{"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=James+Arsenault+and+Co.\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection","last":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=James+Arsenault+and+Co.\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=1"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":1,"next_page":null,"prev_page":null,"total_pages":1,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":0,"total_count":2,"first_page?":true,"last_page?":true}},"data":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1637","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Archibald McClean letter to Francis James supporting anti-slavery measures in Virginia, 1842","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1637#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"James Arsenault and Co.","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1637#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains a single letter from Colonel Archibald McClean to Pennsylvania Congressman Honorable Francis James, dated February 16, 1842. McClean, a well-connected Virginia lawyer, expresses his support for the anti-slavery efforts of John Quincy Adams. McClean notes his interest in \"the debate which has been going on for some time in your House [of Representatives] upon the resolution for censuring Mr. [John Quincy] Adams for presenting a petition which was unpalatable to at least a portion of the members.\" The Gag Rule of 1840 silenced Adams's opposition to slavery. McClean praised Adams in the letter and voiced his belief that Adams would ultimately prevail against the gag rule. McClean also discusses the Southerners in Congress who opposed Adams and their hypocritical posture toward the enslaved and America's failure to agree with England on a reciprocal right to search each other's vessels to suppress the slave trade, as England had already abolished slavery in 1833. McClean also requests a copy of John Quincy Adams speech on Amistad.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1637#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1637","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1637","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1637","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1637","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1637.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/196320","title_filing_ssi":"McClean, Archibald letter to Francis James supporting anti-slavery measures in Virginia","title_ssm":["Archibald McClean letter to Francis James supporting anti-slavery measures in Virginia"],"title_tesim":["Archibald McClean letter to Francis James supporting anti-slavery measures in Virginia"],"unitdate_ssm":["16 February 1842"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["16 February 1842"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1842"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Archibald McClean letter to Francis James supporting anti-slavery measures in Virginia, 1842"],"text":["Archibald McClean letter to Francis James supporting anti-slavery measures in Virginia, 1842","MSS 16829","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1637","Enslavers","Adams, John, Quincy","enslaved persons","Abolitionists","The collection is open for research use.","Archibald McClean (1766-1845), a well connected Virginia lawyer (who was born in Freehold Township, New Jersey and graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1792) supports both John Quincy Adams and anti-slavery measures in Virginia in a letter to Francis James (1799-1886). James is a Pennsylvania congressman, lawyer, Anti-Masonic, Whig member. McClean praised John Quincy Adams in the letter and voiced his belief that Adams would ultimately prevail against the gag rule.In the House, Adams became a champion of free speech, demanding that petitions against slavery be heard despite a \"gag rule\" that said they could not be heard. In 1836 Southern Congressmen voted in a rule, called the \"gag rule,\" that called for the immediate tabling of any petitions about slavery. Congress had been flooded with petitions signed by citizens protesting slavery; most originated from the Anti-Slavery Society based in New York. The Gag rule (of 1840) prevented discussion of slavery from 1836 to 1844, but Adams frequently managed to evade it by parliamentary skill. Adams supported anti-slavery issues during his seventeen-year congressional career, which began after his presidency.Using unconventional tactics, Adams evaded and ignored the gag rule until his persistence irritated his colleagues to the point that he was threatened with censure. Although the House never voted to censure Adams, the discussion ignited by his actions and the attempts of others to quiet him raised questions of the right to petition, the right to legislative debate, and the morality of slavery. During the censure debate, Adams said that he took delight in the fact that southerners would forever remember him as \"the acutest, the astutest, the archest enemy of southern slavery that ever existed\".","McClean also discusses the Southerners in Congress who opposed Adams and their hypocritical posture toward the enslaved and America's failure to agree with England on a reciprocal right to search each other's vessels to suppress the slave trade, as England had already abolished slavery in 1833. He also requests a copy of Adams speech on the Amistad case.","This item was treated for paper mending in October 2024.","This collection contains a single letter from Colonel Archibald McClean to Pennsylvania Congressman Honorable Francis James, dated February 16, 1842. McClean, a well-connected Virginia lawyer, expresses his support for the anti-slavery efforts of John Quincy Adams. McClean notes his interest in \"the debate which has been going on for some time in your House [of Representatives] upon the resolution for censuring Mr. [John Quincy] Adams for presenting a petition which was unpalatable to at least a portion of the members.\"  The Gag Rule of 1840 silenced Adams's opposition to slavery. McClean praised Adams in the letter and voiced his belief that Adams would ultimately prevail against the gag rule. McClean also discusses the Southerners in Congress who opposed Adams and their hypocritical posture toward the enslaved and America's failure to agree with England on a reciprocal right to search each other's vessels to suppress the slave trade, as England had already abolished slavery in 1833. McClean also requests a copy of John Quincy Adams speech on Amistad.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co.","McClean, Archibald, 1766-1845","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Archibald McClean letter to Francis James supporting anti-slavery measures in Virginia, 1842"],"collection_ssim":["Archibald McClean letter to Francis James supporting anti-slavery measures in Virginia, 1842"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16829","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1637"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16829","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1637"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["Enslavers"],"geogname_ssim":["Enslavers"],"places_ssim":["Enslavers"],"creator_ssm":["James Arsenault and Co.","McClean, Archibald, 1766-1845"],"creator_ssim":["James Arsenault and Co.","McClean, Archibald, 1766-1845"],"creator_persname_ssim":["McClean, Archibald, 1766-1845"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co."],"creators_ssim":["McClean, Archibald, 1766-1845","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co."],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from James E. 