{"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Segregation+in+education\u0026view=list","next":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Segregation+in+education\u0026page=2\u0026view=list","last":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Segregation+in+education\u0026page=2\u0026view=list"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":1,"next_page":2,"prev_page":null,"total_pages":2,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":0,"total_count":12,"first_page?":true,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1200","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Charlottesville City Schools collection","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1200#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThe collection includes school census materials for the following years: 1910, 1915, 1916, 1920, 1925, 1930, 1935, 1940. The census materials are separated into the categories of Black children, with the term \"colored\" used on the forms, and White children. \u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1200#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1200","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1200","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1200","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1200","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1200.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/131475","title_filing_ssi":"Charlottesville City Schools collection","title_ssm":["Charlottesville City Schools collection"],"title_tesim":["Charlottesville City Schools collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1890-1945"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1890-1945"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 2486","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1200"],"text":["MSS 2486","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1200","Charlottesville City Schools collection","Education--Virginia","African American students","Students, Black","Segregation in education -- Virginia","Education","school census","school children","Segregation in education","Black people--segregation","Teachers--Certification","The Charlottesville City Schools collection is arranged in three series: the first and largest series is the School Census Material (Boxes 1-16) and the second series is the School Board Account Books or ledgers (Boxes 17-20). The third series consists of Lists of Teachers, Minutes and Other Related Materials (Boxe 20-22).","The school census records were originally separated into Black student records and White student records and this order has been maintained. The records for Black children were originally labeled \"colored\" but the current term Black children has been substituted on the folder headings and in the description.","The School Board Account Books are foldered and arranged roughly in chronological order.","The third series is arranged alphabetically by folder title.","Frank A. Massie was appointed Superintendent of Charlottesville City schools in 1892-1893 and some of the School Board Account Books overlap his time of service. James G. Johnson (1871-1957) became Superintendent of Charlottesville City Schools in 1909 and continued until his retirement in 1946 while the schools were still racially segregated. ","Johnson was born in Elk Garden, Russell County, Virginia, later moving to Tennessee, where he attended Milligan College and taught for seven years in Tennessee. He then received his Master's (1906) and Ph.D. in English from the Univeristy of Virginia (1909). His father, Charles W. Johnson, had served in the Confederate States Army during the Civil War and became a physician after attending one session at the University of Virginia School of Medicine.","This material contains references to outdated terminology for Black people and people with disabilities. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials.","Boxes 6-7: Damaged census cards were mended with Japanese paper and wheat starch paste and rehoused in folders. For more information please contact the conservation department, reference: FY24. elw for Sue Donovan 9/12/24","The collection includes school census materials for the following years: 1910, 1915, 1916, 1920, 1925, 1930, 1935, 1940. The census materials are separated into the categories of Black children, with the term \"colored\" used on the forms, and White children. ","Census materials may also include the child's name and birth date; the names, addresses and occupations of parents or guardians; the child's school attendance status and literacy level (e.g. \"unable to read\"); and a child's special needs (e.g. \"deaf,\" \"crippled,\" \"mental deficiency\").","The collection also includes a list of teachers' certificates, 1914-1943, one volume; school board account books, 1891-1901 and 1908-1910; resident and non-resident summer school tuition books, 1907-1940, seven volumes.","In addition, there are lists of teachers, alphabetical with dates of certificates, 1914-1915; by school, classes, etc., 1915-1916 minutes of Charlottesville Education Association, 1906-1910; minutes of Charlottesville Grammar School teachers, 1903-1909; miscellaneous materials on text books and other matters; suggestions by teachers in 1938 on employing the \"new curriculum\"; and school book lists, 1908-1941.","The 1930 Census for Black Children had two separate groups of forms which appear to overlap, both in alphabetical order. The first group were taken by Mrs. Dudley and L. Sneed. There is no indication as to why there are two groups of this census year for Black children.","The printed item \"The Budget\" (1894 October 3 and 1895 January 19 issues) for the Midway School in Charlottesville, was transferred to Rare Books on February 21, 2022. It is catalogued as LD7501 .C4 B83 v. 1.","This collection is open for research use.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 2486","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1200"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Charlottesville City Schools collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Charlottesville City Schools collection"],"collection_ssim":["Charlottesville City Schools collection"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["Education--Virginia"],"geogname_ssim":["Education--Virginia"],"places_ssim":["Education--Virginia"],"access_terms_ssm":["This collection is open for research use."],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was given to the Special Collections Library, University of Virginia, by James G. Johnson, Charlottesville, Virginia on August 28, 1946."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American students","Students, Black","Segregation in education -- Virginia","Education","school census","school children","Segregation in education","Black people--segregation","Teachers--Certification"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American students","Students, Black","Segregation in education -- Virginia","Education","school census","school children","Segregation in education","Black people--segregation","Teachers--Certification"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["10.25 Cubic Feet 21 document boxes, 1 small oversize box"],"extent_tesim":["10.25 Cubic Feet 21 document boxes, 1 small oversize box"],"date_range_isim":[1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Charlottesville City Schools collection is arranged in three series: the first and largest series is the School Census Material (Boxes 1-16) and the second series is the School Board Account Books or ledgers (Boxes 17-20). The third series consists of Lists of Teachers, Minutes and Other Related Materials (Boxe 20-22).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe school census records were originally separated into Black student records and White student records and this order has been maintained. The records for Black children were originally labeled \"colored\" but the current term Black children has been substituted on the folder headings and in the description.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe School Board Account Books are foldered and arranged roughly in chronological order.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe third series is arranged alphabetically by folder title.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The Charlottesville City Schools collection is arranged in three series: the first and largest series is the School Census Material (Boxes 1-16) and the second series is the School Board Account Books or ledgers (Boxes 17-20). The third series consists of Lists of Teachers, Minutes and Other Related Materials (Boxe 20-22).","The school census records were originally separated into Black student records and White student records and this order has been maintained. The records for Black children were originally labeled \"colored\" but the current term Black children has been substituted on the folder headings and in the description.","The School Board Account Books are foldered and arranged roughly in chronological order.","The third series is arranged alphabetically by folder title."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFrank A. Massie was appointed Superintendent of Charlottesville City schools in 1892-1893 and some of the School Board Account Books overlap his time of service. James G. Johnson (1871-1957) became Superintendent of Charlottesville City Schools in 1909 and continued until his retirement in 1946 while the schools were still racially segregated. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJohnson was born in Elk Garden, Russell County, Virginia, later moving to Tennessee, where he attended Milligan College and taught for seven years in Tennessee. He then received his Master's (1906) and Ph.D. in English from the Univeristy of Virginia (1909). His father, Charles W. Johnson, had served in the Confederate States Army during the Civil War and became a physician after attending one session at the University of Virginia School of Medicine.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Frank A. Massie was appointed Superintendent of Charlottesville City schools in 1892-1893 and some of the School Board Account Books overlap his time of service. James G. Johnson (1871-1957) became Superintendent of Charlottesville City Schools in 1909 and continued until his retirement in 1946 while the schools were still racially segregated. ","Johnson was born in Elk Garden, Russell County, Virginia, later moving to Tennessee, where he attended Milligan College and taught for seven years in Tennessee. He then received his Master's (1906) and Ph.D. in English from the Univeristy of Virginia (1909). His father, Charles W. Johnson, had served in the Confederate States Army during the Civil War and became a physician after attending one session at the University of Virginia School of Medicine."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis material contains references to outdated terminology for Black people and people with disabilities. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBoxes 6-7: Damaged census cards were mended with Japanese paper and wheat starch paste and rehoused in folders. For more information please contact the conservation department, reference: FY24. elw for Sue Donovan 9/12/24\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Content Warning","General"],"odd_tesim":["This material contains references to outdated terminology for Black people and people with disabilities. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials.","Boxes 6-7: Damaged census cards were mended with Japanese paper and wheat starch paste and rehoused in folders. For more information please contact the conservation department, reference: FY24. elw for Sue Donovan 9/12/24"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCharlottesville City Schools Collection, 1890-1945, MSS 2486, Special Collections, University of Virginia Library,  Charlottesville, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Charlottesville City Schools Collection, 1890-1945, MSS 2486, Special Collections, University of Virginia Library,  Charlottesville, Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection includes school census materials for the following years: 1910, 1915, 1916, 1920, 1925, 1930, 1935, 1940. The census materials are separated into the categories of Black children, with the term \"colored\" used on the forms, and White children. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCensus materials may also include the child's name and birth date; the names, addresses and occupations of parents or guardians; the child's school attendance status and literacy level (e.g. \"unable to read\"); and a child's special needs (e.g. \"deaf,\" \"crippled,\" \"mental deficiency\").\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe collection also includes a list of teachers' certificates, 1914-1943, one volume; school board account books, 1891-1901 and 1908-1910; resident and non-resident summer school tuition books, 1907-1940, seven volumes.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn addition, there are lists of teachers, alphabetical with dates of certificates, 1914-1915; by school, classes, etc., 1915-1916 minutes of Charlottesville Education Association, 1906-1910; minutes of Charlottesville Grammar School teachers, 1903-1909; miscellaneous materials on text books and other matters; suggestions by teachers in 1938 on employing the \"new curriculum\"; and school book lists, 1908-1941.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe 1930 Census for Black Children had two separate groups of forms which appear to overlap, both in alphabetical order. The first group were taken by Mrs. Dudley and L. Sneed. There is no indication as to why there are two groups of this census year for Black children.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection includes school census materials for the following years: 1910, 1915, 1916, 1920, 1925, 1930, 1935, 1940. The census materials are separated into the categories of Black children, with the term \"colored\" used on the forms, and White children. ","Census materials may also include the child's name and birth date; the names, addresses and occupations of parents or guardians; the child's school attendance status and literacy level (e.g. \"unable to read\"); and a child's special needs (e.g. \"deaf,\" \"crippled,\" \"mental deficiency\").","The collection also includes a list of teachers' certificates, 1914-1943, one volume; school board account books, 1891-1901 and 1908-1910; resident and non-resident summer school tuition books, 1907-1940, seven volumes.","In addition, there are lists of teachers, alphabetical with dates of certificates, 1914-1915; by school, classes, etc., 1915-1916 minutes of Charlottesville Education Association, 1906-1910; minutes of Charlottesville Grammar School teachers, 1903-1909; miscellaneous materials on text books and other matters; suggestions by teachers in 1938 on employing the \"new curriculum\"; and school book lists, 1908-1941.","The 1930 Census for Black Children had two separate groups of forms which appear to overlap, both in alphabetical order. The first group were taken by Mrs. Dudley and L. Sneed. There is no indication as to why there are two groups of this census year for Black children."],"separatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe printed item \"The Budget\" (1894 October 3 and 1895 January 19 issues) for the Midway School in Charlottesville, was transferred to Rare Books on February 21, 2022. It is catalogued as LD7501 .C4 B83 v. 1.\u003c/p\u003e"],"separatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Separated Materials"],"separatedmaterial_tesim":["The printed item \"The Budget\" (1894 October 3 and 1895 January 19 issues) for the Midway School in Charlottesville, was transferred to Rare Books on February 21, 2022. It is catalogued as LD7501 .C4 B83 v. 1."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research use."],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":61,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-20T23:46:51.937Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1200","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1200","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1200","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1200","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1200.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/131475","title_filing_ssi":"Charlottesville City Schools collection","title_ssm":["Charlottesville City Schools collection"],"title_tesim":["Charlottesville City Schools collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1890-1945"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1890-1945"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 2486","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1200"],"text":["MSS 2486","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1200","Charlottesville City Schools collection","Education--Virginia","African American students","Students, Black","Segregation in education -- Virginia","Education","school census","school children","Segregation in education","Black people--segregation","Teachers--Certification","The Charlottesville City Schools collection is arranged in three series: the first and largest series is the School Census Material (Boxes 1-16) and the second series is the School Board Account Books or ledgers (Boxes 17-20). The third series consists of Lists of Teachers, Minutes and Other Related Materials (Boxe 20-22).","The school census records were originally separated into Black student records and White student records and this order has been maintained. The records for Black children were originally labeled \"colored\" but the current term Black children has been substituted on the folder headings and in the description.","The School Board Account Books are foldered and arranged roughly in chronological order.","The third series is arranged alphabetically by folder title.","Frank A. Massie was appointed Superintendent of Charlottesville City schools in 1892-1893 and some of the School Board Account Books overlap his time of service. James G. Johnson (1871-1957) became Superintendent of Charlottesville City Schools in 1909 and continued until his retirement in 1946 while the schools were still racially segregated. ","Johnson was born in Elk Garden, Russell County, Virginia, later moving to Tennessee, where he attended Milligan College and taught for seven years in Tennessee. He then received his Master's (1906) and Ph.D. in English from the Univeristy of Virginia (1909). His father, Charles W. Johnson, had served in the Confederate States Army during the Civil War and became a physician after attending one session at the University of Virginia School of Medicine.","This material contains references to outdated terminology for Black people and people with disabilities. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials.","Boxes 6-7: Damaged census cards were mended with Japanese paper and wheat starch paste and rehoused in folders. For more information please contact the conservation department, reference: FY24. elw for Sue Donovan 9/12/24","The collection includes school census materials for the following years: 1910, 1915, 1916, 1920, 1925, 1930, 1935, 1940. The census materials are separated into the categories of Black children, with the term \"colored\" used on the forms, and White children. ","Census materials may also include the child's name and birth date; the names, addresses and occupations of parents or guardians; the child's school attendance status and literacy level (e.g. \"unable to read\"); and a child's special needs (e.g. \"deaf,\" \"crippled,\" \"mental deficiency\").","The collection also includes a list of teachers' certificates, 1914-1943, one volume; school board account books, 1891-1901 and 1908-1910; resident and non-resident summer school tuition books, 1907-1940, seven volumes.","In addition, there are lists of teachers, alphabetical with dates of certificates, 1914-1915; by school, classes, etc., 1915-1916 minutes of Charlottesville Education Association, 1906-1910; minutes of Charlottesville Grammar School teachers, 1903-1909; miscellaneous materials on text books and other matters; suggestions by teachers in 1938 on employing the \"new curriculum\"; and school book lists, 1908-1941.","The 1930 Census for Black Children had two separate groups of forms which appear to overlap, both in alphabetical order. The first group were taken by Mrs. Dudley and L. Sneed. There is no indication as to why there are two groups of this census year for Black children.","The printed item \"The Budget\" (1894 October 3 and 1895 January 19 issues) for the Midway School in Charlottesville, was transferred to Rare Books on February 21, 2022. It is catalogued as LD7501 .C4 B83 v. 1.","This collection is open for research use.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 2486","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1200"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Charlottesville City Schools collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Charlottesville City Schools collection"],"collection_ssim":["Charlottesville City Schools collection"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["Education--Virginia"],"geogname_ssim":["Education--Virginia"],"places_ssim":["Education--Virginia"],"access_terms_ssm":["This collection is open for research use."],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was given to the Special Collections Library, University of Virginia, by James G. Johnson, Charlottesville, Virginia on August 28, 1946."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American students","Students, Black","Segregation in education -- Virginia","Education","school census","school children","Segregation in education","Black people--segregation","Teachers--Certification"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American students","Students, Black","Segregation in education -- Virginia","Education","school census","school children","Segregation in education","Black people--segregation","Teachers--Certification"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["10.25 Cubic Feet 21 document boxes, 1 small oversize box"],"extent_tesim":["10.25 Cubic Feet 21 document boxes, 1 small oversize box"],"date_range_isim":[1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Charlottesville City Schools collection is arranged in three series: the first and largest series is the School Census Material (Boxes 1-16) and the second series is the School Board Account Books or ledgers (Boxes 17-20). The third series consists of Lists of Teachers, Minutes and Other Related Materials (Boxe 20-22).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe school census records were originally separated into Black student records and White student records and this order has been maintained. The records for Black children were originally labeled \"colored\" but the current term Black children has been substituted on the folder headings and in the description.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe School Board Account Books are foldered and arranged roughly in chronological order.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe third series is arranged alphabetically by folder title.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The Charlottesville City Schools collection is arranged in three series: the first and largest series is the School Census Material (Boxes 1-16) and the second series is the School Board Account Books or ledgers (Boxes 17-20). The third series consists of Lists of Teachers, Minutes and Other Related Materials (Boxe 20-22).","The school census records were originally separated into Black student records and White student records and this order has been maintained. The records for Black children were originally labeled \"colored\" but the current term Black children has been substituted on the folder headings and in the description.","The School Board Account Books are foldered and arranged roughly in chronological order.","The third series is arranged alphabetically by folder title."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFrank A. Massie was appointed Superintendent of Charlottesville City schools in 1892-1893 and some of the School Board Account Books overlap his time of service. James G. Johnson (1871-1957) became Superintendent of Charlottesville City Schools in 1909 and continued until his retirement in 1946 while the schools were still racially segregated. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJohnson was born in Elk Garden, Russell County, Virginia, later moving to Tennessee, where he attended Milligan College and taught for seven years in Tennessee. He then received his Master's (1906) and Ph.D. in English from the Univeristy of Virginia (1909). His father, Charles W. Johnson, had served in the Confederate States Army during the Civil War and became a physician after attending one session at the University of Virginia School of Medicine.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Frank A. Massie was appointed Superintendent of Charlottesville City schools in 1892-1893 and some of the School Board Account Books overlap his time of service. James G. Johnson (1871-1957) became Superintendent of Charlottesville City Schools in 1909 and continued until his retirement in 1946 while the schools were still racially segregated. ","Johnson was born in Elk Garden, Russell County, Virginia, later moving to Tennessee, where he attended Milligan College and taught for seven years in Tennessee. He then received his Master's (1906) and Ph.D. in English from the Univeristy of Virginia (1909). His father, Charles W. Johnson, had served in the Confederate States Army during the Civil War and became a physician after attending one session at the University of Virginia School of Medicine."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis material contains references to outdated terminology for Black people and people with disabilities. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBoxes 6-7: Damaged census cards were mended with Japanese paper and wheat starch paste and rehoused in folders. For more information please contact the conservation department, reference: FY24. elw for Sue Donovan 9/12/24\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Content Warning","General"],"odd_tesim":["This material contains references to outdated terminology for Black people and people with disabilities. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials.","Boxes 6-7: Damaged census cards were mended with Japanese paper and wheat starch paste and rehoused in folders. For more information please contact the conservation department, reference: FY24. elw for Sue Donovan 9/12/24"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCharlottesville City Schools Collection, 1890-1945, MSS 2486, Special Collections, University of Virginia Library,  Charlottesville, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Charlottesville City Schools Collection, 1890-1945, MSS 2486, Special Collections, University of Virginia Library,  Charlottesville, Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection includes school census materials for the following years: 1910, 1915, 1916, 1920, 1925, 1930, 1935, 1940. The census materials are separated into the categories of Black children, with the term \"colored\" used on the forms, and White children. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCensus materials may also include the child's name and birth date; the names, addresses and occupations of parents or guardians; the child's school attendance status and literacy level (e.g. \"unable to read\"); and a child's special needs (e.g. \"deaf,\" \"crippled,\" \"mental deficiency\").\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe collection also includes a list of teachers' certificates, 1914-1943, one volume; school board account books, 1891-1901 and 1908-1910; resident and non-resident summer school tuition books, 1907-1940, seven volumes.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn addition, there are lists of teachers, alphabetical with dates of certificates, 1914-1915; by school, classes, etc., 1915-1916 minutes of Charlottesville Education Association, 1906-1910; minutes of Charlottesville Grammar School teachers, 1903-1909; miscellaneous materials on text books and other matters; suggestions by teachers in 1938 on employing the \"new curriculum\"; and school book lists, 1908-1941.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe 1930 Census for Black Children had two separate groups of forms which appear to overlap, both in alphabetical order. The first group were taken by Mrs. Dudley and L. Sneed. There is no indication as to why there are two groups of this census year for Black children.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection includes school census materials for the following years: 1910, 1915, 1916, 1920, 1925, 1930, 1935, 1940. The census materials are separated into the categories of Black children, with the term \"colored\" used on the forms, and White children. ","Census materials may also include the child's name and birth date; the names, addresses and occupations of parents or guardians; the child's school attendance status and literacy level (e.g. \"unable to read\"); and a child's special needs (e.g. \"deaf,\" \"crippled,\" \"mental deficiency\").","The collection also includes a list of teachers' certificates, 1914-1943, one volume; school board account books, 1891-1901 and 1908-1910; resident and non-resident summer school tuition books, 1907-1940, seven volumes.","In addition, there are lists of teachers, alphabetical with dates of certificates, 1914-1915; by school, classes, etc., 1915-1916 minutes of Charlottesville Education Association, 1906-1910; minutes of Charlottesville Grammar School teachers, 1903-1909; miscellaneous materials on text books and other matters; suggestions by teachers in 1938 on employing the \"new curriculum\"; and school book lists, 1908-1941.","The 1930 Census for Black Children had two separate groups of forms which appear to overlap, both in alphabetical order. The first group were taken by Mrs. Dudley and L. Sneed. There is no indication as to why there are two groups of this census year for Black children."],"separatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe printed item \"The Budget\" (1894 October 3 and 1895 January 19 issues) for the Midway School in Charlottesville, was transferred to Rare Books on February 21, 2022. It is catalogued as LD7501 .C4 B83 v. 1.\u003c/p\u003e"],"separatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Separated Materials"],"separatedmaterial_tesim":["The printed item \"The Budget\" (1894 October 3 and 1895 January 19 issues) for the Midway School in Charlottesville, was transferred to Rare Books on February 21, 2022. It is catalogued as LD7501 .C4 B83 v. 1."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research use."],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":61,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-20T23:46:51.937Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1200"}},{"id":"vihi_vih00002","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"FitzGerald Bemiss Papers \n         \n         1952-1988","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihi_vih00002#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Gift of FitzGerald Bemiss,\n         Richmond, Va., September 14, 1988.","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihi_vih00002#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"FitzGerald Bemiss's papers cover his career in the Virginia General Assembly, his work on various government commissions, and other related political activities and interests. Commissions on which he served include the Commission on Public Education (a.k.a. the Gray Commission), the Virginia Outdoor Recreation Study Commission, the irginia Metropolitan Areas Study Commission, and the overnor's Commission on Virginia's Future. His areas of particular interest included educational and environmental issues.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihi_vih00002#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vihi_vih00002","ead_ssi":"vihi_vih00002","_root_":"vihi_vih00002","_nest_parent_":"vihi_vih00002","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/vhs/vih00002.xml","title_ssm":["FitzGerald Bemiss Papers \n         \n         1952-1988"],"title_tesim":["FitzGerald Bemiss Papers \n         \n         1952-1988"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Mss1 B4252 a FA2"],"text":["Mss1 B4252 a FA2","FitzGerald Bemiss Papers \n         \n         1952-1988","Bemiss, FitzGerald, 1922-","Outdoor recreation -- Law and legislation","Segregation in education","Virginia -- Politics and government","Ca. 2,750 items (6 archival\n         boxes).","Collection is open to all researchers.","As much as possible, the original arrangement of Bemiss's\n         papers has been maintained. His General Assembly papers are\n         organized by session, with the same basic arrangement\n         recurring for each session. Each session's records usually\n         begin with materials pertaining to the biennial elections.\n         These consist of individual folders of campaign correspondence\n         (appeals for and acknowledgments of support, petitions,\n         invitations to speak), addresses (including radio and\n         television spots), campaign materials (such as examples of\n         advertising, sample ballots, literature, platform drafts,\n         budget information, voting lists, and clippings), letters of\n         congratulation (often including letters from Harry F. Byrd, J.\n         Vaughan Gary, and various Virginia governors), and statements\n         of expense. Folders containing general correspondence for that\n         year follow. These typically include miscellaneous letters\n         from constituents, appeals for support and endorsement,\n         applications for appointment, invitations, and letters of\n         appreciation. Researchers should note that papers relating to\n         specific commissions or legislative actions that overlap\n         several sessions are arranged by subject and appear later in\n         the collection.","Richmond FitzGerald Bemiss (b. 1922) was a member of the\n         Virginia General Assembly, serving in both the House of\n         Delegates (1955-1959) and the Senate (1960-1967). His papers\n         reflect his career in the Assembly, his work on various\n         government commissions, and other related political activities\n         and interests. Researchers interested in these subjects may\n         also want to look at his book, The General Assembly: 1955-\n         1967.","Bemiss entered the House of Delegates at the height of the\n         school desegregation crisis and served in that body through\n         the extra session of 1959. Although often voting with the\n         conservative majority, Bemiss was nonetheless independent of\n         the dominant Byrd organization and often took positions\n         contrary to the Byrd line. As a member of the Gray commission\n         on Public Education, Bemiss supported \"local option,\" was\n         opposed to massive resistance, and approved of Lindsay\n         Almond's \"freedom of choice\" compromise.","The collection begins with materials pertaining to the 1955\n         election, organized as described above. Correspondence,\n         addresses, statements and clippings concerning the extra\n         session of 1955 and subsequent referendum on the revision of\n         the state Constitution to allow tuition grants follow. Letters\n         from Governor Thomas B. Stanley and Dabney S. Lancaster\n         document Bemiss's efforts in organizing pro-convention\n         forces.","The 1956 session of the general assembly was noteworthy for\n         the passage of a resolution of \"Interposition.\" This doctrine\n         asserts that individual states have the power to declare a\n         decision of the Supreme Court unconstitutional until the issue\n         is settled through the amendment process. Although eventually\n         voting with the majority in support of the resolution, Bemiss\n         expressed doubts about the action in a letter to Governor\n         Stanley. A letter from Lewis F. Powell, Jr., later an\n         associate justice of the United States Supreme Court, also\n         questions the assembly's action. Both these letters are found\n         in the folder of correspondence and addresses, which is\n         followed by newspaper clippings, mostly from the editorial\n         series by James J. Kilpatrick in the Richmond News Leader.\n         Miscellaneous \"Interposition\" materials include addresses and\n         copies of resolutions from other states.","In 1956 Bemiss was appointed to fill a vacancy on the\n         Commission on Public Education, chaired by State Senator\n         Garland Gray. Materials concerning the Gray Commission consist\n         of correspondence and statements, including a joint statement\n         by Bemiss and fellow delegate J. Randolph Tucker announcing\n         their dissent from the majority report. Correspondence\n         concerning the 1956 extra session is mostly from constituents\n         concerning the proposed school closing bills. 