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Mentions various issues on a national level: social, political, economic, and educational perspectives, with a review of various individuals and organizations supporting equality issues and black rights: W.E.B. Dubois and the NAACP; Thurgood Marshall; Dr. Martin Luther King and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Reviews the concept of sit-ins as a form of protest; differing white responses, including the Ku Klux Klan. Reviews the same issues from the state level, with an emphasis on Virginia's resistive response: pro-segregationist views of Armistead L. Boothe, the Byrd Organization, and the Defenders of State Sovereignty and Individual Liberties versus viewpoints of organizations led by church ministers, college professors and social workers. Also included is information on voter rights and demographic issues. 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Talks about his 25 years of public service as the first black city official; campaigning, etc. (six years on School Board, two as Chair; sixteen years on the City Council, membership on the City annexation committee). Comments on state-wide organizations and individuals created to impede black advancement (Byrd Organization, J. Lindsay Almond) and his own relations with whites, based on business, public and social friendships and contacts. In general, shares his opinions of and philosophy about race relations within the Harrisonburg, Va. community over the years. Recorded at the home of Mr. Elon Rhodes, Harrisonburg, Va. on March 18, 1997.","Records Mrs. Blakey's recollections of growing up and working in Virginia during the segregation and integration era following World War II. In particular, talks about the influence of her parents; college education; teaching career (1955-1996); family; and community life in Harrisonburg, Va. Mentions her experiences as a business teacher, first at the all black elementary-high school, Lucy Simms High School, and then at Harrisonburg High School as the first black teacher following integration. Compares and contrasts curricula and other opportunities at the two schools; the Brown vs Education decision and resulting impact on school integration. Mentions local changes over the years especially in the areas of educational, vocational/job, economic, cultural, recreational, and social opportunities for blacks. Talks about her family and sons, the importance of education; travel to other countries; and church membership. Comments on state-wide organizations and individuals created to impede black advancement (Byrd Organization, J. Lindsay Almond) and her own relations with whites, based on social friendships and contacts. In general, shares her opinions of and philosophy about race relations within the Harrisonburg, Va. community over the years. 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In general, shares his opinions of and philosophy about race relations within the Harrisonburg, Va. community over the years. Recorded at the home of Mr. Elon Rhodes, Harrisonburg, Va. on March 18, 1997.","Records Mrs. Blakey's recollections of growing up and working in Virginia during the segregation and integration era following World War II. In particular, talks about the influence of her parents; college education; teaching career (1955-1996); family; and community life in Harrisonburg, Va. Mentions her experiences as a business teacher, first at the all black elementary-high school, Lucy Simms High School, and then at Harrisonburg High School as the first black teacher following integration. Compares and contrasts curricula and other opportunities at the two schools; the Brown vs Education decision and resulting impact on school integration. 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Mentions various issues on a national level: social, political, economic, and educational perspectives, with a review of various individuals and organizations supporting equality issues and black rights: W.E.B. Dubois and the NAACP; Thurgood Marshall; Dr. Martin Luther King and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Reviews the concept of sit-ins as a form of protest; differing white responses, including the Ku Klux Klan. Reviews the same issues from the state level, with an emphasis on Virginia's resistive response: pro-segregationist views of Armistead L. Boothe, the Byrd Organization, and the Defenders of State Sovereignty and Individual Liberties versus viewpoints of organizations led by church ministers, college professors and social workers. Also included is information on voter rights and demographic issues. The background paper ends with a brief review of local (Rockingham County and Harrisonburg, Va.) responses to integration efforts, and speculates on reasons why they were mostly favorable.","Records Mr. Rhodes' recollections of growing up in Harrisonburg, Va. during the segregation and integration era following World War I (from 1920's) to the present. Talks about local changes over the years in educational, vocational/job, economic, cultural, recreational, and social opportunities for blacks. In particular, comments on relations between whites and blacks prior to, during and following the Civil Rights movement and school integration era. Talks about changes over the years in trade versus professional opportunities, closed job markets, and GI training to open his barbershop business; also integrated sports opportunities and neighborhoods. Talks about his 25 years of public service as the first black city official; campaigning, etc. (six years on School Board, two as Chair; sixteen years on the City Council, membership on the City annexation committee). Comments on state-wide organizations and individuals created to impede black advancement (Byrd Organization, J. Lindsay Almond) and his own relations with whites, based on business, public and social friendships and contacts. In general, shares his opinions of and philosophy about race relations within the Harrisonburg, Va. community over the years. Recorded at the home of Mr. Elon Rhodes, Harrisonburg, Va. on March 18, 1997.","Records Mrs. Blakey's recollections of growing up and working in Virginia during the segregation and integration era following World War II. In particular, talks about the influence of her parents; college education; teaching career (1955-1996); family; and community life in Harrisonburg, Va. Mentions her experiences as a business teacher, first at the all black elementary-high school, Lucy Simms High School, and then at Harrisonburg High School as the first black teacher following integration. Compares and contrasts curricula and other opportunities at the two schools; the Brown vs Education decision and resulting impact on school integration. Mentions local changes over the years especially in the areas of educational, vocational/job, economic, cultural, recreational, and social opportunities for blacks. Talks about her family and sons, the importance of education; travel to other countries; and church membership. Comments on state-wide organizations and individuals created to impede black advancement (Byrd Organization, J. Lindsay Almond) and her own relations with whites, based on social friendships and contacts. In general, shares her opinions of and philosophy about race relations within the Harrisonburg, Va. community over the years. 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Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.","Audio and transcript are open for research.","Audio and transcript are open for research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eItems are arranged in no particular order.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Items are arranged in no particular order."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eTodd Fisher, an undergraduate student at James Madison University, conducted this interview as part of the coursework for Anthropology 284, in the Fall of 1991.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Bio/Historical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Todd Fisher, an undergraduate student at James Madison University, conducted this interview as part of the coursework for Anthropology 284, in the Fall of 1991."