{"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Paul+T.+Schweitzer+Papers%2C+1952%2F1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1959","next":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Paul+T.+Schweitzer+Papers%2C+1952%2F1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1959\u0026page=2","last":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Paul+T.+Schweitzer+Papers%2C+1952%2F1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1959\u0026page=3"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":1,"next_page":2,"prev_page":null,"total_pages":3,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":0,"total_count":26,"first_page?":true,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c02_c02_c10","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Folder 10: Newspaper Clippings, 1959","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c02_c02_c10#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c02_c02_c10","ref_ssm":["vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c02_c02_c10"],"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c02_c02_c10","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c02_c02","parent_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c02_c02","parent_ssim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976","Series III: Publications, 1957/1976","Sub-Series B: Newspaper Clippings, 1957/1976","Box 3"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vino_repositories_5_resources_74","vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03","vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c02","vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c02_c02"],"title_filing_ssi":"Folder 10: Newspaper Clippings","title_ssm":["Folder 10: Newspaper Clippings"],"title_tesim":["Folder 10: Newspaper Clippings"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Folder 10: Newspaper Clippings, 1959"],"text":["Folder 10: Newspaper Clippings, 1959","Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976","Series III: Publications, 1957/1976","Sub-Series B: Newspaper Clippings, 1957/1976","Box 3","box 3","folder 10"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976","Series III: Publications, 1957/1976","Sub-Series B: Newspaper Clippings, 1957/1976","Box 3"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976","Series III: Publications, 1957/1976","Sub-Series B: Newspaper Clippings, 1957/1976","Box 3"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1959"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1959 September"],"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"component_level_isim":[4],"sort_isi":60,"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"collection_ssim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976"],"containers_ssim":["box 3","folder 10"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"date_range_isim":[1959],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 10, Newspaper Clippings, 1959 September, Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_heading_ssm":["Preferred Citation"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 10, Newspaper Clippings, 1959 September, Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"_nest_path_":"/components#2/components#1/components#1/components#9","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:39:36.932Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_74.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/74","title_filing_ssi":"Schweitzer, Paul T.","title_ssm":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers"],"title_tesim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1952-1976, undated","Date acquired: 04/01/1977"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1952-1976, undated"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 04/01/1977"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1952/1976"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976"],"text":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976","MG 16","/repositories/5/resources/74","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","City council members--Virginia--Norfolk","Civic leaders--Virginia--Norfolk","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","School integration--Massive resistance movement","Open to researchers without restrictions.","The collection is arranged into six series: Series I: Correspondence; Series II: Legal Documents; Series III: Publications; Series IV: Photographs, Series V: Miscellaneous, and Series VI: Oversized Materials.","Paul T. Schweitzer was born on August 1, 1903, on a farm near Malta, Illinois. Three years later the family moved to Arizona where his father became manager of a cattle ranch outside of Tucson. Several years later the elder Mr. Schweitzer moved into Tucson where he founded the Schweitzer Machine Company which specialized in water pumps. The family moved to Los Angeles in 1918 where the younger Mr. Schweitzer completed high school and went to work for a mortgage and loan company. He remained with the firm until its dissolution in 1935. He then traveled to Washington, D.C. where he opened a branch of Layne-Atlantic Company, a firm that develops and engineers large-scale water distribution systems. Joining company headquarters in Norfolk in 1939, he was made vice president and ultimately chairman of the board.","Mr. Schweitzer's contributions as a businessman and civic leader to the recent history of Norfolk were most distinguished. He was appointed to the Norfolk School Board in 1952, elected chairman in 1955 and served in this capacity until he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council in March 1960. During his years as chairman of the school board, Norfolk experienced the massive resistance crisis. From September 1958 until January 1959 three white high schools and three white junior high schools in the city were closed under Virginia law by order of Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. because the schools were under court order to integrate. Schweitzer was in the forefront of those who worked to have the schools reopened. Mr. Schweitzer was re-elected as chairman of the reorganized Norfolk School Board in July 1959. In the following year he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council to replace George R. Abbott who resigned. Schweitzer was elected in 1960 and re-elected in 1964. He was defeated for re-election in 1968.","Mr. Schweitzer's civic activities were numerous. He served on the board of trustees of Lynchburg College from 1957 until May 1976. As chairman of the board he was involved in launching the college's Partnership for Progress development program in 1966. According to Dr. Carey Brewer, president of Lynchburg College, the Partnership of Progress program which raised more than $10 million was \"perhaps the major advancement in the total history of the College.\" Mr. Schweitzer was also a member of the board of directors and the president of the Norfolk Central YMCA, a member of the National Council of the YMCA and chairman of the recreation and education division of the United Communities Council of Social Agencies. He was also vice president of the Tidewater Virginia Development Council, Norfolk region, a member of the board of directors of the Norfolk General Hospital and vice chairman of the board of trustees of Virginia Wesleyan College. He was also chairman of the board of deacons and elder emeritus of First Christian Church.","Mr. Schweitzer attained a respected position in the business community. In addition to his position at Layne Atlantic Company, Mr. Schweitzer was director of the Lakewood Water Company in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina and of the Belvedere Water Company in Glen Burnie, Maryland. He was the author of several technical papers on ground water which were published in the Journal of the American Water Works Association. He was a member of the Society of American Military Engineers.","Mr. Schweitzer was married in 1940 to the former Edna Ilene Stillman of Alexandria, Virginia. They had three children, Mark, Betty Mae and Kay Marie. Mr. Schweitzer passed away in 1976.","Note written by James Sweeney","The collection contains correspondence, legal documents, publications, photographs, and other material created and collected by Paul T. Schweitzer, a Norfolk, Virginia businessman, school board and city council member. The bulk of the collection consists of material related to Norfolk during massive resistance, when public schools were closed to prevent the admission of African Americans. Of particular note are letters written to Schweitzer both in favor of and against admission of African American students to the public schools.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","Norfolk businessman and member of the Norfolk School Board (1952-1960) and City Council (1960-1968) during the Massive Resistance crisis. Includes correspondence, legal documents, newspapers clippings, scrapbooks and photographs that primarily document his activities during Norfolk's desegregation crisis.","ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)","Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976"],"collection_ssim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 16","/repositories/5/resources/74"],"unitid_tesim":["MG 16","/repositories/5/resources/74"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"geogname_ssm":["Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"places_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"creator_ssm":["Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)"],"creator_ssim":["Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)"],"creators_ssim":["Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)","ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Mrs. Edna S. Schweitzer","Gift. Accession #A77-23"],"access_subjects_ssim":["City council members--Virginia--Norfolk","Civic leaders--Virginia--Norfolk","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","School integration--Massive resistance movement"],"access_subjects_ssm":["City council members--Virginia--Norfolk","Civic leaders--Virginia--Norfolk","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","School integration--Massive resistance movement"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["3.80 Linear Feet","3 Hollinger documents cases and 2 oversized boxes boxes"],"extent_tesim":["3.80 Linear Feet","3 Hollinger documents cases and 2 oversized boxes boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOpen to researchers without restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged into six series: Series I: Correspondence; Series II: Legal Documents; Series III: Publications; Series IV: Photographs, Series V: Miscellaneous, and Series VI: Oversized Materials.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged into six series: Series I: Correspondence; Series II: Legal Documents; Series III: Publications; Series IV: Photographs, Series V: Miscellaneous, and Series VI: Oversized Materials."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePaul T. Schweitzer was born on August 1, 1903, on a farm near Malta, Illinois. Three years later the family moved to Arizona where his father became manager of a cattle ranch outside of Tucson. Several years later the elder Mr. Schweitzer moved into Tucson where he founded the Schweitzer Machine Company which specialized in water pumps. The family moved to Los Angeles in 1918 where the younger Mr. Schweitzer completed high school and went to work for a mortgage and loan company. He remained with the firm until its dissolution in 1935. He then traveled to Washington, D.C. where he opened a branch of Layne-Atlantic Company, a firm that develops and engineers large-scale water distribution systems. Joining company headquarters in Norfolk in 1939, he was made vice president and ultimately chairman of the board.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Schweitzer's contributions as a businessman and civic leader to the recent history of Norfolk were most distinguished. He was appointed to the Norfolk School Board in 1952, elected chairman in 1955 and served in this capacity until he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council in March 1960. During his years as chairman of the school board, Norfolk experienced the massive resistance crisis. From September 1958 until January 1959 three white high schools and three white junior high schools in the city were closed under Virginia law by order of Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. because the schools were under court order to integrate. Schweitzer was in the forefront of those who worked to have the schools reopened. Mr. Schweitzer was re-elected as chairman of the reorganized Norfolk School Board in July 1959. In the following year he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council to replace George R. Abbott who resigned. Schweitzer was elected in 1960 and re-elected in 1964. He was defeated for re-election in 1968.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Schweitzer's civic activities were numerous. He served on the board of trustees of Lynchburg College from 1957 until May 1976. As chairman of the board he was involved in launching the college's Partnership for Progress development program in 1966. According to Dr. Carey Brewer, president of Lynchburg College, the Partnership of Progress program which raised more than $10 million was \"perhaps the major advancement in the total history of the College.\" Mr. Schweitzer was also a member of the board of directors and the president of the Norfolk Central YMCA, a member of the National Council of the YMCA and chairman of the recreation and education division of the United Communities Council of Social Agencies. He was also vice president of the Tidewater Virginia Development Council, Norfolk region, a member of the board of directors of the Norfolk General Hospital and vice chairman of the board of trustees of Virginia Wesleyan College. He was also chairman of the board of deacons and elder emeritus of First Christian Church.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Schweitzer attained a respected position in the business community. In addition to his position at Layne Atlantic Company, Mr. Schweitzer was director of the Lakewood Water Company in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina and of the Belvedere Water Company in Glen Burnie, Maryland. He was the author of several technical papers on ground water which were published in the Journal of the American Water Works Association. He was a member of the Society of American Military Engineers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Schweitzer was married in 1940 to the former Edna Ilene Stillman of Alexandria, Virginia. They had three children, Mark, Betty Mae and Kay Marie. Mr. Schweitzer passed away in 1976.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNote written by James Sweeney\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Paul T. Schweitzer was born on August 1, 1903, on a farm near Malta, Illinois. Three years later the family moved to Arizona where his father became manager of a cattle ranch outside of Tucson. Several years later the elder Mr. Schweitzer moved into Tucson where he founded the Schweitzer Machine Company which specialized in water pumps. The family moved to Los Angeles in 1918 where the younger Mr. Schweitzer completed high school and went to work for a mortgage and loan company. He remained with the firm until its dissolution in 1935. He then traveled to Washington, D.C. where he opened a branch of Layne-Atlantic Company, a firm that develops and engineers large-scale water distribution systems. Joining company headquarters in Norfolk in 1939, he was made vice president and ultimately chairman of the board.","Mr. Schweitzer's contributions as a businessman and civic leader to the recent history of Norfolk were most distinguished. He was appointed to the Norfolk School Board in 1952, elected chairman in 1955 and served in this capacity until he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council in March 1960. During his years as chairman of the school board, Norfolk experienced the massive resistance crisis. From September 1958 until January 1959 three white high schools and three white junior high schools in the city were closed under Virginia law by order of Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. because the schools were under court order to integrate. Schweitzer was in the forefront of those who worked to have the schools reopened. Mr. Schweitzer was re-elected as chairman of the reorganized Norfolk School Board in July 1959. In the following year he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council to replace George R. Abbott who resigned. Schweitzer was elected in 1960 and re-elected in 1964. He was defeated for re-election in 1968.","Mr. Schweitzer's civic activities were numerous. He served on the board of trustees of Lynchburg College from 1957 until May 1976. As chairman of the board he was involved in launching the college's Partnership for Progress development program in 1966. According to Dr. Carey Brewer, president of Lynchburg College, the Partnership of Progress program which raised more than $10 million was \"perhaps the major advancement in the total history of the College.\" Mr. Schweitzer was also a member of the board of directors and the president of the Norfolk Central YMCA, a member of the National Council of the YMCA and chairman of the recreation and education division of the United Communities Council of Social Agencies. He was also vice president of the Tidewater Virginia Development Council, Norfolk region, a member of the board of directors of the Norfolk General Hospital and vice chairman of the board of trustees of Virginia Wesleyan College. He was also chairman of the board of deacons and elder emeritus of First Christian Church.","Mr. Schweitzer attained a respected position in the business community. In addition to his position at Layne Atlantic Company, Mr. Schweitzer was director of the Lakewood Water Company in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina and of the Belvedere Water Company in Glen Burnie, Maryland. He was the author of several technical papers on ground water which were published in the Journal of the American Water Works Association. He was a member of the Society of American Military Engineers.","Mr. Schweitzer was married in 1940 to the former Edna Ilene Stillman of Alexandria, Virginia. They had three children, Mark, Betty Mae and Kay Marie. Mr. Schweitzer passed away in 1976.","Note written by James Sweeney"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains correspondence, legal documents, publications, photographs, and other material created and collected by Paul T. Schweitzer, a Norfolk, Virginia businessman, school board and city council member. The bulk of the collection consists of material related to Norfolk during massive resistance, when public schools were closed to prevent the admission of African Americans. Of particular note are letters written to Schweitzer both in favor of and against admission of African American students to the public schools.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection contains correspondence, legal documents, publications, photographs, and other material created and collected by Paul T. Schweitzer, a Norfolk, Virginia businessman, school board and city council member. The bulk of the collection consists of material related to Norfolk during massive resistance, when public schools were closed to prevent the admission of African Americans. Of particular note are letters written to Schweitzer both in favor of and against admission of African American students to the public schools."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_2eef01fd6223ec7e09f327b47e5e3869\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eNorfolk businessman and member of the Norfolk School Board (1952-1960) and City Council (1960-1968) during the Massive Resistance crisis. Includes correspondence, legal documents, newspapers clippings, scrapbooks and photographs that primarily document his activities during Norfolk's desegregation crisis.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["Norfolk businessman and member of the Norfolk School Board (1952-1960) and City Council (1960-1968) during the Massive Resistance crisis. Includes correspondence, legal documents, newspapers clippings, scrapbooks and photographs that primarily document his activities during Norfolk's desegregation crisis."],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)"],"names_coll_ssim":["Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)"],"persname_ssim":["Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)"],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)","Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":85,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:39:36.932Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c02_c02_c10"}},{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c02_c02_c11","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Folder 11: Newspaper Clippings, 1959","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c02_c02_c11#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c02_c02_c11","ref_ssm":["vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c02_c02_c11"],"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c02_c02_c11","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c02_c02","parent_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c02_c02","parent_ssim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976","Series III: Publications, 1957/1976","Sub-Series B: Newspaper Clippings, 1957/1976","Box 3"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vino_repositories_5_resources_74","vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03","vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c02","vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c02_c02"],"title_filing_ssi":"Folder 11: Newspaper Clippings","title_ssm":["Folder 11: Newspaper Clippings"],"title_tesim":["Folder 11: Newspaper Clippings"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Folder 11: Newspaper Clippings, 1959"],"text":["Folder 11: Newspaper Clippings, 1959","Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976","Series III: Publications, 1957/1976","Sub-Series B: Newspaper Clippings, 1957/1976","Box 3","box 3","folder 11"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976","Series III: Publications, 1957/1976","Sub-Series B: Newspaper Clippings, 1957/1976","Box 3"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976","Series III: Publications, 1957/1976","Sub-Series B: Newspaper Clippings, 1957/1976","Box 3"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1959"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1959 October"],"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"component_level_isim":[4],"sort_isi":61,"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"collection_ssim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976"],"containers_ssim":["box 3","folder 11"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"date_range_isim":[1959],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 11, Newspaper Clippings, 1959 October, Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_heading_ssm":["Preferred Citation"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 11, Newspaper Clippings, 1959 October, Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"_nest_path_":"/components#2/components#1/components#1/components#10","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:39:36.932Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_74.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/74","title_filing_ssi":"Schweitzer, Paul T.","title_ssm":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers"],"title_tesim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1952-1976, undated","Date acquired: 04/01/1977"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1952-1976, undated"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 04/01/1977"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1952/1976"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976"],"text":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976","MG 16","/repositories/5/resources/74","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","City council members--Virginia--Norfolk","Civic leaders--Virginia--Norfolk","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","School integration--Massive resistance movement","Open to researchers without restrictions.","The collection is arranged into six series: Series I: Correspondence; Series II: Legal Documents; Series III: Publications; Series IV: Photographs, Series V: Miscellaneous, and Series VI: Oversized Materials.","Paul T. Schweitzer was born on August 1, 1903, on a farm near Malta, Illinois. Three years later the family moved to Arizona where his father became manager of a cattle ranch outside of Tucson. Several years later the elder Mr. Schweitzer moved into Tucson where he founded the Schweitzer Machine Company which specialized in water pumps. The family moved to Los Angeles in 1918 where the younger Mr. Schweitzer completed high school and went to work for a mortgage and loan company. He remained with the firm until its dissolution in 1935. He then traveled to Washington, D.C. where he opened a branch of Layne-Atlantic Company, a firm that develops and engineers large-scale water distribution systems. Joining company headquarters in Norfolk in 1939, he was made vice president and ultimately chairman of the board.","Mr. Schweitzer's contributions as a businessman and civic leader to the recent history of Norfolk were most distinguished. He was appointed to the Norfolk School Board in 1952, elected chairman in 1955 and served in this capacity until he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council in March 1960. During his years as chairman of the school board, Norfolk experienced the massive resistance crisis. From September 1958 until January 1959 three white high schools and three white junior high schools in the city were closed under Virginia law by order of Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. because the schools were under court order to integrate. Schweitzer was in the forefront of those who worked to have the schools reopened. Mr. Schweitzer was re-elected as chairman of the reorganized Norfolk School Board in July 1959. In the following year he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council to replace George R. Abbott who resigned. Schweitzer was elected in 1960 and re-elected in 1964. He was defeated for re-election in 1968.","Mr. Schweitzer's civic activities were numerous. He served on the board of trustees of Lynchburg College from 1957 until May 1976. As chairman of the board he was involved in launching the college's Partnership for Progress development program in 1966. According to Dr. Carey Brewer, president of Lynchburg College, the Partnership of Progress program which raised more than $10 million was \"perhaps the major advancement in the total history of the College.