correspondence from friends and political associates; two brief diaries discussing the secession and the beginning of the Civil War; financial and legal papers, including lists of books purchased, hires of enslaved laborers, the purchase of enslaved laborers, medical care for enslaved laborers, losses from invading soldiers during the Civil War, estate values, including those of enslaved laborers, indentures, deeds, receipts, plats and surveys, and lists of enslaved laborers by name and age; genealogies and genealogical charts; invitations and calling cards; military papers of General Williams Carter Wickham in the Civil War and Captain Williams Carter Wickham, U.S. Navy; news clippings; some notes and manuscripts of William F. Wickham; a few photographs and snapshots; poetry; hand-written recipes; school papers; and sympathy and greeting cards. ","There is also a hand drawn map of Hickory Hill plantation, the Wickham family estate which may have been drawn by a descendant of an enslaved laborer. It shows a diagram of \"Mammy's House\" and surrounding buildings that were revisited in the 1980's. The pages following the illustration name African Americans who were still living and working at Hickory Hill estate in the early 1900's. Mentioned are the families of John Robinson, Albert Cash,  Henry Toliver, Edith Jackson, Matt Foley, Maria Tucker, Ruben Lewis,Landonia Lewis, ALec Hewlett, Louisa and Albert Jackson, Henry Abrams, Betty Jackson, John Abram and Roselyn, Milton Hewlett, and Virginia Shelton.","Topics include the Civil War, the relationships between family members in both the North and the South, and attitudes toward secession; many aspects of enslavement, often naming the enslaved laborers involved; Virginia and national politics; the practice of agriculture in Virginia; the education of the children of Virginia planters, including attendance at the Howard School, Episcopal High School, Washington College and the University of Virginia; military service of General Williams Carter Wickham (1820-1888), Captain William Carter Wickham (1887-1985), and other Wickham relatives.  ","Correspondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include:, John Slidell and Co., Thomas C. Keaton, William Lyne, W.P. Mason, W.T. Nivison, William B. Page, Philip Rogers, Thomas Rotch, Penn T. Sale, John M. Shepherd, Peter F. Smith, Thomas Strode, William Sullivan, Thomas Swann, Richard Wallack, Ralph Wingfield, Alice B. Winston, and Zach Vowels","Correspondents, chiefly with Edmund F. Wickham, include: Williams Carter (1819), Archibald Gracie and Robert Gracie (1821), and multiple correspondents in 1822: Curwen and Hagarty, Samuel John Dunlop, King and Gracie, Samuel Lambert, and Robert Hughes and Co.","Correspondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include: James Dunlop, Ninian Edwards, John Ferguson, C.B. Fleet, William Fleet, Robert Gracie, Francis Gregg, James Hagarty, George E. Harrison, James Henderson, L. Jones, T. Jones, and Robert King.","Letters involving enslavement or enslaved laborers include one from L. Jones, asking for protection for \"old Billy\" and mentioning other issues concerning the welfare of enslaved laborers, January 2, 1823, and another letter from Ninian Edwards discussing the possible purchase of a female enslaved laborer for the wife of Dr. Harvey Lane, January 13, 1823.","Correspondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include: Henry Arnall, Curwen and Hagarty, [J.] Dunlop, Ninian Edwards, C.B. Fleet, John G. Gamble, Robert G. Harper, George E. Harrison, Jones and Rodes, Hardage Lane, C.C. Lee, Lewis and Tomes, George Marx, John Morgan, and Charles Morris.","Letters involving enslavement include the inquiry by Robert G. Harper, May 5, 182[3], for information about the \"present condition, conduct, and prospects\" of some manumitted enslaved laborers formerly belonging to Samuel Gist who were freed in his will. He also asks for  the name and address of some respectable and intelligent person in the area where the freed formerly enslaved laborers now live who can send a report to Gist's relatives.","Correspondents, chiefly Edmund F. Wickham and William F. Wickham, include: Curwen and Hagarty, James Dunlop, John Dunlop, William Logan Fisher, William Fleet, George Greenhow, George E. Harrison, B.B. Keesee, Robert King, Thomas Kelly, Hardage Lane, Lewis and Tomes, Charles F. Logan, William Lyne, and  Robert and John Oliver. One letter mentions a runaway enslaved man, named Joe, December 18, 1823.","Correspondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include: David Barclay, John H. Blair, Carter Braxton, William Burns, William L. Dance, S.W. Dandridge, Aaron Denman, Robert Douthat, Ninian Edwards, William Fleet, Gillingham and Randolphs (G.F. and E. Randolph), James Hagerty, George E. Harrison, John Hopkins, and Thomas and John G. Riddle.","Correspondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include: Richard Anderson, John Balfour, Thomas and John S. Biddle, Carter Braxton, William Burns, Hugh Campbell, Robert Douthat, and Gillingham and Randolphs (G.F. and E. Randolph).","Correspondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include: Carter Berkeley, Carter Braxton, Roger Mallory, Thomas Nelson, and William F. Wickham to Thomas B. Coleman. Roger Mallory, the jailor in Petersburg, Virginia, writes concerning a runaway enslaved man named Jim who finally admitted he belonged to William F. Wickham. Jim had originally claimed to belong to Price Sharpe who was charged with permitting him to \"go at large contrary to law,\" and hire himself out, March 19, 1827.","Correspondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include: G.H. Bacchus, Thomas T. Bouldin, Thomas B. Coleman, M. Huelin,  Benjamin Whitehead Ladd, W.H. McFarland, William Nelson, John W. Payne, William G. Pendleton, M.E.M. Roane, and A.B. Spooner. Topics include the reception of freed former enslaved laborers in Ohio (Benjamin W. Ladd, March 4, 1830); and the [Samuel?] Gist estate (John M. Payne, April 22, 1830).","Correspondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include: Patrick Nesbett Edgar, John Exall, Chapman Johnson, Thomas N. Lee, John Ponsonby Martin, William Nelson, Severn E. Parker, A. Robinson, Jr., William Rowlett, J.S. Skinner, Benjamin Temple, Robert Temple, Thomas Biddle and Company, and John R. Triplett. Topics include: blue wheat (Benjamin and Robert Temple, July 4, 1830 and August 4, 1830); American turf and racing magazine (August 3, 1830; September 1, 1830; October 19, 1830); and a collection of pedigrees for an American Stud Book (October 13, 1830).","Correspondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include: J.D. Andrews, John Corbin, Alfred V. Crenshaw, Crouches and Snead, Gracie and Company, James Gray, Richard B. Haxall, William Hilberg, James Lyle, and Francis Page. Topics include problems with a horse purchased from Wickham (November 15, 1838), the safe arrival of the Andrews family in Houston, Texas (January 28, 1839), and the sending of an enslaved man named Jefferson to fetch two mules from Wickham (April 22, 1839).","Correspondents, chiefly with William F. Wickham, include: Beers and Poindexter, Robert M. Candlish, John S. Corbin, Robert Ellett, William Linton, A.T.B. Merritt, Nathaniel Nelson, J.W. Pegram, W. Richardson, Thomas Samson, John Shore, John N. Tazewell, James G. Watson, and William L. White. Topics include mention of the horse \"Priam\" at Merritt's Hicks Ford stud in Virginia and the failure of Wickham's Eclipse mare to foal last spring (May 11, 1842); the dire condition of the [enslaved man?] old Bob Clark and his family on the land of Nathanael Nelson and attempts to provide for their care (June 15 and July 11, 1842); and a discussion of improvements to Wickham's bevel wheel (July 11, 1842) by Thomas Samson of D.J. Burr and Company.","Correspondents include: John S. Corbin, Nathanael Cross, William Dorbaker, Thomas Ellis and Charles Ellis, Robert G. Gilman, J.H. Martin, [S.H.] Parker, James L. Pendleton, James A. Seddon, Jane J. Swann, George Taylor, John N. Tazewell, William L. White, and John Wight. Topics include lumber needed for a penitentiary and a possible list of enslaved laborers written in pencil on an address portion of the letter (October 10, 1842).","Correspondents include: Warwick Barksdale, John Barr, Samuel Cottrell, Richard Gwathmey, John Struthers and Son, Lucius Minor, William Nelson, Lucien B. Price, Richard Randolph, Edmund Ruffin, William D. Taylor, John N. Tazewell, Philip B. Winston, and Richard M. Young (General Land Office). Topics include the sale of two enslaved women (January 29, 1845).","Correspondents include: Warwick Barksdale, Wellington Goddin, Phineas Janney, C.C. Lee, Thomas Nelson, Bernard Peyton, [Lucien] B. Price, John T. Rogers, Edmund Ruffin, Robert Taylor, J.R. Underwood, William F. Watson, Joseph Wingfield, and Philip B. Winston. Topics include a description of damage to the property of Joseph Wingfield by the breakage of the mill dam of Wickham (March 12, 1848).","Correspondents include: John Gibson, G.W. Goode, Richard Gwathmey, Benjamin F. Larned (1794-1862), William Leigh, Thomas Nelson, John E. Page, James A. Seddon, Alexander H.H. Stuart, William F. Watson, Hugh A. Watt, W.C. Wickham (to James M. Ford), Edmund Winston, and William Overton Winston. Topics include the shipment of some prairie birds and directions for their care (December 23, 1849); lists of enslaved laborers for hire, including \"old Fanny,\" Nancy and her three children, and Betsy (January 1, 1850); request for information about the amount due on account of the division of the \"Negroes\" or enslaved laborers (March 5, 1850); William F. Wickham as the guardian of the minor heirs of Robert C. Wickham (April 20, 1850); the offer of the use of a Southdown buck for sheep breeding (July 12, 1850); the increase of visitors to the mountains of Virginia, especially at White Sulphur Springs, the Warm Springs, and the Hot Springs (August 5, 1850); the purchase of stained glass (November 19 and 23, 1850); the return of an enslaved woman who was a wet nurse, \"Mamma Betsy\" hired the year before for his little boy (July 28, 1849; November 5, 1850); and an opinion about Jenny Lind (December 20, 1850).","Correspondents include: Alexander Hew, John F. Lay, [Laudonier] J. Randolph; Robert L. Randolph, Allen P. Richardson, William Sayre, William F. Wickham, and Thomas Wight. \nTopics include the redemption of land in Saline County, Missouri (September 13, 1853) and the settlement with McClurg Wickham, Littleton Waller Tazewell Wickham, and John Wickham concerning a loan from John Henry Wickham to them on August 11, 1851 (May 28, 1858).","Correspondents include: J.A. Allen, David Anderson, Jr., A.W. Ball, Ann B. Berkeley, the Reverend P.F. Berkeley, George H. Byrd (Wyman, Byrd and Co. Commission Merchants), [Magrat] Davis, R.B. Davis, Robert Johnston, J.H. Montague, H.C. Parsons, James H. Storrs, John R. Taylor, James Usher, and William F. Wickham (drafts to Ann B. Berkeley, the Reverend P.F. Berkeley, and B.W. Green). \nTopics include: the question in the legislature concerning the payment of legacies given in Confederate money between 1862-1865 (March 10, 1866); difficulties in settling court cases in West Virginia following the Civil War (November 16, 1866); a request from a woman for legal help in keeping her inheritance in her name and under her control rather than her husband's as her current lawyer advised (April 25, 1867); and reports on the \"North Wales\" farm (May 20, 27, and 31, 1870).","Correspondents include: James L. Apperson, W.W. Baldwin, Lewis D. Crenshaw, Jr., Isaac Davis, L.R. Dickinson, Maynard Dyson,  James S. Earle and Sons, George William Gibson, Charles Herndon, J.M. Hill, I.M. Parr and Son (Commission Merchants), J. Sabin and Sons (Booksellers, Printsellers and Importers), Walter C. Jones, A.C. Loomis, J.H. Montague, Henry Parry, G. Peyton, Joseph T. Priddy, R.H. Maury and Co. (Stock and Exchange Brokers), J.W. Ratcliffe, C.T. Smith, E.D. Starke, A.T. Stewart, W.T. Tinsley, H. Wernich, William F. Wickham (draft to L. Upshur Evans), and Wright and Co., Rio de Janeiro. \nTopics include: the sale of property in Richmond, Virginia, of a former brewery belonging to the estate of David G. Yuengling, Jr. along the James River called the \"James River Steam Brewery\" (August 16, 1879).","Correspondents include: George B. Butler, Alexander Kaslovistsh, and John Watkins.","Alvis discusses the farm operations of the East Tuckahoe Plantation.","The company sends sketches and discusses the replacement of the mantle damaged in the house fire at Hickory Hill.","Discusses the oak tobacco boxes supplied by Edmund F. Wickham from \"Rocky Mills\" plantation.","Correspondence is chiefly with William F. Wickham and Williams Carter Wickham. Topics include concern about the \"military bill\" in the South as a way for Congress to get at the landed property there (March 4, 1867); Wickham's fondness for memoirs and other mentions of reading (December 17, 1868; May 30, 1873; June 15 and 20, 1875; February 11, 1876; May 4, 1877; July 2, 1880); and the offer of building supplies currently at \"Broad Neck\" in order to rebuild the house at \"Hickory Hill\" after a fire (February 16, 1875).","Correspondence is chiefly with William F. Wickham and Williams Carter Wickham. Topics include the financial affairs of their cousin Georgina L. Featherstonhaugh (September 24 and October 28, 1879).","Topics include Carter's impressions of Bristol College, Bucks County, Pennsylvania (October 18, 1834); complaints about the western states and their impact upon agricultural prices and politics, mentioning James Buchanan by name (July 17, 1846); suggestion that the enslaved laborers belonging to their nephews, Robert and John Wickham, be sold to pay the debt of their education (June 18, 1847); mention of a violent snowstorm that occurred just after he had returned home on a gunboat following a period of being nursed by his sister at \"Hickory Hill\" (November 8, 1862); and the death of Julia Wickham (July 16, 1873).","Correspondents include C.P. Huntington (President), Henry Taylor Wickham, and Williams C. Wickham and J.S.F. Smith (Paint Creek Depot) concerning the opening of the coal mines on the land purchased from the Hansford heirs and the employment of miners in Kanawha County, West Virginia.","Correspondents include C.P. Huntington (President), Henry Taylor Wickham, and Williams C. Wickham and J.S.F. Smith (Paint Creek Depot) concerning the opening of the coal mines on the land purchased from the Hansford heirs and the employment of miners in Kanawha County, West Virginia.","Letters concern lands held by Reuben Jenkins and John Henry Wickham in Saline County, Missouri.","Letters discuss matters concerning the Louisa Railroad, which was chartered by the Virginia General Assembly in 1836, and renamed the Virginia Central Railroad in 1850, with Fontaine as its longtime president.","Correspondence is concerned with securing payment on the accounts of John Wickham and Littleton W. T. Wickham, brothers of William F. Wickham by an immediate sale of livestock and agricultural goods.","Mentions the illness of President Monroe and his own wife, Eliza Kortright Monroe Hay, the daughter of Monroe (August 4, 1823) and expresses disparaging remarks concerning a Yankee business associate (October 19, 1823).","Topics include a request to help in the administration of the estate of Dr. McClurg (March 2, 1839); fears about the possible death of his son, Thomas, in [Mississippi?] (June 22, 1839); instructions about the purchase of summer clothing for the enslaved laborers by Alvis (April 21, 1840); mention that there are 70 enslaved laborerss associated with the \"Rocky Mills\" plantation of Edmund Wickham and 40 additional enslaved laborers associated with his father's [John Wickham] estate (July 28, 1842). Much of the correspondence in general deals with the settling of the estate of John Wickham (1763-1839).","Discusses arrangements for the support of Mr. Harrison's children and his disappointment with Dr. Selden.","Letter of introduction from Henry Clay for Mr. Bainbridge of Kentucky to John Wickham.","Kerr requests copies of any ordinances or laws concerning lands either given or planned to be given by the state of Virginia to the officers and soldiers who served in either the Continental Army or the Virginia state militia for use in the United States Court in Ohio.","Discusses the best way to secure the claim of Dr. McClurg for surgeon pay during his service in the Continental Army, keeping in mind that the United States will soon find a use for surplus money and mentions Henry Clay as doing a great deal of good [in Congress?].","Recommends that they make sure that Dr. [James] McClurg's will is recorded in Kentucky.","Notifies Wickham that he has located among his scorched papers enough information to send him a transcript of all he knows or remembers about the bonds of Mr. Balfour and invites him to visit Studley, Virginia.","Mentions the health concerns of family members and friends in Baltimore, Maryland.","Describes the worsening physical condition of Walter [Maclurg Wickham?]  in Baltimore, Maryland.","Notifies Wickham about the death of Walter [Maclurg Wickham?] in Baltimore, Maryland.","Requests Wickham provide the wording to a decree that would enable a sale of his property in Richmond, Virginia, to proceed since his power of attorney, Mr. Botts, was unable to perform his duties.","One letter, March 24, 1820, incomplete, last page only, John Randolph of Roanoke writes concerning Stephen Decatur's death. In a second letter, April 1, 1820,   part of the letter and autograph signature excised, John Randolph of Roanoke thanks Wickham for his indulgence and civility in the matter of his father's estate and mentions [Littleton Waller] Tazewell's move to Norfolk.,","Topics include: request for advice on a business proposition concerning property offered by Mr. Page as security for the payment of Tazewell's stock (July 4 and 9, 1819); Tazewell's current ill health (November 26, 1819); criticism of President John Quincy Adams and a description of a duel between Henry Clay and John Randolph of Roanoke (April 8, 1826); and damages suffered during a hurricane (October 14, 1838).","Letters concerns legal work performed by Wickham for Richardson.","Expresses concern over several outbreaks of cholera among citizens and enslaved laborers on the plantation.","Writes from White Sulphur Springs about the convalescence of Susan [Decatur Wickham (1819 -1831)].","John Wickham addresses business matters in his absence on a trip to Philadelphia, sending four letters from stops in Washington, Baltimore, New York and Philadelphia.","He discusses the prospects for the wheat crop, the demand for flour in [American] towns and South America, and reports on his conversations with Mr. Haxall about pricing if the crop is delivered early (May through August 1830) and the last letter mentions their pleasant stay at the Sulphur Springs and Sweet Springs and the journey home, the drought in Kentucky and Ohio, and \"this new explosion in France\" (September 24, 1830).","Wickham writes to his son William F. Wickham with concerns about his wheat crop, a notification of an outbreak of disease at Howard School for boys from Jonathan Loring Woart, and the preoccupation of the Virginia General Assembly over internal improvements (January 29 and May 30, 1834); the design of a mill powered by water (February 21, 1834); discussions about the Bank of Virginia and the elections (April 17 and 21, 1834); discussions about possible schools for their boys and rumors of a duel in Washington (September 28, 1834); discusses the President's message (December 7, 1834); an enslaved laborer, sick with cholera, who was believed to be dead several times, appears to be recovering partly due to work of Dr. McCaw (December 18, 1834); and politics in Washington (December 24, 1834).","Wickham writes to his son William F. Wickham with concerns about his wheat crop (July 6, 1837) and to his sons at the University of Virginia, George and Littleton W.T. Wickham with advice about their studies, especially geology and the study of soils, and their visit to the Natural Bridge (May 15, 1837).","The letters written during a trip to New England by William F. Wickham and Anne Wickham mention seeing the effects of a great drought all over the northeast, speculations about the wheat crop, poor corn crop of the current year, Littleton at the University of Virginia and George reporting for duty in Washington in the U.S. Navy (September 13, 17, and 25, 1838); news about the wheat market and John Wickham's health (November 20 and December 12, 1838); and news about the opening of the [James River and Kanawha Canal] and its advantages for Richmond, Virginia (December 20, 1838).","Wirt asks for Wickham's advice concerning the rights of the widow in the estate of John Ellis (December 21, 1815); in another letter, October 10, 1830, autograph signature excised, Wirt asks for his advice and support in the case of the Cherokee Nation versus the state of Georgia, argued by Wirt before the Supreme Court; and in a third undated letter, Wirt discusses a property case involving Colonel Byrd and Mr. Harrison of Berkeley and lots in Manchester and Richmond, Virginia.","Includes two letters mentioning visits by Yankees to Hickory Hill and the taking of her father as a prisoner (May 27, 1862; August 4, 1862); also includes a letter from Robert E. Lee to his cousin, Miss Annie Wickham [later Anne Carter Wickham Renshaw Byerly], Lee promises to stop by \"Hickory Hill\" to visit if at all possible on his way back to Lexington, autograph signature excised from the letter (May 23, 1870).","Letters through March 1883 are written from Port Oratava to Henry T. Wickham but in April 1883 the Renshaw's began their journey home, settling in New Market and then Boyce, Virginia, by the turn of the century; In 1906, Annie writes from the University of Virginia about Robert H. Renshaw's poor health which continues until his death in 1910.","These letters are chiefly undated, but she appears to continue her correspondence with her uncle after the death of her Aunt Anne in1868, chiefly written from New York.","Leigh mentions the death of Lizzie Wickham (February 27, 1862); General Johnston and his prospects in the Tennessee area (March 25, 1863); and the death of Mrs. Carter, probably Mary B. Randolph Carter (August 6, 1864).","One letter, September 16, 1836, described a duel between her brother James and John Chapman, which ended in reconciliation between the two men.","Contains one letter, August 17, 1863, concerning the Civil War, from Chattanooga, Tennessee, shortly before his death following his wounding and capture.","Topics include the preparation to leave for France with her husband, William Cabell Rives, appointed minister to France (June 26, 1829); and their return to Paris, France (August 2, 1851).","One letter, written from the Warm Springs Hospital, discusses Taylor's health problems and the recent Battle of Cheat Mountain (October 2, 1861).","Two letters are written from China, one from Chefoo [present day Yantai] and the second from Tsingtao, while her husband, Captain Williams C. Wickham (1887-1985) was serving in the U.S. Asiatic Fleet.","One letter from Williams Carter Wickham expresses his pleasure at her engagement to his son, Henry Taylor Wickham (August 26, 1885).","These letters are chiefly to her husband, Henry, while staying at the Homestead, Hot Springs, Virginia, (1911) and White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia (1913) for her health but two letters are to her son, Captain Williams Carter Wickham during his journey to join the Asiastic fleet (1924).","Early letters are chiefly from his grandparents, William F. and Anne Wickham, and the letters in 1864 are between Henry and his parents, Williams C. and Lucy Wickham","One letter mentions the death of his grandmother, Anne B. Carter Wickham (February 26, 1868); four letters were written as a University of Virginia student (October 17, 24, and 31, 1869; and May 8, 1870); and one letter from Henry to his son, Captain Williams C. Wickham, congratulating him on his engagement to Credilla Miller (October 2, 1911).","John Wickham writes concerning land in Franklin County, Missouri, belonging to the estate of John Wickham (July 11, 1850).","During the Civil War, Leigh Wickham received an appointment in the Confederate Quartermaster department at Memphis, Tennessee (September 13 and 19, and December 8, 1861); reports that the people of Mississippi were frightened of General Grant's army (December 23, 1862); and mentions the hanging of Colonel Lawrence Orton Williams as a Confederate spy by the Federals (June 14, 1863).","Correspondence includes one letter from Williams Carter Wickham while at the University of Virginia concerning the results of Professor Rogers' analysis of Edmund's specimens of marl (January 16, 1838).","Contains two letters from W.F. Wickham, Jr. as a student at the University of Virginia (December 19, 1848 and January 12, 1849).","Includes letters written as a student at the Episcopal High School of Virginia, Fairfax, Virginia (1874-1878) and the University of Virginia (1878-1883).","While his father is away in New York and Boston, Williams Carter Wickham sends reports on the activities and condition of the plantation, including illness and death among the enslaved laborers (September 7, 1845; September 15, 1848). Williams Carter Wickham writes with further reports to his father hoping to catch him still at Bowling Green (August 30, 1849); and Williams describes a trip with his wife Lucy to New York and on to Quebec (August 27, 1855).","This folder contains references to the participation of Williams Carter Wickham in the First Battle of Bull Run (July 24, 1861, and August 1861); rumors of possible attacks on Arlington and Alexandria and Norfolk (September 2, 1861); discussion about the ramifications of the seizure of James Murray Mason and John Slidell on board the RMS Trent by Union Captain Charles Wilkes (December 8, 1861); and W. Leigh Wickham's commission as assistant quartermaster with rank of captain (December 20, 1861). During the recent visit of William F. Wickham with General Robert E. Lee, Lee reported on the sufferings of the army in the west [1861].","Williams Carter Wickham shares his weariness of the war and announces himself as a candidate for Congress (May 15, 1863); William F. Wickham voices his concern over scarcity of food in Richmond and near Charlottesville to Lucy Penn Taylor Wickham (January 19, 1864); and William F. Wickham fears that Lee cannot maintain communications to the south and wishes he had nothing more to do with land or enslaved laborers if only his son were home in peace (June 28, [1864]).","This folder contains references to the participation of Williams Carter Wickham in the First Battle of Bull Run (July 22-23, 27, and 31, 1861).","Wickham is in Cavalry Camp, 5th Brigade and attached to Colonel Cocke's Brigade and has a complete blacksmith shop and blacksmith fixed up with his company but requires clothes for his [enslaved?] personal attendant, Robin (September 1, 1861); Many letters discuss conditions of camp life for an officer in the Confederate forces and the efforts of family at home to supply the needs and wants of their own family members in the forces but also those of other soldiers, such as clothing. The letters also show a desire to establish a local hospital for the troops like the ones run by the ladies in Fredericksburg, Virginia (September 4, 1861); Wickham writes from his camp at Fairfax Courthouse about opportunities for drilling the troops, his resignation of his seat in the Convention and in the Virginia Senate, his increasing concerns over the conduct of the war in the last two months, and the injurious effect of the capture of Fort Hatteras in North Carolina to the South (September 6, 1861); news that his son, Henry T. Taylor, is intensely reading the novels of Sir Walter Scott to the detriment of his studies (September 26, 1861); clothing made by the ladies of the community shipped off to the troops (October 12, 1861); Wickham currently at Union Mills (October 22, 1861); the difficulties of Lizzie Fry in getting a permit to leave to go home (October 24, 1861); and Wickham's meeting with General [Jeb] Stuart with whom he is very pleased (October 27, 1861).","Wickham writes a very detailed letter about the detrimental effects of fighting the Civil War on their own home soil, his dinner with General Cocke, whose ardor for the war has cooled considerably, the wasting of their best resources in an unnatural strife, and the devastation wrought by both occupying armies (November 3, 1861); and mention of Colonel Robertson and General Stuart (November 7, 13, and 29, 1861). \nWriting from Camp Frontier after an absence of three days, he describes a plan for a force of  nine companies of cavalry and three regiments of infantry, all under General Stuart, to cut off an enemy encampment near Alexandria, but this was prevented by the arrival of more Federal forces in the area near Pohick Church and describes his activities as a member of the scouting party (November 13, 1861); furnishes a description of his strategy when in new territory (November 21, 1861); shares his belief that the Yankees will advance along the Evansport line, chiefly by water, but with a land force on the telegraph road, otherwise believes that they will go into winter quarters (November 24, 1861); and repeats a report from Mr. Porcher [of South Carolina?] that some of the coloured people had been shot by the Confederates and that some of the people offered to work on the entrenchments for the Yankees for pay (November 28, 1861). \nWickham is still waiting for word on any advancement against the enemy and a describes the Federal forces arrayed against Virginia (December 4, 1861); Wickham shares his wish to command a full regiment of cavalry if he cannot have his first  preference to be at home with Lucy, his shock at hearing about the death of Mr. [Cooke?] and his efforts to secure a furlough for Church to go home for the funeral (December 14, 1861).","Wickham writes about the following topics, a story about Lt. Colonel Thomas L. Kane, commander of the Bucktail Rifles of Northern Pennsylvania and a relative (January 2, 1862); General Johnston likes Wickham's bill for the better organization of the army (January 8, 1862); Wickham's [enslaved?], attendant, Robin, has built a wonderful shelter for the horses in their winter camp (January 8, 1862); Wickham's return to Camp Ewell after his furlough (January 29, 1862); his disapproval of the bill in the Senate concerning the Virginia forces (February 4, 1862); and his concerns over the reorganization of his regiment (February 15, 1862).","Topics include the alarm of the people in the area north of the Rappahannock where people are abandoning their homes and \"Negroes\" or enslaved laborers are going northward by the hundreds (March 14, 1862); bivouacking comfortably near Brandy Station (April 4, 1862); and reports that their new location is twelve miles below Williamsburg and five miles from Yorktown at \"Blows Mill\" and that they are short on provisions (April 18, 22 and 24, 1862).","Topics include writing from Sudley Mills describes recent events that have greatly reduced his regiment and prevented his communicating with his family, noting that with 200 men Wickham charged the 12th Pennsylvania Cavalry 800 strong, routing them and capturing a large number, mentioning that General Ewell has lost a leg [during the battle of Groveton] (August 30, 1862); currently near Frederick, Maryland (September 7, 1862); yesterday at Sharpsburg, Maryland, \"fought probably the most desperate battle of the war\" [Battle of Antietam], Wickham lost twenty  men killed, wounded or missing, W.H.F. Lee's horse fell with him, Lt. Colonel Thornton of the 3rd had his arm torn by a shell and died of shock, Hill Carter received two severe wounds at Boonsborough and was left in the hands of the enemy, very difficult to find anything to eat, as local people will not sell them anything, and Thomas L. Kane was just made a Brigadier General in the Union army (September 18 and 21, 1862).\nReports on his safe return from an expedition to Pennsylvania with 1800 men (October 14 and 19, 1862); details of the cavalry raid to collect horses from Mercersburg, Chambersburg, and Emmitsburg (October 19, 1862); troops destroying the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (October 21, 1862);  his participation recently in a serious battle with losses of 1500 killed or wounded [Battle of Fredericksburg], with the town of Fredericksburg totally devastated and mentions activities of Major General Ambrose Burnside (December 15 and 18, 1862).","Topics include the rejection of his resignation by the Secretary of War (January 15, 1863); staying with General Robert E. Lee at Culpeper Courthouse (March 1, 1863); discussion of the [Battle of Chancellorsville] (May 8, 1863 copy); spent the day with Lee who was in good spirits but without any hope of quick termination of the war and who would not allow his resignation, and General Jackson said to be dangerously ill with pleurisy (May 10, 1863); mentions the death of General Jackson and his fears for the safety of General Lee who he describes in appreciative terms (May 11, 1863); and describes his visit to General Lee's headquarters and assesses the results of recent battles (May 31, 1863).","Topics include Wickham's approval of the generals James Longstreet, A.P. Hill, and Richard S. Ewell (June 3, 1863); Lucy relates their losses during visits of the Yankees to \"Hickory Hill\" and \"North Wales\" plantations and the capture of Fitzhugh Lee out of his sick bed (July 25, 1863); Wickham writes from the headquarters of Wickham's Brigade, following his commission as Brigadier General (September 12, 1863); news of Julius Theodore Porcher being mortally wounded from members of the 10th South Carolina Regiment (December 1863); Lucy Wickham's visit with General Wickham near Charlottesville, Virginia (January 17, 21, 31, 1864); General Lee has issued the first order that has not received Wickham's admiration (February 8, 1864); and draft of a letter from Wickham to Captain J.E. Cook, describing his actions beginning on October 28, 1862 until November 3, 1862 (February 26, 1864).","Topics include accompanying General Robert E. Lee to the anniversary of the Young Men's Christian Association of Poney's Brigade to hear a talk on the character of General [Stonewall?] Jackson (March 29, 1864); description of the pillaging of \"Hickory Hill\" by the Yankees and their threatening Uncle Hill Carter (June 5, 1864, June 1864, August 1, 1864); mention of General Sheridan (July 25, 1864); description of the devastation in the area around Culpeper and mention of [Jubal] Early (August 12, 1864); and Wickham, while stationed in Winchester, Virginia, describing the broad valley just prior to the Battle of Winchester (September 5, 8, and 10, 1864).","Wickham attended the U.S. Naval Academy from 1904 until 1909 and most of the letters from this period were to his parents. There are also a few dating from his service aboard the U.S.S. Minnesota (1911) and the U.S.S. Smith (1913) addressed to them. Letters dated 1924 from Captain Wickham to his wife, Credilla Miller Wickham, were written while serving in the U.S. Asiastic Fleet aboard the U.S.S. Pillsbury when the navy summered at Chefoo [present day Yantai], China.","Correspondents include: J.S.B. Alleyne (resolutions concerning the death of Dr. William F. Wickham in 1851); John B. Baldwin; L.M. Baldwin; Nannie P. Ballard; A.P. Bankhead; B. Johnson Barbour, John L. Barbour; Greta du Pont Barksdale (1891-1965); Phoebe [Barksdale?]; Marianna Elizabeth Barksdale (1796-1856) and her husband, William Jones Barksdale (1794-1859); Ann B. Berkeley; Letitia Glenn Biddle (1864-1950); John Minor Botts (1802-1869); Mary G. Braxton; Mary Carter Brickner; G. Thompson Brown; Alfred H. Byrd; E.H. Byrd and L.C. Byrd.\nTopics include a very detailed letter from John Minor Botts to General Williams Carter Wickham about the Civil War, particularly the requested transfer of Colonel Charles H. Wager from the infantry service to the cavalry, rumors about General Lee evacuating Virginia, complaints about the press stimulating the prejudices of the people, and rumors of a proposal to arm enslaved laborers to help fight against the Northern forces (January 8, 1865).","Correspondents include: Ellen J. Cackie; J.R. Campbell (damaged postal card only); B.B. Claike; George Colton; A. Coolidge; O.A. Crenshaw; M.W.T. Cumberland; John B. Custis; Laura G. Custis; Raleigh T. Daniel; J.S. Davis; Enid Deem; Martha Lee Doughty \"To the Women of the Confederacy\" (undated); Fanny Duncan; Georgina L. Featherstonhaugh; and Mary J. Foster.\nTopics include: a discussion of several books read by Laura G. Custis of Boston (May 25, no year) and a description of the past few months the Custis family were forced to stay in Versailles, France, due to illness and the onset of the Franco-Prussian War (March 30, [1871]).","Correspondents include: Ellen Carter, Lizzie Carter, L.W. Carter, Mary Carter, and W[illiams?] Carter, Jr.\nTopics include: the concern of W[illiams] Carter, Jr. that his father make a will immediately so that the Confederacy will not get any of [his brother?] Charles' portion of the estate.  He writes emphatically \"I don't wish the South to get a cent – no country in the history of the world has so worked out its own destruction as the Southern portion of the U.S. America, and all Christendom will in history say, Amen – next to Sodom and Gomorrah\" (February 3, 1862); W[illiams?] Carter, Jr. also asks that the enslaved laborers on both the North Wales and South Wales plantations be sent to Charlotte or some safe place so they will not be sold like cattle, mentioning all of the Tom and Sarah Fox family, Ben Napper and family, the Tom Brown and Harry Brown families, and other enslaved laborers by first name only (March 1, 1862).","Correspondents include: A.W. Carter; Agnes M. Carter; Annie Carter; Betty Carter; E.H. Carter; Emily Carter; Fanny N. Carter; L.H. Carter, Louise Carter, Pauline Carter, Susan Roy Carter, Thomas B. Carter, Thomas H. Carter (1831-1908), and Williams Carter.\nTopics include: the death of Julia Wickham (Thomas H. Carter, July 19, 1873); an expression of hope that the nation will mend following the Civil War, saying \"my hatred for Davis is only equaled by that for Charles Sumner,\" and mention of balloon flights and France's position of strength in Europe (Thomas B. Carter, Paris, May 22, 1866).","Topics of note include two references to the Civil War, including the \"suffering northern soldiers\" and the sentiment \"the same God made us all\" (August 10, 1861); and a second letter about the Civil War concerning shelling of the area near Shirley along the river by northern gunboats and comments about [General John] Pope (August 28, 1862).","Topics include a condolence letter (July 12, 1873) concerning the death of Julia Leiper Wickham (1859-1873).","Correspondents include: Peter J. Chevallie to his wife, Elizabeth Gilliam Chevallie; Sarah Magee \"Sally\" Chevallie Warwick (1816-1846) to her mother, Elizabeth Green Gilliam Chevallie (1796-1865); Joseph Gallego to his nephew, Peter J. Chevallie;  Henry Chevallie to his sister, Mary G. Chevallie; and Abraham Warwick (1794-1874) to his daughter-in-law, Elise F. Warwick.","Correspondents include: Robert Gamble; S.P. Gregory; Gene and [George?] Griffin; A.G. Grinnan; Evelyn Hale; Hetty Cary Harrison; Ella Havisham; Jane R. Haxall; Rosalie Haxall; Eva Mary Anna Mason Heth (1836-1915); Mary Heywood (with a photograph of her on her 78th birthday);  E.