1957 general\n         correspondence and election materials follow. General\n         correspondence includes letters from Harry Flood Byrd, Sr.,\n         concerning the settlement of a displaced Hungarian family in\n         Richmond. General correspondence for 1958 and 1959 and a\n         folder of material concerning the 1958 session of the General\n         Assembly precede material concerning the special session of\n         1959.","In January 1959 both the U. S. and state supreme courts\n         declared Virginia's school closing laws unconstitutional. The\n         assembly, meeting in extra session, replaced the legislation\n         with the Commission on Education's \"freedom of choice\" plan,\n         which provided for the possibility of some integration. Bemiss\n         served on the Perrow Commission, and his papers contain\n         commission minutes, reports, and statements from a public\n         hearing on March 6 of that year.","Bemiss ran for the State Senate in 1959. Researchers are\n         again reminded that the campaign materials are arranged as\n         described on the first page of this summary. Campaign\n         correspondence includes letters from Lewis F. Powell, who\n         advised Bemiss and helped draft statements. Two folders\n         containing budget and financial data for the 1960 session\n         follow.","The extra session of 1963 dealt with the poll tax issue and\n         amending the Virginia Constitution before the 1964\n         presidential selection. Materials include letters from\n         constituents, copies of resolutions and bills, and clippings.\n         Correspondence concerning various bills introduced during the\n         1964 session is arranged by bill, with an index located in the\n         front of the folder. Folders concerning the extra sessions of\n         1964 and 1965, both of which dealt with redistricting, include\n         addresses, population statistics, a copy of a federal court\n         decision , and a Harry Byrd, Sr., statement on the voting\n         rights act. Senate materials from 1965-1967 follow, arranged\n         as previously described.","In 1967, FitzGerald Bemiss announced his retirement from\n         the Senate, citing a need to devote more time to his\n         family-run businesses. Materials concerning his announcement\n         not to seek re-election include correspondence, clippings,\n         editorials, and a statement. Memoranda, mainly of Carter O.\n         Lowance, executive secretary to the governor, describes major\n         actions of each Assembly session from 1956 to 1968.","The next section of the collection pertains to various\n         election campaigns, presidential, senatorial, and\n         gubernatorial from 1952 to 1985. Located in box 3, these\n         papers mainly consist of campaign literature and clippings and\n         precinct returns from Richmond newspapers. In some campaigns,\n         however, Bemiss was more actively involved and generated a\n         larger number of records. In the 1966 Senate Democratic\n         primary, Bemiss worked for the incumbent, A. Willis Robertson,\n         in organizing and fund-raising in the third district.\n         Correspondence with Robertson concerns the incumbent's age and\n         health as compared with that of former Senator Carter Glass.\n         Bemiss also served as a budgetary and financial advisor for\n         Fred G. Pollard in the 1969 Democratic gubernatorial primary,\n         Harry F. Byrd in his 1970 campaign for Senate, and Richard D.\n         Obenshain in his 1978 quest for the Republican gubernatorial\n         nomination. The section concludes with a folder of election\n         analyses by Larry Sabato, a folder of Richmond City Democratic\n         Committee memoranda, correspondence, statements and 1965\n         redistricting information, a folder of Republican party\n         appeals, and a folder of miscellaneous election materials.","The rest of the collection has been arranged in roughly\n         chronological fashion around three subjects that interested\n         Senator Bemiss: government, education, and the environment.\n         These papers reflect Bemiss's service on a number of\n         government commission, civic organizations, and community\n         affairs groups. Many of these relate to general assembly\n         activities that either spanned several sessions or continued\n         after his 1967 retirement.","Records pertaining to government begin with several folders\n         of otherwise only loosely related materials. The first folder\n         in this section concerns the building of a parking lot for the\n         Virginia Museum. This is followed by papers concerning the\n         standardization of annual reports for the various executive\n         departments. In January 1961 Bemiss attended a White House\n         conference on aging and conference information as well as\n         Bemiss's statements opposing medial aid for the elderly\n         through social security, are included in this material.","Addresses concerning the findings of the Commission on\n         State and Local Revenues and Expenditures follow. Appointed by\n         Governor Albertis S. Harrison in 1962, the commission's\n         purpose was to study new and additional sources of revenue.\n         Although it was generally understood that this meant preparing\n         the way for a state sales tax by eliminating the legal\n         barriers and developing plans for distributing the proceeds,\n         other actions were also recommended. As chairman of the Local\n         Revenues and Expenditures Committee, Bemiss proposed\n         legislation prohibiting the underassessment and undertaxation\n         of real estate at the expense of public utility facilities,\n         whose burden was then passed on to other localities. A folder\n         marked \"public utilities' mostly concerns several bills\n         introduced during the 1966 session seeking to abolish this\n         common practice.","Correspondence with Richmond City Council primarily\n         concerns proposed changes in the city charter providing for\n         staggered four-year terms for the city's state senators. State\n         planning materials concern the establishment of a division to\n         oversee long-range planning.","In 1966 Bemiss was appointed by Governor Mills E. Godwin to\n         the Virginia Metropolitan Area Study Commission. Under the\n         chairmanship of Virginia Polytechnic Institute president, T.\n         Marshall Hahn, the commission examined problems created by\n         Virginia's growing and shifting population. Bemiss's\n         subcommittee on Governmental Structure proposed redrawing\n         county boundaries to reflect twentieth-century demands, and\n         establishing service and planning districts as alternatives to\n         annexation in meeting problems created in multi-jurisdictional\n         area. These ideas were, quite naturally, opposed by many in\n         the legislature who viewed the proposal as a threat to local\n         autonomy. Commission minutes, correspondence, and reports, as\n         well as subcommittee correspondence begin box 4. Materials\n         concerning the Commission on the Legislative Process, on which\n         Bemiss also served, follow. Papers pertaining to the\n         Commission on Constitutional Revision again reflect Bemiss's\n         interest in multi-locality planning districts. Bemiss planned\n         the inauguration of Governor Linwood Holton in 1970 and this\n         material consists of memoranda, seating charts, invitations,\n         and a program.","The section concerning education begins with a folder of\n         general correspondence, consisting of constituent requests,\n         invitations to speak, and copies of addresses. Seven folders\n         labeled \"State Council of Higher Education\" follow. Bemiss was\n         a patron of the bill which created the council, whose purpose\n         was to promote and develop a coordinated system of higher\n         education in the state. This material, which includes\n         correspondence, memoranda, and reports, concerns the creation\n         of the council, its early operation, and a VALC report,\n         \"education of Scientists, Engineers and Other Specialists.\"\n         Other subjects include the separation of colleges in the\n         William and Mary System (including Richmond Professional\n         Institute) and inter-library cooperation in sharing technical\n         services and facilities.","Correspondence with the State Board of Education precedes\n         materials related to the Commission on Public Education\n         chaired by William B. Spong (not to be confused with the Gray\n         Commission). Correspondence, statements, and reports document\n         the commission's work, which involved evaluation of school\n         curricula and teacher certification requirements. Materials\n         pertaining to the Bureau of Educational Research concern the\n         establishment of a permanent agency to conduct research in\n         education. Budget materials for 1964 concern cuts in higher\n         education and include statements by Bemiss and University of\n         Virginia President Edgar F. Shannon. A second 1964 folder\n         documents an unsuccessful attempt to restrict enrollment in\n         Virginia state colleges by out-of-state students. Materials\n         pertaining to the Virginia Institute of Scientific Research\n         concern the establishment of an institution for graduate\n         research in Richmond. Papers of two Richmond organizations,\n         the Citizens for Excellent Public Schools and the Ad Hoc\n         Committee on Public Schools, demonstrate their commitment to\n         public education during the school busing controversy in\n         1971-1972. This section concludes with miscellaneous speeches\n         and clippings on education.","The remainder of the Bemiss papers reflect his interest in\n         conservation and the environment. Included in this section are\n         records concerning several commissions, the Virginia Outdoor\n         Recreation Study Commission (1964-1966), the Governor's\n         Special Commission on Water Resources (1965-1966), and the\n         Governor's Commission on Virginia' Future (1982-1985). Related\n         material concerns water pollution and parks.","Bemiss was chairman of the Virginia Outdoor Recreation\n         Study Commission, which formulated a comprehensive plan to\n         protect and develop Virginia' scenic, natural, and historic\n         resources. The Virginia Outdoors Plan, passed by the 1966\n         assembly, created a Commission of Outdoor Recreation to\n         acquire and maintain parks, scenic areas, camping grounds, and\n         other sites for public use. The legislation also created the\n         Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission (now the Division of\n         Historic Landmarks). Records of the VORSC consist of\n         correspondence, addresses, reports, press releases and\n         clippings. Landmarks Commission materials primarily concern\n         the acquisition of open space easements at \"Old Mansion,\"\n         Caroline County and at \"Wakefield,\" Westmoreland County, and\n         attempts by the owners of \"Tuckahoe,\" Goochland County to\n         change the route of a proposed highway. Correspondence\n         concerning open space easements is primarily with George C.\n         Freeman, a lawyer who designed the law allowing property\n         owners to grant easements designating areas where future\n         development would be prohibited. The Virginia Outdoors Plan\n         also created the Virginia Outdoors Foundation to encourage\n         private philanthropy towards conservation efforts of the\n         state.","Bemiss also served as chairman of the Governor's Special\n         Committee on Water Resources, a commission created to\n         determine the effects of growth on the state's future water\n         resources. An additional folder concerning water resources\n         consists primarily of articles on drainage basins of various\n         state rivers. Materials concerning water pollution consist of\n         a memo on the subject to Governor Linwood Holton and the\n         governor's acknowledgment.","Information and brochures concerning several state parks\n         begin box 6. The next folder pertains to a trip to the Eastern\n         Shore in 1960 and Bemiss's subsequent article on natural areas\n         for Virginia Wildlife magazine.","The following three folders demonstrate Bemiss's interest\n         in both conservation and metropolitan planning. Materials of\n         the Richmond Regional Planning Commission, the Richmond\n         Regional Park Authority, and the Capital Region Park Authority\n         concern cooperative community efforts in creating open space\n         areas in the Richmond metropolitan area. General\n         correspondence concerning the James River precedes materials\n         pertains to a study commission report on deepening the James\n         River channel. Articles of incorporation, by-laws, and reports\n         of the Richmond James River Association, of which Bemiss was\n         president, reflect that organization's apprehension over water\n         usage and the river's flow. The next four folders, consisting\n         of correspondence, clippings, newsletters and maps, concern\n         the construction of a downtown expressway and its effects on\n         natural areas along the James River. Although the expressway\n         was built, parts of the historic Kanawha Canal were preserved\n         and restored and James River Park was established.","In 1982, Bemiss was appointed to the Governor's Commission\n         on Virginia's Future, which was chaired by former Senator\n         William B. Spong. The commission's mission was to assess state\n         needs and provide planning and direction into the twenty-first\n         century. Correspondence, committee assignments, meeting\n         summaries, final reports and clippings precede records\n         pertaining to the Environment and Natural Resources Task\n         Force, which Bemiss chaired. These papers are arranged\n         topically (these topics being sub-headings in the final\n         report). Subjects include: water, land use, waste management,\n         the Chesapeake Bay and fisheries. A final report and related\n         papers of the Government and Planning Task Force follow.","In conjunction with his service on the Future Commission,\n         Bemiss participated in a conference sponsored by the Virginia\n         Institute on Government, in October 1985, on the \"Future of\n         the Virginia Environment.\" The collection contains a copy of\n         the conference's final statement. Miscellaneous correspondence\n         concerning parks and water and addresses pertaining to\n         environmental issues conclude this section.","Miscellaneous speeches and addresses, mostly from\n         dedication, naturalization, and award ceremonies, precede a\n         folder of general miscellany, which includes a 1958 address on\n         fiscal management by Senator Harry F. Byrd.","Correspondence, addresses, campaign material,\n                     letters of congratulation, statements of\n                     expense.","Correspondence and addresses; cliippings;\n                     miscellany.","Correspondence, addresses, campaign material,\n                     letters of congratulation, statements of\n                     expense.","Correspondence; bills (bound); bills,\n                     resolutions, amendments; Harrison v. Day","Minutes, addresses; public hearing; committee\n                     report; sub-committee reports; clippings and\n                     miscellany.","Correspondence, addresses, campaign material,\n                  letters of congratulation, statements of expense.","Correspondence, addresses, campaign material,\n                     letters of congratulation, statements of\n                     expense.","Correspondence, addresses, campaign material,\n                     letters of congratulations, statements of\n                     expense.","Elections for governor, president and senator,\n               1953-1985 (arranged chronologically); analyses by Larry\n               Sabato, 1985-1987; Richmond City Democratic Committee,\n               1953-1955, 1963-1967; Republican Party of Virginia,\n               1980-1986; election miscellany.","Minutes; correspondence; reports; Committee on\n                  Governmental Structure.","Correspondence, 1955-1958; General Assembly,\n                  1956-1958; VALC report, 1957; memoranda and reports,\n                  1956-1963, 1970; William and Mary, 1961-1962;\n                  inter-library cooperation, 1962-1965.","budget, 1963-1964; out-of-state college\n                  enrollment, 1964; Institute of Scientific Research,\n                  1965-1967.","Correspondence; addresses; reports; press\n                  releases; clippings; miscellany.","Correspondence, 1981-1983; Historic Landmarks\n                  Committee, 1965-1966.","\"Old Mansion,\" 1968-1971; \"Wakefield,\" 1970-1972;\n                  open space easements, 1966-1979, 1986-1988.","Water resources, 1966-1979; water pollution,\n                     1969-1970; state parks, 1957-1974; \"Natural Areas\n                     System for Virginia,\" 1960-1961; Richmond Regional\n                     Planning Commission, 1958-1966, 1972; Richmond\n                     Regional Park Authority 1960-1967; Capital Region\n                     Park Authority, 1968-1970; James river, 1965-1966,\n                     1971; James River Channel, 1962-1964; Richmond\n                     James River Association, 1964-1970, 1981; Richmond\n                     Open Space Plan, 1964-1972; Local James Action\n                     Committee, 1967; Richmond Scenic James Council,\n                     1970-1973; James River and Kanawha Parks,\n                     1970-1973.","Correspondence; membership; meeting summaries;\n                     final reports.","Correspondence; membership; water; land use;\n                     waste management; Chesapeake Bay; fisheries;\n                     report.","Planning districts; responses; comments.","Correspondence, addresses, etc.","Speeches and addresses, 1958-1975; general\n               miscellany.","None.","FitzGerald Bemiss's papers cover\n         his career in the Virginia General Assembly, his work on\n         various government commissions, and other related political\n         activities and interests. Commissions on which he served\n         include the Commission on Public Education (a.k.a. the Gray\n         Commission), the Virginia Outdoor Recreation Study Commission,\n         the irginia Metropolitan Areas Study Commission, and the\n         overnor's Commission on Virginia's Future. His areas of\n         particular interest included educational and environmental\n         issues.","English"],"unitid_tesim":["Mss1 B4252 a FA2"],"normalized_title_ssm":["FitzGerald Bemiss Papers \n         \n         1952-1988"],"collection_title_tesim":["FitzGerald Bemiss Papers \n         \n         1952-1988"],"collection_ssim":["FitzGerald Bemiss Papers \n         \n         1952-1988"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Historical Society"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Historical Society"],"creator_ssm":["Gift of FitzGerald Bemiss,\n         Richmond, Va., September 14, 1988."],"creator_ssim":["Gift of FitzGerald Bemiss,\n         Richmond, Va., September 14, 1988."