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Integration: the African American Experience in Harrisonburg, Virginia, Oral Histories, 1997, SdArch 0015, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Integration: the African American Experience in Harrisonburg, Virginia, Oral Histories, 1997, SdArch 0015, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAudiocassettes were transferred to MAMA-R 700MB gold cd-r using Tascam cc-222 mkII; 270mb in 2006.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Audiocassettes were transferred to MAMA-R 700MB gold cd-r using Tascam cc-222 mkII; 270mb in 2006."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIntegration: the African American Experience in Harrisonburg, Virginia, Oral Histories, 1997, is comprised of audio recordings, transcripts and a background paper associated with interviews conducted with Harrisonburg residents, Elon Rhodes and Barbara Blakey, regarding their experiences living in Virginia from the 1920s-1990s.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis monograph provides a short history of Afro-American segregation and desegregation issues from a national and state (Virginia) perspective, beginning with the Reconstruction period following the Civil War. Mentions various issues on a national level: social, political, economic, and educational perspectives, with a review of various individuals and organizations supporting equality issues and black rights: W.E.B. Dubois and the NAACP; Thurgood Marshall; Dr. Martin Luther King and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Reviews the concept of sit-ins as a form of protest; differing white responses, including the Ku Klux Klan. Reviews the same issues from the state level, with an emphasis on Virginia's resistive response: pro-segregationist views of Armistead L. Boothe, the Byrd Organization, and the Defenders of State Sovereignty and Individual Liberties versus viewpoints of organizations led by church ministers, college professors and social workers. Also included is information on voter rights and demographic issues. The background paper ends with a brief review of local (Rockingham County and Harrisonburg, Va.) responses to integration efforts, and speculates on reasons why they were mostly favorable.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRecords Mr. Rhodes' recollections of growing up in Harrisonburg, Va. during the segregation and integration era following World War I (from 1920's) to the present. Talks about local changes over the years in educational, vocational/job, economic, cultural, recreational, and social opportunities for blacks. In particular, comments on relations between whites and blacks prior to, during and following the Civil Rights movement and school integration era. Talks about changes over the years in trade versus professional opportunities, closed job markets, and GI training to open his barbershop business; also integrated sports opportunities and neighborhoods. Talks about his 25 years of public service as the first black city official; campaigning, etc. (six years on School Board, two as Chair; sixteen years on the City Council, membership on the City annexation committee). Comments on state-wide organizations and individuals created to impede black advancement (Byrd Organization, J. Lindsay Almond) and his own relations with whites, based on business, public and social friendships and contacts. In general, shares his opinions of and philosophy about race relations within the Harrisonburg, Va. community over the years. Recorded at the home of Mr. Elon Rhodes, Harrisonburg, Va. on March 18, 1997.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRecords Mrs. Blakey's recollections of growing up and working in Virginia during the segregation and integration era following World War II. In particular, talks about the influence of her parents; college education; teaching career (1955-1996); family; and community life in Harrisonburg, Va. Mentions her experiences as a business teacher, first at the all black elementary-high school, Lucy Simms High School, and then at Harrisonburg High School as the first black teacher following integration. Compares and contrasts curricula and other opportunities at the two schools; the Brown vs Education decision and resulting impact on school integration. Mentions local changes over the years especially in the areas of educational, vocational/job, economic, cultural, recreational, and social opportunities for blacks. Talks about her family and sons, the importance of education; travel to other countries; and church membership. Comments on state-wide organizations and individuals created to impede black advancement (Byrd Organization, J. Lindsay Almond) and her own relations with whites, based on social friendships and contacts. In general, shares her opinions of and philosophy about race relations within the Harrisonburg, Va. community over the years. Recorded at the home of Mrs. Barbara Blakey, Harrisonburg, Va. on April 2, 1997.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Integration: the African American Experience in Harrisonburg, Virginia, Oral Histories, 1997, is comprised of audio recordings, transcripts and a background paper associated with interviews conducted with Harrisonburg residents, Elon Rhodes and Barbara Blakey, regarding their experiences living in Virginia from the 1920s-1990s.","This monograph provides a short history of Afro-American segregation and desegregation issues from a national and state (Virginia) perspective, beginning with the Reconstruction period following the Civil War. Mentions various issues on a national level: social, political, economic, and educational perspectives, with a review of various individuals and organizations supporting equality issues and black rights: W.E.B. Dubois and the NAACP; Thurgood Marshall; Dr. Martin Luther King and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Reviews the concept of sit-ins as a form of protest; differing white responses, including the Ku Klux Klan. Reviews the same issues from the state level, with an emphasis on Virginia's resistive response: pro-segregationist views of Armistead L. Boothe, the Byrd Organization, and the Defenders of State Sovereignty and Individual Liberties versus viewpoints of organizations led by church ministers, college professors and social workers. Also included is information on voter rights and demographic issues. The background paper ends with a brief review of local (Rockingham County and Harrisonburg, Va.) responses to integration efforts, and speculates on reasons why they were mostly favorable.","Records Mr. Rhodes' recollections of growing up in Harrisonburg, Va. during the segregation and integration era following World War I (from 1920's) to the present. Talks about local changes over the years in educational, vocational/job, economic, cultural, recreational, and social opportunities for blacks. In particular, comments on relations between whites and blacks prior to, during and following the Civil Rights movement and school integration era. Talks about changes over the years in trade versus professional opportunities, closed job markets, and GI training to open his barbershop business; also integrated sports opportunities and neighborhoods. Talks about his 25 years of public service as the first black city official; campaigning, etc. (six years on School Board, two as Chair; sixteen years on the City Council, membership on the City annexation committee). Comments on state-wide organizations and individuals created to impede black advancement (Byrd Organization, J. Lindsay Almond) and his own relations with whites, based on business, public and social friendships and contacts. In general, shares his opinions of and philosophy about race relations within the Harrisonburg, Va. community over the years. Recorded at the home of Mr. Elon Rhodes, Harrisonburg, Va. on March 18, 1997.","Records Mrs. Blakey's recollections of growing up and working in Virginia during the segregation and integration era following World War II. In particular, talks about the influence of her parents; college education; teaching career (1955-1996); family; and community life in Harrisonburg, Va. Mentions her experiences as a business teacher, first at the all black elementary-high school, Lucy Simms High School, and then at Harrisonburg High School as the first black teacher following integration. Compares and contrasts curricula and other opportunities at the two schools; the Brown vs Education decision and resulting impact on school integration. Mentions local changes over the years especially in the areas of educational, vocational/job, economic, cultural, recreational, and social opportunities for blacks. Talks about her family and sons, the importance of education; travel to other countries; and church membership. Comments on state-wide organizations and individuals created to impede black advancement (Byrd Organization, J. Lindsay Almond) and her own relations with whites, based on social friendships and contacts. In general, shares her opinions of and philosophy about race relations within the Harrisonburg, Va. community over the years. Recorded at the home of Mrs. Barbara Blakey, Harrisonburg, Va. on April 2, 1997."