[L.] Holmes; R.R. Howison; J. Johns, Jr.; S. Harvey Johnson; William T. Joyner; W.M. Justis; Bessie D. Kane; J.D.L. Kane; Sallie G. Kean; and Ethel Kilburn.\nTopics include the Civil War (Robert Gamble, June 19, 1863); reminiscences about the Civil War and General Stuart, and a discussion about genealogy (A.G. Grinnan, 1892-1893); family reading (R.R. Howison, January 30, 1878); discussion of Reuben Lindsay Walker (1827-1890), commander of the Third Corps artillery, and his opposition to the peace commission, known as the [Hampton Roads Conference] during the Civil War and political issues that will arise at the conclusion of the war (William T. Joyner, February 3, 1865); and the poor state of the Confederate army, due in part to desertions (William T. Joyner, February 25, 1865).","Correspondents include: Frances Wickham Graham; [Hartley] Graham; James Duncan Graham; Salva Graham; and William F. Wickham.\nTopics include chiefly family news but also some references to the work of James Duncan Graham as a member of the United States Engineer Corps (April 13, 1862; April 9, 1865; May 9, 1865); the condition of the South at the conclusion of the Civil War (June 2, 1865); and papers concerning the pension of James Duncan Graham (1867-1871).","Correspondents include: E.W. Hubard and J.L. Hubard.","Correspondents include: Robert B. Lancaster; Elizabeth W. Lay; R. Bruce Lockhart; A.C. Leigh; William Leigh; Ellen McCaw; Rose M. MacDonald; F. Mark; Captain G. [Marvel]; Dido Mason; E.K.N. Massie; Alice W. Meade; Susan W. Miller; Edgar Miller; F.B. Minor; Mary W. Minor;  and M.M. Morris. \nTopics include work on the book about old homes of Hanover (Robert B. Lancaster, January 8, 1984); the fire at Hickory Hill (Elizabeth W. Lay, February 17, 1875); and notification of an ankle injury of Captain W. Leigh Wickham in Chattanooga, Tennessee while serving as paymaster for the Confederate army (Edgar Miller, May 2, 1863).","Correspondents include: Agnes Lee, Annie C. Lee, Ann H. Lee, C.C. Lee; Mary Custis Lee; Richard Henry Lee (1794-1865) concerning the state literary fund and his proposed memoir of Richard A. Lee; Robert E. Lee, Jr. concerning the death of William F. Wickham (July 16, 1873); and William H.F. \"Rooney\"  Lee (1837-1891).","Correspondents include: Elizabeth B. Nicholas, concerning the fall of New Orleans to Federal forces (April 30, 1862); Helen N. Patterson; Lt. Colonel William H. Payne; Virginia Porcher; Lucy Carter Renshaw (1838-1965) concerning damages suffered by the \"Shirley\" plantation during the Civil War battles (July 4, 1862); Amelie Louise Rives Troubetzkoy (1863-1945); and M.C. Rives.","Correspondents include: Carrie P. Nelson; F. Nelson; F.P. Nelson; Jane E. Nelson; Jenny Nelson concerning the capture of Confederate George Washington \"Wash\" Nelson near Smithfield (November 6, 1863) and the raids of the Yankee soldiers in the neighborhood against the local residents (undated Civil War letter); Judith? Nelson; M.W. Nelson concerning the death of Lucy Carter Wickham (January 17, 1835); Mary C. Nelson; Robert Nelson on board the ship Oriental with his friend John Lewis [Points?] (August 29, 1851); Rose Nelson; Virginia L. Nelson; and W. Nelson.","Correspondents include: Anne Rose Page; Elizabeth Burwell Page; John Page; Judith Nelson Page; Leila Page; and Thomas Nelson Page concerning his book about Italy and his visit to England (January 9, 1920).","Correspondents include: George William Shelton; Amelie Louise Sigourney; M.M. Smith; Walter N. Sprinkel; A.M. Stearns; Alexander H.H. Stuart writes of his fear of the future, suggests that Williams Carter Wickham and himself travel to Washington on business to meet with some of the Yankee magnates and discuss ways to end the Civil War and expresses his sorrow over the sundering of the Union (January 23, 1865); Alta E. Stumpf concerning the awakening of Russia and its development (June 29, 1931); J.V. Swearingen; Louisa Nivison Tazewell (1804-1873) describing the death of her father, former Virginia governor, Littleton Waller Tazewell (1774-1860) in her letter (May 16, 1860); Fannie W. Toler; and C. Vanderbilt, Jr.","Correspondents include: Belle Taylor; Bertie Taylor; Edmund P. Taylor; Elizabeth Taylor; Henry Taylor; Henry Taylor, Jr., John Taylor; Julianna Dunlap Leiper Taylor (1801-1883); R.I. Taylor; and Susan W. Taylor.\nOne letter from Henry Taylor, Jr., July 31, 1877, includes a very detailed discussion about Professor Colonel Peters at the University of Virginia.","Correspondents include: Davy Wallace; S. Gardner Waller; Louisa Webb; C.E. Wellford; Mary T. Williams; Captain W.L. Wingfield; Alice B. Winston; Philip B. Winston; and Beulah H.J. Woolston.","Correspondents include: A.C.L. Wickham; Elizabeth S. Wickham; Fanny Wickham concerning the death of Ella Wickham (March 27, 1851); George Wickham; Julia L. Wickham; J.L. Wickham; L.A.C. Wickham; [L.V.] Wickham; M.F. Wickham; and Sarah Wickham.","Topics include a description of the meeting of the trustees of the Peabody Fund for Education in the South, particularly Bishop Henry Benjamin Whipple of Minnesota and his life among the indigenous native Americans, who he referred to as \"Indians\" (August 12, 1876).","Topics include climate change (January 31, 1872); details of the career of his friend Custis, who died in 1872 and was a water commissioner in Boston (February 8, 1872); the influence of John C. Calhoun in ruining the whole South and his own state by men following his \"evil counsel\" (January 1, 1875); discussions of reading and current politics (January 8, 1875); description of Wickham's losses during the fire in February (March 13, 1875); mentions of Lord Byron, Charles Lamb, William Cullen Bryant and other literary figures (March 22, 1875); description of the Bunker Hill centennial (June 7, 1875); detailed discussion of the career of Patrick Henry (January 1, 1878); religious reading (March 13, 1878); and Richard Henry Dana, Jr. (December 11, 1878).","The letters are chiefly social or agricultural but one, May 30, 1867, touches upon politics and international events and mentions Rives reading the biography of James Madison.","Topics include the perils of travel by stage to Norfolk, Virginia, in winter (March 3, 1817); condolence letter upon the death of his friend, John Wickham, and reflections upon Wickham's importance in his own life as a mentor and friend and his singular character (January 26, 1839); the mention of Tazewell in the will of John Wickham (March 17 and April 1, 1839); ten inch snowfall in March and the economic difficulties of the country (March 21, 1843); discussion on the political issue on \"our title to Oregon\" (February 26, 1846); and Tazewell thanking William F. Wickham for his translations of Italian comedies, but does not think they merit the efforts of someone of Wickham's ability in the Italian language (July 15, 1849).","Correspondents include: William B. Bowers; E.E. Cooke; E.S. Holmes; E. Laurens; Robert E. Lee; L.M. Mason; N.W. Massie; Catharine H. Myers; [J.] R. Ritchie; E.R. Simons; Sue R. Simons; and Sallie P. Winston.\nThe letter from Robert E. Lee to his cousin, Anne B. Carter Wickham, November 11, 1862, hand-written copy, expresses his regret that her son, Williams Carter Wickham, has again been wounded but explains that he cannot spare Wickham from returning to duty in the army.","Among the numerous correspondents are George Washington Custis Lee; Mildred Lee; W.H.F. Lee; General William Mahone; Francis H. Smith; and George D. Wise.","Correspondents include: John Minor discussing the two engravings, of General Marion and \"the Artist's Dream,\" sent by the Apollo Association for the Promotion of the Fine Arts in the United States and the current relations of the United States and England, especially as affected by the affair of the \"Creole\" (March 18 and October 12, 1842); Henry Clay declines an invitation to visit (February 22, 1848); John S. Mosby, concerning the service of the late Dr. James McClurg as a surgeon in the Revolutionary War (July 16 and August 6, 1849); Francis Robert Rives (1822-1891); Andrew Stevenson (1784-1857) concerning politics and enslavement (February 15, 1850) and a visit (July 20, 1854); John R. Thompson, editor of the  \"Messenger,\" refusing an essay by Wickham defending the Mormons (December 4, 1850);  Edward Vernon Childe (1804-1861) writes concerning the peace negotiations during the Crimean War (December 18, 1855); and two drafts of a letter from Wickham to Robert E. Lee concerning the arrival of the Yankee cavalry at \"Hickory Hill,\" who carried off General W.H. F. Lee as a prisoner in Wickham's carriage as well as horses and enslaved laborers, and includes the report that Charlotte Lee's health is not good and that she is much distressed at her husband's capture (June 28, 1863).","Topics include financial inquiry about Virginia's non-payment of the interest on state stock (January 17, 1872); the fire at Hickory Hill, Hanover County, Virginia (February 15, 1875); the voyage of William D. Shipman to England and his assessment of Thomas Jefferson's life and career (July 4, 1876); Wickham's analysis of State Trials of the United States by Francis Wharton, including his own memories of the James T. Callendar trial (June 19, 1876); and William D. Shipman's mention of seeing the effigy of ancestor William of Wykeham in Winchester, England and information about him (November 6, 1876).","Topics include advice for Henry T. Wickham on entering the legal profession and the study of law (July 24, 1868); Robinson's work with a case in the Supreme Court concerning Allen T. Caperton (1810-1876) and his acts in West Virginia as Provost Marshal (April 15, 1872).","Topics include the declaration of [William B.] Preston for the immediate secession of Virginia from the Union and Wickham's fear that \"the dogs of war will be let loose\" (April 16, 1861); two letters from Colonel [Beverly Holcombe] Robertson about missing and absent soldiers and his efforts to round them up (May 13 and 14, 1862); request for Wickham's support and vote for Robert H. Wynne as doorkeeper of the Confederate House of Representatives (December 24, 1863); John B. Baldwin informs Williams Carter Wickham that his nomination has not been acted upon (February 5, 1864) and two letters from John Taylor about family and home events during the Civil War (February 2 and 8, 1864).","Topics include a letter from Robert E. Lee about Henry T. Wickham's attendance at Washington College in Lexington and Lee's plan to write a history about military campaigns in Virginia during the Civil War (October 3, 1865) and a draft of Wickham's reply to Lee in the hand of Lucy Wickham [October 13, 1865];  a draft of Wickham's letter to General W.H.F. Lee about contemporary politics (April 16, 1868); the formation of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad (September 17, 1868); Horace Greeley's comments on the progress of the railroads in Virginia (November 15, 1868); request and recommendation from Alexander H.H. Stuart on behalf of two job seekers in the railroad business (May 5, 1873); efforts of C.T. Smith to get Wickham elected (August 19, 1883); two congratulatory letters on the recent election of Wickham to the Virginia Senate from B. Johnson Barbour and John T. Harris (November 19, 1883); and a request for a donation towards a University of Virginia chapel from Schele de Vere (November 21, 1883).","The diary begins with an entry about the secession of South Carolina from the Union and continues with entries about the evacuation of Fort Moultrie and the removal of troops to Fort Sumter in South Carolina; each state that secedes from the Union is noted and mention made of the firing upon the steamer Star of the West at Charleston, South Carolina; Intermixed with news of the impending war are notes about building a henhouse, nests, the receipt of toys, and weather; his father [Williams Carter Wickham] as a candidate for the Virginia Secession Convention from Henrico (January 29, 1861); and ends with an entry for February 12, 1861.","The diary mentions the following topics: the loan of a sharps rifle from George W. Randolph, supposedly owned before by John Brown and presented to the 1st [Virginia?] Regiment at Harper's Ferry; a four mile drive on the Petersburg Road to \"Strawberry Hill\" owned by Robert Edmond;  Judge and Mrs. Robertson leaving for \"Mount Athos\" their place in the country near Lynchburg, Virginia; double guard on \"the mills\" [Gallego Mills?]; the arrival of 1,000 men from Tennessee who went to the old fairgrounds; a drill by the \"Richland Rifles\" at the South Carolina camp; occupation of Alexandria by President Lincoln's troops; news of a battle at Bethel Church between Yorktown and Hampton; the departure of 2,000 troops for Manassas on June 13th; a visit to Camp Lee; examination of the fortifications below the city with locations noted; note that business is very slow since the commencement of the war; the meeting with Mr. and Mrs. Macfarland and General Lee at Mr. Lyon's [home?]; birth of a daughter [Elise Warwick Barksdale Wickham (1861-1952)] on August 28, 1861; note that he spent the last month with the 16th Virginia Regiment as Quartermaster at \"Camp Withers\" six miles from Norfolk; his orders to transfer to Colonel L. Smith's office as paymaster, September 13, 1861; and the death of cousin Fanny Townes, September 20, 1861.","Subjects include: lists of books purchased from Peter Cotton (October 20, 1816-January 27, 1817 and September 22, 1817); purchases of quills, paper, ink, chessmen, etc. (October 15, 1817); hires of enslaved laborers (January 25 and 27, 1817 and February 21, 1817); and a bill of sale for enslaved laborers (September 17, 1817).","Subjects include: medical care for enslaved laborers from Dr. W.P. Jones (January 12, February 24 and 26, March 24, and June 24, 1818); a hire of an enslaved laborer (April 2, 1819); and a bill of sale for two male enslaved men (January 19, 1820).","Subjects include: the return of a little boy, Joe Lewis, and little girl, Lucy, the property of William F. Wickham (September 28, 1821); payment to overseer William Lizer on \"South Wales\" plantation (January 26, 1821); and purchase of paper, ink, and books (July 7, 1821).","Subjects include: the hire of an enslaved girl, Jenny (January 11, 1823).","Subjects include: hiring of Nathaniel B. Priddy as overseer (1834-1835; 1837-1838, 1840); and a list of books and magazines, quills, pencils, and paper purchased (1836-1838).","Subjects include: hiring of Samuel Bumpass as overseer (1842); the sale of an enslaved boy, Washington (January 6, 1843); hiring of Nathaniel B. Priddy as overseer (1843); sale of the enslaved woman, Nancy Wylde, and her two youngest children (May 23, 1843); and the sale of an enslaved man, Ned Davis (June 27, 1843).","Subjects include: lists of books and writing supplies purchased (July 20, 1846; March 22 and April 16, 1847).","Subjects include: lists of books and writing supplies purchased (February 1848; July 14, 1848; and October 4, 1849).","Subjects include: lists of books purchased (January and November 1850); memoranda book containing the names of enslaved laborers (May 12, 1850); and the hire of enslaved men, Giles, Frank, and John from J.H. Wickham (1851).","Subjects include: list of taxable property for William F. Wickham in 1853, includes 96 enslaved laborers over 16 years old and 116 enslaved laborers over twelve years old.","Subjects include: partners listed for Warwick and Barksdale at the \"Gallego Mills\" following the death of William J. Barksdale (February 15 and July 2, 1860).","Subjects include: theft of stock certificates, bank book, and checks from Williams Carter at the \"North Wales\" plantation during a Yankee raid (May 31, 1864); copy of the last will and testament of Williams Carter with a codicil dated July 30, 1864, freeing his two enslaved women, Margaret and Sally, with any offspring that they have as soon as peace shall be established in the country (July 17, 1864); an enslaved mulatto girl named Sally was lent to Anne Butler Berkeley by Williams Carter (August 10, 1864); indenture concerning the former plantations and property of Williams Carter, Sr. including \"North Wales\" and \"Broad Neck\" (May 16, 1867); and payroll lists (April 1, 1868).","Subjects include: receipts for work in the coal banks, Clifton, West Virginia (1873).","Subjects include: a valuation of personal property at \"North Wales\" plantation; valuation of real estate of Mr. [Abraham] Warwick made by commissioners, including factories, blacksmith shop, houses, lots, and a Brookfield farm; and a list of the names of enslaved laborers, with their evaluations.","These three oversize items include an indenture between Betty Littlepage and Charles Carter of Corotoman (May 5, 1768); a deed of trust from Carter B. Page and Rebecca Page to Thomas Taylor and Benjamin Harrison (June 17, 1817); and an indenture concerning Catherine Page, \"Broad Neck\" and Williams Carter (March 11, 1822).","The oversize deeds and indentures include those signed by Carter B. and Rebecca Page and Thomas Taylor (June 7, 1817); an indenture between John Wickham, Edward Carrington, Daniel Call, and Littleton Waller Tazewell (March 17, 1800); an indenture between Harry and Anna Terrell and Charles Carter (October 7, 1769); an indenture between James Littlepage and Joel Terrell (April 23, 1751); an indenture between John Littlepage and John Carter (March 2, 1735); and a bill of sale for two male enslaved men, Billy and Cyrus (January 15, 1820).","These include a list with the heading \"A List of My Slaves, such as I wish to keep, such as I may wish to sell and may wish to send to the West\" with names, ages, special skills or jobs, and their evaluations on the \"Rocky Mills\" and \"South Wales\" plantations belonging to Edmund Fanning Wickham in 1835; an account of the sale of land and enslaved laborers at \"Rocky Mills\" in November 1842 with the name of the purchaser, name of the enslaved laborer and the prices; a list of enslaved laborers treated by Dr. J.P. Harrison (April 24, 1844; July 1845; July 1848); list of William F. Wickham's enslaved laborers by age category (1843); the evaluation of an enslaved man, Tom Christian and his entire family (December 22, 1846); a list of named enslaved laborers with their ages belonging to the estate of Dr. James McClurg, Hanover County, Virginia, with evalutions by W. O. Winston (January 18, 1852); a list of 209 named enslaved laborers belonging to [William F. Wickham?] (January 1854); a list of 269 named enslaved laborers belonging to [William F. Wickham?] (January 1859); a list of enslaved laborers belonging to [William F. Wickham?] who were either carried off the plantation by Yankee forces or left of their own accord during the Civil War (1862-1864); and one list of enslaved men between the ages of 18 and 55 with the notation that two are in Confederate service, 14 remain on the plantation and 33 have left and gone to the enemy (January 31, 1865) and another list of enslaved laborers that went to the enemy by year, 120 in all [1865].","These six oversize items include four land grant certificates to Edmund F. Wickham and Edwin P. Crenshaw; a London Medical Society membership certificate for Dr. James Maclurg (1784); a letter from Lucy Nelson (1835).","The oversize plats include one for \"North Wales\" plantation belonging to Charles Carter, October 4, 1779; a plat of \"South Wales\" and Lane plantations, Hanover County, according to the division of January 1818, but updated on May 21, 1858; a plat showing the part of \"South Wales\" plantation allotted to Anne B. Carter, the purchase of land by W.F. Wickham from Thomas Carter, and \"Hickory Hill\" plantation purchased by W.F. Wickham from the estate of George W. Smith, November 27, 1825; plat of \"Verdon\" Hanover County, Virginia, belonging to the estate of John T. Anderson (December 1, 1865); and an undated plat showing parcels of land west of the Missouri River, apparently belonging to Thomas Gorham and a Wickham family member, 4 items.","These six oversize items include a survey of the Broad Neck or Big Neck tract for Thomas C. Nelson (September 8, 1818); survey of the Lane tract, part of the South Wales Estate (January 1818); plat of the Lane tract, South Wales and Hickory Hill (January 1818); fields laid off and numbered from a survey of W.F. Wickham's river fields (February 16, 1837); surveys no. 137 and no. 146 in Saline County, Missouri for Edmund F. Wickham (1841); diagram of land plots to the west of the Missouri River and the 5th principal meridian, presumably in Missouri [1841-1842?].","This material includes a recollection of George Wythe by William F. Wickham (1874); and the first recollection of General Robert E. Lee by Anne Carter Wickham Renshaw Byerly, written in a letter to her brother Henry (undated); biographical sketches of Captain William C. Wickham, U.S. Navy (April 19, 1962 and September 1985), John Wickham (undated), and General Williams Carter Wickham (undated); and history of \"Hickory Hill\" (undated).","Families discussed include Fanning, Leiper, Martian, Peyton, Pye, Tabb and Barksdale, Taylor, Warwick, and Wingfield.","This includes a report of [3rd (Wickham's) Virginia Cavalry Brigade] near Front Royal, Virginia (August 23, 1864).","This folder includes such items as the weather at Hickory Hill (1857); a prayer of Bishop Meade (1861); printed advertisement for a catalog of attorneys (1875); damaged circular from a Rochester nursery (1882); a horse pedigree (undated); and \"Notes on Planting Box at Williamsburg\" by Arthur A. Shurcliff (undated).","These include Wickham's notes concerning the \"Home Reminiscences of John Randolph, of Roanoke\" by Powhatan Bouldin, the benefits of lime and marl, and W.W. Mac Farland's address.","These include [Julia L. Wickham], \"Peliso\" Orange, Virginia, gardens in Rome, [Hickory Hill], Captain Williams C. Wickham, U.S. Navy, and an unidentified boy taken by Tyson and Perry, Charlottesville, Virginia."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research use."],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Wickham family","Wickham, John, 1763-1839","Wickham, William Fanning , 1793-1880","Wickham, Lucy Taylor, 1830-1913","Wickham, Williams Carter, 1820-1888","Wickham, Henry Taylor"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"famname_ssim":["Wickham family"],"persname_ssim":["Wickham, John, 1763-1839","Wickham, William Fanning , 1793-1880","Wickham, Lucy Taylor, 1830-1913","Wickham, Williams Carter, 1820-1888","Wickham, Henry Taylor"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":223,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-09T07:08:45.006Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_294"}},{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2199","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Wilkin Family Papers","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_2199#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eMore than 600 items from the period 1757 to 1922, with the bulk falling between 1780 and 1870. Most items reference members of the Wilkin/Wilkins family of Shenandoah County, Virginia, particularly Godfrey, John, Philip, Benomi, and Benjamin Wilkin. Other surnames include Gochenauer, Layman, Funkhauser, Koock, and Miller. Most documents are financial or legal, such as receipts, promissory notes, account statements, and probate records. There is some correspondence, as well as a few documents relating to military service in the Revolutionary period and the affairs of the German Reformed Church. Numerous items are written in the German language.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_2199#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2199","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2199","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2199","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2199","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_2199.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Wilkin Family Papers","title_ssm":["Wilkin Family Papers"],"title_tesim":["Wilkin Family Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1757-1922 and undated","1780-1870"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1780-1870"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1757-1922 and undated"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Mss. 39.1 W64","/repositories/2/resources/2199"],"text":["Mss. 39.1 W64","/repositories/2/resources/2199","Wilkin Family Papers","Germans--Virginia","Reformed Church in the United States--History","Reformed German Church","Shenandoah County (Va.)--History","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)--History","Correspondence","Financial records","Petitions","Receipts (financial records)","Collection is open to all researchers. Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Manuscripts and Rare Books Librarian, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","The collection is arranged chronologically within 5 series.","Preliminary description by Ellen R. Strong in 2002.  Sorted by Matthew Niendorf in 2014.  Revised and updated by Del Moore in 2015.","More than 600 items from the period 1757 to 1922, with the bulk falling between 1780 and 1870.  Most items reference members of the Wilkin/Wilkins family of Shenandoah County, Virginia, particularly Godfrey, John, Philip, Benomi, and Benjamin Wilkin.  Other surnames include Gochenauer, Layman, Funkhauser, Koock, and Miller.  Most documents are financial or legal, such as receipts, promissory notes, account statements, and probate records.  There is some correspondence, as well as a few documents relating to military service in the Revolutionary period and the affairs of the German Reformed Church.  Numerous items are written in the German language.","These include tax documents, receipts, promissory notes, and account statements.","Most items are receipts for payment of parish levies and taxes on real estate and personal property.","Receipts acknowledge payments for purchases, services, and debts.","Promissory notes indicate terms for the repayment of loans or payments for services provided.","These items range from brief mention of an item purchased to several pages from a firm's account book.","These include probate records, copies of deeds and indentures, receipts for recording or issuing court documents, and orders to a sheriff to summon witnesses.","In most cases the deceased are members of the Wilkin family or Wilkin family members are administrators of the estates.  Among the deceased are Jacob Coffman, multiple Godfrey Wilkins, Benjamin Layman, John Wilkin, Jacob Wilkin, and Peter Miller.","These include copies of deeds, receipts for recording deeds or registering inherited land, boundary descriptions, and a property sale notice.","Included are a guardian indenture, an apprentice indenture, receipts for issuing and recording court documents, vouchers for payments to witnesses, orders to a sheriff to summon witnesses, and receipts for payment of court settlements.","There are about thirty letters and notes and four empty envelopes.","John Wilkin is the writer or recipient of many items. Some are to or from relatives who have moved to the Midwest. Topics include land, crops, finding wives, and money. Some correspondence with a Mr. E. Duvall involves forming a Branch Society related to alchemy and mining.","There are four empty envelopes; addressees are Isaiah Funkhauser, Dr. E. Duvall, and John Wilkins.","This material includes items relating to military service, church business, medicine, and poetry. There also are newspaper clippings and other printed ephemera, as well as numerous fragments and scribbles.","These ten items include certificates for service, supplies, and attendance at a Court Martial during or just after the Revolution. A return for May 1815 of a company of Virginia militia commanded by Captain Samuel Bare has numbers only – no names.","These three items include an 1841 letter (without signatures) to the German Reformed Church of Woodstock stating why thirty-nine members are withdrawing their membership, an 1854 request for subscribers to pay for a new preacher in German and English in North Mountain Gorge, and a petition signed by more than one hundred members of Evangelic German Reformed congregations in Shenandoah County asking that the German-speaking Rev. John Kessler be given permission to take charge as their minister.","These eight items include medical prescriptions and lists of chemicals.","There are three poems of unknown origin, though one has three or four names on the back, including Edwina V. Hatfield.","Among about twenty-five items are candidate lists for an 1873 election in Shenandoah County, newspaper clippings, Sunday school lessons, blank checks, ads for medical products, and a large ad for a Bible.","There are approximately fifty items, most of which range from small fragments to significant portions of various types of documents. Other items include scrap paper with scribbles and a page of repetitions of statements apparently assigned to a student for disciplinary purposes.","These thirty-five documents apparently are written in German or a combination of German and English. There are a variety of formats, but translation is required to reveal purpose and content.","Special Collections Research Center","Funkhauser family","Wilkin, Godfrey, fl. 1788-1815","Wilkin, John","Wilkin, Rachel","English German"],"unitid_tesim":["Mss. 39.1 W64","/repositories/2/resources/2199"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Wilkin Family Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Wilkin Family Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Wilkin Family Papers"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Acquired: 05/07/1939. Acquisition Note: Source: C. J. Carrier of Bridgewater, VA. Exchange."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Germans--Virginia","Reformed Church in the United States--History","Reformed German Church","Shenandoah County (Va.)--History","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. 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Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Manuscripts and Rare Books Librarian, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access:"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers. Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Manuscripts and Rare Books Librarian, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged chronologically within 5 series.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement of Materials:"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged chronologically within 5 series."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWilkin Family Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Wilkin Family Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePreliminary description by Ellen R. Strong in 2002.  Sorted by Matthew Niendorf in 2014.  Revised and updated by Del Moore in 2015.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information:"],"processinfo_tesim":["Preliminary description by Ellen R. Strong in 2002.  Sorted by Matthew Niendorf in 2014.  Revised and updated by Del Moore in 2015."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMore than 600 items from the period 1757 to 1922, with the bulk falling between 1780 and 1870.  Most items reference members of the Wilkin/Wilkins family of Shenandoah County, Virginia, particularly Godfrey, John, Philip, Benomi, and Benjamin Wilkin.  Other surnames include Gochenauer, Layman, Funkhauser, Koock, and Miller.  Most documents are financial or legal, such as receipts, promissory notes, account statements, and probate records.  There is some correspondence, as well as a few documents relating to military service in the Revolutionary period and the affairs of the German Reformed Church.  Numerous items are written in the German language.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese include tax documents, receipts, promissory notes, and account statements.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMost items are receipts for payment of parish levies and taxes on real estate and personal property.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReceipts acknowledge payments for purchases, services, and debts.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePromissory notes indicate terms for the repayment of loans or payments for services provided.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese items range from brief mention of an item purchased to several pages from a firm's account book.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese include probate records, copies of deeds and indentures, receipts for recording or issuing court documents, and orders to a sheriff to summon witnesses.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn most cases the deceased are members of the Wilkin family or Wilkin family members are administrators of the estates.  Among the deceased are Jacob Coffman, multiple Godfrey Wilkins, Benjamin Layman, John Wilkin, Jacob Wilkin, and Peter Miller.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese include copies of deeds, receipts for recording deeds or registering inherited land, boundary descriptions, and a property sale notice.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncluded are a guardian indenture, an apprentice indenture, receipts for issuing and recording court documents, vouchers for payments to witnesses, orders to a sheriff to summon witnesses, and receipts for payment of court settlements.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere are about thirty letters and notes and four empty envelopes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJohn Wilkin is the writer or recipient of many items. Some are to or from relatives who have moved to the Midwest. Topics include land, crops, finding wives, and money. Some correspondence with a Mr. E. Duvall involves forming a Branch Society related to alchemy and mining.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere are four empty envelopes; addressees are Isaiah Funkhauser, Dr. E. Duvall, and John Wilkins.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis material includes items relating to military service, church business, medicine, and poetry. There also are newspaper clippings and other printed ephemera, as well as numerous fragments and scribbles.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese ten items include certificates for service, supplies, and attendance at a Court Martial during or just after the Revolution. A return for May 1815 of a company of Virginia militia commanded by Captain Samuel Bare has numbers only – no names.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese three items include an 1841 letter (without signatures) to the German Reformed Church of Woodstock stating why thirty-nine members are withdrawing their membership, an 1854 request for subscribers to pay for a new preacher in German and English in North Mountain Gorge, and a petition signed by more than one hundred members of Evangelic German Reformed congregations in Shenandoah County asking that the German-speaking Rev. John Kessler be given permission to take charge as their minister.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese eight items include medical prescriptions and lists of chemicals.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere are three poems of unknown origin, though one has three or four names on the back, including Edwina V. Hatfield.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAmong about twenty-five items are candidate lists for an 1873 election in Shenandoah County, newspaper clippings, Sunday school lessons, blank checks, ads for medical products, and a large ad for a Bible.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere are approximately fifty items, most of which range from small fragments to significant portions of various types of documents. Other items include scrap paper with scribbles and a page of repetitions of statements apparently assigned to a student for disciplinary purposes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese thirty-five documents apparently are written in German or a combination of German and English. There are a variety of formats, but translation is required to reveal purpose and content.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["More than 600 items from the period 1757 to 1922, with the bulk falling between 1780 and 1870.  Most items reference members of the Wilkin/Wilkins family of Shenandoah County, Virginia, particularly Godfrey, John, Philip, Benomi, and Benjamin Wilkin.  Other surnames include Gochenauer, Layman, Funkhauser, Koock, and Miller.  Most documents are financial or legal, such as receipts, promissory notes, account statements, and probate records.  There is some correspondence, as well as a few documents relating to military service in the Revolutionary period and the affairs of the German Reformed Church.  Numerous items are written in the German language.","These include tax documents, receipts, promissory notes, and account statements.","Most items are receipts for payment of parish levies and taxes on real estate and personal property.","Receipts acknowledge payments for purchases, services, and debts.","Promissory notes indicate terms for the repayment of loans or payments for services provided.","These items range from brief mention of an item purchased to several pages from a firm's account book.","These include probate records, copies of deeds and indentures, receipts for recording or issuing court documents, and orders to a sheriff to summon witnesses.","In most cases the deceased are members of the Wilkin family or Wilkin family members are administrators of the estates.  