\" Mr. Schweitzer was also a member of the board of directors and the president of the Norfolk Central YMCA, a member of the National Council of the YMCA and chairman of the recreation and education division of the United Communities Council of Social Agencies. He was also vice president of the Tidewater Virginia Development Council, Norfolk region, a member of the board of directors of the Norfolk General Hospital and vice chairman of the board of trustees of Virginia Wesleyan College. He was also chairman of the board of deacons and elder emeritus of First Christian Church.","Mr. Schweitzer attained a respected position in the business community. In addition to his position at Layne Atlantic Company, Mr. Schweitzer was director of the Lakewood Water Company in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina and of the Belvedere Water Company in Glen Burnie, Maryland. He was the author of several technical papers on ground water which were published in the Journal of the American Water Works Association. He was a member of the Society of American Military Engineers.","Mr. Schweitzer was married in 1940 to the former Edna Ilene Stillman of Alexandria, Virginia. They had three children, Mark, Betty Mae and Kay Marie. Mr. Schweitzer passed away in 1976.","Note written by James Sweeney","The collection contains correspondence, legal documents, publications, photographs, and other material created and collected by Paul T. Schweitzer, a Norfolk, Virginia businessman, school board and city council member. The bulk of the collection consists of material related to Norfolk during massive resistance, when public schools were closed to prevent the admission of African Americans. Of particular note are letters written to Schweitzer both in favor of and against admission of African American students to the public schools.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","Norfolk businessman and member of the Norfolk School Board (1952-1960) and City Council (1960-1968) during the Massive Resistance crisis. Includes correspondence, legal documents, newspapers clippings, scrapbooks and photographs that primarily document his activities during Norfolk's desegregation crisis.","ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)","Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976"],"collection_ssim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 16","/repositories/5/resources/74"],"unitid_tesim":["MG 16","/repositories/5/resources/74"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"geogname_ssm":["Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"places_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"creator_ssm":["Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)"],"creator_ssim":["Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)"],"creators_ssim":["Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)","ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Mrs. Edna S. Schweitzer","Gift. Accession #A77-23"],"access_subjects_ssim":["City council members--Virginia--Norfolk","Civic leaders--Virginia--Norfolk","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","School integration--Massive resistance movement"],"access_subjects_ssm":["City council members--Virginia--Norfolk","Civic leaders--Virginia--Norfolk","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","School integration--Massive resistance movement"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["3.80 Linear Feet","3 Hollinger documents cases and 2 oversized boxes boxes"],"extent_tesim":["3.80 Linear Feet","3 Hollinger documents cases and 2 oversized boxes boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOpen to researchers without restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged into six series: Series I: Correspondence; Series II: Legal Documents; Series III: Publications; Series IV: Photographs, Series V: Miscellaneous, and Series VI: Oversized Materials.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged into six series: Series I: Correspondence; Series II: Legal Documents; Series III: Publications; Series IV: Photographs, Series V: Miscellaneous, and Series VI: Oversized Materials."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePaul T. Schweitzer was born on August 1, 1903, on a farm near Malta, Illinois. Three years later the family moved to Arizona where his father became manager of a cattle ranch outside of Tucson. Several years later the elder Mr. Schweitzer moved into Tucson where he founded the Schweitzer Machine Company which specialized in water pumps. The family moved to Los Angeles in 1918 where the younger Mr. Schweitzer completed high school and went to work for a mortgage and loan company. He remained with the firm until its dissolution in 1935. He then traveled to Washington, D.C. where he opened a branch of Layne-Atlantic Company, a firm that develops and engineers large-scale water distribution systems. Joining company headquarters in Norfolk in 1939, he was made vice president and ultimately chairman of the board.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Schweitzer's contributions as a businessman and civic leader to the recent history of Norfolk were most distinguished. He was appointed to the Norfolk School Board in 1952, elected chairman in 1955 and served in this capacity until he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council in March 1960. During his years as chairman of the school board, Norfolk experienced the massive resistance crisis. From September 1958 until January 1959 three white high schools and three white junior high schools in the city were closed under Virginia law by order of Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. because the schools were under court order to integrate. Schweitzer was in the forefront of those who worked to have the schools reopened. Mr. Schweitzer was re-elected as chairman of the reorganized Norfolk School Board in July 1959. In the following year he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council to replace George R. Abbott who resigned. Schweitzer was elected in 1960 and re-elected in 1964. He was defeated for re-election in 1968.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Schweitzer's civic activities were numerous. He served on the board of trustees of Lynchburg College from 1957 until May 1976. As chairman of the board he was involved in launching the college's Partnership for Progress development program in 1966. According to Dr. Carey Brewer, president of Lynchburg College, the Partnership of Progress program which raised more than $10 million was \"perhaps the major advancement in the total history of the College.\" Mr. Schweitzer was also a member of the board of directors and the president of the Norfolk Central YMCA, a member of the National Council of the YMCA and chairman of the recreation and education division of the United Communities Council of Social Agencies. He was also vice president of the Tidewater Virginia Development Council, Norfolk region, a member of the board of directors of the Norfolk General Hospital and vice chairman of the board of trustees of Virginia Wesleyan College. He was also chairman of the board of deacons and elder emeritus of First Christian Church.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Schweitzer attained a respected position in the business community. In addition to his position at Layne Atlantic Company, Mr. Schweitzer was director of the Lakewood Water Company in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina and of the Belvedere Water Company in Glen Burnie, Maryland. He was the author of several technical papers on ground water which were published in the Journal of the American Water Works Association. He was a member of the Society of American Military Engineers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Schweitzer was married in 1940 to the former Edna Ilene Stillman of Alexandria, Virginia. They had three children, Mark, Betty Mae and Kay Marie. Mr. Schweitzer passed away in 1976.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNote written by James Sweeney\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Paul T. Schweitzer was born on August 1, 1903, on a farm near Malta, Illinois. Three years later the family moved to Arizona where his father became manager of a cattle ranch outside of Tucson. Several years later the elder Mr. Schweitzer moved into Tucson where he founded the Schweitzer Machine Company which specialized in water pumps. The family moved to Los Angeles in 1918 where the younger Mr. Schweitzer completed high school and went to work for a mortgage and loan company. He remained with the firm until its dissolution in 1935. He then traveled to Washington, D.C. where he opened a branch of Layne-Atlantic Company, a firm that develops and engineers large-scale water distribution systems. Joining company headquarters in Norfolk in 1939, he was made vice president and ultimately chairman of the board.","Mr. Schweitzer's contributions as a businessman and civic leader to the recent history of Norfolk were most distinguished. He was appointed to the Norfolk School Board in 1952, elected chairman in 1955 and served in this capacity until he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council in March 1960. During his years as chairman of the school board, Norfolk experienced the massive resistance crisis. From September 1958 until January 1959 three white high schools and three white junior high schools in the city were closed under Virginia law by order of Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. because the schools were under court order to integrate. Schweitzer was in the forefront of those who worked to have the schools reopened. Mr. Schweitzer was re-elected as chairman of the reorganized Norfolk School Board in July 1959. In the following year he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council to replace George R. Abbott who resigned. Schweitzer was elected in 1960 and re-elected in 1964. He was defeated for re-election in 1968.","Mr. Schweitzer's civic activities were numerous. He served on the board of trustees of Lynchburg College from 1957 until May 1976. As chairman of the board he was involved in launching the college's Partnership for Progress development program in 1966. According to Dr. Carey Brewer, president of Lynchburg College, the Partnership of Progress program which raised more than $10 million was \"perhaps the major advancement in the total history of the College.\" Mr. Schweitzer was also a member of the board of directors and the president of the Norfolk Central YMCA, a member of the National Council of the YMCA and chairman of the recreation and education division of the United Communities Council of Social Agencies. He was also vice president of the Tidewater Virginia Development Council, Norfolk region, a member of the board of directors of the Norfolk General Hospital and vice chairman of the board of trustees of Virginia Wesleyan College. He was also chairman of the board of deacons and elder emeritus of First Christian Church.","Mr. Schweitzer attained a respected position in the business community. In addition to his position at Layne Atlantic Company, Mr. Schweitzer was director of the Lakewood Water Company in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina and of the Belvedere Water Company in Glen Burnie, Maryland. He was the author of several technical papers on ground water which were published in the Journal of the American Water Works Association. He was a member of the Society of American Military Engineers.","Mr. Schweitzer was married in 1940 to the former Edna Ilene Stillman of Alexandria, Virginia. They had three children, Mark, Betty Mae and Kay Marie. Mr. Schweitzer passed away in 1976.","Note written by James Sweeney"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains correspondence, legal documents, publications, photographs, and other material created and collected by Paul T. Schweitzer, a Norfolk, Virginia businessman, school board and city council member. The bulk of the collection consists of material related to Norfolk during massive resistance, when public schools were closed to prevent the admission of African Americans. Of particular note are letters written to Schweitzer both in favor of and against admission of African American students to the public schools.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection contains correspondence, legal documents, publications, photographs, and other material created and collected by Paul T. Schweitzer, a Norfolk, Virginia businessman, school board and city council member. The bulk of the collection consists of material related to Norfolk during massive resistance, when public schools were closed to prevent the admission of African Americans. Of particular note are letters written to Schweitzer both in favor of and against admission of African American students to the public schools."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_2eef01fd6223ec7e09f327b47e5e3869\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eNorfolk businessman and member of the Norfolk School Board (1952-1960) and City Council (1960-1968) during the Massive Resistance crisis. Includes correspondence, legal documents, newspapers clippings, scrapbooks and photographs that primarily document his activities during Norfolk's desegregation crisis.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["Norfolk businessman and member of the Norfolk School Board (1952-1960) and City Council (1960-1968) during the Massive Resistance crisis. Includes correspondence, legal documents, newspapers clippings, scrapbooks and photographs that primarily document his activities during Norfolk's desegregation crisis."],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)"],"names_coll_ssim":["Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)"],"persname_ssim":["Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)"],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)","Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":85,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:39:36.932Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c02_c02_c11"}},{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c02_c02_c12","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Folder 12: Newspaper Clippings, 1959","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c02_c02_c12#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c02_c02_c12","ref_ssm":["vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c02_c02_c12"],"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c02_c02_c12","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c02_c02","parent_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c02_c02","parent_ssim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976","Series III: Publications, 1957/1976","Sub-Series B: Newspaper Clippings, 1957/1976","Box 3"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vino_repositories_5_resources_74","vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03","vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c02","vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c02_c02"],"title_filing_ssi":"Folder 12: Newspaper Clippings","title_ssm":["Folder 12: Newspaper Clippings"],"title_tesim":["Folder 12: Newspaper Clippings"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Folder 12: Newspaper Clippings, 1959"],"text":["Folder 12: Newspaper Clippings, 1959","Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976","Series III: Publications, 1957/1976","Sub-Series B: Newspaper Clippings, 1957/1976","Box 3","box 3","folder 12"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976","Series III: Publications, 1957/1976","Sub-Series B: Newspaper Clippings, 1957/1976","Box 3"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976","Series III: Publications, 1957/1976","Sub-Series B: Newspaper Clippings, 1957/1976","Box 3"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1959"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1959 November"],"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"component_level_isim":[4],"sort_isi":62,"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"collection_ssim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976"],"containers_ssim":["box 3","folder 12"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"date_range_isim":[1959],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 12, Newspaper Clippings, 1959 November, Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_heading_ssm":["Preferred Citation"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 12, Newspaper Clippings, 1959 November, Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"_nest_path_":"/components#2/components#1/components#1/components#11","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:39:36.932Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_74.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/74","title_filing_ssi":"Schweitzer, Paul T.","title_ssm":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers"],"title_tesim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1952-1976, undated","Date acquired: 04/01/1977"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1952-1976, undated"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 04/01/1977"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1952/1976"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976"],"text":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976","MG 16","/repositories/5/resources/74","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","City council members--Virginia--Norfolk","Civic leaders--Virginia--Norfolk","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","School integration--Massive resistance movement","Open to researchers without restrictions.","The collection is arranged into six series: Series I: Correspondence; Series II: Legal Documents; Series III: Publications; Series IV: Photographs, Series V: Miscellaneous, and Series VI: Oversized Materials.","Paul T. Schweitzer was born on August 1, 1903, on a farm near Malta, Illinois. Three years later the family moved to Arizona where his father became manager of a cattle ranch outside of Tucson. Several years later the elder Mr. Schweitzer moved into Tucson where he founded the Schweitzer Machine Company which specialized in water pumps. The family moved to Los Angeles in 1918 where the younger Mr. Schweitzer completed high school and went to work for a mortgage and loan company. He remained with the firm until its dissolution in 1935. He then traveled to Washington, D.C. where he opened a branch of Layne-Atlantic Company, a firm that develops and engineers large-scale water distribution systems. Joining company headquarters in Norfolk in 1939, he was made vice president and ultimately chairman of the board.","Mr. Schweitzer's contributions as a businessman and civic leader to the recent history of Norfolk were most distinguished. He was appointed to the Norfolk School Board in 1952, elected chairman in 1955 and served in this capacity until he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council in March 1960. During his years as chairman of the school board, Norfolk experienced the massive resistance crisis. From September 1958 until January 1959 three white high schools and three white junior high schools in the city were closed under Virginia law by order of Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. because the schools were under court order to integrate. Schweitzer was in the forefront of those who worked to have the schools reopened. Mr. Schweitzer was re-elected as chairman of the reorganized Norfolk School Board in July 1959. In the following year he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council to replace George R. Abbott who resigned. Schweitzer was elected in 1960 and re-elected in 1964. He was defeated for re-election in 1968.","Mr. Schweitzer's civic activities were numerous. He served on the board of trustees of Lynchburg College from 1957 until May 1976. As chairman of the board he was involved in launching the college's Partnership for Progress development program in 1966. According to Dr. Carey Brewer, president of Lynchburg College, the Partnership of Progress program which raised more than $10 million was \"perhaps the major advancement in the total history of the College.\" Mr. Schweitzer was also a member of the board of directors and the president of the Norfolk Central YMCA, a member of the National Council of the YMCA and chairman of the recreation and education division of the United Communities Council of Social Agencies. He was also vice president of the Tidewater Virginia Development Council, Norfolk region, a member of the board of directors of the Norfolk General Hospital and vice chairman of the board of trustees of Virginia Wesleyan College. He was also chairman of the board of deacons and elder emeritus of First Christian Church.","Mr. Schweitzer attained a respected position in the business community. In addition to his position at Layne Atlantic Company, Mr. Schweitzer was director of the Lakewood Water Company in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina and of the Belvedere Water Company in Glen Burnie, Maryland. He was the author of several technical papers on ground water which were published in the Journal of the American Water Works Association. He was a member of the Society of American Military Engineers.","Mr. Schweitzer was married in 1940 to the former Edna Ilene Stillman of Alexandria, Virginia. They had three children, Mark, Betty Mae and Kay Marie. Mr. Schweitzer passed away in 1976.","Note written by James Sweeney","The collection contains correspondence, legal documents, publications, photographs, and other material created and collected by Paul T. Schweitzer, a Norfolk, Virginia businessman, school board and city council member. The bulk of the collection consists of material related to Norfolk during massive resistance, when public schools were closed to prevent the admission of African Americans. Of particular note are letters written to Schweitzer both in favor of and against admission of African American students to the public schools.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","Norfolk businessman and member of the Norfolk School Board (1952-1960) and City Council (1960-1968) during the Massive Resistance crisis. Includes correspondence, legal documents, newspapers clippings, scrapbooks and photographs that primarily document his activities during Norfolk's desegregation crisis.","ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)","Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976"],"collection_ssim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 16","/repositories/5/resources/74"],"unitid_tesim":["MG 16","/repositories/5/resources/74"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"geogname_ssm":["Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"places_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"creator_ssm":["Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)"],"creator_ssim":["Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)"],"creators_ssim":["Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)","ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Mrs. Edna S. Schweitzer","Gift. Accession #A77-23"],"access_subjects_ssim":["City council members--Virginia--Norfolk","Civic leaders--Virginia--Norfolk","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","School integration--Massive resistance movement"],"access_subjects_ssm":["City council members--Virginia--Norfolk","Civic leaders--Virginia--Norfolk","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","School integration--Massive resistance movement"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["3.80 Linear Feet","3 Hollinger documents cases and 2 oversized boxes boxes"],"extent_tesim":["3.80 Linear Feet","3 Hollinger documents cases and 2 oversized boxes boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOpen to researchers without restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged into six series: Series I: Correspondence; Series II: Legal Documents; Series III: Publications; Series IV: Photographs, Series V: Miscellaneous, and Series VI: Oversized Materials.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged into six series: Series I: Correspondence; Series II: Legal Documents; Series III: Publications; Series IV: Photographs, Series V: Miscellaneous, and Series VI: Oversized Materials."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePaul T. Schweitzer was born on August 1, 1903, on a farm near Malta, Illinois. Three years later the family moved to Arizona where his father became manager of a cattle ranch outside of Tucson. Several years later the elder Mr. Schweitzer moved into Tucson where he founded the Schweitzer Machine Company which specialized in water pumps. The family moved to Los Angeles in 1918 where the younger Mr. Schweitzer completed high school and went to work for a mortgage and loan company. He remained with the firm until its dissolution in 1935. He then traveled to Washington, D.C. where he opened a branch of Layne-Atlantic Company, a firm that develops and engineers large-scale water distribution systems. Joining company headquarters in Norfolk in 1939, he was made vice president and ultimately chairman of the board.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Schweitzer's contributions as a businessman and civic leader to the recent history of Norfolk were most distinguished. He was appointed to the Norfolk School Board in 1952, elected chairman in 1955 and served in this capacity until he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council in March 1960. During his years as chairman of the school board, Norfolk experienced the massive resistance crisis. From September 1958 until January 1959 three white high schools and three white junior high schools in the city were closed under Virginia law by order of Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. because the schools were under court order to integrate. Schweitzer was in the forefront of those who worked to have the schools reopened. Mr. Schweitzer was re-elected as chairman of the reorganized Norfolk School Board in July 1959. In the following year he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council to replace George R. Abbott who resigned. Schweitzer was elected in 1960 and re-elected in 1964. He was defeated for re-election in 1968.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Schweitzer's civic activities were numerous. He served on the board of trustees of Lynchburg College from 1957 until May 1976. As chairman of the board he was involved in launching the college's Partnership for Progress development program in 1966. According to Dr. Carey Brewer, president of Lynchburg College, the Partnership of Progress program which raised more than $10 million was \"perhaps the major advancement in the total history of the College.\" Mr. Schweitzer was also a member of the board of directors and the president of the Norfolk Central YMCA, a member of the National Council of the YMCA and chairman of the recreation and education division of the United Communities Council of Social Agencies. He was also vice president of the Tidewater Virginia Development Council, Norfolk region, a member of the board of directors of the Norfolk General Hospital and vice chairman of the board of trustees of Virginia Wesleyan College. He was also chairman of the board of deacons and elder emeritus of First Christian Church.