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James is a Pennsylvania congressman, lawyer, Anti-Masonic, Whig member. McClean praised John Quincy Adams in the letter and voiced his belief that Adams would ultimately prevail against the gag rule.In the House, Adams became a champion of free speech, demanding that petitions against slavery be heard despite a \"gag rule\" that said they could not be heard. In 1836 Southern Congressmen voted in a rule, called the \"gag rule,\" that called for the immediate tabling of any petitions about slavery. Congress had been flooded with petitions signed by citizens protesting slavery; most originated from the Anti-Slavery Society based in New York. The Gag rule (of 1840) prevented discussion of slavery from 1836 to 1844, but Adams frequently managed to evade it by parliamentary skill. Adams supported anti-slavery issues during his seventeen-year congressional career, which began after his presidency.Using unconventional tactics, Adams evaded and ignored the gag rule until his persistence irritated his colleagues to the point that he was threatened with censure. Although the House never voted to censure Adams, the discussion ignited by his actions and the attempts of others to quiet him raised questions of the right to petition, the right to legislative debate, and the morality of slavery. During the censure debate, Adams said that he took delight in the fact that southerners would forever remember him as \"the acutest, the astutest, the archest enemy of southern slavery that ever existed\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMcClean also discusses the Southerners in Congress who opposed Adams and their hypocritical posture toward the enslaved and America's failure to agree with England on a reciprocal right to search each other's vessels to suppress the slave trade, as England had already abolished slavery in 1833. He also requests a copy of Adams speech on the Amistad case.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Archibald McClean (1766-1845), a well connected Virginia lawyer (who was born in Freehold Township, New Jersey and graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1792) supports both John Quincy Adams and anti-slavery measures in Virginia in a letter to Francis James (1799-1886). James is a Pennsylvania congressman, lawyer, Anti-Masonic, Whig member. McClean praised John Quincy Adams in the letter and voiced his belief that Adams would ultimately prevail against the gag rule.In the House, Adams became a champion of free speech, demanding that petitions against slavery be heard despite a \"gag rule\" that said they could not be heard. In 1836 Southern Congressmen voted in a rule, called the \"gag rule,\" that called for the immediate tabling of any petitions about slavery. Congress had been flooded with petitions signed by citizens protesting slavery; most originated from the Anti-Slavery Society based in New York. The Gag rule (of 1840) prevented discussion of slavery from 1836 to 1844, but Adams frequently managed to evade it by parliamentary skill. Adams supported anti-slavery issues during his seventeen-year congressional career, which began after his presidency.Using unconventional tactics, Adams evaded and ignored the gag rule until his persistence irritated his colleagues to the point that he was threatened with censure. Although the House never voted to censure Adams, the discussion ignited by his actions and the attempts of others to quiet him raised questions of the right to petition, the right to legislative debate, and the morality of slavery. During the censure debate, Adams said that he took delight in the fact that southerners would forever remember him as \"the acutest, the astutest, the archest enemy of southern slavery that ever existed\".","McClean also discusses the Southerners in Congress who opposed Adams and their hypocritical posture toward the enslaved and America's failure to agree with England on a reciprocal right to search each other's vessels to suppress the slave trade, as England had already abolished slavery in 1833. He also requests a copy of Adams speech on the Amistad case."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis item was treated for paper mending in October 2024.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"odd_heading_ssm":["Conservation Treatment"],"odd_tesim":["This item was treated for paper mending in October 2024."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16829, Archibald McClean letter to Francis James supporting anti-slavery measures in Virginia, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16829, Archibald McClean letter to Francis James supporting anti-slavery measures in Virginia, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains a single letter from Colonel Archibald McClean to Pennsylvania Congressman Honorable Francis James, dated February 16, 1842. McClean, a well-connected Virginia lawyer, expresses his support for the anti-slavery efforts of John Quincy Adams. McClean notes his interest in \"the debate which has been going on for some time in your House [of Representatives] upon the resolution for censuring Mr. [John Quincy] Adams for presenting a petition which was unpalatable to at least a portion of the members.\"  The Gag Rule of 1840 silenced Adams's opposition to slavery. McClean praised Adams in the letter and voiced his belief that Adams would ultimately prevail against the gag rule. McClean also discusses the Southerners in Congress who opposed Adams and their hypocritical posture toward the enslaved and America's failure to agree with England on a reciprocal right to search each other's vessels to suppress the slave trade, as England had already abolished slavery in 1833. McClean also requests a copy of John Quincy Adams speech on Amistad.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains a single letter from Colonel Archibald McClean to Pennsylvania Congressman Honorable Francis James, dated February 16, 1842. McClean, a well-connected Virginia lawyer, expresses his support for the anti-slavery efforts of John Quincy Adams. McClean notes his interest in \"the debate which has been going on for some time in your House [of Representatives] upon the resolution for censuring Mr. [John Quincy] Adams for presenting a petition which was unpalatable to at least a portion of the members.\"  The Gag Rule of 1840 silenced Adams's opposition to slavery. McClean praised Adams in the letter and voiced his belief that Adams would ultimately prevail against the gag rule. McClean also discusses the Southerners in Congress who opposed Adams and their hypocritical posture toward the enslaved and America's failure to agree with England on a reciprocal right to search each other's vessels to suppress the slave trade, as England had already abolished slavery in 1833. McClean also requests a copy of John Quincy Adams speech on Amistad."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co."],"names_coll_ssim":["James Arsenault and Co."],"persname_ssim":["McClean, Archibald, 1766-1845"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co.","McClean, Archibald, 1766-1845"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:53:38.700Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1637","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1637","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1637","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1637","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1637.