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright interests in this collection have been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCopyright interests have been transferred to Carrier Library.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCopyright interests have been transferred to Carrier Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions","Conditions Governing Use","Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright interests in this collection have been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).","Copyright interests have been transferred to Carrier Library.","Copyright interests have been transferred to Carrier Library."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_ed553d124e7648d2be0b024494b4fb12\"\u003eIntegration: the African American Experience in Harrisonburg, Virginia, Oral Histories, 1997, is comprised of audio recordings, transcripts and a background paper associated with interviews conducted with Harrisonburg residents Elon Rhodes and Barbara Blakey, regarding their experiences living in Virginia from the 1920s-1990s.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Integration: the African American Experience in Harrisonburg, Virginia, Oral Histories, 1997, is comprised of audio recordings, transcripts and a background paper associated with interviews conducted with Harrisonburg residents Elon Rhodes and Barbara Blakey, regarding their experiences living in Virginia from the 1920s-1990s."],"names_coll_ssim":["National Association for the Advancement of Colored People"],"names_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","Rhodes, Elon W. (Elon Walter), 1922-2006","Blakey, Barbara Williams, 1934-2020"],"corpname_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People"],"persname_ssim":["Rhodes, Elon W. (Elon Walter), 1922-2006","Blakey, Barbara Williams, 1934-2020"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":5,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T00:19:36.409Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_603"}},{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_665","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Lucy Simms oral histories","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_665#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Getachew, Wondwossen","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_665#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"The oral history collection includes the recollections of Carlotta Harris, Edgar Johnson and wife, Wilhelmina Johnson, Louise Winston, and Elon Rhodes, former students of Lucy Simms, and Ellen Walker, current owner of the Lucy Simms house.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_665#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_665","ead_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_665","_root_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_665","_nest_parent_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_665","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/JMU/repositories_4_resources_665.xml","title_ssm":["Lucy Simms oral histories"],"title_tesim":["Lucy Simms oral histories"],"unitdate_ssm":["2000"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["2000"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SdArch 0020","/repositories/4/resources/665"],"text":["SdArch 0020","/repositories/4/resources/665","Lucy Simms oral histories","Harrisonburg (Va.) -- Race relations","Harrisonburg (Va.) -- History -- 20th century","Harrisonburg (Va.) -- History -- 19th century","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","African American teachers -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- Sources","African American teachers and the community -- Sources","African American neighborhoods -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- Sources","African Americans -- Education (Elementary) -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- Sources","African Americans -- Education (Secondary) -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- Sources","African Americans -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- History -- Sources","African Americans -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- Social life and customs -- Sources","African Americans -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- Economic conditions -- Sources","Slavery -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","Segregation in education -- Virginia -- History","Social change","African Americans -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- History","oral histories (literary works)","Collection open to research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.","Collection materials are arranged according to interviewee.","Lucy Frances Simms was born into slavery in 1856 at the Hill Top Plantation located along Harrisonburg's northeast boundary. After Emancipation, her family settled on the same land where they were formerly enslaved, known as Newtown. As a young girl, Simms attended the Whipple School, Harrisonburg's first African American schoolhouse near Blacks Run, and later enrolled at Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute in Hampton, Virginia where she studied alongside Booker T. Washington. After graduating in 1877 with a teaching certificate, Simms returned to the Harrisonburg area, where she taught three generations of Black students over the course of five decades. She began her teaching career at Long's Chapel schoolhouse in Zenda where she taught for one year before taking a position at the Effinger Street School in Harrisonburg. Simms taught there for fifty-one years until her death in 1934. She is buried in Newtown Cemetery. Her advocacy and commitment to teaching was commemorated by the Lucy F. Simms School which was built in 1939 as the city's new school for Black students and named in Simms's honor. The school, now known as the Lucy F. Simms Continuing Education Center, was in operation until 1966 when the local schools desegregated.","Recorded at Ellen Walker's residence at 231 East Johnson Street, Harrisonburg, Virginia. It was the former residence of Lucy F. Simms.","Recorded at 192 Kelly Street, Harrisonburg, Virginia.","Recorded at 424 Myrtle Street, Harrisonburg, Virginia.","Recorded at 366 Effinger Street, Harrisonburg, Virginia.","At some point after their donation in 2001, the cassette tapes were reformatted into a digital format.","The oral history collection includes the recollections of Carlotta Harris, Edgar Johnson and wife, Wilhelmina Johnson, Louise Winston, and Elon Rhodes, former students of Lucy Simms, and Ellen Walker, current owner of the Lucy Simms house. Topics discussed include Lucy Simms as an educator and her teaching style; local African American education more broadly; and social, economic, and demographic changes to Harrisonburg's African American neighborhoods.","Records the reminiscences of Ellen Walker, who purchased and renovated Lucy Simms' Harrisonburg house in 1997. Describes her childhood and school experiences in Charlottesville, Virginia, in the 1950s and 1960s, during the transition from segregation to integration. Discusses the economic and social impact of segregation on the school systems. Relates how she moved to Harrisonburg in 1994, where she found the Simms house, abandoned and in disrepair. Describes the process of buying the house from the City of Harrisonburg and renovating it with the help of volunteers from the local chapter of Habitat for Humanity. Mentions a number of Simms' papers and letters found in the attic, during renovation. Describes Simms' family, including her mother, sister, and two brothers; John Simms and Ulysses Wilson. Gives a brief account of the final days and death of Lucy Simms in the house, in 1934.","Records the reminiscences of Carlotta Newman Harris, who was a neighbor and student of Lucy Simms in the early twentieth century. Recounts her early family life and her experiences as a student in Simms' first grade class at the Effinger Street School in Harrisonburg, Va. (ca. 1917). Describes Simms' teaching technique and classroom demeanor. Discusses the daily routine at the school, including the role of the principal, her future father-in-law, William Harris, whom she calls \"Dembe.