{"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Rockingham+County+%28Va.%29+Circuit+Court\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection","last":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Rockingham+County+%28Va.%29+Circuit+Court\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=1"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":1,"next_page":null,"prev_page":null,"total_pages":1,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":0,"total_count":9,"first_page?":true,"last_page?":true}},"data":[{"id":"vi_vi06668","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Rockingham County (Va.) Apprenticeship Indentures, 1805-1852","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi06668#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi06668#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi06668#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vi_vi06668","ead_ssi":"vi_vi06668","_root_":"vi_vi06668","_nest_parent_":"vi_vi06668","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/lva/vi06668.xml","title_ssm":["Rockingham County (Va.) Apprenticeship Indentures, 1805-1852"],"title_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Apprenticeship Indentures, 1805-1852"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Rockingham County (Va.) Apprenticeship Indentures, 1805-1852"],"text":["Rockingham County (Va.) Apprenticeship Indentures, 1805-1852",".","Rockingham County (Va.) Apprenticeship Indentures, 1805-1852, concerning Black and Multiracial child are digitized and available through Virginia Untold: The African American Narrative Digital Collection  on the Library of Virginia website. Please use digital images.","This collection is arrangedSeries I: Apprenticeship Indentures, 1805-1852","Context for Record Type: In 1765, the General Assembly established that illegitimate children of \"woman servants, Negroes, white women by Negroes were to be bound out\" until the age of 21 for males and 18 for females. In the late eighteenth century, the General Assembly established the Overseers of the Poor, an appointed body that provided food, clothing, shelter, and medical treatment for people who were too poor to support themselves or too ill to provide for their basic needs. They also bound out children whose parents could not support them and those who were orphaned through apprenticeship contracts. These agreements arranged for white children to be taught a trade or domestic skills as well as educated in reading, writing, and arithmetic. In 1805, the General Assembly amended the previous act to no longer require the master of \"black or mulatto orphans\" to teach reading, writing, or arithmetic, with the intent that this would prevent Black children from learning these skills.","Locality History: Rockingham County was named for Charles Watson-Wentworth, second marquis of Rockingham, who supported the colonies during the years before and during the Revolutionary War. The county was formed from Augusta County in 1778. The county seat is the city of Harrisonburg.","Lost Locality History: Created in 1778. A courthouse fire in 1787 destroyed wills and estate records, primarily. In June 1864 during the Civil War, court records (mostly volumes) were removed from the courthouse and loaded on a wagon to be taken to place of safety on or beyond the Blue Ridge. The wagon was overtaken by Union troops near Port Republic and set on fire, which was put out by local citizens. Many order books, deed books, will books, and fiduciary books, however, were lost or severely damaged by the fire. The loose records that remained at the courthouse were undamaged. Pre-1865 records including deeds and wills were rerecorded following an act of assembly passed in November 1884.","These items came to the Library of Virginia in a transfer of court papers from Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court in 2003. Original documents returned at request of Circuit Court Clerk of Isle of Wight County in 2019.","Original apprenticeship indentures are housed at the Rockingham Circuit Court.  Contact the clerk of the Circuit Court for access.","After Local Records Staff completed the processing, indexing and digitization for Rockingham County apprenticeship indentures included in Virginia Untold, the records were returned to the locality by request of the clerk. At that time, the box barcodes and catalog records were deleted, while the digital images remained in Virginia Untold. In 2026, the Virginia Untold Project Manager and Local Records Staff decided to recreate these catalog records and assign digital barcodes to the images to help with internal tracking and to provide researchers with extended context for these records.","Encoded by M. Mason, June 2026.","See also: Rockingham County(Va.) Free and Enslaved Records","Records related to free and enslaved people of Rockingham County (Va.) and other localities are available through the Virginia Untold: The African American Narrative Digital Collection on the Library of Virginia website.","Additional Rockingham County (Va.) Court Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia web site. Consult \"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm.\"","Rockingham County (Va.) Apprenticeship Indentures, 1805-1852,  consist of contracts or agreements binding out white, Black, or Multiracial children, sometimes those who were orphaned, to learn a particular trade or craft. These indentures may be written agreements between the family of the apprentice and those responsible for the indentured. In many cases this includes the direct involvement of the Overseers of the Poor. They typically contain the name of the person or institution binding out, the person to whom bound, the name of the person being indentured, the length of the apprenticeship, and the responsibilities of the person taking on the indenture.","Currently, identified material only includes indentures of Black and Multiracial children. Additional apprenticeship indentures concerning white children may be found with other records or in the locality.","There are no restrictions.","Library of Virginia","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Apprenticeship Indentures, 1805-1852"],"collection_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Apprenticeship Indentures, 1805-1852"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"repository_ssm":["Library of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Library of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court"],"creator_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court"],"access_terms_ssm":["There are no restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Digital images of Rockingham County  Apprenticeship Indentures, created by Library of Virginia Staff and are part of accession 54921"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["."],"extent_ssm":["Digital Images"],"extent_tesim":["Digital Images"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockingham County (Va.) Apprenticeship Indentures, 1805-1852, concerning Black and Multiracial child are digitized and available through \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://lva.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/search?vid=01LVA_INST:VU\"\u003eVirginia Untold: The African American Narrative Digital Collection \u003c/extref\u003e on the Library of Virginia website. Please use digital images. \n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Apprenticeship Indentures, 1805-1852, concerning Black and Multiracial child are digitized and available through Virginia Untold: The African American Narrative Digital Collection  on the Library of Virginia website. Please use digital images."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is arranged\u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\u003citem\u003eSeries I: Apprenticeship Indentures, 1805-1852\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This collection is arrangedSeries I: Apprenticeship Indentures, 1805-1852"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eContext for Record Type:\u003c/emph\u003e In 1765, the General Assembly established that illegitimate children of \"woman servants, Negroes, white women by Negroes were to be bound out\" until the age of 21 for males and 18 for females. In the late eighteenth century, the General Assembly established the Overseers of the Poor, an appointed body that provided food, clothing, shelter, and medical treatment for people who were too poor to support themselves or too ill to provide for their basic needs. They also bound out children whose parents could not support them and those who were orphaned through apprenticeship contracts. These agreements arranged for white children to be taught a trade or domestic skills as well as educated in reading, writing, and arithmetic. In 1805, the General Assembly amended the previous act to no longer require the master of \"black or mulatto orphans\" to teach reading, writing, or arithmetic, with the intent that this would prevent Black children from learning these skills.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eLocality History: \u003c/emph\u003eRockingham County was named for Charles Watson-Wentworth, second marquis of Rockingham, who supported the colonies during the years before and during the Revolutionary War. The county was formed from Augusta County in 1778. The county seat is the city of Harrisonburg.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eLost Locality History:\u003c/emph\u003e Created in 1778. A courthouse fire in 1787 destroyed wills and estate records, primarily. In June 1864 during the Civil War, court records (mostly volumes) were removed from the courthouse and loaded on a wagon to be taken to place of safety on or beyond the Blue Ridge. The wagon was overtaken by Union troops near Port Republic and set on fire, which was put out by local citizens. Many order books, deed books, will books, and fiduciary books, however, were lost or severely damaged by the fire. The loose records that remained at the courthouse were undamaged. Pre-1865 records including deeds and wills were rerecorded following an act of assembly passed in November 1884.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Context for Record Type: In 1765, the General Assembly established that illegitimate children of \"woman servants, Negroes, white women by Negroes were to be bound out\" until the age of 21 for males and 18 for females. In the late eighteenth century, the General Assembly established the Overseers of the Poor, an appointed body that provided food, clothing, shelter, and medical treatment for people who were too poor to support themselves or too ill to provide for their basic needs. They also bound out children whose parents could not support them and those who were orphaned through apprenticeship contracts. These agreements arranged for white children to be taught a trade or domestic skills as well as educated in reading, writing, and arithmetic. In 1805, the General Assembly amended the previous act to no longer require the master of \"black or mulatto orphans\" to teach reading, writing, or arithmetic, with the intent that this would prevent Black children from learning these skills.","Locality History: Rockingham County was named for Charles Watson-Wentworth, second marquis of Rockingham, who supported the colonies during the years before and during the Revolutionary War. The county was formed from Augusta County in 1778. The county seat is the city of Harrisonburg.","Lost Locality History: Created in 1778. A courthouse fire in 1787 destroyed wills and estate records, primarily. In June 1864 during the Civil War, court records (mostly volumes) were removed from the courthouse and loaded on a wagon to be taken to place of safety on or beyond the Blue Ridge. The wagon was overtaken by Union troops near Port Republic and set on fire, which was put out by local citizens. Many order books, deed books, will books, and fiduciary books, however, were lost or severely damaged by the fire. The loose records that remained at the courthouse were undamaged. Pre-1865 records including deeds and wills were rerecorded following an act of assembly passed in November 1884."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThese items came to the Library of Virginia in a transfer of court papers from Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court in 2003. Original documents returned at request of Circuit Court Clerk of Isle of Wight County in 2019.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History"],"custodhist_tesim":["These items came to the Library of Virginia in a transfer of court papers from Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court in 2003. Original documents returned at request of Circuit Court Clerk of Isle of Wight County in 2019."],"originalsloc_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOriginal apprenticeship indentures are housed at the Rockingham Circuit Court.  Contact the clerk of the Circuit Court for access. \n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"originalsloc_heading_ssm":["Location of Originals"],"originalsloc_tesim":["Original apprenticeship indentures are housed at the Rockingham Circuit Court.  Contact the clerk of the Circuit Court for access."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockingham County (Va.) Apprenticeship Indentures, 1805-1852. Local government records collection, Rockingham County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"prefercite_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Apprenticeship Indentures, 1805-1852. Local government records collection, Rockingham County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAfter Local Records Staff completed the processing, indexing and digitization for Rockingham County apprenticeship indentures included in Virginia Untold, the records were returned to the locality by request of the clerk. At that time, the box barcodes and catalog records were deleted, while the digital images remained in Virginia Untold. In 2026, the Virginia Untold Project Manager and Local Records Staff decided to recreate these catalog records and assign digital barcodes to the images to help with internal tracking and to provide researchers with extended context for these records. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eEncoded by M. Mason, June 2026.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["After Local Records Staff completed the processing, indexing and digitization for Rockingham County apprenticeship indentures included in Virginia Untold, the records were returned to the locality by request of the clerk. At that time, the box barcodes and catalog records were deleted, while the digital images remained in Virginia Untold. In 2026, the Virginia Untold Project Manager and Local Records Staff decided to recreate these catalog records and assign digital barcodes to the images to help with internal tracking and to provide researchers with extended context for these records.","Encoded by M. Mason, June 2026."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee also: \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi02260\"\u003eRockingham County(Va.) Free and Enslaved Records\u003c/extref\u003e \n\u003c/p\u003e\n\n","\u003cp\u003eRecords related to free and enslaved people of Rockingham County (Va.) and other localities are available through the \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://lva.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/search?vid=01LVA_INST:VU\"\u003eVirginia Untold: The African American Narrative Digital Collection\u003c/extref\u003e on the Library of Virginia website.\u003c/p\u003e \n","\u003cp\u003eAdditional Rockingham County (Va.) Court Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia web site. Consult \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/local/\"\u003e\"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm.\"\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["See also: Rockingham County(Va.) Free and Enslaved Records","Records related to free and enslaved people of Rockingham County (Va.) and other localities are available through the Virginia Untold: The African American Narrative Digital Collection on the Library of Virginia website.","Additional Rockingham County (Va.) Court Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia web site. Consult \"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm.\""],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockingham County (Va.) Apprenticeship Indentures, 1805-1852,  consist of contracts or agreements binding out white, Black, or Multiracial children, sometimes those who were orphaned, to learn a particular trade or craft. These indentures may be written agreements between the family of the apprentice and those responsible for the indentured. In many cases this includes the direct involvement of the Overseers of the Poor. They typically contain the name of the person or institution binding out, the person to whom bound, the name of the person being indentured, the length of the apprenticeship, and the responsibilities of the person taking on the indenture.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCurrently, identified material only includes indentures of Black and Multiracial children. Additional apprenticeship indentures concerning white children may be found with other records or in the locality.\n\n\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Apprenticeship Indentures, 1805-1852,  consist of contracts or agreements binding out white, Black, or Multiracial children, sometimes those who were orphaned, to learn a particular trade or craft. These indentures may be written agreements between the family of the apprentice and those responsible for the indentured. In many cases this includes the direct involvement of the Overseers of the Poor. They typically contain the name of the person or institution binding out, the person to whom bound, the name of the person being indentured, the length of the apprenticeship, and the responsibilities of the person taking on the indenture.","Currently, identified material only includes indentures of Black and Multiracial children. Additional apprenticeship indentures concerning white children may be found with other records or in the locality."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract label=\"Abstract\"\u003e\n\u003c/abstract\u003e\n"],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc label=\"Location\"\u003eLibrary of Virginia\n\u003c/physloc\u003e\n"],"physloc_tesim":["Library of Virginia"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":3,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:28:46.894Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vi_vi06668","ead_ssi":"vi_vi06668","_root_":"vi_vi06668","_nest_parent_":"vi_vi06668","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/lva/vi06668.xml","title_ssm":["Rockingham County (Va.) Apprenticeship Indentures, 1805-1852"],"title_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Apprenticeship Indentures, 1805-1852"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Rockingham County (Va.) Apprenticeship Indentures, 1805-1852"],"text":["Rockingham County (Va.) Apprenticeship Indentures, 1805-1852",".","Rockingham County (Va.) Apprenticeship Indentures, 1805-1852, concerning Black and Multiracial child are digitized and available through Virginia Untold: The African American Narrative Digital Collection  on the Library of Virginia website. Please use digital images.","This collection is arrangedSeries I: Apprenticeship Indentures, 1805-1852","Context for Record Type: In 1765, the General Assembly established that illegitimate children of \"woman servants, Negroes, white women by Negroes were to be bound out\" until the age of 21 for males and 18 for females. In the late eighteenth century, the General Assembly established the Overseers of the Poor, an appointed body that provided food, clothing, shelter, and medical treatment for people who were too poor to support themselves or too ill to provide for their basic needs. They also bound out children whose parents could not support them and those who were orphaned through apprenticeship contracts. These agreements arranged for white children to be taught a trade or domestic skills as well as educated in reading, writing, and arithmetic. In 1805, the General Assembly amended the previous act to no longer require the master of \"black or mulatto orphans\" to teach reading, writing, or arithmetic, with the intent that this would prevent Black children from learning these skills.","Locality History: Rockingham County was named for Charles Watson-Wentworth, second marquis of Rockingham, who supported the colonies during the years before and during the Revolutionary War. The county was formed from Augusta County in 1778. The county seat is the city of Harrisonburg.","Lost Locality History: Created in 1778. A courthouse fire in 1787 destroyed wills and estate records, primarily. In June 1864 during the Civil War, court records (mostly volumes) were removed from the courthouse and loaded on a wagon to be taken to place of safety on or beyond the Blue Ridge. The wagon was overtaken by Union troops near Port Republic and set on fire, which was put out by local citizens. Many order books, deed books, will books, and fiduciary books, however, were lost or severely damaged by the fire. The loose records that remained at the courthouse were undamaged. Pre-1865 records including deeds and wills were rerecorded following an act of assembly passed in November 1884.","These items came to the Library of Virginia in a transfer of court papers from Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court in 2003. Original documents returned at request of Circuit Court Clerk of Isle of Wight County in 2019.","Original apprenticeship indentures are housed at the Rockingham Circuit Court.  Contact the clerk of the Circuit Court for access.","After Local Records Staff completed the processing, indexing and digitization for Rockingham County apprenticeship indentures included in Virginia Untold, the records were returned to the locality by request of the clerk. At that time, the box barcodes and catalog records were deleted, while the digital images remained in Virginia Untold. In 2026, the Virginia Untold Project Manager and Local Records Staff decided to recreate these catalog records and assign digital barcodes to the images to help with internal tracking and to provide researchers with extended context for these records.","Encoded by M. Mason, June 2026.","See also: Rockingham County(Va.) Free and Enslaved Records","Records related to free and enslaved people of Rockingham County (Va.) and other localities are available through the Virginia Untold: The African American Narrative Digital Collection on the Library of Virginia website.","Additional Rockingham County (Va.) Court Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia web site. Consult \"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm.\"","Rockingham County (Va.) Apprenticeship Indentures, 1805-1852,  consist of contracts or agreements binding out white, Black, or Multiracial children, sometimes those who were orphaned, to learn a particular trade or craft. These indentures may be written agreements between the family of the apprentice and those responsible for the indentured. In many cases this includes the direct involvement of the Overseers of the Poor. They typically contain the name of the person or institution binding out, the person to whom bound, the name of the person being indentured, the length of the apprenticeship, and the responsibilities of the person taking on the indenture.","Currently, identified material only includes indentures of Black and Multiracial children. Additional apprenticeship indentures concerning white children may be found with other records or in the locality.","There are no restrictions.","Library of Virginia","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Apprenticeship Indentures, 1805-1852"],"collection_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Apprenticeship Indentures, 1805-1852"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"repository_ssm":["Library of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Library of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court"],"creator_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) 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Apprenticeship Indentures, 1805-1852, concerning Black and Multiracial child are digitized and available through Virginia Untold: The African American Narrative Digital Collection  on the Library of Virginia website. Please use digital images."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is arranged\u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\u003citem\u003eSeries I: Apprenticeship Indentures, 1805-1852\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This collection is arrangedSeries I: Apprenticeship Indentures, 1805-1852"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eContext for Record Type:\u003c/emph\u003e In 1765, the General Assembly established that illegitimate children of \"woman servants, Negroes, white women by Negroes were to be bound out\" until the age of 21 for males and 18 for females. In the late eighteenth century, the General Assembly established the Overseers of the Poor, an appointed body that provided food, clothing, shelter, and medical treatment for people who were too poor to support themselves or too ill to provide for their basic needs. They also bound out children whose parents could not support them and those who were orphaned through apprenticeship contracts. These agreements arranged for white children to be taught a trade or domestic skills as well as educated in reading, writing, and arithmetic. In 1805, the General Assembly amended the previous act to no longer require the master of \"black or mulatto orphans\" to teach reading, writing, or arithmetic, with the intent that this would prevent Black children from learning these skills.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eLocality History: \u003c/emph\u003eRockingham County was named for Charles Watson-Wentworth, second marquis of Rockingham, who supported the colonies during the years before and during the Revolutionary War. The county was formed from Augusta County in 1778. The county seat is the city of Harrisonburg.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eLost Locality History:\u003c/emph\u003e Created in 1778. A courthouse fire in 1787 destroyed wills and estate records, primarily. In June 1864 during the Civil War, court records (mostly volumes) were removed from the courthouse and loaded on a wagon to be taken to place of safety on or beyond the Blue Ridge. The wagon was overtaken by Union troops near Port Republic and set on fire, which was put out by local citizens. Many order books, deed books, will books, and fiduciary books, however, were lost or severely damaged by the fire. The loose records that remained at the courthouse were undamaged. Pre-1865 records including deeds and wills were rerecorded following an act of assembly passed in November 1884.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Context for Record Type: In 1765, the General Assembly established that illegitimate children of \"woman servants, Negroes, white women by Negroes were to be bound out\" until the age of 21 for males and 18 for females. In the late eighteenth century, the General Assembly established the Overseers of the Poor, an appointed body that provided food, clothing, shelter, and medical treatment for people who were too poor to support themselves or too ill to provide for their basic needs. They also bound out children whose parents could not support them and those who were orphaned through apprenticeship contracts. These agreements arranged for white children to be taught a trade or domestic skills as well as educated in reading, writing, and arithmetic. In 1805, the General Assembly amended the previous act to no longer require the master of \"black or mulatto orphans\" to teach reading, writing, or arithmetic, with the intent that this would prevent Black children from learning these skills.","Locality History: Rockingham County was named for Charles Watson-Wentworth, second marquis of Rockingham, who supported the colonies during the years before and during the Revolutionary War. The county was formed from Augusta County in 1778. The county seat is the city of Harrisonburg.","Lost Locality History: Created in 1778. A courthouse fire in 1787 destroyed wills and estate records, primarily. In June 1864 during the Civil War, court records (mostly volumes) were removed from the courthouse and loaded on a wagon to be taken to place of safety on or beyond the Blue Ridge. The wagon was overtaken by Union troops near Port Republic and set on fire, which was put out by local citizens. Many order books, deed books, will books, and fiduciary books, however, were lost or severely damaged by the fire. The loose records that remained at the courthouse were undamaged. Pre-1865 records including deeds and wills were rerecorded following an act of assembly passed in November 1884."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThese items came to the Library of Virginia in a transfer of court papers from Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court in 2003. Original documents returned at request of Circuit Court Clerk of Isle of Wight County in 2019.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History"],"custodhist_tesim":["These items came to the Library of Virginia in a transfer of court papers from Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court in 2003. Original documents returned at request of Circuit Court Clerk of Isle of Wight County in 2019."],"originalsloc_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOriginal apprenticeship indentures are housed at the Rockingham Circuit Court.  Contact the clerk of the Circuit Court for access. \n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"originalsloc_heading_ssm":["Location of Originals"],"originalsloc_tesim":["Original apprenticeship indentures are housed at the Rockingham Circuit Court.  Contact the clerk of the Circuit Court for access."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockingham County (Va.) Apprenticeship Indentures, 1805-1852. Local government records collection, Rockingham County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"prefercite_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Apprenticeship Indentures, 1805-1852. Local government records collection, Rockingham County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAfter Local Records Staff completed the processing, indexing and digitization for Rockingham County apprenticeship indentures included in Virginia Untold, the records were returned to the locality by request of the clerk. At that time, the box barcodes and catalog records were deleted, while the digital images remained in Virginia Untold. In 2026, the Virginia Untold Project Manager and Local Records Staff decided to recreate these catalog records and assign digital barcodes to the images to help with internal tracking and to provide researchers with extended context for these records. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eEncoded by M. Mason, June 2026.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["After Local Records Staff completed the processing, indexing and digitization for Rockingham County apprenticeship indentures included in Virginia Untold, the records were returned to the locality by request of the clerk. At that time, the box barcodes and catalog records were deleted, while the digital images remained in Virginia Untold. In 2026, the Virginia Untold Project Manager and Local Records Staff decided to recreate these catalog records and assign digital barcodes to the images to help with internal tracking and to provide researchers with extended context for these records.","Encoded by M. Mason, June 2026."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee also: \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi02260\"\u003eRockingham County(Va.) Free and Enslaved Records\u003c/extref\u003e \n\u003c/p\u003e\n\n","\u003cp\u003eRecords related to free and enslaved people of Rockingham County (Va.) and other localities are available through the \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://lva.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/search?vid=01LVA_INST:VU\"\u003eVirginia Untold: The African American Narrative Digital Collection\u003c/extref\u003e on the Library of Virginia website.\u003c/p\u003e \n","\u003cp\u003eAdditional Rockingham County (Va.) Court Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia web site. Consult \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/local/\"\u003e\"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm.\"\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["See also: Rockingham County(Va.) Free and Enslaved Records","Records related to free and enslaved people of Rockingham County (Va.) and other localities are available through the Virginia Untold: The African American Narrative Digital Collection on the Library of Virginia website.","Additional Rockingham County (Va.) Court Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia web site. Consult \"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm.\""],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockingham County (Va.) Apprenticeship Indentures, 1805-1852,  consist of contracts or agreements binding out white, Black, or Multiracial children, sometimes those who were orphaned, to learn a particular trade or craft. These indentures may be written agreements between the family of the apprentice and those responsible for the indentured. In many cases this includes the direct involvement of the Overseers of the Poor. They typically contain the name of the person or institution binding out, the person to whom bound, the name of the person being indentured, the length of the apprenticeship, and the responsibilities of the person taking on the indenture.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCurrently, identified material only includes indentures of Black and Multiracial children. Additional apprenticeship indentures concerning white children may be found with other records or in the locality.\n\n\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Apprenticeship Indentures, 1805-1852,  consist of contracts or agreements binding out white, Black, or Multiracial children, sometimes those who were orphaned, to learn a particular trade or craft. These indentures may be written agreements between the family of the apprentice and those responsible for the indentured. In many cases this includes the direct involvement of the Overseers of the Poor. They typically contain the name of the person or institution binding out, the person to whom bound, the name of the person being indentured, the length of the apprenticeship, and the responsibilities of the person taking on the indenture.","Currently, identified material only includes indentures of Black and Multiracial children. Additional apprenticeship indentures concerning white children may be found with other records or in the locality."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract label=\"Abstract\"\u003e\n\u003c/abstract\u003e\n"],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc label=\"Location\"\u003eLibrary of Virginia\n\u003c/physloc\u003e\n"],"physloc_tesim":["Library of Virginia"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":3,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:28:46.894Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi06668"}},{"id":"vi_vi04291","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Rockingham County (Va.) Board of School Commissioners Records, 1835-1840","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi04291#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi04291#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eRockingham County (Va.) Board of School Commissioners Records, 1835-1840, contain treasurer's accounts, annual reports, minutes, orders, and bonds documenting the disbursement of the county's allotment, from the state Literary Fund, for the education of indigent children.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi04291#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vi_vi04291","ead_ssi":"vi_vi04291","_root_":"vi_vi04291","_nest_parent_":"vi_vi04291","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/lva/vi04291.xml","title_ssm":["Rockingham County (Va.) Board of School Commissioners Records, 1835-1840"],"title_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Board of School Commissioners Records, 1835-1840"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Rockingham County (Va.) Board of School Commissioners Records, 1835-1840"],"text":["Rockingham County (Va.) Board of School Commissioners Records, 1835-1840","1207697","Government aid to education -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Poor children -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Public schools -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","School reports -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Schools -- records and correspondence -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Teachers -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Accounts -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Annual reports -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Attendance reports -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Bonds (negotiable instruments) -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Financial records -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Minutes -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","School records -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","0.20 cu. ft. (1 box)","There are no restrictions.","On February 21, 1818, the Virginia legislature passed a school bill which appropriated $45,000 annually from the Literary Fund for the education of poor children. (The Literary Fund had been established in 1810 with passage of a bill to appropriate \"certain escheats, confiscated, and forfeited lands\" for the \"encouragement of learning.\") Under the provisions of the 1818 School Act, each county court was required to appoint five to fifteen commissioners to establish and/or administer schools for children of the poor. A more comprehensive public school system was established by the legislature in 1870. Prior to 1818, county courts were given the option of whether to appoint a Board of School Commissioners.","Rockingham County was named for Charles Watson-Wentworth, second marquis of Rockingham, who supported the colonists in their disputes with Great Britain. It was formed from Augusta County in 1778.","Additional Rockingham County School Records can be found on microfilm at the Library of Virginia. Consult \"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm.\"","Rockingham County (Va.) Board of School Commissioners Records, 1835-1840, contain treasurer's accounts, annual reports, minutes, orders, and bonds documenting the disbursement of the county's allotment, from the state Literary Fund, for the education of indigent children.","Treasurer's accounts, 1835-1840, record the amount of money drawn from the state Literary Fund each year, money paid to individual schoolmasters, number of children taught, number of days taught, price per day, per pupil; and money spent on books. Reports and minutes also record the number of schools operating in the county, estimates of the number of children who qualified to attend them, the number attending, names of schoolmasters and schoolmistresses teaching in the schools, salaries paid to teachers, and elementary books principally used.","There are no restrictions.","Rockingham County (Va.). Circuit Court.","Rockingham County (Va.). Board of School Commissioners for Indigent Children.","Virginia Literary Fund -- Appropriations and expenditures -- 19th century.","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Board of School Commissioners Records, 1835-1840"],"collection_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Board of School Commissioners Records, 1835-1840"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["1207697"],"unitid_tesim":["1207697"],"repository_ssm":["Library of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Library of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court"],"creator_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.). Circuit Court.","Rockingham County (Va.). Board of School Commissioners for Indigent Children.","Virginia Literary Fund -- Appropriations and expenditures -- 19th century."],"creators_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.). Circuit Court.","Rockingham County (Va.). Board of School Commissioners for Indigent Children.","Virginia Literary Fund -- Appropriations and expenditures -- 19th century."],"access_terms_ssm":["There are no restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["These items came to the Library of Virginia in a transfer of court papers from Rockingham County, accession number 40981.","The collection is located at the State Records Center. Contact Archives Research Services staff for access information, directions, and hours."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Government aid to education -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Poor children -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Public schools -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","School reports -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Schools -- records and correspondence -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Teachers -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Accounts -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Annual reports -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Attendance reports -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Bonds (negotiable instruments) -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Financial records -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Minutes -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","School records -- Virginia -- Rockingham County."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Government aid to education -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Poor children -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Public schools -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","School reports -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Schools -- records and correspondence -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Teachers -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Accounts -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Annual reports -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Attendance reports -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Bonds (negotiable instruments) -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Financial records -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Minutes -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","School records -- Virginia -- Rockingham County."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["0.20 cu. ft. (1 box)"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOn February 21, 1818, the Virginia legislature passed a school bill which appropriated $45,000 annually from the Literary Fund for the education of poor children. (The Literary Fund had been established in 1810 with passage of a bill to appropriate \"certain escheats, confiscated, and forfeited lands\" for the \"encouragement of learning.\") Under the provisions of the 1818 School Act, each county court was required to appoint five to fifteen commissioners to establish and/or administer schools for children of the poor. A more comprehensive public school system was established by the legislature in 1870. Prior to 1818, county courts were given the option of whether to appoint a Board of School Commissioners.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eRockingham County was named for Charles Watson-Wentworth, second marquis of Rockingham, who supported the colonists in their disputes with Great Britain. It was formed from Augusta County in 1778.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["On February 21, 1818, the Virginia legislature passed a school bill which appropriated $45,000 annually from the Literary Fund for the education of poor children. (The Literary Fund had been established in 1810 with passage of a bill to appropriate \"certain escheats, confiscated, and forfeited lands\" for the \"encouragement of learning.\") Under the provisions of the 1818 School Act, each county court was required to appoint five to fifteen commissioners to establish and/or administer schools for children of the poor. A more comprehensive public school system was established by the legislature in 1870. Prior to 1818, county courts were given the option of whether to appoint a Board of School Commissioners.","Rockingham County was named for Charles Watson-Wentworth, second marquis of Rockingham, who supported the colonists in their disputes with Great Britain. It was formed from Augusta County in 1778."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockingham County (Va.) Board of School Commissioners Records, 1835-1840. Local government records collection, Rockingham County (Va.) Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"prefercite_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Board of School Commissioners Records, 1835-1840. Local government records collection, Rockingham County (Va.) Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAdditional Rockingham County School Records can be found on microfilm at the Library of Virginia. Consult \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/local/results_all.asp?CountyID=VA251\"\u003e\"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm.\"\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Additional Rockingham County School Records can be found on microfilm at the Library of Virginia. Consult \"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm.\""],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockingham County (Va.) Board of School Commissioners Records, 1835-1840, contain treasurer's accounts, annual reports, minutes, orders, and bonds documenting the disbursement of the county's allotment, from the state Literary Fund, for the education of indigent children.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eTreasurer's accounts, 1835-1840, record the amount of money drawn from the state Literary Fund each year, money paid to individual schoolmasters, number of children taught, number of days taught, price per day, per pupil; and money spent on books. Reports and minutes also record the number of schools operating in the county, estimates of the number of children who qualified to attend them, the number attending, names of schoolmasters and schoolmistresses teaching in the schools, salaries paid to teachers, and elementary books principally used.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Board of School Commissioners Records, 1835-1840, contain treasurer's accounts, annual reports, minutes, orders, and bonds documenting the disbursement of the county's allotment, from the state Literary Fund, for the education of indigent children.","Treasurer's accounts, 1835-1840, record the amount of money drawn from the state Literary Fund each year, money paid to individual schoolmasters, number of children taught, number of days taught, price per day, per pupil; and money spent on books. Reports and minutes also record the number of schools operating in the county, estimates of the number of children who qualified to attend them, the number attending, names of schoolmasters and schoolmistresses teaching in the schools, salaries paid to teachers, and elementary books principally used."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"corpname_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.). Circuit Court.","Rockingham County (Va.). Board of School Commissioners for Indigent Children.","Virginia Literary Fund -- Appropriations and expenditures -- 19th century."],"names_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.). Circuit Court.","Rockingham County (Va.). Board of School Commissioners for Indigent Children.","Virginia Literary Fund -- Appropriations and expenditures -- 19th century."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:26:33.541Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vi_vi04291","ead_ssi":"vi_vi04291","_root_":"vi_vi04291","_nest_parent_":"vi_vi04291","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/lva/vi04291.xml","title_ssm":["Rockingham County (Va.) Board of School Commissioners Records, 1835-1840"],"title_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Board of School Commissioners Records, 1835-1840"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Rockingham County (Va.) Board of School Commissioners Records, 1835-1840"],"text":["Rockingham County (Va.) Board of School Commissioners Records, 1835-1840","1207697","Government aid to education -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Poor children -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Public schools -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","School reports -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Schools -- records and correspondence -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Teachers -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Accounts -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Annual reports -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Attendance reports -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Bonds (negotiable instruments) -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Financial records -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Minutes -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","School records -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","0.20 cu. ft. (1 box)","There are no restrictions.","On February 21, 1818, the Virginia legislature passed a school bill which appropriated $45,000 annually from the Literary Fund for the education of poor children. (The Literary Fund had been established in 1810 with passage of a bill to appropriate \"certain escheats, confiscated, and forfeited lands\" for the \"encouragement of learning.\") Under the provisions of the 1818 School Act, each county court was required to appoint five to fifteen commissioners to establish and/or administer schools for children of the poor. A more comprehensive public school system was established by the legislature in 1870. Prior to 1818, county courts were given the option of whether to appoint a Board of School Commissioners.","Rockingham County was named for Charles Watson-Wentworth, second marquis of Rockingham, who supported the colonists in their disputes with Great Britain. It was formed from Augusta County in 1778.","Additional Rockingham County School Records can be found on microfilm at the Library of Virginia. Consult \"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm.\"","Rockingham County (Va.) Board of School Commissioners Records, 1835-1840, contain treasurer's accounts, annual reports, minutes, orders, and bonds documenting the disbursement of the county's allotment, from the state Literary Fund, for the education of indigent children.","Treasurer's accounts, 1835-1840, record the amount of money drawn from the state Literary Fund each year, money paid to individual schoolmasters, number of children taught, number of days taught, price per day, per pupil; and money spent on books. Reports and minutes also record the number of schools operating in the county, estimates of the number of children who qualified to attend them, the number attending, names of schoolmasters and schoolmistresses teaching in the schools, salaries paid to teachers, and elementary books principally used.","There are no restrictions.","Rockingham County (Va.). Circuit Court.","Rockingham County (Va.). Board of School Commissioners for Indigent Children.","Virginia Literary Fund -- Appropriations and expenditures -- 19th century.","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Board of School Commissioners Records, 1835-1840"],"collection_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Board of School Commissioners Records, 1835-1840"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["1207697"],"unitid_tesim":["1207697"],"repository_ssm":["Library of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Library of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court"],"creator_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.). Circuit Court.","Rockingham County (Va.). Board of School Commissioners for Indigent Children.","Virginia Literary Fund -- Appropriations and expenditures -- 19th century."],"creators_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.). Circuit Court.","Rockingham County (Va.). Board of School Commissioners for Indigent Children.","Virginia Literary Fund -- Appropriations and expenditures -- 19th century."],"access_terms_ssm":["There are no restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["These items came to the Library of Virginia in a transfer of court papers from Rockingham County, accession number 40981.","The collection is located at the State Records Center. Contact Archives Research Services staff for access information, directions, and hours."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Government aid to education -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Poor children -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Public schools -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","School reports -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Schools -- records and correspondence -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Teachers -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Accounts -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Annual reports -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Attendance reports -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Bonds (negotiable instruments) -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Financial records -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Minutes -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","School records -- Virginia -- Rockingham County."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Government aid to education -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Poor children -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Public schools -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","School reports -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Schools -- records and correspondence -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Teachers -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Accounts -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Annual reports -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Attendance reports -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Bonds (negotiable instruments) -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Financial records -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Minutes -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","School records -- Virginia -- Rockingham County."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["0.20 cu. ft. (1 box)"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOn February 21, 1818, the Virginia legislature passed a school bill which appropriated $45,000 annually from the Literary Fund for the education of poor children. (The Literary Fund had been established in 1810 with passage of a bill to appropriate \"certain escheats, confiscated, and forfeited lands\" for the \"encouragement of learning.\") Under the provisions of the 1818 School Act, each county court was required to appoint five to fifteen commissioners to establish and/or administer schools for children of the poor. A more comprehensive public school system was established by the legislature in 1870. Prior to 1818, county courts were given the option of whether to appoint a Board of School Commissioners.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eRockingham County was named for Charles Watson-Wentworth, second marquis of Rockingham, who supported the colonists in their disputes with Great Britain. It was formed from Augusta County in 1778.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["On February 21, 1818, the Virginia legislature passed a school bill which appropriated $45,000 annually from the Literary Fund for the education of poor children. (The Literary Fund had been established in 1810 with passage of a bill to appropriate \"certain escheats, confiscated, and forfeited lands\" for the \"encouragement of learning.\") Under the provisions of the 1818 School Act, each county court was required to appoint five to fifteen commissioners to establish and/or administer schools for children of the poor. A more comprehensive public school system was established by the legislature in 1870. Prior to 1818, county courts were given the option of whether to appoint a Board of School Commissioners.","Rockingham County was named for Charles Watson-Wentworth, second marquis of Rockingham, who supported the colonists in their disputes with Great Britain. It was formed from Augusta County in 1778."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockingham County (Va.) Board of School Commissioners Records, 1835-1840. Local government records collection, Rockingham County (Va.) Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"prefercite_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Board of School Commissioners Records, 1835-1840. Local government records collection, Rockingham County (Va.) Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAdditional Rockingham County School Records can be found on microfilm at the Library of Virginia. Consult \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/local/results_all.asp?CountyID=VA251\"\u003e\"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm.\"\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Additional Rockingham County School Records can be found on microfilm at the Library of Virginia. Consult \"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm.\""],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockingham County (Va.) Board of School Commissioners Records, 1835-1840, contain treasurer's accounts, annual reports, minutes, orders, and bonds documenting the disbursement of the county's allotment, from the state Literary Fund, for the education of indigent children.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eTreasurer's accounts, 1835-1840, record the amount of money drawn from the state Literary Fund each year, money paid to individual schoolmasters, number of children taught, number of days taught, price per day, per pupil; and money spent on books. Reports and minutes also record the number of schools operating in the county, estimates of the number of children who qualified to attend them, the number attending, names of schoolmasters and schoolmistresses teaching in the schools, salaries paid to teachers, and elementary books principally used.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Board of School Commissioners Records, 1835-1840, contain treasurer's accounts, annual reports, minutes, orders, and bonds documenting the disbursement of the county's allotment, from the state Literary Fund, for the education of indigent children.","Treasurer's accounts, 1835-1840, record the amount of money drawn from the state Literary Fund each year, money paid to individual schoolmasters, number of children taught, number of days taught, price per day, per pupil; and money spent on books. Reports and minutes also record the number of schools operating in the county, estimates of the number of children who qualified to attend them, the number attending, names of schoolmasters and schoolmistresses teaching in the schools, salaries paid to teachers, and elementary books principally used."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"corpname_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.). Circuit Court.","Rockingham County (Va.). Board of School Commissioners for Indigent Children.","Virginia Literary Fund -- Appropriations and expenditures -- 19th century."],"names_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.). Circuit Court.","Rockingham County (Va.). Board of School Commissioners for Indigent Children.","Virginia Literary Fund -- Appropriations and expenditures -- 19th century."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:26:33.541Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi04291"}},{"id":"vi_vi01926","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Rockingham County (Va.) Clerk's Receipts, 1875-1876","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi01926#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi01926#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eRockingham County (Va.) Clerk's Receipts, 1875-1876. Consists of ten receipts for various court fees paid to the clerk of court. \u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi01926#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vi_vi01926","ead_ssi":"vi_vi01926","_root_":"vi_vi01926","_nest_parent_":"vi_vi01926","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/lva/vi01926.xml","title_ssm":["Rockingham County (Va.) Clerk's Receipts, 1875-1876"],"title_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Clerk's Receipts, 1875-1876"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Rockingham County (Va.) Clerk's Receipts, 1875-1876"],"text":["Rockingham County (Va.) Clerk's Receipts, 1875-1876","1147642","Clerks of court--Virginia--Rockingham County.","Court records--Virginia--Rockingham County.","Local government records--Virginia--Rockingham County.","10 p.","Collection is open to research.","Rockingham County was formed in 1778 from Augusta County.","Additional Rockingham County Court Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia. Consult \"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm.\"","Rockingham County is one of Virginia's Lost Records Localities. Additional Rockingham County Court Records may be found in the Virginia Lost Records Localities Collection at the Library of Virginia. Search the Lost Records Localities Database found at the Library of Virginia web site.","Rockingham County (Va.) Clerk's Receipts, 1875-1876. \nConsists of ten receipts for various court fees paid to the  clerk of court.","There are no restrictions.","Library of Virginia","Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court.","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Clerk's Receipts, 1875-1876"],"collection_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Clerk's Receipts, 1875-1876"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["1147642"],"unitid_tesim":["1147642"],"repository_ssm":["Library of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Library of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court"],"creator_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court."],"creators_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court."],"access_terms_ssm":["There are no restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["These items came to the Library of Virginia under the accession number 40406."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Clerks of court--Virginia--Rockingham County.","Court records--Virginia--Rockingham County.","Local government records--Virginia--Rockingham County."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Clerks of court--Virginia--Rockingham County.","Court records--Virginia--Rockingham County.","Local government records--Virginia--Rockingham County."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["10 p."],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to research.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to research."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockingham County was formed in 1778 from Augusta County.     \n\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Rockingham County was formed in 1778 from Augusta County."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockingham County (Va.) Clerk's Receipts, 1875-1876. Local government records collection, Rockingham County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"prefercite_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Clerk's Receipts, 1875-1876. Local government records collection, Rockingham County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAdditional Rockingham County Court Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia. Consult \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/local/results_all.asp?CountyID=VA251\"\u003e\"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm.\"\u003c/extref\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n        ","\u003cp\u003eRockingham County is one of Virginia's Lost Records Localities. Additional Rockingham County Court Records may be found in the Virginia Lost Records Localities Collection at the Library of Virginia. Search the \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.lva.virginia.gov/whatwehave/local/lost/\"\u003eLost Records Localities Database\u003c/extref\u003e found at the Library of Virginia web site.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Additional Rockingham County Court Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia. Consult \"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm.\"","Rockingham County is one of Virginia's Lost Records Localities. Additional Rockingham County Court Records may be found in the Virginia Lost Records Localities Collection at the Library of Virginia. Search the Lost Records Localities Database found at the Library of Virginia web site."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockingham County (Va.) Clerk's Receipts, 1875-1876. \nConsists of ten receipts for various court fees paid to the  clerk of court.       \n\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Clerk's Receipts, 1875-1876. \nConsists of ten receipts for various court fees paid to the  clerk of court."