Among the deceased are Jacob Coffman, multiple Godfrey Wilkins, Benjamin Layman, John Wilkin, Jacob Wilkin, and Peter Miller.","These include copies of deeds, receipts for recording deeds or registering inherited land, boundary descriptions, and a property sale notice.","Included are a guardian indenture, an apprentice indenture, receipts for issuing and recording court documents, vouchers for payments to witnesses, orders to a sheriff to summon witnesses, and receipts for payment of court settlements.","There are about thirty letters and notes and four empty envelopes.","John Wilkin is the writer or recipient of many items. Some are to or from relatives who have moved to the Midwest. Topics include land, crops, finding wives, and money. Some correspondence with a Mr. E. Duvall involves forming a Branch Society related to alchemy and mining.","There are four empty envelopes; addressees are Isaiah Funkhauser, Dr. E. Duvall, and John Wilkins.","This material includes items relating to military service, church business, medicine, and poetry. There also are newspaper clippings and other printed ephemera, as well as numerous fragments and scribbles.","These ten items include certificates for service, supplies, and attendance at a Court Martial during or just after the Revolution. A return for May 1815 of a company of Virginia militia commanded by Captain Samuel Bare has numbers only – no names.","These three items include an 1841 letter (without signatures) to the German Reformed Church of Woodstock stating why thirty-nine members are withdrawing their membership, an 1854 request for subscribers to pay for a new preacher in German and English in North Mountain Gorge, and a petition signed by more than one hundred members of Evangelic German Reformed congregations in Shenandoah County asking that the German-speaking Rev. John Kessler be given permission to take charge as their minister.","These eight items include medical prescriptions and lists of chemicals.","There are three poems of unknown origin, though one has three or four names on the back, including Edwina V. Hatfield.","Among about twenty-five items are candidate lists for an 1873 election in Shenandoah County, newspaper clippings, Sunday school lessons, blank checks, ads for medical products, and a large ad for a Bible.","There are approximately fifty items, most of which range from small fragments to significant portions of various types of documents. Other items include scrap paper with scribbles and a page of repetitions of statements apparently assigned to a student for disciplinary purposes.","These thirty-five documents apparently are written in German or a combination of German and English. There are a variety of formats, but translation is required to reveal purpose and content."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Funkhauser family","Wilkin, Godfrey, fl. 1788-1815","Wilkin, John","Wilkin, Rachel"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"names_coll_ssim":["Funkhauser family","Wilkin, Godfrey, fl. 1788-1815","Wilkin, John","Wilkin, Rachel"],"famname_ssim":["Funkhauser family"],"persname_ssim":["Wilkin, Godfrey, fl. 1788-1815","Wilkin, John","Wilkin, Rachel"],"language_ssim":["English German"],"total_component_count_is":21,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T08:27:41.294Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2199","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2199","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2199","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2199","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_2199.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Wilkin Family Papers","title_ssm":["Wilkin Family Papers"],"title_tesim":["Wilkin Family Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1757-1922 and undated","1780-1870"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1780-1870"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1757-1922 and undated"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Mss. 39.1 W64","/repositories/2/resources/2199"],"text":["Mss. 39.1 W64","/repositories/2/resources/2199","Wilkin Family Papers","Germans--Virginia","Reformed Church in the United States--History","Reformed German Church","Shenandoah County (Va.)--History","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)--History","Correspondence","Financial records","Petitions","Receipts (financial records)","Collection is open to all researchers. Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Manuscripts and Rare Books Librarian, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","The collection is arranged chronologically within 5 series.","Preliminary description by Ellen R. Strong in 2002.  Sorted by Matthew Niendorf in 2014.  Revised and updated by Del Moore in 2015.","More than 600 items from the period 1757 to 1922, with the bulk falling between 1780 and 1870.  Most items reference members of the Wilkin/Wilkins family of Shenandoah County, Virginia, particularly Godfrey, John, Philip, Benomi, and Benjamin Wilkin.  Other surnames include Gochenauer, Layman, Funkhauser, Koock, and Miller.  Most documents are financial or legal, such as receipts, promissory notes, account statements, and probate records.  There is some correspondence, as well as a few documents relating to military service in the Revolutionary period and the affairs of the German Reformed Church.  Numerous items are written in the German language.","These include tax documents, receipts, promissory notes, and account statements.","Most items are receipts for payment of parish levies and taxes on real estate and personal property.","Receipts acknowledge payments for purchases, services, and debts.","Promissory notes indicate terms for the repayment of loans or payments for services provided.","These items range from brief mention of an item purchased to several pages from a firm's account book.","These include probate records, copies of deeds and indentures, receipts for recording or issuing court documents, and orders to a sheriff to summon witnesses.","In most cases the deceased are members of the Wilkin family or Wilkin family members are administrators of the estates.  Among the deceased are Jacob Coffman, multiple Godfrey Wilkins, Benjamin Layman, John Wilkin, Jacob Wilkin, and Peter Miller.","These include copies of deeds, receipts for recording deeds or registering inherited land, boundary descriptions, and a property sale notice.","Included are a guardian indenture, an apprentice indenture, receipts for issuing and recording court documents, vouchers for payments to witnesses, orders to a sheriff to summon witnesses, and receipts for payment of court settlements.","There are about thirty letters and notes and four empty envelopes.","John Wilkin is the writer or recipient of many items. Some are to or from relatives who have moved to the Midwest. Topics include land, crops, finding wives, and money. Some correspondence with a Mr. E. Duvall involves forming a Branch Society related to alchemy and mining.","There are four empty envelopes; addressees are Isaiah Funkhauser, Dr. E. Duvall, and John Wilkins.","This material includes items relating to military service, church business, medicine, and poetry. There also are newspaper clippings and other printed ephemera, as well as numerous fragments and scribbles.","These ten items include certificates for service, supplies, and attendance at a Court Martial during or just after the Revolution. A return for May 1815 of a company of Virginia militia commanded by Captain Samuel Bare has numbers only – no names.","These three items include an 1841 letter (without signatures) to the German Reformed Church of Woodstock stating why thirty-nine members are withdrawing their membership, an 1854 request for subscribers to pay for a new preacher in German and English in North Mountain Gorge, and a petition signed by more than one hundred members of Evangelic German Reformed congregations in Shenandoah County asking that the German-speaking Rev. John Kessler be given permission to take charge as their minister.","These eight items include medical prescriptions and lists of chemicals.","There are three poems of unknown origin, though one has three or four names on the back, including Edwina V. Hatfield.","Among about twenty-five items are candidate lists for an 1873 election in Shenandoah County, newspaper clippings, Sunday school lessons, blank checks, ads for medical products, and a large ad for a Bible.","There are approximately fifty items, most of which range from small fragments to significant portions of various types of documents. Other items include scrap paper with scribbles and a page of repetitions of statements apparently assigned to a student for disciplinary purposes.","These thirty-five documents apparently are written in German or a combination of German and English. 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Va.)--History","Correspondence","Financial records","Petitions","Receipts (financial records)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.50 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["0.50 Linear Feet"],"genreform_ssim":["Correspondence","Financial records","Petitions","Receipts (financial records)"],"date_range_isim":[1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers. Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Manuscripts and Rare Books Librarian, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access:"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers. Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Manuscripts and Rare Books Librarian, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged chronologically within 5 series.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement of Materials:"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged chronologically within 5 series."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWilkin Family Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Wilkin Family Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePreliminary description by Ellen R. Strong in 2002.  Sorted by Matthew Niendorf in 2014.  Revised and updated by Del Moore in 2015.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information:"],"processinfo_tesim":["Preliminary description by Ellen R. Strong in 2002.  Sorted by Matthew Niendorf in 2014.  Revised and updated by Del Moore in 2015."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMore than 600 items from the period 1757 to 1922, with the bulk falling between 1780 and 1870.  Most items reference members of the Wilkin/Wilkins family of Shenandoah County, Virginia, particularly Godfrey, John, Philip, Benomi, and Benjamin Wilkin.  Other surnames include Gochenauer, Layman, Funkhauser, Koock, and Miller.  Most documents are financial or legal, such as receipts, promissory notes, account statements, and probate records.  There is some correspondence, as well as a few documents relating to military service in the Revolutionary period and the affairs of the German Reformed Church.  Numerous items are written in the German language.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese include tax documents, receipts, promissory notes, and account statements.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMost items are receipts for payment of parish levies and taxes on real estate and personal property.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReceipts acknowledge payments for purchases, services, and debts.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePromissory notes indicate terms for the repayment of loans or payments for services provided.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese items range from brief mention of an item purchased to several pages from a firm's account book.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese include probate records, copies of deeds and indentures, receipts for recording or issuing court documents, and orders to a sheriff to summon witnesses.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn most cases the deceased are members of the Wilkin family or Wilkin family members are administrators of the estates.  Among the deceased are Jacob Coffman, multiple Godfrey Wilkins, Benjamin Layman, John Wilkin, Jacob Wilkin, and Peter Miller.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese include copies of deeds, receipts for recording deeds or registering inherited land, boundary descriptions, and a property sale notice.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncluded are a guardian indenture, an apprentice indenture, receipts for issuing and recording court documents, vouchers for payments to witnesses, orders to a sheriff to summon witnesses, and receipts for payment of court settlements.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere are about thirty letters and notes and four empty envelopes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJohn Wilkin is the writer or recipient of many items. Some are to or from relatives who have moved to the Midwest. Topics include land, crops, finding wives, and money. Some correspondence with a Mr. E. Duvall involves forming a Branch Society related to alchemy and mining.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere are four empty envelopes; addressees are Isaiah Funkhauser, Dr. E. Duvall, and John Wilkins.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis material includes items relating to military service, church business, medicine, and poetry. There also are newspaper clippings and other printed ephemera, as well as numerous fragments and scribbles.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese ten items include certificates for service, supplies, and attendance at a Court Martial during or just after the Revolution. A return for May 1815 of a company of Virginia militia commanded by Captain Samuel Bare has numbers only – no names.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese three items include an 1841 letter (without signatures) to the German Reformed Church of Woodstock stating why thirty-nine members are withdrawing their membership, an 1854 request for subscribers to pay for a new preacher in German and English in North Mountain Gorge, and a petition signed by more than one hundred members of Evangelic German Reformed congregations in Shenandoah County asking that the German-speaking Rev. John Kessler be given permission to take charge as their minister.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese eight items include medical prescriptions and lists of chemicals.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere are three poems of unknown origin, though one has three or four names on the back, including Edwina V. Hatfield.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAmong about twenty-five items are candidate lists for an 1873 election in Shenandoah County, newspaper clippings, Sunday school lessons, blank checks, ads for medical products, and a large ad for a Bible.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere are approximately fifty items, most of which range from small fragments to significant portions of various types of documents. Other items include scrap paper with scribbles and a page of repetitions of statements apparently assigned to a student for disciplinary purposes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese thirty-five documents apparently are written in German or a combination of German and English. There are a variety of formats, but translation is required to reveal purpose and content.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["More than 600 items from the period 1757 to 1922, with the bulk falling between 1780 and 1870.  Most items reference members of the Wilkin/Wilkins family of Shenandoah County, Virginia, particularly Godfrey, John, Philip, Benomi, and Benjamin Wilkin.  Other surnames include Gochenauer, Layman, Funkhauser, Koock, and Miller.  Most documents are financial or legal, such as receipts, promissory notes, account statements, and probate records.  There is some correspondence, as well as a few documents relating to military service in the Revolutionary period and the affairs of the German Reformed Church.  Numerous items are written in the German language.","These include tax documents, receipts, promissory notes, and account statements.","Most items are receipts for payment of parish levies and taxes on real estate and personal property.","Receipts acknowledge payments for purchases, services, and debts.","Promissory notes indicate terms for the repayment of loans or payments for services provided.","These items range from brief mention of an item purchased to several pages from a firm's account book.","These include probate records, copies of deeds and indentures, receipts for recording or issuing court documents, and orders to a sheriff to summon witnesses.","In most cases the deceased are members of the Wilkin family or Wilkin family members are administrators of the estates.  Among the deceased are Jacob Coffman, multiple Godfrey Wilkins, Benjamin Layman, John Wilkin, Jacob Wilkin, and Peter Miller.","These include copies of deeds, receipts for recording deeds or registering inherited land, boundary descriptions, and a property sale notice.","Included are a guardian indenture, an apprentice indenture, receipts for issuing and recording court documents, vouchers for payments to witnesses, orders to a sheriff to summon witnesses, and receipts for payment of court settlements.","There are about thirty letters and notes and four empty envelopes.","John Wilkin is the writer or recipient of many items. Some are to or from relatives who have moved to the Midwest. Topics include land, crops, finding wives, and money. Some correspondence with a Mr. E. Duvall involves forming a Branch Society related to alchemy and mining.","There are four empty envelopes; addressees are Isaiah Funkhauser, Dr. E. Duvall, and John Wilkins.","This material includes items relating to military service, church business, medicine, and poetry. There also are newspaper clippings and other printed ephemera, as well as numerous fragments and scribbles.","These ten items include certificates for service, supplies, and attendance at a Court Martial during or just after the Revolution. A return for May 1815 of a company of Virginia militia commanded by Captain Samuel Bare has numbers only – no names.","These three items include an 1841 letter (without signatures) to the German Reformed Church of Woodstock stating why thirty-nine members are withdrawing their membership, an 1854 request for subscribers to pay for a new preacher in German and English in North Mountain Gorge, and a petition signed by more than one hundred members of Evangelic German Reformed congregations in Shenandoah County asking that the German-speaking Rev. John Kessler be given permission to take charge as their minister.","These eight items include medical prescriptions and lists of chemicals.","There are three poems of unknown origin, though one has three or four names on the back, including Edwina V. Hatfield.","Among about twenty-five items are candidate lists for an 1873 election in Shenandoah County, newspaper clippings, Sunday school lessons, blank checks, ads for medical products, and a large ad for a Bible.","There are approximately fifty items, most of which range from small fragments to significant portions of various types of documents. Other items include scrap paper with scribbles and a page of repetitions of statements apparently assigned to a student for disciplinary purposes.","These thirty-five documents apparently are written in German or a combination of German and English. There are a variety of formats, but translation is required to reveal purpose and content."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Funkhauser family","Wilkin, Godfrey, fl. 1788-1815","Wilkin, John","Wilkin, Rachel"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"names_coll_ssim":["Funkhauser family","Wilkin, Godfrey, fl. 1788-1815","Wilkin, John","Wilkin, Rachel"],"famname_ssim":["Funkhauser family"],"persname_ssim":["Wilkin, Godfrey, fl. 1788-1815","Wilkin, John","Wilkin, Rachel"],"language_ssim":["English German"],"total_component_count_is":21,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T08:27:41.294Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_2199"}},{"id":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_11","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"William and Anne Fleming Family papers","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vilxw_repositories_5_resources_11#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Baxter, Anne Christian Fleming","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vilxw_repositories_5_resources_11#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains papers created by or related to William and Anne Fleming and several family members on Anne's side, including her parents, Israel and Elizabeth, and her brother, William.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vilxw_repositories_5_resources_11#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_11","ead_ssi":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_11","_root_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_11","_nest_parent_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_11","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WLU/repositories_5_resources_11.xml","title_filing_ssi":"William and Anne Fleming Family papers","title_ssm":["William and Anne Fleming Family papers"],"title_tesim":["William and Anne Fleming Family papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1754-1833, 2000"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1754-1833, 2000"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["WLU.Coll.0009","/repositories/5/resources/11"],"text":["WLU.Coll.0009","/repositories/5/resources/11","William and Anne Fleming Family papers","Virginia","Kentucky","Land grants","Correspondence","Slavery","The collection is open for research use.","William Fleming was born in Scotland on Feburary 18, 1729. He studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh and served in the British navy. He moved to the colony of Virginia in 1755, landing first in Norfolk before moving to Williamsburg. There, he was commissioned as an ensign to serve under Col. George Washington. He engaged in border warfare. Fleming eventually settled in Staunton where he married Anne Christian on April 9, 1763. He gave up medicine for farming in Botetourt County (now Montgomery) at his estate called Bellmont. From 1777-1779, he represented several districts, including Kentucky, in the Virginia Senate. He took an active part in Western Affairs, twice heading commissions to Kentucky. In his last appearance as a public servant, Fleming represented Botetourt in the state convention which ratified the Federal Constitution. Fleming died on August 5, 1795.","Anne Christian Fleming was born in 1744 in Staunton, Virginia to Israel and Elizabeth Christian. She had two siblings: William and Rosanna. Anne and William Fleming married in 1763. They had two children: Ebenezer and Annie.","There is a document related to Elizabeth also in Folder 6 of this box.","WLU Coll 0003: George A. Baxter family papers","This collection contains papers created by or related to William and Anne Fleming and several family members on Anne's side, including her parents, Israel and Elizabeth, and her brother, William.","The subjects include Fleming's accounts of his trips to Kentucky, his journal of the first Kentucky convention of which he served as chair, letters about business, Kentucky land claims, and family affairs. There are commissions, wills and estate inventories, land surveys and indentures, a manuscript map, and documents related to Indigenous nations. Other documents mention enslaved people, usually those who were to be inherited. One folder holds items specific to Kentucky but there are other documents throughout the collection that also have relevance to Kentucky, such as correspondence, land records, and receipts. Daniel Boone's name can be found throughout the collection as he was hired to survey land within what is now Kentucky. Notable signatures within the collection include Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry, James Monroe, and Benjamin Harrison. The collection also includes an account book kept by Fleming between 1765-1783. Some accounts are medical in nature. Lastly, the collection holds George Baxter's honorary degree from the University of South Carolina dated circa 1812.","There are transcriptions for correspondence and other items which were done in 2000.","Includes 1768 and 1773 deeds of gift of land to Anne Fleming from her father","Includes information related to land ownership, list of books and pamphlets, financial information, payments made to Commissioners and the State of Virginia.","This folder includes a 1783 receipt handwritten by Daniel Boone for land he surveyed.","Includes a list of distances between towns and cities, testimony (1780), prayer (1809), copy of an act for disclaiming lands (1794), printed letter from the Board of War dated July 8, 1779 asking for information of the \"numbers and strength of the militias of the several counties within the4 state,\" financial document of Israel Christian, 1763-1766, Order from the House of Delegates for the care of armies, 1777 November 27, document regarding expedition against the Indians, 1777 August 29, broadside \"Acts of General Assembly passed October Session, 1777\"","circa 1754 fragment issued by Robert Dinwiddie and signed by George Washington, August 25, 1755 appointment issued by Robert Dinwiddie, 1762 appointment issued by Francis Fauquier, circa 1771-1775 appointment issued by John Murray, Earl of Dunmore (part of the document is missing)","The leaders of the Native American contingent were named as Captain White Eyes, Captain Johnny, and Weyandahila.","The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law.  The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials.  Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.","Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","Washington Academy (Lexington, Va.)","Baxter, Anne Christian Fleming","Fleming, William","Jefferson, Thomas","Henry, Patrick","Fleming, John Christian","Christian, Israel","Christian, William","Boone, Daniel","English"],"unitid_tesim":["WLU.Coll.0009","/repositories/5/resources/11"],"normalized_title_ssm":["William and Anne Fleming Family papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["William and Anne Fleming Family papers"],"collection_ssim":["William and Anne Fleming Family papers"],"repository_ssm":["Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library"],"repository_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library"],"geogname_ssm":["Virginia","Kentucky"],"geogname_ssim":["Virginia","Kentucky"],"creator_ssm":["Baxter, Anne Christian Fleming","Fleming, William"],"creator_ssim":["Baxter, Anne Christian Fleming","Fleming, William"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Baxter, Anne Christian Fleming","Fleming, William"],"creators_ssim":["Baxter, Anne Christian Fleming","Fleming, William"],"places_ssim":["Virginia","Kentucky"],"access_terms_ssm":["The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law.  The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials.  Any materials used should be fully credited with the source."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Land grants","Correspondence","Slavery"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Land grants","Correspondence","Slavery"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["9.5 Linear Feet four boxes, five oversize folders, one account volume","1 Reels 1 microfilm reel. Contains index."],"extent_tesim":["9.5 Linear Feet four boxes, five oversize folders, one account volume","1 Reels 1 microfilm reel. Contains index."],"date_range_isim":[1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWilliam Fleming was born in Scotland on Feburary 18, 1729. He studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh and served in the British navy. He moved to the colony of Virginia in 1755, landing first in Norfolk before moving to Williamsburg. There, he was commissioned as an ensign to serve under Col. George Washington. He engaged in border warfare. Fleming eventually settled in Staunton where he married Anne Christian on April 9, 1763. He gave up medicine for farming in Botetourt County (now Montgomery) at his estate called Bellmont. From 1777-1779, he represented several districts, including Kentucky, in the Virginia Senate. He took an active part in Western Affairs, twice heading commissions to Kentucky. In his last appearance as a public servant, Fleming represented Botetourt in the state convention which ratified the Federal Constitution. Fleming died on August 5, 1795.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAnne Christian Fleming was born in 1744 in Staunton, Virginia to Israel and Elizabeth Christian. She had two siblings: William and Rosanna. Anne and William Fleming married in 1763. They had two children: Ebenezer and Annie.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["William Fleming was born in Scotland on Feburary 18, 1729. He studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh and served in the British navy. He moved to the colony of Virginia in 1755, landing first in Norfolk before moving to Williamsburg. There, he was commissioned as an ensign to serve under Col. George Washington. He engaged in border warfare. Fleming eventually settled in Staunton where he married Anne Christian on April 9, 1763. He gave up medicine for farming in Botetourt County (now Montgomery) at his estate called Bellmont. From 1777-1779, he represented several districts, including Kentucky, in the Virginia Senate. He took an active part in Western Affairs, twice heading commissions to Kentucky. In his last appearance as a public servant, Fleming represented Botetourt in the state convention which ratified the Federal Constitution. Fleming died on August 5, 1795.","Anne Christian Fleming was born in 1744 in Staunton, Virginia to Israel and Elizabeth Christian. She had two siblings: William and Rosanna. Anne and William Fleming married in 1763. They had two children: Ebenezer and Annie."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere is a document related to Elizabeth also in Folder 6 of this box.\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["General"],"odd_tesim":["There is a document related to Elizabeth also in Folder 6 of this box."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], William and Anne Fleming Family Papers (WLU Coll. 0009), Special Collections and Archives, James G. Leyburn Library, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], William and Anne Fleming Family Papers (WLU Coll. 0009), Special Collections and Archives, James G. Leyburn Library, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWLU Coll 0003: George A. Baxter family papers\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["WLU Coll 0003: George A. Baxter family papers"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains papers created by or related to William and Anne Fleming and several family members on Anne's side, including her parents, Israel and Elizabeth, and her brother, William.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe subjects include Fleming's accounts of his trips to Kentucky, his journal of the first Kentucky convention of which he served as chair, letters about business, Kentucky land claims, and family affairs. There are commissions, wills and estate inventories, land surveys and indentures, a manuscript map, and documents related to Indigenous nations. Other documents mention enslaved people, usually those who were to be inherited. One folder holds items specific to Kentucky but there are other documents throughout the collection that also have relevance to Kentucky, such as correspondence, land records, and receipts. Daniel Boone's name can be found throughout the collection as he was hired to survey land within what is now Kentucky. Notable signatures within the collection include Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry, James Monroe, and Benjamin Harrison. The collection also includes an account book kept by Fleming between 1765-1783. Some accounts are medical in nature. Lastly, the collection holds George Baxter's honorary degree from the University of South Carolina dated circa 1812.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThere are transcriptions for correspondence and other items which were done in 2000.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes 1768 and 1773 deeds of gift of land to Anne Fleming from her father\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes information related to land ownership, list of books and pamphlets, financial information, payments made to Commissioners and the State of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder includes a 1783 receipt handwritten by Daniel Boone for land he surveyed.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes a list of distances between towns and cities, testimony (1780), prayer (1809), copy of an act for disclaiming lands (1794), printed letter from the Board of War dated July 8, 1779 asking for information of the \"numbers and strength of the militias of the several counties within the4 state,\" financial document of Israel Christian, 1763-1766, Order from the House of Delegates for the care of armies, 1777 November 27, document regarding expedition against the Indians, 1777 August 29, broadside \"Acts of General Assembly passed October Session, 1777\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ecirca 1754 fragment issued by Robert Dinwiddie and signed by George Washington, August 25, 1755 appointment issued by Robert Dinwiddie, 1762 appointment issued by Francis Fauquier, circa 1771-1775 appointment issued by John Murray, Earl of Dunmore (part of the document is missing)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe leaders of the Native American contingent were named as Captain White Eyes, Captain Johnny, and Weyandahila.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains papers created by or related to William and Anne Fleming and several family members on Anne's side, including her parents, Israel and Elizabeth, and her brother, William.","The subjects include Fleming's accounts of his trips to Kentucky, his journal of the first Kentucky convention of which he served as chair, letters about business, Kentucky land claims, and family affairs. There are commissions, wills and estate inventories, land surveys and indentures, a manuscript map, and documents related to Indigenous nations. Other documents mention enslaved people, usually those who were to be inherited. One folder holds items specific to Kentucky but there are other documents throughout the collection that also have relevance to Kentucky, such as correspondence, land records, and receipts. Daniel Boone's name can be found throughout the collection as he was hired to survey land within what is now Kentucky. Notable signatures within the collection include Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry, James Monroe, and Benjamin Harrison. The collection also includes an account book kept by Fleming between 1765-1783. Some accounts are medical in nature. Lastly, the collection holds George Baxter's honorary degree from the University of South Carolina dated circa 1812.","There are transcriptions for correspondence and other items which were done in 2000.","Includes 1768 and 1773 deeds of gift of land to Anne Fleming from her father","Includes information related to land ownership, list of books and pamphlets, financial information, payments made to Commissioners and the State of Virginia.","This folder includes a 1783 receipt handwritten by Daniel Boone for land he surveyed.","Includes a list of distances between towns and cities, testimony (1780), prayer (1809), copy of an act for disclaiming lands (1794), printed letter from the Board of War dated July 8, 1779 asking for information of the \"numbers and strength of the militias of the several counties within the4 state,\" financial document of Israel Christian, 1763-1766, Order from the House of Delegates for the care of armies, 1777 November 27, document regarding expedition against the Indians, 1777 August 29, broadside \"Acts of General Assembly passed October Session, 1777\"","circa 1754 fragment issued by Robert Dinwiddie and signed by George Washington, August 25, 1755 appointment issued by Robert Dinwiddie, 1762 appointment issued by Francis Fauquier, circa 1771-1775 appointment issued by John Murray, Earl of Dunmore (part of the document is missing)","The leaders of the Native American contingent were named as Captain White Eyes, Captain Johnny, and Weyandahila."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law.  The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials.  Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law.  The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials.  