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/196320","title_filing_ssi":"McClean, Archibald letter to Francis James supporting anti-slavery measures in Virginia","title_ssm":["Archibald McClean letter to Francis James supporting anti-slavery measures in Virginia"],"title_tesim":["Archibald McClean letter to Francis James supporting anti-slavery measures in Virginia"],"unitdate_ssm":["16 February 1842"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["16 February 1842"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1842"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Archibald McClean letter to Francis James supporting anti-slavery measures in Virginia, 1842"],"text":["Archibald McClean letter to Francis James supporting anti-slavery measures in Virginia, 1842","MSS 16829","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1637","Enslavers","Adams, John, Quincy","enslaved persons","Abolitionists","The collection is open for research use.","Archibald McClean (1766-1845), a well connected Virginia lawyer (who was born in Freehold Township, New Jersey and graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1792) supports both John Quincy Adams and anti-slavery measures in Virginia in a letter to Francis James (1799-1886). James is a Pennsylvania congressman, lawyer, Anti-Masonic, Whig member. McClean praised John Quincy Adams in the letter and voiced his belief that Adams would ultimately prevail against the gag rule.In the House, Adams became a champion of free speech, demanding that petitions against slavery be heard despite a \"gag rule\" that said they could not be heard. In 1836 Southern Congressmen voted in a rule, called the \"gag rule,\" that called for the immediate tabling of any petitions about slavery. Congress had been flooded with petitions signed by citizens protesting slavery; most originated from the Anti-Slavery Society based in New York. The Gag rule (of 1840) prevented discussion of slavery from 1836 to 1844, but Adams frequently managed to evade it by parliamentary skill. Adams supported anti-slavery issues during his seventeen-year congressional career, which began after his presidency.Using unconventional tactics, Adams evaded and ignored the gag rule until his persistence irritated his colleagues to the point that he was threatened with censure. Although the House never voted to censure Adams, the discussion ignited by his actions and the attempts of others to quiet him raised questions of the right to petition, the right to legislative debate, and the morality of slavery. During the censure debate, Adams said that he took delight in the fact that southerners would forever remember him as \"the acutest, the astutest, the archest enemy of southern slavery that ever existed\".","McClean also discusses the Southerners in Congress who opposed Adams and their hypocritical posture toward the enslaved and America's failure to agree with England on a reciprocal right to search each other's vessels to suppress the slave trade, as England had already abolished slavery in 1833. He also requests a copy of Adams speech on the Amistad case.","This item was treated for paper mending in October 2024.","This collection contains a single letter from Colonel Archibald McClean to Pennsylvania Congressman Honorable Francis James, dated February 16, 1842. McClean, a well-connected Virginia lawyer, expresses his support for the anti-slavery efforts of John Quincy Adams. McClean notes his interest in \"the debate which has been going on for some time in your House [of Representatives] upon the resolution for censuring Mr. [John Quincy] Adams for presenting a petition which was unpalatable to at least a portion of the members.\"  The Gag Rule of 1840 silenced Adams's opposition to slavery. McClean praised Adams in the letter and voiced his belief that Adams would ultimately prevail against the gag rule. McClean also discusses the Southerners in Congress who opposed Adams and their hypocritical posture toward the enslaved and America's failure to agree with England on a reciprocal right to search each other's vessels to suppress the slave trade, as England had already abolished slavery in 1833. McClean also requests a copy of John Quincy Adams speech on Amistad.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co.","McClean, Archibald, 1766-1845","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Archibald McClean letter to Francis James supporting anti-slavery measures in Virginia, 1842"],"collection_ssim":["Archibald McClean letter to Francis James supporting anti-slavery measures in Virginia, 1842"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16829","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1637"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16829","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1637"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["Enslavers"],"geogname_ssim":["Enslavers"],"places_ssim":["Enslavers"],"creator_ssm":["James Arsenault and Co.","McClean, Archibald, 1766-1845"],"creator_ssim":["James Arsenault and Co.","McClean, Archibald, 1766-1845"],"creator_persname_ssim":["McClean, Archibald, 1766-1845"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co."],"creators_ssim":["McClean, Archibald, 1766-1845","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co."],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from James E. 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James is a Pennsylvania congressman, lawyer, Anti-Masonic, Whig member. McClean praised John Quincy Adams in the letter and voiced his belief that Adams would ultimately prevail against the gag rule.In the House, Adams became a champion of free speech, demanding that petitions against slavery be heard despite a \"gag rule\" that said they could not be heard. In 1836 Southern Congressmen voted in a rule, called the \"gag rule,\" that called for the immediate tabling of any petitions about slavery. Congress had been flooded with petitions signed by citizens protesting slavery; most originated from the Anti-Slavery Society based in New York. The Gag rule (of 1840) prevented discussion of slavery from 1836 to 1844, but Adams frequently managed to evade it by parliamentary skill. Adams supported anti-slavery issues during his seventeen-year congressional career, which began after his presidency.Using unconventional tactics, Adams evaded and ignored the gag rule until his persistence irritated his colleagues to the point that he was threatened with censure. Although the House never voted to censure Adams, the discussion ignited by his actions and the attempts of others to quiet him raised questions of the right to petition, the right to legislative debate, and the morality of slavery. During the censure debate, Adams said that he took delight in the fact that southerners would forever remember him as \"the acutest, the astutest, the archest enemy of southern slavery that ever existed\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMcClean also discusses the Southerners in Congress who opposed Adams and their hypocritical posture toward the enslaved and America's failure to agree with England on a reciprocal right to search each other's vessels to suppress the slave trade, as England had already abolished slavery in 1833. He also requests a copy of Adams speech on the Amistad case.