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Bemiss, FitzGerald, 1922-","Outdoor recreation -- Law and legislation","Segregation in education","Virginia -- Politics and government"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Bemiss, FitzGerald, 1922-","Outdoor recreation -- Law and legislation","Segregation in education","Virginia -- Politics and government"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["Ca. 2,750 items (6 archival\n         boxes)."],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAs much as possible, the original arrangement of Bemiss's\n         papers has been maintained. His General Assembly papers are\n         organized by session, with the same basic arrangement\n         recurring for each session. Each session's records usually\n         begin with materials pertaining to the biennial elections.\n         These consist of individual folders of campaign correspondence\n         (appeals for and acknowledgments of support, petitions,\n         invitations to speak), addresses (including radio and\n         television spots), campaign materials (such as examples of\n         advertising, sample ballots, literature, platform drafts,\n         budget information, voting lists, and clippings), letters of\n         congratulation (often including letters from Harry F. Byrd, J.\n         Vaughan Gary, and various Virginia governors), and statements\n         of expense. Folders containing general correspondence for that\n         year follow. These typically include miscellaneous letters\n         from constituents, appeals for support and endorsement,\n         applications for appointment, invitations, and letters of\n         appreciation. Researchers should note that papers relating to\n         specific commissions or legislative actions that overlap\n         several sessions are arranged by subject and appear later in\n         the collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Organization"],"arrangement_tesim":["As much as possible, the original arrangement of Bemiss's\n         papers has been maintained. His General Assembly papers are\n         organized by session, with the same basic arrangement\n         recurring for each session. Each session's records usually\n         begin with materials pertaining to the biennial elections.\n         These consist of individual folders of campaign correspondence\n         (appeals for and acknowledgments of support, petitions,\n         invitations to speak), addresses (including radio and\n         television spots), campaign materials (such as examples of\n         advertising, sample ballots, literature, platform drafts,\n         budget information, voting lists, and clippings), letters of\n         congratulation (often including letters from Harry F. Byrd, J.\n         Vaughan Gary, and various Virginia governors), and statements\n         of expense. Folders containing general correspondence for that\n         year follow. These typically include miscellaneous letters\n         from constituents, appeals for support and endorsement,\n         applications for appointment, invitations, and letters of\n         appreciation. Researchers should note that papers relating to\n         specific commissions or legislative actions that overlap\n         several sessions are arranged by subject and appear later in\n         the collection."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRichmond FitzGerald Bemiss (b. 1922) was a member of the\n         Virginia General Assembly, serving in both the House of\n         Delegates (1955-1959) and the Senate (1960-1967). His papers\n         reflect his career in the Assembly, his work on various\n         government commissions, and other related political activities\n         and interests. Researchers interested in these subjects may\n         also want to look at his book, The General Assembly: 1955-\n         1967.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBemiss entered the House of Delegates at the height of the\n         school desegregation crisis and served in that body through\n         the extra session of 1959. Although often voting with the\n         conservative majority, Bemiss was nonetheless independent of\n         the dominant Byrd organization and often took positions\n         contrary to the Byrd line. As a member of the Gray commission\n         on Public Education, Bemiss supported \"local option,\" was\n         opposed to massive resistance, and approved of Lindsay\n         Almond's \"freedom of choice\" compromise.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Richmond FitzGerald Bemiss (b. 1922) was a member of the\n         Virginia General Assembly, serving in both the House of\n         Delegates (1955-1959) and the Senate (1960-1967). His papers\n         reflect his career in the Assembly, his work on various\n         government commissions, and other related political activities\n         and interests. Researchers interested in these subjects may\n         also want to look at his book, The General Assembly: 1955-\n         1967.","Bemiss entered the House of Delegates at the height of the\n         school desegregation crisis and served in that body through\n         the extra session of 1959. Although often voting with the\n         conservative majority, Bemiss was nonetheless independent of\n         the dominant Byrd organization and often took positions\n         contrary to the Byrd line. As a member of the Gray commission\n         on Public Education, Bemiss supported \"local option,\" was\n         opposed to massive resistance, and approved of Lindsay\n         Almond's \"freedom of choice\" compromise."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFitzGerald Bemiss Papers, 1952-1988 (Mss1 B4252 a FA2),\n            Virginia Historical Society, Richmond, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["FitzGerald Bemiss Papers, 1952-1988 (Mss1 B4252 a FA2),\n            Virginia Historical Society, Richmond, Va."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection begins with materials pertaining to the 1955\n         election, organized as described above. Correspondence,\n         addresses, statements and clippings concerning the extra\n         session of 1955 and subsequent referendum on the revision of\n         the state Constitution to allow tuition grants follow. Letters\n         from Governor Thomas B. Stanley and Dabney S. Lancaster\n         document Bemiss's efforts in organizing pro-convention\n         forces.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe 1956 session of the general assembly was noteworthy for\n         the passage of a resolution of \"Interposition.\" This doctrine\n         asserts that individual states have the power to declare a\n         decision of the Supreme Court unconstitutional until the issue\n         is settled through the amendment process. Although eventually\n         voting with the majority in support of the resolution, Bemiss\n         expressed doubts about the action in a letter to Governor\n         Stanley. A letter from Lewis F. Powell, Jr., later an\n         associate justice of the United States Supreme Court, also\n         questions the assembly's action. Both these letters are found\n         in the folder of correspondence and addresses, which is\n         followed by newspaper clippings, mostly from the editorial\n         series by James J. Kilpatrick in the Richmond News Leader.\n         Miscellaneous \"Interposition\" materials include addresses and\n         copies of resolutions from other states.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1956 Bemiss was appointed to fill a vacancy on the\n         Commission on Public Education, chaired by State Senator\n         Garland Gray. Materials concerning the Gray Commission consist\n         of correspondence and statements, including a joint statement\n         by Bemiss and fellow delegate J. Randolph Tucker announcing\n         their dissent from the majority report. Correspondence\n         concerning the 1956 extra session is mostly from constituents\n         concerning the proposed school closing bills. 1957 general\n         correspondence and election materials follow. General\n         correspondence includes letters from Harry Flood Byrd, Sr.,\n         concerning the settlement of a displaced Hungarian family in\n         Richmond. General correspondence for 1958 and 1959 and a\n         folder of material concerning the 1958 session of the General\n         Assembly precede material concerning the special session of\n         1959.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn January 1959 both the U. S. and state supreme courts\n         declared Virginia's school closing laws unconstitutional. The\n         assembly, meeting in extra session, replaced the legislation\n         with the Commission on Education's \"freedom of choice\" plan,\n         which provided for the possibility of some integration. Bemiss\n         served on the Perrow Commission, and his papers contain\n         commission minutes, reports, and statements from a public\n         hearing on March 6 of that year.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBemiss ran for the State Senate in 1959. Researchers are\n         again reminded that the campaign materials are arranged as\n         described on the first page of this summary. Campaign\n         correspondence includes letters from Lewis F. Powell, who\n         advised Bemiss and helped draft statements. Two folders\n         containing budget and financial data for the 1960 session\n         follow.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe extra session of 1963 dealt with the poll tax issue and\n         amending the Virginia Constitution before the 1964\n         presidential selection. Materials include letters from\n         constituents, copies of resolutions and bills, and clippings.\n         Correspondence concerning various bills introduced during the\n         1964 session is arranged by bill, with an index located in the\n         front of the folder. Folders concerning the extra sessions of\n         1964 and 1965, both of which dealt with redistricting, include\n         addresses, population statistics, a copy of a federal court\n         decision , and a Harry Byrd, Sr., statement on the voting\n         rights act. Senate materials from 1965-1967 follow, arranged\n         as previously described.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1967, FitzGerald Bemiss announced his retirement from\n         the Senate, citing a need to devote more time to his\n         family-run businesses. Materials concerning his announcement\n         not to seek re-election include correspondence, clippings,\n         editorials, and a statement. Memoranda, mainly of Carter O.\n         Lowance, executive secretary to the governor, describes major\n         actions of each Assembly session from 1956 to 1968.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe next section of the collection pertains to various\n         election campaigns, presidential, senatorial, and\n         gubernatorial from 1952 to 1985. Located in box 3, these\n         papers mainly consist of campaign literature and clippings and\n         precinct returns from Richmond newspapers. In some campaigns,\n         however, Bemiss was more actively involved and generated a\n         larger number of records. In the 1966 Senate Democratic\n         primary, Bemiss worked for the incumbent, A. Willis Robertson,\n         in organizing and fund-raising in the third district.\n         Correspondence with Robertson concerns the incumbent's age and\n         health as compared with that of former Senator Carter Glass.\n         Bemiss also served as a budgetary and financial advisor for\n         Fred G. Pollard in the 1969 Democratic gubernatorial primary,\n         Harry F. Byrd in his 1970 campaign for Senate, and Richard D.\n         Obenshain in his 1978 quest for the Republican gubernatorial\n         nomination. The section concludes with a folder of election\n         analyses by Larry Sabato, a folder of Richmond City Democratic\n         Committee memoranda, correspondence, statements and 1965\n         redistricting information, a folder of Republican party\n         appeals, and a folder of miscellaneous election materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe rest of the collection has been arranged in roughly\n         chronological fashion around three subjects that interested\n         Senator Bemiss: government, education, and the environment.\n         These papers reflect Bemiss's service on a number of\n         government commission, civic organizations, and community\n         affairs groups. Many of these relate to general assembly\n         activities that either spanned several sessions or continued\n         after his 1967 retirement.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRecords pertaining to government begin with several folders\n         of otherwise only loosely related materials. The first folder\n         in this section concerns the building of a parking lot for the\n         Virginia Museum. This is followed by papers concerning the\n         standardization of annual reports for the various executive\n         departments. In January 1961 Bemiss attended a White House\n         conference on aging and conference information as well as\n         Bemiss's statements opposing medial aid for the elderly\n         through social security, are included in this material.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAddresses concerning the findings of the Commission on\n         State and Local Revenues and Expenditures follow. Appointed by\n         Governor Albertis S. Harrison in 1962, the commission's\n         purpose was to study new and additional sources of revenue.\n         Although it was generally understood that this meant preparing\n         the way for a state sales tax by eliminating the legal\n         barriers and developing plans for distributing the proceeds,\n         other actions were also recommended. As chairman of the Local\n         Revenues and Expenditures Committee, Bemiss proposed\n         legislation prohibiting the underassessment and undertaxation\n         of real estate at the expense of public utility facilities,\n         whose burden was then passed on to other localities. A folder\n         marked \"public utilities' mostly concerns several bills\n         introduced during the 1966 session seeking to abolish this\n         common practice.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence with Richmond City Council primarily\n         concerns proposed changes in the city charter providing for\n         staggered four-year terms for the city's state senators. State\n         planning materials concern the establishment of a division to\n         oversee long-range planning.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1966 Bemiss was appointed by Governor Mills E. Godwin to\n         the Virginia Metropolitan Area Study Commission. Under the\n         chairmanship of Virginia Polytechnic Institute president, T.\n         Marshall Hahn, the commission examined problems created by\n         Virginia's growing and shifting population. Bemiss's\n         subcommittee on Governmental Structure proposed redrawing\n         county boundaries to reflect twentieth-century demands, and\n         establishing service and planning districts as alternatives to\n         annexation in meeting problems created in multi-jurisdictional\n         area. These ideas were, quite naturally, opposed by many in\n         the legislature who viewed the proposal as a threat to local\n         autonomy. Commission minutes, correspondence, and reports, as\n         well as subcommittee correspondence begin box 4. Materials\n         concerning the Commission on the Legislative Process, on which\n         Bemiss also served, follow. Papers pertaining to the\n         Commission on Constitutional Revision again reflect Bemiss's\n         interest in multi-locality planning districts. Bemiss planned\n         the inauguration of Governor Linwood Holton in 1970 and this\n         material consists of memoranda, seating charts, invitations,\n         and a program.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe section concerning education begins with a folder of\n         general correspondence, consisting of constituent requests,\n         invitations to speak, and copies of addresses. Seven folders\n         labeled \"State Council of Higher Education\" follow. Bemiss was\n         a patron of the bill which created the council, whose purpose\n         was to promote and develop a coordinated system of higher\n         education in the state. This material, which includes\n         correspondence, memoranda, and reports, concerns the creation\n         of the council, its early operation, and a VALC report,\n         \"education of Scientists, Engineers and Other Specialists.