Any materials used should be fully credited with the source."],"names_coll_ssim":["Washington Academy (Lexington, Va.)","Jefferson, Thomas","Henry, Patrick","Fleming, John Christian","Christian, Israel","Christian, William","Boone, Daniel"],"names_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","Washington Academy (Lexington, Va.)","Baxter, Anne Christian Fleming","Fleming, William","Jefferson, Thomas","Henry, Patrick","Fleming, John Christian","Christian, Israel","Christian, William","Boone, Daniel"],"corpname_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","Washington Academy (Lexington, Va.)"],"persname_ssim":["Baxter, Anne Christian Fleming","Fleming, William","Jefferson, Thomas","Henry, Patrick","Fleming, John Christian","Christian, Israel","Christian, William","Boone, Daniel"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":80,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-20T21:42:21.790Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_11","ead_ssi":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_11","_root_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_11","_nest_parent_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_11","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WLU/repositories_5_resources_11.xml","title_filing_ssi":"William and Anne Fleming Family papers","title_ssm":["William and Anne Fleming Family papers"],"title_tesim":["William and Anne Fleming Family papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1754-1833, 2000"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1754-1833, 2000"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["WLU.Coll.0009","/repositories/5/resources/11"],"text":["WLU.Coll.0009","/repositories/5/resources/11","William and Anne Fleming Family papers","Virginia","Kentucky","Land grants","Correspondence","Slavery","The collection is open for research use.","William Fleming was born in Scotland on Feburary 18, 1729. He studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh and served in the British navy. He moved to the colony of Virginia in 1755, landing first in Norfolk before moving to Williamsburg. There, he was commissioned as an ensign to serve under Col. George Washington. He engaged in border warfare. Fleming eventually settled in Staunton where he married Anne Christian on April 9, 1763. He gave up medicine for farming in Botetourt County (now Montgomery) at his estate called Bellmont. From 1777-1779, he represented several districts, including Kentucky, in the Virginia Senate. He took an active part in Western Affairs, twice heading commissions to Kentucky. In his last appearance as a public servant, Fleming represented Botetourt in the state convention which ratified the Federal Constitution. Fleming died on August 5, 1795.","Anne Christian Fleming was born in 1744 in Staunton, Virginia to Israel and Elizabeth Christian. She had two siblings: William and Rosanna. Anne and William Fleming married in 1763. They had two children: Ebenezer and Annie.","There is a document related to Elizabeth also in Folder 6 of this box.","WLU Coll 0003: George A. Baxter family papers","This collection contains papers created by or related to William and Anne Fleming and several family members on Anne's side, including her parents, Israel and Elizabeth, and her brother, William.","The subjects include Fleming's accounts of his trips to Kentucky, his journal of the first Kentucky convention of which he served as chair, letters about business, Kentucky land claims, and family affairs. There are commissions, wills and estate inventories, land surveys and indentures, a manuscript map, and documents related to Indigenous nations. Other documents mention enslaved people, usually those who were to be inherited. One folder holds items specific to Kentucky but there are other documents throughout the collection that also have relevance to Kentucky, such as correspondence, land records, and receipts. Daniel Boone's name can be found throughout the collection as he was hired to survey land within what is now Kentucky. Notable signatures within the collection include Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry, James Monroe, and Benjamin Harrison. The collection also includes an account book kept by Fleming between 1765-1783. Some accounts are medical in nature. Lastly, the collection holds George Baxter's honorary degree from the University of South Carolina dated circa 1812.","There are transcriptions for correspondence and other items which were done in 2000.","Includes 1768 and 1773 deeds of gift of land to Anne Fleming from her father","Includes information related to land ownership, list of books and pamphlets, financial information, payments made to Commissioners and the State of Virginia.","This folder includes a 1783 receipt handwritten by Daniel Boone for land he surveyed.","Includes a list of distances between towns and cities, testimony (1780), prayer (1809), copy of an act for disclaiming lands (1794), printed letter from the Board of War dated July 8, 1779 asking for information of the \"numbers and strength of the militias of the several counties within the4 state,\" financial document of Israel Christian, 1763-1766, Order from the House of Delegates for the care of armies, 1777 November 27, document regarding expedition against the Indians, 1777 August 29, broadside \"Acts of General Assembly passed October Session, 1777\"","circa 1754 fragment issued by Robert Dinwiddie and signed by George Washington, August 25, 1755 appointment issued by Robert Dinwiddie, 1762 appointment issued by Francis Fauquier, circa 1771-1775 appointment issued by John Murray, Earl of Dunmore (part of the document is missing)","The leaders of the Native American contingent were named as Captain White Eyes, Captain Johnny, and Weyandahila.","The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law.  The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials.  Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.","Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","Washington Academy (Lexington, Va.)","Baxter, Anne Christian Fleming","Fleming, William","Jefferson, Thomas","Henry, Patrick","Fleming, John Christian","Christian, Israel","Christian, William","Boone, Daniel","English"],"unitid_tesim":["WLU.Coll.0009","/repositories/5/resources/11"],"normalized_title_ssm":["William and Anne Fleming Family papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["William and Anne Fleming Family papers"],"collection_ssim":["William and Anne Fleming Family papers"],"repository_ssm":["Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library"],"repository_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library"],"geogname_ssm":["Virginia","Kentucky"],"geogname_ssim":["Virginia","Kentucky"],"creator_ssm":["Baxter, Anne Christian Fleming","Fleming, William"],"creator_ssim":["Baxter, Anne Christian Fleming","Fleming, William"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Baxter, Anne Christian Fleming","Fleming, William"],"creators_ssim":["Baxter, Anne Christian Fleming","Fleming, William"],"places_ssim":["Virginia","Kentucky"],"access_terms_ssm":["The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law.  The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials.  Any materials used should be fully credited with the source."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Land grants","Correspondence","Slavery"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Land grants","Correspondence","Slavery"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["9.5 Linear Feet four boxes, five oversize folders, one account volume","1 Reels 1 microfilm reel. Contains index."],"extent_tesim":["9.5 Linear Feet four boxes, five oversize folders, one account volume","1 Reels 1 microfilm reel. Contains index."],"date_range_isim":[1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWilliam Fleming was born in Scotland on Feburary 18, 1729. He studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh and served in the British navy. He moved to the colony of Virginia in 1755, landing first in Norfolk before moving to Williamsburg. There, he was commissioned as an ensign to serve under Col. George Washington. He engaged in border warfare. Fleming eventually settled in Staunton where he married Anne Christian on April 9, 1763. He gave up medicine for farming in Botetourt County (now Montgomery) at his estate called Bellmont. From 1777-1779, he represented several districts, including Kentucky, in the Virginia Senate. He took an active part in Western Affairs, twice heading commissions to Kentucky. In his last appearance as a public servant, Fleming represented Botetourt in the state convention which ratified the Federal Constitution. Fleming died on August 5, 1795.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAnne Christian Fleming was born in 1744 in Staunton, Virginia to Israel and Elizabeth Christian. She had two siblings: William and Rosanna. Anne and William Fleming married in 1763. They had two children: Ebenezer and Annie.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["William Fleming was born in Scotland on Feburary 18, 1729. He studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh and served in the British navy. He moved to the colony of Virginia in 1755, landing first in Norfolk before moving to Williamsburg. There, he was commissioned as an ensign to serve under Col. George Washington. He engaged in border warfare. Fleming eventually settled in Staunton where he married Anne Christian on April 9, 1763. He gave up medicine for farming in Botetourt County (now Montgomery) at his estate called Bellmont. From 1777-1779, he represented several districts, including Kentucky, in the Virginia Senate. He took an active part in Western Affairs, twice heading commissions to Kentucky. In his last appearance as a public servant, Fleming represented Botetourt in the state convention which ratified the Federal Constitution. Fleming died on August 5, 1795.","Anne Christian Fleming was born in 1744 in Staunton, Virginia to Israel and Elizabeth Christian. She had two siblings: William and Rosanna. Anne and William Fleming married in 1763. They had two children: Ebenezer and Annie."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere is a document related to Elizabeth also in Folder 6 of this box.\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["General"],"odd_tesim":["There is a document related to Elizabeth also in Folder 6 of this box."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], William and Anne Fleming Family Papers (WLU Coll. 0009), Special Collections and Archives, James G. Leyburn Library, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], William and Anne Fleming Family Papers (WLU Coll. 0009), Special Collections and Archives, James G. Leyburn Library, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWLU Coll 0003: George A. Baxter family papers\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["WLU Coll 0003: George A. Baxter family papers"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains papers created by or related to William and Anne Fleming and several family members on Anne's side, including her parents, Israel and Elizabeth, and her brother, William.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe subjects include Fleming's accounts of his trips to Kentucky, his journal of the first Kentucky convention of which he served as chair, letters about business, Kentucky land claims, and family affairs. There are commissions, wills and estate inventories, land surveys and indentures, a manuscript map, and documents related to Indigenous nations. Other documents mention enslaved people, usually those who were to be inherited. One folder holds items specific to Kentucky but there are other documents throughout the collection that also have relevance to Kentucky, such as correspondence, land records, and receipts. Daniel Boone's name can be found throughout the collection as he was hired to survey land within what is now Kentucky. Notable signatures within the collection include Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry, James Monroe, and Benjamin Harrison. The collection also includes an account book kept by Fleming between 1765-1783. Some accounts are medical in nature. Lastly, the collection holds George Baxter's honorary degree from the University of South Carolina dated circa 1812.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThere are transcriptions for correspondence and other items which were done in 2000.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes 1768 and 1773 deeds of gift of land to Anne Fleming from her father\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes information related to land ownership, list of books and pamphlets, financial information, payments made to Commissioners and the State of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder includes a 1783 receipt handwritten by Daniel Boone for land he surveyed.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes a list of distances between towns and cities, testimony (1780), prayer (1809), copy of an act for disclaiming lands (1794), printed letter from the Board of War dated July 8, 1779 asking for information of the \"numbers and strength of the militias of the several counties within the4 state,\" financial document of Israel Christian, 1763-1766, Order from the House of Delegates for the care of armies, 1777 November 27, document regarding expedition against the Indians, 1777 August 29, broadside \"Acts of General Assembly passed October Session, 1777\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ecirca 1754 fragment issued by Robert Dinwiddie and signed by George Washington, August 25, 1755 appointment issued by Robert Dinwiddie, 1762 appointment issued by Francis Fauquier, circa 1771-1775 appointment issued by John Murray, Earl of Dunmore (part of the document is missing)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe leaders of the Native American contingent were named as Captain White Eyes, Captain Johnny, and Weyandahila.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains papers created by or related to William and Anne Fleming and several family members on Anne's side, including her parents, Israel and Elizabeth, and her brother, William.","The subjects include Fleming's accounts of his trips to Kentucky, his journal of the first Kentucky convention of which he served as chair, letters about business, Kentucky land claims, and family affairs. There are commissions, wills and estate inventories, land surveys and indentures, a manuscript map, and documents related to Indigenous nations. Other documents mention enslaved people, usually those who were to be inherited. One folder holds items specific to Kentucky but there are other documents throughout the collection that also have relevance to Kentucky, such as correspondence, land records, and receipts. Daniel Boone's name can be found throughout the collection as he was hired to survey land within what is now Kentucky. Notable signatures within the collection include Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry, James Monroe, and Benjamin Harrison. The collection also includes an account book kept by Fleming between 1765-1783. Some accounts are medical in nature. Lastly, the collection holds George Baxter's honorary degree from the University of South Carolina dated circa 1812.","There are transcriptions for correspondence and other items which were done in 2000.","Includes 1768 and 1773 deeds of gift of land to Anne Fleming from her father","Includes information related to land ownership, list of books and pamphlets, financial information, payments made to Commissioners and the State of Virginia.","This folder includes a 1783 receipt handwritten by Daniel Boone for land he surveyed.","Includes a list of distances between towns and cities, testimony (1780), prayer (1809), copy of an act for disclaiming lands (1794), printed letter from the Board of War dated July 8, 1779 asking for information of the \"numbers and strength of the militias of the several counties within the4 state,\" financial document of Israel Christian, 1763-1766, Order from the House of Delegates for the care of armies, 1777 November 27, document regarding expedition against the Indians, 1777 August 29, broadside \"Acts of General Assembly passed October Session, 1777\"","circa 1754 fragment issued by Robert Dinwiddie and signed by George Washington, August 25, 1755 appointment issued by Robert Dinwiddie, 1762 appointment issued by Francis Fauquier, circa 1771-1775 appointment issued by John Murray, Earl of Dunmore (part of the document is missing)","The leaders of the Native American contingent were named as Captain White Eyes, Captain Johnny, and Weyandahila."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law.  The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials.  Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law.  The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials.  Any materials used should be fully credited with the source."],"names_coll_ssim":["Washington Academy (Lexington, Va.)","Jefferson, Thomas","Henry, Patrick","Fleming, John Christian","Christian, Israel","Christian, William","Boone, Daniel"],"names_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","Washington Academy (Lexington, Va.)","Baxter, Anne Christian Fleming","Fleming, William","Jefferson, Thomas","Henry, Patrick","Fleming, John Christian","Christian, Israel","Christian, William","Boone, Daniel"],"corpname_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","Washington Academy (Lexington, Va.)"],"persname_ssim":["Baxter, Anne Christian Fleming","Fleming, William","Jefferson, Thomas","Henry, Patrick","Fleming, John Christian","Christian, Israel","Christian, William","Boone, Daniel"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":80,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-20T21:42:21.790Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vilxw_repositories_5_resources_11"}},{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1119","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"William and Peyton Short Papers","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_1119#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Short, William (1759-1849)","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_1119#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eDated 1783-1825. Letters, 1783-1825, primarily between William Short (1759-1849), American diplomat and financier, who, after a career in Europe, settled in Philadelphia, Pa., and his brother, Peyton Short (1761-1825), a native of Virginia who moved to Kentucky and engaged in extensive land speculation there and in Ohio. William gives advice concerning Peyton's career and the education of his children, and discusses other family matters, but is primarily concerned with various speculative land transactions in Kentucky and Ohio. Frequent litigation is involved, and, in the later years, William and Peyton's letters show an estrangement brought on by the latter's financial problems.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_1119#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1119","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1119","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1119","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1119","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_1119.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Short, William and Peyton, Papers","title_ssm":["William and Peyton Short Papers"],"title_tesim":["William and Peyton Short Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1783-1825"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1783-1825"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Mss. 65 Sh9","/repositories/2/resources/1119"],"text":["Mss. 65 Sh9","/repositories/2/resources/1119","William and Peyton Short Papers","Virginia--History--18th century","Diplomats--United States--Correspondence","Real property","United States--Foreign relations--1783-1815","United States--History--Revolution, 1775-1783","Correspondence","Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","William Short was born in Surry County, Virginia, in 1759, the son of William Short and Elizabeth (Skipwith) Short. He graduated in 1779 from the College of William and Mary where he had been one of the founders of Phi Beta Kappa. He acted as Thomas Jefferson's private secretary in Paris and as secretary of legation and charge d'affairs. He was minister to The Hague. He participated in negotiations of the Pinchney Treaty with Spain. Short died in 1849. Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki:  .","Other Information:"," A PDF document of this inventory is available online."," Additional information may be found at http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/findingaids/65_Sh9_Short__William_and_Peyton.pdf","Processed by Michael Foret in 1983.","Dated 1783-1825. Letters, 1783-1825, primarily between William Short (1759-1849), American diplomat and financier, who, after a career in Europe, settled in Philadelphia, Pa., and his brother, Peyton Short (1761-1825), a native of Virginia who moved to Kentucky and engaged in extensive land speculation there and in Ohio. William gives advice concerning Peyton's career and the education of his children, and discusses other family matters, but is primarily concerned with various speculative land transactions in Kentucky and Ohio. Frequent litigation is involved, and, in the later years, William and Peyton's letters show an estrangement brought on by the latter's financial problems.","Urges him to stand for election in the fall, as best means to get his name before the public.","Admonishes him to overcome his natural shyness if he is to be a lawyer.","Is leaving for Falmouth on British packet Oct. 7; has met some of fellow passengers, including secretary to Dutch legation; Spoke with Henry Laurens on conditions in Europe; directs that proceeds of sale of negroes be invested in lots in Norfolk.","Directs him to write in care of Benjamin Harrison, merchant of Richmond; has seen his advertisements in the Virginia papers concerning lands for sale in Virginia and Kentucky, and wonders the cause; inquires into [plantation?] sale to Col. [John] Harvie; awaiting statement of accounts and affairs from Harrison, his agent; desires to know of future plans; has given up idea of practicing law and representing Surry Co. in the legislature [?]; best to sisters and Major Edmonds.","Has received no word in so long, is sending this letter by way of [Thomas] Jefferson, who will be sure it is delivered; Jefferson reported receiving a letter to be forwarded which, however, had no enclosure; Jefferson sent news of the family, including marriage of sister, Jenny; pressed sister, Eliza, to send a letter, and assured her of its safe delivery, but to no avail; aversion of Americans to writing; anxious for safety of family in Kentucky because of Indian War; will leave Holland tomorrow for Spain via France; send letters to Jefferson or through J. Browne, merchant of Richmond; passage through France risky, because of present troubles; papers and library scattered; his European affairs entrusted to a Dutch concern; if problems arise, Jefferson can help; Col. [Henry] Skipwith, handling affairs in Va.; asks about Norfolk and western lands purchases; laments having ever left home.","Scope and Contents Had hoped to be home long ago, but the President, [Washington] refused to accept resignation; then death of someone in Europe prevented departure; recently learned letters sent to America not reaching Kentucky; pained by lack of letters, but attributes it not to inattention, but Americans' almost universal aversion to writing; since the beginning of the [European] War, correspondence most precarious, even Jefferson not writing; Devilmont, arriving in Spain from Ft. Pitt, [Pa.], just when preparing to depart; spoke of family affairs, and of hazards of getting mail to Kentucky; would have written through Devilmont but he left Madrid two days sooner than expected, which occasioned having to write letters and dispatches over a 48 hour period; has been subject to headaches, some violent and incapacitating; is only health problem of consequence, thinks it a \"family disorder\" stemming from mother's side; glad Eliza married, since this is the \"natural course to happiness, especially for women\"; personal affairs are in sorry state, as had not made better arrangements before leaving, and does not have a good friend in Richmond; has no clue to state of affairs, management of which has passed from [Benjamin] Harrison to Col. [Henry] Skipwith, (who has not sent the accounting he promised eight years ago), and then to Messers. Donald and Browne; Jefferson now in charge of some affairs, but these out of his way.","Scope and Contents Has received letter of 29 Nov [1799], and only sorry it did not contain more details of the family's life; interested in every detail, no matter how minute; has been lucky in life, but to be in one's own country, working towards a better life, under free government, the happiest life; alarmed to read brother contemplating trip to Europe, as it would take him away from affairs and would be dangerous and costly; hopes to return next summer or winter; if he writes while congress is in session, when Jefferson is absent, send mail through John Barnes, merchant of Philadelphia, through post from Kentucky; Barnes is agent appointed by Jefferson to handle affairs formerly administered by Skipwith; Col. [Henry] Skipwith has no been the best manager, but can find no fault with him in law or equity; recounts at great length problems in affairs and his attempts to have a reckoning of them; asks advice on how to collect money owed; cautions that he deal fairly and honestly with Col. Skipwith, as he is a relative and has always shown himself to be a friend; hopes to be home soon, but still wants this business begun as soon as possible; Jefferson has documents relative to Skipwith's agency which he will make available; asks about title to lands bought from Pasky [?]; questions about western land deals, and reflects on effects of \"family disease\" [Speculation] which has afflicted them both; observations on land use arrangements in Europe, including serfdom (which he compares to slavery) and metayers (sharecroppers); reflects on uncertain income of landlords and large farmers, and the evils resulting; happy to see his brother so prosperous; sorry to hear sad fate of negroes on Mush Island, who were sold; if had been in Virginia, would have put up money to buy those who could not find good masters, as Harvie ever was; if any of them can be found in the hands of cruel masters, buy them, and if they are capable of providing for their families, give them freedom; if not hire them out to good masters; give particular attention to female slaves; family slaves from Surry, are those most concerned about, wishes them seen to; expresses happiness that nephew Edmonds well provided for with a good guardian but hopes to be able to take over that position after arriving in America; Fulwar Skipwith has suffered a reversal of fortune since arriving in Paris and is embarrassed in his circumstances; has some money coming to him from Sir Peyton [Skipwith]; try to recover sum from Sir Peyton.","Refers to letter of July 28 1800,; as suspected, Fulwar Skipwith's letter indicates money must be gotten from Sir Peyton [Skipwith]; happy to receive letter of 29 Nov. 1799, with such a detailed account of brother's finances; reiterates opposition to brother visiting in Europe; discusses Col. [Henry] Skipwith's handling of his affairs, Paskie and western lands; encapsulates account of metayers (share croppers) of France, and the need to keep regular accounts.","Happy to receive letter of 29 Nov. 1799; has recently sent two large letters, largely concerning state of affairs with Col. [Henry] Skipwith; hopes it will be satisfactorily completed soon; has seen Dr. Watkins in Paris, and learned much about Kentucky and the family, especially as to mode of life, which never is revealed in letters; the family's prosperity all due to his better judgement, as himself had counseled against this enterprise; great happiness in having lands cultivated by tenants rather than slaves; would never have guessed that there were land so plentiful and cheap, so many could be found to work the land of others; this the best kind of property; wish had invested in such land long ago; sorry had not invested in Kentucky as you advised, but left it with [Col. Henry Skipwith], and which by now would have produced a fortune; would it still be possible to trade the 10,000 acres for land near his?; discusses profitability of rent vis-a-vis expenses; hopes plan of Dr. Watkins succeeds, and negotiations with the [Spanish] government successful; much land for sale in the U.S. north and south; has heard Kentucky lands four to six times more valuable since 1794.","Have received no letter of late; Mr. Barnes, near Georgetown, and Jefferson report no letters received; has had to postpone leaving one more year, may be next fall or spring; again counsels against a trip to Europe; leaving tomorrow for Auvergne, and waters of Vichy; if remain in Europe, not sure if will winter in Paris or take another voyage; has heard some report that Mr. Watkins has met with some misfortune in Spain; does not think his mission will be successful; please send letter through Barnes or Jefferson.","Scope and Contents Expresses appreciation for travels on behalf of the Harvie deal, and promise of the same for the Paskie affair ; hopes to return next spring, but will not fix the time of arrival, as so often disappointed; time spent at waters and in mountains has been very good for health; observations and speculation on Col. [Henry] Skipwith affair, happy satisfied with agricultural observations; tells of difficulty of transporting a ram to Kentucky, and the experience of one Frenchman who tried sending some to his farm in New York, their rising price, along with that of their wool, due to efforts of the French Government; sassafras is a good crop for Kentucky mentioned to Dr. Watkins; reiterates inquiry about Mush Island Slaves; asks for another yearly account, as did last year, only more detailed; copy of agricultural arithmetic on Spanish ram production; will send letters to Jefferson, but under cover to Barnes; please do same; advised having sisters ratify division of father's negroes when they came of age; death of sister Sally gives other sisters claim on negroes left by her; has estate been settled?; what about Poythress, Peters, [Kerrs?]; problems the result of \"ruinous\" Negro property.","Expresses grief on loss of brother's wife [Maria (Symmes) Short]; on returning [to America] plan to go westward after taking care of long-neglected affairs; will probably arrive next spring, somewhere in the far north; happy Harvie lands purchased; laments extent of slavery in Kentucky; France to people the Spanish territories of the lower Mississippi River; might have been avoided by better [American] handling of foreign affairs; inadvisability of proceeding with Col. [Henry] Skipwith until return; mention of nephew [John T.] Edmunds.","Discusses journey from Winchester, [Va.]; opposed to sale of Jersey estate, and does not wish to purchase it; disparages speculation as a characteristic of Americans, especially Westerners; Wilson Cary Nicholas on way to Kentucky, but not sure where, or whether interested in purchasing his land; account with Sir Peyton Skipwith still uncertain;  two sorrels and chair received; will dispose of the Grey as directed; estate papers from Col. [Henry] Skipwith may be lodged with George Jefferson of Richmond.","Bemoans brother's erratic travels as of late, and their not meeting; thanks for services of \"Old Honest Joe,\" and worries about his return trip; happiness at brother's fortune [remarriage]; is collecting papers dealing with Col. Henry Skipwith's affairs.","Does not know whether to sue or not over Carneal's not having given title or patent to the 10,000 acres of land; if cannot write about this soon, please inform Mr. [Charles?] or Mrs. [Janes (Short)?] Wilkins about status and have them write; have out off trip to Europe; objects to delay in settling Carneal affair; would rather have $8,000 in cash than a bond for $10,000 at the end of the year; feels that sending his sons to the Atlantic states for schooling a good idea; eldest son [John Cleves Short] should go to Bishop Carroll's school near Baltimore , where he will study under French professors; the cost of $400 per year is expensive, but should not be considered impossible since it is considered the best school in the U.S.; write to Nazareth about son [Charles Wilkins Short]; as to bond loaned, had hoped it would go to discharge his debts, not to embarking on new speculative ventures; only desires it to be paid back a little at a time, through agents in New York, Lewis \u0026 Lawrence Brokers, Wall Street or Philadelphia George Taylor, Jr., Broker, Second Street, or to Mr. Charles Wilkins, merchant in Lexington, [Ky.], who will send it to Philadelphia; have not heard from sisters, Wilkins and Ridgely for some time.","Discusses suit against Carneal for breach of contract and contract law; mention of Paskie land; reiterates advice to  send sons to schools in Atlantic States, and soon; discusses a loan; please send mail to Philadelphia, where agent will always know whereabouts; have not heard from Ridgely or Wilkins since last visited, but heard from sister Wilkins that Ridgely is now a farmer and Wilkins is a merchant in Lexington; has not heard of John Edmonds since his marriage; has sent engravings for brother and sisters.","Continued lengthy discussion of Carneal's breach of contract; comments that juries often consider a suit to compel a conveyance as a maneuver by obligee to convert the obligation into a money debt, so it must be proven that the title was demanded and not delivered; immigration is progressing with inconceivable rapidity; some lands in Ohio bought 3 years ago for $2 are now selling for $5-$10 per acre; Paskie lawsuit is at last stage with the decree to be given during present term; discusses speculation; Potomac affair a tactic to get closer to shore.","Scope and Contents Does not know if Capt. Hall (according to Col. Lytle's letter) was able to sell the land as he had hoped; Gen. Wilkins confirmed his comment about selling lands; emigration good in that \"quarter\" so sales are good; also reports that the agent sold his land, used the money for his own purposes and then did not repay it when requested, a common occurrence; Capt. Hall should have received payment for sale, but no word of it; please send information on this matter; agent in Philadelphia is now George Taylor, Jr., South Second Street near the Pennsylvania bank; but while in country receive own money to avoid commission; if any money received, send it to the bank at Pittsburgh in care of Gen. Wilkins; keep apprised of Paskie's land, and prospect for its sale; also request information on Ohio lands; since ignorant of Western geography, indicate nearby watercourses or settlements for reference, has learned of very small inheritance due from Skipwith side of family; each brother's share one-seventieth of the whole estate; wondering about proposed sale of Potomac lands; accidentally learned from R. Peters about his suit against him; will help in any way possible.","Scope and Contents Has just returned from a month's tour in Ohio, but was not able to meet with Capt. Hall; detailed discussions concerning a land sale payment plan, litigation in connection with Paskie lands and the possible sale of some land on the Ohio River; thanks for news on the North Carolina \"windfall\"; lengthy inquiry and information about Jack Edmunds, and debts owed by him; appreciates offer concerning Potomac affair; pointed comments about Sir Peyton Skipwith's estate settlement in connection with a 20-year old debt owed him; also mention of Fulwar Skipwith.","Scope and Contents Inquires about news of Ohio and Cumberland land sales, troubles in Ohio country make their main officers, such as Col Lytle, hard to reach, making business hard to conduct; inquires as to Hall's agency, and the state of affairs regarding the lands under his disposal; discusses merits of having money in the bank at Pittsburgh or Philadelphia; has learned Paskie's land to be titled in his name; the Skipwith \"windfall\" is not enough to bother with; discusses character of George Skipwith; reflects on desire of everyone to go into business, and attendant evils; unhappy situation of a man dependent on foreign commerce or funds for his livelihood.","Inquires about plans for educating sons [John and Charles]; suggests Princeton as a good place; college costs less than $300 a year, with $450 necessary in supplies; surprised over sale of Ohio lands to Carneal at a discount, especially as he always pictured him as dishonest.","Scope and Contents Has inquired into various schools in the region [for John and Charles]; only one definitely to be rejected is Princeton, where students have recently revolted; \"Southern\" boys have so much money they are a bad example and taverns are so near the school, they are a constant temptation; prefers a local school, headed by the Frenchman, Carrè; however, he does not admit boys older than 13 years; requests information on Carneal sale.","More hopeful of embarking this summer than before; will do whatever possible to aid sons [John and Charles] in getting in a school; thinks that the plan of sending one before the other is a good one; Princeton is still in a state of insurrection, but if restructured better than formerly it is to be preferred; looking into Carlisle, and a school at Germantown run by a Catholic priest who does not meddle in religion; chose between three; describes tombstone made for parent's grave; will be leaving in a few days for New York; take care over Carneal sale; have Mr. Wilkins certify handwriting and sell Paskie tract for whatever price reasonable; has made a settlement with Col. Henry Skipwith for $6000, even though the amount should have been closer to $20,000; southern laxity extends even to the bench; to be paid in four installments by way of joint bonds in name of W. Skipwith and Ed. Harrison, who has married Col. [Henry] Skipwith's daughter; Peyton Skipwith and his wife, seen last year on way to Rhode Island, told of marriage; Col. Skipwith is in a bad way financially; his present wife's family says he has spent his wife's estate to pay his debts; pity him but cannot love him as once did.","Sends more precise information on Princeton program, which is better, and more strictly administered since the insurrection; have Mr. Wilkins certify handwriting on Paskie sale; Gen. Wilkins says John Kerr at Chillicothe a good man to handle affairs.","Just returned from the falls at Niagara; problems with the post to Kentucky; discusses evils of speculation, giving the examples of Robert Morris, prince of all [speculators] and George Nicholas; only Pasties tract remains; please press Mr. Wilkins to go to the next court for that.","States opinion of sending sons to Princeton if they desire to study law, rather than school in Philadelphia; mention of Carneal and Col. [Henry] Skipwith and debts owed by them; Paskie land issue.","About to sail for [France?]; has written to Mr. Wilkins about dealings with Carneal; desires moneys to be deposited in Bank of the United States Philadelphia; is leaving a trunk at the U.S. Bank with papers; also in it will be a tin box with titles; his son has not arrived; if he arrives after his departure, he will be assisted by Mr. John Vaughan or Mr. Mahler (?) Dickenson; asks that he sell all of his lands as soon as possible.","In a former letter, advised that horses sell easier and at a better price in Ohio than in Kentucky, and that his horses should be sent there, but has recently observed in the Frankfort Palladium that the horses were put up for public sale; good market for [iron?] castings there; could probably sell 20 or 30 tons assorted; Mr. Owens promised all or part of payment due next spring in tall kettles, and a lower price if collect them at furnace rather than Lexington; perhaps, if funds allow, should have a boat built there to go to New Orleans, and if unable to be sold there, forwarded here; should be converted into a handsome profit in six months; some castings sold just before departure from Kentucky for Whiskey, payable next spring; also sold John W. Hunt two tons at 40 per ton, also to be paid in whiskey; there is a bond to secure a riverboat to send whiskey and other goods from there to New Orleans or any other market down river for his account; has said nothing of contract with MacNale concerning the Woodford Distillery, which would bring in 6000 gallons of whiskey annually until estate sold at $1.25 per gallon wholesale at New Orleans; hopes the contract with George Brown carried out; wants to keep slaves, and reclaim those tricked out of by arch-fiend T. Hart; Suppose lands bought from Dr. Rumsay also on market, although had hoped to retire there; about March 1, an installment of $1000 due Dr. Rumsay is payable at the Russelsville [Ohio?] branch of the bank; think that may be raised in time from sale of lands on Elk River, [Tenn.]; agent there Mr. Hardy Holiman is an honest man; has notified him of land purchased in