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Archibald McClean (1766-1845), a well connected Virginia lawyer (who was born in Freehold Township, New Jersey and graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1792) supports both John Quincy Adams and anti-slavery measures in Virginia in a letter to Francis James (1799-1886). James is a Pennsylvania congressman, lawyer, Anti-Masonic, Whig member. McClean praised John Quincy Adams in the letter and voiced his belief that Adams would ultimately prevail against the gag rule.In the House, Adams became a champion of free speech, demanding that petitions against slavery be heard despite a \"gag rule\" that said they could not be heard. In 1836 Southern Congressmen voted in a rule, called the \"gag rule,\" that called for the immediate tabling of any petitions about slavery. Congress had been flooded with petitions signed by citizens protesting slavery; most originated from the Anti-Slavery Society based in New York. The Gag rule (of 1840) prevented discussion of slavery from 1836 to 1844, but Adams frequently managed to evade it by parliamentary skill. Adams supported anti-slavery issues during his seventeen-year congressional career, which began after his presidency.Using unconventional tactics, Adams evaded and ignored the gag rule until his persistence irritated his colleagues to the point that he was threatened with censure. Although the House never voted to censure Adams, the discussion ignited by his actions and the attempts of others to quiet him raised questions of the right to petition, the right to legislative debate, and the morality of slavery. During the censure debate, Adams said that he took delight in the fact that southerners would forever remember him as \"the acutest, the astutest, the archest enemy of southern slavery that ever existed\".","McClean also discusses the Southerners in Congress who opposed Adams and their hypocritical posture toward the enslaved and America's failure to agree with England on a reciprocal right to search each other's vessels to suppress the slave trade, as England had already abolished slavery in 1833. He also requests a copy of Adams speech on the Amistad case."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis item was treated for paper mending in October 2024.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"odd_heading_ssm":["Conservation Treatment"],"odd_tesim":["This item was treated for paper mending in October 2024."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16829, Archibald McClean letter to Francis James supporting anti-slavery measures in Virginia, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16829, Archibald McClean letter to Francis James supporting anti-slavery measures in Virginia, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains a single letter from Colonel Archibald McClean to Pennsylvania Congressman Honorable Francis James, dated February 16, 1842. 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McClean also requests a copy of John Quincy Adams speech on Amistad.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains a single letter from Colonel Archibald McClean to Pennsylvania Congressman Honorable Francis James, dated February 16, 1842. McClean, a well-connected Virginia lawyer, expresses his support for the anti-slavery efforts of John Quincy Adams. McClean notes his interest in \"the debate which has been going on for some time in your House [of Representatives] upon the resolution for censuring Mr. [John Quincy] Adams for presenting a petition which was unpalatable to at least a portion of the members.\"  The Gag Rule of 1840 silenced Adams's opposition to slavery. McClean praised Adams in the letter and voiced his belief that Adams would ultimately prevail against the gag rule. McClean also discusses the Southerners in Congress who opposed Adams and their hypocritical posture toward the enslaved and America's failure to agree with England on a reciprocal right to search each other's vessels to suppress the slave trade, as England had already abolished slavery in 1833. McClean also requests a copy of John Quincy Adams speech on Amistad."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co."],"names_coll_ssim":["James Arsenault and Co."],"persname_ssim":["McClean, Archibald, 1766-1845"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co.","McClean, Archibald, 1766-1845"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:53:38.700Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1637"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1638","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"I.T. Walton dental account book, 1857/1861","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1638#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"James Arsenault and Co.","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1638#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains an account book of a Virginia dentist, Dr. I.T. Walton, who worked in Appomattox, Prince Edward, Charlotte, Mecklenburg, and Albemarle Counties. The book recorded services for white, enslaved, and free Black patients between 1857 and 1861. The account book documents procedures, tooth conditions, and overall health assessment of patients and includes prices for cleanings, toothache drops, \"gold plugs,\" and various \"temporary\" and \"amalgam\" fillings, as well as for \"extracting\" teeth and \"fangs,\" resetting teeth, and occasionally \"killing nerve[s].\" Each entry records the name of the patient and, if different, the name of the person paying the bill. Most of the volume proceeds chronologically, though Walton regularly returns to entries to record later work on the same patient. Walton delineates race within his account book, with forty individuals referred to as either \"negro\" or \"negress\". Walton notes two Black patients as free, and the rest were evidently enslaved. No mention of the Civil War appears. A few entries note Walton's renting rooms- evidence of an itinerant practice- while others, apparently from Key West, Florida, indicate that he spent some time there in the late 1850s. A few early pages contain dental account entries from 1857 through 1859, and some twenty pages at the end contain brief entries on Walton's personal and dental accounts from 1857 to 1861. A number of poems, some apparently authored by Walton, are interspersed between dental entries.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1638#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1638","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1638","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1638","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1638","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1638.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/196321","title_filing_ssi":"Walton, I. T. dental account book","title_ssm":["I.T. Walton dental account book"],"title_tesim":["I.T. Walton dental account book"],"unitdate_ssm":["1857-1861"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1857-1861"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1857/1861"],"normalized_title_ssm":["I.T. Walton dental account book, 1857/1861"],"text":["I.T. Walton dental account book, 1857/1861","MSS 16830","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1638","enslaved persons","Dentistry","The collection is open for research use.","Dr. I. T. Walton dental account book recording dental treatments of whites and African Americans both free and enslaved in 1857-1861 in Central and Southern Virginia. Most of the records pertain to his dental transactions during 1860 and 1861. They are particularly important for their inclusion of some 40 African American patients. Most of these people were evidently enslaved, and Walton's records are more attentive to the names of their owners -- or those financially responsible for them, though he usually records the first names of enslaved people.","Two patients, however, are recorded as \"free\": \"Jim White free negro at Toneys,\" possibly P.F. Toney, who is known to have employed African American laborers in Buckingham County in the 1860s -- paid one dollar for \"Extracting tooth for self\" on March 16th, 1861.","More notable is Walton's record for \"Candy Bartlett, free negress,\" who paid two dollars for \"1 gold plug\" on March 13th, 1861. She was the only African American in his accounts to receive anything other than an extraction, suggesting a reluctance on the part of the owners of enslaved people to pay for anything other than the most basic care.","Treatments and prices are listed for cleanings, tooth ache drops, \"gold plugs,\" and various \"temporary\" and \"amalgam\" fillings, as well as for \"extracting\" teeth and \"fangs\", resetting teeth, and occasionally \"killing nerve[s].