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Schweitzer attained a respected position in the business community. In addition to his position at Layne Atlantic Company, Mr. Schweitzer was director of the Lakewood Water Company in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina and of the Belvedere Water Company in Glen Burnie, Maryland. He was the author of several technical papers on ground water which were published in the Journal of the American Water Works Association. He was a member of the Society of American Military Engineers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Schweitzer was married in 1940 to the former Edna Ilene Stillman of Alexandria, Virginia. They had three children, Mark, Betty Mae and Kay Marie. Mr. Schweitzer passed away in 1976.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNote written by James Sweeney\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Paul T. Schweitzer was born on August 1, 1903, on a farm near Malta, Illinois. Three years later the family moved to Arizona where his father became manager of a cattle ranch outside of Tucson. Several years later the elder Mr. Schweitzer moved into Tucson where he founded the Schweitzer Machine Company which specialized in water pumps. The family moved to Los Angeles in 1918 where the younger Mr. Schweitzer completed high school and went to work for a mortgage and loan company. He remained with the firm until its dissolution in 1935. He then traveled to Washington, D.C. where he opened a branch of Layne-Atlantic Company, a firm that develops and engineers large-scale water distribution systems. Joining company headquarters in Norfolk in 1939, he was made vice president and ultimately chairman of the board.","Mr. Schweitzer's contributions as a businessman and civic leader to the recent history of Norfolk were most distinguished. He was appointed to the Norfolk School Board in 1952, elected chairman in 1955 and served in this capacity until he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council in March 1960. During his years as chairman of the school board, Norfolk experienced the massive resistance crisis. From September 1958 until January 1959 three white high schools and three white junior high schools in the city were closed under Virginia law by order of Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. because the schools were under court order to integrate. Schweitzer was in the forefront of those who worked to have the schools reopened. Mr. Schweitzer was re-elected as chairman of the reorganized Norfolk School Board in July 1959. In the following year he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council to replace George R. Abbott who resigned. Schweitzer was elected in 1960 and re-elected in 1964. He was defeated for re-election in 1968.","Mr. Schweitzer's civic activities were numerous. He served on the board of trustees of Lynchburg College from 1957 until May 1976. As chairman of the board he was involved in launching the college's Partnership for Progress development program in 1966. According to Dr. Carey Brewer, president of Lynchburg College, the Partnership of Progress program which raised more than $10 million was \"perhaps the major advancement in the total history of the College.\" Mr. Schweitzer was also a member of the board of directors and the president of the Norfolk Central YMCA, a member of the National Council of the YMCA and chairman of the recreation and education division of the United Communities Council of Social Agencies. He was also vice president of the Tidewater Virginia Development Council, Norfolk region, a member of the board of directors of the Norfolk General Hospital and vice chairman of the board of trustees of Virginia Wesleyan College. He was also chairman of the board of deacons and elder emeritus of First Christian Church.","Mr. Schweitzer attained a respected position in the business community. In addition to his position at Layne Atlantic Company, Mr. Schweitzer was director of the Lakewood Water Company in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina and of the Belvedere Water Company in Glen Burnie, Maryland. He was the author of several technical papers on ground water which were published in the Journal of the American Water Works Association. He was a member of the Society of American Military Engineers.","Mr. Schweitzer was married in 1940 to the former Edna Ilene Stillman of Alexandria, Virginia. They had three children, Mark, Betty Mae and Kay Marie. Mr. Schweitzer passed away in 1976.","Note written by James Sweeney"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains correspondence, legal documents, publications, photographs, and other material created and collected by Paul T. Schweitzer, a Norfolk, Virginia businessman, school board and city council member. The bulk of the collection consists of material related to Norfolk during massive resistance, when public schools were closed to prevent the admission of African Americans. Of particular note are letters written to Schweitzer both in favor of and against admission of African American students to the public schools.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection contains correspondence, legal documents, publications, photographs, and other material created and collected by Paul T. Schweitzer, a Norfolk, Virginia businessman, school board and city council member. The bulk of the collection consists of material related to Norfolk during massive resistance, when public schools were closed to prevent the admission of African Americans. Of particular note are letters written to Schweitzer both in favor of and against admission of African American students to the public schools."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_2eef01fd6223ec7e09f327b47e5e3869\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eNorfolk businessman and member of the Norfolk School Board (1952-1960) and City Council (1960-1968) during the Massive Resistance crisis. Includes correspondence, legal documents, newspapers clippings, scrapbooks and photographs that primarily document his activities during Norfolk's desegregation crisis.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["Norfolk businessman and member of the Norfolk School Board (1952-1960) and City Council (1960-1968) during the Massive Resistance crisis. Includes correspondence, legal documents, newspapers clippings, scrapbooks and photographs that primarily document his activities during Norfolk's desegregation crisis."],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)"],"names_coll_ssim":["Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)"],"persname_ssim":["Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)"],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)","Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":85,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:39:36.932Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c02_c02_c12"}},{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c02_c01_c01","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Folder 17: Legal Documents, 1958/1962","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c02_c01_c01#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c02_c01_c01","ref_ssm":["vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c02_c01_c01"],"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c02_c01_c01","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c02_c01","parent_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c02_c01","parent_ssim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976","Series II: Legal Documents, 1958/1962","Box 1"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vino_repositories_5_resources_74","vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c02","vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c02_c01"],"title_filing_ssi":"Folder 17: Legal Documents","title_ssm":["Folder 17: Legal Documents"],"title_tesim":["Folder 17: Legal Documents"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Folder 17: Legal Documents, 1958/1962"],"text":["Folder 17: Legal Documents, 1958/1962","Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976","Series II: Legal Documents, 1958/1962","Box 1","box 1","folder 17"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976","Series II: Legal Documents, 1958/1962","Box 1"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976","Series II: Legal Documents, 1958/1962","Box 1"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1958/1962"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1958-1962"],"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"component_level_isim":[3],"sort_isi":21,"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"collection_ssim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976"],"containers_ssim":["box 1","folder 17"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"date_range_isim":[1958,1959,1960,1961,1962],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 17, Legal Documents, 1958-1962, Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_heading_ssm":["Preferred Citation"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 17, Legal Documents, 1958-1962, Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"_nest_path_":"/components#1/components#0/components#0","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:39:36.932Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_74.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/74","title_filing_ssi":"Schweitzer, Paul T.","title_ssm":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers"],"title_tesim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1952-1976, undated","Date acquired: 04/01/1977"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1952-1976, undated"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 04/01/1977"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1952/1976"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976"],"text":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976","MG 16","/repositories/5/resources/74","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","City council members--Virginia--Norfolk","Civic leaders--Virginia--Norfolk","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","School integration--Massive resistance movement","Open to researchers without restrictions.","The collection is arranged into six series: Series I: Correspondence; Series II: Legal Documents; Series III: Publications; Series IV: Photographs, Series V: Miscellaneous, and Series VI: Oversized Materials.","Paul T. Schweitzer was born on August 1, 1903, on a farm near Malta, Illinois. Three years later the family moved to Arizona where his father became manager of a cattle ranch outside of Tucson. Several years later the elder Mr. Schweitzer moved into Tucson where he founded the Schweitzer Machine Company which specialized in water pumps. The family moved to Los Angeles in 1918 where the younger Mr. Schweitzer completed high school and went to work for a mortgage and loan company. He remained with the firm until its dissolution in 1935. He then traveled to Washington, D.C. where he opened a branch of Layne-Atlantic Company, a firm that develops and engineers large-scale water distribution systems. Joining company headquarters in Norfolk in 1939, he was made vice president and ultimately chairman of the board.","Mr. Schweitzer's contributions as a businessman and civic leader to the recent history of Norfolk were most distinguished. He was appointed to the Norfolk School Board in 1952, elected chairman in 1955 and served in this capacity until he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council in March 1960. During his years as chairman of the school board, Norfolk experienced the massive resistance crisis. From September 1958 until January 1959 three white high schools and three white junior high schools in the city were closed under Virginia law by order of Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. because the schools were under court order to integrate. Schweitzer was in the forefront of those who worked to have the schools reopened. Mr. Schweitzer was re-elected as chairman of the reorganized Norfolk School Board in July 1959. In the following year he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council to replace George R. Abbott who resigned. Schweitzer was elected in 1960 and re-elected in 1964. He was defeated for re-election in 1968.","Mr. Schweitzer's civic activities were numerous. He served on the board of trustees of Lynchburg College from 1957 until May 1976. As chairman of the board he was involved in launching the college's Partnership for Progress development program in 1966. According to Dr. Carey Brewer, president of Lynchburg College, the Partnership of Progress program which raised more than $10 million was \"perhaps the major advancement in the total history of the College.\" Mr. Schweitzer was also a member of the board of directors and the president of the Norfolk Central YMCA, a member of the National Council of the YMCA and chairman of the recreation and education division of the United Communities Council of Social Agencies. He was also vice president of the Tidewater Virginia Development Council, Norfolk region, a member of the board of directors of the Norfolk General Hospital and vice chairman of the board of trustees of Virginia Wesleyan College. He was also chairman of the board of deacons and elder emeritus of First Christian Church.","Mr. Schweitzer attained a respected position in the business community. In addition to his position at Layne Atlantic Company, Mr. Schweitzer was director of the Lakewood Water Company in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina and of the Belvedere Water Company in Glen Burnie, Maryland. He was the author of several technical papers on ground water which were published in the Journal of the American Water Works Association. He was a member of the Society of American Military Engineers.","Mr. Schweitzer was married in 1940 to the former Edna Ilene Stillman of Alexandria, Virginia. They had three children, Mark, Betty Mae and Kay Marie. Mr. Schweitzer passed away in 1976.","Note written by James Sweeney","The collection contains correspondence, legal documents, publications, photographs, and other material created and collected by Paul T. Schweitzer, a Norfolk, Virginia businessman, school board and city council member. The bulk of the collection consists of material related to Norfolk during massive resistance, when public schools were closed to prevent the admission of African Americans. Of particular note are letters written to Schweitzer both in favor of and against admission of African American students to the public schools.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","Norfolk businessman and member of the Norfolk School Board (1952-1960) and City Council (1960-1968) during the Massive Resistance crisis. Includes correspondence, legal documents, newspapers clippings, scrapbooks and photographs that primarily document his activities during Norfolk's desegregation crisis.","ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)","Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976"],"collection_ssim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 16","/repositories/5/resources/74"],"unitid_tesim":["MG 16","/repositories/5/resources/74"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"geogname_ssm":["Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"places_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"creator_ssm":["Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)"],"creator_ssim":["Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)"],"creators_ssim":["Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)","ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Mrs. Edna S. Schweitzer","Gift. Accession #A77-23"],"access_subjects_ssim":["City council members--Virginia--Norfolk","Civic leaders--Virginia--Norfolk","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","School integration--Massive resistance movement"],"access_subjects_ssm":["City council members--Virginia--Norfolk","Civic leaders--Virginia--Norfolk","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","School integration--Massive resistance movement"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["3.80 Linear Feet","3 Hollinger documents cases and 2 oversized boxes boxes"],"extent_tesim":["3.80 Linear Feet","3 Hollinger documents cases and 2 oversized boxes boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOpen to researchers without restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged into six series: Series I: Correspondence; Series II: Legal Documents; Series III: Publications; Series IV: Photographs, Series V: Miscellaneous, and Series VI: Oversized Materials.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged into six series: Series I: Correspondence; Series II: Legal Documents; Series III: Publications; Series IV: Photographs, Series V: Miscellaneous, and Series VI: Oversized Materials."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePaul T. Schweitzer was born on August 1, 1903, on a farm near Malta, Illinois. Three years later the family moved to Arizona where his father became manager of a cattle ranch outside of Tucson. Several years later the elder Mr. Schweitzer moved into Tucson where he founded the Schweitzer Machine Company which specialized in water pumps. The family moved to Los Angeles in 1918 where the younger Mr. Schweitzer completed high school and went to work for a mortgage and loan company. He remained with the firm until its dissolution in 1935. He then traveled to Washington, D.C. where he opened a branch of Layne-Atlantic Company, a firm that develops and engineers large-scale water distribution systems. Joining company headquarters in Norfolk in 1939, he was made vice president and ultimately chairman of the board.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Schweitzer's contributions as a businessman and civic leader to the recent history of Norfolk were most distinguished. He was appointed to the Norfolk School Board in 1952, elected chairman in 1955 and served in this capacity until he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council in March 1960. During his years as chairman of the school board, Norfolk experienced the massive resistance crisis. From September 1958 until January 1959 three white high schools and three white junior high schools in the city were closed under Virginia law by order of Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. because the schools were under court order to integrate. Schweitzer was in the forefront of those who worked to have the schools reopened. Mr. Schweitzer was re-elected as chairman of the reorganized Norfolk School Board in July 1959. In the following year he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council to replace George R. Abbott who resigned. Schweitzer was elected in 1960 and re-elected in 1964. He was defeated for re-election in 1968.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Schweitzer's civic activities were numerous. He served on the board of trustees of Lynchburg College from 1957 until May 1976. As chairman of the board he was involved in launching the college's Partnership for Progress development program in 1966. According to Dr. Carey Brewer, president of Lynchburg College, the Partnership of Progress program which raised more than $10 million was \"perhaps the major advancement in the total history of the College.\" Mr. Schweitzer was also a member of the board of directors and the president of the Norfolk Central YMCA, a member of the National Council of the YMCA and chairman of the recreation and education division of the United Communities Council of Social Agencies. He was also vice president of the Tidewater Virginia Development Council, Norfolk region, a member of the board of directors of the Norfolk General Hospital and vice chairman of the board of trustees of Virginia Wesleyan College. He was also chairman of the board of deacons and elder emeritus of First Christian Church.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Schweitzer attained a respected position in the business community. In addition to his position at Layne Atlantic Company, Mr. Schweitzer was director of the Lakewood Water Company in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina and of the Belvedere Water Company in Glen Burnie, Maryland. He was the author of several technical papers on ground water which were published in the Journal of the American Water Works Association. He was a member of the Society of American Military Engineers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Schweitzer was married in 1940 to the former Edna Ilene Stillman of Alexandria, Virginia. They had three children, Mark, Betty Mae and Kay Marie. Mr. Schweitzer passed away in 1976.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNote written by James Sweeney\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Paul T. Schweitzer was born on August 1, 1903, on a farm near Malta, Illinois. Three years later the family moved to Arizona where his father became manager of a cattle ranch outside of Tucson. Several years later the elder Mr. Schweitzer moved into Tucson where he founded the Schweitzer Machine Company which specialized in water pumps. The family moved to Los Angeles in 1918 where the younger Mr. Schweitzer completed high school and went to work for a mortgage and loan company. He remained with the firm until its dissolution in 1935. He then traveled to Washington, D.C. where he opened a branch of Layne-Atlantic Company, a firm that develops and engineers large-scale water distribution systems. Joining company headquarters in Norfolk in 1939, he was made vice president and ultimately chairman of the board.","Mr. Schweitzer's contributions as a businessman and civic leader to the recent history of Norfolk were most distinguished. He was appointed to the Norfolk School Board in 1952, elected chairman in 1955 and served in this capacity until he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council in March 1960. During his years as chairman of the school board, Norfolk experienced the massive resistance crisis. From September 1958 until January 1959 three white high schools and three white junior high schools in the city were closed under Virginia law by order of Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. because the schools were under court order to integrate. Schweitzer was in the forefront of those who worked to have the schools reopened. Mr. Schweitzer was re-elected as chairman of the reorganized Norfolk School Board in July 1959. In the following year he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council to replace George R. Abbott who resigned. Schweitzer was elected in 1960 and re-elected in 1964. He was defeated for re-election in 1968.","Mr. Schweitzer's civic activities were numerous. He served on the board of trustees of Lynchburg College from 1957 until May 1976. As chairman of the board he was involved in launching the college's Partnership for Progress development program in 1966. According to Dr. Carey Brewer, president of Lynchburg College, the Partnership of Progress program which raised more than $10 million was \"perhaps the major advancement in the total history of the College.\" Mr. Schweitzer was also a member of the board of directors and the president of the Norfolk Central YMCA, a member of the National Council of the YMCA and chairman of the recreation and education division of the United Communities Council of Social Agencies. He was also vice president of the Tidewater Virginia Development Council, Norfolk region, a member of the board of directors of the Norfolk General Hospital and vice chairman of the board of trustees of Virginia Wesleyan College. He was also chairman of the board of deacons and elder emeritus of First Christian Church.","Mr. Schweitzer attained a respected position in the business community. In addition to his position at Layne Atlantic Company, Mr. Schweitzer was director of the Lakewood Water Company in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina and of the Belvedere Water Company in Glen Burnie, Maryland. He was the author of several technical papers on ground water which were published in the Journal of the American Water Works Association. He was a member of the Society of American Military Engineers.","Mr. Schweitzer was married in 1940 to the former Edna Ilene Stillman of Alexandria, Virginia. They had three children, Mark, Betty Mae and Kay Marie. Mr. Schweitzer passed away in 1976.","Note written by James Sweeney"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains correspondence, legal documents, publications, photographs, and other material created and collected by Paul T. Schweitzer, a Norfolk, Virginia businessman, school board and city council member. The bulk of the collection consists of material related to Norfolk during massive resistance, when public schools were closed to prevent the admission of African Americans. Of particular note are letters written to Schweitzer both in favor of and against admission of African American students to the public schools.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection contains correspondence, legal documents, publications, photographs, and other material created and collected by Paul T. Schweitzer, a Norfolk, Virginia businessman, school board and city council member. The bulk of the collection consists of material related to Norfolk during massive resistance, when public schools were closed to prevent the admission of African Americans. Of particular note are letters written to Schweitzer both in favor of and against admission of African American students to the public schools."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_2eef01fd6223ec7e09f327b47e5e3869\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eNorfolk businessman and member of the Norfolk School Board (1952-1960) and City Council (1960-1968) during the Massive Resistance crisis. Includes correspondence, legal documents, newspapers clippings, scrapbooks and photographs that primarily document his activities during Norfolk's desegregation crisis.