Christian County, [Ky.], and exhorted him to forward to that Bank the amount indicated to discharge debt; would like to go elsewhere than Kentucky, where not known as someone who has seen better days; contemporaries in Kentucky have been going up at same rate as I going down.","Glad he is travelling by land; please advise as to route; suggests he go westward by way of Col. [James] Henry; should leave patents for the 20,000 acres and other papers with Col. Henry, or some other dependable person; send information as to titles and prices desired; should have stayed in Kentucky, at least in opinion of Dr. Ridgely and Mr. Wilkins; also would have saved living in taverns from Florida to New York these last twelve months; lengthy discussion of travel route and monetary matter.","Planned to go to Kentucky by water, but it turned colder and snowed, so he went overland on foot and by sleigh; now there is ice everywhere; has booked passage to Lexington by boat, which will leave as soon as the river is navigable; mention of resettling at the mills near Frankfurt; lengthy discussion centering on the raising of sheep, the profits from the wool, and the prices of lambs and ewes; mention of Carneal's debts.","Discourse about misunderstanding of reasons why he should return to Lexington to live.","Mention of Dr. Ridgeley and Mr. Wilkins; also confusion over dissolution of contract with Eastland; returning to Lexington in Summer 1809, passed through fertile lands of Cumberland and Green Rivers, and purchased of a Dr. Rumsey a handsome and valuable tract in the Western County; 6000 acres, some of it already opened by nature to cultivation; much land speculation discussed.","Scope and Contents Bank of Pennsylvania arrangements concerning [Charles] Wilkins and involving George Taylor; discussion centering on sales and purchases of slaves, including not separating families; land sale comments; care of his [PS] children after his [PS] death; other comments about Charles Wilkins, Dr. Ridgely, Dr. Rush, and the \"Stanley affair\".","Scope and Contents [Ohio?] land sales discussion mentioning [Charles] Wilkins, Dr. Ridgely, and [Daniel C.?] Cooper and involving marketable price of flour and whiskey in \"tight casks\".","Recently learned from Francis Scott Key, a lawyer in Washington, [D.C.], that Gen. James Wilkinson, who Key was prosecuting on his behalf, has assigned all his property to trustees for the benefit of his creditors; learned from his statement that he possessed an island off Mobile Bay; would like to learn more of it, as to name, value, quality of soil, etc.; will be travelling on Mississippi River this autumn; may visit your quarter.","Sale of Ohio lands involving Charles Wilkins; discussion of disposition of his negroes including their aging and thus not bearing any more children, separating families, and selling them to masters of their own choosing.","Monetary matters; read in papers a movement in congress to extend payments, and another to lower the price on the sale of public lands, and how the War [of 1812] will affect their [Congress] time in making final decisions; land sales; John [Cleve Short] wishes to join the Army, and may be the aide to General William Henry Harrison.","Gives proposal to pay debts owed and provide for family after his death, involving sales of land, transfers of mortgages of land in Indiana and Kentucky, and use of negroes.","Scope and Contents His [WS] idea of when he [PS] visited [William Branch] Giles was incorrect, for he visited him at his house in Amelia [Co., Va.] in 1802, and obtained titles to certain lands then; defends his actions in trying to \"chase down\" unpaid claims, rather than letting them go; mentions debts and claims involving Fulwar Skipwith, Gen. [James] Wilkinson, and Col. Henry (on behalf of his [PS] daughters by his second wife).","Richard Boulware affair disappointing; sued in court, but could get back no more than property and, from a third person, $500; mills returned in a ruinous state; both our interests dictate repair of property; on advice of Charles Wilkins, have written son John for his aid; sorry the Eastland purchase so misunderstood by Wilkins and Ridgely; have been offered $8000 cash, $4000 less than value; if Boulware sale had gone through, it would have netted $20,000.","Detailed plan for settlement of debts and estate; expresses gratitude for his support; sister, [Jane (Short) Wilkins] is dying.","Latest debt and estate settlement proposals mostly agreeable; feels that he [PS] has only hurt himself [through his speculation]; sorry to hear about sister, but knows she will soon be in heaven.","Scope and Contents Charles [Wilkins Short] doing very well in Hopkinsville, Ky., with a lucrative practice; reviews past ten years of business matters mentioning matters such as the success of coal mines in Kentucky until after the War [of 1812], when the rest of the United States was in a state of depression, a mill that was razed during the earthquakes in the winter of 1811-1812, supporting his children in various matters, and the sales of land labor, and farm stock and produce; comment about invitation to move to Texas, but states that he is not a \"man of war\" and would only go \"to cultivate the earth\"; pledge to repay all money owed to him.","If Wilkinson's and his case come up before his appearance, please have Mr. Wickliffe appear instead of Mr. Haggar, who might betray him; do not know if [Henry] Clay has, but thinks he has come near; can promise Wickliffe respectable fee; sorry about illness of last sister; has promised brother [William] an additional lien on estate to secure balance of payment due him.","Comment on continued breakdown of communication between one another; debt and mortgage information.","Problems in communicating clearly despite being brothers; mention of Christian [Co., Ky.] estate; $1000 has been deposited in bank in Pittsburgh to be paid to him and will send more if it is necessary.","Debt discussion; mention of Christian Co., [Ky.] land conveyance and dealing with the Clerk.","Has heard that he is purchasing a parcel of land in Lexington, [Ky.], and paying for it in cash; expresses shock and disbelief at his ability to do this after all of the previous correspondence concerning his enormous debt situation; other discussion centering on monetary solvency.","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","Short, William (1759-1849)","Short, Peyton, 1761-1825","Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826","English"],"unitid_tesim":["Mss. 65 Sh9","/repositories/2/resources/1119"],"normalized_title_ssm":["William and Peyton Short Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["William and Peyton Short Papers"],"collection_ssim":["William and Peyton Short Papers"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"geogname_ssm":["Virginia--History--18th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Virginia--History--18th century"],"creator_ssm":["Short, William (1759-1849)","Short, Peyton, 1761-1825"],"creator_ssim":["Short, William (1759-1849)","Short, Peyton, 1761-1825"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Short, William (1759-1849)","Short, Peyton, 1761-1825"],"creators_ssim":["Short, William (1759-1849)","Short, Peyton, 1761-1825"],"places_ssim":["Virginia--History--18th century"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Gift"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Diplomats--United States--Correspondence","Real property","United States--Foreign relations--1783-1815","United States--History--Revolution, 1775-1783","Correspondence"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Diplomats--United States--Correspondence","Real property","United States--Foreign relations--1783-1815","United States--History--Revolution, 1775-1783","Correspondence"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.20 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["0.20 Linear Feet"],"genreform_ssim":["Correspondence"],"date_range_isim":[1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access:"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWilliam Short was born in Surry County, Virginia, in 1759, the son of William Short and Elizabeth (Skipwith) Short. He graduated in 1779 from the College of William and Mary where he had been one of the founders of Phi Beta Kappa. He acted as Thomas Jefferson's private secretary in Paris and as secretary of legation and charge d'affairs. He was minister to The Hague. He participated in negotiations of the Pinchney Treaty with Spain. Short died in 1849. Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: \u003cextref href=\"http://scdbwiki.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/William_Short_(1759-1849)\" title=\"William Short (1759-1849)\"\u003e\u003c/extref\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information:"],"bioghist_tesim":["William Short was born in Surry County, Virginia, in 1759, the son of William Short and Elizabeth (Skipwith) Short. He graduated in 1779 from the College of William and Mary where he had been one of the founders of Phi Beta Kappa. He acted as Thomas Jefferson's private secretary in Paris and as secretary of legation and charge d'affairs. He was minister to The Hague. He participated in negotiations of the Pinchney Treaty with Spain. Short died in 1849. Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki:  ."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOther Information:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e A PDF document of this inventory is available online.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Additional information may be found at http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/findingaids/65_Sh9_Short__William_and_Peyton.pdf\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["General"],"odd_tesim":["Other Information:"," A PDF document of this inventory is available online."," Additional information may be found at http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/findingaids/65_Sh9_Short__William_and_Peyton.pdf"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWilliam and Peyton Short Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["William and Peyton Short Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessed by Michael Foret in 1983.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information:"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processed by Michael Foret in 1983."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eDated 1783-1825. Letters, 1783-1825, primarily between William Short (1759-1849), American diplomat and financier, who, after a career in Europe, settled in Philadelphia, Pa., and his brother, Peyton Short (1761-1825), a native of Virginia who moved to Kentucky and engaged in extensive land speculation there and in Ohio. William gives advice concerning Peyton's career and the education of his children, and discusses other family matters, but is primarily concerned with various speculative land transactions in Kentucky and Ohio. Frequent litigation is involved, and, in the later years, William and Peyton's letters show an estrangement brought on by the latter's financial problems.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUrges him to stand for election in the fall, as best means to get his name before the public.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdmonishes him to overcome his natural shyness if he is to be a lawyer.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs leaving for Falmouth on British packet Oct. 7; has met some of fellow passengers, including secretary to Dutch legation; Spoke with Henry Laurens on conditions in Europe; directs that proceeds of sale of negroes be invested in lots in Norfolk.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDirects him to write in care of Benjamin Harrison, merchant of Richmond; has seen his advertisements in the Virginia papers concerning lands for sale in Virginia and Kentucky, and wonders the cause; inquires into [plantation?] sale to Col. [John] Harvie; awaiting statement of accounts and affairs from Harrison, his agent; desires to know of future plans; has given up idea of practicing law and representing Surry Co. in the legislature [?]; best to sisters and Major Edmonds.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHas received no word in so long, is sending this letter by way of [Thomas] Jefferson, who will be sure it is delivered; Jefferson reported receiving a letter to be forwarded which, however, had no enclosure; Jefferson sent news of the family, including marriage of sister, Jenny; pressed sister, Eliza, to send a letter, and assured her of its safe delivery, but to no avail; aversion of Americans to writing; anxious for safety of family in Kentucky because of Indian War; will leave Holland tomorrow for Spain via France; send letters to Jefferson or through J. Browne, merchant of Richmond; passage through France risky, because of present troubles; papers and library scattered; his European affairs entrusted to a Dutch concern; if problems arise, Jefferson can help; Col. [Henry] Skipwith, handling affairs in Va.; asks about Norfolk and western lands purchases; laments having ever left home.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Had hoped to be home long ago, but the President, [Washington] refused to accept resignation; then death of someone in Europe prevented departure; recently learned letters sent to America not reaching Kentucky; pained by lack of letters, but attributes it not to inattention, but Americans' almost universal aversion to writing; since the beginning of the [European] War, correspondence most precarious, even Jefferson not writing; Devilmont, arriving in Spain from Ft. Pitt, [Pa.], just when preparing to depart; spoke of family affairs, and of hazards of getting mail to Kentucky; would have written through Devilmont but he left Madrid two days sooner than expected, which occasioned having to write letters and dispatches over a 48 hour period; has been subject to headaches, some violent and incapacitating; is only health problem of consequence, thinks it a \"family disorder\" stemming from mother's side; glad Eliza married, since this is the \"natural course to happiness, especially for women\"; personal affairs are in sorry state, as had not made better arrangements before leaving, and does not have a good friend in Richmond; has no clue to state of affairs, management of which has passed from [Benjamin] Harrison to Col. [Henry] Skipwith, (who has not sent the accounting he promised eight years ago), and then to Messers. Donald and Browne; Jefferson now in charge of some affairs, but these out of his way.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Has received letter of 29 Nov [1799], and only sorry it did not contain more details of the family's life; interested in every detail, no matter how minute; has been lucky in life, but to be in one's own country, working towards a better life, under free government, the happiest life; alarmed to read brother contemplating trip to Europe, as it would take him away from affairs and would be dangerous and costly; hopes to return next summer or winter; if he writes while congress is in session, when Jefferson is absent, send mail through John Barnes, merchant of Philadelphia, through post from Kentucky; Barnes is agent appointed by Jefferson to handle affairs formerly administered by Skipwith; Col. [Henry] Skipwith has no been the best manager, but can find no fault with him in law or equity; recounts at great length problems in affairs and his attempts to have a reckoning of them; asks advice on how to collect money owed; cautions that he deal fairly and honestly with Col. Skipwith, as he is a relative and has always shown himself to be a friend; hopes to be home soon, but still wants this business begun as soon as possible; Jefferson has documents relative to Skipwith's agency which he will make available; asks about title to lands bought from Pasky [?]; questions about western land deals, and reflects on effects of \"family disease\" [Speculation] which has afflicted them both; observations on land use arrangements in Europe, including serfdom (which he compares to slavery) and metayers (sharecroppers); reflects on uncertain income of landlords and large farmers, and the evils resulting; happy to see his brother so prosperous; sorry to hear sad fate of negroes on Mush Island, who were sold; if had been in Virginia, would have put up money to buy those who could not find good masters, as Harvie ever was; if any of them can be found in the hands of cruel masters, buy them, and if they are capable of providing for their families, give them freedom; if not hire them out to good masters; give particular attention to female slaves; family slaves from Surry, are those most concerned about, wishes them seen to; expresses happiness that nephew Edmonds well provided for with a good guardian but hopes to be able to take over that position after arriving in America; Fulwar Skipwith has suffered a reversal of fortune since arriving in Paris and is embarrassed in his circumstances; has some money coming to him from Sir Peyton [Skipwith]; try to recover sum from Sir Peyton.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRefers to letter of July 28 1800,; as suspected, Fulwar Skipwith's letter indicates money must be gotten from Sir Peyton [Skipwith]; happy to receive letter of 29 Nov. 1799, with such a detailed account of brother's finances; reiterates opposition to brother visiting in Europe; discusses Col. [Henry] Skipwith's handling of his affairs, Paskie and western lands; encapsulates account of metayers (share croppers) of France, and the need to keep regular accounts.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHappy to receive letter of 29 Nov. 1799; has recently sent two large letters, largely concerning state of affairs with Col. [Henry] Skipwith; hopes it will be satisfactorily completed soon; has seen Dr. Watkins in Paris, and learned much about Kentucky and the family, especially as to mode of life, which never is revealed in letters; the family's prosperity all due to his better judgement, as himself had counseled against this enterprise; great happiness in having lands cultivated by tenants rather than slaves; would never have guessed that there were land so plentiful and cheap, so many could be found to work the land of others; this the best kind of property; wish had invested in such land long ago; sorry had not invested in Kentucky as you advised, but left it with [Col. Henry Skipwith], and which by now would have produced a fortune; would it still be possible to trade the 10,000 acres for land near his?; discusses profitability of rent vis-a-vis expenses; hopes plan of Dr. Watkins succeeds, and negotiations with the [Spanish] government successful; much land for sale in the U.S. north and south; has heard Kentucky lands four to six times more valuable since 1794.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHave received no letter of late; Mr. Barnes, near Georgetown, and Jefferson report no letters received; has had to postpone leaving one more year, may be next fall or spring; again counsels against a trip to Europe; leaving tomorrow for Auvergne, and waters of Vichy; if remain in Europe, not sure if will winter in Paris or take another voyage; has heard some report that Mr. Watkins has met with some misfortune in Spain; does not think his mission will be successful; please send letter through Barnes or Jefferson.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Expresses appreciation for travels on behalf of the Harvie deal, and promise of the same for the Paskie affair ; hopes to return next spring, but will not fix the time of arrival, as so often disappointed; time spent at waters and in mountains has been very good for health; observations and speculation on Col. [Henry] Skipwith affair, happy satisfied with agricultural observations; tells of difficulty of transporting a ram to Kentucky, and the experience of one Frenchman who tried sending some to his farm in New York, their rising price, along with that of their wool, due to efforts of the French Government; sassafras is a good crop for Kentucky mentioned to Dr. Watkins; reiterates inquiry about Mush Island Slaves; asks for another yearly account, as did last year, only more detailed; copy of agricultural arithmetic on Spanish ram production; will send letters to Jefferson, but under cover to Barnes; please do same; advised having sisters ratify division of father's negroes when they came of age; death of sister Sally gives other sisters claim on negroes left by her; has estate been settled?; what about Poythress, Peters, [Kerrs?]; problems the result of \"ruinous\" Negro property.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eExpresses grief on loss of brother's wife [Maria (Symmes) Short]; on returning [to America] plan to go westward after taking care of long-neglected affairs; will probably arrive next spring, somewhere in the far north; happy Harvie lands purchased; laments extent of slavery in Kentucky; France to people the Spanish territories of the lower Mississippi River; might have been avoided by better [American] handling of foreign affairs; inadvisability of proceeding with Col. [Henry] Skipwith until return; mention of nephew [John T.] Edmunds.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscusses journey from Winchester, [Va.]; opposed to sale of Jersey estate, and does not wish to purchase it; disparages speculation as a characteristic of Americans, especially Westerners; Wilson Cary Nicholas on way to Kentucky, but not sure where, or whether interested in purchasing his land; account with Sir Peyton Skipwith still uncertain;  two sorrels and chair received; will dispose of the Grey as directed; estate papers from Col. [Henry] Skipwith may be lodged with George Jefferson of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBemoans brother's erratic travels as of late, and their not meeting; thanks for services of \"Old Honest Joe,\" and worries about his return trip; happiness at brother's fortune [remarriage]; is collecting papers dealing with Col. Henry Skipwith's affairs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDoes not know whether to sue or not over Carneal's not having given title or patent to the 10,000 acres of land; if cannot write about this soon, please inform Mr. [Charles?] or Mrs. [Janes (Short)?] Wilkins about status and have them write; have out off trip to Europe; objects to delay in settling Carneal affair; would rather have $8,000 in cash than a bond for $10,000 at the end of the year; feels that sending his sons to the Atlantic states for schooling a good idea; eldest son [John Cleves Short] should go to Bishop Carroll's school near Baltimore , where he will study under French professors; the cost of $400 per year is expensive, but should not be considered impossible since it is considered the best school in the U.S.; write to Nazareth about son [Charles Wilkins Short]; as to bond loaned, had hoped it would go to discharge his debts, not to embarking on new speculative ventures; only desires it to be paid back a little at a time, through agents in New York, Lewis \u0026amp; Lawrence Brokers, Wall Street or Philadelphia George Taylor, Jr., Broker, Second Street, or to Mr. Charles Wilkins, merchant in Lexington, [Ky.], who will send it to Philadelphia; have not heard from sisters, Wilkins and Ridgely for some time.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscusses suit against Carneal for breach of contract and contract law; mention of Paskie land; reiterates advice to  send sons to schools in Atlantic States, and soon; discusses a loan; please send mail to Philadelphia, where agent will always know whereabouts; have not heard from Ridgely or Wilkins since last visited, but heard from sister Wilkins that Ridgely is now a farmer and Wilkins is a merchant in Lexington; has not heard of John Edmonds since his marriage; has sent engravings for brother and sisters.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContinued lengthy discussion of Carneal's breach of contract; comments that juries often consider a suit to compel a conveyance as a maneuver by obligee to convert the obligation into a money debt, so it must be proven that the title was demanded and not delivered; immigration is progressing with inconceivable rapidity; some lands in Ohio bought 3 years ago for $2 are now selling for $5-$10 per acre; Paskie lawsuit is at last stage with the decree to be given during present term; discusses speculation; Potomac affair a tactic to get closer to shore.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Does not know if Capt. Hall (according to Col. Lytle's letter) was able to sell the land as he had hoped; Gen. Wilkins confirmed his comment about selling lands; emigration good in that \"quarter\" so sales are good; also reports that the agent sold his land, used the money for his own purposes and then did not repay it when requested, a common occurrence; Capt. Hall should have received payment for sale, but no word of it; please send information on this matter; agent in Philadelphia is now George Taylor, Jr., South Second Street near the Pennsylvania bank; but while in country receive own money to avoid commission; if any money received, send it to the bank at Pittsburgh in care of Gen. Wilkins; keep apprised of Paskie's land, and prospect for its sale; also request information on Ohio lands; since ignorant of Western geography, indicate nearby watercourses or settlements for reference, has learned of very small inheritance due from Skipwith side of family; each brother's share one-seventieth of the whole estate; wondering about proposed sale of Potomac lands; accidentally learned from R. Peters about his suit against him; will help in any way possible.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Has just returned from a month's tour in Ohio, but was not able to meet with Capt. Hall; detailed discussions concerning a land sale payment plan, litigation in connection with Paskie lands and the possible sale of some land on the Ohio River; thanks for news on the North Carolina \"windfall\"; lengthy inquiry and information about Jack Edmunds, and debts owed by him; appreciates offer concerning Potomac affair; pointed comments about Sir Peyton Skipwith's estate settlement in connection with a 20-year old debt owed him; also mention of Fulwar Skipwith.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Inquires about news of Ohio and Cumberland land sales, troubles in Ohio country make their main officers, such as Col Lytle, hard to reach, making business hard to conduct; inquires as to Hall's agency, and the state of affairs regarding the lands under his disposal; discusses merits of having money in the bank at Pittsburgh or Philadelphia; has learned Paskie's land to be titled in his name; the Skipwith \"windfall\" is not enough to bother with; discusses character of George Skipwith; reflects on desire of everyone to go into business, and attendant evils; unhappy situation of a man dependent on foreign commerce or funds for his livelihood.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eInquires about plans for educating sons [John and Charles]; suggests Princeton as a good place; college costs less than $300 a year, with $450 necessary in supplies; surprised over sale of Ohio lands to Carneal at a discount, especially as he always pictured him as dishonest.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Has inquired into various schools in the region [for John and Charles]; only one definitely to be rejected is Princeton, where students have recently revolted; \"Southern\" boys have so much money they are a bad example and taverns are so near the school, they are a constant temptation; prefers a local school, headed by the Frenchman, Carrè; however, he does not admit boys older than 13 years; requests information on Carneal sale.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMore hopeful of embarking this summer than before; will do whatever possible to aid sons [John and Charles] in getting in a school; thinks that the plan of sending one before the other is a good one; Princeton is still in a state of insurrection, but if restructured better than formerly it is to be preferred; looking into Carlisle, and a school at Germantown run by a Catholic priest who does not meddle in religion; chose between three; describes tombstone made for parent's grave; will be leaving in a few days for New York; take care over Carneal sale; have Mr. Wilkins certify handwriting and sell Paskie tract for whatever price reasonable; has made a settlement with Col. Henry Skipwith for $6000, even though the amount should have been closer to $20,000; southern laxity extends even to the bench; to be paid in four installments by way of joint bonds in name of W. Skipwith and Ed. Harrison, who has married Col. [Henry] Skipwith's daughter; Peyton Skipwith and his wife, seen last year on way to Rhode Island, told of marriage; Col. Skipwith is in a bad way financially; his present wife's family says he has spent his wife's estate to pay his debts; pity him but cannot love him as once did.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSends more precise information on Princeton program, which is better, and more strictly administered since the insurrection; have Mr. Wilkins certify handwriting on Paskie sale; Gen. Wilkins says John Kerr at Chillicothe a good man to handle affairs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJust returned from the falls at Niagara; problems with the post to Kentucky; discusses evils of speculation, giving the examples of Robert Morris, prince of all [speculators] and George Nicholas; only Pasties tract remains; please press Mr. Wilkins to go to the next court for that.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eStates opinion of sending sons to Princeton if they desire to study law, rather than school in Philadelphia; mention of Carneal and Col. [Henry] Skipwith and debts owed by them; Paskie land issue.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAbout to sail for [France?]; has written to Mr. Wilkins about dealings with Carneal; desires moneys to be deposited in Bank of the United States Philadelphia; is leaving a trunk at the U.S. Bank with papers; also in it will be a tin box with titles; his son has not arrived; if he arrives after his departure, he will be assisted by Mr. John Vaughan or Mr. Mahler (?) Dickenson; asks that he sell all of his lands as soon as possible.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn a former letter, advised that horses sell easier and at a better price in Ohio than in Kentucky, and that his horses should be sent there, but has recently observed in the Frankfort Palladium that the horses were put up for public sale; good market for [iron?] castings there; could probably sell 20 or 30 tons assorted; Mr. Owens promised all or part of payment due next spring in tall kettles, and a lower price if collect them at furnace rather than Lexington; perhaps, if funds allow, should have a boat built there to go to New Orleans, and if unable to be sold there, forwarded here; should be converted into a handsome profit in six months; some castings sold just before departure from Kentucky for Whiskey, payable next spring; also sold John W. Hunt two tons at 40 per ton, also to be paid in whiskey; there is a bond to secure a riverboat to send whiskey and other goods from there to New Orleans or any other market down river for his account; has said nothing of contract with MacNale concerning the Woodford Distillery, which would bring in 6000 gallons of whiskey annually until estate sold at $1.25 per gallon wholesale at New Orleans; hopes the contract with George Brown carried out; wants to keep slaves, and reclaim those tricked out of by arch-fiend T. Hart; Suppose lands bought from Dr. Rumsay also on market, although had hoped to retire there; about March 1, an installment of $1000 due Dr. Rumsay is payable at the Russelsville [Ohio?] branch of the bank; think that may be raised in time from sale of lands on Elk River, [Tenn.]; agent there Mr. Hardy Holiman is an honest man; has notified him of land purchased in Christian County, [Ky.], and exhorted him to forward to that Bank the amount indicated to discharge debt; would like to go elsewhere than Kentucky, where not known as someone who has seen better days; contemporaries in Kentucky have been going up at same rate as I going down.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGlad he is travelling by land; please advise as to route; suggests he go westward by way of Col. [James] Henry; should leave patents for the 20,000 acres and other papers with Col. Henry, or some other dependable person; send information as to titles and prices desired; should have stayed in Kentucky, at least in opinion of Dr. Ridgely and Mr. Wilkins; also would have saved living in taverns from Florida to New York these last twelve months; lengthy discussion of travel route and monetary matter.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePlanned to go to Kentucky by water, but it turned colder and snowed, so he went overland on foot and by sleigh; now there is ice everywhere; has booked passage to Lexington by boat, which will leave as soon as the river is navigable; mention of resettling at the mills near Frankfurt; lengthy discussion centering on the raising of sheep, the profits from the wool, and the prices of lambs and ewes; mention of Carneal's debts.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscourse about misunderstanding of reasons why he should return to Lexington to live.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMention of Dr. Ridgeley and Mr. Wilkins; also confusion over dissolution of contract with Eastland; returning to Lexington in Summer 1809, passed through fertile lands of Cumberland and Green Rivers, and purchased of a Dr. Rumsey a handsome and valuable tract in the Western County; 6000 acres, some of it already opened by nature to cultivation; much land speculation discussed.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Bank of Pennsylvania arrangements concerning [Charles] Wilkins and involving George Taylor; discussion centering on sales and purchases of slaves, including not separating families; land sale comments; care of his [PS] children after his [PS] death; other comments about Charles Wilkins, Dr. Ridgely, Dr. Rush, and the \"Stanley affair\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents [Ohio?] land sales discussion mentioning [Charles] Wilkins, Dr. Ridgely, and [Daniel C.?] Cooper and involving marketable price of flour and whiskey in \"tight casks\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRecently learned from Francis Scott Key, a lawyer in Washington, [D.C.], that Gen. James Wilkinson, who Key was prosecuting on his behalf, has assigned all his property to trustees for the benefit of his creditors; learned from his statement that he possessed an island off Mobile Bay; would like to learn more of it, as to name, value, quality of soil, etc.; will be travelling on Mississippi River this autumn; may visit your quarter.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSale of Ohio lands involving Charles Wilkins; discussion of disposition of his negroes including their aging and thus not bearing any more children, separating families, and selling them to masters of their own choosing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMonetary matters; read in papers a movement in congress to extend payments, and another to lower the price on the sale of public lands, and how the War [of 1812] will affect their [Congress] time in making final decisions; land sales; John [Cleve Short] wishes to join the Army, and may be the aide to General William Henry Harrison.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGives proposal to pay debts owed and provide for family after his death, involving sales of land, transfers of mortgages of land in Indiana and Kentucky, and use of negroes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents His [WS] idea of when he [PS] visited [William Branch] Giles was incorrect, for he visited him at his house in Amelia [Co., Va.] in 1802, and obtained titles to certain lands then; defends his actions in trying to \"chase down\" unpaid claims, rather than letting them go; mentions debts and claims involving Fulwar Skipwith, Gen. [James] Wilkinson, and Col. Henry (on behalf of his [PS] daughters by his second wife).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRichard Boulware affair disappointing; sued in court, but could get back no more than property and, from a third person, $500; mills returned in a ruinous state; both our interests dictate repair of property; on advice of Charles Wilkins, have written son John for his aid; sorry the Eastland purchase so misunderstood by Wilkins and Ridgely; have been offered $8000 cash, $4000 less than value; if Boulware sale had gone through, it would have netted $20,000.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDetailed plan for settlement of debts and estate; expresses gratitude for his support; sister, [Jane (Short) Wilkins] is dying.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLatest debt and estate settlement proposals mostly agreeable; feels that he [PS] has only hurt himself [through his speculation]; sorry to hear about sister, but knows she will soon be in heaven.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Charles [Wilkins Short] doing very well in Hopkinsville, Ky., with a lucrative practice; reviews past ten years of business matters mentioning matters such as the success of coal mines in Kentucky until after the War [of 1812], when the rest of the United States was in a state of depression, a mill that was razed during the earthquakes in the winter of 1811-1812, supporting his children in various matters, and the sales of land labor, and farm stock and produce; comment about invitation to move to Texas, but states that he is not a \"man of war\" and would only go \"to cultivate the earth\"; pledge to repay all money owed to him.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIf Wilkinson's and his case come up before his appearance, please have Mr. Wickliffe appear instead of Mr. Haggar, who might betray him; do not know if [Henry] Clay has, but thinks he has come near; can promise Wickliffe respectable fee; sorry about illness of last sister; has promised brother [William] an additional lien on estate to secure balance of payment due him.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eComment on continued breakdown of communication between one another; debt and mortgage information.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eProblems in communicating clearly despite being brothers; mention of Christian [Co., Ky.] estate; $1000 has been deposited in bank in Pittsburgh to be paid to him and will send more if it is necessary.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDebt discussion; mention of Christian Co., [Ky.] land conveyance and dealing with the Clerk.