\"\n         Other subjects include the separation of colleges in the\n         William and Mary System (including Richmond Professional\n         Institute) and inter-library cooperation in sharing technical\n         services and facilities.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence with the State Board of Education precedes\n         materials related to the Commission on Public Education\n         chaired by William B. Spong (not to be confused with the Gray\n         Commission). Correspondence, statements, and reports document\n         the commission's work, which involved evaluation of school\n         curricula and teacher certification requirements. Materials\n         pertaining to the Bureau of Educational Research concern the\n         establishment of a permanent agency to conduct research in\n         education. Budget materials for 1964 concern cuts in higher\n         education and include statements by Bemiss and University of\n         Virginia President Edgar F. Shannon. A second 1964 folder\n         documents an unsuccessful attempt to restrict enrollment in\n         Virginia state colleges by out-of-state students. Materials\n         pertaining to the Virginia Institute of Scientific Research\n         concern the establishment of an institution for graduate\n         research in Richmond. Papers of two Richmond organizations,\n         the Citizens for Excellent Public Schools and the Ad Hoc\n         Committee on Public Schools, demonstrate their commitment to\n         public education during the school busing controversy in\n         1971-1972. This section concludes with miscellaneous speeches\n         and clippings on education.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe remainder of the Bemiss papers reflect his interest in\n         conservation and the environment. Included in this section are\n         records concerning several commissions, the Virginia Outdoor\n         Recreation Study Commission (1964-1966), the Governor's\n         Special Commission on Water Resources (1965-1966), and the\n         Governor's Commission on Virginia' Future (1982-1985). Related\n         material concerns water pollution and parks.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBemiss was chairman of the Virginia Outdoor Recreation\n         Study Commission, which formulated a comprehensive plan to\n         protect and develop Virginia' scenic, natural, and historic\n         resources. The Virginia Outdoors Plan, passed by the 1966\n         assembly, created a Commission of Outdoor Recreation to\n         acquire and maintain parks, scenic areas, camping grounds, and\n         other sites for public use. The legislation also created the\n         Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission (now the Division of\n         Historic Landmarks). Records of the VORSC consist of\n         correspondence, addresses, reports, press releases and\n         clippings. Landmarks Commission materials primarily concern\n         the acquisition of open space easements at \"Old Mansion,\"\n         Caroline County and at \"Wakefield,\" Westmoreland County, and\n         attempts by the owners of \"Tuckahoe,\" Goochland County to\n         change the route of a proposed highway. Correspondence\n         concerning open space easements is primarily with George C.\n         Freeman, a lawyer who designed the law allowing property\n         owners to grant easements designating areas where future\n         development would be prohibited. The Virginia Outdoors Plan\n         also created the Virginia Outdoors Foundation to encourage\n         private philanthropy towards conservation efforts of the\n         state.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBemiss also served as chairman of the Governor's Special\n         Committee on Water Resources, a commission created to\n         determine the effects of growth on the state's future water\n         resources. An additional folder concerning water resources\n         consists primarily of articles on drainage basins of various\n         state rivers. Materials concerning water pollution consist of\n         a memo on the subject to Governor Linwood Holton and the\n         governor's acknowledgment.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eInformation and brochures concerning several state parks\n         begin box 6. The next folder pertains to a trip to the Eastern\n         Shore in 1960 and Bemiss's subsequent article on natural areas\n         for Virginia Wildlife magazine.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe following three folders demonstrate Bemiss's interest\n         in both conservation and metropolitan planning. Materials of\n         the Richmond Regional Planning Commission, the Richmond\n         Regional Park Authority, and the Capital Region Park Authority\n         concern cooperative community efforts in creating open space\n         areas in the Richmond metropolitan area. General\n         correspondence concerning the James River precedes materials\n         pertains to a study commission report on deepening the James\n         River channel. Articles of incorporation, by-laws, and reports\n         of the Richmond James River Association, of which Bemiss was\n         president, reflect that organization's apprehension over water\n         usage and the river's flow. The next four folders, consisting\n         of correspondence, clippings, newsletters and maps, concern\n         the construction of a downtown expressway and its effects on\n         natural areas along the James River. Although the expressway\n         was built, parts of the historic Kanawha Canal were preserved\n         and restored and James River Park was established.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1982, Bemiss was appointed to the Governor's Commission\n         on Virginia's Future, which was chaired by former Senator\n         William B. Spong. The commission's mission was to assess state\n         needs and provide planning and direction into the twenty-first\n         century. Correspondence, committee assignments, meeting\n         summaries, final reports and clippings precede records\n         pertaining to the Environment and Natural Resources Task\n         Force, which Bemiss chaired. These papers are arranged\n         topically (these topics being sub-headings in the final\n         report). Subjects include: water, land use, waste management,\n         the Chesapeake Bay and fisheries. A final report and related\n         papers of the Government and Planning Task Force follow.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn conjunction with his service on the Future Commission,\n         Bemiss participated in a conference sponsored by the Virginia\n         Institute on Government, in October 1985, on the \"Future of\n         the Virginia Environment.\" The collection contains a copy of\n         the conference's final statement. Miscellaneous correspondence\n         concerning parks and water and addresses pertaining to\n         environmental issues conclude this section.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMiscellaneous speeches and addresses, mostly from\n         dedication, naturalization, and award ceremonies, precede a\n         folder of general miscellany, which includes a 1958 address on\n         fiscal management by Senator Harry F. Byrd.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, addresses, campaign material,\n                     letters of congratulation, statements of\n                     expense.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence and addresses; cliippings;\n                     miscellany.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, addresses, campaign material,\n                     letters of congratulation, statements of\n                     expense.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence; bills (bound); bills,\n                     resolutions, amendments; Harrison v. Day\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMinutes, addresses; public hearing; committee\n                     report; sub-committee reports; clippings and\n                     miscellany.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, addresses, campaign material,\n                  letters of congratulation, statements of expense.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, addresses, campaign material,\n                     letters of congratulation, statements of\n                     expense.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, addresses, campaign material,\n                     letters of congratulations, statements of\n                     expense.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eElections for governor, president and senator,\n               1953-1985 (arranged chronologically); analyses by Larry\n               Sabato, 1985-1987; Richmond City Democratic Committee,\n               1953-1955, 1963-1967; Republican Party of Virginia,\n               1980-1986; election miscellany.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMinutes; correspondence; reports; Committee on\n                  Governmental Structure.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, 1955-1958; General Assembly,\n                  1956-1958; VALC report, 1957; memoranda and reports,\n                  1956-1963, 1970; William and Mary, 1961-1962;\n                  inter-library cooperation, 1962-1965.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ebudget, 1963-1964; out-of-state college\n                  enrollment, 1964; Institute of Scientific Research,\n                  1965-1967.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence; addresses; reports; press\n                  releases; clippings; miscellany.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, 1981-1983; Historic Landmarks\n                  Committee, 1965-1966.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"Old Mansion,\" 1968-1971; \"Wakefield,\" 1970-1972;\n                  open space easements, 1966-1979, 1986-1988.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWater resources, 1966-1979; water pollution,\n                     1969-1970; state parks, 1957-1974; \"Natural Areas\n                     System for Virginia,\" 1960-1961; Richmond Regional\n                     Planning Commission, 1958-1966, 1972; Richmond\n                     Regional Park Authority 1960-1967; Capital Region\n                     Park Authority, 1968-1970; James river, 1965-1966,\n                     1971; James River Channel, 1962-1964; Richmond\n                     James River Association, 1964-1970, 1981; Richmond\n                     Open Space Plan, 1964-1972; Local James Action\n                     Committee, 1967; Richmond Scenic James Council,\n                     1970-1973; James River and Kanawha Parks,\n                     1970-1973.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence; membership; meeting summaries;\n                     final reports.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence; membership; water; land use;\n                     waste management; Chesapeake Bay; fisheries;\n                     report.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePlanning districts; responses; comments.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, addresses, etc.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSpeeches and addresses, 1958-1975; general\n               miscellany.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content Information"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection begins with materials pertaining to the 1955\n         election, organized as described above. Correspondence,\n         addresses, statements and clippings concerning the extra\n         session of 1955 and subsequent referendum on the revision of\n         the state Constitution to allow tuition grants follow. Letters\n         from Governor Thomas B. Stanley and Dabney S. Lancaster\n         document Bemiss's efforts in organizing pro-convention\n         forces.","The 1956 session of the general assembly was noteworthy for\n         the passage of a resolution of \"Interposition.\" This doctrine\n         asserts that individual states have the power to declare a\n         decision of the Supreme Court unconstitutional until the issue\n         is settled through the amendment process. Although eventually\n         voting with the majority in support of the resolution, Bemiss\n         expressed doubts about the action in a letter to Governor\n         Stanley. A letter from Lewis F. Powell, Jr., later an\n         associate justice of the United States Supreme Court, also\n         questions the assembly's action. Both these letters are found\n         in the folder of correspondence and addresses, which is\n         followed by newspaper clippings, mostly from the editorial\n         series by James J. Kilpatrick in the Richmond News Leader.\n         Miscellaneous \"Interposition\" materials include addresses and\n         copies of resolutions from other states.","In 1956 Bemiss was appointed to fill a vacancy on the\n         Commission on Public Education, chaired by State Senator\n         Garland Gray. Materials concerning the Gray Commission consist\n         of correspondence and statements, including a joint statement\n         by Bemiss and fellow delegate J. Randolph Tucker announcing\n         their dissent from the majority report. Correspondence\n         concerning the 1956 extra session is mostly from constituents\n         concerning the proposed school closing bills. 1957 general\n         correspondence and election materials follow. General\n         correspondence includes letters from Harry Flood Byrd, Sr.,\n         concerning the settlement of a displaced Hungarian family in\n         Richmond. General correspondence for 1958 and 1959 and a\n         folder of material concerning the 1958 session of the General\n         Assembly precede material concerning the special session of\n         1959.","In January 1959 both the U. S. and state supreme courts\n         declared Virginia's school closing laws unconstitutional. The\n         assembly, meeting in extra session, replaced the legislation\n         with the Commission on Education's \"freedom of choice\" plan,\n         which provided for the possibility of some integration. Bemiss\n         served on the Perrow Commission, and his papers contain\n         commission minutes, reports, and statements from a public\n         hearing on March 6 of that year.","Bemiss ran for the State Senate in 1959. Researchers are\n         again reminded that the campaign materials are arranged as\n         described on the first page of this summary. Campaign\n         correspondence includes letters from Lewis F. Powell, who\n         advised Bemiss and helped draft statements. Two folders\n         containing budget and financial data for the 1960 session\n         follow.","The extra session of 1963 dealt with the poll tax issue and\n         amending the Virginia Constitution before the 1964\n         presidential selection. Materials include letters from\n         constituents, copies of resolutions and bills, and clippings.\n         Correspondence concerning various bills introduced during the\n         1964 session is arranged by bill, with an index located in the\n         front of the folder. Folders concerning the extra sessions of\n         1964 and 1965, both of which dealt with redistricting, include\n         addresses, population statistics, a copy of a federal court\n         decision , and a Harry Byrd, Sr., statement on the voting\n         rights act. Senate materials from 1965-1967 follow, arranged\n         as previously described.","In 1967, FitzGerald Bemiss announced his retirement from\n         the Senate, citing a need to devote more time to his\n         family-run businesses. Materials concerning his announcement\n         not to seek re-election include correspondence, clippings,\n         editorials, and a statement. Memoranda, mainly of Carter O.\n         Lowance, executive secretary to the governor, describes major\n         actions of each Assembly session from 1956 to 1968.","The next section of the collection pertains to various\n         election campaigns, presidential, senatorial, and\n         gubernatorial from 1952 to 1985. Located in box 3, these\n         papers mainly consist of campaign literature and clippings and\n         precinct returns from Richmond newspapers. In some campaigns,\n         however, Bemiss was more actively involved and generated a\n         larger number of records. In the 1966 Senate Democratic\n         primary, Bemiss worked for the incumbent, A. Willis Robertson,\n         in organizing and fund-raising in the third district.\n         Correspondence with Robertson concerns the incumbent's age and\n         health as compared with that of former Senator Carter Glass.\n         Bemiss also served as a budgetary and financial advisor for\n         Fred G. Pollard in the 1969 Democratic gubernatorial primary,\n         Harry F. Byrd in his 1970 campaign for Senate, and Richard D.\n         Obenshain in his 1978 quest for the Republican gubernatorial\n         nomination. The section concludes with a folder of election\n         analyses by Larry Sabato, a folder of Richmond City Democratic\n         Committee memoranda, correspondence, statements and 1965\n         redistricting information, a folder of Republican party\n         appeals, and a folder of miscellaneous election materials.","The rest of the collection has been arranged in roughly\n         chronological fashion around three subjects that interested\n         Senator Bemiss: government, education, and the environment.\n         These papers reflect Bemiss's service on a number of\n         government commission, civic organizations, and community\n         affairs groups. Many of these relate to general assembly\n         activities that either spanned several sessions or continued\n         after his 1967 retirement.","Records pertaining to government begin with several folders\n         of otherwise only loosely related materials. The first folder\n         in this section concerns the building of a parking lot for the\n         Virginia Museum. This is followed by papers concerning the\n         standardization of annual reports for the various executive\n         departments. In January 1961 Bemiss attended a White House\n         conference on aging and conference information as well as\n         Bemiss's statements opposing medial aid for the elderly\n         through social security, are included in this material.","Addresses concerning the findings of the Commission on\n         State and Local Revenues and Expenditures follow. Appointed by\n         Governor Albertis S. Harrison in 1962, the commission's\n         purpose was to study new and additional sources of revenue.