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["Norfolk businessman and member of the Norfolk School Board (1952-1960) and City Council (1960-1968) during the Massive Resistance crisis. Includes correspondence, legal documents, newspapers clippings, scrapbooks and photographs that primarily document his activities during Norfolk's desegregation crisis."],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)"],"names_coll_ssim":["Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)"],"persname_ssim":["Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)"],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)","Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":85,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:39:36.932Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c02_c01_c01"}},{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c01_c01_c07","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Folder 24: Time, 1959","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c01_c01_c07#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c01_c01_c07","ref_ssm":["vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c01_c01_c07"],"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c01_c01_c07","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c01_c01","parent_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c01_c01","parent_ssim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976","Series III: Publications, 1957/1976","Sub-Series A: Miscellaneous, 1957/1959","Box 1"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vino_repositories_5_resources_74","vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03","vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c01","vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c01_c01"],"title_filing_ssi":"Folder 24: Time","title_ssm":["Folder 24: Time"],"title_tesim":["Folder 24: Time"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Folder 24: Time, 1959"],"text":["Folder 24: Time, 1959","Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976","Series III: Publications, 1957/1976","Sub-Series A: Miscellaneous, 1957/1959","Box 1","box 1","folder 24"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976","Series III: Publications, 1957/1976","Sub-Series A: Miscellaneous, 1957/1959","Box 1"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976","Series III: Publications, 1957/1976","Sub-Series A: Miscellaneous, 1957/1959","Box 1"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1959"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1959 February 2"],"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"component_level_isim":[4],"sort_isi":31,"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"collection_ssim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976"],"containers_ssim":["box 1","folder 24"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"date_range_isim":[1959],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 24, Time, 1959 February 2, Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_heading_ssm":["Preferred Citation"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 24, Time, 1959 February 2, Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"_nest_path_":"/components#2/components#0/components#0/components#6","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:39:36.932Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_74.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/74","title_filing_ssi":"Schweitzer, Paul T.","title_ssm":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers"],"title_tesim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1952-1976, undated","Date acquired: 04/01/1977"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1952-1976, undated"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 04/01/1977"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1952/1976"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976"],"text":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976","MG 16","/repositories/5/resources/74","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","City council members--Virginia--Norfolk","Civic leaders--Virginia--Norfolk","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","School integration--Massive resistance movement","Open to researchers without restrictions.","The collection is arranged into six series: Series I: Correspondence; Series II: Legal Documents; Series III: Publications; Series IV: Photographs, Series V: Miscellaneous, and Series VI: Oversized Materials.","Paul T. Schweitzer was born on August 1, 1903, on a farm near Malta, Illinois. Three years later the family moved to Arizona where his father became manager of a cattle ranch outside of Tucson. Several years later the elder Mr. Schweitzer moved into Tucson where he founded the Schweitzer Machine Company which specialized in water pumps. The family moved to Los Angeles in 1918 where the younger Mr. Schweitzer completed high school and went to work for a mortgage and loan company. He remained with the firm until its dissolution in 1935. He then traveled to Washington, D.C. where he opened a branch of Layne-Atlantic Company, a firm that develops and engineers large-scale water distribution systems. Joining company headquarters in Norfolk in 1939, he was made vice president and ultimately chairman of the board.","Mr. Schweitzer's contributions as a businessman and civic leader to the recent history of Norfolk were most distinguished. He was appointed to the Norfolk School Board in 1952, elected chairman in 1955 and served in this capacity until he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council in March 1960. During his years as chairman of the school board, Norfolk experienced the massive resistance crisis. From September 1958 until January 1959 three white high schools and three white junior high schools in the city were closed under Virginia law by order of Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. because the schools were under court order to integrate. Schweitzer was in the forefront of those who worked to have the schools reopened. Mr. Schweitzer was re-elected as chairman of the reorganized Norfolk School Board in July 1959. In the following year he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council to replace George R. Abbott who resigned. Schweitzer was elected in 1960 and re-elected in 1964. He was defeated for re-election in 1968.","Mr. Schweitzer's civic activities were numerous. He served on the board of trustees of Lynchburg College from 1957 until May 1976. As chairman of the board he was involved in launching the college's Partnership for Progress development program in 1966. According to Dr. Carey Brewer, president of Lynchburg College, the Partnership of Progress program which raised more than $10 million was \"perhaps the major advancement in the total history of the College.\" Mr. Schweitzer was also a member of the board of directors and the president of the Norfolk Central YMCA, a member of the National Council of the YMCA and chairman of the recreation and education division of the United Communities Council of Social Agencies. He was also vice president of the Tidewater Virginia Development Council, Norfolk region, a member of the board of directors of the Norfolk General Hospital and vice chairman of the board of trustees of Virginia Wesleyan College. He was also chairman of the board of deacons and elder emeritus of First Christian Church.","Mr. Schweitzer attained a respected position in the business community. In addition to his position at Layne Atlantic Company, Mr. Schweitzer was director of the Lakewood Water Company in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina and of the Belvedere Water Company in Glen Burnie, Maryland. He was the author of several technical papers on ground water which were published in the Journal of the American Water Works Association. He was a member of the Society of American Military Engineers.","Mr. Schweitzer was married in 1940 to the former Edna Ilene Stillman of Alexandria, Virginia. They had three children, Mark, Betty Mae and Kay Marie. Mr. Schweitzer passed away in 1976.","Note written by James Sweeney","The collection contains correspondence, legal documents, publications, photographs, and other material created and collected by Paul T. Schweitzer, a Norfolk, Virginia businessman, school board and city council member. The bulk of the collection consists of material related to Norfolk during massive resistance, when public schools were closed to prevent the admission of African Americans. Of particular note are letters written to Schweitzer both in favor of and against admission of African American students to the public schools.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","Norfolk businessman and member of the Norfolk School Board (1952-1960) and City Council (1960-1968) during the Massive Resistance crisis. Includes correspondence, legal documents, newspapers clippings, scrapbooks and photographs that primarily document his activities during Norfolk's desegregation crisis.","ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)","Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976"],"collection_ssim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 16","/repositories/5/resources/74"],"unitid_tesim":["MG 16","/repositories/5/resources/74"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"geogname_ssm":["Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"places_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"creator_ssm":["Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)"],"creator_ssim":["Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)"],"creators_ssim":["Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)","ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Mrs. Edna S. Schweitzer","Gift. Accession #A77-23"],"access_subjects_ssim":["City council members--Virginia--Norfolk","Civic leaders--Virginia--Norfolk","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","School integration--Massive resistance movement"],"access_subjects_ssm":["City council members--Virginia--Norfolk","Civic leaders--Virginia--Norfolk","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","School integration--Massive resistance movement"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["3.80 Linear Feet","3 Hollinger documents cases and 2 oversized boxes boxes"],"extent_tesim":["3.80 Linear Feet","3 Hollinger documents cases and 2 oversized boxes boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOpen to researchers without restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged into six series: Series I: Correspondence; Series II: Legal Documents; Series III: Publications; Series IV: Photographs, Series V: Miscellaneous, and Series VI: Oversized Materials.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged into six series: Series I: Correspondence; Series II: Legal Documents; Series III: Publications; Series IV: Photographs, Series V: Miscellaneous, and Series VI: Oversized Materials."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePaul T. Schweitzer was born on August 1, 1903, on a farm near Malta, Illinois. Three years later the family moved to Arizona where his father became manager of a cattle ranch outside of Tucson. Several years later the elder Mr. Schweitzer moved into Tucson where he founded the Schweitzer Machine Company which specialized in water pumps. The family moved to Los Angeles in 1918 where the younger Mr. Schweitzer completed high school and went to work for a mortgage and loan company. He remained with the firm until its dissolution in 1935. He then traveled to Washington, D.C. where he opened a branch of Layne-Atlantic Company, a firm that develops and engineers large-scale water distribution systems. Joining company headquarters in Norfolk in 1939, he was made vice president and ultimately chairman of the board.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Schweitzer's contributions as a businessman and civic leader to the recent history of Norfolk were most distinguished. He was appointed to the Norfolk School Board in 1952, elected chairman in 1955 and served in this capacity until he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council in March 1960. During his years as chairman of the school board, Norfolk experienced the massive resistance crisis. From September 1958 until January 1959 three white high schools and three white junior high schools in the city were closed under Virginia law by order of Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. because the schools were under court order to integrate. Schweitzer was in the forefront of those who worked to have the schools reopened. Mr. Schweitzer was re-elected as chairman of the reorganized Norfolk School Board in July 1959. In the following year he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council to replace George R. Abbott who resigned. Schweitzer was elected in 1960 and re-elected in 1964. He was defeated for re-election in 1968.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Schweitzer's civic activities were numerous. He served on the board of trustees of Lynchburg College from 1957 until May 1976. As chairman of the board he was involved in launching the college's Partnership for Progress development program in 1966. According to Dr. Carey Brewer, president of Lynchburg College, the Partnership of Progress program which raised more than $10 million was \"perhaps the major advancement in the total history of the College.\" Mr. Schweitzer was also a member of the board of directors and the president of the Norfolk Central YMCA, a member of the National Council of the YMCA and chairman of the recreation and education division of the United Communities Council of Social Agencies. He was also vice president of the Tidewater Virginia Development Council, Norfolk region, a member of the board of directors of the Norfolk General Hospital and vice chairman of the board of trustees of Virginia Wesleyan College. He was also chairman of the board of deacons and elder emeritus of First Christian Church.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Schweitzer attained a respected position in the business community. In addition to his position at Layne Atlantic Company, Mr. Schweitzer was director of the Lakewood Water Company in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina and of the Belvedere Water Company in Glen Burnie, Maryland. He was the author of several technical papers on ground water which were published in the Journal of the American Water Works Association. He was a member of the Society of American Military Engineers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Schweitzer was married in 1940 to the former Edna Ilene Stillman of Alexandria, Virginia. They had three children, Mark, Betty Mae and Kay Marie. Mr. Schweitzer passed away in 1976.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNote written by James Sweeney\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Paul T. Schweitzer was born on August 1, 1903, on a farm near Malta, Illinois. Three years later the family moved to Arizona where his father became manager of a cattle ranch outside of Tucson. Several years later the elder Mr. Schweitzer moved into Tucson where he founded the Schweitzer Machine Company which specialized in water pumps. The family moved to Los Angeles in 1918 where the younger Mr. Schweitzer completed high school and went to work for a mortgage and loan company. He remained with the firm until its dissolution in 1935. He then traveled to Washington, D.C. where he opened a branch of Layne-Atlantic Company, a firm that develops and engineers large-scale water distribution systems. Joining company headquarters in Norfolk in 1939, he was made vice president and ultimately chairman of the board.","Mr. Schweitzer's contributions as a businessman and civic leader to the recent history of Norfolk were most distinguished. He was appointed to the Norfolk School Board in 1952, elected chairman in 1955 and served in this capacity until he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council in March 1960. During his years as chairman of the school board, Norfolk experienced the massive resistance crisis. From September 1958 until January 1959 three white high schools and three white junior high schools in the city were closed under Virginia law by order of Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. because the schools were under court order to integrate. Schweitzer was in the forefront of those who worked to have the schools reopened. Mr. Schweitzer was re-elected as chairman of the reorganized Norfolk School Board in July 1959. In the following year he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council to replace George R. Abbott who resigned. Schweitzer was elected in 1960 and re-elected in 1964. He was defeated for re-election in 1968.","Mr. Schweitzer's civic activities were numerous. He served on the board of trustees of Lynchburg College from 1957 until May 1976. As chairman of the board he was involved in launching the college's Partnership for Progress development program in 1966. According to Dr. Carey Brewer, president of Lynchburg College, the Partnership of Progress program which raised more than $10 million was \"perhaps the major advancement in the total history of the College.\" Mr. Schweitzer was also a member of the board of directors and the president of the Norfolk Central YMCA, a member of the National Council of the YMCA and chairman of the recreation and education division of the United Communities Council of Social Agencies. He was also vice president of the Tidewater Virginia Development Council, Norfolk region, a member of the board of directors of the Norfolk General Hospital and vice chairman of the board of trustees of Virginia Wesleyan College. He was also chairman of the board of deacons and elder emeritus of First Christian Church.","Mr. Schweitzer attained a respected position in the business community. In addition to his position at Layne Atlantic Company, Mr. Schweitzer was director of the Lakewood Water Company in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina and of the Belvedere Water Company in Glen Burnie, Maryland. He was the author of several technical papers on ground water which were published in the Journal of the American Water Works Association. He was a member of the Society of American Military Engineers.","Mr. Schweitzer was married in 1940 to the former Edna Ilene Stillman of Alexandria, Virginia. They had three children, Mark, Betty Mae and Kay Marie. Mr. Schweitzer passed away in 1976.","Note written by James Sweeney"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains correspondence, legal documents, publications, photographs, and other material created and collected by Paul T. Schweitzer, a Norfolk, Virginia businessman, school board and city council member. The bulk of the collection consists of material related to Norfolk during massive resistance, when public schools were closed to prevent the admission of African Americans. Of particular note are letters written to Schweitzer both in favor of and against admission of African American students to the public schools.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection contains correspondence, legal documents, publications, photographs, and other material created and collected by Paul T. Schweitzer, a Norfolk, Virginia businessman, school board and city council member. The bulk of the collection consists of material related to Norfolk during massive resistance, when public schools were closed to prevent the admission of African Americans. Of particular note are letters written to Schweitzer both in favor of and against admission of African American students to the public schools."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_2eef01fd6223ec7e09f327b47e5e3869\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eNorfolk businessman and member of the Norfolk School Board (1952-1960) and City Council (1960-1968) during the Massive Resistance crisis. Includes correspondence, legal documents, newspapers clippings, scrapbooks and photographs that primarily document his activities during Norfolk's desegregation crisis.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["Norfolk businessman and member of the Norfolk School Board (1952-1960) and City Council (1960-1968) during the Massive Resistance crisis. Includes correspondence, legal documents, newspapers clippings, scrapbooks and photographs that primarily document his activities during Norfolk's desegregation crisis."],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)"],"names_coll_ssim":["Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)"],"persname_ssim":["Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)"],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)","Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":85,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:39:36.932Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c01_c01_c07"}},{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c01_c01_c08","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Folder 25: Time, 1959","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c01_c01_c08#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c01_c01_c08","ref_ssm":["vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c01_c01_c08"],"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c01_c01_c08","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c01_c01","parent_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c01_c01","parent_ssim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976","Series III: Publications, 1957/1976","Sub-Series A: Miscellaneous, 1957/1959","Box 1"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vino_repositories_5_resources_74","vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03","vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c01","vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c01_c01"],"title_filing_ssi":"Folder 25: Time","title_ssm":["Folder 25: Time"],"title_tesim":["Folder 25: Time"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Folder 25: Time, 1959"],"text":["Folder 25: Time, 1959","Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976","Series III: Publications, 1957/1976","Sub-Series A: Miscellaneous, 1957/1959","Box 1","box 1","folder 25"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976","Series III: Publications, 1957/1976","Sub-Series A: Miscellaneous, 1957/1959","Box 1"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976","Series III: Publications, 1957/1976","Sub-Series A: Miscellaneous, 1957/1959","Box 1"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1959"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1959 February 9"],"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"component_level_isim":[4],"sort_isi":32,"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"collection_ssim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976"],"containers_ssim":["box 1","folder 25"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"date_range_isim":[1959],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 25, Time, 1959 February 9, Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_heading_ssm":["Preferred Citation"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 25, Time, 1959 February 9, Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"_nest_path_":"/components#2/components#0/components#0/components#7","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:39:36.932Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_74.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/74","title_filing_ssi":"Schweitzer, Paul T.","title_ssm":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers"],"title_tesim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1952-1976, undated","Date acquired: 04/01/1977"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1952-1976, undated"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 04/01/1977"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1952/1976"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976"],"text":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976","MG 16","/repositories/5/resources/74","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","City council members--Virginia--Norfolk","Civic leaders--Virginia--Norfolk","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","School integration--Massive resistance movement","Open to researchers without restrictions.","The collection is arranged into six series: Series I: Correspondence; Series II: Legal Documents; Series III: Publications; Series IV: Photographs, Series V: Miscellaneous, and Series VI: Oversized Materials.","Paul T. Schweitzer was born on August 1, 1903, on a farm near Malta, Illinois. Three years later the family moved to Arizona where his father became manager of a cattle ranch outside of Tucson. Several years later the elder Mr. Schweitzer moved into Tucson where he founded the Schweitzer Machine Company which specialized in water pumps. The family moved to Los Angeles in 1918 where the younger Mr. Schweitzer completed high school and went to work for a mortgage and loan company. He remained with the firm until its dissolution in 1935. He then traveled to Washington, D.C. where he opened a branch of Layne-Atlantic Company, a firm that develops and engineers large-scale water distribution systems. Joining company headquarters in Norfolk in 1939, he was made vice president and ultimately chairman of the board.","Mr. Schweitzer's contributions as a businessman and civic leader to the recent history of Norfolk were most distinguished. He was appointed to the Norfolk School Board in 1952, elected chairman in 1955 and served in this capacity until he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council in March 1960. During his years as chairman of the school board, Norfolk experienced the massive resistance crisis. From September 1958 until January 1959 three white high schools and three white junior high schools in the city were closed under Virginia law by order of Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. because the schools were under court order to integrate. Schweitzer was in the forefront of those who worked to have the schools reopened. Mr. Schweitzer was re-elected as chairman of the reorganized Norfolk School Board in July 1959. In the following year he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council to replace George R. Abbott who resigned. Schweitzer was elected in 1960 and re-elected in 1964. He was defeated for re-election in 1968.","Mr. Schweitzer's civic activities were numerous. He served on the board of trustees of Lynchburg College from 1957 until May 1976. As chairman of the board he was involved in launching the college's Partnership for Progress development program in 1966. According to Dr. Carey Brewer, president of Lynchburg College, the Partnership of Progress program which raised more than $10 million was \"perhaps the major advancement in the total history of the College.\" Mr. Schweitzer was also a member of the board of directors and the president of the Norfolk Central YMCA, a member of the National Council of the YMCA and chairman of the recreation and education division of the United Communities Council of Social Agencies. He was also vice president of the Tidewater Virginia Development Council, Norfolk region, a member of the board of directors of the Norfolk General Hospital and vice chairman of the board of trustees of Virginia Wesleyan College. He was also chairman of the board of deacons and elder emeritus of First Christian Church.","Mr. Schweitzer attained a respected position in the business community. In addition to his position at Layne Atlantic Company, Mr. Schweitzer was director of the Lakewood Water Company in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina and of the Belvedere Water Company in Glen Burnie, Maryland. He was the author of several technical papers on ground water which were published in the Journal of the American Water Works Association. He was a member of the Society of American Military Engineers.","Mr. Schweitzer was married in 1940 to the former Edna Ilene Stillman of Alexandria, Virginia. They had three children, Mark, Betty Mae and Kay Marie. Mr. Schweitzer passed away in 1976.","Note written by James Sweeney","The collection contains correspondence, legal documents, publications, photographs, and other material created and collected by Paul T. Schweitzer, a Norfolk, Virginia businessman, school board and city council member. The bulk of the collection consists of material related to Norfolk during massive resistance, when public schools were closed to prevent the admission of African Americans. Of particular note are letters written to Schweitzer both in favor of and against admission of African American students to the public schools.