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc label=\"Location\"\u003eLibrary of Virginia\n\u003c/physloc\u003e\n      "],"physloc_tesim":["Library of Virginia"],"corpname_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court."],"names_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:24:32.093Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vi_vi01926","ead_ssi":"vi_vi01926","_root_":"vi_vi01926","_nest_parent_":"vi_vi01926","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/lva/vi01926.xml","title_ssm":["Rockingham County (Va.) Clerk's Receipts, 1875-1876"],"title_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Clerk's Receipts, 1875-1876"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Rockingham County (Va.) Clerk's Receipts, 1875-1876"],"text":["Rockingham County (Va.) Clerk's Receipts, 1875-1876","1147642","Clerks of court--Virginia--Rockingham County.","Court records--Virginia--Rockingham County.","Local government records--Virginia--Rockingham County.","10 p.","Collection is open to research.","Rockingham County was formed in 1778 from Augusta County.","Additional Rockingham County Court Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia. Consult \"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm.\"","Rockingham County is one of Virginia's Lost Records Localities. Additional Rockingham County Court Records may be found in the Virginia Lost Records Localities Collection at the Library of Virginia. Search the Lost Records Localities Database found at the Library of Virginia web site.","Rockingham County (Va.) Clerk's Receipts, 1875-1876. \nConsists of ten receipts for various court fees paid to the  clerk of court.","There are no restrictions.","Library of Virginia","Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court.","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Clerk's Receipts, 1875-1876"],"collection_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Clerk's Receipts, 1875-1876"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["1147642"],"unitid_tesim":["1147642"],"repository_ssm":["Library of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Library of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court"],"creator_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court."],"creators_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court."],"access_terms_ssm":["There are no restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["These items came to the Library of Virginia under the accession number 40406."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Clerks of court--Virginia--Rockingham County.","Court records--Virginia--Rockingham County.","Local government records--Virginia--Rockingham County."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Clerks of court--Virginia--Rockingham County.","Court records--Virginia--Rockingham County.","Local government records--Virginia--Rockingham County."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["10 p."],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to research.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to research."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockingham County was formed in 1778 from Augusta County.     \n\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Rockingham County was formed in 1778 from Augusta County."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockingham County (Va.) Clerk's Receipts, 1875-1876. Local government records collection, Rockingham County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"prefercite_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Clerk's Receipts, 1875-1876. Local government records collection, Rockingham County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAdditional Rockingham County Court Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia. Consult \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/local/results_all.asp?CountyID=VA251\"\u003e\"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm.\"\u003c/extref\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n        ","\u003cp\u003eRockingham County is one of Virginia's Lost Records Localities. Additional Rockingham County Court Records may be found in the Virginia Lost Records Localities Collection at the Library of Virginia. Search the \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.lva.virginia.gov/whatwehave/local/lost/\"\u003eLost Records Localities Database\u003c/extref\u003e found at the Library of Virginia web site.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Additional Rockingham County Court Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia. Consult \"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm.\"","Rockingham County is one of Virginia's Lost Records Localities. Additional Rockingham County Court Records may be found in the Virginia Lost Records Localities Collection at the Library of Virginia. Search the Lost Records Localities Database found at the Library of Virginia web site."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockingham County (Va.) Clerk's Receipts, 1875-1876. \nConsists of ten receipts for various court fees paid to the  clerk of court.       \n\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Clerk's Receipts, 1875-1876. \nConsists of ten receipts for various court fees paid to the  clerk of court."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc label=\"Location\"\u003eLibrary of Virginia\n\u003c/physloc\u003e\n      "],"physloc_tesim":["Library of Virginia"],"corpname_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court."],"names_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:24:32.093Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi01926"}},{"id":"vi_vi05551","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Rockingham County (Va.) Coroners' Inquistions, 1784-1936","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi05551#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi05551#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMaterials in the Library of Virginia's collections contain historical terms, phrases, and images that are offensive to modern readers. These include demeaning and dehumanizing references to race, ethnicity, and nationality; enslaved or free status; physical and mental ability; religion; sex; and sexual orientation and gender identity. Coroners' Inquisitions contain graphic and in some cases violent or otherwise disturbing descriptions of death.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi05551#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vi_vi05551","ead_ssi":"vi_vi05551","_root_":"vi_vi05551","_nest_parent_":"vi_vi05551","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/lva/vi05551.xml","title_ssm":["Rockingham County (Va.) Coroners' Inquistions, 1784-1936"],"title_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Coroners' Inquistions, 1784-1936"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Rockingham County (Va.) Coroners' Inquistions, 1784-1936"],"text":["Rockingham County (Va.) Coroners' Inquistions, 1784-1936","There are no restrictions.","This collection is arrangedSeries I: Coroners' Inquisitions,1784-1936, chronological by date coroner filed inquisition in the local court.","Context for Record Type: A carry over from the British system, the separate office of coroner appeared in Virginia about 1660. The judicial duty of the office was to hold inquisitions in cases when persons met a sudden, violent, unnatural or suspicious death, or death without medical attendance. The law did not encourage the Coroner to be a medical professional until the 20th century, and only stipulated that the local court be responsible for the appointment. Although not reliant on profession, this system of affluent white men making the decisions largely ensured that only other white men served in this position for much of its history.","Prior to the Civil War, the coroner would summon a jury of twelve white men, usually prominent citizens of that locality, to assist him in determining cause of death. The jury viewed the body of the deceased and heard the testimony of witnesses which did include both white and Black perspectives. This witness testimony was recorded and after seeing and hearing the evidence, and unlike other judicial proceedings, enslaved people could provide depositions in coroner's inquisitions, but still, an all-white jury delivered in writing to the coroner their conclusion concerning cause of death referred to as the inquisition. These causes of death would be determined by a white perspective and Black individuals were only consulted; they were never in a position to make decisions. After the Civil War, the process remained the same but the racial distinctions stipulating jury eligibility no longer remained. However, as appointments still continued and juror eligibility reserved for those \"entitled to vote and hold office,\" the authority and influence in the hands of white citizens remained throughout the late 19th and early 20th century.","In 1877, an act of the General Assembly changed the number of jurors to six, and by 1926, only the coroner determined cause of death but they could require physicians to assist them with determining cause of death. Then in 1946, the General Assembly abolished the Coroner's office/ office of Coroner's Physician altogether, appointed instead a Chief Medical Examiner, and by 1950 transitioned to a statewide Office of the Chief Medical Examiner which now lives within the Department of Health.","If a criminal act was determined to be the cause of death, the coroner delivered the guilty person to the sheriff and the inquests would be used as evidence in the criminal trial. In this case, coroner's inquisitions were filed with the trial papers. If there was not a trial, coroner's inquisitions were filed separately and are more likely to appear in this collection as a standalone set of documents.","Locality History: Rockingham County was named for Charles Watson-Wentworth, second marquis of Rockingham, who supported the colonies during the years before and during the Revolutionary War. The county was formed from Augusta County in 1778. The county seat is the city of Harrisonburg.","Additional Rockingham County court records can be found on microfilm and in the Chancery Records Index at the Library of Virginia. Consult \"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm\" and  the Chancery Records Index.","Materials in the Library of Virginia's collections contain historical terms, phrases, and images that are offensive to modern readers. These include demeaning and dehumanizing references to race, ethnicity, and nationality; enslaved or free status; physical and mental ability; religion; sex; and sexual orientation and gender identity.\n\nCoroners' Inquisitions contain graphic and in some cases violent or otherwise disturbing descriptions of death.","Rockingham County (Va) Coroners' Inquisitions, 1784-1936, contains investigations into the deaths of individuals who died by a sudden, violent, unnatural or suspicious manner, or died without medical attendance. Causes of death found in these records include accidental, alcohol, drowning, homicide, injuries, infanticide, medical conditions, natural causes (\"visitation by God\"), and suicide.","Documents commonly found in coroners' inquisitions include the inquisition, depositions, and summons. Some inquisitions contain other documents such as exhibits. Information found in the inquisition include the name of the coroner, the names of the jurors, the name and age of the deceased if known, gender and race of the deceased, and when, how, and by what means the deceased came to his or her death. If the coroner knew the deceased person to be Black or multiracial, the inquest should identify the person individual's legal status (free or enslaved). If the coroner knew the deceased person to be enslaved, the inquest often includes their name, their enslaver and the enslaver's residence. Information found in the depositions include the name of the deponent(s) and their account of the circumstances that led to the death of the deceased.","There are no restrictions.","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Coroners' Inquistions, 1784-1936"],"collection_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Coroners' Inquistions, 1784-1936"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"repository_ssm":["Library of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Library of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court"],"creator_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court"],"access_terms_ssm":["There are no restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["These records came to the Library of Virginia in a transfer of court papers from Rockingham County. Pre-1919 records came to in 2003 under accesion 40981 and post-1919 records came in 2010 under accession number 45089."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1.8 cubic feet (4 boxes)"],"extent_tesim":["1.8 cubic feet (4 boxes)"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is arranged\u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\u003citem\u003eSeries I: Coroners' Inquisitions,1784-1936, chronological by date coroner filed inquisition in the local court.\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This collection is arrangedSeries I: Coroners' Inquisitions,1784-1936, chronological by date coroner filed inquisition in the local court."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eContext for Record Type: \u003c/emph\u003eA carry over from the British system, the separate office of coroner appeared in Virginia about 1660. The judicial duty of the office was to hold inquisitions in cases when persons met a sudden, violent, unnatural or suspicious death, or death without medical attendance. The law did not encourage the Coroner to be a medical professional until the 20th century, and only stipulated that the local court be responsible for the appointment. Although not reliant on profession, this system of affluent white men making the decisions largely ensured that only other white men served in this position for much of its history.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n","\u003cp\u003ePrior to the Civil War, the coroner would summon a jury of twelve white men, usually prominent citizens of that locality, to assist him in determining cause of death. The jury viewed the body of the deceased and heard the testimony of witnesses which did include both white and Black perspectives. This witness testimony was recorded and after seeing and hearing the evidence, and unlike other judicial proceedings, enslaved people could provide depositions in coroner's inquisitions, but still, an all-white jury delivered in writing to the coroner their conclusion concerning cause of death referred to as the inquisition. These causes of death would be determined by a white perspective and Black individuals were only consulted; they were never in a position to make decisions. After the Civil War, the process remained the same but the racial distinctions stipulating jury eligibility no longer remained. However, as appointments still continued and juror eligibility reserved for those \"entitled to vote and hold office,\" the authority and influence in the hands of white citizens remained throughout the late 19th and early 20th century.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1877, an act of the General Assembly changed the number of jurors to six, and by 1926, only the coroner determined cause of death but they could require physicians to assist them with determining cause of death. Then in 1946, the General Assembly abolished the Coroner's office/ office of Coroner's Physician altogether, appointed instead a Chief Medical Examiner, and by 1950 transitioned to a statewide Office of the Chief Medical Examiner which now lives within the Department of Health.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n","\u003cp\u003eIf a criminal act was determined to be the cause of death, the coroner delivered the guilty person to the sheriff and the inquests would be used as evidence in the criminal trial. In this case, coroner's inquisitions were filed with the trial papers. If there was not a trial, coroner's inquisitions were filed separately and are more likely to appear in this collection as a standalone set of documents.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eLocality History:\u003c/emph\u003e Rockingham County was named for Charles Watson-Wentworth, second marquis of Rockingham, who supported the colonies during the years before and during the Revolutionary War. The county was formed from Augusta County in 1778. The county seat is the city of Harrisonburg. \n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Context for Record Type: A carry over from the British system, the separate office of coroner appeared in Virginia about 1660. The judicial duty of the office was to hold inquisitions in cases when persons met a sudden, violent, unnatural or suspicious death, or death without medical attendance. The law did not encourage the Coroner to be a medical professional until the 20th century, and only stipulated that the local court be responsible for the appointment. Although not reliant on profession, this system of affluent white men making the decisions largely ensured that only other white men served in this position for much of its history.","Prior to the Civil War, the coroner would summon a jury of twelve white men, usually prominent citizens of that locality, to assist him in determining cause of death. The jury viewed the body of the deceased and heard the testimony of witnesses which did include both white and Black perspectives. This witness testimony was recorded and after seeing and hearing the evidence, and unlike other judicial proceedings, enslaved people could provide depositions in coroner's inquisitions, but still, an all-white jury delivered in writing to the coroner their conclusion concerning cause of death referred to as the inquisition. These causes of death would be determined by a white perspective and Black individuals were only consulted; they were never in a position to make decisions. After the Civil War, the process remained the same but the racial distinctions stipulating jury eligibility no longer remained. However, as appointments still continued and juror eligibility reserved for those \"entitled to vote and hold office,\" the authority and influence in the hands of white citizens remained throughout the late 19th and early 20th century.","In 1877, an act of the General Assembly changed the number of jurors to six, and by 1926, only the coroner determined cause of death but they could require physicians to assist them with determining cause of death. Then in 1946, the General Assembly abolished the Coroner's office/ office of Coroner's Physician altogether, appointed instead a Chief Medical Examiner, and by 1950 transitioned to a statewide Office of the Chief Medical Examiner which now lives within the Department of Health.","If a criminal act was determined to be the cause of death, the coroner delivered the guilty person to the sheriff and the inquests would be used as evidence in the criminal trial. In this case, coroner's inquisitions were filed with the trial papers. If there was not a trial, coroner's inquisitions were filed separately and are more likely to appear in this collection as a standalone set of documents.","Locality History: Rockingham County was named for Charles Watson-Wentworth, second marquis of Rockingham, who supported the colonies during the years before and during the Revolutionary War. The county was formed from Augusta County in 1778. The county seat is the city of Harrisonburg."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockingham County (Va.) Coroners' Inquisitions, 1784-1936. Local government records collection, The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"prefercite_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Coroners' Inquisitions, 1784-1936. Local government records collection, The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAdditional Rockingham County court records can be found on microfilm and in the Chancery Records Index at the Library of Virginia. Consult \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/local/\"\u003e\"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm\"\u003c/extref\u003e and \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.virginiamemory.com/collections/chancery/\"\u003e the Chancery Records Index\u003c/extref\u003e.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Additional Rockingham County court records can be found on microfilm and in the Chancery Records Index at the Library of Virginia. Consult \"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm\" and  the Chancery Records Index."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eMaterials in the Library of Virginia's collections contain historical terms, phrases, and images that are offensive to modern readers. These include demeaning and dehumanizing references to race, ethnicity, and nationality; enslaved or free status; physical and mental ability; religion; sex; and sexual orientation and gender identity.\n\nCoroners' Inquisitions contain graphic and in some cases violent or otherwise disturbing descriptions of death.\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n","\u003cp\u003eRockingham County (Va) Coroners' Inquisitions, 1784-1936, contains investigations into the deaths of individuals who died by a sudden, violent, unnatural or suspicious manner, or died without medical attendance. Causes of death found in these records include accidental, alcohol, drowning, homicide, injuries, infanticide, medical conditions, natural causes (\"visitation by God\"), and suicide.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Documents commonly found in coroners' inquisitions include the inquisition, depositions, and summons. Some inquisitions contain other documents such as exhibits. Information found in the inquisition include the name of the coroner, the names of the jurors, the name and age of the deceased if known, gender and race of the deceased, and when, how, and by what means the deceased came to his or her death. If the coroner knew the deceased person to be Black or multiracial, the inquest should identify the person individual's legal status (free or enslaved). If the coroner knew the deceased person to be enslaved, the inquest often includes their name, their enslaver and the enslaver's residence. Information found in the depositions include the name of the deponent(s) and their account of the circumstances that led to the death of the deceased.\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Materials in the Library of Virginia's collections contain historical terms, phrases, and images that are offensive to modern readers. These include demeaning and dehumanizing references to race, ethnicity, and nationality; enslaved or free status; physical and mental ability; religion; sex; and sexual orientation and gender identity.\n\nCoroners' Inquisitions contain graphic and in some cases violent or otherwise disturbing descriptions of death.","Rockingham County (Va) Coroners' Inquisitions, 1784-1936, contains investigations into the deaths of individuals who died by a sudden, violent, unnatural or suspicious manner, or died without medical attendance. Causes of death found in these records include accidental, alcohol, drowning, homicide, injuries, infanticide, medical conditions, natural causes (\"visitation by God\"), and suicide.","Documents commonly found in coroners' inquisitions include the inquisition, depositions, and summons. Some inquisitions contain other documents such as exhibits. Information found in the inquisition include the name of the coroner, the names of the jurors, the name and age of the deceased if known, gender and race of the deceased, and when, how, and by what means the deceased came to his or her death. If the coroner knew the deceased person to be Black or multiracial, the inquest should identify the person individual's legal status (free or enslaved). If the coroner knew the deceased person to be enslaved, the inquest often includes their name, their enslaver and the enslaver's residence. Information found in the depositions include the name of the deponent(s) and their account of the circumstances that led to the death of the deceased."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":5,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:28:05.737Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vi_vi05551","ead_ssi":"vi_vi05551","_root_":"vi_vi05551","_nest_parent_":"vi_vi05551","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/lva/vi05551.xml","title_ssm":["Rockingham County (Va.) Coroners' Inquistions, 1784-1936"],"title_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Coroners' Inquistions, 1784-1936"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Rockingham County (Va.) Coroners' Inquistions, 1784-1936"],"text":["Rockingham County (Va.) Coroners' Inquistions, 1784-1936","There are no restrictions.","This collection is arrangedSeries I: Coroners' Inquisitions,1784-1936, chronological by date coroner filed inquisition in the local court.","Context for Record Type: A carry over from the British system, the separate office of coroner appeared in Virginia about 1660. The judicial duty of the office was to hold inquisitions in cases when persons met a sudden, violent, unnatural or suspicious death, or death without medical attendance. The law did not encourage the Coroner to be a medical professional until the 20th century, and only stipulated that the local court be responsible for the appointment. Although not reliant on profession, this system of affluent white men making the decisions largely ensured that only other white men served in this position for much of its history.","Prior to the Civil War, the coroner would summon a jury of twelve white men, usually prominent citizens of that locality, to assist him in determining cause of death. The jury viewed the body of the deceased and heard the testimony of witnesses which did include both white and Black perspectives. This witness testimony was recorded and after seeing and hearing the evidence, and unlike other judicial proceedings, enslaved people could provide depositions in coroner's inquisitions, but still, an all-white jury delivered in writing to the coroner their conclusion concerning cause of death referred to as the inquisition. These causes of death would be determined by a white perspective and Black individuals were only consulted; they were never in a position to make decisions. After the Civil War, the process remained the same but the racial distinctions stipulating jury eligibility no longer remained. However, as appointments still continued and juror eligibility reserved for those \"entitled to vote and hold office,\" the authority and influence in the hands of white citizens remained throughout the late 19th and early 20th century.","In 1877, an act of the General Assembly changed the number of jurors to six, and by 1926, only the coroner determined cause of death but they could require physicians to assist them with determining cause of death. Then in 1946, the General Assembly abolished the Coroner's office/ office of Coroner's Physician altogether, appointed instead a Chief Medical Examiner, and by 1950 transitioned to a statewide Office of the Chief Medical Examiner which now lives within the Department of Health.","If a criminal act was determined to be the cause of death, the coroner delivered the guilty person to the sheriff and the inquests would be used as evidence in the criminal trial. In this case, coroner's inquisitions were filed with the trial papers. If there was not a trial, coroner's inquisitions were filed separately and are more likely to appear in this collection as a standalone set of documents.","Locality History: Rockingham County was named for Charles Watson-Wentworth, second marquis of Rockingham, who supported the colonies during the years before and during the Revolutionary War. The county was formed from Augusta County in 1778. The county seat is the city of Harrisonburg.","Additional Rockingham County court records can be found on microfilm and in the Chancery Records Index at the Library of Virginia. Consult \"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm\" and  the Chancery Records Index.","Materials in the Library of Virginia's collections contain historical terms, phrases, and images that are offensive to modern readers. These include demeaning and dehumanizing references to race, ethnicity, and nationality; enslaved or free status; physical and mental ability; religion; sex; and sexual orientation and gender identity.\n\nCoroners' Inquisitions contain graphic and in some cases violent or otherwise disturbing descriptions of death.","Rockingham County (Va) Coroners' Inquisitions, 1784-1936, contains investigations into the deaths of individuals who died by a sudden, violent, unnatural or suspicious manner, or died without medical attendance. Causes of death found in these records include accidental, alcohol, drowning, homicide, injuries, infanticide, medical conditions, natural causes (\"visitation by God\"), and suicide.","Documents commonly found in coroners' inquisitions include the inquisition, depositions, and summons. Some inquisitions contain other documents such as exhibits. Information found in the inquisition include the name of the coroner, the names of the jurors, the name and age of the deceased if known, gender and race of the deceased, and when, how, and by what means the deceased came to his or her death. If the coroner knew the deceased person to be Black or multiracial, the inquest should identify the person individual's legal status (free or enslaved). If the coroner knew the deceased person to be enslaved, the inquest often includes their name, their enslaver and the enslaver's residence. Information found in the depositions include the name of the deponent(s) and their account of the circumstances that led to the death of the deceased.","There are no restrictions.","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Coroners' Inquistions, 1784-1936"],"collection_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Coroners' Inquistions, 1784-1936"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"repository_ssm":["Library of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Library of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court"],"creator_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court"],"access_terms_ssm":["There are no restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["These records came to the Library of Virginia in a transfer of court papers from Rockingham County. Pre-1919 records came to in 2003 under accesion 40981 and post-1919 records came in 2010 under accession number 45089."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1.8 cubic feet (4 boxes)"],"extent_tesim":["1.8 cubic feet (4 boxes)"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is arranged\u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\u003citem\u003eSeries I: Coroners' Inquisitions,1784-1936, chronological by date coroner filed inquisition in the local court.\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This collection is arrangedSeries I: Coroners' Inquisitions,1784-1936, chronological by date coroner filed inquisition in the local court."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eContext for Record Type: \u003c/emph\u003eA carry over from the British system, the separate office of coroner appeared in Virginia about 1660. The judicial duty of the office was to hold inquisitions in cases when persons met a sudden, violent, unnatural or suspicious death, or death without medical attendance. The law did not encourage the Coroner to be a medical professional until the 20th century, and only stipulated that the local court be responsible for the appointment. Although not reliant on profession, this system of affluent white men making the decisions largely ensured that only other white men served in this position for much of its history.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n","\u003cp\u003ePrior to the Civil War, the coroner would summon a jury of twelve white men, usually prominent citizens of that locality, to assist him in determining cause of death. The jury viewed the body of the deceased and heard the testimony of witnesses which did include both white and Black perspectives. This witness testimony was recorded and after seeing and hearing the evidence, and unlike other judicial proceedings, enslaved people could provide depositions in coroner's inquisitions, but still, an all-white jury delivered in writing to the coroner their conclusion concerning cause of death referred to as the inquisition. These causes of death would be determined by a white perspective and Black individuals were only consulted; they were never in a position to make decisions. After the Civil War, the process remained the same but the racial distinctions stipulating jury eligibility no longer remained. However, as appointments still continued and juror eligibility reserved for those \"entitled to vote and hold office,\" the authority and influence in the hands of white citizens remained throughout the late 19th and early 20th century.