\" Mentions events in subsequent primary grades and her eventual high school graduation from that same school in 1929. Includes recollections of the friendship between her mother and Simms, as well as Simms' standing and reputation in the community. Briefly describes the physical and social changes in her Harrisonburg neighborhood over several decades.","Records the reminiscences of Edgar Johnson, Wilhelmina Johnson, and Louise Winston, three former students of Lucy Simms at the Effinger Street School. Describes Simms' teaching style and her standing in the community. Includes a brief physical description of the Effinger Street School, as well as the Lucy F. Simms School, where all three students were transferred in 1939. Refers to Mary Fairfax, who taught at the Simms School. Discusses the social, economic, and demographic changes to Harrisonburg's African American neighborhoods after a major redevelopment project in the 1940s.","Records the reminiscences of Elon Rhodes, a lifelong resident of Harrisonburg, Virginia. Recounts his early family life and his experiences as a student in Lucy Simms' first grade class at the Effinger Street School (circa 1928), and his subsequent high school graduation from that same school in 1939. Describes Simms' teaching technique and classroom demeanor, as well as the physical layout of the school building. Mentions the Lucy F. Simms school building, which opened the year he graduated from Effinger Street, in 1939. Briefly mentions the Effinger Street School's principal, William Harris, who would hold the same position at the Simms School. Describes race relations in Harrisonburg, as well as the changing demographic and social structure of the city over several decades. Touches briefly on his service in a segregated Army unit in World War II and his subsequent entry into Harrisonburg municipal government upon his return from the war. Discusses his two terms on the school board and his two years as the vice-mayor of Harrisonburg.","The copyright interests in this collection have been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).","The oral history collection includes the recollections of Carlotta Harris, Edgar Johnson and wife, Wilhelmina Johnson, Louise Winston, and Elon Rhodes, former students of Lucy Simms, and Ellen Walker, current owner of the Lucy Simms house.","James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Lucy F. Simms School (Public school)","Effinger Street School","Getachew, Wondwossen","Simms, Lucy F. (Lucy Frances), 1856-1934","Walker, Ellen, 1951-","Harris, Carlotta (Mary Carlotta Newman), 1911-2015","Newman, George A. (George Ambrose), 1855-1944","Johnson, Edgar, 1925-2003","Johnson, Wilhelmina","Winston, Louise Helen, 1921-2019","Rhodes, Elon W. 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After Emancipation, her family settled on the same land where they were formerly enslaved, known as Newtown. As a young girl, Simms attended the Whipple School, Harrisonburg's first African American schoolhouse near Blacks Run, and later enrolled at Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute in Hampton, Virginia where she studied alongside Booker T. Washington. After graduating in 1877 with a teaching certificate, Simms returned to the Harrisonburg area, where she taught three generations of Black students over the course of five decades. She began her teaching career at Long's Chapel schoolhouse in Zenda where she taught for one year before taking a position at the Effinger Street School in Harrisonburg. Simms taught there for fifty-one years until her death in 1934. She is buried in Newtown Cemetery. Her advocacy and commitment to teaching was commemorated by the Lucy F. Simms School which was built in 1939 as the city's new school for Black students and named in Simms's honor. The school, now known as the Lucy F. Simms Continuing Education Center, was in operation until 1966 when the local schools desegregated.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Bio/Historical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Lucy Frances Simms was born into slavery in 1856 at the Hill Top Plantation located along Harrisonburg's northeast boundary. After Emancipation, her family settled on the same land where they were formerly enslaved, known as Newtown. As a young girl, Simms attended the Whipple School, Harrisonburg's first African American schoolhouse near Blacks Run, and later enrolled at Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute in Hampton, Virginia where she studied alongside Booker T. Washington. After graduating in 1877 with a teaching certificate, Simms returned to the Harrisonburg area, where she taught three generations of Black students over the course of five decades. She began her teaching career at Long's Chapel schoolhouse in Zenda where she taught for one year before taking a position at the Effinger Street School in Harrisonburg. Simms taught there for fifty-one years until her death in 1934. She is buried in Newtown Cemetery. Her advocacy and commitment to teaching was commemorated by the Lucy F. Simms School which was built in 1939 as the city's new school for Black students and named in Simms's honor. The school, now known as the Lucy F. Simms Continuing Education Center, was in operation until 1966 when the local schools desegregated."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRecorded at Ellen Walker's residence at 231 East Johnson Street, Harrisonburg, Virginia. It was the former residence of Lucy F. 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Simms.","Recorded at 192 Kelly Street, Harrisonburg, Virginia.","Recorded at 424 Myrtle Street, Harrisonburg, Virginia.","Recorded at 366 Effinger Street, Harrisonburg, Virginia."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Lucy Simms Oral Histories, 2000, SdArch 0020, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Lucy Simms Oral Histories, 2000, SdArch 0020, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAt some point after their donation in 2001, the cassette tapes were reformatted into a digital format.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["At some point after their donation in 2001, the cassette tapes were reformatted into a digital format."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe oral history collection includes the recollections of Carlotta Harris, Edgar Johnson and wife, Wilhelmina Johnson, Louise Winston, and Elon Rhodes, former students of Lucy Simms, and Ellen Walker, current owner of the Lucy Simms house. Topics discussed include Lucy Simms as an educator and her teaching style; local African American education more broadly; and social, economic, and demographic changes to Harrisonburg's African American neighborhoods.