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","Norfolk businessman and member of the Norfolk School Board (1952-1960) and City Council (1960-1968) during the Massive Resistance crisis. Includes correspondence, legal documents, newspapers clippings, scrapbooks and photographs that primarily document his activities during Norfolk's desegregation crisis.","ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)","Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976"],"collection_ssim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 16","/repositories/5/resources/74"],"unitid_tesim":["MG 16","/repositories/5/resources/74"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"geogname_ssm":["Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"places_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"creator_ssm":["Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)"],"creator_ssim":["Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)"],"creators_ssim":["Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)","ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Mrs. Edna S. Schweitzer","Gift. Accession #A77-23"],"access_subjects_ssim":["City council members--Virginia--Norfolk","Civic leaders--Virginia--Norfolk","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","School integration--Massive resistance movement"],"access_subjects_ssm":["City council members--Virginia--Norfolk","Civic leaders--Virginia--Norfolk","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","School integration--Massive resistance movement"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["3.80 Linear Feet","3 Hollinger documents cases and 2 oversized boxes boxes"],"extent_tesim":["3.80 Linear Feet","3 Hollinger documents cases and 2 oversized boxes boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOpen to researchers without restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged into six series: Series I: Correspondence; Series II: Legal Documents; Series III: Publications; Series IV: Photographs, Series V: Miscellaneous, and Series VI: Oversized Materials.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged into six series: Series I: Correspondence; Series II: Legal Documents; Series III: Publications; Series IV: Photographs, Series V: Miscellaneous, and Series VI: Oversized Materials."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePaul T. Schweitzer was born on August 1, 1903, on a farm near Malta, Illinois. Three years later the family moved to Arizona where his father became manager of a cattle ranch outside of Tucson. Several years later the elder Mr. Schweitzer moved into Tucson where he founded the Schweitzer Machine Company which specialized in water pumps. The family moved to Los Angeles in 1918 where the younger Mr. Schweitzer completed high school and went to work for a mortgage and loan company. He remained with the firm until its dissolution in 1935. He then traveled to Washington, D.C. where he opened a branch of Layne-Atlantic Company, a firm that develops and engineers large-scale water distribution systems. Joining company headquarters in Norfolk in 1939, he was made vice president and ultimately chairman of the board.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Schweitzer's contributions as a businessman and civic leader to the recent history of Norfolk were most distinguished. He was appointed to the Norfolk School Board in 1952, elected chairman in 1955 and served in this capacity until he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council in March 1960. During his years as chairman of the school board, Norfolk experienced the massive resistance crisis. From September 1958 until January 1959 three white high schools and three white junior high schools in the city were closed under Virginia law by order of Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. because the schools were under court order to integrate. Schweitzer was in the forefront of those who worked to have the schools reopened. Mr. Schweitzer was re-elected as chairman of the reorganized Norfolk School Board in July 1959. In the following year he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council to replace George R. Abbott who resigned. Schweitzer was elected in 1960 and re-elected in 1964. He was defeated for re-election in 1968.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Schweitzer's civic activities were numerous. He served on the board of trustees of Lynchburg College from 1957 until May 1976. As chairman of the board he was involved in launching the college's Partnership for Progress development program in 1966. According to Dr. Carey Brewer, president of Lynchburg College, the Partnership of Progress program which raised more than $10 million was \"perhaps the major advancement in the total history of the College.\" Mr. Schweitzer was also a member of the board of directors and the president of the Norfolk Central YMCA, a member of the National Council of the YMCA and chairman of the recreation and education division of the United Communities Council of Social Agencies. He was also vice president of the Tidewater Virginia Development Council, Norfolk region, a member of the board of directors of the Norfolk General Hospital and vice chairman of the board of trustees of Virginia Wesleyan College. He was also chairman of the board of deacons and elder emeritus of First Christian Church.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Schweitzer attained a respected position in the business community. In addition to his position at Layne Atlantic Company, Mr. Schweitzer was director of the Lakewood Water Company in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina and of the Belvedere Water Company in Glen Burnie, Maryland. He was the author of several technical papers on ground water which were published in the Journal of the American Water Works Association. He was a member of the Society of American Military Engineers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Schweitzer was married in 1940 to the former Edna Ilene Stillman of Alexandria, Virginia. They had three children, Mark, Betty Mae and Kay Marie. Mr. Schweitzer passed away in 1976.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNote written by James Sweeney\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Paul T. Schweitzer was born on August 1, 1903, on a farm near Malta, Illinois. Three years later the family moved to Arizona where his father became manager of a cattle ranch outside of Tucson. Several years later the elder Mr. Schweitzer moved into Tucson where he founded the Schweitzer Machine Company which specialized in water pumps. The family moved to Los Angeles in 1918 where the younger Mr. Schweitzer completed high school and went to work for a mortgage and loan company. He remained with the firm until its dissolution in 1935. He then traveled to Washington, D.C. where he opened a branch of Layne-Atlantic Company, a firm that develops and engineers large-scale water distribution systems. Joining company headquarters in Norfolk in 1939, he was made vice president and ultimately chairman of the board.","Mr. Schweitzer's contributions as a businessman and civic leader to the recent history of Norfolk were most distinguished. He was appointed to the Norfolk School Board in 1952, elected chairman in 1955 and served in this capacity until he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council in March 1960. During his years as chairman of the school board, Norfolk experienced the massive resistance crisis. From September 1958 until January 1959 three white high schools and three white junior high schools in the city were closed under Virginia law by order of Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. because the schools were under court order to integrate. Schweitzer was in the forefront of those who worked to have the schools reopened. Mr. Schweitzer was re-elected as chairman of the reorganized Norfolk School Board in July 1959. In the following year he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council to replace George R. Abbott who resigned. Schweitzer was elected in 1960 and re-elected in 1964. He was defeated for re-election in 1968.","Mr. Schweitzer's civic activities were numerous. He served on the board of trustees of Lynchburg College from 1957 until May 1976. As chairman of the board he was involved in launching the college's Partnership for Progress development program in 1966. According to Dr. Carey Brewer, president of Lynchburg College, the Partnership of Progress program which raised more than $10 million was \"perhaps the major advancement in the total history of the College.\" Mr. Schweitzer was also a member of the board of directors and the president of the Norfolk Central YMCA, a member of the National Council of the YMCA and chairman of the recreation and education division of the United Communities Council of Social Agencies. He was also vice president of the Tidewater Virginia Development Council, Norfolk region, a member of the board of directors of the Norfolk General Hospital and vice chairman of the board of trustees of Virginia Wesleyan College. He was also chairman of the board of deacons and elder emeritus of First Christian Church.","Mr. Schweitzer attained a respected position in the business community. In addition to his position at Layne Atlantic Company, Mr. Schweitzer was director of the Lakewood Water Company in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina and of the Belvedere Water Company in Glen Burnie, Maryland. He was the author of several technical papers on ground water which were published in the Journal of the American Water Works Association. He was a member of the Society of American Military Engineers.","Mr. Schweitzer was married in 1940 to the former Edna Ilene Stillman of Alexandria, Virginia. They had three children, Mark, Betty Mae and Kay Marie. Mr. Schweitzer passed away in 1976.","Note written by James Sweeney"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains correspondence, legal documents, publications, photographs, and other material created and collected by Paul T. Schweitzer, a Norfolk, Virginia businessman, school board and city council member. The bulk of the collection consists of material related to Norfolk during massive resistance, when public schools were closed to prevent the admission of African Americans. Of particular note are letters written to Schweitzer both in favor of and against admission of African American students to the public schools.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection contains correspondence, legal documents, publications, photographs, and other material created and collected by Paul T. Schweitzer, a Norfolk, Virginia businessman, school board and city council member. The bulk of the collection consists of material related to Norfolk during massive resistance, when public schools were closed to prevent the admission of African Americans. Of particular note are letters written to Schweitzer both in favor of and against admission of African American students to the public schools."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_2eef01fd6223ec7e09f327b47e5e3869\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eNorfolk businessman and member of the Norfolk School Board (1952-1960) and City Council (1960-1968) during the Massive Resistance crisis. Includes correspondence, legal documents, newspapers clippings, scrapbooks and photographs that primarily document his activities during Norfolk's desegregation crisis.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["Norfolk businessman and member of the Norfolk School Board (1952-1960) and City Council (1960-1968) during the Massive Resistance crisis. Includes correspondence, legal documents, newspapers clippings, scrapbooks and photographs that primarily document his activities during Norfolk's desegregation crisis."],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)"],"names_coll_ssim":["Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)"],"persname_ssim":["Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)"],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)","Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":85,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:39:36.932Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c01_c01_c08"}},{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c02_c02_c03","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Folder 3: Newspaper Clippings, 1959","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c02_c02_c03#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c02_c02_c03","ref_ssm":["vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c02_c02_c03"],"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c02_c02_c03","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c02_c02","parent_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c02_c02","parent_ssim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976","Series III: Publications, 1957/1976","Sub-Series B: Newspaper Clippings, 1957/1976","Box 3"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vino_repositories_5_resources_74","vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03","vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c02","vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c02_c02"],"title_filing_ssi":"Folder 3: Newspaper Clippings","title_ssm":["Folder 3: Newspaper Clippings"],"title_tesim":["Folder 3: Newspaper Clippings"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Folder 3: Newspaper Clippings, 1959"],"text":["Folder 3: Newspaper Clippings, 1959","Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976","Series III: Publications, 1957/1976","Sub-Series B: Newspaper Clippings, 1957/1976","Box 3","box 3","folder 3"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976","Series III: Publications, 1957/1976","Sub-Series B: Newspaper Clippings, 1957/1976","Box 3"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976","Series III: Publications, 1957/1976","Sub-Series B: Newspaper Clippings, 1957/1976","Box 3"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1959"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1959 January"],"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"component_level_isim":[4],"sort_isi":53,"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"collection_ssim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976"],"containers_ssim":["box 3","folder 3"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"date_range_isim":[1959],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 3, Newspaper Clippings, 1959 January, Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_heading_ssm":["Preferred Citation"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 3, Newspaper Clippings, 1959 January, Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"_nest_path_":"/components#2/components#1/components#1/components#2","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:39:36.932Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_74.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/74","title_filing_ssi":"Schweitzer, Paul T.","title_ssm":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers"],"title_tesim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1952-1976, undated","Date acquired: 04/01/1977"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1952-1976, undated"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 04/01/1977"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1952/1976"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976"],"text":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976","MG 16","/repositories/5/resources/74","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","City council members--Virginia--Norfolk","Civic leaders--Virginia--Norfolk","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","School integration--Massive resistance movement","Open to researchers without restrictions.","The collection is arranged into six series: Series I: Correspondence; Series II: Legal Documents; Series III: Publications; Series IV: Photographs, Series V: Miscellaneous, and Series VI: Oversized Materials.","Paul T. Schweitzer was born on August 1, 1903, on a farm near Malta, Illinois. Three years later the family moved to Arizona where his father became manager of a cattle ranch outside of Tucson. Several years later the elder Mr. Schweitzer moved into Tucson where he founded the Schweitzer Machine Company which specialized in water pumps. The family moved to Los Angeles in 1918 where the younger Mr. Schweitzer completed high school and went to work for a mortgage and loan company. He remained with the firm until its dissolution in 1935. He then traveled to Washington, D.C. where he opened a branch of Layne-Atlantic Company, a firm that develops and engineers large-scale water distribution systems. Joining company headquarters in Norfolk in 1939, he was made vice president and ultimately chairman of the board.","Mr. Schweitzer's contributions as a businessman and civic leader to the recent history of Norfolk were most distinguished. He was appointed to the Norfolk School Board in 1952, elected chairman in 1955 and served in this capacity until he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council in March 1960. During his years as chairman of the school board, Norfolk experienced the massive resistance crisis. From September 1958 until January 1959 three white high schools and three white junior high schools in the city were closed under Virginia law by order of Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. because the schools were under court order to integrate. Schweitzer was in the forefront of those who worked to have the schools reopened. Mr. Schweitzer was re-elected as chairman of the reorganized Norfolk School Board in July 1959. In the following year he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council to replace George R. Abbott who resigned. Schweitzer was elected in 1960 and re-elected in 1964. He was defeated for re-election in 1968.","Mr. Schweitzer's civic activities were numerous. He served on the board of trustees of Lynchburg College from 1957 until May 1976. As chairman of the board he was involved in launching the college's Partnership for Progress development program in 1966. According to Dr. Carey Brewer, president of Lynchburg College, the Partnership of Progress program which raised more than $10 million was \"perhaps the major advancement in the total history of the College.\" Mr. Schweitzer was also a member of the board of directors and the president of the Norfolk Central YMCA, a member of the National Council of the YMCA and chairman of the recreation and education division of the United Communities Council of Social Agencies. He was also vice president of the Tidewater Virginia Development Council, Norfolk region, a member of the board of directors of the Norfolk General Hospital and vice chairman of the board of trustees of Virginia Wesleyan College. He was also chairman of the board of deacons and elder emeritus of First Christian Church.","Mr. Schweitzer attained a respected position in the business community. In addition to his position at Layne Atlantic Company, Mr. Schweitzer was director of the Lakewood Water Company in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina and of the Belvedere Water Company in Glen Burnie, Maryland. He was the author of several technical papers on ground water which were published in the Journal of the American Water Works Association. He was a member of the Society of American Military Engineers.","Mr. Schweitzer was married in 1940 to the former Edna Ilene Stillman of Alexandria, Virginia. They had three children, Mark, Betty Mae and Kay Marie. Mr. Schweitzer passed away in 1976.","Note written by James Sweeney","The collection contains correspondence, legal documents, publications, photographs, and other material created and collected by Paul T. Schweitzer, a Norfolk, Virginia businessman, school board and city council member. The bulk of the collection consists of material related to Norfolk during massive resistance, when public schools were closed to prevent the admission of African Americans. Of particular note are letters written to Schweitzer both in favor of and against admission of African American students to the public schools.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","Norfolk businessman and member of the Norfolk School Board (1952-1960) and City Council (1960-1968) during the Massive Resistance crisis. Includes correspondence, legal documents, newspapers clippings, scrapbooks and photographs that primarily document his activities during Norfolk's desegregation crisis.","ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)","Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976"],"collection_ssim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 16","/repositories/5/resources/74"],"unitid_tesim":["MG 16","/repositories/5/resources/74"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"geogname_ssm":["Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"places_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"creator_ssm":["Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)"],"creator_ssim":["Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)"],"creators_ssim":["Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)","ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Mrs. Edna S. Schweitzer","Gift. Accession #A77-23"],"access_subjects_ssim":["City council members--Virginia--Norfolk","Civic leaders--Virginia--Norfolk","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","School integration--Massive resistance movement"],"access_subjects_ssm":["City council members--Virginia--Norfolk","Civic leaders--Virginia--Norfolk","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","School integration--Massive resistance movement"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["3.80 Linear Feet","3 Hollinger documents cases and 2 oversized boxes boxes"],"extent_tesim":["3.80 Linear Feet","3 Hollinger documents cases and 2 oversized boxes boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOpen to researchers without restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged into six series: Series I: Correspondence; Series II: Legal Documents; Series III: Publications; Series IV: Photographs, Series V: Miscellaneous, and Series VI: Oversized Materials.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged into six series: Series I: Correspondence; Series II: Legal Documents; Series III: Publications; Series IV: Photographs, Series V: Miscellaneous, and Series VI: Oversized Materials."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePaul T. Schweitzer was born on August 1, 1903, on a farm near Malta, Illinois. Three years later the family moved to Arizona where his father became manager of a cattle ranch outside of Tucson. Several years later the elder Mr. Schweitzer moved into Tucson where he founded the Schweitzer Machine Company which specialized in water pumps. The family moved to Los Angeles in 1918 where the younger Mr. Schweitzer completed high school and went to work for a mortgage and loan company. He remained with the firm until its dissolution in 1935. He then traveled to Washington, D.C. where he opened a branch of Layne-Atlantic Company, a firm that develops and engineers large-scale water distribution systems. Joining company headquarters in Norfolk in 1939, he was made vice president and ultimately chairman of the board.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Schweitzer's contributions as a businessman and civic leader to the recent history of Norfolk were most distinguished. He was appointed to the Norfolk School Board in 1952, elected chairman in 1955 and served in this capacity until he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council in March 1960. During his years as chairman of the school board, Norfolk experienced the massive resistance crisis. From September 1958 until January 1959 three white high schools and three white junior high schools in the city were closed under Virginia law by order of Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. because the schools were under court order to integrate. Schweitzer was in the forefront of those who worked to have the schools reopened. Mr. Schweitzer was re-elected as chairman of the reorganized Norfolk School Board in July 1959. In the following year he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council to replace George R. Abbott who resigned. Schweitzer was elected in 1960 and re-elected in 1964. He was defeated for re-election in 1968.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Schweitzer's civic activities were numerous. He served on the board of trustees of Lynchburg College from 1957 until May 1976. As chairman of the board he was involved in launching the college's Partnership for Progress development program in 1966. According to Dr. Carey Brewer, president of Lynchburg College, the Partnership of Progress program which raised more than $10 million was \"perhaps the major advancement in the total history of the College.\" Mr. Schweitzer was also a member of the board of directors and the president of the Norfolk Central YMCA, a member of the National Council of the YMCA and chairman of the recreation and education division of the United Communities Council of Social Agencies. He was also vice president of the Tidewater Virginia Development Council, Norfolk region, a member of the board of directors of the Norfolk General Hospital and vice chairman of the board of trustees of Virginia Wesleyan College. He was also chairman of the board of deacons and elder emeritus of First Christian Church.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Schweitzer attained a respected position in the business community. In addition to his position at Layne Atlantic Company, Mr. Schweitzer was director of the Lakewood Water Company in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina and of the Belvedere Water Company in Glen Burnie, Maryland. He was the author of several technical papers on ground water which were published in the Journal of the American Water Works Association. He was a member of the Society of American Military Engineers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Schweitzer was married in 1940 to the former Edna Ilene Stillman of Alexandria, Virginia. They had three children, Mark, Betty Mae and Kay Marie. Mr. Schweitzer passed away in 1976.