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1877, an act of the General Assembly changed the number of jurors to six, and by 1926, only the coroner determined cause of death but they could require physicians to assist them with determining cause of death. Then in 1946, the General Assembly abolished the Coroner's office/ office of Coroner's Physician altogether, appointed instead a Chief Medical Examiner, and by 1950 transitioned to a statewide Office of the Chief Medical Examiner which now lives within the Department of Health.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n","\u003cp\u003eIf a criminal act was determined to be the cause of death, the coroner delivered the guilty person to the sheriff and the inquests would be used as evidence in the criminal trial. In this case, coroner's inquisitions were filed with the trial papers. If there was not a trial, coroner's inquisitions were filed separately and are more likely to appear in this collection as a standalone set of documents.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eLocality History:\u003c/emph\u003e Rockingham County was named for Charles Watson-Wentworth, second marquis of Rockingham, who supported the colonies during the years before and during the Revolutionary War. The county was formed from Augusta County in 1778. The county seat is the city of Harrisonburg. \n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Context for Record Type: A carry over from the British system, the separate office of coroner appeared in Virginia about 1660. The judicial duty of the office was to hold inquisitions in cases when persons met a sudden, violent, unnatural or suspicious death, or death without medical attendance. The law did not encourage the Coroner to be a medical professional until the 20th century, and only stipulated that the local court be responsible for the appointment. Although not reliant on profession, this system of affluent white men making the decisions largely ensured that only other white men served in this position for much of its history.","Prior to the Civil War, the coroner would summon a jury of twelve white men, usually prominent citizens of that locality, to assist him in determining cause of death. The jury viewed the body of the deceased and heard the testimony of witnesses which did include both white and Black perspectives. This witness testimony was recorded and after seeing and hearing the evidence, and unlike other judicial proceedings, enslaved people could provide depositions in coroner's inquisitions, but still, an all-white jury delivered in writing to the coroner their conclusion concerning cause of death referred to as the inquisition. These causes of death would be determined by a white perspective and Black individuals were only consulted; they were never in a position to make decisions. After the Civil War, the process remained the same but the racial distinctions stipulating jury eligibility no longer remained. However, as appointments still continued and juror eligibility reserved for those \"entitled to vote and hold office,\" the authority and influence in the hands of white citizens remained throughout the late 19th and early 20th century.","In 1877, an act of the General Assembly changed the number of jurors to six, and by 1926, only the coroner determined cause of death but they could require physicians to assist them with determining cause of death. Then in 1946, the General Assembly abolished the Coroner's office/ office of Coroner's Physician altogether, appointed instead a Chief Medical Examiner, and by 1950 transitioned to a statewide Office of the Chief Medical Examiner which now lives within the Department of Health.","If a criminal act was determined to be the cause of death, the coroner delivered the guilty person to the sheriff and the inquests would be used as evidence in the criminal trial. In this case, coroner's inquisitions were filed with the trial papers. If there was not a trial, coroner's inquisitions were filed separately and are more likely to appear in this collection as a standalone set of documents.","Locality History: Rockingham County was named for Charles Watson-Wentworth, second marquis of Rockingham, who supported the colonies during the years before and during the Revolutionary War. The county was formed from Augusta County in 1778. The county seat is the city of Harrisonburg."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockingham County (Va.) Coroners' Inquisitions, 1784-1936. Local government records collection, The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"prefercite_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Coroners' Inquisitions, 1784-1936. Local government records collection, The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAdditional Rockingham County court records can be found on microfilm and in the Chancery Records Index at the Library of Virginia. Consult \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/local/\"\u003e\"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm\"\u003c/extref\u003e and \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.virginiamemory.com/collections/chancery/\"\u003e the Chancery Records Index\u003c/extref\u003e.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Additional Rockingham County court records can be found on microfilm and in the Chancery Records Index at the Library of Virginia. Consult \"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm\" and  the Chancery Records Index."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eMaterials in the Library of Virginia's collections contain historical terms, phrases, and images that are offensive to modern readers. These include demeaning and dehumanizing references to race, ethnicity, and nationality; enslaved or free status; physical and mental ability; religion; sex; and sexual orientation and gender identity.\n\nCoroners' Inquisitions contain graphic and in some cases violent or otherwise disturbing descriptions of death.\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n","\u003cp\u003eRockingham County (Va) Coroners' Inquisitions, 1784-1936, contains investigations into the deaths of individuals who died by a sudden, violent, unnatural or suspicious manner, or died without medical attendance. Causes of death found in these records include accidental, alcohol, drowning, homicide, injuries, infanticide, medical conditions, natural causes (\"visitation by God\"), and suicide.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Documents commonly found in coroners' inquisitions include the inquisition, depositions, and summons. Some inquisitions contain other documents such as exhibits. Information found in the inquisition include the name of the coroner, the names of the jurors, the name and age of the deceased if known, gender and race of the deceased, and when, how, and by what means the deceased came to his or her death. If the coroner knew the deceased person to be Black or multiracial, the inquest should identify the person individual's legal status (free or enslaved). If the coroner knew the deceased person to be enslaved, the inquest often includes their name, their enslaver and the enslaver's residence. Information found in the depositions include the name of the deponent(s) and their account of the circumstances that led to the death of the deceased.\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Materials in the Library of Virginia's collections contain historical terms, phrases, and images that are offensive to modern readers. These include demeaning and dehumanizing references to race, ethnicity, and nationality; enslaved or free status; physical and mental ability; religion; sex; and sexual orientation and gender identity.\n\nCoroners' Inquisitions contain graphic and in some cases violent or otherwise disturbing descriptions of death.","Rockingham County (Va) Coroners' Inquisitions, 1784-1936, contains investigations into the deaths of individuals who died by a sudden, violent, unnatural or suspicious manner, or died without medical attendance. Causes of death found in these records include accidental, alcohol, drowning, homicide, injuries, infanticide, medical conditions, natural causes (\"visitation by God\"), and suicide.","Documents commonly found in coroners' inquisitions include the inquisition, depositions, and summons. Some inquisitions contain other documents such as exhibits. Information found in the inquisition include the name of the coroner, the names of the jurors, the name and age of the deceased if known, gender and race of the deceased, and when, how, and by what means the deceased came to his or her death. If the coroner knew the deceased person to be Black or multiracial, the inquest should identify the person individual's legal status (free or enslaved). If the coroner knew the deceased person to be enslaved, the inquest often includes their name, their enslaver and the enslaver's residence. Information found in the depositions include the name of the deponent(s) and their account of the circumstances that led to the death of the deceased."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":5,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:28:05.737Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi05551"}},{"id":"vi_vi05160","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Rockingham County (Va.) Deeds and Related Records, 1756-1920","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi05160#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi05160#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi05160#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vi_vi05160","ead_ssi":"vi_vi05160","_root_":"vi_vi05160","_nest_parent_":"vi_vi05160","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/lva/vi05160.xml","title_ssm":["Rockingham County (Va.) Deeds and Related Records, 1756-1920"],"title_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Deeds and Related Records, 1756-1920"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Rockingham County (Va.) Deeds and Related Records, 1756-1920"],"text":["Rockingham County (Va.) Deeds and Related Records, 1756-1920",".","Rockingham County (Va.)identified Bills of Sale and Deeds, 1765-1864, involving enslaved and free Black and multiracial individuals are digitized and available through Virginia Untold: The African American Narrative Digital Collection  on the Library of Virginia website. Please use digital images.","Majority of Rockingham deed books 1778-1901 are available as microfilm at the Library of Virgina, consult Rockingham County Microfilm. Please use Microfilm copies.","This collection is arrangedSeries I: Deeds and bills of sale,1784-1842, involving free and enslaved people, arranged chronologically Series II: Deeds and records related to, 1756-1920 largely unprocessed but loosely arranged chronologically; Series II: Subseries A: Deeds, 1756-1920 Series II: Subseries B: Deed books, 1805-1863","Context for Record Type:","Bills of sale are written agreements which convey title of property, including enslaved people, from seller to buyer. Under the system of chattel slavery, laws permitted enslavers to treat enslaved people as personal possessions in the same manner as livestock, farm equipment, or household items. Enslaved people could be bought or sold without regard to their personal relationships or free will. Bills of sale record the name of the seller, the names of enslaved people being sold and their price, and the name of the buyer. Given that they involved a property transaction, bills of sale were commonly recorded and filed with deeds in the local court. However, there was no official requirement that the transfer of an enslaved person be recorded unless necessary for legal purposes such as a court case or an estate settlement. Enslaved people could also be transferred through a deed of gift, there was no money transaction involved in this case, which distinguishes this record from a bill of sale. Enslavers and their family members often transferred enslaved people between themselves in this manner.","Deeds are written agreements which convey title of property, such as an enslaved person, from one individual to another. These include the voluntary transfer of enslaved people between family members with no financial transaction involved. Deeds include the names of the grantors, grantees, and enslaved people. Clerks proved, acknowledged, and recorded deeds in the local court.","Locality History: Rockingham County was named for Charles Watson-Wentworth, second marquis of Rockingham, who supported the colonies during the years before and during the Revolutionary War. The county was formed from Augusta County in 1778. The county seat is the city of Harrisonburg.","Lost Locality History: Created in 1778. A courthouse fire in 1787 destroyed wills and estate records, primarily. In June 1864 during the Civil War, court records (mostly volumes) were removed from the courthouse and loaded on a wagon to be taken to place of safety on or beyond the Blue Ridge. The wagon was overtaken by Union troops near Port Republic and set on fire, which was put out by local citizens. Many order books, deed books, will books, and fiduciary books, however, were lost or severely damaged by the fire. The loose records that remained at the courthouse were undamaged. Pre-1865 records including deeds and wills were rerecorded following an act of assembly passed in November 1884.","Encoded by G Crawford 10 July 2019 ; updated by M. Mason, June 2026","See Also:  Rockingham County (Va.) Deeds and Land Grants, 1758-1852","See also: Rockingham County (Va.)  Deeds of Emancipation","Records related to free and enslaved people of Rockingham County (Va.)  and other localities are available through the Virginia Untold: The African American Narrative Digital Collection on the Library of Virginia website.","Additional Rockingham County (Va.) Court Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia web site. Consult  \"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm.\"","Rockingham County (Va.) Deeds and Related Records, includes deeds of bargain and sale, deeds of gift, mortgages, bills of sale, and deeds of trust. Included are about twenty processed bills of sale and deeds, 1784-1842, involving free and enslaved Black and Multiracial individuals.","Deeds and Bills of Sale, 1784-1842, contain the name of the seller, the name of the purchaser, and the name of the enslaved person or persons being sold. Descriptions of persons being sold usually include age and family relationships among the persons being sold.","Deeds of bargain and sale are the most recorded deed in which one individual sells property, usually land, but occasionally personal property, to another individual. Such deeds show the names of the grantor and grantee, the residence of both parties, a description of what is being sold, the consideration (or price), the location of the tract of land, the tract's boundaries, and any limitations on the property being sold. The deed was signed by the grantor, and possibly his wife or anyone else having a claim to the property, and by at least two witnesses. Appended to the deed may be a memorandum of livery of seisin, stating that the property has changed hands and that peaceful possession has taken place.","Deeds of gift are often found transferring property, either real or personal including enslaved people, from one individual to another \"for love and affection.\" The degree of kinship, if any, between the grantor and grantee is sometimes stated. Information recorded included name(s) of the grantor(s), grantee(s), and enslaved people. Deeds of gift were proved and recorded in the local court.","Mortgages and deeds of trust were deeds where one party is indebted to another and transfers or mortgages property to a third party to secure the debt.","Bills of sale are written agreements which convey title of property, such as an enslaved person, from seller to buyer. Bills of sale record the name of the seller, the names of enslaved persons being sold and their price, and the name of the buyer. Given that they involved a property transaction, bills of sale were commonly recorded and filed with deeds in the local court.","The deed books record the name of the grantor and grantee, the county of residence of both individuals and a description of property being sold or transferred. All of the books have indexes.","There are no restrictions.","Library of Virginia","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Deeds and Related Records, 1756-1920"],"collection_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Deeds and Related Records, 1756-1920"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"repository_ssm":["Library of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Library of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court"],"creator_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court"],"access_terms_ssm":["There are no restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["These records came to the Library of Virginia in a transfer of court papers from Rockingham County under an undated accession 51717."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["."],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockingham County (Va.)identified Bills of Sale and Deeds, 1765-1864, involving enslaved and free Black and multiracial individuals are digitized and available through \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://lva.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/search?vid=01LVA_INST:VU\"\u003eVirginia Untold: The African American Narrative Digital Collection \u003c/extref\u003e on the Library of Virginia website. Please use digital images. \n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMajority of Rockingham deed books 1778-1901 are available as microfilm at the Library of Virgina, consult \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/ccmf/VA/VA251#LAN\"\u003eRockingham County Microfilm\u003c/extref\u003e. Please use Microfilm copies. \u003c/p\u003e\n"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.)identified Bills of Sale and Deeds, 1765-1864, involving enslaved and free Black and multiracial individuals are digitized and available through Virginia Untold: The African American Narrative Digital Collection  on the Library of Virginia website. Please use digital images.","Majority of Rockingham deed books 1778-1901 are available as microfilm at the Library of Virgina, consult Rockingham County Microfilm. Please use Microfilm copies."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is arranged\u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\u003citem\u003eSeries I: Deeds and bills of sale,1784-1842, involving free and enslaved people, arranged chronologically \u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eSeries II: Deeds and records related to, 1756-1920 largely unprocessed but loosely arranged chronologically; \u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eSeries II: Subseries A: Deeds, 1756-1920 \u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eSeries II: Subseries B: Deed books, 1805-1863\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This collection is arrangedSeries I: Deeds and bills of sale,1784-1842, involving free and enslaved people, arranged chronologically Series II: Deeds and records related to, 1756-1920 largely unprocessed but loosely arranged chronologically; Series II: Subseries A: Deeds, 1756-1920 Series II: Subseries B: Deed books, 1805-1863"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eContext for Record Type:\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBills of sale are written agreements which convey title of property, including enslaved people, from seller to buyer. Under the system of chattel slavery, laws permitted enslavers to treat enslaved people as personal possessions in the same manner as livestock, farm equipment, or household items. Enslaved people could be bought or sold without regard to their personal relationships or free will. Bills of sale record the name of the seller, the names of enslaved people being sold and their price, and the name of the buyer. Given that they involved a property transaction, bills of sale were commonly recorded and filed with deeds in the local court. However, there was no official requirement that the transfer of an enslaved person be recorded unless necessary for legal purposes such as a court case or an estate settlement. Enslaved people could also be transferred through a deed of gift, there was no money transaction involved in this case, which distinguishes this record from a bill of sale. Enslavers and their family members often transferred enslaved people between themselves in this manner.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDeeds are written agreements which convey title of property, such as an enslaved person, from one individual to another. These include the voluntary transfer of enslaved people between family members with no financial transaction involved. Deeds include the names of the grantors, grantees, and enslaved people. Clerks proved, acknowledged, and recorded deeds in the local court.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eLocality History: \u003c/emph\u003eRockingham County was named for Charles Watson-Wentworth, second marquis of Rockingham, who supported the colonies during the years before and during the Revolutionary War. The county was formed from Augusta County in 1778. The county seat is the city of Harrisonburg.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eLost Locality History:\u003c/emph\u003e Created in 1778. A courthouse fire in 1787 destroyed wills and estate records, primarily. In June 1864 during the Civil War, court records (mostly volumes) were removed from the courthouse and loaded on a wagon to be taken to place of safety on or beyond the Blue Ridge. The wagon was overtaken by Union troops near Port Republic and set on fire, which was put out by local citizens. Many order books, deed books, will books, and fiduciary books, however, were lost or severely damaged by the fire. The loose records that remained at the courthouse were undamaged. Pre-1865 records including deeds and wills were rerecorded following an act of assembly passed in November 1884.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Context for Record Type:","Bills of sale are written agreements which convey title of property, including enslaved people, from seller to buyer. Under the system of chattel slavery, laws permitted enslavers to treat enslaved people as personal possessions in the same manner as livestock, farm equipment, or household items. Enslaved people could be bought or sold without regard to their personal relationships or free will. Bills of sale record the name of the seller, the names of enslaved people being sold and their price, and the name of the buyer. Given that they involved a property transaction, bills of sale were commonly recorded and filed with deeds in the local court. However, there was no official requirement that the transfer of an enslaved person be recorded unless necessary for legal purposes such as a court case or an estate settlement. Enslaved people could also be transferred through a deed of gift, there was no money transaction involved in this case, which distinguishes this record from a bill of sale. Enslavers and their family members often transferred enslaved people between themselves in this manner.","Deeds are written agreements which convey title of property, such as an enslaved person, from one individual to another. These include the voluntary transfer of enslaved people between family members with no financial transaction involved. Deeds include the names of the grantors, grantees, and enslaved people. Clerks proved, acknowledged, and recorded deeds in the local court.","Locality History: Rockingham County was named for Charles Watson-Wentworth, second marquis of Rockingham, who supported the colonies during the years before and during the Revolutionary War. The county was formed from Augusta County in 1778. The county seat is the city of Harrisonburg.","Lost Locality History: Created in 1778. A courthouse fire in 1787 destroyed wills and estate records, primarily. In June 1864 during the Civil War, court records (mostly volumes) were removed from the courthouse and loaded on a wagon to be taken to place of safety on or beyond the Blue Ridge. The wagon was overtaken by Union troops near Port Republic and set on fire, which was put out by local citizens. Many order books, deed books, will books, and fiduciary books, however, were lost or severely damaged by the fire. The loose records that remained at the courthouse were undamaged. Pre-1865 records including deeds and wills were rerecorded following an act of assembly passed in November 1884."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockingham County (Va.) Deeds and Related Records, 1756-1920. [Site series, box, and or volume]. Local Government Records Collection, The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"prefercite_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Deeds and Related Records, 1756-1920. [Site series, box, and or volume]. Local Government Records Collection, The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eEncoded by G Crawford 10 July 2019 ; updated by M. Mason, June 2026\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Encoded by G Crawford 10 July 2019 ; updated by M. Mason, June 2026"],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e See Also:  \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi02127\"\u003eRockingham County (Va.) Deeds and Land Grants, 1758-1852 \u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSee also: \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi06664\"\u003eRockingham County (Va.)  Deeds of Emancipation \u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n","\u003cp\u003eRecords related to free and enslaved people of Rockingham County (Va.)  and other localities are available through the \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://lva.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/search?vid=01LVA_INST:VU\"\u003eVirginia Untold: The African American Narrative Digital Collection\u003c/extref\u003e on the Library of Virginia website.\u003c/p\u003e  \n","\u003cp\u003eAdditional Rockingham County (Va.) Court Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia web site. Consult \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/local/\"\u003e \"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm.\"\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \n      "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["See Also:  Rockingham County (Va.) Deeds and Land Grants, 1758-1852","See also: Rockingham County (Va.)  Deeds of Emancipation","Records related to free and enslaved people of Rockingham County (Va.)  and other localities are available through the Virginia Untold: The African American Narrative Digital Collection on the Library of Virginia website.","Additional Rockingham County (Va.) Court Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia web site. Consult  \"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm.\""],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockingham County (Va.) Deeds and Related Records, includes deeds of bargain and sale, deeds of gift, mortgages, bills of sale, and deeds of trust. Included are about twenty processed bills of sale and deeds, 1784-1842, involving free and enslaved Black and Multiracial individuals.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDeeds and Bills of Sale, 1784-1842, contain the name of the seller, the name of the purchaser, and the name of the enslaved person or persons being sold. Descriptions of persons being sold usually include age and family relationships among the persons being sold.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDeeds of bargain and sale are the most recorded deed in which one individual sells property, usually land, but occasionally personal property, to another individual. Such deeds show the names of the grantor and grantee, the residence of both parties, a description of what is being sold, the consideration (or price), the location of the tract of land, the tract's boundaries, and any limitations on the property being sold. The deed was signed by the grantor, and possibly his wife or anyone else having a claim to the property, and by at least two witnesses. Appended to the deed may be a memorandum of livery of seisin, stating that the property has changed hands and that peaceful possession has taken place.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDeeds of gift are often found transferring property, either real or personal including enslaved people, from one individual to another \"for love and affection.\" The degree of kinship, if any, between the grantor and grantee is sometimes stated. Information recorded included name(s) of the grantor(s), grantee(s), and enslaved people. Deeds of gift were proved and recorded in the local court.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMortgages and deeds of trust were deeds where one party is indebted to another and transfers or mortgages property to a third party to secure the debt.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBills of sale are written agreements which convey title of property, such as an enslaved person, from seller to buyer. Bills of sale record the name of the seller, the names of enslaved persons being sold and their price, and the name of the buyer. Given that they involved a property transaction, bills of sale were commonly recorded and filed with deeds in the local court.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe deed books record the name of the grantor and grantee, the county of residence of both individuals and a description of property being sold or transferred. All of the books have indexes.\n\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Deeds and Related Records, includes deeds of bargain and sale, deeds of gift, mortgages, bills of sale, and deeds of trust. Included are about twenty processed bills of sale and deeds, 1784-1842, involving free and enslaved Black and Multiracial individuals.","Deeds and Bills of Sale, 1784-1842, contain the name of the seller, the name of the purchaser, and the name of the enslaved person or persons being sold. Descriptions of persons being sold usually include age and family relationships among the persons being sold.","Deeds of bargain and sale are the most recorded deed in which one individual sells property, usually land, but occasionally personal property, to another individual. Such deeds show the names of the grantor and grantee, the residence of both parties, a description of what is being sold, the consideration (or price), the location of the tract of land, the tract's boundaries, and any limitations on the property being sold. The deed was signed by the grantor, and possibly his wife or anyone else having a claim to the property, and by at least two witnesses. Appended to the deed may be a memorandum of livery of seisin, stating that the property has changed hands and that peaceful possession has taken place.","Deeds of gift are often found transferring property, either real or personal including enslaved people, from one individual to another \"for love and affection.\" The degree of kinship, if any, between the grantor and grantee is sometimes stated. Information recorded included name(s) of the grantor(s), grantee(s), and enslaved people. Deeds of gift were proved and recorded in the local court.","Mortgages and deeds of trust were deeds where one party is indebted to another and transfers or mortgages property to a third party to secure the debt.","Bills of sale are written agreements which convey title of property, such as an enslaved person, from seller to buyer. Bills of sale record the name of the seller, the names of enslaved persons being sold and their price, and the name of the buyer. Given that they involved a property transaction, bills of sale were commonly recorded and filed with deeds in the local court.","The deed books record the name of the grantor and grantee, the county of residence of both individuals and a description of property being sold or transferred. All of the books have indexes."