\"","Each entry records the name of the patient, and if different, the name of the person paying the bill. For example, \"Thos. Price\" paid two dollars for \"1 God Plug for self,\" while \"Jack Watson\" paid $2.50 for \"1 gold plug for wife.\"","Numerous entries record the patient's profession: \"John H. Harvey (Teacher at Richardsons)\" paid a total of five dollars for \"Extracting 3 teeth for self\" and \"killing nerve \u0026 feeling with cement,\" and \"Rev. Charles Chaplin\" received his filling at no charge, in exchange \"for preaching.\"","The majority of the account book proceeds chronologically, though Walton regularly returns to entries to record later work done on the same patient. A few entries note Walton's having rented rooms -- evidence of an itinerant practice -- while others, apparently from Key West, Florida, indicate that he spent some time there in the late 1850s. A few early pages contain dental account entries from 1857 through 1859, and some twenty pages at the end contain brief entries on Walton's personal and dental accounts from 1857-1861. A number of poems, some apparently authored by Walton, are interspersed between dental entries.","This collection contains an account book of a Virginia dentist, Dr. I.T. Walton, who worked in Appomattox, Prince Edward, Charlotte, Mecklenburg, and Albemarle Counties. The book recorded services for white, enslaved, and free Black patients between 1857 and 1861. The account book documents procedures, tooth conditions, and overall health assessment of patients and includes prices for cleanings, toothache drops, \"gold plugs,\" and various \"temporary\" and \"amalgam\" fillings, as well as for \"extracting\" teeth and \"fangs,\" resetting teeth, and occasionally \"killing nerve[s].\"  Each entry records the name of the patient and, if different, the name of the person paying the bill. Most of the volume proceeds chronologically, though Walton regularly returns to entries to record later work on the same patient. Walton delineates race within his account book, with forty individuals referred to as either \"negro\" or \"negress\". Walton notes two Black patients as free, and the rest were evidently enslaved. No mention of the Civil War appears. A few entries note Walton's renting rooms- evidence of an itinerant practice- while others, apparently from Key West, Florida, indicate that he spent some time there in the late 1850s. A few early pages contain dental account entries from 1857 through 1859, and some twenty pages at the end contain brief entries on Walton's personal and dental accounts from 1857 to 1861. A number of poems, some apparently authored by Walton, are interspersed between dental entries.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co.","Walton, I.T.","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["I.T. Walton dental account book, 1857/1861"],"collection_ssim":["I.T. Walton dental account book, 1857/1861"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16830","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1638"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16830","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1638"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["James Arsenault and Co.","Walton, I.T."],"creator_ssim":["James Arsenault and Co.","Walton, I.T."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Walton, I.T."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co."],"creators_ssim":["Walton, I.T.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co."],"access_subjects_ssim":["enslaved persons","Dentistry"],"access_subjects_ssm":["enslaved persons","Dentistry"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.04 Cubic Feet One legal-sized file folder"],"extent_tesim":["0.04 Cubic Feet One legal-sized file folder"],"date_range_isim":[1857,1858,1859,1860,1861],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eDr. I. T. Walton dental account book recording dental treatments of whites and African Americans both free and enslaved in 1857-1861 in Central and Southern Virginia. Most of the records pertain to his dental transactions during 1860 and 1861. They are particularly important for their inclusion of some 40 African American patients. Most of these people were evidently enslaved, and Walton's records are more attentive to the names of their owners -- or those financially responsible for them, though he usually records the first names of enslaved people. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTwo patients, however, are recorded as \"free\": \"Jim White free negro at Toneys,\" possibly P.F. Toney, who is known to have employed African American laborers in Buckingham County in the 1860s -- paid one dollar for \"Extracting tooth for self\" on March 16th, 1861. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMore notable is Walton's record for \"Candy Bartlett, free negress,\" who paid two dollars for \"1 gold plug\" on March 13th, 1861. She was the only African American in his accounts to receive anything other than an extraction, suggesting a reluctance on the part of the owners of enslaved people to pay for anything other than the most basic care.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTreatments and prices are listed for cleanings, tooth ache drops, \"gold plugs,\" and various \"temporary\" and \"amalgam\" fillings, as well as for \"extracting\" teeth and \"fangs\", resetting teeth, and occasionally \"killing nerve[s].\" \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEach entry records the name of the patient, and if different, the name of the person paying the bill. For example, \"Thos. Price\" paid two dollars for \"1 God Plug for self,\" while \"Jack Watson\" paid $2.50 for \"1 gold plug for wife.\" \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNumerous entries record the patient's profession: \"John H. Harvey (Teacher at Richardsons)\" paid a total of five dollars for \"Extracting 3 teeth for self\" and \"killing nerve \u0026amp; feeling with cement,\" and \"Rev. Charles Chaplin\" received his filling at no charge, in exchange \"for preaching.