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNote written by James Sweeney\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Paul T. Schweitzer was born on August 1, 1903, on a farm near Malta, Illinois. Three years later the family moved to Arizona where his father became manager of a cattle ranch outside of Tucson. Several years later the elder Mr. Schweitzer moved into Tucson where he founded the Schweitzer Machine Company which specialized in water pumps. The family moved to Los Angeles in 1918 where the younger Mr. Schweitzer completed high school and went to work for a mortgage and loan company. He remained with the firm until its dissolution in 1935. He then traveled to Washington, D.C. where he opened a branch of Layne-Atlantic Company, a firm that develops and engineers large-scale water distribution systems. Joining company headquarters in Norfolk in 1939, he was made vice president and ultimately chairman of the board.","Mr. Schweitzer's contributions as a businessman and civic leader to the recent history of Norfolk were most distinguished. He was appointed to the Norfolk School Board in 1952, elected chairman in 1955 and served in this capacity until he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council in March 1960. During his years as chairman of the school board, Norfolk experienced the massive resistance crisis. From September 1958 until January 1959 three white high schools and three white junior high schools in the city were closed under Virginia law by order of Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. because the schools were under court order to integrate. Schweitzer was in the forefront of those who worked to have the schools reopened. Mr. Schweitzer was re-elected as chairman of the reorganized Norfolk School Board in July 1959. In the following year he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council to replace George R. Abbott who resigned. Schweitzer was elected in 1960 and re-elected in 1964. He was defeated for re-election in 1968.","Mr. Schweitzer's civic activities were numerous. He served on the board of trustees of Lynchburg College from 1957 until May 1976. As chairman of the board he was involved in launching the college's Partnership for Progress development program in 1966. According to Dr. Carey Brewer, president of Lynchburg College, the Partnership of Progress program which raised more than $10 million was \"perhaps the major advancement in the total history of the College.\" Mr. Schweitzer was also a member of the board of directors and the president of the Norfolk Central YMCA, a member of the National Council of the YMCA and chairman of the recreation and education division of the United Communities Council of Social Agencies. He was also vice president of the Tidewater Virginia Development Council, Norfolk region, a member of the board of directors of the Norfolk General Hospital and vice chairman of the board of trustees of Virginia Wesleyan College. He was also chairman of the board of deacons and elder emeritus of First Christian Church.","Mr. Schweitzer attained a respected position in the business community. In addition to his position at Layne Atlantic Company, Mr. Schweitzer was director of the Lakewood Water Company in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina and of the Belvedere Water Company in Glen Burnie, Maryland. He was the author of several technical papers on ground water which were published in the Journal of the American Water Works Association. He was a member of the Society of American Military Engineers.","Mr. Schweitzer was married in 1940 to the former Edna Ilene Stillman of Alexandria, Virginia. They had three children, Mark, Betty Mae and Kay Marie. Mr. Schweitzer passed away in 1976.","Note written by James Sweeney"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains correspondence, legal documents, publications, photographs, and other material created and collected by Paul T. Schweitzer, a Norfolk, Virginia businessman, school board and city council member. The bulk of the collection consists of material related to Norfolk during massive resistance, when public schools were closed to prevent the admission of African Americans. Of particular note are letters written to Schweitzer both in favor of and against admission of African American students to the public schools.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection contains correspondence, legal documents, publications, photographs, and other material created and collected by Paul T. Schweitzer, a Norfolk, Virginia businessman, school board and city council member. The bulk of the collection consists of material related to Norfolk during massive resistance, when public schools were closed to prevent the admission of African Americans. Of particular note are letters written to Schweitzer both in favor of and against admission of African American students to the public schools."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_2eef01fd6223ec7e09f327b47e5e3869\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eNorfolk businessman and member of the Norfolk School Board (1952-1960) and City Council (1960-1968) during the Massive Resistance crisis. Includes correspondence, legal documents, newspapers clippings, scrapbooks and photographs that primarily document his activities during Norfolk's desegregation crisis.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["Norfolk businessman and member of the Norfolk School Board (1952-1960) and City Council (1960-1968) during the Massive Resistance crisis. Includes correspondence, legal documents, newspapers clippings, scrapbooks and photographs that primarily document his activities during Norfolk's desegregation crisis."],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)"],"names_coll_ssim":["Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)"],"persname_ssim":["Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)"],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)","Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":85,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:39:36.932Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c02_c02_c03"}},{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c04_c01_c02","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Folder 3: Photographs: Norfolk Operation Understanding Group I, 1952/1968","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c04_c01_c02#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c04_c01_c02","ref_ssm":["vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c04_c01_c02"],"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c04_c01_c02","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c04_c01","parent_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c04_c01","parent_ssim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976","Series IV: Photographs, 1952/1968","Box 3A"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vino_repositories_5_resources_74","vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c04","vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c04_c01"],"title_filing_ssi":"Folder 3: Photographs: Norfolk Operation Understanding Group I","title_ssm":["Folder 3: Photographs: Norfolk Operation Understanding Group I"],"title_tesim":["Folder 3: Photographs: Norfolk Operation Understanding Group I"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Folder 3: Photographs: Norfolk Operation Understanding Group I, 1952/1968"],"text":["Folder 3: Photographs: Norfolk Operation Understanding Group I, 1952/1968","Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976","Series IV: Photographs, 1952/1968","Box 3A","box 3A","folder 3"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976","Series IV: Photographs, 1952/1968","Box 3A"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976","Series IV: Photographs, 1952/1968","Box 3A"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1952/1968"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["circa 1952-1968"],"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"component_level_isim":[3],"sort_isi":71,"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"collection_ssim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976"],"containers_ssim":["box 3A","folder 3"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"date_range_isim":[1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3A, Folder 3, Photographs: Norfolk Operation Understanding Group I, circa 1952-1968, Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_heading_ssm":["Preferred Citation"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item and date], Box 3A, Folder 3, Photographs: Norfolk Operation Understanding Group I, circa 1952-1968, Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"_nest_path_":"/components#3/components#0/components#1","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:39:36.932Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_74.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/74","title_filing_ssi":"Schweitzer, Paul T.","title_ssm":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers"],"title_tesim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1952-1976, undated","Date acquired: 04/01/1977"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1952-1976, undated"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 04/01/1977"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1952/1976"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976"],"text":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976","MG 16","/repositories/5/resources/74","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","City council members--Virginia--Norfolk","Civic leaders--Virginia--Norfolk","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","School integration--Massive resistance movement","Open to researchers without restrictions.","The collection is arranged into six series: Series I: Correspondence; Series II: Legal Documents; Series III: Publications; Series IV: Photographs, Series V: Miscellaneous, and Series VI: Oversized Materials.","Paul T. Schweitzer was born on August 1, 1903, on a farm near Malta, Illinois. Three years later the family moved to Arizona where his father became manager of a cattle ranch outside of Tucson. Several years later the elder Mr. Schweitzer moved into Tucson where he founded the Schweitzer Machine Company which specialized in water pumps. The family moved to Los Angeles in 1918 where the younger Mr. Schweitzer completed high school and went to work for a mortgage and loan company. He remained with the firm until its dissolution in 1935. He then traveled to Washington, D.C. where he opened a branch of Layne-Atlantic Company, a firm that develops and engineers large-scale water distribution systems. Joining company headquarters in Norfolk in 1939, he was made vice president and ultimately chairman of the board.","Mr. Schweitzer's contributions as a businessman and civic leader to the recent history of Norfolk were most distinguished. He was appointed to the Norfolk School Board in 1952, elected chairman in 1955 and served in this capacity until he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council in March 1960. During his years as chairman of the school board, Norfolk experienced the massive resistance crisis. From September 1958 until January 1959 three white high schools and three white junior high schools in the city were closed under Virginia law by order of Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. because the schools were under court order to integrate. Schweitzer was in the forefront of those who worked to have the schools reopened. Mr. Schweitzer was re-elected as chairman of the reorganized Norfolk School Board in July 1959. In the following year he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council to replace George R. Abbott who resigned. Schweitzer was elected in 1960 and re-elected in 1964. He was defeated for re-election in 1968.","Mr. Schweitzer's civic activities were numerous. He served on the board of trustees of Lynchburg College from 1957 until May 1976. As chairman of the board he was involved in launching the college's Partnership for Progress development program in 1966. According to Dr. Carey Brewer, president of Lynchburg College, the Partnership of Progress program which raised more than $10 million was \"perhaps the major advancement in the total history of the College.\" Mr. Schweitzer was also a member of the board of directors and the president of the Norfolk Central YMCA, a member of the National Council of the YMCA and chairman of the recreation and education division of the United Communities Council of Social Agencies. He was also vice president of the Tidewater Virginia Development Council, Norfolk region, a member of the board of directors of the Norfolk General Hospital and vice chairman of the board of trustees of Virginia Wesleyan College. He was also chairman of the board of deacons and elder emeritus of First Christian Church.","Mr. Schweitzer attained a respected position in the business community. In addition to his position at Layne Atlantic Company, Mr. Schweitzer was director of the Lakewood Water Company in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina and of the Belvedere Water Company in Glen Burnie, Maryland. He was the author of several technical papers on ground water which were published in the Journal of the American Water Works Association. He was a member of the Society of American Military Engineers.","Mr. Schweitzer was married in 1940 to the former Edna Ilene Stillman of Alexandria, Virginia. They had three children, Mark, Betty Mae and Kay Marie. Mr. Schweitzer passed away in 1976.","Note written by James Sweeney","The collection contains correspondence, legal documents, publications, photographs, and other material created and collected by Paul T. Schweitzer, a Norfolk, Virginia businessman, school board and city council member. The bulk of the collection consists of material related to Norfolk during massive resistance, when public schools were closed to prevent the admission of African Americans. Of particular note are letters written to Schweitzer both in favor of and against admission of African American students to the public schools.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","Norfolk businessman and member of the Norfolk School Board (1952-1960) and City Council (1960-1968) during the Massive Resistance crisis. Includes correspondence, legal documents, newspapers clippings, scrapbooks and photographs that primarily document his activities during Norfolk's desegregation crisis.","ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)","Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976"],"collection_ssim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 16","/repositories/5/resources/74"],"unitid_tesim":["MG 16","/repositories/5/resources/74"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"geogname_ssm":["Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"places_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"creator_ssm":["Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)"],"creator_ssim":["Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)"],"creators_ssim":["Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)","ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Mrs. Edna S. Schweitzer","Gift. Accession #A77-23"],"access_subjects_ssim":["City council members--Virginia--Norfolk","Civic leaders--Virginia--Norfolk","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","School integration--Massive resistance movement"],"access_subjects_ssm":["City council members--Virginia--Norfolk","Civic leaders--Virginia--Norfolk","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","School integration--Massive resistance movement"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["3.80 Linear Feet","3 Hollinger documents cases and 2 oversized boxes boxes"],"extent_tesim":["3.80 Linear Feet","3 Hollinger documents cases and 2 oversized boxes boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOpen to researchers without restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged into six series: Series I: Correspondence; Series II: Legal Documents; Series III: Publications; Series IV: Photographs, Series V: Miscellaneous, and Series VI: Oversized Materials.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged into six series: Series I: Correspondence; Series II: Legal Documents; Series III: Publications; Series IV: Photographs, Series V: Miscellaneous, and Series VI: Oversized Materials."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePaul T. Schweitzer was born on August 1, 1903, on a farm near Malta, Illinois. Three years later the family moved to Arizona where his father became manager of a cattle ranch outside of Tucson. Several years later the elder Mr. Schweitzer moved into Tucson where he founded the Schweitzer Machine Company which specialized in water pumps. The family moved to Los Angeles in 1918 where the younger Mr. Schweitzer completed high school and went to work for a mortgage and loan company. He remained with the firm until its dissolution in 1935. He then traveled to Washington, D.C. where he opened a branch of Layne-Atlantic Company, a firm that develops and engineers large-scale water distribution systems. Joining company headquarters in Norfolk in 1939, he was made vice president and ultimately chairman of the board.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Schweitzer's contributions as a businessman and civic leader to the recent history of Norfolk were most distinguished. He was appointed to the Norfolk School Board in 1952, elected chairman in 1955 and served in this capacity until he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council in March 1960. During his years as chairman of the school board, Norfolk experienced the massive resistance crisis. From September 1958 until January 1959 three white high schools and three white junior high schools in the city were closed under Virginia law by order of Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. because the schools were under court order to integrate. Schweitzer was in the forefront of those who worked to have the schools reopened. Mr. Schweitzer was re-elected as chairman of the reorganized Norfolk School Board in July 1959. In the following year he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council to replace George R. Abbott who resigned. Schweitzer was elected in 1960 and re-elected in 1964. He was defeated for re-election in 1968.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Schweitzer's civic activities were numerous. He served on the board of trustees of Lynchburg College from 1957 until May 1976. As chairman of the board he was involved in launching the college's Partnership for Progress development program in 1966. According to Dr. Carey Brewer, president of Lynchburg College, the Partnership of Progress program which raised more than $10 million was \"perhaps the major advancement in the total history of the College.\" Mr. Schweitzer was also a member of the board of directors and the president of the Norfolk Central YMCA, a member of the National Council of the YMCA and chairman of the recreation and education division of the United Communities Council of Social Agencies. He was also vice president of the Tidewater Virginia Development Council, Norfolk region, a member of the board of directors of the Norfolk General Hospital and vice chairman of the board of trustees of Virginia Wesleyan College. He was also chairman of the board of deacons and elder emeritus of First Christian Church.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Schweitzer attained a respected position in the business community. In addition to his position at Layne Atlantic Company, Mr. Schweitzer was director of the Lakewood Water Company in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina and of the Belvedere Water Company in Glen Burnie, Maryland. He was the author of several technical papers on ground water which were published in the Journal of the American Water Works Association. He was a member of the Society of American Military Engineers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Schweitzer was married in 1940 to the former Edna Ilene Stillman of Alexandria, Virginia. They had three children, Mark, Betty Mae and Kay Marie. Mr. Schweitzer passed away in 1976.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNote written by James Sweeney\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Paul T. Schweitzer was born on August 1, 1903, on a farm near Malta, Illinois. Three years later the family moved to Arizona where his father became manager of a cattle ranch outside of Tucson. Several years later the elder Mr. Schweitzer moved into Tucson where he founded the Schweitzer Machine Company which specialized in water pumps. The family moved to Los Angeles in 1918 where the younger Mr. Schweitzer completed high school and went to work for a mortgage and loan company. He remained with the firm until its dissolution in 1935. He then traveled to Washington, D.C. where he opened a branch of Layne-Atlantic Company, a firm that develops and engineers large-scale water distribution systems. Joining company headquarters in Norfolk in 1939, he was made vice president and ultimately chairman of the board.","Mr. Schweitzer's contributions as a businessman and civic leader to the recent history of Norfolk were most distinguished. He was appointed to the Norfolk School Board in 1952, elected chairman in 1955 and served in this capacity until he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council in March 1960. During his years as chairman of the school board, Norfolk experienced the massive resistance crisis. From September 1958 until January 1959 three white high schools and three white junior high schools in the city were closed under Virginia law by order of Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. because the schools were under court order to integrate. Schweitzer was in the forefront of those who worked to have the schools reopened. Mr. Schweitzer was re-elected as chairman of the reorganized Norfolk School Board in July 1959. In the following year he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council to replace George R. Abbott who resigned. Schweitzer was elected in 1960 and re-elected in 1964. He was defeated for re-election in 1968.","Mr. Schweitzer's civic activities were numerous. He served on the board of trustees of Lynchburg College from 1957 until May 1976. As chairman of the board he was involved in launching the college's Partnership for Progress development program in 1966. According to Dr. Carey Brewer, president of Lynchburg College, the Partnership of Progress program which raised more than $10 million was \"perhaps the major advancement in the total history of the College.\" Mr. Schweitzer was also a member of the board of directors and the president of the Norfolk Central YMCA, a member of the National Council of the YMCA and chairman of the recreation and education division of the United Communities Council of Social Agencies. He was also vice president of the Tidewater Virginia Development Council, Norfolk region, a member of the board of directors of the Norfolk General Hospital and vice chairman of the board of trustees of Virginia Wesleyan College. He was also chairman of the board of deacons and elder emeritus of First Christian Church.","Mr. Schweitzer attained a respected position in the business community. In addition to his position at Layne Atlantic Company, Mr. Schweitzer was director of the Lakewood Water Company in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina and of the Belvedere Water Company in Glen Burnie, Maryland. He was the author of several technical papers on ground water which were published in the Journal of the American Water Works Association. He was a member of the Society of American Military Engineers.","Mr. Schweitzer was married in 1940 to the former Edna Ilene Stillman of Alexandria, Virginia. They had three children, Mark, Betty Mae and Kay Marie. Mr. Schweitzer passed away in 1976.","Note written by James Sweeney"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains correspondence, legal documents, publications, photographs, and other material created and collected by Paul T. Schweitzer, a Norfolk, Virginia businessman, school board and city council member. The bulk of the collection consists of material related to Norfolk during massive resistance, when public schools were closed to prevent the admission of African Americans. Of particular note are letters written to Schweitzer both in favor of and against admission of African American students to the public schools.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection contains correspondence, legal documents, publications, photographs, and other material created and collected by Paul T. Schweitzer, a Norfolk, Virginia businessman, school board and city council member. The bulk of the collection consists of material related to Norfolk during massive resistance, when public schools were closed to prevent the admission of African Americans. Of particular note are letters written to Schweitzer both in favor of and against admission of African American students to the public schools."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_2eef01fd6223ec7e09f327b47e5e3869\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eNorfolk businessman and member of the Norfolk School Board (1952-1960) and City Council (1960-1968) during the Massive Resistance crisis. Includes correspondence, legal documents, newspapers clippings, scrapbooks and photographs that primarily document his activities during Norfolk's desegregation crisis.