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRecords the reminiscences of Ellen Walker, who purchased and renovated Lucy Simms' Harrisonburg house in 1997. Describes her childhood and school experiences in Charlottesville, Virginia, in the 1950s and 1960s, during the transition from segregation to integration. Discusses the economic and social impact of segregation on the school systems. Relates how she moved to Harrisonburg in 1994, where she found the Simms house, abandoned and in disrepair. Describes the process of buying the house from the City of Harrisonburg and renovating it with the help of volunteers from the local chapter of Habitat for Humanity. Mentions a number of Simms' papers and letters found in the attic, during renovation. Describes Simms' family, including her mother, sister, and two brothers; John Simms and Ulysses Wilson. Gives a brief account of the final days and death of Lucy Simms in the house, in 1934.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRecords the reminiscences of Carlotta Newman Harris, who was a neighbor and student of Lucy Simms in the early twentieth century. Recounts her early family life and her experiences as a student in Simms' first grade class at the Effinger Street School in Harrisonburg, Va. (ca. 1917). Describes Simms' teaching technique and classroom demeanor. Discusses the daily routine at the school, including the role of the principal, her future father-in-law, William Harris, whom she calls \"Dembe.\" Mentions events in subsequent primary grades and her eventual high school graduation from that same school in 1929. Includes recollections of the friendship between her mother and Simms, as well as Simms' standing and reputation in the community. Briefly describes the physical and social changes in her Harrisonburg neighborhood over several decades.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRecords the reminiscences of Edgar Johnson, Wilhelmina Johnson, and Louise Winston, three former students of Lucy Simms at the Effinger Street School. Describes Simms' teaching style and her standing in the community. Includes a brief physical description of the Effinger Street School, as well as the Lucy F. Simms School, where all three students were transferred in 1939. Refers to Mary Fairfax, who taught at the Simms School. Discusses the social, economic, and demographic changes to Harrisonburg's African American neighborhoods after a major redevelopment project in the 1940s.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRecords the reminiscences of Elon Rhodes, a lifelong resident of Harrisonburg, Virginia. Recounts his early family life and his experiences as a student in Lucy Simms' first grade class at the Effinger Street School (circa 1928), and his subsequent high school graduation from that same school in 1939. Describes Simms' teaching technique and classroom demeanor, as well as the physical layout of the school building. Mentions the Lucy F. Simms school building, which opened the year he graduated from Effinger Street, in 1939. Briefly mentions the Effinger Street School's principal, William Harris, who would hold the same position at the Simms School. Describes race relations in Harrisonburg, as well as the changing demographic and social structure of the city over several decades. Touches briefly on his service in a segregated Army unit in World War II and his subsequent entry into Harrisonburg municipal government upon his return from the war. Discusses his two terms on the school board and his two years as the vice-mayor of Harrisonburg.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The oral history collection includes the recollections of Carlotta Harris, Edgar Johnson and wife, Wilhelmina Johnson, Louise Winston, and Elon Rhodes, former students of Lucy Simms, and Ellen Walker, current owner of the Lucy Simms house. Topics discussed include Lucy Simms as an educator and her teaching style; local African American education more broadly; and social, economic, and demographic changes to Harrisonburg's African American neighborhoods.","Records the reminiscences of Ellen Walker, who purchased and renovated Lucy Simms' Harrisonburg house in 1997. Describes her childhood and school experiences in Charlottesville, Virginia, in the 1950s and 1960s, during the transition from segregation to integration. Discusses the economic and social impact of segregation on the school systems. Relates how she moved to Harrisonburg in 1994, where she found the Simms house, abandoned and in disrepair. Describes the process of buying the house from the City of Harrisonburg and renovating it with the help of volunteers from the local chapter of Habitat for Humanity. Mentions a number of Simms' papers and letters found in the attic, during renovation. Describes Simms' family, including her mother, sister, and two brothers; John Simms and Ulysses Wilson. Gives a brief account of the final days and death of Lucy Simms in the house, in 1934.","Records the reminiscences of Carlotta Newman Harris, who was a neighbor and student of Lucy Simms in the early twentieth century. Recounts her early family life and her experiences as a student in Simms' first grade class at the Effinger Street School in Harrisonburg, Va. (ca. 1917). Describes Simms' teaching technique and classroom demeanor. Discusses the daily routine at the school, including the role of the principal, her future father-in-law, William Harris, whom she calls \"Dembe.\" Mentions events in subsequent primary grades and her eventual high school graduation from that same school in 1929. Includes recollections of the friendship between her mother and Simms, as well as Simms' standing and reputation in the community. Briefly describes the physical and social changes in her Harrisonburg neighborhood over several decades.","Records the reminiscences of Edgar Johnson, Wilhelmina Johnson, and Louise Winston, three former students of Lucy Simms at the Effinger Street School. Describes Simms' teaching style and her standing in the community. Includes a brief physical description of the Effinger Street School, as well as the Lucy F. Simms School, where all three students were transferred in 1939. Refers to Mary Fairfax, who taught at the Simms School. Discusses the social, economic, and demographic changes to Harrisonburg's African American neighborhoods after a major redevelopment project in the 1940s.","Records the reminiscences of Elon Rhodes, a lifelong resident of Harrisonburg, Virginia. Recounts his early family life and his experiences as a student in Lucy Simms' first grade class at the Effinger Street School (circa 1928), and his subsequent high school graduation from that same school in 1939. Describes Simms' teaching technique and classroom demeanor, as well as the physical layout of the school building. Mentions the Lucy F. Simms school building, which opened the year he graduated from Effinger Street, in 1939. Briefly mentions the Effinger Street School's principal, William Harris, who would hold the same position at the Simms School. Describes race relations in Harrisonburg, as well as the changing demographic and social structure of the city over several decades. Touches briefly on his service in a segregated Army unit in World War II and his subsequent entry into Harrisonburg municipal government upon his return from the war. Discusses his two terms on the school board and his two years as the vice-mayor of Harrisonburg."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright interests in this collection have been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright interests in this collection have been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_c0804b18f89737cff3d0ea6cda7a102b\"\u003eThe oral history collection includes the recollections of Carlotta Harris, Edgar Johnson and wife, Wilhelmina Johnson, Louise Winston, and Elon Rhodes, former students of Lucy Simms, and Ellen Walker, current owner of the Lucy Simms house.