\" \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe majority of the account book proceeds chronologically, though Walton regularly returns to entries to record later work done on the same patient. A few entries note Walton's having rented rooms -- evidence of an itinerant practice -- while others, apparently from Key West, Florida, indicate that he spent some time there in the late 1850s. A few early pages contain dental account entries from 1857 through 1859, and some twenty pages at the end contain brief entries on Walton's personal and dental accounts from 1857-1861. A number of poems, some apparently authored by Walton, are interspersed between dental entries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Dr. I. T. Walton dental account book recording dental treatments of whites and African Americans both free and enslaved in 1857-1861 in Central and Southern Virginia. Most of the records pertain to his dental transactions during 1860 and 1861. They are particularly important for their inclusion of some 40 African American patients. Most of these people were evidently enslaved, and Walton's records are more attentive to the names of their owners -- or those financially responsible for them, though he usually records the first names of enslaved people.","Two patients, however, are recorded as \"free\": \"Jim White free negro at Toneys,\" possibly P.F. Toney, who is known to have employed African American laborers in Buckingham County in the 1860s -- paid one dollar for \"Extracting tooth for self\" on March 16th, 1861.","More notable is Walton's record for \"Candy Bartlett, free negress,\" who paid two dollars for \"1 gold plug\" on March 13th, 1861. She was the only African American in his accounts to receive anything other than an extraction, suggesting a reluctance on the part of the owners of enslaved people to pay for anything other than the most basic care.","Treatments and prices are listed for cleanings, tooth ache drops, \"gold plugs,\" and various \"temporary\" and \"amalgam\" fillings, as well as for \"extracting\" teeth and \"fangs\", resetting teeth, and occasionally \"killing nerve[s].\"","Each entry records the name of the patient, and if different, the name of the person paying the bill. For example, \"Thos. Price\" paid two dollars for \"1 God Plug for self,\" while \"Jack Watson\" paid $2.50 for \"1 gold plug for wife.\"","Numerous entries record the patient's profession: \"John H. Harvey (Teacher at Richardsons)\" paid a total of five dollars for \"Extracting 3 teeth for self\" and \"killing nerve \u0026 feeling with cement,\" and \"Rev. Charles Chaplin\" received his filling at no charge, in exchange \"for preaching.\"","The majority of the account book proceeds chronologically, though Walton regularly returns to entries to record later work done on the same patient. A few entries note Walton's having rented rooms -- evidence of an itinerant practice -- while others, apparently from Key West, Florida, indicate that he spent some time there in the late 1850s. A few early pages contain dental account entries from 1857 through 1859, and some twenty pages at the end contain brief entries on Walton's personal and dental accounts from 1857-1861. A number of poems, some apparently authored by Walton, are interspersed between dental entries."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16830, I. T. Walton dental account book, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16830, I. T. Walton dental account book, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains an account book of a Virginia dentist, Dr. I.T. Walton, who worked in Appomattox, Prince Edward, Charlotte, Mecklenburg, and Albemarle Counties. The book recorded services for white, enslaved, and free Black patients between 1857 and 1861. The account book documents procedures, tooth conditions, and overall health assessment of patients and includes prices for cleanings, toothache drops, \"gold plugs,\" and various \"temporary\" and \"amalgam\" fillings, as well as for \"extracting\" teeth and \"fangs,\" resetting teeth, and occasionally \"killing nerve[s].\"  Each entry records the name of the patient and, if different, the name of the person paying the bill. Most of the volume proceeds chronologically, though Walton regularly returns to entries to record later work on the same patient. Walton delineates race within his account book, with forty individuals referred to as either \"negro\" or \"negress\". Walton notes two Black patients as free, and the rest were evidently enslaved. No mention of the Civil War appears. A few entries note Walton's renting rooms- evidence of an itinerant practice- while others, apparently from Key West, Florida, indicate that he spent some time there in the late 1850s. A few early pages contain dental account entries from 1857 through 1859, and some twenty pages at the end contain brief entries on Walton's personal and dental accounts from 1857 to 1861. A number of poems, some apparently authored by Walton, are interspersed between dental entries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains an account book of a Virginia dentist, Dr. I.T. Walton, who worked in Appomattox, Prince Edward, Charlotte, Mecklenburg, and Albemarle Counties. The book recorded services for white, enslaved, and free Black patients between 1857 and 1861. The account book documents procedures, tooth conditions, and overall health assessment of patients and includes prices for cleanings, toothache drops, \"gold plugs,\" and various \"temporary\" and \"amalgam\" fillings, as well as for \"extracting\" teeth and \"fangs,\" resetting teeth, and occasionally \"killing nerve[s].\"  Each entry records the name of the patient and, if different, the name of the person paying the bill. Most of the volume proceeds chronologically, though Walton regularly returns to entries to record later work on the same patient. Walton delineates race within his account book, with forty individuals referred to as either \"negro\" or \"negress\". Walton notes two Black patients as free, and the rest were evidently enslaved. No mention of the Civil War appears. A few entries note Walton's renting rooms- evidence of an itinerant practice- while others, apparently from Key West, Florida, indicate that he spent some time there in the late 1850s. A few early pages contain dental account entries from 1857 through 1859, and some twenty pages at the end contain brief entries on Walton's personal and dental accounts from 1857 to 1861. A number of poems, some apparently authored by Walton, are interspersed between dental entries."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co."],"names_coll_ssim":["James Arsenault and Co."],"persname_ssim":["Walton, I.T."],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co.","Walton, I.T."],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:53:38.700Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1638","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1638","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1638","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1638","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1638.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/196321","title_filing_ssi":"Walton, I. T. dental account book","title_ssm":["I.T. Walton dental account book"],"title_tesim":["I.T. Walton dental account book"],"unitdate_ssm":["1857-1861"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1857-1861"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1857/1861"],"normalized_title_ssm":["I.T. Walton dental account book, 1857/1861"],"text":["I.T. Walton dental account book, 1857/1861","MSS 16830","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1638","enslaved persons","Dentistry","The collection is open for research use.","Dr. I. T. Walton dental account book recording dental treatments of whites and African Americans both free and enslaved in 1857-1861 in Central and Southern Virginia. Most of the records pertain to his dental transactions during 1860 and 1861. They are particularly important for their inclusion of some 40 African American patients. Most of these people were evidently enslaved, and Walton's records are more attentive to the names of their owners -- or those financially responsible for them, though he usually records the first names of enslaved people.","Two patients, however, are recorded as \"free\": \"Jim White free negro at Toneys,\" possibly P.F. Toney, who is known to have employed African American laborers in Buckingham County in the 1860s -- paid one dollar for \"Extracting tooth for self\" on March 16th, 1861.","More notable is Walton's record for \"Candy Bartlett, free negress,\" who paid two dollars for \"1 gold plug\" on March 13th, 1861. She was the only African American in his accounts to receive anything other than an extraction, suggesting a reluctance on the part of the owners of enslaved people to pay for anything other than the most basic care.","Treatments and prices are listed for cleanings, tooth ache drops, \"gold plugs,\" and various \"temporary\" and \"amalgam\" fillings, as well as for \"extracting\" teeth and \"fangs\", resetting teeth, and occasionally \"killing nerve[s].