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["Norfolk businessman and member of the Norfolk School Board (1952-1960) and City Council (1960-1968) during the Massive Resistance crisis. Includes correspondence, legal documents, newspapers clippings, scrapbooks and photographs that primarily document his activities during Norfolk's desegregation crisis."],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)"],"names_coll_ssim":["Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)"],"persname_ssim":["Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)"],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)","Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":85,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:39:36.932Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c04_c01_c02"}},{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c01_c01_c04","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Folder 4: Correspondence, 1959","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c01_c01_c04#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c01_c01_c04","ref_ssm":["vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c01_c01_c04"],"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c01_c01_c04","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c01_c01","parent_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c01_c01","parent_ssim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976","Series I: Correspondence, 1957/1968","Box 1"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vino_repositories_5_resources_74","vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c01","vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c01_c01"],"title_filing_ssi":"Folder 4: Correspondence","title_ssm":["Folder 4: Correspondence"],"title_tesim":["Folder 4: Correspondence"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Folder 4: Correspondence, 1959"],"text":["Folder 4: Correspondence, 1959","Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976","Series I: Correspondence, 1957/1968","Box 1","box 1","folder 4"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976","Series I: Correspondence, 1957/1968","Box 1"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976","Series I: Correspondence, 1957/1968","Box 1"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1959"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1959 January"],"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"component_level_isim":[3],"sort_isi":6,"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"collection_ssim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976"],"containers_ssim":["box 1","folder 4"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"date_range_isim":[1959],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 4, Correspondence, 1959 January, Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_heading_ssm":["Preferred Citation"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 4, Correspondence, 1959 January, Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#0/components#3","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:39:36.932Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_74.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/74","title_filing_ssi":"Schweitzer, Paul T.","title_ssm":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers"],"title_tesim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1952-1976, undated","Date acquired: 04/01/1977"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1952-1976, undated"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 04/01/1977"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1952/1976"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976"],"text":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976","MG 16","/repositories/5/resources/74","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","City council members--Virginia--Norfolk","Civic leaders--Virginia--Norfolk","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","School integration--Massive resistance movement","Open to researchers without restrictions.","The collection is arranged into six series: Series I: Correspondence; Series II: Legal Documents; Series III: Publications; Series IV: Photographs, Series V: Miscellaneous, and Series VI: Oversized Materials.","Paul T. Schweitzer was born on August 1, 1903, on a farm near Malta, Illinois. Three years later the family moved to Arizona where his father became manager of a cattle ranch outside of Tucson. Several years later the elder Mr. Schweitzer moved into Tucson where he founded the Schweitzer Machine Company which specialized in water pumps. The family moved to Los Angeles in 1918 where the younger Mr. Schweitzer completed high school and went to work for a mortgage and loan company. He remained with the firm until its dissolution in 1935. He then traveled to Washington, D.C. where he opened a branch of Layne-Atlantic Company, a firm that develops and engineers large-scale water distribution systems. Joining company headquarters in Norfolk in 1939, he was made vice president and ultimately chairman of the board.","Mr. Schweitzer's contributions as a businessman and civic leader to the recent history of Norfolk were most distinguished. He was appointed to the Norfolk School Board in 1952, elected chairman in 1955 and served in this capacity until he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council in March 1960. During his years as chairman of the school board, Norfolk experienced the massive resistance crisis. From September 1958 until January 1959 three white high schools and three white junior high schools in the city were closed under Virginia law by order of Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. because the schools were under court order to integrate. Schweitzer was in the forefront of those who worked to have the schools reopened. Mr. Schweitzer was re-elected as chairman of the reorganized Norfolk School Board in July 1959. In the following year he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council to replace George R. Abbott who resigned. Schweitzer was elected in 1960 and re-elected in 1964. He was defeated for re-election in 1968.","Mr. Schweitzer's civic activities were numerous. He served on the board of trustees of Lynchburg College from 1957 until May 1976. As chairman of the board he was involved in launching the college's Partnership for Progress development program in 1966. According to Dr. Carey Brewer, president of Lynchburg College, the Partnership of Progress program which raised more than $10 million was \"perhaps the major advancement in the total history of the College.\" Mr. Schweitzer was also a member of the board of directors and the president of the Norfolk Central YMCA, a member of the National Council of the YMCA and chairman of the recreation and education division of the United Communities Council of Social Agencies. He was also vice president of the Tidewater Virginia Development Council, Norfolk region, a member of the board of directors of the Norfolk General Hospital and vice chairman of the board of trustees of Virginia Wesleyan College. He was also chairman of the board of deacons and elder emeritus of First Christian Church.","Mr. Schweitzer attained a respected position in the business community. In addition to his position at Layne Atlantic Company, Mr. Schweitzer was director of the Lakewood Water Company in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina and of the Belvedere Water Company in Glen Burnie, Maryland. He was the author of several technical papers on ground water which were published in the Journal of the American Water Works Association. He was a member of the Society of American Military Engineers.","Mr. Schweitzer was married in 1940 to the former Edna Ilene Stillman of Alexandria, Virginia. They had three children, Mark, Betty Mae and Kay Marie. Mr. Schweitzer passed away in 1976.","Note written by James Sweeney","The collection contains correspondence, legal documents, publications, photographs, and other material created and collected by Paul T. Schweitzer, a Norfolk, Virginia businessman, school board and city council member. The bulk of the collection consists of material related to Norfolk during massive resistance, when public schools were closed to prevent the admission of African Americans. Of particular note are letters written to Schweitzer both in favor of and against admission of African American students to the public schools.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","Norfolk businessman and member of the Norfolk School Board (1952-1960) and City Council (1960-1968) during the Massive Resistance crisis. Includes correspondence, legal documents, newspapers clippings, scrapbooks and photographs that primarily document his activities during Norfolk's desegregation crisis.","ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)","Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976"],"collection_ssim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 16","/repositories/5/resources/74"],"unitid_tesim":["MG 16","/repositories/5/resources/74"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"geogname_ssm":["Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"places_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"creator_ssm":["Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)"],"creator_ssim":["Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)"],"creators_ssim":["Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)","ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Mrs. Edna S. Schweitzer","Gift. Accession #A77-23"],"access_subjects_ssim":["City council members--Virginia--Norfolk","Civic leaders--Virginia--Norfolk","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","School integration--Massive resistance movement"],"access_subjects_ssm":["City council members--Virginia--Norfolk","Civic leaders--Virginia--Norfolk","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","School integration--Massive resistance movement"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["3.80 Linear Feet","3 Hollinger documents cases and 2 oversized boxes boxes"],"extent_tesim":["3.80 Linear Feet","3 Hollinger documents cases and 2 oversized boxes boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOpen to researchers without restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged into six series: Series I: Correspondence; Series II: Legal Documents; Series III: Publications; Series IV: Photographs, Series V: Miscellaneous, and Series VI: Oversized Materials.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged into six series: Series I: Correspondence; Series II: Legal Documents; Series III: Publications; Series IV: Photographs, Series V: Miscellaneous, and Series VI: Oversized Materials."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePaul T. Schweitzer was born on August 1, 1903, on a farm near Malta, Illinois. Three years later the family moved to Arizona where his father became manager of a cattle ranch outside of Tucson. Several years later the elder Mr. Schweitzer moved into Tucson where he founded the Schweitzer Machine Company which specialized in water pumps. The family moved to Los Angeles in 1918 where the younger Mr. Schweitzer completed high school and went to work for a mortgage and loan company. He remained with the firm until its dissolution in 1935. He then traveled to Washington, D.C. where he opened a branch of Layne-Atlantic Company, a firm that develops and engineers large-scale water distribution systems. Joining company headquarters in Norfolk in 1939, he was made vice president and ultimately chairman of the board.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Schweitzer's contributions as a businessman and civic leader to the recent history of Norfolk were most distinguished. He was appointed to the Norfolk School Board in 1952, elected chairman in 1955 and served in this capacity until he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council in March 1960. During his years as chairman of the school board, Norfolk experienced the massive resistance crisis. From September 1958 until January 1959 three white high schools and three white junior high schools in the city were closed under Virginia law by order of Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. because the schools were under court order to integrate. Schweitzer was in the forefront of those who worked to have the schools reopened. Mr. Schweitzer was re-elected as chairman of the reorganized Norfolk School Board in July 1959. In the following year he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council to replace George R. Abbott who resigned. Schweitzer was elected in 1960 and re-elected in 1964. He was defeated for re-election in 1968.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Schweitzer's civic activities were numerous. He served on the board of trustees of Lynchburg College from 1957 until May 1976. As chairman of the board he was involved in launching the college's Partnership for Progress development program in 1966. According to Dr. Carey Brewer, president of Lynchburg College, the Partnership of Progress program which raised more than $10 million was \"perhaps the major advancement in the total history of the College.\" Mr. Schweitzer was also a member of the board of directors and the president of the Norfolk Central YMCA, a member of the National Council of the YMCA and chairman of the recreation and education division of the United Communities Council of Social Agencies. He was also vice president of the Tidewater Virginia Development Council, Norfolk region, a member of the board of directors of the Norfolk General Hospital and vice chairman of the board of trustees of Virginia Wesleyan College. He was also chairman of the board of deacons and elder emeritus of First Christian Church.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Schweitzer attained a respected position in the business community. In addition to his position at Layne Atlantic Company, Mr. Schweitzer was director of the Lakewood Water Company in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina and of the Belvedere Water Company in Glen Burnie, Maryland. He was the author of several technical papers on ground water which were published in the Journal of the American Water Works Association. He was a member of the Society of American Military Engineers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Schweitzer was married in 1940 to the former Edna Ilene Stillman of Alexandria, Virginia. They had three children, Mark, Betty Mae and Kay Marie. Mr. Schweitzer passed away in 1976.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNote written by James Sweeney\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Paul T. Schweitzer was born on August 1, 1903, on a farm near Malta, Illinois. Three years later the family moved to Arizona where his father became manager of a cattle ranch outside of Tucson. Several years later the elder Mr. Schweitzer moved into Tucson where he founded the Schweitzer Machine Company which specialized in water pumps. The family moved to Los Angeles in 1918 where the younger Mr. Schweitzer completed high school and went to work for a mortgage and loan company. He remained with the firm until its dissolution in 1935. He then traveled to Washington, D.C. where he opened a branch of Layne-Atlantic Company, a firm that develops and engineers large-scale water distribution systems. Joining company headquarters in Norfolk in 1939, he was made vice president and ultimately chairman of the board.","Mr. Schweitzer's contributions as a businessman and civic leader to the recent history of Norfolk were most distinguished. He was appointed to the Norfolk School Board in 1952, elected chairman in 1955 and served in this capacity until he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council in March 1960. During his years as chairman of the school board, Norfolk experienced the massive resistance crisis. From September 1958 until January 1959 three white high schools and three white junior high schools in the city were closed under Virginia law by order of Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. because the schools were under court order to integrate. Schweitzer was in the forefront of those who worked to have the schools reopened. Mr. Schweitzer was re-elected as chairman of the reorganized Norfolk School Board in July 1959. In the following year he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council to replace George R. Abbott who resigned. Schweitzer was elected in 1960 and re-elected in 1964. He was defeated for re-election in 1968.","Mr. Schweitzer's civic activities were numerous. He served on the board of trustees of Lynchburg College from 1957 until May 1976. As chairman of the board he was involved in launching the college's Partnership for Progress development program in 1966. According to Dr. Carey Brewer, president of Lynchburg College, the Partnership of Progress program which raised more than $10 million was \"perhaps the major advancement in the total history of the College.\" Mr. Schweitzer was also a member of the board of directors and the president of the Norfolk Central YMCA, a member of the National Council of the YMCA and chairman of the recreation and education division of the United Communities Council of Social Agencies. He was also vice president of the Tidewater Virginia Development Council, Norfolk region, a member of the board of directors of the Norfolk General Hospital and vice chairman of the board of trustees of Virginia Wesleyan College. He was also chairman of the board of deacons and elder emeritus of First Christian Church.","Mr. Schweitzer attained a respected position in the business community. In addition to his position at Layne Atlantic Company, Mr. Schweitzer was director of the Lakewood Water Company in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina and of the Belvedere Water Company in Glen Burnie, Maryland. He was the author of several technical papers on ground water which were published in the Journal of the American Water Works Association. He was a member of the Society of American Military Engineers.","Mr. Schweitzer was married in 1940 to the former Edna Ilene Stillman of Alexandria, Virginia. They had three children, Mark, Betty Mae and Kay Marie. Mr. Schweitzer passed away in 1976.","Note written by James Sweeney"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains correspondence, legal documents, publications, photographs, and other material created and collected by Paul T. Schweitzer, a Norfolk, Virginia businessman, school board and city council member. The bulk of the collection consists of material related to Norfolk during massive resistance, when public schools were closed to prevent the admission of African Americans. Of particular note are letters written to Schweitzer both in favor of and against admission of African American students to the public schools.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection contains correspondence, legal documents, publications, photographs, and other material created and collected by Paul T. Schweitzer, a Norfolk, Virginia businessman, school board and city council member. The bulk of the collection consists of material related to Norfolk during massive resistance, when public schools were closed to prevent the admission of African Americans. Of particular note are letters written to Schweitzer both in favor of and against admission of African American students to the public schools."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_2eef01fd6223ec7e09f327b47e5e3869\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eNorfolk businessman and member of the Norfolk School Board (1952-1960) and City Council (1960-1968) during the Massive Resistance crisis. Includes correspondence, legal documents, newspapers clippings, scrapbooks and photographs that primarily document his activities during Norfolk's desegregation crisis.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["Norfolk businessman and member of the Norfolk School Board (1952-1960) and City Council (1960-1968) during the Massive Resistance crisis. Includes correspondence, legal documents, newspapers clippings, scrapbooks and photographs that primarily document his activities during Norfolk's desegregation crisis."],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)"],"names_coll_ssim":["Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)"],"persname_ssim":["Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)"],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)","Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":85,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:39:36.932Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c01_c01_c04"}},{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c02_c02_c04","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Folder 4: Newspaper Clippings, 1959","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c02_c02_c04#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c02_c02_c04","ref_ssm":["vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c02_c02_c04"],"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c02_c02_c04","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c02_c02","parent_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c02_c02","parent_ssim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976","Series III: Publications, 1957/1976","Sub-Series B: Newspaper Clippings, 1957/1976","Box 3"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vino_repositories_5_resources_74","vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03","vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c02","vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c02_c02"],"title_filing_ssi":"Folder 4: Newspaper Clippings","title_ssm":["Folder 4: Newspaper Clippings"],"title_tesim":["Folder 4: Newspaper Clippings"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Folder 4: Newspaper Clippings, 1959"],"text":["Folder 4: Newspaper Clippings, 1959","Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976","Series III: Publications, 1957/1976","Sub-Series B: Newspaper Clippings, 1957/1976","Box 3","box 3","folder 4"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976","Series III: Publications, 1957/1976","Sub-Series B: Newspaper Clippings, 1957/1976","Box 3"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976","Series III: Publications, 1957/1976","Sub-Series B: Newspaper Clippings, 1957/1976","Box 3"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1959"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1959 January"],"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"component_level_isim":[4],"sort_isi":54,"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"collection_ssim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976"],"containers_ssim":["box 3","folder 4"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"date_range_isim":[1959],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 4, Newspaper Clippings, 1959 January, Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_heading_ssm":["Preferred Citation"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 4, Newspaper Clippings, 1959 January, Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"_nest_path_":"/components#2/components#1/components#1/components#3","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:39:36.932Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_74","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_74.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/74","title_filing_ssi":"Schweitzer, Paul T.","title_ssm":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers"],"title_tesim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1952-1976, undated","Date acquired: 04/01/1977"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1952-1976, undated"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 04/01/1977"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1952/1976"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976"],"text":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976","MG 16","/repositories/5/resources/74","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","City council members--Virginia--Norfolk","Civic leaders--Virginia--Norfolk","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","School integration--Massive resistance movement","Open to researchers without restrictions.","The collection is arranged into six series: Series I: Correspondence; Series II: Legal Documents; Series III: Publications; Series IV: Photographs, Series V: Miscellaneous, and Series VI: Oversized Materials.","Paul T. Schweitzer was born on August 1, 1903, on a farm near Malta, Illinois. Three years later the family moved to Arizona where his father became manager of a cattle ranch outside of Tucson. Several years later the elder Mr. Schweitzer moved into Tucson where he founded the Schweitzer Machine Company which specialized in water pumps. The family moved to Los Angeles in 1918 where the younger Mr. Schweitzer completed high school and went to work for a mortgage and loan company. He remained with the firm until its dissolution in 1935. He then traveled to Washington, D.C. where he opened a branch of Layne-Atlantic Company, a firm that develops and engineers large-scale water distribution systems. Joining company headquarters in Norfolk in 1939, he was made vice president and ultimately chairman of the board.","Mr. Schweitzer's contributions as a businessman and civic leader to the recent history of Norfolk were most distinguished. He was appointed to the Norfolk School Board in 1952, elected chairman in 1955 and served in this capacity until he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council in March 1960. During his years as chairman of the school board, Norfolk experienced the massive resistance crisis. From September 1958 until January 1959 three white high schools and three white junior high schools in the city were closed under Virginia law by order of Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. because the schools were under court order to integrate. Schweitzer was in the forefront of those who worked to have the schools reopened. Mr. Schweitzer was re-elected as chairman of the reorganized Norfolk School Board in July 1959. In the following year he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council to replace George R. Abbott who resigned. Schweitzer was elected in 1960 and re-elected in 1964. He was defeated for re-election in 1968.","Mr. Schweitzer's civic activities were numerous. He served on the board of trustees of Lynchburg College from 1957 until May 1976. As chairman of the board he was involved in launching the college's Partnership for Progress development program in 1966. According to Dr. Carey Brewer, president of Lynchburg College, the Partnership of Progress program which raised more than $10 million was \"perhaps the major advancement in the total history of the College.\" Mr. Schweitzer was also a member of the board of directors and the president of the Norfolk Central YMCA, a member of the National Council of the YMCA and chairman of the recreation and education division of the United Communities Council of Social Agencies. He was also vice president of the Tidewater Virginia Development Council, Norfolk region, a member of the board of directors of the Norfolk General Hospital and vice chairman of the board of trustees of Virginia Wesleyan College. He was also chairman of the board of deacons and elder emeritus of First Christian Church.","Mr. Schweitzer attained a respected position in the business community. In addition to his position at Layne Atlantic Company, Mr. Schweitzer was director of the Lakewood Water Company in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina and of the Belvedere Water Company in Glen Burnie, Maryland. He was the author of several technical papers on ground water which were published in the Journal of the American Water Works Association. He was a member of the Society of American Military Engineers.","Mr. Schweitzer was married in 1940 to the former Edna Ilene Stillman of Alexandria, Virginia. They had three children, Mark, Betty Mae and Kay Marie. Mr. Schweitzer passed away in 1976.","Note written by James Sweeney","The collection contains correspondence, legal documents, publications, photographs, and other material created and collected by Paul T. Schweitzer, a Norfolk, Virginia businessman, school board and city council member. The bulk of the collection consists of material related to Norfolk during massive resistance, when public schools were closed to prevent the admission of African Americans. Of particular note are letters written to Schweitzer both in favor of and against admission of African American students to the public schools.