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract label=\"Abstract\"\u003e\n\u003c/abstract\u003e\n"],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc label=\"Location\"\u003eLibrary of Virginia\n\u003c/physloc\u003e\n"],"physloc_tesim":["Library of Virginia"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":101,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:27:42.624Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vi_vi05160","ead_ssi":"vi_vi05160","_root_":"vi_vi05160","_nest_parent_":"vi_vi05160","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/lva/vi05160.xml","title_ssm":["Rockingham County (Va.) Deeds and Related Records, 1756-1920"],"title_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Deeds and Related Records, 1756-1920"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Rockingham County (Va.) Deeds and Related Records, 1756-1920"],"text":["Rockingham County (Va.) Deeds and Related Records, 1756-1920",".","Rockingham County (Va.)identified Bills of Sale and Deeds, 1765-1864, involving enslaved and free Black and multiracial individuals are digitized and available through Virginia Untold: The African American Narrative Digital Collection  on the Library of Virginia website. Please use digital images.","Majority of Rockingham deed books 1778-1901 are available as microfilm at the Library of Virgina, consult Rockingham County Microfilm. Please use Microfilm copies.","This collection is arrangedSeries I: Deeds and bills of sale,1784-1842, involving free and enslaved people, arranged chronologically Series II: Deeds and records related to, 1756-1920 largely unprocessed but loosely arranged chronologically; Series II: Subseries A: Deeds, 1756-1920 Series II: Subseries B: Deed books, 1805-1863","Context for Record Type:","Bills of sale are written agreements which convey title of property, including enslaved people, from seller to buyer. Under the system of chattel slavery, laws permitted enslavers to treat enslaved people as personal possessions in the same manner as livestock, farm equipment, or household items. Enslaved people could be bought or sold without regard to their personal relationships or free will. Bills of sale record the name of the seller, the names of enslaved people being sold and their price, and the name of the buyer. Given that they involved a property transaction, bills of sale were commonly recorded and filed with deeds in the local court. However, there was no official requirement that the transfer of an enslaved person be recorded unless necessary for legal purposes such as a court case or an estate settlement. Enslaved people could also be transferred through a deed of gift, there was no money transaction involved in this case, which distinguishes this record from a bill of sale. Enslavers and their family members often transferred enslaved people between themselves in this manner.","Deeds are written agreements which convey title of property, such as an enslaved person, from one individual to another. These include the voluntary transfer of enslaved people between family members with no financial transaction involved. Deeds include the names of the grantors, grantees, and enslaved people. Clerks proved, acknowledged, and recorded deeds in the local court.","Locality History: Rockingham County was named for Charles Watson-Wentworth, second marquis of Rockingham, who supported the colonies during the years before and during the Revolutionary War. The county was formed from Augusta County in 1778. The county seat is the city of Harrisonburg.","Lost Locality History: Created in 1778. A courthouse fire in 1787 destroyed wills and estate records, primarily. In June 1864 during the Civil War, court records (mostly volumes) were removed from the courthouse and loaded on a wagon to be taken to place of safety on or beyond the Blue Ridge. The wagon was overtaken by Union troops near Port Republic and set on fire, which was put out by local citizens. Many order books, deed books, will books, and fiduciary books, however, were lost or severely damaged by the fire. The loose records that remained at the courthouse were undamaged. Pre-1865 records including deeds and wills were rerecorded following an act of assembly passed in November 1884.","Encoded by G Crawford 10 July 2019 ; updated by M. Mason, June 2026","See Also:  Rockingham County (Va.) Deeds and Land Grants, 1758-1852","See also: Rockingham County (Va.)  Deeds of Emancipation","Records related to free and enslaved people of Rockingham County (Va.)  and other localities are available through the Virginia Untold: The African American Narrative Digital Collection on the Library of Virginia website.","Additional Rockingham County (Va.) Court Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia web site. Consult  \"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm.\"","Rockingham County (Va.) Deeds and Related Records, includes deeds of bargain and sale, deeds of gift, mortgages, bills of sale, and deeds of trust. Included are about twenty processed bills of sale and deeds, 1784-1842, involving free and enslaved Black and Multiracial individuals.","Deeds and Bills of Sale, 1784-1842, contain the name of the seller, the name of the purchaser, and the name of the enslaved person or persons being sold. Descriptions of persons being sold usually include age and family relationships among the persons being sold.","Deeds of bargain and sale are the most recorded deed in which one individual sells property, usually land, but occasionally personal property, to another individual. Such deeds show the names of the grantor and grantee, the residence of both parties, a description of what is being sold, the consideration (or price), the location of the tract of land, the tract's boundaries, and any limitations on the property being sold. The deed was signed by the grantor, and possibly his wife or anyone else having a claim to the property, and by at least two witnesses. Appended to the deed may be a memorandum of livery of seisin, stating that the property has changed hands and that peaceful possession has taken place.","Deeds of gift are often found transferring property, either real or personal including enslaved people, from one individual to another \"for love and affection.\" The degree of kinship, if any, between the grantor and grantee is sometimes stated. Information recorded included name(s) of the grantor(s), grantee(s), and enslaved people. Deeds of gift were proved and recorded in the local court.","Mortgages and deeds of trust were deeds where one party is indebted to another and transfers or mortgages property to a third party to secure the debt.","Bills of sale are written agreements which convey title of property, such as an enslaved person, from seller to buyer. Bills of sale record the name of the seller, the names of enslaved persons being sold and their price, and the name of the buyer. Given that they involved a property transaction, bills of sale were commonly recorded and filed with deeds in the local court.","The deed books record the name of the grantor and grantee, the county of residence of both individuals and a description of property being sold or transferred. All of the books have indexes.","There are no restrictions.","Library of Virginia","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Deeds and Related Records, 1756-1920"],"collection_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Deeds and Related Records, 1756-1920"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"repository_ssm":["Library of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Library of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court"],"creator_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court"],"access_terms_ssm":["There are no restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["These records came to the Library of Virginia in a transfer of court papers from Rockingham County under an undated accession 51717."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["."],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockingham County (Va.)identified Bills of Sale and Deeds, 1765-1864, involving enslaved and free Black and multiracial individuals are digitized and available through \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://lva.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/search?vid=01LVA_INST:VU\"\u003eVirginia Untold: The African American Narrative Digital Collection \u003c/extref\u003e on the Library of Virginia website. Please use digital images. \n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMajority of Rockingham deed books 1778-1901 are available as microfilm at the Library of Virgina, consult \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/ccmf/VA/VA251#LAN\"\u003eRockingham County Microfilm\u003c/extref\u003e. Please use Microfilm copies. \u003c/p\u003e\n"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.)identified Bills of Sale and Deeds, 1765-1864, involving enslaved and free Black and multiracial individuals are digitized and available through Virginia Untold: The African American Narrative Digital Collection  on the Library of Virginia website. Please use digital images.","Majority of Rockingham deed books 1778-1901 are available as microfilm at the Library of Virgina, consult Rockingham County Microfilm. Please use Microfilm copies."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is arranged\u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\u003citem\u003eSeries I: Deeds and bills of sale,1784-1842, involving free and enslaved people, arranged chronologically \u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eSeries II: Deeds and records related to, 1756-1920 largely unprocessed but loosely arranged chronologically; \u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eSeries II: Subseries A: Deeds, 1756-1920 \u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eSeries II: Subseries B: Deed books, 1805-1863\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This collection is arrangedSeries I: Deeds and bills of sale,1784-1842, involving free and enslaved people, arranged chronologically Series II: Deeds and records related to, 1756-1920 largely unprocessed but loosely arranged chronologically; Series II: Subseries A: Deeds, 1756-1920 Series II: Subseries B: Deed books, 1805-1863"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eContext for Record Type:\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBills of sale are written agreements which convey title of property, including enslaved people, from seller to buyer. Under the system of chattel slavery, laws permitted enslavers to treat enslaved people as personal possessions in the same manner as livestock, farm equipment, or household items. Enslaved people could be bought or sold without regard to their personal relationships or free will. Bills of sale record the name of the seller, the names of enslaved people being sold and their price, and the name of the buyer. Given that they involved a property transaction, bills of sale were commonly recorded and filed with deeds in the local court. However, there was no official requirement that the transfer of an enslaved person be recorded unless necessary for legal purposes such as a court case or an estate settlement. Enslaved people could also be transferred through a deed of gift, there was no money transaction involved in this case, which distinguishes this record from a bill of sale. Enslavers and their family members often transferred enslaved people between themselves in this manner.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDeeds are written agreements which convey title of property, such as an enslaved person, from one individual to another. These include the voluntary transfer of enslaved people between family members with no financial transaction involved. Deeds include the names of the grantors, grantees, and enslaved people. Clerks proved, acknowledged, and recorded deeds in the local court.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eLocality History: \u003c/emph\u003eRockingham County was named for Charles Watson-Wentworth, second marquis of Rockingham, who supported the colonies during the years before and during the Revolutionary War. The county was formed from Augusta County in 1778. The county seat is the city of Harrisonburg.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eLost Locality History:\u003c/emph\u003e Created in 1778. A courthouse fire in 1787 destroyed wills and estate records, primarily. In June 1864 during the Civil War, court records (mostly volumes) were removed from the courthouse and loaded on a wagon to be taken to place of safety on or beyond the Blue Ridge. The wagon was overtaken by Union troops near Port Republic and set on fire, which was put out by local citizens. Many order books, deed books, will books, and fiduciary books, however, were lost or severely damaged by the fire. The loose records that remained at the courthouse were undamaged. Pre-1865 records including deeds and wills were rerecorded following an act of assembly passed in November 1884.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Context for Record Type:","Bills of sale are written agreements which convey title of property, including enslaved people, from seller to buyer. Under the system of chattel slavery, laws permitted enslavers to treat enslaved people as personal possessions in the same manner as livestock, farm equipment, or household items. Enslaved people could be bought or sold without regard to their personal relationships or free will. Bills of sale record the name of the seller, the names of enslaved people being sold and their price, and the name of the buyer. Given that they involved a property transaction, bills of sale were commonly recorded and filed with deeds in the local court. However, there was no official requirement that the transfer of an enslaved person be recorded unless necessary for legal purposes such as a court case or an estate settlement. Enslaved people could also be transferred through a deed of gift, there was no money transaction involved in this case, which distinguishes this record from a bill of sale. Enslavers and their family members often transferred enslaved people between themselves in this manner.","Deeds are written agreements which convey title of property, such as an enslaved person, from one individual to another. These include the voluntary transfer of enslaved people between family members with no financial transaction involved. Deeds include the names of the grantors, grantees, and enslaved people. Clerks proved, acknowledged, and recorded deeds in the local court.","Locality History: Rockingham County was named for Charles Watson-Wentworth, second marquis of Rockingham, who supported the colonies during the years before and during the Revolutionary War. The county was formed from Augusta County in 1778. The county seat is the city of Harrisonburg.","Lost Locality History: Created in 1778. A courthouse fire in 1787 destroyed wills and estate records, primarily. In June 1864 during the Civil War, court records (mostly volumes) were removed from the courthouse and loaded on a wagon to be taken to place of safety on or beyond the Blue Ridge. The wagon was overtaken by Union troops near Port Republic and set on fire, which was put out by local citizens. Many order books, deed books, will books, and fiduciary books, however, were lost or severely damaged by the fire. The loose records that remained at the courthouse were undamaged. Pre-1865 records including deeds and wills were rerecorded following an act of assembly passed in November 1884."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockingham County (Va.) Deeds and Related Records, 1756-1920. [Site series, box, and or volume]. Local Government Records Collection, The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"prefercite_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Deeds and Related Records, 1756-1920. [Site series, box, and or volume]. Local Government Records Collection, The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eEncoded by G Crawford 10 July 2019 ; updated by M. Mason, June 2026\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Encoded by G Crawford 10 July 2019 ; updated by M. Mason, June 2026"],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e See Also:  \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi02127\"\u003eRockingham County (Va.) Deeds and Land Grants, 1758-1852 \u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSee also: \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi06664\"\u003eRockingham County (Va.)  Deeds of Emancipation \u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n","\u003cp\u003eRecords related to free and enslaved people of Rockingham County (Va.)  and other localities are available through the \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://lva.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/search?vid=01LVA_INST:VU\"\u003eVirginia Untold: The African American Narrative Digital Collection\u003c/extref\u003e on the Library of Virginia website.\u003c/p\u003e  \n","\u003cp\u003eAdditional Rockingham County (Va.) Court Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia web site. Consult \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/local/\"\u003e \"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm.\"\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \n      "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["See Also:  Rockingham County (Va.) Deeds and Land Grants, 1758-1852","See also: Rockingham County (Va.)  Deeds of Emancipation","Records related to free and enslaved people of Rockingham County (Va.)  and other localities are available through the Virginia Untold: The African American Narrative Digital Collection on the Library of Virginia website.","Additional Rockingham County (Va.) Court Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia web site. Consult  \"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm.\""],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockingham County (Va.) Deeds and Related Records, includes deeds of bargain and sale, deeds of gift, mortgages, bills of sale, and deeds of trust. Included are about twenty processed bills of sale and deeds, 1784-1842, involving free and enslaved Black and Multiracial individuals.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDeeds and Bills of Sale, 1784-1842, contain the name of the seller, the name of the purchaser, and the name of the enslaved person or persons being sold. Descriptions of persons being sold usually include age and family relationships among the persons being sold.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDeeds of bargain and sale are the most recorded deed in which one individual sells property, usually land, but occasionally personal property, to another individual. Such deeds show the names of the grantor and grantee, the residence of both parties, a description of what is being sold, the consideration (or price), the location of the tract of land, the tract's boundaries, and any limitations on the property being sold. The deed was signed by the grantor, and possibly his wife or anyone else having a claim to the property, and by at least two witnesses. Appended to the deed may be a memorandum of livery of seisin, stating that the property has changed hands and that peaceful possession has taken place.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDeeds of gift are often found transferring property, either real or personal including enslaved people, from one individual to another \"for love and affection.\" The degree of kinship, if any, between the grantor and grantee is sometimes stated. Information recorded included name(s) of the grantor(s), grantee(s), and enslaved people. Deeds of gift were proved and recorded in the local court.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMortgages and deeds of trust were deeds where one party is indebted to another and transfers or mortgages property to a third party to secure the debt.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBills of sale are written agreements which convey title of property, such as an enslaved person, from seller to buyer. Bills of sale record the name of the seller, the names of enslaved persons being sold and their price, and the name of the buyer. Given that they involved a property transaction, bills of sale were commonly recorded and filed with deeds in the local court.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe deed books record the name of the grantor and grantee, the county of residence of both individuals and a description of property being sold or transferred. All of the books have indexes.\n\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Deeds and Related Records, includes deeds of bargain and sale, deeds of gift, mortgages, bills of sale, and deeds of trust. Included are about twenty processed bills of sale and deeds, 1784-1842, involving free and enslaved Black and Multiracial individuals.","Deeds and Bills of Sale, 1784-1842, contain the name of the seller, the name of the purchaser, and the name of the enslaved person or persons being sold. Descriptions of persons being sold usually include age and family relationships among the persons being sold.","Deeds of bargain and sale are the most recorded deed in which one individual sells property, usually land, but occasionally personal property, to another individual. Such deeds show the names of the grantor and grantee, the residence of both parties, a description of what is being sold, the consideration (or price), the location of the tract of land, the tract's boundaries, and any limitations on the property being sold. The deed was signed by the grantor, and possibly his wife or anyone else having a claim to the property, and by at least two witnesses. Appended to the deed may be a memorandum of livery of seisin, stating that the property has changed hands and that peaceful possession has taken place.","Deeds of gift are often found transferring property, either real or personal including enslaved people, from one individual to another \"for love and affection.\" The degree of kinship, if any, between the grantor and grantee is sometimes stated. Information recorded included name(s) of the grantor(s), grantee(s), and enslaved people. Deeds of gift were proved and recorded in the local court.","Mortgages and deeds of trust were deeds where one party is indebted to another and transfers or mortgages property to a third party to secure the debt.","Bills of sale are written agreements which convey title of property, such as an enslaved person, from seller to buyer. Bills of sale record the name of the seller, the names of enslaved persons being sold and their price, and the name of the buyer. Given that they involved a property transaction, bills of sale were commonly recorded and filed with deeds in the local court.","The deed books record the name of the grantor and grantee, the county of residence of both individuals and a description of property being sold or transferred. All of the books have indexes."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract label=\"Abstract\"\u003e\n\u003c/abstract\u003e\n"],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc label=\"Location\"\u003eLibrary of Virginia\n\u003c/physloc\u003e\n"],"physloc_tesim":["Library of Virginia"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":101,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:27:42.624Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi05160"}},{"id":"vi_vi02260","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Rockingham County (Va.) Free and Enslaved Records, 1789-1860, undated","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi02260#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi02260#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi02260#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vi_vi02260","ead_ssi":"vi_vi02260","_root_":"vi_vi02260","_nest_parent_":"vi_vi02260","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/lva/vi02260.xml","title_ssm":["Rockingham County (Va.) Free and Enslaved Records, 1789-1860, undated"],"title_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Free and Enslaved Records, 1789-1860, undated"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Rockingham County (Va.) Free and Enslaved Records, 1789-1860, undated"],"text":["Rockingham County (Va.) Free and Enslaved Records, 1789-1860, undated",".","Rockingham County (Va.) \"Free Negro\" Tax Records, are digitized and available through Virginia Untold: The African American Narrative Digital Collection  on the Library of Virginia website. Please use digital images.","This collection is arrangedSeries I: Free and Enslaved Records, 1789-1860, undated","Context for Record Type:","Free and Enslaved Records:","The Free and Enslaved Records collection is comprised of miscellaneous records related to the regulation and policing of both enslaved and free Black and Multiracial people in Bedford County. The localities/local government authorities were largely responsible for enforcing laws that restricted the movement of enslaved and free Black and Multiracial people and the resulting documentation was often filed in the circuit courts. The ways in which local authorities enacted legal measures against or on behalf of enslaved and free Black and Multiracial people varied from locality to locality; therefore, records were not necessarily standardized or filed and retained in a consistent manner. This collection is topical and a means by which to compile miscellaneous documents related to free and enslaved people that are not established local government record types.","See: the Virginia Untold Record Types on the Library of Virginia website for additional context concerning \"Free Negro\" Tax Records","Locality History:Rockingham County was named for Charles Watson-Wentworth, second marquis of Rockingham, who supported the colonists in their disputes with Great Britain. It was formed from Augusta County in 1778.","Lost Locality Note:A courthouse fire in 1787 destroyed wills and estate records, primarily. In June 1864 during the Civil War, court records (mostly volumes) were removed from the courthouse and loaded on a wagon to be taken to place of safety on or beyond the Blue Ridge. The wagon was overtaken by Union troops near Port Republic and set on fire, which was put out by local citizens. Many order books, deed books, will books, and fiduciary books, however, were lost or severely damaged by the fire. The loose records that remained at the courthouse were undamaged. Pre-1865 records including deeds and wills were rerecorded following an act of assembly passed in November 1884.","Starting in 2023, Library of Virginia archival staff in partnership with the Virginia Untold Project Manager began efforts to describe records related to free and enslaved Black and Multiracial people in a manner that improved the historical context of the records. In doing so, in some cases material once described within the \"Free and Enslaved\" record group for a locality may no longer be described within this record. When this has occurred, please see the Processing Information and Related Materials section for records that have been described separately.","Deeds of Emancipation, 1783-1833, were removed from this record in June 2026 and are now described in Rockingham County (Va.) Deeds of Emancipation","\"Free Negro\" Registrations, certificates and affidavits were removed from this record in June 2026 and are now described in Rockingham County (Va.) Records related to the Registration of Free Persons","Bills of Sale, 1784-1796 and 1842, were removed from this record in June 2026 and are now described in Rockingham County (Va.) Deeds and related records","Encoded by C. Obrion, 17 April 2008; updated  by M. Mason, June 2026.","See also: Rockingham County (Va.)  Records related to the Registration of Free Persons","See also: Rockingham County (Va.)  Deeds of Emancipation","See also: Rockingham County (Va.)  Deeds","See also: Rockingham County  (Va.) Apprenticeship Indentures","Records related to free and enslaved people of Rockingham County (Va.)  and other localities are available through the Virginia Untold: The African American Narrative Digital Collection on the Library of Virginia website.","Additional Rockingham County (Va.) Court Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia web site. Consult  \"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm.\"","Rockingham County (Va.) Free and Enslaved Records, 1789-1860, undated, consists of \"Free Negro\" Tax Record,1860, and various record types, 1789, undated","\"Free Negro\" Tax Record,1860, consists of a tax list containing the names of free Black and Multiracial individuals above the age of 12 in the district of tax commissioner H.A. Chrisman in 1860. The list includes name, gender, age, and occupation.","Additional single items relating to the documentation of free and enslaved Black and Multiracial individuals in and around Rockingham County include:","Agreement, 1789, between Thomas Lewis and Jean Hughes regarding the hiring out of Letty.","A list, 1789, of Black individuals enslaved by Thomas and Reuben Moore, who are considered taxable.","Circular from Governor John Page and the Board of Council regarding counsel for enslaved individuals on trial.","There are no restrictions.","Library of Virginia","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Free and Enslaved Records, 1789-1860, undated"],"collection_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Free and Enslaved Records, 1789-1860, undated"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"repository_ssm":["Library of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Library of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court"],"creator_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court"],"access_terms_ssm":["There are no restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["These records came to the Library of Virginia in a transfer of court papers from Rockingham County in 2003 under accession 40981."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["."],"extent_ssm":["4 items"],"extent_tesim":["4 items"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockingham County (Va.) \"Free Negro\" Tax Records, are digitized and available through \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://lva.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/search?vid=01LVA_INST:VU\"\u003eVirginia Untold: The African American Narrative Digital Collection \u003c/extref\u003e on the Library of Virginia website. Please use digital images. \u003c/p\u003e\n"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) \"Free Negro\" Tax Records, are digitized and available through Virginia Untold: The African American Narrative Digital Collection  on the Library of Virginia website. Please use digital images."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is arranged\u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\u003citem\u003eSeries I: Free and Enslaved Records, 1789-1860, undated\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This collection is arrangedSeries I: Free and Enslaved Records, 1789-1860, undated"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eContext for Record Type:\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"underline\"\u003eFree and Enslaved Records:\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Free and Enslaved Records collection is comprised of miscellaneous records related to the regulation and policing of both enslaved and free Black and Multiracial people in Bedford County. The localities/local government authorities were largely responsible for enforcing laws that restricted the movement of enslaved and free Black and Multiracial people and the resulting documentation was often filed in the circuit courts. The ways in which local authorities enacted legal measures against or on behalf of enslaved and free Black and Multiracial people varied from locality to locality; therefore, records were not necessarily standardized or filed and retained in a consistent manner. This collection is topical and a means by which to compile miscellaneous documents related to free and enslaved people that are not established local government record types.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSee:\u003c/emph\u003e the \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://virginiamemory.com/collections/aan/aan_record_types.pdf?v=3.0\"\u003eVirginia Untold Record Types\u003c/extref\u003e on the Library of Virginia website for additional context concerning \"Free Negro\" Tax Records \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eLocality History:\u003c/emph\u003eRockingham County was named for Charles Watson-Wentworth, second marquis of Rockingham, who supported the colonists in their disputes with Great Britain. It was formed from Augusta County in 1778.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eLost Locality Note:\u003c/emph\u003eA courthouse fire in 1787 destroyed wills and estate records, primarily. In June 1864 during the Civil War, court records (mostly volumes) were removed from the courthouse and loaded on a wagon to be taken to place of safety on or beyond the Blue Ridge. The wagon was overtaken by Union troops near Port Republic and set on fire, which was put out by local citizens. Many order books, deed books, will books, and fiduciary books, however, were lost or severely damaged by the fire. The loose records that remained at the courthouse were undamaged. Pre-1865 records including deeds and wills were rerecorded following an act of assembly passed in November 1884.