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHas heard that he is purchasing a parcel of land in Lexington, [Ky.], and paying for it in cash; expresses shock and disbelief at his ability to do this after all of the previous correspondence concerning his enormous debt situation; other discussion centering on monetary solvency.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Dated 1783-1825. Letters, 1783-1825, primarily between William Short (1759-1849), American diplomat and financier, who, after a career in Europe, settled in Philadelphia, Pa., and his brother, Peyton Short (1761-1825), a native of Virginia who moved to Kentucky and engaged in extensive land speculation there and in Ohio. William gives advice concerning Peyton's career and the education of his children, and discusses other family matters, but is primarily concerned with various speculative land transactions in Kentucky and Ohio. Frequent litigation is involved, and, in the later years, William and Peyton's letters show an estrangement brought on by the latter's financial problems.","Urges him to stand for election in the fall, as best means to get his name before the public.","Admonishes him to overcome his natural shyness if he is to be a lawyer.","Is leaving for Falmouth on British packet Oct. 7; has met some of fellow passengers, including secretary to Dutch legation; Spoke with Henry Laurens on conditions in Europe; directs that proceeds of sale of negroes be invested in lots in Norfolk.","Directs him to write in care of Benjamin Harrison, merchant of Richmond; has seen his advertisements in the Virginia papers concerning lands for sale in Virginia and Kentucky, and wonders the cause; inquires into [plantation?] sale to Col. [John] Harvie; awaiting statement of accounts and affairs from Harrison, his agent; desires to know of future plans; has given up idea of practicing law and representing Surry Co. in the legislature [?]; best to sisters and Major Edmonds.","Has received no word in so long, is sending this letter by way of [Thomas] Jefferson, who will be sure it is delivered; Jefferson reported receiving a letter to be forwarded which, however, had no enclosure; Jefferson sent news of the family, including marriage of sister, Jenny; pressed sister, Eliza, to send a letter, and assured her of its safe delivery, but to no avail; aversion of Americans to writing; anxious for safety of family in Kentucky because of Indian War; will leave Holland tomorrow for Spain via France; send letters to Jefferson or through J. Browne, merchant of Richmond; passage through France risky, because of present troubles; papers and library scattered; his European affairs entrusted to a Dutch concern; if problems arise, Jefferson can help; Col. [Henry] Skipwith, handling affairs in Va.; asks about Norfolk and western lands purchases; laments having ever left home.","Scope and Contents Had hoped to be home long ago, but the President, [Washington] refused to accept resignation; then death of someone in Europe prevented departure; recently learned letters sent to America not reaching Kentucky; pained by lack of letters, but attributes it not to inattention, but Americans' almost universal aversion to writing; since the beginning of the [European] War, correspondence most precarious, even Jefferson not writing; Devilmont, arriving in Spain from Ft. Pitt, [Pa.], just when preparing to depart; spoke of family affairs, and of hazards of getting mail to Kentucky; would have written through Devilmont but he left Madrid two days sooner than expected, which occasioned having to write letters and dispatches over a 48 hour period; has been subject to headaches, some violent and incapacitating; is only health problem of consequence, thinks it a \"family disorder\" stemming from mother's side; glad Eliza married, since this is the \"natural course to happiness, especially for women\"; personal affairs are in sorry state, as had not made better arrangements before leaving, and does not have a good friend in Richmond; has no clue to state of affairs, management of which has passed from [Benjamin] Harrison to Col. [Henry] Skipwith, (who has not sent the accounting he promised eight years ago), and then to Messers. Donald and Browne; Jefferson now in charge of some affairs, but these out of his way.","Scope and Contents Has received letter of 29 Nov [1799], and only sorry it did not contain more details of the family's life; interested in every detail, no matter how minute; has been lucky in life, but to be in one's own country, working towards a better life, under free government, the happiest life; alarmed to read brother contemplating trip to Europe, as it would take him away from affairs and would be dangerous and costly; hopes to return next summer or winter; if he writes while congress is in session, when Jefferson is absent, send mail through John Barnes, merchant of Philadelphia, through post from Kentucky; Barnes is agent appointed by Jefferson to handle affairs formerly administered by Skipwith; Col. [Henry] Skipwith has no been the best manager, but can find no fault with him in law or equity; recounts at great length problems in affairs and his attempts to have a reckoning of them; asks advice on how to collect money owed; cautions that he deal fairly and honestly with Col. Skipwith, as he is a relative and has always shown himself to be a friend; hopes to be home soon, but still wants this business begun as soon as possible; Jefferson has documents relative to Skipwith's agency which he will make available; asks about title to lands bought from Pasky [?]; questions about western land deals, and reflects on effects of \"family disease\" [Speculation] which has afflicted them both; observations on land use arrangements in Europe, including serfdom (which he compares to slavery) and metayers (sharecroppers); reflects on uncertain income of landlords and large farmers, and the evils resulting; happy to see his brother so prosperous; sorry to hear sad fate of negroes on Mush Island, who were sold; if had been in Virginia, would have put up money to buy those who could not find good masters, as Harvie ever was; if any of them can be found in the hands of cruel masters, buy them, and if they are capable of providing for their families, give them freedom; if not hire them out to good masters; give particular attention to female slaves; family slaves from Surry, are those most concerned about, wishes them seen to; expresses happiness that nephew Edmonds well provided for with a good guardian but hopes to be able to take over that position after arriving in America; Fulwar Skipwith has suffered a reversal of fortune since arriving in Paris and is embarrassed in his circumstances; has some money coming to him from Sir Peyton [Skipwith]; try to recover sum from Sir Peyton.","Refers to letter of July 28 1800,; as suspected, Fulwar Skipwith's letter indicates money must be gotten from Sir Peyton [Skipwith]; happy to receive letter of 29 Nov. 1799, with such a detailed account of brother's finances; reiterates opposition to brother visiting in Europe; discusses Col. [Henry] Skipwith's handling of his affairs, Paskie and western lands; encapsulates account of metayers (share croppers) of France, and the need to keep regular accounts.","Happy to receive letter of 29 Nov. 1799; has recently sent two large letters, largely concerning state of affairs with Col. [Henry] Skipwith; hopes it will be satisfactorily completed soon; has seen Dr. Watkins in Paris, and learned much about Kentucky and the family, especially as to mode of life, which never is revealed in letters; the family's prosperity all due to his better judgement, as himself had counseled against this enterprise; great happiness in having lands cultivated by tenants rather than slaves; would never have guessed that there were land so plentiful and cheap, so many could be found to work the land of others; this the best kind of property; wish had invested in such land long ago; sorry had not invested in Kentucky as you advised, but left it with [Col. Henry Skipwith], and which by now would have produced a fortune; would it still be possible to trade the 10,000 acres for land near his?; discusses profitability of rent vis-a-vis expenses; hopes plan of Dr. Watkins succeeds, and negotiations with the [Spanish] government successful; much land for sale in the U.S. north and south; has heard Kentucky lands four to six times more valuable since 1794.","Have received no letter of late; Mr. Barnes, near Georgetown, and Jefferson report no letters received; has had to postpone leaving one more year, may be next fall or spring; again counsels against a trip to Europe; leaving tomorrow for Auvergne, and waters of Vichy; if remain in Europe, not sure if will winter in Paris or take another voyage; has heard some report that Mr. Watkins has met with some misfortune in Spain; does not think his mission will be successful; please send letter through Barnes or Jefferson.","Scope and Contents Expresses appreciation for travels on behalf of the Harvie deal, and promise of the same for the Paskie affair ; hopes to return next spring, but will not fix the time of arrival, as so often disappointed; time spent at waters and in mountains has been very good for health; observations and speculation on Col. [Henry] Skipwith affair, happy satisfied with agricultural observations; tells of difficulty of transporting a ram to Kentucky, and the experience of one Frenchman who tried sending some to his farm in New York, their rising price, along with that of their wool, due to efforts of the French Government; sassafras is a good crop for Kentucky mentioned to Dr. Watkins; reiterates inquiry about Mush Island Slaves; asks for another yearly account, as did last year, only more detailed; copy of agricultural arithmetic on Spanish ram production; will send letters to Jefferson, but under cover to Barnes; please do same; advised having sisters ratify division of father's negroes when they came of age; death of sister Sally gives other sisters claim on negroes left by her; has estate been settled?; what about Poythress, Peters, [Kerrs?]; problems the result of \"ruinous\" Negro property.","Expresses grief on loss of brother's wife [Maria (Symmes) Short]; on returning [to America] plan to go westward after taking care of long-neglected affairs; will probably arrive next spring, somewhere in the far north; happy Harvie lands purchased; laments extent of slavery in Kentucky; France to people the Spanish territories of the lower Mississippi River; might have been avoided by better [American] handling of foreign affairs; inadvisability of proceeding with Col. [Henry] Skipwith until return; mention of nephew [John T.] Edmunds.","Discusses journey from Winchester, [Va.]; opposed to sale of Jersey estate, and does not wish to purchase it; disparages speculation as a characteristic of Americans, especially Westerners; Wilson Cary Nicholas on way to Kentucky, but not sure where, or whether interested in purchasing his land; account with Sir Peyton Skipwith still uncertain;  two sorrels and chair received; will dispose of the Grey as directed; estate papers from Col. [Henry] Skipwith may be lodged with George Jefferson of Richmond.","Bemoans brother's erratic travels as of late, and their not meeting; thanks for services of \"Old Honest Joe,\" and worries about his return trip; happiness at brother's fortune [remarriage]; is collecting papers dealing with Col. Henry Skipwith's affairs.","Does not know whether to sue or not over Carneal's not having given title or patent to the 10,000 acres of land; if cannot write about this soon, please inform Mr. [Charles?] or Mrs. [Janes (Short)?] Wilkins about status and have them write; have out off trip to Europe; objects to delay in settling Carneal affair; would rather have $8,000 in cash than a bond for $10,000 at the end of the year; feels that sending his sons to the Atlantic states for schooling a good idea; eldest son [John Cleves Short] should go to Bishop Carroll's school near Baltimore , where he will study under French professors; the cost of $400 per year is expensive, but should not be considered impossible since it is considered the best school in the U.S.; write to Nazareth about son [Charles Wilkins Short]; as to bond loaned, had hoped it would go to discharge his debts, not to embarking on new speculative ventures; only desires it to be paid back a little at a time, through agents in New York, Lewis \u0026 Lawrence Brokers, Wall Street or Philadelphia George Taylor, Jr., Broker, Second Street, or to Mr. Charles Wilkins, merchant in Lexington, [Ky.], who will send it to Philadelphia; have not heard from sisters, Wilkins and Ridgely for some time.","Discusses suit against Carneal for breach of contract and contract law; mention of Paskie land; reiterates advice to  send sons to schools in Atlantic States, and soon; discusses a loan; please send mail to Philadelphia, where agent will always know whereabouts; have not heard from Ridgely or Wilkins since last visited, but heard from sister Wilkins that Ridgely is now a farmer and Wilkins is a merchant in Lexington; has not heard of John Edmonds since his marriage; has sent engravings for brother and sisters.","Continued lengthy discussion of Carneal's breach of contract; comments that juries often consider a suit to compel a conveyance as a maneuver by obligee to convert the obligation into a money debt, so it must be proven that the title was demanded and not delivered; immigration is progressing with inconceivable rapidity; some lands in Ohio bought 3 years ago for $2 are now selling for $5-$10 per acre; Paskie lawsuit is at last stage with the decree to be given during present term; discusses speculation; Potomac affair a tactic to get closer to shore.","Scope and Contents Does not know if Capt. Hall (according to Col. Lytle's letter) was able to sell the land as he had hoped; Gen. Wilkins confirmed his comment about selling lands; emigration good in that \"quarter\" so sales are good; also reports that the agent sold his land, used the money for his own purposes and then did not repay it when requested, a common occurrence; Capt. Hall should have received payment for sale, but no word of it; please send information on this matter; agent in Philadelphia is now George Taylor, Jr., South Second Street near the Pennsylvania bank; but while in country receive own money to avoid commission; if any money received, send it to the bank at Pittsburgh in care of Gen. Wilkins; keep apprised of Paskie's land, and prospect for its sale; also request information on Ohio lands; since ignorant of Western geography, indicate nearby watercourses or settlements for reference, has learned of very small inheritance due from Skipwith side of family; each brother's share one-seventieth of the whole estate; wondering about proposed sale of Potomac lands; accidentally learned from R. Peters about his suit against him; will help in any way possible.","Scope and Contents Has just returned from a month's tour in Ohio, but was not able to meet with Capt. Hall; detailed discussions concerning a land sale payment plan, litigation in connection with Paskie lands and the possible sale of some land on the Ohio River; thanks for news on the North Carolina \"windfall\"; lengthy inquiry and information about Jack Edmunds, and debts owed by him; appreciates offer concerning Potomac affair; pointed comments about Sir Peyton Skipwith's estate settlement in connection with a 20-year old debt owed him; also mention of Fulwar Skipwith.","Scope and Contents Inquires about news of Ohio and Cumberland land sales, troubles in Ohio country make their main officers, such as Col Lytle, hard to reach, making business hard to conduct; inquires as to Hall's agency, and the state of affairs regarding the lands under his disposal; discusses merits of having money in the bank at Pittsburgh or Philadelphia; has learned Paskie's land to be titled in his name; the Skipwith \"windfall\" is not enough to bother with; discusses character of George Skipwith; reflects on desire of everyone to go into business, and attendant evils; unhappy situation of a man dependent on foreign commerce or funds for his livelihood.","Inquires about plans for educating sons [John and Charles]; suggests Princeton as a good place; college costs less than $300 a year, with $450 necessary in supplies; surprised over sale of Ohio lands to Carneal at a discount, especially as he always pictured him as dishonest.","Scope and Contents Has inquired into various schools in the region [for John and Charles]; only one definitely to be rejected is Princeton, where students have recently revolted; \"Southern\" boys have so much money they are a bad example and taverns are so near the school, they are a constant temptation; prefers a local school, headed by the Frenchman, Carrè; however, he does not admit boys older than 13 years; requests information on Carneal sale.","More hopeful of embarking this summer than before; will do whatever possible to aid sons [John and Charles] in getting in a school; thinks that the plan of sending one before the other is a good one; Princeton is still in a state of insurrection, but if restructured better than formerly it is to be preferred; looking into Carlisle, and a school at Germantown run by a Catholic priest who does not meddle in religion; chose between three; describes tombstone made for parent's grave; will be leaving in a few days for New York; take care over Carneal sale; have Mr. Wilkins certify handwriting and sell Paskie tract for whatever price reasonable; has made a settlement with Col. Henry Skipwith for $6000, even though the amount should have been closer to $20,000; southern laxity extends even to the bench; to be paid in four installments by way of joint bonds in name of W. Skipwith and Ed. Harrison, who has married Col. [Henry] Skipwith's daughter; Peyton Skipwith and his wife, seen last year on way to Rhode Island, told of marriage; Col. Skipwith is in a bad way financially; his present wife's family says he has spent his wife's estate to pay his debts; pity him but cannot love him as once did.","Sends more precise information on Princeton program, which is better, and more strictly administered since the insurrection; have Mr. Wilkins certify handwriting on Paskie sale; Gen. Wilkins says John Kerr at Chillicothe a good man to handle affairs.","Just returned from the falls at Niagara; problems with the post to Kentucky; discusses evils of speculation, giving the examples of Robert Morris, prince of all [speculators] and George Nicholas; only Pasties tract remains; please press Mr. Wilkins to go to the next court for that.","States opinion of sending sons to Princeton if they desire to study law, rather than school in Philadelphia; mention of Carneal and Col. [Henry] Skipwith and debts owed by them; Paskie land issue.","About to sail for [France?]; has written to Mr. Wilkins about dealings with Carneal; desires moneys to be deposited in Bank of the United States Philadelphia; is leaving a trunk at the U.S. Bank with papers; also in it will be a tin box with titles; his son has not arrived; if he arrives after his departure, he will be assisted by Mr. John Vaughan or Mr. Mahler (?) Dickenson; asks that he sell all of his lands as soon as possible.","In a former letter, advised that horses sell easier and at a better price in Ohio than in Kentucky, and that his horses should be sent there, but has recently observed in the Frankfort Palladium that the horses were put up for public sale; good market for [iron?] castings there; could probably sell 20 or 30 tons assorted; Mr. Owens promised all or part of payment due next spring in tall kettles, and a lower price if collect them at furnace rather than Lexington; perhaps, if funds allow, should have a boat built there to go to New Orleans, and if unable to be sold there, forwarded here; should be converted into a handsome profit in six months; some castings sold just before departure from Kentucky for Whiskey, payable next spring; also sold John W. Hunt two tons at 40 per ton, also to be paid in whiskey; there is a bond to secure a riverboat to send whiskey and other goods from there to New Orleans or any other market down river for his account; has said nothing of contract with MacNale concerning the Woodford Distillery, which would bring in 6000 gallons of whiskey annually until estate sold at $1.25 per gallon wholesale at New Orleans; hopes the contract with George Brown carried out; wants to keep slaves, and reclaim those tricked out of by arch-fiend T. Hart; Suppose lands bought from Dr. Rumsay also on market, although had hoped to retire there; about March 1, an installment of $1000 due Dr. Rumsay is payable at the Russelsville [Ohio?] branch of the bank; think that may be raised in time from sale of lands on Elk River, [Tenn.]; agent there Mr. Hardy Holiman is an honest man; has notified him of land purchased in Christian County, [Ky.], and exhorted him to forward to that Bank the amount indicated to discharge debt; would like to go elsewhere than Kentucky, where not known as someone who has seen better days; contemporaries in Kentucky have been going up at same rate as I going down.","Glad he is travelling by land; please advise as to route; suggests he go westward by way of Col. [James] Henry; should leave patents for the 20,000 acres and other papers with Col. Henry, or some other dependable person; send information as to titles and prices desired; should have stayed in Kentucky, at least in opinion of Dr. Ridgely and Mr. Wilkins; also would have saved living in taverns from Florida to New York these last twelve months; lengthy discussion of travel route and monetary matter.","Planned to go to Kentucky by water, but it turned colder and snowed, so he went overland on foot and by sleigh; now there is ice everywhere; has booked passage to Lexington by boat, which will leave as soon as the river is navigable; mention of resettling at the mills near Frankfurt; lengthy discussion centering on the raising of sheep, the profits from the wool, and the prices of lambs and ewes; mention of Carneal's debts.","Discourse about misunderstanding of reasons why he should return to Lexington to live.","Mention of Dr. Ridgeley and Mr. Wilkins; also confusion over dissolution of contract with Eastland; returning to Lexington in Summer 1809, passed through fertile lands of Cumberland and Green Rivers, and purchased of a Dr. Rumsey a handsome and valuable tract in the Western County; 6000 acres, some of it already opened by nature to cultivation; much land speculation discussed.","Scope and Contents Bank of Pennsylvania arrangements concerning [Charles] Wilkins and involving George Taylor; discussion centering on sales and purchases of slaves, including not separating families; land sale comments; care of his [PS] children after his [PS] death; other comments about Charles Wilkins, Dr. Ridgely, Dr. Rush, and the \"Stanley affair\".","Scope and Contents [Ohio?] land sales discussion mentioning [Charles] Wilkins, Dr. Ridgely, and [Daniel C.?] Cooper and involving marketable price of flour and whiskey in \"tight casks\".","Recently learned from Francis Scott Key, a lawyer in Washington, [D.C.], that Gen. James Wilkinson, who Key was prosecuting on his behalf, has assigned all his property to trustees for the benefit of his creditors; learned from his statement that he possessed an island off Mobile Bay; would like to learn more of it, as to name, value, quality of soil, etc.; will be travelling on Mississippi River this autumn; may visit your quarter.","Sale of Ohio lands involving Charles Wilkins; discussion of disposition of his negroes including their aging and thus not bearing any more children, separating families, and selling them to masters of their own choosing.","Monetary matters; read in papers a movement in congress to extend payments, and another to lower the price on the sale of public lands, and how the War [of 1812] will affect their [Congress] time in making final decisions; land sales; John [Cleve Short] wishes to join the Army, and may be the aide to General William Henry Harrison.","Gives proposal to pay debts owed and provide for family after his death, involving sales of land, transfers of mortgages of land in Indiana and Kentucky, and use of negroes.","Scope and Contents His [WS] idea of when he [PS] visited [William Branch] Giles was incorrect, for he visited him at his house in Amelia [Co., Va.] in 1802, and obtained titles to certain lands then; defends his actions in trying to \"chase down\" unpaid claims, rather than letting them go; mentions debts and claims involving Fulwar Skipwith, Gen. [James] Wilkinson, and Col. Henry (on behalf of his [PS] daughters by his second wife).","Richard Boulware affair disappointing; sued in court, but could get back no more than property and, from a third person, $500; mills returned in a ruinous state; both our interests dictate repair of property; on advice of Charles Wilkins, have written son John for his aid; sorry the Eastland purchase so misunderstood by Wilkins and Ridgely; have been offered $8000 cash, $4000 less than value; if Boulware sale had gone through, it would have netted $20,000.","Detailed plan for settlement of debts and estate; expresses gratitude for his support; sister, [Jane (Short) Wilkins] is dying.","Latest debt and estate settlement proposals mostly agreeable; feels that he [PS] has only hurt himself [through his speculation]; sorry to hear about sister, but knows she will soon be in heaven.","Scope and Contents Charles [Wilkins Short] doing very well in Hopkinsville, Ky., with a lucrative practice; reviews past ten years of business matters mentioning matters such as the success of coal mines in Kentucky until after the War [of 1812], when the rest of the United States was in a state of depression, a mill that was razed during the earthquakes in the winter of 1811-1812, supporting his children in various matters, and the sales of land labor, and farm stock and produce; comment about invitation to move to Texas, but states that he is not a \"man of war\" and would only go \"to cultivate the earth\"; pledge to repay all money owed to him.","If Wilkinson's and his case come up before his appearance, please have Mr. Wickliffe appear instead of Mr. Haggar, who might betray him; do not know if [Henry] Clay has, but thinks he has come near; can promise Wickliffe respectable fee; sorry about illness of last sister; has promised brother [William] an additional lien on estate to secure balance of payment due him.","Comment on continued breakdown of communication between one another; debt and mortgage information.","Problems in communicating clearly despite being brothers; mention of Christian [Co., Ky.] estate; $1000 has been deposited in bank in Pittsburgh to be paid to him and will send more if it is necessary.","Debt discussion; mention of Christian Co., [Ky.] land conveyance and dealing with the Clerk.","Has heard that he is purchasing a parcel of land in Lexington, [Ky.], and paying for it in cash; expresses shock and disbelief at his ability to do this after all of the previous correspondence concerning his enormous debt situation; other discussion centering on monetary solvency."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use:"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Short, William (1759-1849)","Short, Peyton, 1761-1825","Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"names_coll_ssim":["Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826"],"persname_ssim":["Short, William (1759-1849)","Short, Peyton, 1761-1825","Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":53,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T14:14:39.929Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1119","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1119","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1119","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1119","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_1119.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Short, William and Peyton, Papers","title_ssm":["William and Peyton Short Papers"],"title_tesim":["William and Peyton Short Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1783-1825"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1783-1825"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Mss. 65 Sh9","/repositories/2/resources/1119"],"text":["Mss. 65 Sh9","/repositories/2/resources/1119","William and Peyton Short Papers","Virginia--History--18th century","Diplomats--United States--Correspondence","Real property","United States--Foreign relations--1783-1815","United States--History--Revolution, 1775-1783","Correspondence","Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","William Short was born in Surry County, Virginia, in 1759, the son of William Short and Elizabeth (Skipwith) Short. He graduated in 1779 from the College of William and Mary where he had been one of the founders of Phi Beta Kappa. He acted as Thomas Jefferson's private secretary in Paris and as secretary of legation and charge d'affairs. He was minister to The Hague. He participated in negotiations of the Pinchney Treaty with Spain. Short died in 1849. Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki:  .","Other Information:"," A PDF document of this inventory is available online."," Additional information may be found at http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/findingaids/65_Sh9_Short__William_and_Peyton.pdf","Processed by Michael Foret in 1983.","Dated 1783-1825. Letters, 1783-1825, primarily between William Short (1759-1849), American diplomat and financier, who, after a career in Europe, settled in Philadelphia, Pa., and his brother, Peyton Short (1761-1825), a native of Virginia who moved to Kentucky and engaged in extensive land speculation there and in Ohio. William gives advice concerning Peyton's career and the education of his children, and discusses other family matters, but is primarily concerned with various speculative land transactions in Kentucky and Ohio. Frequent litigation is involved, and, in the later years, William and Peyton's letters show an estrangement brought on by the latter's financial problems.","Urges him to stand for election in the fall, as best means to get his name before the public.","Admonishes him to overcome his natural shyness if he is to be a lawyer.","Is leaving for Falmouth on British packet Oct. 7; has met some of fellow passengers, including secretary to Dutch legation; Spoke with Henry Laurens on conditions in Europe; directs that proceeds of sale of negroes be invested in lots in Norfolk.","Directs him to write in care of Benjamin Harrison, merchant of Richmond; has seen his advertisements in the Virginia papers concerning lands for sale in Virginia and Kentucky, and wonders the cause; inquires into [plantation?] sale to Col. [John] Harvie; awaiting statement of accounts and affairs from Harrison, his agent; desires to know of future plans; has given up idea of practicing law and representing Surry Co. in the legislature [?]; best to sisters and Major Edmonds.","Has received no word in so long, is sending this letter by way of [Thomas] Jefferson, who will be sure it is delivered; Jefferson reported receiving a letter to be forwarded which, however, had no enclosure; Jefferson sent news of the family, including marriage of sister, Jenny; pressed sister, Eliza, to send a letter, and assured her of its safe delivery, but to no avail; aversion of Americans to writing; anxious for safety of family in Kentucky because of Indian War; will leave Holland tomorrow for Spain via France; send letters to Jefferson or through J. Browne, merchant of Richmond; passage through France risky, because of present troubles; papers and library scattered; his European affairs entrusted to a Dutch concern; if problems arise, Jefferson can help; Col. [Henry] Skipwith, handling affairs in Va.; asks about Norfolk and western lands purchases; laments having ever left home.","Scope and Contents Had hoped to be home long ago, but the President, [Washington] refused to accept resignation; then death of someone in Europe prevented departure; recently learned letters sent to America not reaching Kentucky; pained by lack of letters, but attributes it not to inattention, but Americans' almost universal aversion to writing; since the beginning of the [European] War, correspondence most precarious, even Jefferson not writing; Devilmont, arriving in Spain from Ft. Pitt, [Pa.], just when preparing to depart; spoke of family affairs, and of hazards of getting mail to Kentucky; would have written through Devilmont but he left Madrid two days sooner than expected, which occasioned having to write letters and dispatches over a 48 hour period; has been subject to headaches, some violent and incapacitating; is only health problem of consequence, thinks it a \"family disorder\" stemming from mother's side; glad Eliza married, since this is the \"natural course to happiness, especially for women\"; personal affairs are in sorry state, as had not made better arrangements before leaving, and does not have a good friend in Richmond; has no clue to state of affairs, management of which has passed from [Benjamin] Harrison to Col. [Henry] Skipwith, (who has not sent the accounting he promised eight years ago), and then to Messers. Donald and Browne; Jefferson now in charge of some affairs, but these out of his way.","Scope and Contents Has received letter of 29 Nov [1799], and only sorry it did not contain more details of the family's life; interested in every detail, no matter how minute; has been lucky in life, but to be in one's own country, working towards a better life, under free government, the happiest life; alarmed to read brother contemplating trip to Europe, as it would take him away from affairs and would be dangerous and costly; hopes to return next summer or winter; if he writes while congress is in session, when Jefferson is absent, send mail through John Barnes, merchant of Philadelphia, through post from Kentucky; Barnes is agent appointed by Jefferson to handle affairs formerly administered by Skipwith; Col. [Henry] Skipwith has no been the best manager, but can find no fault with him in law or equity; recounts at great length problems in affairs and his attempts to have a reckoning of them; asks advice on how to collect money owed; cautions that he deal fairly and honestly with Col. Skipwith, as he is a relative and has always shown himself to be a friend; hopes to be home soon, but still wants this business begun as soon as possible; Jefferson has documents relative to Skipwith's agency which he will make available; asks about title to lands bought from Pasky [?]; questions about western land deals, and reflects on effects of \"family disease\" [Speculation] which has afflicted them both; observations on land use arrangements in Europe, including serfdom (which he compares to slavery) and metayers (sharecroppers); reflects on uncertain income of landlords and large farmers, and the evils resulting; happy to see his brother so prosperous; sorry to hear sad fate of negroes on Mush Island, who were sold; if had been in Virginia, would have put up money to buy those who could not find good masters, as Harvie ever was; if any of them can be found in the hands of cruel masters, buy them, and if they are capable of providing for their families, give them freedom; if not hire them out to good masters; give particular attention to female slaves; family slaves from Surry, are those most concerned about, wishes them seen to; expresses happiness that nephew Edmonds well provided for with a good guardian but hopes to be able to take over that position after arriving in America; Fulwar Skipwith has suffered a reversal of fortune since arriving in Paris and is embarrassed in his circumstances; has some money coming to him from Sir Peyton [Skipwith]; try to recover sum from Sir Peyton.","Refers to letter of July 28 1800,; as suspected, Fulwar Skipwith's letter indicates money must be gotten from Sir Peyton [Skipwith]; happy to receive letter of 29 Nov. 1799, with such a detailed account of brother's finances; reiterates opposition to brother visiting in Europe; discusses Col. [Henry] Skipwith's handling of his affairs, Paskie and western lands; encapsulates account of metayers (share croppers) of France, and the need to keep regular accounts.","Happy to receive letter of 29 Nov. 1799; has recently sent two large letters, largely concerning state of affairs with Col. [Henry] Skipwith; hopes it will be satisfactorily completed soon; has seen Dr. Watkins in Paris, and learned much about Kentucky and the family, especially as to mode of life, which never is revealed in letters; the family's prosperity all due to his better judgement, as himself had counseled against this enterprise; great happiness in having lands cultivated by tenants rather than slaves; would never have guessed that there were land so plentiful and cheap, so many could be found to work the land of others; this the best kind of property; wish had invested in such land long ago; sorry had not invested in Kentucky as you advised, but left it with [Col. Henry Skipwith], and which by now would have produced a fortune; would it still be possible to trade the 10,000 acres for land near his?; discusses profitability of rent vis-a-vis expenses; hopes plan of Dr. Watkins succeeds, and negotiations with the [Spanish] government successful; much land for sale in the U.S. north and south; has heard Kentucky lands four to six times more valuable since 1794.","Have received no letter of late; Mr. Barnes, near Georgetown, and Jefferson report no letters received; has had to postpone leaving one more year, may be next fall or spring; again counsels against a trip to Europe; leaving tomorrow for Auvergne, and waters of Vichy; if remain in Europe, not sure if will winter in Paris or take another voyage; has heard some report that Mr. Watkins has met with some misfortune in Spain; does not think his mission will be successful; please send letter through Barnes or Jefferson.","Scope and Contents Expresses appreciation for travels on behalf of the Harvie deal, and promise of the same for the Paskie affair ; hopes to return next spring, but will not fix the time of arrival, as so often disappointed; time spent at waters and in mountains has been very good for health; observations and speculation on Col. [Henry] Skipwith affair, happy satisfied with agricultural observations; tells of difficulty of transporting a ram to Kentucky, and the experience of one Frenchman who tried sending some to his farm in New York, their rising price, along with that of their wool, due to efforts of the French Government; sassafras is a good crop for Kentucky mentioned to Dr. Watkins; reiterates inquiry about Mush Island Slaves; asks for another yearly account, as did last year, only more detailed; copy of agricultural arithmetic on Spanish ram production; will send letters to Jefferson, but under cover to Barnes; please do same; advised