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","Norfolk businessman and member of the Norfolk School Board (1952-1960) and City Council (1960-1968) during the Massive Resistance crisis. Includes correspondence, legal documents, newspapers clippings, scrapbooks and photographs that primarily document his activities during Norfolk's desegregation crisis.","ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)","Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976"],"collection_ssim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 16","/repositories/5/resources/74"],"unitid_tesim":["MG 16","/repositories/5/resources/74"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"geogname_ssm":["Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"places_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"creator_ssm":["Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)"],"creator_ssim":["Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)"],"creators_ssim":["Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)","ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Mrs. Edna S. Schweitzer","Gift. Accession #A77-23"],"access_subjects_ssim":["City council members--Virginia--Norfolk","Civic leaders--Virginia--Norfolk","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","School integration--Massive resistance movement"],"access_subjects_ssm":["City council members--Virginia--Norfolk","Civic leaders--Virginia--Norfolk","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","School integration--Massive resistance movement"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["3.80 Linear Feet","3 Hollinger documents cases and 2 oversized boxes boxes"],"extent_tesim":["3.80 Linear Feet","3 Hollinger documents cases and 2 oversized boxes boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOpen to researchers without restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged into six series: Series I: Correspondence; Series II: Legal Documents; Series III: Publications; Series IV: Photographs, Series V: Miscellaneous, and Series VI: Oversized Materials.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged into six series: Series I: Correspondence; Series II: Legal Documents; Series III: Publications; Series IV: Photographs, Series V: Miscellaneous, and Series VI: Oversized Materials."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePaul T. Schweitzer was born on August 1, 1903, on a farm near Malta, Illinois. Three years later the family moved to Arizona where his father became manager of a cattle ranch outside of Tucson. Several years later the elder Mr. Schweitzer moved into Tucson where he founded the Schweitzer Machine Company which specialized in water pumps. The family moved to Los Angeles in 1918 where the younger Mr. Schweitzer completed high school and went to work for a mortgage and loan company. He remained with the firm until its dissolution in 1935. He then traveled to Washington, D.C. where he opened a branch of Layne-Atlantic Company, a firm that develops and engineers large-scale water distribution systems. Joining company headquarters in Norfolk in 1939, he was made vice president and ultimately chairman of the board.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Schweitzer's contributions as a businessman and civic leader to the recent history of Norfolk were most distinguished. He was appointed to the Norfolk School Board in 1952, elected chairman in 1955 and served in this capacity until he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council in March 1960. During his years as chairman of the school board, Norfolk experienced the massive resistance crisis. From September 1958 until January 1959 three white high schools and three white junior high schools in the city were closed under Virginia law by order of Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. because the schools were under court order to integrate. Schweitzer was in the forefront of those who worked to have the schools reopened. Mr. Schweitzer was re-elected as chairman of the reorganized Norfolk School Board in July 1959. In the following year he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council to replace George R. Abbott who resigned. Schweitzer was elected in 1960 and re-elected in 1964. He was defeated for re-election in 1968.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Schweitzer's civic activities were numerous. He served on the board of trustees of Lynchburg College from 1957 until May 1976. As chairman of the board he was involved in launching the college's Partnership for Progress development program in 1966. According to Dr. Carey Brewer, president of Lynchburg College, the Partnership of Progress program which raised more than $10 million was \"perhaps the major advancement in the total history of the College.\" Mr. Schweitzer was also a member of the board of directors and the president of the Norfolk Central YMCA, a member of the National Council of the YMCA and chairman of the recreation and education division of the United Communities Council of Social Agencies. He was also vice president of the Tidewater Virginia Development Council, Norfolk region, a member of the board of directors of the Norfolk General Hospital and vice chairman of the board of trustees of Virginia Wesleyan College. He was also chairman of the board of deacons and elder emeritus of First Christian Church.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Schweitzer attained a respected position in the business community. In addition to his position at Layne Atlantic Company, Mr. Schweitzer was director of the Lakewood Water Company in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina and of the Belvedere Water Company in Glen Burnie, Maryland. He was the author of several technical papers on ground water which were published in the Journal of the American Water Works Association. He was a member of the Society of American Military Engineers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Schweitzer was married in 1940 to the former Edna Ilene Stillman of Alexandria, Virginia. They had three children, Mark, Betty Mae and Kay Marie. Mr. Schweitzer passed away in 1976.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNote written by James Sweeney\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Paul T. Schweitzer was born on August 1, 1903, on a farm near Malta, Illinois. Three years later the family moved to Arizona where his father became manager of a cattle ranch outside of Tucson. Several years later the elder Mr. Schweitzer moved into Tucson where he founded the Schweitzer Machine Company which specialized in water pumps. The family moved to Los Angeles in 1918 where the younger Mr. Schweitzer completed high school and went to work for a mortgage and loan company. He remained with the firm until its dissolution in 1935. He then traveled to Washington, D.C. where he opened a branch of Layne-Atlantic Company, a firm that develops and engineers large-scale water distribution systems. Joining company headquarters in Norfolk in 1939, he was made vice president and ultimately chairman of the board.","Mr. Schweitzer's contributions as a businessman and civic leader to the recent history of Norfolk were most distinguished. He was appointed to the Norfolk School Board in 1952, elected chairman in 1955 and served in this capacity until he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council in March 1960. During his years as chairman of the school board, Norfolk experienced the massive resistance crisis. From September 1958 until January 1959 three white high schools and three white junior high schools in the city were closed under Virginia law by order of Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. because the schools were under court order to integrate. Schweitzer was in the forefront of those who worked to have the schools reopened. Mr. Schweitzer was re-elected as chairman of the reorganized Norfolk School Board in July 1959. In the following year he was appointed to the Norfolk City Council to replace George R. Abbott who resigned. Schweitzer was elected in 1960 and re-elected in 1964. He was defeated for re-election in 1968.","Mr. Schweitzer's civic activities were numerous. He served on the board of trustees of Lynchburg College from 1957 until May 1976. As chairman of the board he was involved in launching the college's Partnership for Progress development program in 1966. According to Dr. Carey Brewer, president of Lynchburg College, the Partnership of Progress program which raised more than $10 million was \"perhaps the major advancement in the total history of the College.\" Mr. Schweitzer was also a member of the board of directors and the president of the Norfolk Central YMCA, a member of the National Council of the YMCA and chairman of the recreation and education division of the United Communities Council of Social Agencies. He was also vice president of the Tidewater Virginia Development Council, Norfolk region, a member of the board of directors of the Norfolk General Hospital and vice chairman of the board of trustees of Virginia Wesleyan College. He was also chairman of the board of deacons and elder emeritus of First Christian Church.","Mr. Schweitzer attained a respected position in the business community. In addition to his position at Layne Atlantic Company, Mr. Schweitzer was director of the Lakewood Water Company in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina and of the Belvedere Water Company in Glen Burnie, Maryland. He was the author of several technical papers on ground water which were published in the Journal of the American Water Works Association. He was a member of the Society of American Military Engineers.","Mr. Schweitzer was married in 1940 to the former Edna Ilene Stillman of Alexandria, Virginia. They had three children, Mark, Betty Mae and Kay Marie. Mr. Schweitzer passed away in 1976.","Note written by James Sweeney"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains correspondence, legal documents, publications, photographs, and other material created and collected by Paul T. Schweitzer, a Norfolk, Virginia businessman, school board and city council member. The bulk of the collection consists of material related to Norfolk during massive resistance, when public schools were closed to prevent the admission of African Americans. Of particular note are letters written to Schweitzer both in favor of and against admission of African American students to the public schools.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection contains correspondence, legal documents, publications, photographs, and other material created and collected by Paul T. Schweitzer, a Norfolk, Virginia businessman, school board and city council member. The bulk of the collection consists of material related to Norfolk during massive resistance, when public schools were closed to prevent the admission of African Americans. Of particular note are letters written to Schweitzer both in favor of and against admission of African American students to the public schools."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_2eef01fd6223ec7e09f327b47e5e3869\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eNorfolk businessman and member of the Norfolk School Board (1952-1960) and City Council (1960-1968) during the Massive Resistance crisis. Includes correspondence, legal documents, newspapers clippings, scrapbooks and photographs that primarily document his activities during Norfolk's desegregation crisis.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["Norfolk businessman and member of the Norfolk School Board (1952-1960) and City Council (1960-1968) during the Massive Resistance crisis. Includes correspondence, legal documents, newspapers clippings, scrapbooks and photographs that primarily document his activities during Norfolk's desegregation crisis."],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)"],"names_coll_ssim":["Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)"],"persname_ssim":["Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)"],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)","Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":85,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:39:36.932Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_74_c03_c02_c02_c04"}}],"included":[{"type":"facet","id":"repository_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Repository","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Old Dominion University","value":"Old Dominion University","hits":26},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Paul+T.+Schweitzer+Papers%2C+1952%2F1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1959\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Old+Dominion+University"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/repository_ssim.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Paul+T.+Schweitzer+Papers%2C+1952%2F1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1959"}},{"type":"facet","id":"collection_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Collection","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976","value":"Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, 1952/1976","hits":26},"links":{"remove":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Paul+T.+Schweitzer+Papers%2C+1952%2F1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1959"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/collection_ssim.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Paul+T.+Schweitzer+Papers%2C+1952%2F1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1959"}},{"type":"facet","id":"date_range_isim","attributes":{"label":"Date range","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"1952","value":"1952","hits":4},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Paul+T.+Schweitzer+Papers%2C+1952%2F1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1959\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1952"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1953","value":"1953","hits":4},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Paul+T.+Schweitzer+Papers%2C+1952%2F1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1959\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1953"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1954","value":"1954","hits":4},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Paul+T.+Schweitzer+Papers%2C+1952%2F1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1959\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1954"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1955","value":"1955","hits":4},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Paul+T.+Schweitzer+Papers%2C+1952%2F1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1959\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1955"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1956","value":"1956","hits":4},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Paul+T.+Schweitzer+Papers%2C+1952%2F1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1959\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1956"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1957","value":"1957","hits":8},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Paul+T.+Schweitzer+Papers%2C+1952%2F1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1959\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1957"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1958","value":"1958","hits":10},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Paul+T.+Schweitzer+Papers%2C+1952%2F1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1959\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1958"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1959","value":"1959","hits":26},"links":{"remove":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Paul+T.+Schweitzer+Papers%2C+1952%2F1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1959"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1960","value":"1960","hits":9},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Paul+T.+Schweitzer+Papers%2C+1952%2F1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1959\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1960"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1961","value":"1961","hits":8},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Paul+T.+Schweitzer+Papers%2C+1952%2F1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1959\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1961"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1962","value":"1962","hits":8},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Paul+T.+Schweitzer+Papers%2C+1952%2F1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1959\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1962"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/date_range_isim.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Paul+T.+Schweitzer+Papers%2C+1952%2F1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1959"}},{"type":"facet","id":"creator_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Creator","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)","value":"Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Paul+T.+Schweitzer+Papers%2C+1952%2F1976\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Schweitzer%2C+Paul+T.+%281903-1976%29\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1959"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/creator_ssim.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Paul+T.+Schweitzer+Papers%2C+1952%2F1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1959"}},{"type":"facet","id":"names_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Names","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)","value":"Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Paul+T.+Schweitzer+Papers%2C+1952%2F1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1959\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Norfolk+School+Board+%28Norfolk%2C+Va.%29"}},{"attributes":{"label":"ODU Community Collections","value":"ODU Community Collections","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Paul+T.+Schweitzer+Papers%2C+1952%2F1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1959\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=ODU+Community+Collections"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)","value":"Schweitzer, Paul T. (1903-1976)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Paul+T.+Schweitzer+Papers%2C+1952%2F1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1959\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Schweitzer%2C+Paul+T.+%281903-1976%29"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/names_ssim.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Paul+T.+Schweitzer+Papers%2C+1952%2F1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1959"}},{"type":"facet","id":"geogname_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Places","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","value":"Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Paul+T.+Schweitzer+Papers%2C+1952%2F1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1959\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Norfolk+%28Va.%29--Politics+and+government--20th+century"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/geogname_ssim.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Paul+T.+Schweitzer+Papers%2C+1952%2F1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1959"}},{"type":"facet","id":"access_subjects_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Subjects","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"City council members--Virginia--Norfolk","value":"City council members--Virginia--Norfolk","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=City+council+members--Virginia--Norfolk\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Paul+T.+Schweitzer+Papers%2C+1952%2F1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1959"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Civic leaders--Virginia--Norfolk","value":"Civic leaders--Virginia--Norfolk","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Civic+leaders--Virginia--Norfolk\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Paul+T.+Schweitzer+Papers%2C+1952%2F1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1959"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","value":"Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Public+schools--Virginia--Norfolk\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Paul+T.+Schweitzer+Papers%2C+1952%2F1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1959"}},{"attributes":{"label":"School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","value":"School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+closings--Virginia--Norfolk\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Paul+T.+Schweitzer+Papers%2C+1952%2F1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1959"}},{"attributes":{"label":"School integration--Massive resistance movement","value":"School integration--Massive resistance movement","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Paul+T.+Schweitzer+Papers%2C+1952%2F1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1959"}},{"attributes":{"label":"School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","value":"School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th+century\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Paul+T.+Schweitzer+Papers%2C+1952%2F1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1959"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/access_subjects_ssim.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Paul+T.+Schweitzer+Papers%2C+1952%2F1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1959"}},{"type":"facet","id":"level_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Level","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Collection","value":"Collection","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Paul+T.+Schweitzer+Papers%2C+1952%2F1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1959\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"File","value":"File","hits":19},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Paul+T.+Schweitzer+Papers%2C+1952%2F1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1959\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=File"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Series","value":"Series","hits":4},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Paul+T.+Schweitzer+Papers%2C+1952%2F1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1959\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Series"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Sub-series","value":"Sub-series","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Paul+T.+Schweitzer+Papers%2C+1952%2F1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1959\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Sub-series"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/level_ssim.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Paul+T.+Schweitzer+Papers%2C+1952%2F1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1959"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"all_fields","attributes":{"label":"All Fields"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Paul+T.+Schweitzer+Papers%2C+1952%2F1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1959\u0026search_field=all_fields"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"keyword","attributes":{"label":"Keyword"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Paul+T.+Schweitzer+Papers%2C+1952%2F1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1959\u0026search_field=keyword"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"name","attributes":{"label":"Name"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Paul+T.+Schweitzer+Papers%2C+1952%2F1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1959\u0026search_field=name"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"place","attributes":{"label":"Place"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Paul+T.+Schweitzer+Papers%2C+1952%2F1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1959\u0026search_field=place"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"subject","attributes":{"label":"Subject"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Paul+T.+Schweitzer+Papers%2C+1952%2F1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1959\u0026search_field=subject"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"title","attributes":{"label":"Title"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Paul+T.+Schweitzer+Papers%2C+1952%2F1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1959\u0026search_field=title"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"container","attributes":{"label":"Container"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Paul+T.+Schweitzer+Papers%2C+1952%2F1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1959\u0026search_field=container"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"identifier","attributes":{"label":"Identifier"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Paul+T.+Schweitzer+Papers%2C+1952%2F1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1959\u0026search_field=identifier"}},{"type":"sort","id":"score desc, title_sort asc","attributes":{"label":"relevance"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Paul+T.+Schweitzer+Papers%2C+1952%2F1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1959\u0026sort=score+desc%2C+title_sort+asc"}},{"type":"sort","id":"date_sort asc","attributes":{"label":"date (ascending)"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Paul+T.+Schweitzer+Papers%2C+1952%2F1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1959\u0026sort=date_sort+asc"}},{"type":"sort","id":"date_sort desc","attributes":{"label":"date (descending)"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Paul+T.+Schweitzer+Papers%2C+1952%2F1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1959\u0026sort=date_sort+desc"}},{"type":"sort","id":"creator_sort asc","attributes":{"label":"creator (A-Z)"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Paul+T.+Schweitzer+Papers%2C+1952%2F1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1959\u0026sort=creator_sort+asc"}},{"type":"sort","id":"creator_sort desc","attributes":{"label":"creator (Z-A)"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Paul+T.+Schweitzer+Papers%2C+1952%2F1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1959\u0026sort=creator_sort+desc"}},{"type":"sort","id":"title_sort asc","attributes":{"label":"title (A-Z)"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Paul+T.+Schweitzer+Papers%2C+1952%2F1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1959\u0026sort=title_sort+asc"}},{"type":"sort","id":"title_sort desc","attributes":{"label":"title (Z-A)"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Paul+T.+Schweitzer+Papers%2C+1952%2F1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1959\u0026sort=title_sort+desc"}}]}