\n         Although it was generally understood that this meant preparing\n         the way for a state sales tax by eliminating the legal\n         barriers and developing plans for distributing the proceeds,\n         other actions were also recommended. As chairman of the Local\n         Revenues and Expenditures Committee, Bemiss proposed\n         legislation prohibiting the underassessment and undertaxation\n         of real estate at the expense of public utility facilities,\n         whose burden was then passed on to other localities. A folder\n         marked \"public utilities' mostly concerns several bills\n         introduced during the 1966 session seeking to abolish this\n         common practice.","Correspondence with Richmond City Council primarily\n         concerns proposed changes in the city charter providing for\n         staggered four-year terms for the city's state senators. State\n         planning materials concern the establishment of a division to\n         oversee long-range planning.","In 1966 Bemiss was appointed by Governor Mills E. Godwin to\n         the Virginia Metropolitan Area Study Commission. Under the\n         chairmanship of Virginia Polytechnic Institute president, T.\n         Marshall Hahn, the commission examined problems created by\n         Virginia's growing and shifting population. Bemiss's\n         subcommittee on Governmental Structure proposed redrawing\n         county boundaries to reflect twentieth-century demands, and\n         establishing service and planning districts as alternatives to\n         annexation in meeting problems created in multi-jurisdictional\n         area. These ideas were, quite naturally, opposed by many in\n         the legislature who viewed the proposal as a threat to local\n         autonomy. Commission minutes, correspondence, and reports, as\n         well as subcommittee correspondence begin box 4. Materials\n         concerning the Commission on the Legislative Process, on which\n         Bemiss also served, follow. Papers pertaining to the\n         Commission on Constitutional Revision again reflect Bemiss's\n         interest in multi-locality planning districts. Bemiss planned\n         the inauguration of Governor Linwood Holton in 1970 and this\n         material consists of memoranda, seating charts, invitations,\n         and a program.","The section concerning education begins with a folder of\n         general correspondence, consisting of constituent requests,\n         invitations to speak, and copies of addresses. Seven folders\n         labeled \"State Council of Higher Education\" follow. Bemiss was\n         a patron of the bill which created the council, whose purpose\n         was to promote and develop a coordinated system of higher\n         education in the state. This material, which includes\n         correspondence, memoranda, and reports, concerns the creation\n         of the council, its early operation, and a VALC report,\n         \"education of Scientists, Engineers and Other Specialists.\"\n         Other subjects include the separation of colleges in the\n         William and Mary System (including Richmond Professional\n         Institute) and inter-library cooperation in sharing technical\n         services and facilities.","Correspondence with the State Board of Education precedes\n         materials related to the Commission on Public Education\n         chaired by William B. Spong (not to be confused with the Gray\n         Commission). Correspondence, statements, and reports document\n         the commission's work, which involved evaluation of school\n         curricula and teacher certification requirements. Materials\n         pertaining to the Bureau of Educational Research concern the\n         establishment of a permanent agency to conduct research in\n         education. Budget materials for 1964 concern cuts in higher\n         education and include statements by Bemiss and University of\n         Virginia President Edgar F. Shannon. A second 1964 folder\n         documents an unsuccessful attempt to restrict enrollment in\n         Virginia state colleges by out-of-state students. Materials\n         pertaining to the Virginia Institute of Scientific Research\n         concern the establishment of an institution for graduate\n         research in Richmond. Papers of two Richmond organizations,\n         the Citizens for Excellent Public Schools and the Ad Hoc\n         Committee on Public Schools, demonstrate their commitment to\n         public education during the school busing controversy in\n         1971-1972. This section concludes with miscellaneous speeches\n         and clippings on education.","The remainder of the Bemiss papers reflect his interest in\n         conservation and the environment. Included in this section are\n         records concerning several commissions, the Virginia Outdoor\n         Recreation Study Commission (1964-1966), the Governor's\n         Special Commission on Water Resources (1965-1966), and the\n         Governor's Commission on Virginia' Future (1982-1985). Related\n         material concerns water pollution and parks.","Bemiss was chairman of the Virginia Outdoor Recreation\n         Study Commission, which formulated a comprehensive plan to\n         protect and develop Virginia' scenic, natural, and historic\n         resources. The Virginia Outdoors Plan, passed by the 1966\n         assembly, created a Commission of Outdoor Recreation to\n         acquire and maintain parks, scenic areas, camping grounds, and\n         other sites for public use. The legislation also created the\n         Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission (now the Division of\n         Historic Landmarks). Records of the VORSC consist of\n         correspondence, addresses, reports, press releases and\n         clippings. Landmarks Commission materials primarily concern\n         the acquisition of open space easements at \"Old Mansion,\"\n         Caroline County and at \"Wakefield,\" Westmoreland County, and\n         attempts by the owners of \"Tuckahoe,\" Goochland County to\n         change the route of a proposed highway. Correspondence\n         concerning open space easements is primarily with George C.\n         Freeman, a lawyer who designed the law allowing property\n         owners to grant easements designating areas where future\n         development would be prohibited. The Virginia Outdoors Plan\n         also created the Virginia Outdoors Foundation to encourage\n         private philanthropy towards conservation efforts of the\n         state.","Bemiss also served as chairman of the Governor's Special\n         Committee on Water Resources, a commission created to\n         determine the effects of growth on the state's future water\n         resources. An additional folder concerning water resources\n         consists primarily of articles on drainage basins of various\n         state rivers. Materials concerning water pollution consist of\n         a memo on the subject to Governor Linwood Holton and the\n         governor's acknowledgment.","Information and brochures concerning several state parks\n         begin box 6. The next folder pertains to a trip to the Eastern\n         Shore in 1960 and Bemiss's subsequent article on natural areas\n         for Virginia Wildlife magazine.","The following three folders demonstrate Bemiss's interest\n         in both conservation and metropolitan planning. Materials of\n         the Richmond Regional Planning Commission, the Richmond\n         Regional Park Authority, and the Capital Region Park Authority\n         concern cooperative community efforts in creating open space\n         areas in the Richmond metropolitan area. General\n         correspondence concerning the James River precedes materials\n         pertains to a study commission report on deepening the James\n         River channel. Articles of incorporation, by-laws, and reports\n         of the Richmond James River Association, of which Bemiss was\n         president, reflect that organization's apprehension over water\n         usage and the river's flow. The next four folders, consisting\n         of correspondence, clippings, newsletters and maps, concern\n         the construction of a downtown expressway and its effects on\n         natural areas along the James River. Although the expressway\n         was built, parts of the historic Kanawha Canal were preserved\n         and restored and James River Park was established.","In 1982, Bemiss was appointed to the Governor's Commission\n         on Virginia's Future, which was chaired by former Senator\n         William B. Spong. The commission's mission was to assess state\n         needs and provide planning and direction into the twenty-first\n         century. Correspondence, committee assignments, meeting\n         summaries, final reports and clippings precede records\n         pertaining to the Environment and Natural Resources Task\n         Force, which Bemiss chaired. These papers are arranged\n         topically (these topics being sub-headings in the final\n         report). Subjects include: water, land use, waste management,\n         the Chesapeake Bay and fisheries. A final report and related\n         papers of the Government and Planning Task Force follow.","In conjunction with his service on the Future Commission,\n         Bemiss participated in a conference sponsored by the Virginia\n         Institute on Government, in October 1985, on the \"Future of\n         the Virginia Environment.\" The collection contains a copy of\n         the conference's final statement. Miscellaneous correspondence\n         concerning parks and water and addresses pertaining to\n         environmental issues conclude this section.","Miscellaneous speeches and addresses, mostly from\n         dedication, naturalization, and award ceremonies, precede a\n         folder of general miscellany, which includes a 1958 address on\n         fiscal management by Senator Harry F. Byrd.","Correspondence, addresses, campaign material,\n                     letters of congratulation, statements of\n                     expense.","Correspondence and addresses; cliippings;\n                     miscellany.","Correspondence, addresses, campaign material,\n                     letters of congratulation, statements of\n                     expense.","Correspondence; bills (bound); bills,\n                     resolutions, amendments; Harrison v. Day","Minutes, addresses; public hearing; committee\n                     report; sub-committee reports; clippings and\n                     miscellany.","Correspondence, addresses, campaign material,\n                  letters of congratulation, statements of expense.","Correspondence, addresses, campaign material,\n                     letters of congratulation, statements of\n                     expense.","Correspondence, addresses, campaign material,\n                     letters of congratulations, statements of\n                     expense.","Elections for governor, president and senator,\n               1953-1985 (arranged chronologically); analyses by Larry\n               Sabato, 1985-1987; Richmond City Democratic Committee,\n               1953-1955, 1963-1967; Republican Party of Virginia,\n               1980-1986; election miscellany.","Minutes; correspondence; reports; Committee on\n                  Governmental Structure.","Correspondence, 1955-1958; General Assembly,\n                  1956-1958; VALC report, 1957; memoranda and reports,\n                  1956-1963, 1970; William and Mary, 1961-1962;\n                  inter-library cooperation, 1962-1965.","budget, 1963-1964; out-of-state college\n                  enrollment, 1964; Institute of Scientific Research,\n                  1965-1967.","Correspondence; addresses; reports; press\n                  releases; clippings; miscellany.","Correspondence, 1981-1983; Historic Landmarks\n                  Committee, 1965-1966.","\"Old Mansion,\" 1968-1971; \"Wakefield,\" 1970-1972;\n                  open space easements, 1966-1979, 1986-1988.","Water resources, 1966-1979; water pollution,\n                     1969-1970; state parks, 1957-1974; \"Natural Areas\n                     System for Virginia,\" 1960-1961; Richmond Regional\n                     Planning Commission, 1958-1966, 1972; Richmond\n                     Regional Park Authority 1960-1967; Capital Region\n                     Park Authority, 1968-1970; James river, 1965-1966,\n                     1971; James River Channel, 1962-1964; Richmond\n                     James River Association, 1964-1970, 1981; Richmond\n                     Open Space Plan, 1964-1972; Local James Action\n                     Committee, 1967; Richmond Scenic James Council,\n                     1970-1973; James River and Kanawha Parks,\n                     1970-1973.","Correspondence; membership; meeting summaries;\n                     final reports.","Correspondence; membership; water; land use;\n                     waste management; Chesapeake Bay; fisheries;\n                     report.","Planning districts; responses; comments.","Correspondence, addresses, etc.","Speeches and addresses, 1958-1975; general\n               miscellany."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNone.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["None."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract label=\"Abstract\"\u003eFitzGerald Bemiss's papers cover\n         his career in the Virginia General Assembly, his work on\n         various government commissions, and other related political\n         activities and interests. Commissions on which he served\n         include the Commission on Public Education (a.k.a. the Gray\n         Commission), the Virginia Outdoor Recreation Study Commission,\n         the irginia Metropolitan Areas Study Commission, and the\n         overnor's Commission on Virginia's Future. His areas of\n         particular interest included educational and environmental\n         issues.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["FitzGerald Bemiss's papers cover\n         his career in the Virginia General Assembly, his work on\n         various government commissions, and other related political\n         activities and interests. Commissions on which he served\n         include the Commission on Public Education (a.k.a. the Gray\n         Commission), the Virginia Outdoor Recreation Study Commission,\n         the irginia Metropolitan Areas Study Commission, and the\n         overnor's Commission on Virginia's Future. His areas of\n         particular interest included educational and environmental\n         issues."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":77,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-20T18:52:57.653Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vihi_vih00002","ead_ssi":"vihi_vih00002","_root_":"vihi_vih00002","_nest_parent_":"vihi_vih00002","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/vhs/vih00002.xml","title_ssm":["FitzGerald Bemiss Papers \n         \n         1952-1988"],"title_tesim":["FitzGerald Bemiss Papers \n         \n         1952-1988"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Mss1 B4252 a FA2"],"text":["Mss1 B4252 a FA2","FitzGerald Bemiss Papers \n         \n         1952-1988","Bemiss, FitzGerald, 1922-","Outdoor recreation -- Law and legislation","Segregation in education","Virginia -- Politics and government","Ca. 2,750 items (6 archival\n         boxes).","Collection is open to all researchers.","As much as possible, the original arrangement of Bemiss's\n         papers has been maintained. His General Assembly papers are\n         organized by session, with the same basic arrangement\n         recurring for each session. Each session's records usually\n         begin with materials pertaining to the biennial elections.\n         These consist of individual folders of campaign correspondence\n         (appeals for and acknowledgments of support, petitions,\n         invitations to speak), addresses (including radio and\n         television spots), campaign materials (such as examples of\n         advertising, sample ballots, literature, platform drafts,\n         budget information, voting lists, and clippings), letters of\n         congratulation (often including letters from Harry F. Byrd, J.\n         Vaughan Gary, and various Virginia governors), and statements\n         of expense. Folders containing general correspondence for that\n         year follow. These typically include miscellaneous letters\n         from constituents, appeals for support and endorsement,\n         applications for appointment, invitations, and letters of\n         appreciation. Researchers should note that papers relating to\n         specific commissions or legislative actions that overlap\n         several sessions are arranged by subject and appear later in\n         the collection.","Richmond FitzGerald Bemiss (b. 1922) was a member of the\n         Virginia General Assembly, serving in both the House of\n         Delegates (1955-1959) and the Senate (1960-1967). His papers\n         reflect his career in the Assembly, his work on various\n         government commissions, and other related political activities\n         and interests. Researchers interested in these subjects may\n         also want to look at his book, The General Assembly: 1955-\n         1967.","Bemiss entered the House of Delegates at the height of the\n         school desegregation crisis and served in that body through\n         the extra session of 1959. Although often voting with the\n         conservative majority, Bemiss was nonetheless independent of\n         the dominant Byrd organization and often took positions\n         contrary to the Byrd line. As a member of the Gray commission\n         on Public Education, Bemiss supported \"local option,\" was\n         opposed to massive resistance, and approved of Lindsay\n         Almond's \"freedom of choice\" compromise.","The collection begins with materials pertaining to the 1955\n         election, organized as described above. Correspondence,\n         addresses, statements and clippings concerning the extra\n         session of 1955 and subsequent referendum on the revision of\n         the state Constitution to allow tuition grants follow. Letters\n         from Governor Thomas B. Stanley and Dabney S. Lancaster\n         document Bemiss's efforts in organizing pro-convention\n         forces.","The 1956 session of the general assembly was noteworthy for\n         the passage of a resolution of \"Interposition.