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The oral history collection includes the recollections of Carlotta Harris, Edgar Johnson and wife, Wilhelmina Johnson, Louise Winston, and Elon Rhodes, former students of Lucy Simms, and Ellen Walker, current owner of the Lucy Simms house."],"names_coll_ssim":["Lucy F. Simms School (Public school)","Effinger Street School","Getachew, Wondwossen","Simms, Lucy F. (Lucy Frances), 1856-1934"],"names_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Lucy F. Simms School (Public school)","Effinger Street School","Getachew, Wondwossen","Simms, Lucy F. (Lucy Frances), 1856-1934","Walker, Ellen, 1951-","Harris, Carlotta (Mary Carlotta Newman), 1911-2015","Newman, George A. (George Ambrose), 1855-1944","Johnson, Edgar, 1925-2003","Johnson, Wilhelmina","Winston, Louise Helen, 1921-2019","Rhodes, Elon W. (Elon Walter), 1922-2006"],"corpname_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Lucy F. Simms School (Public school)","Effinger Street School"],"persname_ssim":["Getachew, Wondwossen","Simms, Lucy F. (Lucy Frances), 1856-1934","Walker, Ellen, 1951-","Harris, Carlotta (Mary Carlotta Newman), 1911-2015","Newman, George A. (George Ambrose), 1855-1944","Johnson, Edgar, 1925-2003","Johnson, Wilhelmina","Winston, Louise Helen, 1921-2019","Rhodes, Elon W. (Elon Walter), 1922-2006"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":17,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T00:18:27.342Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_665","ead_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_665","_root_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_665","_nest_parent_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_665","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/JMU/repositories_4_resources_665.xml","title_ssm":["Lucy Simms oral histories"],"title_tesim":["Lucy Simms oral histories"],"unitdate_ssm":["2000"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["2000"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SdArch 0020","/repositories/4/resources/665"],"text":["SdArch 0020","/repositories/4/resources/665","Lucy Simms oral histories","Harrisonburg (Va.) -- Race relations","Harrisonburg (Va.) -- History -- 20th century","Harrisonburg (Va.) -- History -- 19th century","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","African American teachers -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- Sources","African American teachers and the community -- Sources","African American neighborhoods -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- Sources","African Americans -- Education (Elementary) -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- Sources","African Americans -- Education (Secondary) -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- Sources","African Americans -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- History -- Sources","African Americans -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- Social life and customs -- Sources","African Americans -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- Economic conditions -- Sources","Slavery -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","Segregation in education -- Virginia -- History","Social change","African Americans -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- History","oral histories (literary works)","Collection open to research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.","Collection materials are arranged according to interviewee.","Lucy Frances Simms was born into slavery in 1856 at the Hill Top Plantation located along Harrisonburg's northeast boundary. After Emancipation, her family settled on the same land where they were formerly enslaved, known as Newtown. As a young girl, Simms attended the Whipple School, Harrisonburg's first African American schoolhouse near Blacks Run, and later enrolled at Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute in Hampton, Virginia where she studied alongside Booker T. Washington. After graduating in 1877 with a teaching certificate, Simms returned to the Harrisonburg area, where she taught three generations of Black students over the course of five decades. She began her teaching career at Long's Chapel schoolhouse in Zenda where she taught for one year before taking a position at the Effinger Street School in Harrisonburg. Simms taught there for fifty-one years until her death in 1934. She is buried in Newtown Cemetery. Her advocacy and commitment to teaching was commemorated by the Lucy F. Simms School which was built in 1939 as the city's new school for Black students and named in Simms's honor. The school, now known as the Lucy F. Simms Continuing Education Center, was in operation until 1966 when the local schools desegregated.","Recorded at Ellen Walker's residence at 231 East Johnson Street, Harrisonburg, Virginia. It was the former residence of Lucy F. Simms.","Recorded at 192 Kelly Street, Harrisonburg, Virginia.","Recorded at 424 Myrtle Street, Harrisonburg, Virginia.","Recorded at 366 Effinger Street, Harrisonburg, Virginia.","At some point after their donation in 2001, the cassette tapes were reformatted into a digital format.","The oral history collection includes the recollections of Carlotta Harris, Edgar Johnson and wife, Wilhelmina Johnson, Louise Winston, and Elon Rhodes, former students of Lucy Simms, and Ellen Walker, current owner of the Lucy Simms house. Topics discussed include Lucy Simms as an educator and her teaching style; local African American education more broadly; and social, economic, and demographic changes to Harrisonburg's African American neighborhoods.","Records the reminiscences of Ellen Walker, who purchased and renovated Lucy Simms' Harrisonburg house in 1997. Describes her childhood and school experiences in Charlottesville, Virginia, in the 1950s and 1960s, during the transition from segregation to integration. Discusses the economic and social impact of segregation on the school systems. Relates how she moved to Harrisonburg in 1994, where she found the Simms house, abandoned and in disrepair. Describes the process of buying the house from the City of Harrisonburg and renovating it with the help of volunteers from the local chapter of Habitat for Humanity. Mentions a number of Simms' papers and letters found in the attic, during renovation. Describes Simms' family, including her mother, sister, and two brothers; John Simms and Ulysses Wilson. Gives a brief account of the final days and death of Lucy Simms in the house, in 1934.","Records the reminiscences of Carlotta Newman Harris, who was a neighbor and student of Lucy Simms in the early twentieth century. Recounts her early family life and her experiences as a student in Simms' first grade class at the Effinger Street School in Harrisonburg, Va. (ca. 1917). Describes Simms' teaching technique and classroom demeanor. Discusses the daily routine at the school, including the role of the principal, her future father-in-law, William Harris, whom she calls \"Dembe.\" Mentions events in subsequent primary grades and her eventual high school graduation from that same school in 1929. Includes recollections of the friendship between her mother and Simms, as well as Simms' standing and reputation in the community. Briefly describes the physical and social changes in her Harrisonburg neighborhood over several decades.","Records the reminiscences of Edgar Johnson, Wilhelmina Johnson, and Louise Winston, three former students of Lucy Simms at the Effinger Street School. Describes Simms' teaching style and her standing in the community. Includes a brief physical description of the Effinger Street School, as well as the Lucy F. Simms School, where all three students were transferred in 1939. Refers to Mary Fairfax, who taught at the Simms School. Discusses the social, economic, and demographic changes to Harrisonburg's African American neighborhoods after a major redevelopment project in the 1940s.","Records the reminiscences of Elon Rhodes, a lifelong resident of Harrisonburg, Virginia. Recounts his early family life and his experiences as a student in Lucy Simms' first grade class at the Effinger Street School (circa 1928), and his subsequent high school graduation from that same school in 1939. Describes Simms' teaching technique and classroom demeanor, as well as the physical layout of the school building. Mentions the Lucy F. Simms school building, which opened the year he graduated from Effinger Street, in 1939. Briefly mentions the Effinger Street School's principal, William Harris, who would hold the same position at the Simms School. Describes race relations in Harrisonburg, as well as the changing demographic and social structure of the city over several decades. Touches briefly on his service in a segregated Army unit in World War II and his subsequent entry into Harrisonburg municipal government upon his return from the war. Discusses his two terms on the school board and his two years as the vice-mayor of Harrisonburg.","The copyright interests in this collection have been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).","The oral history collection includes the recollections of Carlotta Harris, Edgar Johnson and wife, Wilhelmina Johnson, Louise Winston, and Elon Rhodes, former students of Lucy Simms, and Ellen Walker, current owner of the Lucy Simms house.","James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Lucy F. Simms School (Public school)","Effinger Street School","Getachew, Wondwossen","Simms, Lucy F. (Lucy Frances), 1856-1934","Walker, Ellen, 1951-","Harris, Carlotta (Mary Carlotta Newman), 1911-2015","Newman, George A. (George Ambrose), 1855-1944","Johnson, Edgar, 1925-2003","Johnson, Wilhelmina","Winston, Louise Helen, 1921-2019","Rhodes, Elon W. 