\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Context for Record Type:","Free and Enslaved Records:","The Free and Enslaved Records collection is comprised of miscellaneous records related to the regulation and policing of both enslaved and free Black and Multiracial people in Bedford County. The localities/local government authorities were largely responsible for enforcing laws that restricted the movement of enslaved and free Black and Multiracial people and the resulting documentation was often filed in the circuit courts. The ways in which local authorities enacted legal measures against or on behalf of enslaved and free Black and Multiracial people varied from locality to locality; therefore, records were not necessarily standardized or filed and retained in a consistent manner. This collection is topical and a means by which to compile miscellaneous documents related to free and enslaved people that are not established local government record types.","See: the Virginia Untold Record Types on the Library of Virginia website for additional context concerning \"Free Negro\" Tax Records","Locality History:Rockingham County was named for Charles Watson-Wentworth, second marquis of Rockingham, who supported the colonists in their disputes with Great Britain. It was formed from Augusta County in 1778.","Lost Locality Note:A courthouse fire in 1787 destroyed wills and estate records, primarily. In June 1864 during the Civil War, court records (mostly volumes) were removed from the courthouse and loaded on a wagon to be taken to place of safety on or beyond the Blue Ridge. The wagon was overtaken by Union troops near Port Republic and set on fire, which was put out by local citizens. Many order books, deed books, will books, and fiduciary books, however, were lost or severely damaged by the fire. The loose records that remained at the courthouse were undamaged. Pre-1865 records including deeds and wills were rerecorded following an act of assembly passed in November 1884."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockingham County (Va.) Free and Enslaved Records, 1789-1860, undated. Local government records collection, Rockingham County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"prefercite_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Free and Enslaved Records, 1789-1860, undated. Local government records collection, Rockingham County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eStarting in 2023, Library of Virginia archival staff in partnership with the Virginia Untold Project Manager began efforts to describe records related to free and enslaved Black and Multiracial people in a manner that improved the historical context of the records. In doing so, in some cases material once described within the \"Free and Enslaved\" record group for a locality may no longer be described within this record. When this has occurred, please see the Processing Information and Related Materials section for records that have been described separately.\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDeeds of Emancipation, 1783-1833, were removed from this record in June 2026 and are now described in Rockingham County (Va.) Deeds of Emancipation\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Free Negro\" Registrations, certificates and affidavits were removed from this record in June 2026 and are now described in Rockingham County (Va.) Records related to the Registration of Free Persons\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBills of Sale, 1784-1796 and 1842, were removed from this record in June 2026 and are now described in Rockingham County (Va.) Deeds and related records\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eEncoded by C. Obrion, 17 April 2008; updated  by M. Mason, June 2026. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Starting in 2023, Library of Virginia archival staff in partnership with the Virginia Untold Project Manager began efforts to describe records related to free and enslaved Black and Multiracial people in a manner that improved the historical context of the records. In doing so, in some cases material once described within the \"Free and Enslaved\" record group for a locality may no longer be described within this record. When this has occurred, please see the Processing Information and Related Materials section for records that have been described separately.","Deeds of Emancipation, 1783-1833, were removed from this record in June 2026 and are now described in Rockingham County (Va.) Deeds of Emancipation","\"Free Negro\" Registrations, certificates and affidavits were removed from this record in June 2026 and are now described in Rockingham County (Va.) Records related to the Registration of Free Persons","Bills of Sale, 1784-1796 and 1842, were removed from this record in June 2026 and are now described in Rockingham County (Va.) Deeds and related records","Encoded by C. Obrion, 17 April 2008; updated  by M. Mason, June 2026."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee also: \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi02606\"\u003eRockingham County (Va.)  Records related to the Registration of Free Persons \u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSee also: \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi06667\"\u003eRockingham County (Va.)  Deeds of Emancipation \u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSee also: \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi05160\"\u003eRockingham County (Va.)  Deeds \u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSee also: \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi06668\"\u003eRockingham County  (Va.) Apprenticeship Indentures \u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n","\u003cp\u003eRecords related to free and enslaved people of Rockingham County (Va.)  and other localities are available through the \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://lva.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/search?vid=01LVA_INST:VU\"\u003eVirginia Untold: The African American Narrative Digital Collection\u003c/extref\u003e on the Library of Virginia website.\u003c/p\u003e  \n","\u003cp\u003eAdditional Rockingham County (Va.) Court Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia web site. Consult \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/local/\"\u003e \"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm.\"\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \n      "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["See also: Rockingham County (Va.)  Records related to the Registration of Free Persons","See also: Rockingham County (Va.)  Deeds of Emancipation","See also: Rockingham County (Va.)  Deeds","See also: Rockingham County  (Va.) Apprenticeship Indentures","Records related to free and enslaved people of Rockingham County (Va.)  and other localities are available through the Virginia Untold: The African American Narrative Digital Collection on the Library of Virginia website.","Additional Rockingham County (Va.) Court Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia web site. Consult  \"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm.\""],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockingham County (Va.) Free and Enslaved Records, 1789-1860, undated, consists of \"Free Negro\" Tax Record,1860, and various record types, 1789, undated\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Free Negro\" Tax Record,1860, consists of a tax list containing the names of free Black and Multiracial individuals above the age of 12 in the district of tax commissioner H.A. Chrisman in 1860. The list includes name, gender, age, and occupation.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAdditional single items relating to the documentation of free and enslaved Black and Multiracial individuals in and around Rockingham County include:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAgreement, 1789, between Thomas Lewis and Jean Hughes regarding the hiring out of Letty.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eA list, 1789, of Black individuals enslaved by Thomas and Reuben Moore, who are considered taxable.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCircular from Governor John Page and the Board of Council regarding counsel for enslaved individuals on trial.\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Free and Enslaved Records, 1789-1860, undated, consists of \"Free Negro\" Tax Record,1860, and various record types, 1789, undated","\"Free Negro\" Tax Record,1860, consists of a tax list containing the names of free Black and Multiracial individuals above the age of 12 in the district of tax commissioner H.A. Chrisman in 1860. The list includes name, gender, age, and occupation.","Additional single items relating to the documentation of free and enslaved Black and Multiracial individuals in and around Rockingham County include:","Agreement, 1789, between Thomas Lewis and Jean Hughes regarding the hiring out of Letty.","A list, 1789, of Black individuals enslaved by Thomas and Reuben Moore, who are considered taxable.","Circular from Governor John Page and the Board of Council regarding counsel for enslaved individuals on trial."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract label=\"Abstract\"\u003e\n\u003c/abstract\u003e\n"],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc label=\"Location\"\u003eLibrary of Virginia\n\u003c/physloc\u003e\n"],"physloc_tesim":["Library of Virginia"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":2,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:25:16.129Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vi_vi02260","ead_ssi":"vi_vi02260","_root_":"vi_vi02260","_nest_parent_":"vi_vi02260","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/lva/vi02260.xml","title_ssm":["Rockingham County (Va.) Free and Enslaved Records, 1789-1860, undated"],"title_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Free and Enslaved Records, 1789-1860, undated"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Rockingham County (Va.) Free and Enslaved Records, 1789-1860, undated"],"text":["Rockingham County (Va.) Free and Enslaved Records, 1789-1860, undated",".","Rockingham County (Va.) \"Free Negro\" Tax Records, are digitized and available through Virginia Untold: The African American Narrative Digital Collection  on the Library of Virginia website. Please use digital images.","This collection is arrangedSeries I: Free and Enslaved Records, 1789-1860, undated","Context for Record Type:","Free and Enslaved Records:","The Free and Enslaved Records collection is comprised of miscellaneous records related to the regulation and policing of both enslaved and free Black and Multiracial people in Bedford County. The localities/local government authorities were largely responsible for enforcing laws that restricted the movement of enslaved and free Black and Multiracial people and the resulting documentation was often filed in the circuit courts. The ways in which local authorities enacted legal measures against or on behalf of enslaved and free Black and Multiracial people varied from locality to locality; therefore, records were not necessarily standardized or filed and retained in a consistent manner. This collection is topical and a means by which to compile miscellaneous documents related to free and enslaved people that are not established local government record types.","See: the Virginia Untold Record Types on the Library of Virginia website for additional context concerning \"Free Negro\" Tax Records","Locality History:Rockingham County was named for Charles Watson-Wentworth, second marquis of Rockingham, who supported the colonists in their disputes with Great Britain. It was formed from Augusta County in 1778.","Lost Locality Note:A courthouse fire in 1787 destroyed wills and estate records, primarily. In June 1864 during the Civil War, court records (mostly volumes) were removed from the courthouse and loaded on a wagon to be taken to place of safety on or beyond the Blue Ridge. The wagon was overtaken by Union troops near Port Republic and set on fire, which was put out by local citizens. Many order books, deed books, will books, and fiduciary books, however, were lost or severely damaged by the fire. The loose records that remained at the courthouse were undamaged. Pre-1865 records including deeds and wills were rerecorded following an act of assembly passed in November 1884.","Starting in 2023, Library of Virginia archival staff in partnership with the Virginia Untold Project Manager began efforts to describe records related to free and enslaved Black and Multiracial people in a manner that improved the historical context of the records. In doing so, in some cases material once described within the \"Free and Enslaved\" record group for a locality may no longer be described within this record. When this has occurred, please see the Processing Information and Related Materials section for records that have been described separately.","Deeds of Emancipation, 1783-1833, were removed from this record in June 2026 and are now described in Rockingham County (Va.) Deeds of Emancipation","\"Free Negro\" Registrations, certificates and affidavits were removed from this record in June 2026 and are now described in Rockingham County (Va.) Records related to the Registration of Free Persons","Bills of Sale, 1784-1796 and 1842, were removed from this record in June 2026 and are now described in Rockingham County (Va.) Deeds and related records","Encoded by C. Obrion, 17 April 2008; updated  by M. Mason, June 2026.","See also: Rockingham County (Va.)  Records related to the Registration of Free Persons","See also: Rockingham County (Va.)  Deeds of Emancipation","See also: Rockingham County (Va.)  Deeds","See also: Rockingham County  (Va.) Apprenticeship Indentures","Records related to free and enslaved people of Rockingham County (Va.)  and other localities are available through the Virginia Untold: The African American Narrative Digital Collection on the Library of Virginia website.","Additional Rockingham County (Va.) Court Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia web site. Consult  \"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm.\"","Rockingham County (Va.) Free and Enslaved Records, 1789-1860, undated, consists of \"Free Negro\" Tax Record,1860, and various record types, 1789, undated","\"Free Negro\" Tax Record,1860, consists of a tax list containing the names of free Black and Multiracial individuals above the age of 12 in the district of tax commissioner H.A. Chrisman in 1860. The list includes name, gender, age, and occupation.","Additional single items relating to the documentation of free and enslaved Black and Multiracial individuals in and around Rockingham County include:","Agreement, 1789, between Thomas Lewis and Jean Hughes regarding the hiring out of Letty.","A list, 1789, of Black individuals enslaved by Thomas and Reuben Moore, who are considered taxable.","Circular from Governor John Page and the Board of Council regarding counsel for enslaved individuals on trial.","There are no restrictions.","Library of Virginia","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Free and Enslaved Records, 1789-1860, undated"],"collection_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Free and Enslaved Records, 1789-1860, undated"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"repository_ssm":["Library of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Library of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court"],"creator_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court"],"access_terms_ssm":["There are no restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["These records came to the Library of Virginia in a transfer of court papers from Rockingham County in 2003 under accession 40981."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["."],"extent_ssm":["4 items"],"extent_tesim":["4 items"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockingham County (Va.) \"Free Negro\" Tax Records, are digitized and available through \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://lva.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/search?vid=01LVA_INST:VU\"\u003eVirginia Untold: The African American Narrative Digital Collection \u003c/extref\u003e on the Library of Virginia website. Please use digital images. \u003c/p\u003e\n"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) \"Free Negro\" Tax Records, are digitized and available through Virginia Untold: The African American Narrative Digital Collection  on the Library of Virginia website. Please use digital images."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is arranged\u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\u003citem\u003eSeries I: Free and Enslaved Records, 1789-1860, undated\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This collection is arrangedSeries I: Free and Enslaved Records, 1789-1860, undated"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eContext for Record Type:\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"underline\"\u003eFree and Enslaved Records:\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Free and Enslaved Records collection is comprised of miscellaneous records related to the regulation and policing of both enslaved and free Black and Multiracial people in Bedford County. The localities/local government authorities were largely responsible for enforcing laws that restricted the movement of enslaved and free Black and Multiracial people and the resulting documentation was often filed in the circuit courts. The ways in which local authorities enacted legal measures against or on behalf of enslaved and free Black and Multiracial people varied from locality to locality; therefore, records were not necessarily standardized or filed and retained in a consistent manner. This collection is topical and a means by which to compile miscellaneous documents related to free and enslaved people that are not established local government record types.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSee:\u003c/emph\u003e the \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://virginiamemory.com/collections/aan/aan_record_types.pdf?v=3.0\"\u003eVirginia Untold Record Types\u003c/extref\u003e on the Library of Virginia website for additional context concerning \"Free Negro\" Tax Records \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eLocality History:\u003c/emph\u003eRockingham County was named for Charles Watson-Wentworth, second marquis of Rockingham, who supported the colonists in their disputes with Great Britain. It was formed from Augusta County in 1778.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eLost Locality Note:\u003c/emph\u003eA courthouse fire in 1787 destroyed wills and estate records, primarily. In June 1864 during the Civil War, court records (mostly volumes) were removed from the courthouse and loaded on a wagon to be taken to place of safety on or beyond the Blue Ridge. The wagon was overtaken by Union troops near Port Republic and set on fire, which was put out by local citizens. Many order books, deed books, will books, and fiduciary books, however, were lost or severely damaged by the fire. The loose records that remained at the courthouse were undamaged. Pre-1865 records including deeds and wills were rerecorded following an act of assembly passed in November 1884.\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Context for Record Type:","Free and Enslaved Records:","The Free and Enslaved Records collection is comprised of miscellaneous records related to the regulation and policing of both enslaved and free Black and Multiracial people in Bedford County. The localities/local government authorities were largely responsible for enforcing laws that restricted the movement of enslaved and free Black and Multiracial people and the resulting documentation was often filed in the circuit courts. The ways in which local authorities enacted legal measures against or on behalf of enslaved and free Black and Multiracial people varied from locality to locality; therefore, records were not necessarily standardized or filed and retained in a consistent manner. This collection is topical and a means by which to compile miscellaneous documents related to free and enslaved people that are not established local government record types.","See: the Virginia Untold Record Types on the Library of Virginia website for additional context concerning \"Free Negro\" Tax Records","Locality History:Rockingham County was named for Charles Watson-Wentworth, second marquis of Rockingham, who supported the colonists in their disputes with Great Britain. It was formed from Augusta County in 1778.","Lost Locality Note:A courthouse fire in 1787 destroyed wills and estate records, primarily. In June 1864 during the Civil War, court records (mostly volumes) were removed from the courthouse and loaded on a wagon to be taken to place of safety on or beyond the Blue Ridge. The wagon was overtaken by Union troops near Port Republic and set on fire, which was put out by local citizens. Many order books, deed books, will books, and fiduciary books, however, were lost or severely damaged by the fire. The loose records that remained at the courthouse were undamaged. Pre-1865 records including deeds and wills were rerecorded following an act of assembly passed in November 1884."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockingham County (Va.) Free and Enslaved Records, 1789-1860, undated. Local government records collection, Rockingham County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"prefercite_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Free and Enslaved Records, 1789-1860, undated. Local government records collection, Rockingham County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eStarting in 2023, Library of Virginia archival staff in partnership with the Virginia Untold Project Manager began efforts to describe records related to free and enslaved Black and Multiracial people in a manner that improved the historical context of the records. In doing so, in some cases material once described within the \"Free and Enslaved\" record group for a locality may no longer be described within this record. When this has occurred, please see the Processing Information and Related Materials section for records that have been described separately.\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDeeds of Emancipation, 1783-1833, were removed from this record in June 2026 and are now described in Rockingham County (Va.) Deeds of Emancipation\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Free Negro\" Registrations, certificates and affidavits were removed from this record in June 2026 and are now described in Rockingham County (Va.) Records related to the Registration of Free Persons\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBills of Sale, 1784-1796 and 1842, were removed from this record in June 2026 and are now described in Rockingham County (Va.) Deeds and related records\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eEncoded by C. Obrion, 17 April 2008; updated  by M. Mason, June 2026. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Starting in 2023, Library of Virginia archival staff in partnership with the Virginia Untold Project Manager began efforts to describe records related to free and enslaved Black and Multiracial people in a manner that improved the historical context of the records. In doing so, in some cases material once described within the \"Free and Enslaved\" record group for a locality may no longer be described within this record. When this has occurred, please see the Processing Information and Related Materials section for records that have been described separately.","Deeds of Emancipation, 1783-1833, were removed from this record in June 2026 and are now described in Rockingham County (Va.) Deeds of Emancipation","\"Free Negro\" Registrations, certificates and affidavits were removed from this record in June 2026 and are now described in Rockingham County (Va.) Records related to the Registration of Free Persons","Bills of Sale, 1784-1796 and 1842, were removed from this record in June 2026 and are now described in Rockingham County (Va.) Deeds and related records","Encoded by C. Obrion, 17 April 2008; updated  by M. Mason, June 2026."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee also: \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi02606\"\u003eRockingham County (Va.)  Records related to the Registration of Free Persons \u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSee also: \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi06667\"\u003eRockingham County (Va.)  Deeds of Emancipation \u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSee also: \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi05160\"\u003eRockingham County (Va.)  Deeds \u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSee also: \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi06668\"\u003eRockingham County  (Va.) Apprenticeship Indentures \u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n","\u003cp\u003eRecords related to free and enslaved people of Rockingham County (Va.)  and other localities are available through the \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://lva.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/search?vid=01LVA_INST:VU\"\u003eVirginia Untold: The African American Narrative Digital Collection\u003c/extref\u003e on the Library of Virginia website.\u003c/p\u003e  \n","\u003cp\u003eAdditional Rockingham County (Va.) Court Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia web site. Consult \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/local/\"\u003e \"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm.\"\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \n      "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["See also: Rockingham County (Va.)  Records related to the Registration of Free Persons","See also: Rockingham County (Va.)  Deeds of Emancipation","See also: Rockingham County (Va.)  Deeds","See also: Rockingham County  (Va.) Apprenticeship Indentures","Records related to free and enslaved people of Rockingham County (Va.)  and other localities are available through the Virginia Untold: The African American Narrative Digital Collection on the Library of Virginia website.","Additional Rockingham County (Va.) Court Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia web site. Consult  \"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm.\""],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockingham County (Va.) Free and Enslaved Records, 1789-1860, undated, consists of \"Free Negro\" Tax Record,1860, and various record types, 1789, undated\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Free Negro\" Tax Record,1860, consists of a tax list containing the names of free Black and Multiracial individuals above the age of 12 in the district of tax commissioner H.A. Chrisman in 1860. The list includes name, gender, age, and occupation.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAdditional single items relating to the documentation of free and enslaved Black and Multiracial individuals in and around Rockingham County include:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAgreement, 1789, between Thomas Lewis and Jean Hughes regarding the hiring out of Letty.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eA list, 1789, of Black individuals enslaved by Thomas and Reuben Moore, who are considered taxable.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCircular from Governor John Page and the Board of Council regarding counsel for enslaved individuals on trial.\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Free and Enslaved Records, 1789-1860, undated, consists of \"Free Negro\" Tax Record,1860, and various record types, 1789, undated","\"Free Negro\" Tax Record,1860, consists of a tax list containing the names of free Black and Multiracial individuals above the age of 12 in the district of tax commissioner H.A. Chrisman in 1860. The list includes name, gender, age, and occupation.","Additional single items relating to the documentation of free and enslaved Black and Multiracial individuals in and around Rockingham County include:","Agreement, 1789, between Thomas Lewis and Jean Hughes regarding the hiring out of Letty.","A list, 1789, of Black individuals enslaved by Thomas and Reuben Moore, who are considered taxable.","Circular from Governor John Page and the Board of Council regarding counsel for enslaved individuals on trial."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract label=\"Abstract\"\u003e\n\u003c/abstract\u003e\n"],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc label=\"Location\"\u003eLibrary of Virginia\n\u003c/physloc\u003e\n"],"physloc_tesim":["Library of Virginia"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":2,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:25:16.129Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi02260"}},{"id":"vi_vi04768","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Rockingham County (Va.) Judgments (Freedom Suits), 1811, 1859","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi04768#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi04768#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eRockingham County (Va.) Judgments (Freedom Suits), 1811, 1859, consist of two suits for freedom initiated by slaves.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi04768#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vi_vi04768","ead_ssi":"vi_vi04768","_root_":"vi_vi04768","_nest_parent_":"vi_vi04768","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/lva/vi04768.xml","title_ssm":["Rockingham County (Va.) Judgments (Freedom Suits), 1811, 1859"],"title_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Judgments (Freedom Suits), 1811, 1859"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Rockingham County (Va.) Judgments (Freedom Suits), 1811, 1859"],"text":["Rockingham County (Va.) Judgments (Freedom Suits), 1811, 1859","0007534434","African Americans -- Virginia.","Free African Americans -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Slaveholders -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Slavery -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Civil actions -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Freedom suits -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Judicial records -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Petitions -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Wills -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.",".10 cu. ft.","There are no restrictions.","Arranged chronologically.","Slaves sued for emancipation in freedom suits based on the following: they were descendant(s) of a free female ancestor, typically a Native American (Hening Statutes, volume 2, p.170); failure of slaveowner(s) to abide by the 1778 slave nonimportation act (Henings Statutes, volume 9, pp. 471-472); or claimed to have been freed by slaveowner(s) by deed of emancipation or last will and testament (Henings Statutes volume 11, pp. 39-40)","Rockingham County was named for Charles Watson-Wentworth, second marquis of Rockingham, who supported the colonies during the years before and during the Revolutionary War. The county was formed from Augusta County in 1778. The county seat is the city of Harrisonburg.","A courthouse fire in 1787 destroyed primarily wills and estate records. In June 1864 during the Civil War, court records (mostly volumes) were removed from the courthouse and loaded on a wagon to be taken to place of safety on or beyond the Blue Ridge. The wagon was overtaken by Union troops near Port Republic and set afire, which was put out by local citizens. Many order books, deed books, will books, and fiduciary books, however, were lost or severely damaged by the fire. The loose records that remained at the courthouse were undamaged. Pre-1865 records including deeds and wills were rerecorded following an act of assembly passed in November 1884.","Additional Rockingham County Court Records are found at the Library of Virginia.","Additional Rockingham County Court Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia.  Consult \"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm.\"","Additional freedom suits may be found in the Rockingham County Chancery Causes. Search the the Chancery Records Index found on the Library of Virginia web site. Enter the tilde symbol in the plaintiff surname field.","Rockingham County is one of Virginia's Lost Records Localities. Additional Rockingham County Records may be found in the Virginia Lost Records Localities Collection at the Library of Virginia. Search the Lost Records Localities Digital Collection available at Virginia Memory.","For more information and a listing of lost records localities see Lost Records research note.","Rockingham County (Va.) Judgments (Freedom Suits), 1811, 1859, consist of two suits for freedom initiated by slaves.","Gracy and her children Dennis, Ben, Rebecca Ann, Jeff, Jacob, Charity Ann, Maria Jane, Diana, and William Henry who sought to gain their freedom from the Executor of James Fulton on the law side of the court. The slaves' argument for freedom was based on the fact that they were descendants of a free woman of color, Nancy Holley. The jury of the circuit court of Rockingham County supported the slaves' claim to their freedom. The defendant appealed the decision to the Virginia Court of Appeals which affirmed the circuit court's decision in 1859.","The case is identified by style of suit consisting of plaintiff and defendant names. Surnames of others involved in a suit, including secondary plaintiffs and defendants, witnesses, deponents and affiants, and family members with surnames different from the plaintiff or defendant are indexed. Also identified are names of slaves and slaveowners found in suit as well as whether slave(s) won their freedom. Predominant documents found in freedom suits include petitions, records of suits, depositions, affidavits, wills, among other items. Information found in documents include slave's argument for freedom, acquisition of slaves by slaveowners, slave ancestry, and relationship between slaves and slaveowners.","Writ of habeas corpus initiated by John Holeman in 1811 claiming to be illegally detained in jail as a runaway slave. Holeman claimed to be a free person because he was the child of a free woman named Dina.","Judgments (Freedom Suits) are useful when researching local history and genealogical information, particularly for African Americans. They are a valuable source of local, state, social, and legal history and serve as a primary source for understanding a locality's history.","There are no restrictions.","Library of Virginia","Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court.","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Judgments (Freedom Suits), 1811, 1859"],"collection_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Judgments (Freedom Suits), 1811, 1859"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["0007534434"],"unitid_tesim":["0007534434"],"repository_ssm":["Library of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Library of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court"],"creator_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court."],"creators_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court."],"access_terms_ssm":["There are no restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["These items came to the Library of Virginia in transfers of court papers from Rockingham County."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans -- Virginia.","Free African Americans -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Slaveholders -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Slavery -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Civil actions -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Freedom suits -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Judicial records -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Petitions -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Wills -- Virginia -- Rockingham County."],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans -- Virginia.","Free African Americans -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Slaveholders -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Slavery -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Civil actions -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Freedom suits -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Judicial records -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Petitions -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Wills -- Virginia -- Rockingham County."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":[".10 cu. ft."],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eArranged chronologically.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Arranged chronologically."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSlaves sued for emancipation in freedom suits based on the following: they were descendant(s) of a free female ancestor, typically a Native American (Hening Statutes, volume 2, p.170); failure of slaveowner(s) to abide by the 1778 slave nonimportation act (Henings Statutes, volume 9, pp. 471-472); or claimed to have been freed by slaveowner(s) by deed of emancipation or last will and testament (Henings Statutes volume 11, pp. 39-40)\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eRockingham County was named for Charles Watson-Wentworth, second marquis of Rockingham, who supported the colonies during the years before and during the Revolutionary War. The county was formed from Augusta County in 1778. The county seat is the city of Harrisonburg.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eA courthouse fire in 1787 destroyed primarily wills and estate records. In June 1864 during the Civil War, court records (mostly volumes) were removed from the courthouse and loaded on a wagon to be taken to place of safety on or beyond the Blue Ridge. The wagon was overtaken by Union troops near Port Republic and set afire, which was put out by local citizens. Many order books, deed books, will books, and fiduciary books, however, were lost or severely damaged by the fire. The loose records that remained at the courthouse were undamaged. Pre-1865 records including deeds and wills were rerecorded following an act of assembly passed in November 1884.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Slaves sued for emancipation in freedom suits based on the following: they were descendant(s) of a free female ancestor, typically a Native American (Hening Statutes, volume 2, p.170); failure of slaveowner(s) to abide by the 1778 slave nonimportation act (Henings Statutes, volume 9, pp. 471-472); or claimed to have been freed by slaveowner(s) by deed of emancipation or last will and testament (Henings Statutes volume 11, pp. 39-40)","Rockingham County was named for Charles Watson-Wentworth, second marquis of Rockingham, who supported the colonies during the years before and during the Revolutionary War. The county was formed from Augusta County in 1778. The county seat is the city of Harrisonburg.","A courthouse fire in 1787 destroyed primarily wills and estate records. In June 1864 during the Civil War, court records (mostly volumes) were removed from the courthouse and loaded on a wagon to be taken to place of safety on or beyond the Blue Ridge. The wagon was overtaken by Union troops near Port Republic and set afire, which was put out by local citizens. Many order books, deed books, will books, and fiduciary books, however, were lost or severely damaged by the fire. The loose records that remained at the courthouse were undamaged. Pre-1865 records including deeds and wills were rerecorded following an act of assembly passed in November 1884."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockingham County (Va.) Judgments (Freedom Suits), 1811, 1859. Local government records collection, Rockingham County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia 23219.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"prefercite_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Judgments (Freedom Suits), 1811, 1859. Local government records collection, Rockingham County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia 23219."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAdditional Rockingham County Court Records are found at the Library of Virginia.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n        ","\u003cp\u003eAdditional Rockingham County Court Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia.  Consult \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/local/results_all.asp?CountyID=VA251\"\u003e\"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm.\"\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n        ","\u003cp\u003eAdditional freedom suits may be found in the Rockingham County Chancery Causes. Search the \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.lva.lib.va.us/whatwehave/local/chancery/index.htm\"\u003ethe Chancery Records Index\u003c/extref\u003e found on the Library of Virginia web site. Enter the tilde symbol in the plaintiff surname field.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eRockingham County is one of Virginia's Lost Records Localities. Additional Rockingham County Records may be found in the Virginia Lost Records Localities Collection at the Library of Virginia. Search the \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.virginiamemory.com/collections/lost\"\u003eLost Records Localities Digital Collection\u003c/extref\u003e available at Virginia Memory.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n        ","\u003cp\u003eFor more information and a listing of lost records localities see \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/guides/rn30_lostrecords.pdf\"\u003eLost Records research note\u003c/extref\u003e. \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Additional Rockingham County Court Records are found at the Library of Virginia.","Additional Rockingham County Court Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia.  Consult \"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm.\"","Additional freedom suits may be found in the Rockingham County Chancery Causes. Search the the Chancery Records Index found on the Library of Virginia web site. Enter the tilde symbol in the plaintiff surname field.","Rockingham County is one of Virginia's Lost Records Localities. Additional Rockingham County Records may be found in the Virginia Lost Records Localities Collection at the Library of Virginia. Search the Lost Records Localities Digital Collection available at Virginia Memory.","For more information and a listing of lost records localities see Lost Records research note."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockingham County (Va.) 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Also identified are names of slaves and slaveowners found in suit as well as whether slave(s) won their freedom. Predominant documents found in freedom suits include petitions, records of suits, depositions, affidavits, wills, among other items. Information found in documents include slave's argument for freedom, acquisition of slaves by slaveowners, slave ancestry, and relationship between slaves and slaveowners.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWrit of habeas corpus initiated by John Holeman in 1811 claiming to be illegally detained in jail as a runaway slave. Holeman claimed to be a free person because he was the child of a free woman named Dina.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eJudgments (Freedom Suits) are useful when researching local history and genealogical information, particularly for African Americans. They are a valuable source of local, state, social, and legal history and serve as a primary source for understanding a locality's history.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Judgments (Freedom Suits), 1811, 1859, consist of two suits for freedom initiated by slaves.","Gracy and her children Dennis, Ben, Rebecca Ann, Jeff, Jacob, Charity Ann, Maria Jane, Diana, and William Henry who sought to gain their freedom from the Executor of James Fulton on the law side of the court. The slaves' argument for freedom was based on the fact that they were descendants of a free woman of color, Nancy Holley. The jury of the circuit court of Rockingham County supported the slaves' claim to their freedom. The defendant appealed the decision to the Virginia Court of Appeals which affirmed the circuit court's decision in 1859.","The case is identified by style of suit consisting of plaintiff and defendant names. Surnames of others involved in a suit, including secondary plaintiffs and defendants, witnesses, deponents and affiants, and family members with surnames different from the plaintiff or defendant are indexed. Also identified are names of slaves and slaveowners found in suit as well as whether slave(s) won their freedom. Predominant documents found in freedom suits include petitions, records of suits, depositions, affidavits, wills, among other items. Information found in documents include slave's argument for freedom, acquisition of slaves by slaveowners, slave ancestry, and relationship between slaves and slaveowners.","Writ of habeas corpus initiated by John Holeman in 1811 claiming to be illegally detained in jail as a runaway slave. Holeman claimed to be a free person because he was the child of a free woman named Dina.","Judgments (Freedom Suits) are useful when researching local history and genealogical information, particularly for African Americans. They are a valuable source of local, state, social, and legal history and serve as a primary source for understanding a locality's history."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc label=\"Location\"\u003eLibrary of Virginia\n\u003c/physloc\u003e\n      "],"physloc_tesim":["Library of Virginia"],"corpname_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court."],"names_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) 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Judgments (Freedom Suits), 1811, 1859","0007534434","African Americans -- Virginia.","Free African Americans -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Slaveholders -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Slavery -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Civil actions -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Freedom suits -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Judicial records -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Petitions -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.","Wills -- Virginia -- Rockingham County.",".10 cu. ft.","There are no restrictions.","Arranged chronologically.","Slaves sued for emancipation in freedom suits based on the following: they were descendant(s) of a free female ancestor, typically a Native American (Hening Statutes, volume 2, p.170); failure of slaveowner(s) to abide by the 1778 slave nonimportation act (Henings Statutes, volume 9, pp. 471-472); or claimed to have been freed by slaveowner(s) by deed of emancipation or last will and testament (Henings Statutes volume 11, pp. 39-40)","Rockingham County was named for Charles Watson-Wentworth, second marquis of Rockingham, who supported the colonies during the years before and during the Revolutionary War. The county was formed from Augusta County in 1778. The county seat is the city of Harrisonburg.","A courthouse fire in 1787 destroyed primarily wills and estate records. In June 1864 during the Civil War, court records (mostly volumes) were removed from the courthouse and loaded on a wagon to be taken to place of safety on or beyond the Blue Ridge. The wagon was overtaken by Union troops near Port Republic and set afire, which was put out by local citizens. Many order books, deed books, will books, and fiduciary books, however, were lost or severely damaged by the fire. The loose records that remained at the courthouse were undamaged. Pre-1865 records including deeds and wills were rerecorded following an act of assembly passed in November 1884.","Additional Rockingham County Court Records are found at the Library of Virginia.","Additional Rockingham County Court Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia.  Consult \"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm.\"","Additional freedom suits may be found in the Rockingham County Chancery Causes. Search the the Chancery Records Index found on the Library of Virginia web site. Enter the tilde symbol in the plaintiff surname field.","Rockingham County is one of Virginia's Lost Records Localities. Additional Rockingham County Records may be found in the Virginia Lost Records Localities Collection at the Library of Virginia. Search the Lost Records Localities Digital Collection available at Virginia Memory.","For more information and a listing of lost records localities see Lost Records research note.","Rockingham County (Va.) Judgments (Freedom Suits), 1811, 1859, consist of two suits for freedom initiated by slaves.","Gracy and her children Dennis, Ben, Rebecca Ann, Jeff, Jacob, Charity Ann, Maria Jane, Diana, and William Henry who sought to gain their freedom from the Executor of James Fulton on the law side of the court. The slaves' argument for freedom was based on the fact that they were descendants of a free woman of color, Nancy Holley. The jury of the circuit court of Rockingham County supported the slaves' claim to their freedom. The defendant appealed the decision to the Virginia Court of Appeals which affirmed the circuit court's decision in 1859.","The case is identified by style of suit consisting of plaintiff and defendant names. Surnames of others involved in a suit, including secondary plaintiffs and defendants, witnesses, deponents and affiants, and family members with surnames different from the plaintiff or defendant are indexed. Also identified are names of slaves and slaveowners found in suit as well as whether slave(s) won their freedom. Predominant documents found in freedom suits include petitions, records of suits, depositions, affidavits, wills, among other items. Information found in documents include slave's argument for freedom, acquisition of slaves by slaveowners, slave ancestry, and relationship between slaves and slaveowners.","Writ of habeas corpus initiated by John Holeman in 1811 claiming to be illegally detained in jail as a runaway slave. Holeman claimed to be a free person because he was the child of a free woman named Dina.","Judgments (Freedom Suits) are useful when researching local history and genealogical information, particularly for African Americans. They are a valuable source of local, state, social, and legal history and serve as a primary source for understanding a locality's history.","There are no restrictions.","Library of Virginia","Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court.","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Judgments (Freedom Suits), 1811, 1859"],"collection_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) 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The county was formed from Augusta County in 1778. The county seat is the city of Harrisonburg.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eA courthouse fire in 1787 destroyed primarily wills and estate records. In June 1864 during the Civil War, court records (mostly volumes) were removed from the courthouse and loaded on a wagon to be taken to place of safety on or beyond the Blue Ridge. The wagon was overtaken by Union troops near Port Republic and set afire, which was put out by local citizens. Many order books, deed books, will books, and fiduciary books, however, were lost or severely damaged by the fire. The loose records that remained at the courthouse were undamaged. Pre-1865 records including deeds and wills were rerecorded following an act of assembly passed in November 1884.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Slaves sued for emancipation in freedom suits based on the following: they were descendant(s) of a free female ancestor, typically a Native American (Hening Statutes, volume 2, p.170); failure of slaveowner(s) to abide by the 1778 slave nonimportation act (Henings Statutes, volume 9, pp. 471-472); or claimed to have been freed by slaveowner(s) by deed of emancipation or last will and testament (Henings Statutes volume 11, pp. 39-40)","Rockingham County was named for Charles Watson-Wentworth, second marquis of Rockingham, who supported the colonies during the years before and during the Revolutionary War. The county was formed from Augusta County in 1778. The county seat is the city of Harrisonburg.","A courthouse fire in 1787 destroyed primarily wills and estate records. In June 1864 during the Civil War, court records (mostly volumes) were removed from the courthouse and loaded on a wagon to be taken to place of safety on or beyond the Blue Ridge. The wagon was overtaken by Union troops near Port Republic and set afire, which was put out by local citizens. Many order books, deed books, will books, and fiduciary books, however, were lost or severely damaged by the fire. The loose records that remained at the courthouse were undamaged. Pre-1865 records including deeds and wills were rerecorded following an act of assembly passed in November 1884."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockingham County (Va.) Judgments (Freedom Suits), 1811, 1859. Local government records collection, Rockingham County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia 23219.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"prefercite_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Judgments (Freedom Suits), 1811, 1859. Local government records collection, Rockingham County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia 23219."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAdditional Rockingham County Court Records are found at the Library of Virginia.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n        ","\u003cp\u003eAdditional Rockingham County Court Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia.  Consult \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/local/results_all.asp?CountyID=VA251\"\u003e\"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm.\"\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n        ","\u003cp\u003eAdditional freedom suits may be found in the Rockingham County Chancery Causes. Search the \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.lva.lib.va.us/whatwehave/local/chancery/index.htm\"\u003ethe Chancery Records Index\u003c/extref\u003e found on the Library of Virginia web site. Enter the tilde symbol in the plaintiff surname field.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eRockingham County is one of Virginia's Lost Records Localities. Additional Rockingham County Records may be found in the Virginia Lost Records Localities Collection at the Library of Virginia. Search the \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.virginiamemory.com/collections/lost\"\u003eLost Records Localities Digital Collection\u003c/extref\u003e available at Virginia Memory.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n        ","\u003cp\u003eFor more information and a listing of lost records localities see \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/guides/rn30_lostrecords.pdf\"\u003eLost Records research note\u003c/extref\u003e. \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Additional Rockingham County Court Records are found at the Library of Virginia.","Additional Rockingham County Court Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia.  Consult \"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm.\"","Additional freedom suits may be found in the Rockingham County Chancery Causes. Search the the Chancery Records Index found on the Library of Virginia web site. Enter the tilde symbol in the plaintiff surname field.","Rockingham County is one of Virginia's Lost Records Localities. Additional Rockingham County Records may be found in the Virginia Lost Records Localities Collection at the Library of Virginia. Search the Lost Records Localities Digital Collection available at Virginia Memory.","For more information and a listing of lost records localities see Lost Records research note."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockingham County (Va.) 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Also identified are names of slaves and slaveowners found in suit as well as whether slave(s) won their freedom. Predominant documents found in freedom suits include petitions, records of suits, depositions, affidavits, wills, among other items. Information found in documents include slave's argument for freedom, acquisition of slaves by slaveowners, slave ancestry, and relationship between slaves and slaveowners.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWrit of habeas corpus initiated by John Holeman in 1811 claiming to be illegally detained in jail as a runaway slave. Holeman claimed to be a free person because he was the child of a free woman named Dina.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eJudgments (Freedom Suits) are useful when researching local history and genealogical information, particularly for African Americans. They are a valuable source of local, state, social, and legal history and serve as a primary source for understanding a locality's history.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Judgments (Freedom Suits), 1811, 1859, consist of two suits for freedom initiated by slaves.","Gracy and her children Dennis, Ben, Rebecca Ann, Jeff, Jacob, Charity Ann, Maria Jane, Diana, and William Henry who sought to gain their freedom from the Executor of James Fulton on the law side of the court. The slaves' argument for freedom was based on the fact that they were descendants of a free woman of color, Nancy Holley. The jury of the circuit court of Rockingham County supported the slaves' claim to their freedom. The defendant appealed the decision to the Virginia Court of Appeals which affirmed the circuit court's decision in 1859.","The case is identified by style of suit consisting of plaintiff and defendant names. Surnames of others involved in a suit, including secondary plaintiffs and defendants, witnesses, deponents and affiants, and family members with surnames different from the plaintiff or defendant are indexed. Also identified are names of slaves and slaveowners found in suit as well as whether slave(s) won their freedom. Predominant documents found in freedom suits include petitions, records of suits, depositions, affidavits, wills, among other items. Information found in documents include slave's argument for freedom, acquisition of slaves by slaveowners, slave ancestry, and relationship between slaves and slaveowners.","Writ of habeas corpus initiated by John Holeman in 1811 claiming to be illegally detained in jail as a runaway slave. Holeman claimed to be a free person because he was the child of a free woman named Dina.","Judgments (Freedom Suits) are useful when researching local history and genealogical information, particularly for African Americans. They are a valuable source of local, state, social, and legal history and serve as a primary source for understanding a locality's history."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc label=\"Location\"\u003eLibrary of Virginia\n\u003c/physloc\u003e\n      "],"physloc_tesim":["Library of Virginia"],"corpname_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court."],"names_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:27:07.277Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi04768"}},{"id":"vi_vi01927","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Rockingham County (Va.) 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Judgment Suits, 1806"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Rockingham County (Va.) Judgment Suits, 1806"],"text":["Rockingham County (Va.) Judgment Suits, 1806","1155894","Court records--Virginia--Rockingham County.","Local government records--Virginia--Rockingham County.","4 p.","Collection is open to research.","Rockingham County was formed in 1778 from Augusta County.","Created in 1778. A courthouse fire in 1787 destroyed wills and estate records, primarily. In June 1864 during the Civil War, court records (mostly volumes) were removed from the courthouse and loaded on a wagon to be taken to place of safety on or beyond the Blue Ridge. The wagon was overtaken by Union troops near Port Republic and set on fire, which was put out by local citizens. Many order books, deed books, will books, and fiduciary books, however, were lost or severely damaged by the fire. The loose records that remained at the courthouse were undamaged. Pre-1865 records including deeds and wills were rerecorded following an act of assembly\npassed in November 1884.","Additional Rockingham County Court Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia. Consult \"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm.\"","Rockingham County is one of Virginia's Lost Records Localities. Additional Rockingham County Court Records may be found in the Virginia Lost Records Localities Collection at the Library of Virginia. Search the Lost Records Localities Database found at the Library of Virginia web site.","Rockingham County (Va.) Judgment Suits, 1806. Consists of  judgments from two debt cases: Hugh Dever vs. Gabriel Yancey and Daniel Ragin; and Conrad Custer vs. William Robinson.","There are no restrictions.","Library of Virginia","Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court.","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Judgment Suits, 1806"],"collection_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) 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Circuit Court."],"access_terms_ssm":["There are no restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["These items came to the Library of Virginia under the accession number 40506."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Court records--Virginia--Rockingham County.","Local government records--Virginia--Rockingham County."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Court records--Virginia--Rockingham County.","Local government records--Virginia--Rockingham County."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["4 p."],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to research.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to research."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockingham County was formed in 1778 from Augusta County.     \n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCreated in 1778. A courthouse fire in 1787 destroyed wills and estate records, primarily. In June 1864 during the Civil War, court records (mostly volumes) were removed from the courthouse and loaded on a wagon to be taken to place of safety on or beyond the Blue Ridge. The wagon was overtaken by Union troops near Port Republic and set on fire, which was put out by local citizens. Many order books, deed books, will books, and fiduciary books, however, were lost or severely damaged by the fire. The loose records that remained at the courthouse were undamaged. Pre-1865 records including deeds and wills were rerecorded following an act of assembly\npassed in November 1884.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Rockingham County was formed in 1778 from Augusta County.","Created in 1778. A courthouse fire in 1787 destroyed wills and estate records, primarily. In June 1864 during the Civil War, court records (mostly volumes) were removed from the courthouse and loaded on a wagon to be taken to place of safety on or beyond the Blue Ridge. The wagon was overtaken by Union troops near Port Republic and set on fire, which was put out by local citizens. Many order books, deed books, will books, and fiduciary books, however, were lost or severely damaged by the fire. The loose records that remained at the courthouse were undamaged. Pre-1865 records including deeds and wills were rerecorded following an act of assembly\npassed in November 1884."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockingham County (Va.) Judgment Suits, 1806. Local government records collection, Rockingham County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"prefercite_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Judgment Suits, 1806. Local government records collection, Rockingham County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAdditional Rockingham County Court Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia. Consult \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/local/results_all.asp?CountyID=VA251\"\u003e\"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm.\"\u003c/extref\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n        ","\u003cp\u003eRockingham County is one of Virginia's Lost Records Localities. Additional Rockingham County Court Records may be found in the Virginia Lost Records Localities Collection at the Library of Virginia. Search the \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.lva.virginia.gov/whatwehave/local/lost/\"\u003eLost Records Localities Database\u003c/extref\u003e found at the Library of Virginia web site.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Additional Rockingham County Court Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia. Consult \"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm.\"","Rockingham County is one of Virginia's Lost Records Localities. Additional Rockingham County Court Records may be found in the Virginia Lost Records Localities Collection at the Library of Virginia. Search the Lost Records Localities Database found at the Library of Virginia web site."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockingham County (Va.) Judgment Suits, 1806. Consists of  judgments from two debt cases: Hugh Dever vs. Gabriel Yancey and Daniel Ragin; and Conrad Custer vs. William Robinson.         \n\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Judgment Suits, 1806. Consists of  judgments from two debt cases: Hugh Dever vs. Gabriel Yancey and Daniel Ragin; and Conrad Custer vs. William Robinson."