\" This doctrine\n         asserts that individual states have the power to declare a\n         decision of the Supreme Court unconstitutional until the issue\n         is settled through the amendment process. Although eventually\n         voting with the majority in support of the resolution, Bemiss\n         expressed doubts about the action in a letter to Governor\n         Stanley. A letter from Lewis F. Powell, Jr., later an\n         associate justice of the United States Supreme Court, also\n         questions the assembly's action. Both these letters are found\n         in the folder of correspondence and addresses, which is\n         followed by newspaper clippings, mostly from the editorial\n         series by James J. Kilpatrick in the Richmond News Leader.\n         Miscellaneous \"Interposition\" materials include addresses and\n         copies of resolutions from other states.","In 1956 Bemiss was appointed to fill a vacancy on the\n         Commission on Public Education, chaired by State Senator\n         Garland Gray. Materials concerning the Gray Commission consist\n         of correspondence and statements, including a joint statement\n         by Bemiss and fellow delegate J. Randolph Tucker announcing\n         their dissent from the majority report. Correspondence\n         concerning the 1956 extra session is mostly from constituents\n         concerning the proposed school closing bills. 1957 general\n         correspondence and election materials follow. General\n         correspondence includes letters from Harry Flood Byrd, Sr.,\n         concerning the settlement of a displaced Hungarian family in\n         Richmond. General correspondence for 1958 and 1959 and a\n         folder of material concerning the 1958 session of the General\n         Assembly precede material concerning the special session of\n         1959.","In January 1959 both the U. S. and state supreme courts\n         declared Virginia's school closing laws unconstitutional. The\n         assembly, meeting in extra session, replaced the legislation\n         with the Commission on Education's \"freedom of choice\" plan,\n         which provided for the possibility of some integration. Bemiss\n         served on the Perrow Commission, and his papers contain\n         commission minutes, reports, and statements from a public\n         hearing on March 6 of that year.","Bemiss ran for the State Senate in 1959. Researchers are\n         again reminded that the campaign materials are arranged as\n         described on the first page of this summary. Campaign\n         correspondence includes letters from Lewis F. Powell, who\n         advised Bemiss and helped draft statements. Two folders\n         containing budget and financial data for the 1960 session\n         follow.","The extra session of 1963 dealt with the poll tax issue and\n         amending the Virginia Constitution before the 1964\n         presidential selection. Materials include letters from\n         constituents, copies of resolutions and bills, and clippings.\n         Correspondence concerning various bills introduced during the\n         1964 session is arranged by bill, with an index located in the\n         front of the folder. Folders concerning the extra sessions of\n         1964 and 1965, both of which dealt with redistricting, include\n         addresses, population statistics, a copy of a federal court\n         decision , and a Harry Byrd, Sr., statement on the voting\n         rights act. Senate materials from 1965-1967 follow, arranged\n         as previously described.","In 1967, FitzGerald Bemiss announced his retirement from\n         the Senate, citing a need to devote more time to his\n         family-run businesses. Materials concerning his announcement\n         not to seek re-election include correspondence, clippings,\n         editorials, and a statement. Memoranda, mainly of Carter O.\n         Lowance, executive secretary to the governor, describes major\n         actions of each Assembly session from 1956 to 1968.","The next section of the collection pertains to various\n         election campaigns, presidential, senatorial, and\n         gubernatorial from 1952 to 1985. Located in box 3, these\n         papers mainly consist of campaign literature and clippings and\n         precinct returns from Richmond newspapers. In some campaigns,\n         however, Bemiss was more actively involved and generated a\n         larger number of records. In the 1966 Senate Democratic\n         primary, Bemiss worked for the incumbent, A. Willis Robertson,\n         in organizing and fund-raising in the third district.\n         Correspondence with Robertson concerns the incumbent's age and\n         health as compared with that of former Senator Carter Glass.\n         Bemiss also served as a budgetary and financial advisor for\n         Fred G. Pollard in the 1969 Democratic gubernatorial primary,\n         Harry F. Byrd in his 1970 campaign for Senate, and Richard D.\n         Obenshain in his 1978 quest for the Republican gubernatorial\n         nomination. The section concludes with a folder of election\n         analyses by Larry Sabato, a folder of Richmond City Democratic\n         Committee memoranda, correspondence, statements and 1965\n         redistricting information, a folder of Republican party\n         appeals, and a folder of miscellaneous election materials.","The rest of the collection has been arranged in roughly\n         chronological fashion around three subjects that interested\n         Senator Bemiss: government, education, and the environment.\n         These papers reflect Bemiss's service on a number of\n         government commission, civic organizations, and community\n         affairs groups. Many of these relate to general assembly\n         activities that either spanned several sessions or continued\n         after his 1967 retirement.","Records pertaining to government begin with several folders\n         of otherwise only loosely related materials. The first folder\n         in this section concerns the building of a parking lot for the\n         Virginia Museum. This is followed by papers concerning the\n         standardization of annual reports for the various executive\n         departments. In January 1961 Bemiss attended a White House\n         conference on aging and conference information as well as\n         Bemiss's statements opposing medial aid for the elderly\n         through social security, are included in this material.","Addresses concerning the findings of the Commission on\n         State and Local Revenues and Expenditures follow. Appointed by\n         Governor Albertis S. Harrison in 1962, the commission's\n         purpose was to study new and additional sources of revenue.\n         Although it was generally understood that this meant preparing\n         the way for a state sales tax by eliminating the legal\n         barriers and developing plans for distributing the proceeds,\n         other actions were also recommended. As chairman of the Local\n         Revenues and Expenditures Committee, Bemiss proposed\n         legislation prohibiting the underassessment and undertaxation\n         of real estate at the expense of public utility facilities,\n         whose burden was then passed on to other localities. A folder\n         marked \"public utilities' mostly concerns several bills\n         introduced during the 1966 session seeking to abolish this\n         common practice.","Correspondence with Richmond City Council primarily\n         concerns proposed changes in the city charter providing for\n         staggered four-year terms for the city's state senators. State\n         planning materials concern the establishment of a division to\n         oversee long-range planning.","In 1966 Bemiss was appointed by Governor Mills E. Godwin to\n         the Virginia Metropolitan Area Study Commission. Under the\n         chairmanship of Virginia Polytechnic Institute president, T.\n         Marshall Hahn, the commission examined problems created by\n         Virginia's growing and shifting population. Bemiss's\n         subcommittee on Governmental Structure proposed redrawing\n         county boundaries to reflect twentieth-century demands, and\n         establishing service and planning districts as alternatives to\n         annexation in meeting problems created in multi-jurisdictional\n         area. These ideas were, quite naturally, opposed by many in\n         the legislature who viewed the proposal as a threat to local\n         autonomy. Commission minutes, correspondence, and reports, as\n         well as subcommittee correspondence begin box 4. Materials\n         concerning the Commission on the Legislative Process, on which\n         Bemiss also served, follow. Papers pertaining to the\n         Commission on Constitutional Revision again reflect Bemiss's\n         interest in multi-locality planning districts. Bemiss planned\n         the inauguration of Governor Linwood Holton in 1970 and this\n         material consists of memoranda, seating charts, invitations,\n         and a program.","The section concerning education begins with a folder of\n         general correspondence, consisting of constituent requests,\n         invitations to speak, and copies of addresses. Seven folders\n         labeled \"State Council of Higher Education\" follow. Bemiss was\n         a patron of the bill which created the council, whose purpose\n         was to promote and develop a coordinated system of higher\n         education in the state. This material, which includes\n         correspondence, memoranda, and reports, concerns the creation\n         of the council, its early operation, and a VALC report,\n         \"education of Scientists, Engineers and Other Specialists.\"\n         Other subjects include the separation of colleges in the\n         William and Mary System (including Richmond Professional\n         Institute) and inter-library cooperation in sharing technical\n         services and facilities.","Correspondence with the State Board of Education precedes\n         materials related to the Commission on Public Education\n         chaired by William B. Spong (not to be confused with the Gray\n         Commission). Correspondence, statements, and reports document\n         the commission's work, which involved evaluation of school\n         curricula and teacher certification requirements. Materials\n         pertaining to the Bureau of Educational Research concern the\n         establishment of a permanent agency to conduct research in\n         education. Budget materials for 1964 concern cuts in higher\n         education and include statements by Bemiss and University of\n         Virginia President Edgar F. Shannon. A second 1964 folder\n         documents an unsuccessful attempt to restrict enrollment in\n         Virginia state colleges by out-of-state students. Materials\n         pertaining to the Virginia Institute of Scientific Research\n         concern the establishment of an institution for graduate\n         research in Richmond. Papers of two Richmond organizations,\n         the Citizens for Excellent Public Schools and the Ad Hoc\n         Committee on Public Schools, demonstrate their commitment to\n         public education during the school busing controversy in\n         1971-1972. This section concludes with miscellaneous speeches\n         and clippings on education.","The remainder of the Bemiss papers reflect his interest in\n         conservation and the environment. Included in this section are\n         records concerning several commissions, the Virginia Outdoor\n         Recreation Study Commission (1964-1966), the Governor's\n         Special Commission on Water Resources (1965-1966), and the\n         Governor's Commission on Virginia' Future (1982-1985). Related\n         material concerns water pollution and parks.","Bemiss was chairman of the Virginia Outdoor Recreation\n         Study Commission, which formulated a comprehensive plan to\n         protect and develop Virginia' scenic, natural, and historic\n         resources. The Virginia Outdoors Plan, passed by the 1966\n         assembly, created a Commission of Outdoor Recreation to\n         acquire and maintain parks, scenic areas, camping grounds, and\n         other sites for public use. The legislation also created the\n         Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission (now the Division of\n         Historic Landmarks). Records of the VORSC consist of\n         correspondence, addresses, reports, press releases and\n         clippings. Landmarks Commission materials primarily concern\n         the acquisition of open space easements at \"Old Mansion,\"\n         Caroline County and at \"Wakefield,\" Westmoreland County, and\n         attempts by the owners of \"Tuckahoe,\" Goochland County to\n         change the route of a proposed highway. Correspondence\n         concerning open space easements is primarily with George C.\n         Freeman, a lawyer who designed the law allowing property\n         owners to grant easements designating areas where future\n         development would be prohibited. The Virginia Outdoors Plan\n         also created the Virginia Outdoors Foundation to encourage\n         private philanthropy towards conservation efforts of the\n         state.","Bemiss also served as chairman of the Governor's Special\n         Committee on Water Resources, a commission created to\n         determine the effects of growth on the state's future water\n         resources. An additional folder concerning water resources\n         consists primarily of articles on drainage basins of various\n         state rivers. Materials concerning water pollution consist of\n         a memo on the subject to Governor Linwood Holton and the\n         governor's acknowledgment.","Information and brochures concerning several state parks\n         begin box 6. The next folder pertains to a trip to the Eastern\n         Shore in 1960 and Bemiss's subsequent article on natural areas\n         for Virginia Wildlife magazine.","The following three folders demonstrate Bemiss's interest\n         in both conservation and metropolitan planning. Materials of\n         the Richmond Regional Planning Commission, the Richmond\n         Regional Park Authority, and the Capital Region Park Authority\n         concern cooperative community efforts in creating open space\n         areas in the Richmond metropolitan area. General\n         correspondence concerning the James River precedes materials\n         pertains to a study commission report on deepening the James\n         River channel. Articles of incorporation, by-laws, and reports\n         of the Richmond James River Association, of which Bemiss was\n         president, reflect that organization's apprehension over water\n         usage and the river's flow. The next four folders, consisting\n         of correspondence, clippings, newsletters and maps, concern\n         the construction of a downtown expressway and its effects on\n         natural areas along the James River. Although the expressway\n         was built, parts of the historic Kanawha Canal were preserved\n         and restored and James River Park was established.","In 1982, Bemiss was appointed to the Governor's Commission\n         on Virginia's Future, which was chaired by former Senator\n         William B. Spong. The commission's mission was to assess state\n         needs and provide planning and direction into the twenty-first\n         century. Correspondence, committee assignments, meeting\n         summaries, final reports and clippings precede records\n         pertaining to the Environment and Natural Resources Task\n         Force, which Bemiss chaired. These papers are arranged\n         topically (these topics being sub-headings in the final\n         report). Subjects include: water, land use, waste management,\n         the Chesapeake Bay and fisheries. A final report and related\n         papers of the Government and Planning Task Force follow.","In conjunction with his service on the Future Commission,\n         Bemiss participated in a conference sponsored by the Virginia\n         Institute on Government, in October 1985, on the \"Future of\n         the Virginia Environment.