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For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Cassette tapes, transcripts, and background paper were donated to Special Collections by interviewer Wondwossen Getachew in January 2001."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American teachers -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- Sources","African American teachers and the community -- Sources","African American neighborhoods -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- Sources","African Americans -- Education (Elementary) -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- Sources","African Americans -- Education (Secondary) -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- Sources","African Americans -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- History -- Sources","African Americans -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- Social life and customs -- Sources","African Americans -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- Economic conditions -- Sources","Slavery -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","Segregation in education -- Virginia -- History","Social change","African Americans -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- History","oral histories (literary works)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American teachers -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- Sources","African American teachers and the community -- Sources","African American neighborhoods -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- Sources","African Americans -- Education (Elementary) -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- Sources","African Americans -- Education (Secondary) -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- Sources","African Americans -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- History -- Sources","African Americans -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- Social life and customs -- Sources","African Americans -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- Economic conditions -- Sources","Slavery -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","Segregation in education -- Virginia -- History","Social change","African Americans -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- History","oral histories (literary works)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.09 cubic feet 5 folders, 6 audiocassettes"],"extent_tesim":["0.09 cubic feet 5 folders, 6 audiocassettes"],"genreform_ssim":["oral histories (literary works)"],"date_range_isim":[2000],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection open to research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection open to research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection materials are arranged according to interviewee.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Collection materials are arranged according to interviewee."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLucy Frances Simms was born into slavery in 1856 at the Hill Top Plantation located along Harrisonburg's northeast boundary. After Emancipation, her family settled on the same land where they were formerly enslaved, known as Newtown. As a young girl, Simms attended the Whipple School, Harrisonburg's first African American schoolhouse near Blacks Run, and later enrolled at Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute in Hampton, Virginia where she studied alongside Booker T. Washington. After graduating in 1877 with a teaching certificate, Simms returned to the Harrisonburg area, where she taught three generations of Black students over the course of five decades. She began her teaching career at Long's Chapel schoolhouse in Zenda where she taught for one year before taking a position at the Effinger Street School in Harrisonburg. Simms taught there for fifty-one years until her death in 1934. She is buried in Newtown Cemetery. Her advocacy and commitment to teaching was commemorated by the Lucy F. Simms School which was built in 1939 as the city's new school for Black students and named in Simms's honor. The school, now known as the Lucy F. Simms Continuing Education Center, was in operation until 1966 when the local schools desegregated.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Bio/Historical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Lucy Frances Simms was born into slavery in 1856 at the Hill Top Plantation located along Harrisonburg's northeast boundary. After Emancipation, her family settled on the same land where they were formerly enslaved, known as Newtown. As a young girl, Simms attended the Whipple School, Harrisonburg's first African American schoolhouse near Blacks Run, and later enrolled at Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute in Hampton, Virginia where she studied alongside Booker T. Washington. After graduating in 1877 with a teaching certificate, Simms returned to the Harrisonburg area, where she taught three generations of Black students over the course of five decades. She began her teaching career at Long's Chapel schoolhouse in Zenda where she taught for one year before taking a position at the Effinger Street School in Harrisonburg. Simms taught there for fifty-one years until her death in 1934. She is buried in Newtown Cemetery. Her advocacy and commitment to teaching was commemorated by the Lucy F. Simms School which was built in 1939 as the city's new school for Black students and named in Simms's honor. The school, now known as the Lucy F. Simms Continuing Education Center, was in operation until 1966 when the local schools desegregated."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRecorded at Ellen Walker's residence at 231 East Johnson Street, Harrisonburg, Virginia. It was the former residence of Lucy F. Simms.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRecorded at 192 Kelly Street, Harrisonburg, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRecorded at 424 Myrtle Street, Harrisonburg, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRecorded at 366 Effinger Street, Harrisonburg, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Location of Interview","Location of Interview","Location of Interview","Location of Interview"],"odd_tesim":["Recorded at Ellen Walker's residence at 231 East Johnson Street, Harrisonburg, Virginia. It was the former residence of Lucy F. Simms.","Recorded at 192 Kelly Street, Harrisonburg, Virginia.","Recorded at 424 Myrtle Street, Harrisonburg, Virginia.","Recorded at 366 Effinger Street, Harrisonburg, Virginia."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Lucy Simms Oral Histories, 2000, SdArch 0020, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Lucy Simms Oral Histories, 2000, SdArch 0020, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAt some point after their donation in 2001, the cassette tapes were reformatted into a digital format.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["At some point after their donation in 2001, the cassette tapes were reformatted into a digital format."