having sisters ratify division of father's negroes when they came of age; death of sister Sally gives other sisters claim on negroes left by her; has estate been settled?; what about Poythress, Peters, [Kerrs?]; problems the result of \"ruinous\" Negro property.","Expresses grief on loss of brother's wife [Maria (Symmes) Short]; on returning [to America] plan to go westward after taking care of long-neglected affairs; will probably arrive next spring, somewhere in the far north; happy Harvie lands purchased; laments extent of slavery in Kentucky; France to people the Spanish territories of the lower Mississippi River; might have been avoided by better [American] handling of foreign affairs; inadvisability of proceeding with Col. [Henry] Skipwith until return; mention of nephew [John T.] Edmunds.","Discusses journey from Winchester, [Va.]; opposed to sale of Jersey estate, and does not wish to purchase it; disparages speculation as a characteristic of Americans, especially Westerners; Wilson Cary Nicholas on way to Kentucky, but not sure where, or whether interested in purchasing his land; account with Sir Peyton Skipwith still uncertain;  two sorrels and chair received; will dispose of the Grey as directed; estate papers from Col. [Henry] Skipwith may be lodged with George Jefferson of Richmond.","Bemoans brother's erratic travels as of late, and their not meeting; thanks for services of \"Old Honest Joe,\" and worries about his return trip; happiness at brother's fortune [remarriage]; is collecting papers dealing with Col. Henry Skipwith's affairs.","Does not know whether to sue or not over Carneal's not having given title or patent to the 10,000 acres of land; if cannot write about this soon, please inform Mr. [Charles?] or Mrs. [Janes (Short)?] Wilkins about status and have them write; have out off trip to Europe; objects to delay in settling Carneal affair; would rather have $8,000 in cash than a bond for $10,000 at the end of the year; feels that sending his sons to the Atlantic states for schooling a good idea; eldest son [John Cleves Short] should go to Bishop Carroll's school near Baltimore , where he will study under French professors; the cost of $400 per year is expensive, but should not be considered impossible since it is considered the best school in the U.S.; write to Nazareth about son [Charles Wilkins Short]; as to bond loaned, had hoped it would go to discharge his debts, not to embarking on new speculative ventures; only desires it to be paid back a little at a time, through agents in New York, Lewis \u0026 Lawrence Brokers, Wall Street or Philadelphia George Taylor, Jr., Broker, Second Street, or to Mr. Charles Wilkins, merchant in Lexington, [Ky.], who will send it to Philadelphia; have not heard from sisters, Wilkins and Ridgely for some time.","Discusses suit against Carneal for breach of contract and contract law; mention of Paskie land; reiterates advice to  send sons to schools in Atlantic States, and soon; discusses a loan; please send mail to Philadelphia, where agent will always know whereabouts; have not heard from Ridgely or Wilkins since last visited, but heard from sister Wilkins that Ridgely is now a farmer and Wilkins is a merchant in Lexington; has not heard of John Edmonds since his marriage; has sent engravings for brother and sisters.","Continued lengthy discussion of Carneal's breach of contract; comments that juries often consider a suit to compel a conveyance as a maneuver by obligee to convert the obligation into a money debt, so it must be proven that the title was demanded and not delivered; immigration is progressing with inconceivable rapidity; some lands in Ohio bought 3 years ago for $2 are now selling for $5-$10 per acre; Paskie lawsuit is at last stage with the decree to be given during present term; discusses speculation; Potomac affair a tactic to get closer to shore.","Scope and Contents Does not know if Capt. Hall (according to Col. Lytle's letter) was able to sell the land as he had hoped; Gen. Wilkins confirmed his comment about selling lands; emigration good in that \"quarter\" so sales are good; also reports that the agent sold his land, used the money for his own purposes and then did not repay it when requested, a common occurrence; Capt. Hall should have received payment for sale, but no word of it; please send information on this matter; agent in Philadelphia is now George Taylor, Jr., South Second Street near the Pennsylvania bank; but while in country receive own money to avoid commission; if any money received, send it to the bank at Pittsburgh in care of Gen. Wilkins; keep apprised of Paskie's land, and prospect for its sale; also request information on Ohio lands; since ignorant of Western geography, indicate nearby watercourses or settlements for reference, has learned of very small inheritance due from Skipwith side of family; each brother's share one-seventieth of the whole estate; wondering about proposed sale of Potomac lands; accidentally learned from R. Peters about his suit against him; will help in any way possible.","Scope and Contents Has just returned from a month's tour in Ohio, but was not able to meet with Capt. Hall; detailed discussions concerning a land sale payment plan, litigation in connection with Paskie lands and the possible sale of some land on the Ohio River; thanks for news on the North Carolina \"windfall\"; lengthy inquiry and information about Jack Edmunds, and debts owed by him; appreciates offer concerning Potomac affair; pointed comments about Sir Peyton Skipwith's estate settlement in connection with a 20-year old debt owed him; also mention of Fulwar Skipwith.","Scope and Contents Inquires about news of Ohio and Cumberland land sales, troubles in Ohio country make their main officers, such as Col Lytle, hard to reach, making business hard to conduct; inquires as to Hall's agency, and the state of affairs regarding the lands under his disposal; discusses merits of having money in the bank at Pittsburgh or Philadelphia; has learned Paskie's land to be titled in his name; the Skipwith \"windfall\" is not enough to bother with; discusses character of George Skipwith; reflects on desire of everyone to go into business, and attendant evils; unhappy situation of a man dependent on foreign commerce or funds for his livelihood.","Inquires about plans for educating sons [John and Charles]; suggests Princeton as a good place; college costs less than $300 a year, with $450 necessary in supplies; surprised over sale of Ohio lands to Carneal at a discount, especially as he always pictured him as dishonest.","Scope and Contents Has inquired into various schools in the region [for John and Charles]; only one definitely to be rejected is Princeton, where students have recently revolted; \"Southern\" boys have so much money they are a bad example and taverns are so near the school, they are a constant temptation; prefers a local school, headed by the Frenchman, Carrè; however, he does not admit boys older than 13 years; requests information on Carneal sale.","More hopeful of embarking this summer than before; will do whatever possible to aid sons [John and Charles] in getting in a school; thinks that the plan of sending one before the other is a good one; Princeton is still in a state of insurrection, but if restructured better than formerly it is to be preferred; looking into Carlisle, and a school at Germantown run by a Catholic priest who does not meddle in religion; chose between three; describes tombstone made for parent's grave; will be leaving in a few days for New York; take care over Carneal sale; have Mr. Wilkins certify handwriting and sell Paskie tract for whatever price reasonable; has made a settlement with Col. Henry Skipwith for $6000, even though the amount should have been closer to $20,000; southern laxity extends even to the bench; to be paid in four installments by way of joint bonds in name of W. Skipwith and Ed. Harrison, who has married Col. [Henry] Skipwith's daughter; Peyton Skipwith and his wife, seen last year on way to Rhode Island, told of marriage; Col. Skipwith is in a bad way financially; his present wife's family says he has spent his wife's estate to pay his debts; pity him but cannot love him as once did.","Sends more precise information on Princeton program, which is better, and more strictly administered since the insurrection; have Mr. Wilkins certify handwriting on Paskie sale; Gen. Wilkins says John Kerr at Chillicothe a good man to handle affairs.","Just returned from the falls at Niagara; problems with the post to Kentucky; discusses evils of speculation, giving the examples of Robert Morris, prince of all [speculators] and George Nicholas; only Pasties tract remains; please press Mr. Wilkins to go to the next court for that.","States opinion of sending sons to Princeton if they desire to study law, rather than school in Philadelphia; mention of Carneal and Col. [Henry] Skipwith and debts owed by them; Paskie land issue.","About to sail for [France?]; has written to Mr. Wilkins about dealings with Carneal; desires moneys to be deposited in Bank of the United States Philadelphia; is leaving a trunk at the U.S. Bank with papers; also in it will be a tin box with titles; his son has not arrived; if he arrives after his departure, he will be assisted by Mr. John Vaughan or Mr. Mahler (?) Dickenson; asks that he sell all of his lands as soon as possible.","In a former letter, advised that horses sell easier and at a better price in Ohio than in Kentucky, and that his horses should be sent there, but has recently observed in the Frankfort Palladium that the horses were put up for public sale; good market for [iron?] castings there; could probably sell 20 or 30 tons assorted; Mr. Owens promised all or part of payment due next spring in tall kettles, and a lower price if collect them at furnace rather than Lexington; perhaps, if funds allow, should have a boat built there to go to New Orleans, and if unable to be sold there, forwarded here; should be converted into a handsome profit in six months; some castings sold just before departure from Kentucky for Whiskey, payable next spring; also sold John W. Hunt two tons at 40 per ton, also to be paid in whiskey; there is a bond to secure a riverboat to send whiskey and other goods from there to New Orleans or any other market down river for his account; has said nothing of contract with MacNale concerning the Woodford Distillery, which would bring in 6000 gallons of whiskey annually until estate sold at $1.25 per gallon wholesale at New Orleans; hopes the contract with George Brown carried out; wants to keep slaves, and reclaim those tricked out of by arch-fiend T. Hart; Suppose lands bought from Dr. Rumsay also on market, although had hoped to retire there; about March 1, an installment of $1000 due Dr. Rumsay is payable at the Russelsville [Ohio?] branch of the bank; think that may be raised in time from sale of lands on Elk River, [Tenn.]; agent there Mr. Hardy Holiman is an honest man; has notified him of land purchased in Christian County, [Ky.], and exhorted him to forward to that Bank the amount indicated to discharge debt; would like to go elsewhere than Kentucky, where not known as someone who has seen better days; contemporaries in Kentucky have been going up at same rate as I going down.","Glad he is travelling by land; please advise as to route; suggests he go westward by way of Col. [James] Henry; should leave patents for the 20,000 acres and other papers with Col. Henry, or some other dependable person; send information as to titles and prices desired; should have stayed in Kentucky, at least in opinion of Dr. Ridgely and Mr. Wilkins; also would have saved living in taverns from Florida to New York these last twelve months; lengthy discussion of travel route and monetary matter.","Planned to go to Kentucky by water, but it turned colder and snowed, so he went overland on foot and by sleigh; now there is ice everywhere; has booked passage to Lexington by boat, which will leave as soon as the river is navigable; mention of resettling at the mills near Frankfurt; lengthy discussion centering on the raising of sheep, the profits from the wool, and the prices of lambs and ewes; mention of Carneal's debts.","Discourse about misunderstanding of reasons why he should return to Lexington to live.","Mention of Dr. Ridgeley and Mr. Wilkins; also confusion over dissolution of contract with Eastland; returning to Lexington in Summer 1809, passed through fertile lands of Cumberland and Green Rivers, and purchased of a Dr. Rumsey a handsome and valuable tract in the Western County; 6000 acres, some of it already opened by nature to cultivation; much land speculation discussed.","Scope and Contents Bank of Pennsylvania arrangements concerning [Charles] Wilkins and involving George Taylor; discussion centering on sales and purchases of slaves, including not separating families; land sale comments; care of his [PS] children after his [PS] death; other comments about Charles Wilkins, Dr. Ridgely, Dr. Rush, and the \"Stanley affair\".","Scope and Contents [Ohio?] land sales discussion mentioning [Charles] Wilkins, Dr. Ridgely, and [Daniel C.?] Cooper and involving marketable price of flour and whiskey in \"tight casks\".","Recently learned from Francis Scott Key, a lawyer in Washington, [D.C.], that Gen. James Wilkinson, who Key was prosecuting on his behalf, has assigned all his property to trustees for the benefit of his creditors; learned from his statement that he possessed an island off Mobile Bay; would like to learn more of it, as to name, value, quality of soil, etc.; will be travelling on Mississippi River this autumn; may visit your quarter.","Sale of Ohio lands involving Charles Wilkins; discussion of disposition of his negroes including their aging and thus not bearing any more children, separating families, and selling them to masters of their own choosing.","Monetary matters; read in papers a movement in congress to extend payments, and another to lower the price on the sale of public lands, and how the War [of 1812] will affect their [Congress] time in making final decisions; land sales; John [Cleve Short] wishes to join the Army, and may be the aide to General William Henry Harrison.","Gives proposal to pay debts owed and provide for family after his death, involving sales of land, transfers of mortgages of land in Indiana and Kentucky, and use of negroes.","Scope and Contents His [WS] idea of when he [PS] visited [William Branch] Giles was incorrect, for he visited him at his house in Amelia [Co., Va.] in 1802, and obtained titles to certain lands then; defends his actions in trying to \"chase down\" unpaid claims, rather than letting them go; mentions debts and claims involving Fulwar Skipwith, Gen. [James] Wilkinson, and Col. Henry (on behalf of his [PS] daughters by his second wife).","Richard Boulware affair disappointing; sued in court, but could get back no more than property and, from a third person, $500; mills returned in a ruinous state; both our interests dictate repair of property; on advice of Charles Wilkins, have written son John for his aid; sorry the Eastland purchase so misunderstood by Wilkins and Ridgely; have been offered $8000 cash, $4000 less than value; if Boulware sale had gone through, it would have netted $20,000.","Detailed plan for settlement of debts and estate; expresses gratitude for his support; sister, [Jane (Short) Wilkins] is dying.","Latest debt and estate settlement proposals mostly agreeable; feels that he [PS] has only hurt himself [through his speculation]; sorry to hear about sister, but knows she will soon be in heaven.","Scope and Contents Charles [Wilkins Short] doing very well in Hopkinsville, Ky., with a lucrative practice; reviews past ten years of business matters mentioning matters such as the success of coal mines in Kentucky until after the War [of 1812], when the rest of the United States was in a state of depression, a mill that was razed during the earthquakes in the winter of 1811-1812, supporting his children in various matters, and the sales of land labor, and farm stock and produce; comment about invitation to move to Texas, but states that he is not a \"man of war\" and would only go \"to cultivate the earth\"; pledge to repay all money owed to him.","If Wilkinson's and his case come up before his appearance, please have Mr. Wickliffe appear instead of Mr. Haggar, who might betray him; do not know if [Henry] Clay has, but thinks he has come near; can promise Wickliffe respectable fee; sorry about illness of last sister; has promised brother [William] an additional lien on estate to secure balance of payment due him.","Comment on continued breakdown of communication between one another; debt and mortgage information.","Problems in communicating clearly despite being brothers; mention of Christian [Co., Ky.] estate; $1000 has been deposited in bank in Pittsburgh to be paid to him and will send more if it is necessary.","Debt discussion; mention of Christian Co., [Ky.] land conveyance and dealing with the Clerk.","Has heard that he is purchasing a parcel of land in Lexington, [Ky.], and paying for it in cash; expresses shock and disbelief at his ability to do this after all of the previous correspondence concerning his enormous debt situation; other discussion centering on monetary solvency.","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","Short, William (1759-1849)","Short, Peyton, 1761-1825","Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826","English"],"unitid_tesim":["Mss. 65 Sh9","/repositories/2/resources/1119"],"normalized_title_ssm":["William and Peyton Short Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["William and Peyton Short Papers"],"collection_ssim":["William and Peyton Short Papers"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"geogname_ssm":["Virginia--History--18th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Virginia--History--18th century"],"creator_ssm":["Short, William (1759-1849)","Short, Peyton, 1761-1825"],"creator_ssim":["Short, William (1759-1849)","Short, Peyton, 1761-1825"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Short, William (1759-1849)","Short, Peyton, 1761-1825"],"creators_ssim":["Short, William (1759-1849)","Short, Peyton, 1761-1825"],"places_ssim":["Virginia--History--18th century"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Gift"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Diplomats--United States--Correspondence","Real property","United States--Foreign relations--1783-1815","United States--History--Revolution, 1775-1783","Correspondence"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Diplomats--United States--Correspondence","Real property","United States--Foreign relations--1783-1815","United States--History--Revolution, 1775-1783","Correspondence"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.20 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["0.20 Linear Feet"],"genreform_ssim":["Correspondence"],"date_range_isim":[1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access:"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWilliam Short was born in Surry County, Virginia, in 1759, the son of William Short and Elizabeth (Skipwith) Short. He graduated in 1779 from the College of William and Mary where he had been one of the founders of Phi Beta Kappa. He acted as Thomas Jefferson's private secretary in Paris and as secretary of legation and charge d'affairs. He was minister to The Hague. He participated in negotiations of the Pinchney Treaty with Spain. Short died in 1849. Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: \u003cextref href=\"http://scdbwiki.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/William_Short_(1759-1849)\" title=\"William Short (1759-1849)\"\u003e\u003c/extref\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information:"],"bioghist_tesim":["William Short was born in Surry County, Virginia, in 1759, the son of William Short and Elizabeth (Skipwith) Short. He graduated in 1779 from the College of William and Mary where he had been one of the founders of Phi Beta Kappa. He acted as Thomas Jefferson's private secretary in Paris and as secretary of legation and charge d'affairs. He was minister to The Hague. He participated in negotiations of the Pinchney Treaty with Spain. Short died in 1849. Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki:  ."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOther Information:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e A PDF document of this inventory is available online.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Additional information may be found at http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/findingaids/65_Sh9_Short__William_and_Peyton.pdf\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["General"],"odd_tesim":["Other Information:"," A PDF document of this inventory is available online."," Additional information may be found at http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/findingaids/65_Sh9_Short__William_and_Peyton.pdf"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWilliam and Peyton Short Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["William and Peyton Short Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessed by Michael Foret in 1983.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information:"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processed by Michael Foret in 1983."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eDated 1783-1825. Letters, 1783-1825, primarily between William Short (1759-1849), American diplomat and financier, who, after a career in Europe, settled in Philadelphia, Pa., and his brother, Peyton Short (1761-1825), a native of Virginia who moved to Kentucky and engaged in extensive land speculation there and in Ohio. William gives advice concerning Peyton's career and the education of his children, and discusses other family matters, but is primarily concerned with various speculative land transactions in Kentucky and Ohio. Frequent litigation is involved, and, in the later years, William and Peyton's letters show an estrangement brought on by the latter's financial problems.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUrges him to stand for election in the fall, as best means to get his name before the public.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdmonishes him to overcome his natural shyness if he is to be a lawyer.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs leaving for Falmouth on British packet Oct. 7; has met some of fellow passengers, including secretary to Dutch legation; Spoke with Henry Laurens on conditions in Europe; directs that proceeds of sale of negroes be invested in lots in Norfolk.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDirects him to write in care of Benjamin Harrison, merchant of Richmond; has seen his advertisements in the Virginia papers concerning lands for sale in Virginia and Kentucky, and wonders the cause; inquires into [plantation?] sale to Col. [John] Harvie; awaiting statement of accounts and affairs from Harrison, his agent; desires to know of future plans; has given up idea of practicing law and representing Surry Co. in the legislature [?]; best to sisters and Major Edmonds.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHas received no word in so long, is sending this letter by way of [Thomas] Jefferson, who will be sure it is delivered; Jefferson reported receiving a letter to be forwarded which, however, had no enclosure; Jefferson sent news of the family, including marriage of sister, Jenny; pressed sister, Eliza, to send a letter, and assured her of its safe delivery, but to no avail; aversion of Americans to writing; anxious for safety of family in Kentucky because of Indian War; will leave Holland tomorrow for Spain via France; send letters to Jefferson or through J. Browne, merchant of Richmond; passage through France risky, because of present troubles; papers and library scattered; his European affairs entrusted to a Dutch concern; if problems arise, Jefferson can help; Col. [Henry] Skipwith, handling affairs in Va.; asks about Norfolk and western lands purchases; laments having ever left home.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Had hoped to be home long ago, but the President, [Washington] refused to accept resignation; then death of someone in Europe prevented departure; recently learned letters sent to America not reaching Kentucky; pained by lack of letters, but attributes it not to inattention, but Americans' almost universal aversion to writing; since the beginning of the [European] War, correspondence most precarious, even Jefferson not writing; Devilmont, arriving in Spain from Ft. Pitt, [Pa.], just when preparing to depart; spoke of family affairs, and of hazards of getting mail to Kentucky; would have written through Devilmont but he left Madrid two days sooner than expected, which occasioned having to write letters and dispatches over a 48 hour period; has been subject to headaches, some violent and incapacitating; is only health problem of consequence, thinks it a \"family disorder\" stemming from mother's side; glad Eliza married, since this is the \"natural course to happiness, especially for women\"; personal affairs are in sorry state, as had not made better arrangements before leaving, and does not have a good friend in Richmond; has no clue to state of affairs, management of which has passed from [Benjamin] Harrison to Col. [Henry] Skipwith, (who has not sent the accounting he promised eight years ago), and then to Messers. Donald and Browne; Jefferson now in charge of some affairs, but these out of his way.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Has received letter of 29 Nov [1799], and only sorry it did not contain more details of the family's life; interested in every detail, no matter how minute; has been lucky in life, but to be in one's own country, working towards a better life, under free government, the happiest life; alarmed to read brother contemplating trip to Europe, as it would take him away from affairs and would be dangerous and costly; hopes to return next summer or winter; if he writes while congress is in session, when Jefferson is absent, send mail through John Barnes, merchant of Philadelphia, through post from Kentucky; Barnes is agent appointed by Jefferson to handle affairs formerly administered by Skipwith; Col. [Henry] Skipwith has no been the best manager, but can find no fault with him in law or equity; recounts at great length problems in affairs and his attempts to have a reckoning of them; asks advice on how to collect money owed; cautions that he deal fairly and honestly with Col. Skipwith, as he is a relative and has always shown himself to be a friend; hopes to be home soon, but still wants this business begun as soon as possible; Jefferson has documents relative to Skipwith's agency which he will make available; asks about title to lands bought from Pasky [?]; questions about western land deals, and reflects on effects of \"family disease\" [Speculation] which has afflicted them both; observations on land use arrangements in Europe, including serfdom (which he compares to slavery) and metayers (sharecroppers); reflects on uncertain income of landlords and large farmers, and the evils resulting; happy to see his brother so prosperous; sorry to hear sad fate of negroes on Mush Island, who were sold; if had been in Virginia, would have put up money to buy those who could not find good masters, as Harvie ever was; if any of them can be found in the hands of cruel masters, buy them, and if they are capable of providing for their families, give them freedom; if not hire them out to good masters; give particular attention to female slaves; family slaves from Surry, are those most concerned about, wishes them seen to; expresses happiness that nephew Edmonds well provided for with a good guardian but hopes to be able to take over that position after arriving in America; Fulwar Skipwith has suffered a reversal of fortune since arriving in Paris and is embarrassed in his circumstances; has some money coming to him from Sir Peyton [Skipwith]; try to recover sum from Sir Peyton.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRefers to letter of July 28 1800,; as suspected, Fulwar Skipwith's letter indicates money must be gotten from Sir Peyton [Skipwith]; happy to receive letter of 29 Nov. 1799, with such a detailed account of brother's finances; reiterates opposition to brother visiting in Europe; discusses Col. [Henry] Skipwith's handling of his affairs, Paskie and western lands; encapsulates account of metayers (share croppers) of France, and the need to keep regular accounts.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHappy to receive letter of 29 Nov. 1799; has recently sent two large letters, largely concerning state of affairs with Col. [Henry] Skipwith; hopes it will be satisfactorily completed soon; has seen Dr. Watkins in Paris, and learned much about Kentucky and the family, especially as to mode of life, which never is revealed in letters; the family's prosperity all due to his better judgement, as himself had counseled against this enterprise; great happiness in having lands cultivated by tenants rather than slaves; would never have guessed that there were land so plentiful and cheap, so many could be found to work the land of others; this the best kind of property; wish had invested in such land long ago; sorry had not invested in Kentucky as you advised, but left it with [Col. Henry Skipwith], and which by now would have produced a fortune; would it still be possible to trade the 10,000 acres for land near his?; discusses profitability of rent vis-a-vis expenses; hopes plan of Dr. Watkins succeeds, and negotiations with the [Spanish] government successful; much land for sale in the U.S. north and south; has heard Kentucky lands four to six times more valuable since 1794.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHave received no letter of late; Mr. Barnes, near Georgetown, and Jefferson report no letters received; has had to postpone leaving one more year, may be next fall or spring; again counsels against a trip to Europe; leaving tomorrow for Auvergne, and waters of Vichy; if remain in Europe, not sure if will winter in Paris or take another voyage; has heard some report that Mr. Watkins has met with some misfortune in Spain; does not think his mission will be successful; please send letter through Barnes or Jefferson.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Expresses appreciation for travels on behalf of the Harvie deal, and promise of the same for the Paskie affair ; hopes to return next spring, but will not fix the time of arrival, as so often disappointed; time spent at waters and in mountains has been very good for health; observations and speculation on Col. [Henry] Skipwith affair, happy satisfied with agricultural observations; tells of difficulty of transporting a ram to Kentucky, and the experience of one Frenchman who tried sending some to his farm in New York, their rising price, along with that of their wool, due to efforts of the French Government; sassafras is a good crop for Kentucky mentioned to Dr. Watkins; reiterates inquiry about Mush Island Slaves; asks for another yearly account, as did last year, only more detailed; copy of agricultural arithmetic on Spanish ram production; will send letters to Jefferson, but under cover to Barnes; please do same; advised having sisters ratify division of father's negroes when they came of age; death of sister Sally gives other sisters claim on negroes left by her; has estate been settled?; what about Poythress, Peters, [Kerrs?]; problems the result of \"ruinous\" Negro property.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eExpresses grief on loss of brother's wife [Maria (Symmes) Short]; on returning [to America] plan to go westward after taking care of long-neglected affairs; will probably arrive next spring, somewhere in the far north; happy Harvie lands purchased; laments extent of slavery in Kentucky; France to people the Spanish territories of the lower Mississippi River; might have been avoided by better [American] handling of foreign affairs; inadvisability of proceeding with Col. [Henry] Skipwith until return; mention of nephew [John T.] Edmunds.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscusses journey from Winchester, [Va.]; opposed to sale of Jersey estate, and does not wish to purchase it; disparages speculation as a characteristic of Americans, especially Westerners; Wilson Cary Nicholas on way to Kentucky, but not sure where, or whether interested in purchasing his land; account with Sir Peyton Skipwith still uncertain;  two sorrels and chair received; will dispose of the Grey as directed; estate papers from Col. [Henry] Skipwith may be lodged with George Jefferson of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBemoans brother's erratic travels as of late, and their not meeting; thanks for services of \"Old Honest Joe,\" and worries about his return trip; happiness at brother's fortune [remarriage]; is collecting papers dealing with Col. Henry Skipwith's affairs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDoes not know whether to sue or not over Carneal's not having given title or patent to the 10,000 acres of land; if cannot write about this soon, please inform Mr. [Charles?] or Mrs. [Janes (Short)?] Wilkins about status and have them write; have out off trip to Europe; objects to delay in settling Carneal affair; would rather have $8,000 in cash than a bond for $10,000 at the end of the year; feels that sending his sons to the Atlantic states for schooling a good idea; eldest son [John Cleves Short] should go to Bishop Carroll's school near Baltimore , where he will study under French professors; the cost of $400 per year is expensive, but should not be considered impossible since it is considered the best school in the U.S.; write to Nazareth about son [Charles Wilkins Short]; as to bond loaned, had hoped it would go to discharge his debts, not to embarking on new speculative ventures; only desires it to be paid back a little at a time, through agents in New York, Lewis \u0026amp; Lawrence Brokers, Wall Street or Philadelphia George Taylor, Jr., Broker, Second Street, or to Mr. Charles Wilkins, merchant in Lexington, [Ky.], who will send it to Philadelphia; have not heard from sisters, Wilkins and Ridgely for some time.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscusses suit against Carneal for breach of contract and contract law; mention of Paskie land; reiterates advice to  send sons to schools in Atlantic States, and soon; discusses a loan; please send mail to Philadelphia, where agent will always know whereabouts; have not heard from Ridgely or Wilkins since last visited, but heard from sister Wilkins that Ridgely is now a farmer and Wilkins is a merchant in Lexington; has not heard of John Edmonds since his marriage; has sent engravings for brother and sisters.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContinued lengthy discussion of Carneal's breach of contract; comments that juries often consider a suit to compel a conveyance as a maneuver by obligee to convert the obligation into a money debt, so it must be proven that the title was demanded and not delivered; immigration is progressing with inconceivable rapidity; some lands in Ohio bought 3 years ago for $2 are now selling for $5-$10 per acre; Paskie lawsuit is at last stage with the decree to be given during present term; discusses speculation; Potomac affair a tactic to get closer to shore.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Does not know if Capt. Hall (according to Col. Lytle's letter) was able to sell the land as he had hoped; Gen. Wilkins confirmed his comment about selling lands; emigration good in that \"quarter\" so sales are good; also reports that the agent sold his land, used the money for his own purposes and then did not repay it when requested, a common occurrence; Capt. Hall should have received payment for sale, but no word of it; please send information on this matter; agent in Philadelphia is now George Taylor, Jr., South Second Street near the Pennsylvania bank; but while in country receive own money to avoid commission; if any money received, send it to the bank at Pittsburgh in care of Gen. Wilkins; keep apprised of Paskie's land, and prospect for its sale; also request information on Ohio lands; since ignorant of Western geography, indicate nearby watercourses or settlements for reference, has learned of very small inheritance due from Skipwith side of family; each brother's share one-seventieth of the whole estate; wondering about proposed sale of Potomac lands; accidentally learned from R. Peters about his suit against him; will help in any way possible.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Has just returned from a month's tour in Ohio, but was not able to meet with Capt. Hall; detailed discussions concerning a land sale payment plan, litigation in connection with Paskie lands and the possible sale of some land on the Ohio River; thanks for news on the North Carolina \"windfall\"; lengthy inquiry and information about Jack Edmunds, and debts owed by him; appreciates offer concerning Potomac affair; pointed comments about Sir Peyton Skipwith's estate settlement in connection with a 20-year old debt owed him; also mention of Fulwar Skipwith.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Inquires about news of Ohio and Cumberland land sales, troubles in Ohio country make their main officers, such as Col Lytle, hard to reach, making business hard to conduct; inquires as to Hall's agency, and the state of affairs regarding the lands under his disposal; discusses merits of having money in the bank at Pittsburgh or Philadelphia; has learned Paskie's land to be titled in his name; the Skipwith \"windfall\" is not enough to bother with; discusses character of George Skipwith; reflects on desire of everyone to go into business, and attendant evils; unhappy situation of a man dependent on foreign commerce or funds for his livelihood.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eInquires about plans for educating sons [John and Charles]; suggests Princeton as a good place; college costs less than $300 a year, with $450 necessary in supplies; surprised over sale of Ohio lands to Carneal at a discount, especially as he always pictured him as dishonest.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Has inquired into various schools in the region [for John and Charles]; only one definitely to be rejected is Princeton, where students have recently revolted; \"Southern\" boys have so much money they are a bad example and taverns are so near the school, they are a constant temptation; prefers a local school, headed by the Frenchman, Carrè; however, he does not admit boys older than 13 years; requests information on Carneal sale.