\"","Each entry records the name of the patient, and if different, the name of the person paying the bill. For example, \"Thos. Price\" paid two dollars for \"1 God Plug for self,\" while \"Jack Watson\" paid $2.50 for \"1 gold plug for wife.\"","Numerous entries record the patient's profession: \"John H. Harvey (Teacher at Richardsons)\" paid a total of five dollars for \"Extracting 3 teeth for self\" and \"killing nerve \u0026 feeling with cement,\" and \"Rev. Charles Chaplin\" received his filling at no charge, in exchange \"for preaching.\"","The majority of the account book proceeds chronologically, though Walton regularly returns to entries to record later work done on the same patient. A few entries note Walton's having rented rooms -- evidence of an itinerant practice -- while others, apparently from Key West, Florida, indicate that he spent some time there in the late 1850s. A few early pages contain dental account entries from 1857 through 1859, and some twenty pages at the end contain brief entries on Walton's personal and dental accounts from 1857-1861. A number of poems, some apparently authored by Walton, are interspersed between dental entries.","This collection contains an account book of a Virginia dentist, Dr. I.T. Walton, who worked in Appomattox, Prince Edward, Charlotte, Mecklenburg, and Albemarle Counties. The book recorded services for white, enslaved, and free Black patients between 1857 and 1861. The account book documents procedures, tooth conditions, and overall health assessment of patients and includes prices for cleanings, toothache drops, \"gold plugs,\" and various \"temporary\" and \"amalgam\" fillings, as well as for \"extracting\" teeth and \"fangs,\" resetting teeth, and occasionally \"killing nerve[s].\"  Each entry records the name of the patient and, if different, the name of the person paying the bill. Most of the volume proceeds chronologically, though Walton regularly returns to entries to record later work on the same patient. Walton delineates race within his account book, with forty individuals referred to as either \"negro\" or \"negress\". Walton notes two Black patients as free, and the rest were evidently enslaved. No mention of the Civil War appears. A few entries note Walton's renting rooms- evidence of an itinerant practice- while others, apparently from Key West, Florida, indicate that he spent some time there in the late 1850s. A few early pages contain dental account entries from 1857 through 1859, and some twenty pages at the end contain brief entries on Walton's personal and dental accounts from 1857 to 1861. A number of poems, some apparently authored by Walton, are interspersed between dental entries.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co.","Walton, I.T.","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["I.T. Walton dental account book, 1857/1861"],"collection_ssim":["I.T. Walton dental account book, 1857/1861"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16830","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1638"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16830","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1638"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["James Arsenault and Co.","Walton, I.T."],"creator_ssim":["James Arsenault and Co.","Walton, I.T."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Walton, I.T."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co."],"creators_ssim":["Walton, I.T.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co."],"access_subjects_ssim":["enslaved persons","Dentistry"],"access_subjects_ssm":["enslaved persons","Dentistry"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.04 Cubic Feet One legal-sized file folder"],"extent_tesim":["0.04 Cubic Feet One legal-sized file folder"],"date_range_isim":[1857,1858,1859,1860,1861],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eDr. I. T. Walton dental account book recording dental treatments of whites and African Americans both free and enslaved in 1857-1861 in Central and Southern Virginia. Most of the records pertain to his dental transactions during 1860 and 1861. They are particularly important for their inclusion of some 40 African American patients. Most of these people were evidently enslaved, and Walton's records are more attentive to the names of their owners -- or those financially responsible for them, though he usually records the first names of enslaved people. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTwo patients, however, are recorded as \"free\": \"Jim White free negro at Toneys,\" possibly P.F. Toney, who is known to have employed African American laborers in Buckingham County in the 1860s -- paid one dollar for \"Extracting tooth for self\" on March 16th, 1861. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMore notable is Walton's record for \"Candy Bartlett, free negress,\" who paid two dollars for \"1 gold plug\" on March 13th, 1861. She was the only African American in his accounts to receive anything other than an extraction, suggesting a reluctance on the part of the owners of enslaved people to pay for anything other than the most basic care.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTreatments and prices are listed for cleanings, tooth ache drops, \"gold plugs,\" and various \"temporary\" and \"amalgam\" fillings, as well as for \"extracting\" teeth and \"fangs\", resetting teeth, and occasionally \"killing nerve[s].\" \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEach entry records the name of the patient, and if different, the name of the person paying the bill. For example, \"Thos. Price\" paid two dollars for \"1 God Plug for self,\" while \"Jack Watson\" paid $2.50 for \"1 gold plug for wife.\" \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNumerous entries record the patient's profession: \"John H. Harvey (Teacher at Richardsons)\" paid a total of five dollars for \"Extracting 3 teeth for self\" and \"killing nerve \u0026amp; feeling with cement,\" and \"Rev. Charles Chaplin\" received his filling at no charge, in exchange \"for preaching.