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe oral history collection includes the recollections of Carlotta Harris, Edgar Johnson and wife, Wilhelmina Johnson, Louise Winston, and Elon Rhodes, former students of Lucy Simms, and Ellen Walker, current owner of the Lucy Simms house. Topics discussed include Lucy Simms as an educator and her teaching style; local African American education more broadly; and social, economic, and demographic changes to Harrisonburg's African American neighborhoods.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRecords the reminiscences of Ellen Walker, who purchased and renovated Lucy Simms' Harrisonburg house in 1997. Describes her childhood and school experiences in Charlottesville, Virginia, in the 1950s and 1960s, during the transition from segregation to integration. Discusses the economic and social impact of segregation on the school systems. Relates how she moved to Harrisonburg in 1994, where she found the Simms house, abandoned and in disrepair. Describes the process of buying the house from the City of Harrisonburg and renovating it with the help of volunteers from the local chapter of Habitat for Humanity. Mentions a number of Simms' papers and letters found in the attic, during renovation. Describes Simms' family, including her mother, sister, and two brothers; John Simms and Ulysses Wilson. Gives a brief account of the final days and death of Lucy Simms in the house, in 1934.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRecords the reminiscences of Carlotta Newman Harris, who was a neighbor and student of Lucy Simms in the early twentieth century. Recounts her early family life and her experiences as a student in Simms' first grade class at the Effinger Street School in Harrisonburg, Va. (ca. 1917). Describes Simms' teaching technique and classroom demeanor. Discusses the daily routine at the school, including the role of the principal, her future father-in-law, William Harris, whom she calls \"Dembe.\" Mentions events in subsequent primary grades and her eventual high school graduation from that same school in 1929. Includes recollections of the friendship between her mother and Simms, as well as Simms' standing and reputation in the community. Briefly describes the physical and social changes in her Harrisonburg neighborhood over several decades.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRecords the reminiscences of Edgar Johnson, Wilhelmina Johnson, and Louise Winston, three former students of Lucy Simms at the Effinger Street School. Describes Simms' teaching style and her standing in the community. Includes a brief physical description of the Effinger Street School, as well as the Lucy F. Simms School, where all three students were transferred in 1939. Refers to Mary Fairfax, who taught at the Simms School. Discusses the social, economic, and demographic changes to Harrisonburg's African American neighborhoods after a major redevelopment project in the 1940s.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRecords the reminiscences of Elon Rhodes, a lifelong resident of Harrisonburg, Virginia. Recounts his early family life and his experiences as a student in Lucy Simms' first grade class at the Effinger Street School (circa 1928), and his subsequent high school graduation from that same school in 1939. Describes Simms' teaching technique and classroom demeanor, as well as the physical layout of the school building. Mentions the Lucy F. Simms school building, which opened the year he graduated from Effinger Street, in 1939. Briefly mentions the Effinger Street School's principal, William Harris, who would hold the same position at the Simms School. Describes race relations in Harrisonburg, as well as the changing demographic and social structure of the city over several decades. Touches briefly on his service in a segregated Army unit in World War II and his subsequent entry into Harrisonburg municipal government upon his return from the war. Discusses his two terms on the school board and his two years as the vice-mayor of Harrisonburg.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The oral history collection includes the recollections of Carlotta Harris, Edgar Johnson and wife, Wilhelmina Johnson, Louise Winston, and Elon Rhodes, former students of Lucy Simms, and Ellen Walker, current owner of the Lucy Simms house. Topics discussed include Lucy Simms as an educator and her teaching style; local African American education more broadly; and social, economic, and demographic changes to Harrisonburg's African American neighborhoods.","Records the reminiscences of Ellen Walker, who purchased and renovated Lucy Simms' Harrisonburg house in 1997. Describes her childhood and school experiences in Charlottesville, Virginia, in the 1950s and 1960s, during the transition from segregation to integration. Discusses the economic and social impact of segregation on the school systems. Relates how she moved to Harrisonburg in 1994, where she found the Simms house, abandoned and in disrepair. Describes the process of buying the house from the City of Harrisonburg and renovating it with the help of volunteers from the local chapter of Habitat for Humanity. Mentions a number of Simms' papers and letters found in the attic, during renovation. Describes Simms' family, including her mother, sister, and two brothers; John Simms and Ulysses Wilson. Gives a brief account of the final days and death of Lucy Simms in the house, in 1934.","Records the reminiscences of Carlotta Newman Harris, who was a neighbor and student of Lucy Simms in the early twentieth century. Recounts her early family life and her experiences as a student in Simms' first grade class at the Effinger Street School in Harrisonburg, Va. (ca. 1917). Describes Simms' teaching technique and classroom demeanor. Discusses the daily routine at the school, including the role of the principal, her future father-in-law, William Harris, whom she calls \"Dembe.\" Mentions events in subsequent primary grades and her eventual high school graduation from that same school in 1929. Includes recollections of the friendship between her mother and Simms, as well as Simms' standing and reputation in the community. Briefly describes the physical and social changes in her Harrisonburg neighborhood over several decades.","Records the reminiscences of Edgar Johnson, Wilhelmina Johnson, and Louise Winston, three former students of Lucy Simms at the Effinger Street School. Describes Simms' teaching style and her standing in the community. Includes a brief physical description of the Effinger Street School, as well as the Lucy F. Simms School, where all three students were transferred in 1939. Refers to Mary Fairfax, who taught at the Simms School. Discusses the social, economic, and demographic changes to Harrisonburg's African American neighborhoods after a major redevelopment project in the 1940s.","Records the reminiscences of Elon Rhodes, a lifelong resident of Harrisonburg, Virginia. Recounts his early family life and his experiences as a student in Lucy Simms' first grade class at the Effinger Street School (circa 1928), and his subsequent high school graduation from that same school in 1939. Describes Simms' teaching technique and classroom demeanor, as well as the physical layout of the school building. Mentions the Lucy F. Simms school building, which opened the year he graduated from Effinger Street, in 1939. Briefly mentions the Effinger Street School's principal, William Harris, who would hold the same position at the Simms School. Describes race relations in Harrisonburg, as well as the changing demographic and social structure of the city over several decades. Touches briefly on his service in a segregated Army unit in World War II and his subsequent entry into Harrisonburg municipal government upon his return from the war. Discusses his two terms on the school board and his two years as the vice-mayor of Harrisonburg."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright interests in this collection have been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright interests in this collection have been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. 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