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc label=\"Location\"\u003eLibrary of Virginia\n\u003c/physloc\u003e\n      "],"physloc_tesim":["Library of Virginia"],"corpname_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court."],"names_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) 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In June 1864 during the Civil War, court records (mostly volumes) were removed from the courthouse and loaded on a wagon to be taken to place of safety on or beyond the Blue Ridge. The wagon was overtaken by Union troops near Port Republic and set on fire, which was put out by local citizens. Many order books, deed books, will books, and fiduciary books, however, were lost or severely damaged by the fire. The loose records that remained at the courthouse were undamaged. Pre-1865 records including deeds and wills were rerecorded following an act of assembly\npassed in November 1884.","Additional Rockingham County Court Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia. Consult \"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm.\"","Rockingham County is one of Virginia's Lost Records Localities. Additional Rockingham County Court Records may be found in the Virginia Lost Records Localities Collection at the Library of Virginia. Search the Lost Records Localities Database found at the Library of Virginia web site.","Rockingham County (Va.) Judgment Suits, 1806. Consists of  judgments from two debt cases: Hugh Dever vs. Gabriel Yancey and Daniel Ragin; and Conrad Custer vs. William Robinson.","There are no restrictions.","Library of Virginia","Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court.","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Judgment Suits, 1806"],"collection_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Judgment Suits, 1806"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["1155894"],"unitid_tesim":["1155894"],"repository_ssm":["Library of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Library of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court"],"creator_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court."],"creators_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) 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In June 1864 during the Civil War, court records (mostly volumes) were removed from the courthouse and loaded on a wagon to be taken to place of safety on or beyond the Blue Ridge. The wagon was overtaken by Union troops near Port Republic and set on fire, which was put out by local citizens. Many order books, deed books, will books, and fiduciary books, however, were lost or severely damaged by the fire. The loose records that remained at the courthouse were undamaged. Pre-1865 records including deeds and wills were rerecorded following an act of assembly\npassed in November 1884.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Rockingham County was formed in 1778 from Augusta County.","Created in 1778. A courthouse fire in 1787 destroyed wills and estate records, primarily. In June 1864 during the Civil War, court records (mostly volumes) were removed from the courthouse and loaded on a wagon to be taken to place of safety on or beyond the Blue Ridge. The wagon was overtaken by Union troops near Port Republic and set on fire, which was put out by local citizens. Many order books, deed books, will books, and fiduciary books, however, were lost or severely damaged by the fire. The loose records that remained at the courthouse were undamaged. Pre-1865 records including deeds and wills were rerecorded following an act of assembly\npassed in November 1884."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockingham County (Va.) Judgment Suits, 1806. Local government records collection, Rockingham County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"prefercite_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Judgment Suits, 1806. Local government records collection, Rockingham County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAdditional Rockingham County Court Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia. Consult \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/local/results_all.asp?CountyID=VA251\"\u003e\"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm.\"\u003c/extref\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n        ","\u003cp\u003eRockingham County is one of Virginia's Lost Records Localities. Additional Rockingham County Court Records may be found in the Virginia Lost Records Localities Collection at the Library of Virginia. Search the \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.lva.virginia.gov/whatwehave/local/lost/\"\u003eLost Records Localities Database\u003c/extref\u003e found at the Library of Virginia web site.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Additional Rockingham County Court Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia. Consult \"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm.\"","Rockingham County is one of Virginia's Lost Records Localities. Additional Rockingham County Court Records may be found in the Virginia Lost Records Localities Collection at the Library of Virginia. Search the Lost Records Localities Database found at the Library of Virginia web site."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockingham County (Va.) Judgment Suits, 1806. Consists of  judgments from two debt cases: Hugh Dever vs. Gabriel Yancey and Daniel Ragin; and Conrad Custer vs. William Robinson.         \n\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Judgment Suits, 1806. Consists of  judgments from two debt cases: Hugh Dever vs. Gabriel Yancey and Daniel Ragin; and Conrad Custer vs. William Robinson."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc label=\"Location\"\u003eLibrary of Virginia\n\u003c/physloc\u003e\n      "],"physloc_tesim":["Library of Virginia"],"corpname_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court."],"names_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) 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Loose naturalization records may include affidavits, reports for naturalization, declarations of intent to become United States citizens, and notices of application for admission of citizenship. The reports are narrative accounts made by applicants summarizing their journey to the United States. The declarations of intent record the person's name, place of birth, age, country of previous citizenship, renunciation of allegiance and fidelity to the nation of which the person is currently a citizen, and the date the intention was sworn. Affidavits, signed by those who knew the applicant and could vouch for their loyalty to the United States, may also be filed with the reports and declarations. \u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi04324#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vi_vi04324","ead_ssi":"vi_vi04324","_root_":"vi_vi04324","_nest_parent_":"vi_vi04324","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/lva/vi04324.xml","title_ssm":["Rockingham County (Va.) Naturalization Records, 1826-1911"],"title_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Naturalization Records, 1826-1911"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Rockingham County (Va.) Naturalization Records, 1826-1911"],"text":["Rockingham County (Va.) Naturalization Records, 1826-1911","Rockingham County's loose naturalization records, 1826-1911, are digitized and available through the Naturalization Records Digital Collection on the Library of Virginia website. Please use digital images.","This collection is arranged into the following series:","Series I: Loose Naturalization Records, 1826-1911, arranged chronologically.","Context for Record Type: Beginning in 1795, a person could declare their intent to become a citizen at any time and in any place after they arrived in the United States. Prior to the Naturalization Act of 1906, the naturalization process primarily occurred in local and state courts. Declarations of intent were the record by which an applicant for U.S. citizenship declared their intent to become a citizen and renounced their allegiance to a foreign government. This document typically preceded proof of residence or a petition to become a citizen by two or more years.","Locality History:   Rockingham County was named for Charles Watson-Wentworth, second marquis of Rockingham, who supported the colonies during the years before and during the Revolutionary War. The county was formed from Augusta County in 1778. The county seat is the city of Harrisonburg.","Lost Locality Note:  A courthouse fire in 1787 destroyed primarily wills and estate records. In June 1864 during the Civil War, court records (mostly volumes) were removed from the courthouse and loaded on a wagon to be taken to place of safety on or beyond the Blue Ridge. The wagon was overtaken by Union troops near Port Republic and set afire, which was put out by local citizens. Many order books, deed books, will books, and fiduciary books, however, were lost or severely damaged by the fire. The loose records that remained at the courthouse were undamaged. Pre-1865 records including deeds and wills were rerecorded following an act of assembly passed in November 1884.","Loose naturalization records, 1826-1911, were processed and indexed for the purpose of inclusion in the Library of Virginia's Naturalization Records digital collection by Library of Virginia staff.","Encoded by G. Crawford: March 2014; updated by M. Long: May 2024.","Additional Rockingham County Court Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia. Consult  \"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm.\"","Rockingham County is one of Virginia's Lost Records Localities. Additional Rockingham County Court Records may be found in the Lost Records Localities Digital Collection available on the Library of Virginia website.","Rockingham County (Va.) Naturalization Records, 1826-1911, consists of loose naturalization records filed in the local court. Loose naturalization records may include affidavits, reports for naturalization, declarations of intent to become United States citizens, and notices of application for admission of citizenship. The reports are narrative accounts made by applicants summarizing their journey to the United States. The declarations of intent record the person's name, place of birth, age, country of previous citizenship, renunciation of allegiance and fidelity to the nation of which the person is currently a citizen, and the date the intention was sworn. Affidavits, signed by those who knew the applicant and could vouch for their loyalty to the United States, may also be filed with the reports and declarations.","There are no restrictions.","Library of Virginia","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Naturalization Records, 1826-1911"],"collection_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Naturalization Records, 1826-1911"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"repository_ssm":["Library of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Library of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court"],"creator_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court"],"access_terms_ssm":["There are no restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["These items came to the Library of Virginia in a 2004 transfer of court papers from Rockingham County under the accession number 40981."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".2 cu. ft. (1 box)"],"extent_tesim":[".2 cu. ft. (1 box)"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockingham County's loose naturalization records, 1826-1911, are digitized and available through the \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://lva-virginia.libguides.com/naturalization-collection/\"\u003eNaturalization Records Digital Collection\u003c/extref\u003e on the Library of Virginia website. Please use digital images.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Rockingham County's loose naturalization records, 1826-1911, are digitized and available through the Naturalization Records Digital Collection on the Library of Virginia website. Please use digital images."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is arranged into the following series:\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\u003citem\u003eSeries I: Loose Naturalization Records, 1826-1911, arranged chronologically.\n\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This collection is arranged into the following series:","Series I: Loose Naturalization Records, 1826-1911, arranged chronologically."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003ctitle render=\"bold\"\u003eContext for Record Type:\u003c/title\u003e Beginning in 1795, a person could declare their intent to become a citizen at any time and in any place after they arrived in the United States. Prior to the Naturalization Act of 1906, the naturalization process primarily occurred in local and state courts. Declarations of intent were the record by which an applicant for U.S. citizenship declared their intent to become a citizen and renounced their allegiance to a foreign government. This document typically preceded proof of residence or a petition to become a citizen by two or more years. \n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003ctitle render=\"bold\"\u003eLocality History:  \u003c/title\u003e Rockingham County was named for Charles Watson-Wentworth, second marquis of Rockingham, who supported the colonies during the years before and during the Revolutionary War. The county was formed from Augusta County in 1778. The county seat is the city of Harrisonburg.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003ctitle render=\"bold\"\u003eLost Locality Note:  \u003c/title\u003eA courthouse fire in 1787 destroyed primarily wills and estate records. In June 1864 during the Civil War, court records (mostly volumes) were removed from the courthouse and loaded on a wagon to be taken to place of safety on or beyond the Blue Ridge. The wagon was overtaken by Union troops near Port Republic and set afire, which was put out by local citizens. Many order books, deed books, will books, and fiduciary books, however, were lost or severely damaged by the fire. The loose records that remained at the courthouse were undamaged. Pre-1865 records including deeds and wills were rerecorded following an act of assembly passed in November 1884.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Context for Record Type: Beginning in 1795, a person could declare their intent to become a citizen at any time and in any place after they arrived in the United States. Prior to the Naturalization Act of 1906, the naturalization process primarily occurred in local and state courts. Declarations of intent were the record by which an applicant for U.S. citizenship declared their intent to become a citizen and renounced their allegiance to a foreign government. This document typically preceded proof of residence or a petition to become a citizen by two or more years.","Locality History:   Rockingham County was named for Charles Watson-Wentworth, second marquis of Rockingham, who supported the colonies during the years before and during the Revolutionary War. The county was formed from Augusta County in 1778. The county seat is the city of Harrisonburg.","Lost Locality Note:  A courthouse fire in 1787 destroyed primarily wills and estate records. In June 1864 during the Civil War, court records (mostly volumes) were removed from the courthouse and loaded on a wagon to be taken to place of safety on or beyond the Blue Ridge. The wagon was overtaken by Union troops near Port Republic and set afire, which was put out by local citizens. Many order books, deed books, will books, and fiduciary books, however, were lost or severely damaged by the fire. The loose records that remained at the courthouse were undamaged. Pre-1865 records including deeds and wills were rerecorded following an act of assembly passed in November 1884."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockingham County (Va.) Naturalization Records, 1826-1911. Local government records collection, Rockingham County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia, 23219.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"prefercite_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Naturalization Records, 1826-1911. Local government records collection, Rockingham County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia, 23219."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLoose naturalization records, 1826-1911, were processed and indexed for the purpose of inclusion in the Library of Virginia's Naturalization Records digital collection by Library of Virginia staff.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eEncoded by G. Crawford: March 2014; updated by M. Long: May 2024.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Loose naturalization records, 1826-1911, were processed and indexed for the purpose of inclusion in the Library of Virginia's Naturalization Records digital collection by Library of Virginia staff.","Encoded by G. Crawford: March 2014; updated by M. Long: May 2024."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAdditional Rockingham County Court Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia. Consult  \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.lva.lib.va.us/whatwehave/local/local_rec/index.htm\"\u003e\"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm.\"\u003c/extref\u003e \n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eRockingham County is one of Virginia's Lost Records Localities. Additional Rockingham County Court Records may be found in the \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.virginiamemory.com/collections/lost\"\u003eLost Records Localities Digital Collection\u003c/extref\u003e available on the Library of Virginia website.\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Additional Rockingham County Court Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia. Consult  \"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm.\"","Rockingham County is one of Virginia's Lost Records Localities. Additional Rockingham County Court Records may be found in the Lost Records Localities Digital Collection available on the Library of Virginia website."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockingham County (Va.) Naturalization Records, 1826-1911, consists of loose naturalization records filed in the local court. Loose naturalization records may include affidavits, reports for naturalization, declarations of intent to become United States citizens, and notices of application for admission of citizenship. The reports are narrative accounts made by applicants summarizing their journey to the United States. The declarations of intent record the person's name, place of birth, age, country of previous citizenship, renunciation of allegiance and fidelity to the nation of which the person is currently a citizen, and the date the intention was sworn. Affidavits, signed by those who knew the applicant and could vouch for their loyalty to the United States, may also be filed with the reports and declarations.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Naturalization Records, 1826-1911, consists of loose naturalization records filed in the local court. Loose naturalization records may include affidavits, reports for naturalization, declarations of intent to become United States citizens, and notices of application for admission of citizenship. The reports are narrative accounts made by applicants summarizing their journey to the United States. The declarations of intent record the person's name, place of birth, age, country of previous citizenship, renunciation of allegiance and fidelity to the nation of which the person is currently a citizen, and the date the intention was sworn. Affidavits, signed by those who knew the applicant and could vouch for their loyalty to the United States, may also be filed with the reports and declarations."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc label=\"Location\"\u003eLibrary of Virginia\n\u003c/physloc\u003e\n"],"physloc_tesim":["Library of Virginia"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":2,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:26:33.541Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vi_vi04324","ead_ssi":"vi_vi04324","_root_":"vi_vi04324","_nest_parent_":"vi_vi04324","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/lva/vi04324.xml","title_ssm":["Rockingham County (Va.) Naturalization Records, 1826-1911"],"title_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Naturalization Records, 1826-1911"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Rockingham County (Va.) Naturalization Records, 1826-1911"],"text":["Rockingham County (Va.) Naturalization Records, 1826-1911","Rockingham County's loose naturalization records, 1826-1911, are digitized and available through the Naturalization Records Digital Collection on the Library of Virginia website. Please use digital images.","This collection is arranged into the following series:","Series I: Loose Naturalization Records, 1826-1911, arranged chronologically.","Context for Record Type: Beginning in 1795, a person could declare their intent to become a citizen at any time and in any place after they arrived in the United States. Prior to the Naturalization Act of 1906, the naturalization process primarily occurred in local and state courts. Declarations of intent were the record by which an applicant for U.S. citizenship declared their intent to become a citizen and renounced their allegiance to a foreign government. This document typically preceded proof of residence or a petition to become a citizen by two or more years.","Locality History:   Rockingham County was named for Charles Watson-Wentworth, second marquis of Rockingham, who supported the colonies during the years before and during the Revolutionary War. The county was formed from Augusta County in 1778. The county seat is the city of Harrisonburg.","Lost Locality Note:  A courthouse fire in 1787 destroyed primarily wills and estate records. In June 1864 during the Civil War, court records (mostly volumes) were removed from the courthouse and loaded on a wagon to be taken to place of safety on or beyond the Blue Ridge. The wagon was overtaken by Union troops near Port Republic and set afire, which was put out by local citizens. Many order books, deed books, will books, and fiduciary books, however, were lost or severely damaged by the fire. The loose records that remained at the courthouse were undamaged. Pre-1865 records including deeds and wills were rerecorded following an act of assembly passed in November 1884.","Loose naturalization records, 1826-1911, were processed and indexed for the purpose of inclusion in the Library of Virginia's Naturalization Records digital collection by Library of Virginia staff.","Encoded by G. Crawford: March 2014; updated by M. Long: May 2024.","Additional Rockingham County Court Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia. Consult  \"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm.\"","Rockingham County is one of Virginia's Lost Records Localities. Additional Rockingham County Court Records may be found in the Lost Records Localities Digital Collection available on the Library of Virginia website.","Rockingham County (Va.) Naturalization Records, 1826-1911, consists of loose naturalization records filed in the local court. Loose naturalization records may include affidavits, reports for naturalization, declarations of intent to become United States citizens, and notices of application for admission of citizenship. The reports are narrative accounts made by applicants summarizing their journey to the United States. The declarations of intent record the person's name, place of birth, age, country of previous citizenship, renunciation of allegiance and fidelity to the nation of which the person is currently a citizen, and the date the intention was sworn. Affidavits, signed by those who knew the applicant and could vouch for their loyalty to the United States, may also be filed with the reports and declarations.","There are no restrictions.","Library of Virginia","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Naturalization Records, 1826-1911"],"collection_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Naturalization Records, 1826-1911"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"repository_ssm":["Library of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Library of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court"],"creator_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Circuit Court"],"access_terms_ssm":["There are no restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["These items came to the Library of Virginia in a 2004 transfer of court papers from Rockingham County under the accession number 40981."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".2 cu. ft. (1 box)"],"extent_tesim":[".2 cu. ft. (1 box)"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockingham County's loose naturalization records, 1826-1911, are digitized and available through the \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://lva-virginia.libguides.com/naturalization-collection/\"\u003eNaturalization Records Digital Collection\u003c/extref\u003e on the Library of Virginia website. Please use digital images.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Rockingham County's loose naturalization records, 1826-1911, are digitized and available through the Naturalization Records Digital Collection on the Library of Virginia website. Please use digital images."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is arranged into the following series:\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\u003citem\u003eSeries I: Loose Naturalization Records, 1826-1911, arranged chronologically.\n\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This collection is arranged into the following series:","Series I: Loose Naturalization Records, 1826-1911, arranged chronologically."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003ctitle render=\"bold\"\u003eContext for Record Type:\u003c/title\u003e Beginning in 1795, a person could declare their intent to become a citizen at any time and in any place after they arrived in the United States. Prior to the Naturalization Act of 1906, the naturalization process primarily occurred in local and state courts. Declarations of intent were the record by which an applicant for U.S. citizenship declared their intent to become a citizen and renounced their allegiance to a foreign government. This document typically preceded proof of residence or a petition to become a citizen by two or more years. \n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003ctitle render=\"bold\"\u003eLocality History:  \u003c/title\u003e Rockingham County was named for Charles Watson-Wentworth, second marquis of Rockingham, who supported the colonies during the years before and during the Revolutionary War. The county was formed from Augusta County in 1778. The county seat is the city of Harrisonburg.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003ctitle render=\"bold\"\u003eLost Locality Note:  \u003c/title\u003eA courthouse fire in 1787 destroyed primarily wills and estate records. In June 1864 during the Civil War, court records (mostly volumes) were removed from the courthouse and loaded on a wagon to be taken to place of safety on or beyond the Blue Ridge. The wagon was overtaken by Union troops near Port Republic and set afire, which was put out by local citizens. Many order books, deed books, will books, and fiduciary books, however, were lost or severely damaged by the fire. The loose records that remained at the courthouse were undamaged. Pre-1865 records including deeds and wills were rerecorded following an act of assembly passed in November 1884.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Context for Record Type: Beginning in 1795, a person could declare their intent to become a citizen at any time and in any place after they arrived in the United States. Prior to the Naturalization Act of 1906, the naturalization process primarily occurred in local and state courts. Declarations of intent were the record by which an applicant for U.S. citizenship declared their intent to become a citizen and renounced their allegiance to a foreign government. This document typically preceded proof of residence or a petition to become a citizen by two or more years.","Locality History:   Rockingham County was named for Charles Watson-Wentworth, second marquis of Rockingham, who supported the colonies during the years before and during the Revolutionary War. The county was formed from Augusta County in 1778. The county seat is the city of Harrisonburg.","Lost Locality Note:  A courthouse fire in 1787 destroyed primarily wills and estate records. In June 1864 during the Civil War, court records (mostly volumes) were removed from the courthouse and loaded on a wagon to be taken to place of safety on or beyond the Blue Ridge. The wagon was overtaken by Union troops near Port Republic and set afire, which was put out by local citizens. Many order books, deed books, will books, and fiduciary books, however, were lost or severely damaged by the fire. The loose records that remained at the courthouse were undamaged. Pre-1865 records including deeds and wills were rerecorded following an act of assembly passed in November 1884."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockingham County (Va.) Naturalization Records, 1826-1911. Local government records collection, Rockingham County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia, 23219.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"prefercite_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Naturalization Records, 1826-1911. Local government records collection, Rockingham County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia, 23219."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLoose naturalization records, 1826-1911, were processed and indexed for the purpose of inclusion in the Library of Virginia's Naturalization Records digital collection by Library of Virginia staff.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eEncoded by G. Crawford: March 2014; updated by M. Long: May 2024.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Loose naturalization records, 1826-1911, were processed and indexed for the purpose of inclusion in the Library of Virginia's Naturalization Records digital collection by Library of Virginia staff.","Encoded by G. Crawford: March 2014; updated by M. Long: May 2024."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAdditional Rockingham County Court Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia. Consult  \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.lva.lib.va.us/whatwehave/local/local_rec/index.htm\"\u003e\"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm.\"\u003c/extref\u003e \n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eRockingham County is one of Virginia's Lost Records Localities. Additional Rockingham County Court Records may be found in the \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.virginiamemory.com/collections/lost\"\u003eLost Records Localities Digital Collection\u003c/extref\u003e available on the Library of Virginia website.\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Additional Rockingham County Court Records can be found on microfilm at The Library of Virginia. Consult  \"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm.\"","Rockingham County is one of Virginia's Lost Records Localities. Additional Rockingham County Court Records may be found in the Lost Records Localities Digital Collection available on the Library of Virginia website."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockingham County (Va.) Naturalization Records, 1826-1911, consists of loose naturalization records filed in the local court. Loose naturalization records may include affidavits, reports for naturalization, declarations of intent to become United States citizens, and notices of application for admission of citizenship. The reports are narrative accounts made by applicants summarizing their journey to the United States. The declarations of intent record the person's name, place of birth, age, country of previous citizenship, renunciation of allegiance and fidelity to the nation of which the person is currently a citizen, and the date the intention was sworn. Affidavits, signed by those who knew the applicant and could vouch for their loyalty to the United States, may also be filed with the reports and declarations.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Rockingham County (Va.) Naturalization Records, 1826-1911, consists of loose naturalization records filed in the local court. Loose naturalization records may include affidavits, reports for naturalization, declarations of intent to become United States citizens, and notices of application for admission of citizenship. The reports are narrative accounts made by applicants summarizing their journey to the United States. The declarations of intent record the person's name, place of birth, age, country of previous citizenship, renunciation of allegiance and fidelity to the nation of which the person is currently a citizen, and the date the intention was sworn. 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