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMore hopeful of embarking this summer than before; will do whatever possible to aid sons [John and Charles] in getting in a school; thinks that the plan of sending one before the other is a good one; Princeton is still in a state of insurrection, but if restructured better than formerly it is to be preferred; looking into Carlisle, and a school at Germantown run by a Catholic priest who does not meddle in religion; chose between three; describes tombstone made for parent's grave; will be leaving in a few days for New York; take care over Carneal sale; have Mr. Wilkins certify handwriting and sell Paskie tract for whatever price reasonable; has made a settlement with Col. Henry Skipwith for $6000, even though the amount should have been closer to $20,000; southern laxity extends even to the bench; to be paid in four installments by way of joint bonds in name of W. Skipwith and Ed. Harrison, who has married Col. [Henry] Skipwith's daughter; Peyton Skipwith and his wife, seen last year on way to Rhode Island, told of marriage; Col. Skipwith is in a bad way financially; his present wife's family says he has spent his wife's estate to pay his debts; pity him but cannot love him as once did.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSends more precise information on Princeton program, which is better, and more strictly administered since the insurrection; have Mr. Wilkins certify handwriting on Paskie sale; Gen. Wilkins says John Kerr at Chillicothe a good man to handle affairs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJust returned from the falls at Niagara; problems with the post to Kentucky; discusses evils of speculation, giving the examples of Robert Morris, prince of all [speculators] and George Nicholas; only Pasties tract remains; please press Mr. Wilkins to go to the next court for that.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eStates opinion of sending sons to Princeton if they desire to study law, rather than school in Philadelphia; mention of Carneal and Col. [Henry] Skipwith and debts owed by them; Paskie land issue.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAbout to sail for [France?]; has written to Mr. Wilkins about dealings with Carneal; desires moneys to be deposited in Bank of the United States Philadelphia; is leaving a trunk at the U.S. Bank with papers; also in it will be a tin box with titles; his son has not arrived; if he arrives after his departure, he will be assisted by Mr. John Vaughan or Mr. Mahler (?) Dickenson; asks that he sell all of his lands as soon as possible.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn a former letter, advised that horses sell easier and at a better price in Ohio than in Kentucky, and that his horses should be sent there, but has recently observed in the Frankfort Palladium that the horses were put up for public sale; good market for [iron?] castings there; could probably sell 20 or 30 tons assorted; Mr. Owens promised all or part of payment due next spring in tall kettles, and a lower price if collect them at furnace rather than Lexington; perhaps, if funds allow, should have a boat built there to go to New Orleans, and if unable to be sold there, forwarded here; should be converted into a handsome profit in six months; some castings sold just before departure from Kentucky for Whiskey, payable next spring; also sold John W. Hunt two tons at 40 per ton, also to be paid in whiskey; there is a bond to secure a riverboat to send whiskey and other goods from there to New Orleans or any other market down river for his account; has said nothing of contract with MacNale concerning the Woodford Distillery, which would bring in 6000 gallons of whiskey annually until estate sold at $1.25 per gallon wholesale at New Orleans; hopes the contract with George Brown carried out; wants to keep slaves, and reclaim those tricked out of by arch-fiend T. Hart; Suppose lands bought from Dr. Rumsay also on market, although had hoped to retire there; about March 1, an installment of $1000 due Dr. Rumsay is payable at the Russelsville [Ohio?] branch of the bank; think that may be raised in time from sale of lands on Elk River, [Tenn.]; agent there Mr. Hardy Holiman is an honest man; has notified him of land purchased in Christian County, [Ky.], and exhorted him to forward to that Bank the amount indicated to discharge debt; would like to go elsewhere than Kentucky, where not known as someone who has seen better days; contemporaries in Kentucky have been going up at same rate as I going down.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGlad he is travelling by land; please advise as to route; suggests he go westward by way of Col. [James] Henry; should leave patents for the 20,000 acres and other papers with Col. Henry, or some other dependable person; send information as to titles and prices desired; should have stayed in Kentucky, at least in opinion of Dr. Ridgely and Mr. Wilkins; also would have saved living in taverns from Florida to New York these last twelve months; lengthy discussion of travel route and monetary matter.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePlanned to go to Kentucky by water, but it turned colder and snowed, so he went overland on foot and by sleigh; now there is ice everywhere; has booked passage to Lexington by boat, which will leave as soon as the river is navigable; mention of resettling at the mills near Frankfurt; lengthy discussion centering on the raising of sheep, the profits from the wool, and the prices of lambs and ewes; mention of Carneal's debts.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscourse about misunderstanding of reasons why he should return to Lexington to live.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMention of Dr. Ridgeley and Mr. Wilkins; also confusion over dissolution of contract with Eastland; returning to Lexington in Summer 1809, passed through fertile lands of Cumberland and Green Rivers, and purchased of a Dr. Rumsey a handsome and valuable tract in the Western County; 6000 acres, some of it already opened by nature to cultivation; much land speculation discussed.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Bank of Pennsylvania arrangements concerning [Charles] Wilkins and involving George Taylor; discussion centering on sales and purchases of slaves, including not separating families; land sale comments; care of his [PS] children after his [PS] death; other comments about Charles Wilkins, Dr. Ridgely, Dr. Rush, and the \"Stanley affair\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents [Ohio?] land sales discussion mentioning [Charles] Wilkins, Dr. Ridgely, and [Daniel C.?] Cooper and involving marketable price of flour and whiskey in \"tight casks\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRecently learned from Francis Scott Key, a lawyer in Washington, [D.C.], that Gen. James Wilkinson, who Key was prosecuting on his behalf, has assigned all his property to trustees for the benefit of his creditors; learned from his statement that he possessed an island off Mobile Bay; would like to learn more of it, as to name, value, quality of soil, etc.; will be travelling on Mississippi River this autumn; may visit your quarter.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSale of Ohio lands involving Charles Wilkins; discussion of disposition of his negroes including their aging and thus not bearing any more children, separating families, and selling them to masters of their own choosing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMonetary matters; read in papers a movement in congress to extend payments, and another to lower the price on the sale of public lands, and how the War [of 1812] will affect their [Congress] time in making final decisions; land sales; John [Cleve Short] wishes to join the Army, and may be the aide to General William Henry Harrison.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGives proposal to pay debts owed and provide for family after his death, involving sales of land, transfers of mortgages of land in Indiana and Kentucky, and use of negroes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents His [WS] idea of when he [PS] visited [William Branch] Giles was incorrect, for he visited him at his house in Amelia [Co., Va.] in 1802, and obtained titles to certain lands then; defends his actions in trying to \"chase down\" unpaid claims, rather than letting them go; mentions debts and claims involving Fulwar Skipwith, Gen. [James] Wilkinson, and Col. Henry (on behalf of his [PS] daughters by his second wife).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRichard Boulware affair disappointing; sued in court, but could get back no more than property and, from a third person, $500; mills returned in a ruinous state; both our interests dictate repair of property; on advice of Charles Wilkins, have written son John for his aid; sorry the Eastland purchase so misunderstood by Wilkins and Ridgely; have been offered $8000 cash, $4000 less than value; if Boulware sale had gone through, it would have netted $20,000.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDetailed plan for settlement of debts and estate; expresses gratitude for his support; sister, [Jane (Short) Wilkins] is dying.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLatest debt and estate settlement proposals mostly agreeable; feels that he [PS] has only hurt himself [through his speculation]; sorry to hear about sister, but knows she will soon be in heaven.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Charles [Wilkins Short] doing very well in Hopkinsville, Ky., with a lucrative practice; reviews past ten years of business matters mentioning matters such as the success of coal mines in Kentucky until after the War [of 1812], when the rest of the United States was in a state of depression, a mill that was razed during the earthquakes in the winter of 1811-1812, supporting his children in various matters, and the sales of land labor, and farm stock and produce; comment about invitation to move to Texas, but states that he is not a \"man of war\" and would only go \"to cultivate the earth\"; pledge to repay all money owed to him.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIf Wilkinson's and his case come up before his appearance, please have Mr. Wickliffe appear instead of Mr. Haggar, who might betray him; do not know if [Henry] Clay has, but thinks he has come near; can promise Wickliffe respectable fee; sorry about illness of last sister; has promised brother [William] an additional lien on estate to secure balance of payment due him.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eComment on continued breakdown of communication between one another; debt and mortgage information.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eProblems in communicating clearly despite being brothers; mention of Christian [Co., Ky.] estate; $1000 has been deposited in bank in Pittsburgh to be paid to him and will send more if it is necessary.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDebt discussion; mention of Christian Co., [Ky.] land conveyance and dealing with the Clerk.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHas heard that he is purchasing a parcel of land in Lexington, [Ky.], and paying for it in cash; expresses shock and disbelief at his ability to do this after all of the previous correspondence concerning his enormous debt situation; other discussion centering on monetary solvency.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Dated 1783-1825. Letters, 1783-1825, primarily between William Short (1759-1849), American diplomat and financier, who, after a career in Europe, settled in Philadelphia, Pa., and his brother, Peyton Short (1761-1825), a native of Virginia who moved to Kentucky and engaged in extensive land speculation there and in Ohio. William gives advice concerning Peyton's career and the education of his children, and discusses other family matters, but is primarily concerned with various speculative land transactions in Kentucky and Ohio. Frequent litigation is involved, and, in the later years, William and Peyton's letters show an estrangement brought on by the latter's financial problems.","Urges him to stand for election in the fall, as best means to get his name before the public.","Admonishes him to overcome his natural shyness if he is to be a lawyer.","Is leaving for Falmouth on British packet Oct. 7; has met some of fellow passengers, including secretary to Dutch legation; Spoke with Henry Laurens on conditions in Europe; directs that proceeds of sale of negroes be invested in lots in Norfolk.","Directs him to write in care of Benjamin Harrison, merchant of Richmond; has seen his advertisements in the Virginia papers concerning lands for sale in Virginia and Kentucky, and wonders the cause; inquires into [plantation?] sale to Col. [John] Harvie; awaiting statement of accounts and affairs from Harrison, his agent; desires to know of future plans; has given up idea of practicing law and representing Surry Co. in the legislature [?]; best to sisters and Major Edmonds.","Has received no word in so long, is sending this letter by way of [Thomas] Jefferson, who will be sure it is delivered; Jefferson reported receiving a letter to be forwarded which, however, had no enclosure; Jefferson sent news of the family, including marriage of sister, Jenny; pressed sister, Eliza, to send a letter, and assured her of its safe delivery, but to no avail; aversion of Americans to writing; anxious for safety of family in Kentucky because of Indian War; will leave Holland tomorrow for Spain via France; send letters to Jefferson or through J. Browne, merchant of Richmond; passage through France risky, because of present troubles; papers and library scattered; his European affairs entrusted to a Dutch concern; if problems arise, Jefferson can help; Col. [Henry] Skipwith, handling affairs in Va.; asks about Norfolk and western lands purchases; laments having ever left home.","Scope and Contents Had hoped to be home long ago, but the President, [Washington] refused to accept resignation; then death of someone in Europe prevented departure; recently learned letters sent to America not reaching Kentucky; pained by lack of letters, but attributes it not to inattention, but Americans' almost universal aversion to writing; since the beginning of the [European] War, correspondence most precarious, even Jefferson not writing; Devilmont, arriving in Spain from Ft. Pitt, [Pa.], just when preparing to depart; spoke of family affairs, and of hazards of getting mail to Kentucky; would have written through Devilmont but he left Madrid two days sooner than expected, which occasioned having to write letters and dispatches over a 48 hour period; has been subject to headaches, some violent and incapacitating; is only health problem of consequence, thinks it a \"family disorder\" stemming from mother's side; glad Eliza married, since this is the \"natural course to happiness, especially for women\"; personal affairs are in sorry state, as had not made better arrangements before leaving, and does not have a good friend in Richmond; has no clue to state of affairs, management of which has passed from [Benjamin] Harrison to Col. [Henry] Skipwith, (who has not sent the accounting he promised eight years ago), and then to Messers. Donald and Browne; Jefferson now in charge of some affairs, but these out of his way.","Scope and Contents Has received letter of 29 Nov [1799], and only sorry it did not contain more details of the family's life; interested in every detail, no matter how minute; has been lucky in life, but to be in one's own country, working towards a better life, under free government, the happiest life; alarmed to read brother contemplating trip to Europe, as it would take him away from affairs and would be dangerous and costly; hopes to return next summer or winter; if he writes while congress is in session, when Jefferson is absent, send mail through John Barnes, merchant of Philadelphia, through post from Kentucky; Barnes is agent appointed by Jefferson to handle affairs formerly administered by Skipwith; Col. [Henry] Skipwith has no been the best manager, but can find no fault with him in law or equity; recounts at great length problems in affairs and his attempts to have a reckoning of them; asks advice on how to collect money owed; cautions that he deal fairly and honestly with Col. Skipwith, as he is a relative and has always shown himself to be a friend; hopes to be home soon, but still wants this business begun as soon as possible; Jefferson has documents relative to Skipwith's agency which he will make available; asks about title to lands bought from Pasky [?]; questions about western land deals, and reflects on effects of \"family disease\" [Speculation] which has afflicted them both; observations on land use arrangements in Europe, including serfdom (which he compares to slavery) and metayers (sharecroppers); reflects on uncertain income of landlords and large farmers, and the evils resulting; happy to see his brother so prosperous; sorry to hear sad fate of negroes on Mush Island, who were sold; if had been in Virginia, would have put up money to buy those who could not find good masters, as Harvie ever was; if any of them can be found in the hands of cruel masters, buy them, and if they are capable of providing for their families, give them freedom; if not hire them out to good masters; give particular attention to female slaves; family slaves from Surry, are those most concerned about, wishes them seen to; expresses happiness that nephew Edmonds well provided for with a good guardian but hopes to be able to take over that position after arriving in America; Fulwar Skipwith has suffered a reversal of fortune since arriving in Paris and is embarrassed in his circumstances; has some money coming to him from Sir Peyton [Skipwith]; try to recover sum from Sir Peyton.","Refers to letter of July 28 1800,; as suspected, Fulwar Skipwith's letter indicates money must be gotten from Sir Peyton [Skipwith]; happy to receive letter of 29 Nov. 1799, with such a detailed account of brother's finances; reiterates opposition to brother visiting in Europe; discusses Col. [Henry] Skipwith's handling of his affairs, Paskie and western lands; encapsulates account of metayers (share croppers) of France, and the need to keep regular accounts.","Happy to receive letter of 29 Nov. 1799; has recently sent two large letters, largely concerning state of affairs with Col. [Henry] Skipwith; hopes it will be satisfactorily completed soon; has seen Dr. Watkins in Paris, and learned much about Kentucky and the family, especially as to mode of life, which never is revealed in letters; the family's prosperity all due to his better judgement, as himself had counseled against this enterprise; great happiness in having lands cultivated by tenants rather than slaves; would never have guessed that there were land so plentiful and cheap, so many could be found to work the land of others; this the best kind of property; wish had invested in such land long ago; sorry had not invested in Kentucky as you advised, but left it with [Col. Henry Skipwith], and which by now would have produced a fortune; would it still be possible to trade the 10,000 acres for land near his?; discusses profitability of rent vis-a-vis expenses; hopes plan of Dr. Watkins succeeds, and negotiations with the [Spanish] government successful; much land for sale in the U.S. north and south; has heard Kentucky lands four to six times more valuable since 1794.","Have received no letter of late; Mr. Barnes, near Georgetown, and Jefferson report no letters received; has had to postpone leaving one more year, may be next fall or spring; again counsels against a trip to Europe; leaving tomorrow for Auvergne, and waters of Vichy; if remain in Europe, not sure if will winter in Paris or take another voyage; has heard some report that Mr. Watkins has met with some misfortune in Spain; does not think his mission will be successful; please send letter through Barnes or Jefferson.","Scope and Contents Expresses appreciation for travels on behalf of the Harvie deal, and promise of the same for the Paskie affair ; hopes to return next spring, but will not fix the time of arrival, as so often disappointed; time spent at waters and in mountains has been very good for health; observations and speculation on Col. [Henry] Skipwith affair, happy satisfied with agricultural observations; tells of difficulty of transporting a ram to Kentucky, and the experience of one Frenchman who tried sending some to his farm in New York, their rising price, along with that of their wool, due to efforts of the French Government; sassafras is a good crop for Kentucky mentioned to Dr. Watkins; reiterates inquiry about Mush Island Slaves; asks for another yearly account, as did last year, only more detailed; copy of agricultural arithmetic on Spanish ram production; will send letters to Jefferson, but under cover to Barnes; please do same; advised having sisters ratify division of father's negroes when they came of age; death of sister Sally gives other sisters claim on negroes left by her; has estate been settled?; what about Poythress, Peters, [Kerrs?]; problems the result of \"ruinous\" Negro property.","Expresses grief on loss of brother's wife [Maria (Symmes) Short]; on returning [to America] plan to go westward after taking care of long-neglected affairs; will probably arrive next spring, somewhere in the far north; happy Harvie lands purchased; laments extent of slavery in Kentucky; France to people the Spanish territories of the lower Mississippi River; might have been avoided by better [American] handling of foreign affairs; inadvisability of proceeding with Col. [Henry] Skipwith until return; mention of nephew [John T.] Edmunds.","Discusses journey from Winchester, [Va.]; opposed to sale of Jersey estate, and does not wish to purchase it; disparages speculation as a characteristic of Americans, especially Westerners; Wilson Cary Nicholas on way to Kentucky, but not sure where, or whether interested in purchasing his land; account with Sir Peyton Skipwith still uncertain;  two sorrels and chair received; will dispose of the Grey as directed; estate papers from Col. [Henry] Skipwith may be lodged with George Jefferson of Richmond.","Bemoans brother's erratic travels as of late, and their not meeting; thanks for services of \"Old Honest Joe,\" and worries about his return trip; happiness at brother's fortune [remarriage]; is collecting papers dealing with Col. Henry Skipwith's affairs.","Does not know whether to sue or not over Carneal's not having given title or patent to the 10,000 acres of land; if cannot write about this soon, please inform Mr. [Charles?] or Mrs. [Janes (Short)?] Wilkins about status and have them write; have out off trip to Europe; objects to delay in settling Carneal affair; would rather have $8,000 in cash than a bond for $10,000 at the end of the year; feels that sending his sons to the Atlantic states for schooling a good idea; eldest son [John Cleves Short] should go to Bishop Carroll's school near Baltimore , where he will study under French professors; the cost of $400 per year is expensive, but should not be considered impossible since it is considered the best school in the U.S.; write to Nazareth about son [Charles Wilkins Short]; as to bond loaned, had hoped it would go to discharge his debts, not to embarking on new speculative ventures; only desires it to be paid back a little at a time, through agents in New York, Lewis \u0026 Lawrence Brokers, Wall Street or Philadelphia George Taylor, Jr., Broker, Second Street, or to Mr. Charles Wilkins, merchant in Lexington, [Ky.], who will send it to Philadelphia; have not heard from sisters, Wilkins and Ridgely for some time.","Discusses suit against Carneal for breach of contract and contract law; mention of Paskie land; reiterates advice to  send sons to schools in Atlantic States, and soon; discusses a loan; please send mail to Philadelphia, where agent will always know whereabouts; have not heard from Ridgely or Wilkins since last visited, but heard from sister Wilkins that Ridgely is now a farmer and Wilkins is a merchant in Lexington; has not heard of John Edmonds since his marriage; has sent engravings for brother and sisters.","Continued lengthy discussion of Carneal's breach of contract; comments that juries often consider a suit to compel a conveyance as a maneuver by obligee to convert the obligation into a money debt, so it must be proven that the title was demanded and not delivered; immigration is progressing with inconceivable rapidity; some lands in Ohio bought 3 years ago for $2 are now selling for $5-$10 per acre; Paskie lawsuit is at last stage with the decree to be given during present term; discusses speculation; Potomac affair a tactic to get closer to shore.","Scope and Contents Does not know if Capt. Hall (according to Col. Lytle's letter) was able to sell the land as he had hoped; Gen. Wilkins confirmed his comment about selling lands; emigration good in that \"quarter\" so sales are good; also reports that the agent sold his land, used the money for his own purposes and then did not repay it when requested, a common occurrence; Capt. Hall should have received payment for sale, but no word of it; please send information on this matter; agent in Philadelphia is now George Taylor, Jr., South Second Street near the Pennsylvania bank; but while in country receive own money to avoid commission; if any money received, send it to the bank at Pittsburgh in care of Gen. Wilkins; keep apprised of Paskie's land, and prospect for its sale; also request information on Ohio lands; since ignorant of Western geography, indicate nearby watercourses or settlements for reference, has learned of very small inheritance due from Skipwith side of family; each brother's share one-seventieth of the whole estate; wondering about proposed sale of Potomac lands; accidentally learned from R. Peters about his suit against him; will help in any way possible.","Scope and Contents Has just returned from a month's tour in Ohio, but was not able to meet with Capt. Hall; detailed discussions concerning a land sale payment plan, litigation in connection with Paskie lands and the possible sale of some land on the Ohio River; thanks for news on the North Carolina \"windfall\"; lengthy inquiry and information about Jack Edmunds, and debts owed by him; appreciates offer concerning Potomac affair; pointed comments about Sir Peyton Skipwith's estate settlement in connection with a 20-year old debt owed him; also mention of Fulwar Skipwith.","Scope and Contents Inquires about news of Ohio and Cumberland land sales, troubles in Ohio country make their main officers, such as Col Lytle, hard to reach, making business hard to conduct; inquires as to Hall's agency, and the state of affairs regarding the lands under his disposal; discusses merits of having money in the bank at Pittsburgh or Philadelphia; has learned Paskie's land to be titled in his name; the Skipwith \"windfall\" is not enough to bother with; discusses character of George Skipwith; reflects on desire of everyone to go into business, and attendant evils; unhappy situation of a man dependent on foreign commerce or funds for his livelihood.","Inquires about plans for educating sons [John and Charles]; suggests Princeton as a good place; college costs less than $300 a year, with $450 necessary in supplies; surprised over sale of Ohio lands to Carneal at a discount, especially as he always pictured him as dishonest.","Scope and Contents Has inquired into various schools in the region [for John and Charles]; only one definitely to be rejected is Princeton, where students have recently revolted; \"Southern\" boys have so much money they are a bad example and taverns are so near the school, they are a constant temptation; prefers a local school, headed by the Frenchman, Carrè; however, he does not admit boys older than 13 years; requests information on Carneal sale.","More hopeful of embarking this summer than before; will do whatever possible to aid sons [John and Charles] in getting in a school; thinks that the plan of sending one before the other is a good one; Princeton is still in a state of insurrection, but if restructured better than formerly it is to be preferred; looking into Carlisle, and a school at Germantown run by a Catholic priest who does not meddle in religion; chose between three; describes tombstone made for parent's grave; will be leaving in a few days for New York; take care over Carneal sale; have Mr. Wilkins certify handwriting and sell Paskie tract for whatever price reasonable; has made a settlement with Col. Henry Skipwith for $6000, even though the amount should have been closer to $20,000; southern laxity extends even to the bench; to be paid in four installments by way of joint bonds in name of W. Skipwith and Ed. Harrison, who has married Col. [Henry] Skipwith's daughter; Peyton Skipwith and his wife, seen last year on way to Rhode Island, told of marriage; Col. Skipwith is in a bad way financially; his present wife's family says he has spent his wife's estate to pay his debts; pity him but cannot love him as once did.","Sends more precise information on Princeton program, which is better, and more strictly administered since the insurrection; have Mr. Wilkins certify handwriting on Paskie sale; Gen. Wilkins says John Kerr at Chillicothe a good man to handle affairs.","Just returned from the falls at Niagara; problems with the post to Kentucky; discusses evils of speculation, giving the examples of Robert Morris, prince of all [speculators] and George Nicholas; only Pasties tract remains; please press Mr. Wilkins to go to the next court for that.","States opinion of sending sons to Princeton if they desire to study law, rather than school in Philadelphia; mention of Carneal and Col. [Henry] Skipwith and debts owed by them; Paskie land issue.","About to sail for [France?]; has written to Mr. Wilkins about dealings with Carneal; desires moneys to be deposited in Bank of the United States Philadelphia; is leaving a trunk at the U.S. Bank with papers; also in it will be a tin box with titles; his son has not arrived; if he arrives after his departure, he will be assisted by Mr. John Vaughan or Mr. Mahler (?) Dickenson; asks that he sell all of his lands as soon as possible.","In a former letter, advised that horses sell easier and at a better price in Ohio than in Kentucky, and that his horses should be sent there, but has recently observed in the Frankfort Palladium that the horses were put up for public sale; good market for [iron?] castings there; could probably sell 20 or 30 tons assorted; Mr. Owens promised all or part of payment due next spring in tall kettles, and a lower price if collect them at furnace rather than Lexington; perhaps, if funds allow, should have a boat built there to go to New Orleans, and if unable to be sold there, forwarded here; should be converted into a handsome profit in six months; some castings sold just before departure from Kentucky for Whiskey, payable next spring; also sold John W. Hunt two tons at 40 per ton, also to be paid in whiskey; there is a bond to secure a riverboat to send whiskey and other goods from there to New Orleans or any other market down river for his account; has said nothing of contract with MacNale concerning the Woodford Distillery, which would bring in 6000 gallons of whiskey annually until estate sold at $1.25 per gallon wholesale at New Orleans; hopes the contract with George Brown carried out; wants to keep slaves, and reclaim those tricked out of by arch-fiend T. Hart; Suppose lands bought from Dr. Rumsay also on market, although had hoped to retire there; about March 1, an installment of $1000 due Dr. Rumsay is payable at the Russelsville [Ohio?] branch of the bank; think that may be raised in time from sale of lands on Elk River, [Tenn.]; agent there Mr. Hardy Holiman is an honest man; has notified him of land purchased in Christian County, [Ky.], and exhorted him to forward to that Bank the amount indicated to discharge debt; would like to go elsewhere than Kentucky, where not known as someone who has seen better days; contemporaries in Kentucky have been going up at same rate as I going down.","Glad he is travelling by land; please advise as to route; suggests he go westward by way of Col. [James] Henry; should leave patents for the 20,000 acres and other papers with Col. Henry, or some other dependable person; send information as to titles and prices desired; should have stayed in Kentucky, at least in opinion of Dr. Ridgely and Mr. Wilkins; also would have saved living in taverns from Florida to New York these last twelve months; lengthy discussion of travel route and monetary matter.","Planned to go to Kentucky by water, but it turned colder and snowed, so he went overland on foot and by sleigh; now there is ice everywhere; has booked passage to Lexington by boat, which will leave as soon as the river is navigable; mention of resettling at the mills near Frankfurt; lengthy discussion centering on the raising of sheep, the profits from the wool, and the prices of lambs and ewes; mention of Carneal's debts.","Discourse about misunderstanding of reasons why he should return to Lexington to live.","Mention of Dr. Ridgeley and Mr. Wilkins; also confusion over dissolution of contract with Eastland; returning to Lexington in Summer 1809, passed through fertile lands of Cumberland and Green Rivers, and purchased of a Dr. Rumsey a handsome and valuable tract in the Western County; 6000 acres, some of it already opened by nature to cultivation; much land speculation discussed.","Scope and Contents Bank of Pennsylvania arrangements concerning [Charles] Wilkins and involving George Taylor; discussion centering on sales and purchases of slaves, including not separating families; land sale comments; care of his [PS] children after his [PS] death; other comments about Charles Wilkins, Dr. Ridgely, Dr. Rush, and the \"Stanley affair\".","Scope and Contents [Ohio?] land sales discussion mentioning [Charles] Wilkins, Dr. Ridgely, and [Daniel C.?] Cooper and involving marketable price of flour and whiskey in \"tight casks\".","Recently learned from Francis Scott Key, a lawyer in Washington, [D.C.], that Gen. James Wilkinson, who Key was prosecuting on his behalf, has assigned all his property to trustees for the benefit of his creditors; learned from his statement that he possessed an island off Mobile Bay; would like to learn more of it, as to name, value, quality of soil, etc.; will be travelling on Mississippi River this autumn; may visit your quarter.","Sale of Ohio lands involving Charles Wilkins; discussion of disposition of his negroes including their aging and thus not bearing any more children, separating families, and selling them to masters of their own choosing.","Monetary matters; read in papers a movement in congress to extend payments, and another to lower the price on the sale of public lands, and how the War [of 1812] will affect their [Congress] time in making final decisions; land sales; John [Cleve Short] wishes to join the Army, and may be the aide to General William Henry Harrison.","Gives proposal to pay debts owed and provide for family after his death, involving sales of land, transfers of mortgages of land in Indiana and Kentucky, and use of negroes.","Scope and Contents His [WS] idea of when he [PS] visited [William Branch] Giles was incorrect, for he visited him at his house in Amelia [Co., Va.] in 1802, and obtained titles to certain lands then; defends his actions in trying to \"chase down\" unpaid claims, rather than letting them go; mentions debts and claims involving Fulwar Skipwith, Gen. [James] Wilkinson, and Col. Henry (on behalf of his [PS] daughters by his second wife).","Richard Boulware affair disappointing; sued in court, but could get back no more than property and, from a third person, $500; mills returned in a ruinous state; both our interests dictate repair of property; on advice of Charles Wilkins, have written son John for his aid; sorry the Eastland purchase so misunderstood by Wilkins and Ridgely; have been offered $8000 cash, $4000 less than value; if Boulware sale had gone through, it would have netted $20,000.","Detailed plan for settlement of debts and estate; expresses gratitude for his support; sister, [Jane (Short) Wilkins] is dying.","Latest debt and estate settlement proposals mostly agreeable; feels that he [PS] has only hurt himself [through his speculation]; sorry to hear about sister, but knows she will soon be in heaven.","Scope and Contents Charles [Wilkins Short] doing very well in Hopkinsville, Ky., with a lucrative practice; reviews past ten years of business matters mentioning matters such as the success of coal mines in Kentucky until after the War [of 1812], when the rest of the United States was in a state of depression, a mill that was razed during the earthquakes in the winter of 1811-1812, supporting his children in various matters, and the sales of land labor, and farm stock and produce; comment about invitation to move to Texas, but states that he is not a \"man of war\" and would only go \"to cultivate the earth\"; pledge to repay all money owed to him.","If Wilkinson's and his case come up before his appearance, please have Mr. Wickliffe appear instead of Mr. Haggar, who might betray him; do not know if [Henry] Clay has, but thinks he has come near; can promise Wickliffe respectable fee; sorry about illness of last sister; has promised brother [William] an additional lien on estate to secure balance of payment due him.","Comment on continued breakdown of communication between one another; debt and mortgage information.","Problems in communicating clearly despite being brothers; mention of Christian [Co., Ky.] estate; $1000 has been deposited in bank in Pittsburgh to be paid to him and will send more if it is necessary.","Debt discussion; mention of Christian Co., [Ky.] land conveyance and dealing with the Clerk.","Has heard that he is purchasing a parcel of land in Lexington, [Ky.], and paying for it in cash; expresses shock and disbelief at his ability to do this after all of the previous correspondence concerning his enormous debt situation; other discussion centering on monetary solvency."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use:"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Short, William (1759-1849)","Short, Peyton, 1761-1825","Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"names_coll_ssim":["Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826"],"persname_ssim":["Short, William (1759-1849)","Short, Peyton, 1761-1825","Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":53,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T14:14:39.929Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_1119"}}],"included":[{"type":"facet","id":"repository_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Repository","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Alexandria Library","value":"Alexandria 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