\" \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe majority of the account book proceeds chronologically, though Walton regularly returns to entries to record later work done on the same patient. A few entries note Walton's having rented rooms -- evidence of an itinerant practice -- while others, apparently from Key West, Florida, indicate that he spent some time there in the late 1850s. A few early pages contain dental account entries from 1857 through 1859, and some twenty pages at the end contain brief entries on Walton's personal and dental accounts from 1857-1861. A number of poems, some apparently authored by Walton, are interspersed between dental entries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Dr. I. T. Walton dental account book recording dental treatments of whites and African Americans both free and enslaved in 1857-1861 in Central and Southern Virginia. Most of the records pertain to his dental transactions during 1860 and 1861. They are particularly important for their inclusion of some 40 African American patients. Most of these people were evidently enslaved, and Walton's records are more attentive to the names of their owners -- or those financially responsible for them, though he usually records the first names of enslaved people.","Two patients, however, are recorded as \"free\": \"Jim White free negro at Toneys,\" possibly P.F. Toney, who is known to have employed African American laborers in Buckingham County in the 1860s -- paid one dollar for \"Extracting tooth for self\" on March 16th, 1861.","More notable is Walton's record for \"Candy Bartlett, free negress,\" who paid two dollars for \"1 gold plug\" on March 13th, 1861. She was the only African American in his accounts to receive anything other than an extraction, suggesting a reluctance on the part of the owners of enslaved people to pay for anything other than the most basic care.","Treatments and prices are listed for cleanings, tooth ache drops, \"gold plugs,\" and various \"temporary\" and \"amalgam\" fillings, as well as for \"extracting\" teeth and \"fangs\", resetting teeth, and occasionally \"killing nerve[s].\"","Each entry records the name of the patient, and if different, the name of the person paying the bill. For example, \"Thos. Price\" paid two dollars for \"1 God Plug for self,\" while \"Jack Watson\" paid $2.50 for \"1 gold plug for wife.\"","Numerous entries record the patient's profession: \"John H. Harvey (Teacher at Richardsons)\" paid a total of five dollars for \"Extracting 3 teeth for self\" and \"killing nerve \u0026 feeling with cement,\" and \"Rev. Charles Chaplin\" received his filling at no charge, in exchange \"for preaching.\"","The majority of the account book proceeds chronologically, though Walton regularly returns to entries to record later work done on the same patient. A few entries note Walton's having rented rooms -- evidence of an itinerant practice -- while others, apparently from Key West, Florida, indicate that he spent some time there in the late 1850s. A few early pages contain dental account entries from 1857 through 1859, and some twenty pages at the end contain brief entries on Walton's personal and dental accounts from 1857-1861. A number of poems, some apparently authored by Walton, are interspersed between dental entries."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16830, I. T. Walton dental account book, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16830, I. T. Walton dental account book, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains an account book of a Virginia dentist, Dr. I.T. Walton, who worked in Appomattox, Prince Edward, Charlotte, Mecklenburg, and Albemarle Counties. The book recorded services for white, enslaved, and free Black patients between 1857 and 1861. The account book documents procedures, tooth conditions, and overall health assessment of patients and includes prices for cleanings, toothache drops, \"gold plugs,\" and various \"temporary\" and \"amalgam\" fillings, as well as for \"extracting\" teeth and \"fangs,\" resetting teeth, and occasionally \"killing nerve[s].\"  Each entry records the name of the patient and, if different, the name of the person paying the bill. Most of the volume proceeds chronologically, though Walton regularly returns to entries to record later work on the same patient. Walton delineates race within his account book, with forty individuals referred to as either \"negro\" or \"negress\". Walton notes two Black patients as free, and the rest were evidently enslaved. No mention of the Civil War appears. A few entries note Walton's renting rooms- evidence of an itinerant practice- while others, apparently from Key West, Florida, indicate that he spent some time there in the late 1850s. A few early pages contain dental account entries from 1857 through 1859, and some twenty pages at the end contain brief entries on Walton's personal and dental accounts from 1857 to 1861. A number of poems, some apparently authored by Walton, are interspersed between dental entries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains an account book of a Virginia dentist, Dr. I.T. Walton, who worked in Appomattox, Prince Edward, Charlotte, Mecklenburg, and Albemarle Counties. The book recorded services for white, enslaved, and free Black patients between 1857 and 1861. The account book documents procedures, tooth conditions, and overall health assessment of patients and includes prices for cleanings, toothache drops, \"gold plugs,\" and various \"temporary\" and \"amalgam\" fillings, as well as for \"extracting\" teeth and \"fangs,\" resetting teeth, and occasionally \"killing nerve[s].\"  Each entry records the name of the patient and, if different, the name of the person paying the bill. Most of the volume proceeds chronologically, though Walton regularly returns to entries to record later work on the same patient. Walton delineates race within his account book, with forty individuals referred to as either \"negro\" or \"negress\". Walton notes two Black patients as free, and the rest were evidently enslaved. No mention of the Civil War appears. A few entries note Walton's renting rooms- evidence of an itinerant practice- while others, apparently from Key West, Florida, indicate that he spent some time there in the late 1850s. A few early pages contain dental account entries from 1857 through 1859, and some twenty pages at the end contain brief entries on Walton's personal and dental accounts from 1857 to 1861. A number of poems, some apparently authored by Walton, are interspersed between dental entries."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co."],"names_coll_ssim":["James Arsenault and Co."],"persname_ssim":["Walton, I.T."],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co.","Walton, I.T."],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:53:38.700Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1638"}}],"included":[{"type":"facet","id":"repository_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Repository","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept.","value":"University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept.","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=James+Arsenault+and+Co.\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/repository_ssim.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=James+Arsenault+and+Co.\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"type":"facet","id":"collection_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Collection","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Archibald McClean letter to Francis James supporting anti-slavery measures in Virginia, 1842","value":"Archibald McClean letter to Francis James supporting anti-slavery measures in Virginia, 1842","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Archibald+McClean+letter+to+Francis+James+supporting+anti-slavery+measures+in+Virginia%2C+1842\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=James+Arsenault+and+Co.\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"I.T. 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