\" The collection contains a copy of\n         the conference's final statement. Miscellaneous correspondence\n         concerning parks and water and addresses pertaining to\n         environmental issues conclude this section.","Miscellaneous speeches and addresses, mostly from\n         dedication, naturalization, and award ceremonies, precede a\n         folder of general miscellany, which includes a 1958 address on\n         fiscal management by Senator Harry F. Byrd.","Correspondence, addresses, campaign material,\n                     letters of congratulation, statements of\n                     expense.","Correspondence and addresses; cliippings;\n                     miscellany.","Correspondence, addresses, campaign material,\n                     letters of congratulation, statements of\n                     expense.","Correspondence; bills (bound); bills,\n                     resolutions, amendments; Harrison v. Day","Minutes, addresses; public hearing; committee\n                     report; sub-committee reports; clippings and\n                     miscellany.","Correspondence, addresses, campaign material,\n                  letters of congratulation, statements of expense.","Correspondence, addresses, campaign material,\n                     letters of congratulation, statements of\n                     expense.","Correspondence, addresses, campaign material,\n                     letters of congratulations, statements of\n                     expense.","Elections for governor, president and senator,\n               1953-1985 (arranged chronologically); analyses by Larry\n               Sabato, 1985-1987; Richmond City Democratic Committee,\n               1953-1955, 1963-1967; Republican Party of Virginia,\n               1980-1986; election miscellany.","Minutes; correspondence; reports; Committee on\n                  Governmental Structure.","Correspondence, 1955-1958; General Assembly,\n                  1956-1958; VALC report, 1957; memoranda and reports,\n                  1956-1963, 1970; William and Mary, 1961-1962;\n                  inter-library cooperation, 1962-1965.","budget, 1963-1964; out-of-state college\n                  enrollment, 1964; Institute of Scientific Research,\n                  1965-1967.","Correspondence; addresses; reports; press\n                  releases; clippings; miscellany.","Correspondence, 1981-1983; Historic Landmarks\n                  Committee, 1965-1966.","\"Old Mansion,\" 1968-1971; \"Wakefield,\" 1970-1972;\n                  open space easements, 1966-1979, 1986-1988.","Water resources, 1966-1979; water pollution,\n                     1969-1970; state parks, 1957-1974; \"Natural Areas\n                     System for Virginia,\" 1960-1961; Richmond Regional\n                     Planning Commission, 1958-1966, 1972; Richmond\n                     Regional Park Authority 1960-1967; Capital Region\n                     Park Authority, 1968-1970; James river, 1965-1966,\n                     1971; James River Channel, 1962-1964; Richmond\n                     James River Association, 1964-1970, 1981; Richmond\n                     Open Space Plan, 1964-1972; Local James Action\n                     Committee, 1967; Richmond Scenic James Council,\n                     1970-1973; James River and Kanawha Parks,\n                     1970-1973.","Correspondence; membership; meeting summaries;\n                     final reports.","Correspondence; membership; water; land use;\n                     waste management; Chesapeake Bay; fisheries;\n                     report.","Planning districts; responses; comments.","Correspondence, addresses, etc.","Speeches and addresses, 1958-1975; general\n               miscellany.","None.","FitzGerald Bemiss's papers cover\n         his career in the Virginia General Assembly, his work on\n         various government commissions, and other related political\n         activities and interests. Commissions on which he served\n         include the Commission on Public Education (a.k.a. the Gray\n         Commission), the Virginia Outdoor Recreation Study Commission,\n         the irginia Metropolitan Areas Study Commission, and the\n         overnor's Commission on Virginia's Future. His areas of\n         particular interest included educational and environmental\n         issues.","English"],"unitid_tesim":["Mss1 B4252 a FA2"],"normalized_title_ssm":["FitzGerald Bemiss Papers \n         \n         1952-1988"],"collection_title_tesim":["FitzGerald Bemiss Papers \n         \n         1952-1988"],"collection_ssim":["FitzGerald Bemiss Papers \n         \n         1952-1988"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Historical Society"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Historical Society"],"creator_ssm":["Gift of FitzGerald Bemiss,\n         Richmond, Va., September 14, 1988."],"creator_ssim":["Gift of FitzGerald Bemiss,\n         Richmond, Va., September 14, 1988."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Bemiss, FitzGerald, 1922-","Outdoor recreation -- Law and legislation","Segregation in education","Virginia -- Politics and government"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Bemiss, FitzGerald, 1922-","Outdoor recreation -- Law and legislation","Segregation in education","Virginia -- Politics and government"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["Ca. 2,750 items (6 archival\n         boxes)."],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAs much as possible, the original arrangement of Bemiss's\n         papers has been maintained. His General Assembly papers are\n         organized by session, with the same basic arrangement\n         recurring for each session. Each session's records usually\n         begin with materials pertaining to the biennial elections.\n         These consist of individual folders of campaign correspondence\n         (appeals for and acknowledgments of support, petitions,\n         invitations to speak), addresses (including radio and\n         television spots), campaign materials (such as examples of\n         advertising, sample ballots, literature, platform drafts,\n         budget information, voting lists, and clippings), letters of\n         congratulation (often including letters from Harry F. Byrd, J.\n         Vaughan Gary, and various Virginia governors), and statements\n         of expense. Folders containing general correspondence for that\n         year follow. These typically include miscellaneous letters\n         from constituents, appeals for support and endorsement,\n         applications for appointment, invitations, and letters of\n         appreciation. Researchers should note that papers relating to\n         specific commissions or legislative actions that overlap\n         several sessions are arranged by subject and appear later in\n         the collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Organization"],"arrangement_tesim":["As much as possible, the original arrangement of Bemiss's\n         papers has been maintained. His General Assembly papers are\n         organized by session, with the same basic arrangement\n         recurring for each session. Each session's records usually\n         begin with materials pertaining to the biennial elections.\n         These consist of individual folders of campaign correspondence\n         (appeals for and acknowledgments of support, petitions,\n         invitations to speak), addresses (including radio and\n         television spots), campaign materials (such as examples of\n         advertising, sample ballots, literature, platform drafts,\n         budget information, voting lists, and clippings), letters of\n         congratulation (often including letters from Harry F. Byrd, J.\n         Vaughan Gary, and various Virginia governors), and statements\n         of expense. Folders containing general correspondence for that\n         year follow. These typically include miscellaneous letters\n         from constituents, appeals for support and endorsement,\n         applications for appointment, invitations, and letters of\n         appreciation. Researchers should note that papers relating to\n         specific commissions or legislative actions that overlap\n         several sessions are arranged by subject and appear later in\n         the collection."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRichmond FitzGerald Bemiss (b. 1922) was a member of the\n         Virginia General Assembly, serving in both the House of\n         Delegates (1955-1959) and the Senate (1960-1967). His papers\n         reflect his career in the Assembly, his work on various\n         government commissions, and other related political activities\n         and interests. Researchers interested in these subjects may\n         also want to look at his book, The General Assembly: 1955-\n         1967.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBemiss entered the House of Delegates at the height of the\n         school desegregation crisis and served in that body through\n         the extra session of 1959. Although often voting with the\n         conservative majority, Bemiss was nonetheless independent of\n         the dominant Byrd organization and often took positions\n         contrary to the Byrd line. As a member of the Gray commission\n         on Public Education, Bemiss supported \"local option,\" was\n         opposed to massive resistance, and approved of Lindsay\n         Almond's \"freedom of choice\" compromise.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Richmond FitzGerald Bemiss (b. 1922) was a member of the\n         Virginia General Assembly, serving in both the House of\n         Delegates (1955-1959) and the Senate (1960-1967). His papers\n         reflect his career in the Assembly, his work on various\n         government commissions, and other related political activities\n         and interests. Researchers interested in these subjects may\n         also want to look at his book, The General Assembly: 1955-\n         1967.","Bemiss entered the House of Delegates at the height of the\n         school desegregation crisis and served in that body through\n         the extra session of 1959. Although often voting with the\n         conservative majority, Bemiss was nonetheless independent of\n         the dominant Byrd organization and often took positions\n         contrary to the Byrd line. As a member of the Gray commission\n         on Public Education, Bemiss supported \"local option,\" was\n         opposed to massive resistance, and approved of Lindsay\n         Almond's \"freedom of choice\" compromise."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFitzGerald Bemiss Papers, 1952-1988 (Mss1 B4252 a FA2),\n            Virginia Historical Society, Richmond, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["FitzGerald Bemiss Papers, 1952-1988 (Mss1 B4252 a FA2),\n            Virginia Historical Society, Richmond, Va."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection begins with materials pertaining to the 1955\n         election, organized as described above. Correspondence,\n         addresses, statements and clippings concerning the extra\n         session of 1955 and subsequent referendum on the revision of\n         the state Constitution to allow tuition grants follow. Letters\n         from Governor Thomas B. Stanley and Dabney S. Lancaster\n         document Bemiss's efforts in organizing pro-convention\n         forces.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe 1956 session of the general assembly was noteworthy for\n         the passage of a resolution of \"Interposition.\" This doctrine\n         asserts that individual states have the power to declare a\n         decision of the Supreme Court unconstitutional until the issue\n         is settled through the amendment process. Although eventually\n         voting with the majority in support of the resolution, Bemiss\n         expressed doubts about the action in a letter to Governor\n         Stanley. A letter from Lewis F. Powell, Jr., later an\n         associate justice of the United States Supreme Court, also\n         questions the assembly's action. Both these letters are found\n         in the folder of correspondence and addresses, which is\n         followed by newspaper clippings, mostly from the editorial\n         series by James J. Kilpatrick in the Richmond News Leader.\n         Miscellaneous \"Interposition\" materials include addresses and\n         copies of resolutions from other states.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1956 Bemiss was appointed to fill a vacancy on the\n         Commission on Public Education, chaired by State Senator\n         Garland Gray. Materials concerning the Gray Commission consist\n         of correspondence and statements, including a joint statement\n         by Bemiss and fellow delegate J. Randolph Tucker announcing\n         their dissent from the majority report. Correspondence\n         concerning the 1956 extra session is mostly from constituents\n         concerning the proposed school closing bills. 1957 general\n         correspondence and election materials follow. General\n         correspondence includes letters from Harry Flood Byrd, Sr.,\n         concerning the settlement of a displaced Hungarian family in\n         Richmond. General correspondence for 1958 and 1959 and a\n         folder of material concerning the 1958 session of the General\n         Assembly precede material concerning the special session of\n         1959.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn January 1959 both the U. S. and state supreme courts\n         declared Virginia's school closing laws unconstitutional. The\n         assembly, meeting in extra session, replaced the legislation\n         with the Commission on Education's \"freedom of choice\" plan,\n         which provided for the possibility of some integration. Bemiss\n         served on the Perrow Commission, and his papers contain\n         commission minutes, reports, and statements from a public\n         hearing on March 6 of that year.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBemiss ran for the State Senate in 1959. Researchers are\n         again reminded that the campaign materials are arranged as\n         described on the first page of this summary. Campaign\n         correspondence includes letters from Lewis F. Powell, who\n         advised Bemiss and helped draft statements. Two folders\n         containing budget and financial data for the 1960 session\n         follow.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe extra session of 1963 dealt with the poll tax issue and\n         amending the Virginia Constitution before the 1964\n         presidential selection. Materials include letters from\n         constituents, copies of resolutions and bills, and clippings.\n         Correspondence concerning various bills introduced during the\n         1964 session is arranged by bill, with an index located in the\n         front of the folder. Folders concerning the extra sessions of\n         1964 and 1965, both of which dealt with redistricting, include\n         addresses, population statistics, a copy of a federal court\n         decision , and a Harry Byrd, Sr., statement on the voting\n         rights act. Senate materials from 1965-1967 follow, arranged\n         as previously described.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1967, FitzGerald Bemiss announced his retirement from\n         the Senate, citing a need to devote more time to his\n         family-run businesses. Materials concerning his announcement\n         not to seek re-election include correspondence, clippings,\n         editorials, and a statement. Memoranda, mainly of Carter O.\n         Lowance, executive secretary to the governor, describes major\n         actions of each Assembly session from 1956 to 1968.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe next section of the collection pertains to various\n         election campaigns, presidential, senatorial, and\n         gubernatorial from 1952 to 1985. Located in box 3, these\n         papers mainly consist of campaign literature and clippings and\n         precinct returns from Richmond newspapers. In some campaigns,\n         however, Bemiss was more actively involved and generated a\n         larger number of records. In the 1966 Senate Democratic\n         primary, Bemiss worked for the incumbent, A. Willis Robertson,\n         in organizing and fund-raising in the third district.\n         Correspondence with Robertson concerns the incumbent's age and\n         health as compared with that of former Senator Carter Glass.\n         Bemiss also served as a budgetary and financial advisor for\n         Fred G. Pollard in the 1969 Democratic gubernatorial primary,\n         Harry F. Byrd in his 1970 campaign for Senate, and Richard D.\n         Obenshain in his 1978 quest for the Republican gubernatorial\n         nomination. The section concludes with a folder of election\n         analyses by Larry Sabato, a folder of Richmond City Democratic\n         Committee memoranda, correspondence, statements and 1965\n         redistricting information, a folder of Republican party\n         appeals, and a folder of miscellaneous election materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe rest of the collection has been arranged in roughly\n         chronological fashion around three subjects that interested\n         Senator Bemiss: government, education, and the environment.\n         These papers reflect Bemiss's service on a number of\n         government commission, civic organizations, and community\n         affairs groups. Many of these relate to general assembly\n         activities that either spanned several sessions or continued\n         after his 1967 retirement.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRecords pertaining to government begin with several folders\n         of otherwise only loosely related materials. The first folder\n         in this section concerns the building of a parking lot for the\n         Virginia Museum. This is followed by papers concerning the\n         standardization of annual reports for the various executive\n         departments. In January 1961 Bemiss attended a White House\n         conference on aging and conference information as well as\n         Bemiss's statements opposing medial aid for the elderly\n         through social security, are included in this material.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAddresses concerning the findings of the Commission on\n         State and Local Revenues and Expenditures follow. Appointed by\n         Governor Albertis S. Harrison in 1962, the commission's\n         purpose was to study new and additional sources of revenue.\n         Although it was generally understood that this meant preparing\n         the way for a state sales tax by eliminating the legal\n         barriers and developing plans for distributing the proceeds,\n         other actions were also recommended. As chairman of the Local\n         Revenues and Expenditures Committee, Bemiss proposed\n         legislation prohibiting the underassessment and undertaxation\n         of real estate at the expense of public utility facilities,\n         whose burden was then passed on to other localities. A folder\n         marked \"public utilities' mostly concerns several bills\n         introduced during the 1966 session seeking to abolish this\n         common practice.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence with Richmond City Council primarily\n         concerns proposed changes in the city charter providing for\n         staggered four-year terms for the city's state senators. State\n         planning materials concern the establishment of a division to\n         oversee long-range planning.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1966 Bemiss was appointed by Governor Mills E. Godwin to\n         the Virginia Metropolitan Area Study Commission. Under the\n         chairmanship of Virginia Polytechnic Institute president, T.\n         Marshall Hahn, the commission examined problems created by\n         Virginia's growing and shifting population. Bemiss's\n         subcommittee on Governmental Structure proposed redrawing\n         county boundaries to reflect twentieth-century demands, and\n         establishing service and planning districts as alternatives to\n         annexation in meeting problems created in multi-jurisdictional\n         area. These ideas were, quite naturally, opposed by many in\n         the legislature who viewed the proposal as a threat to local\n         autonomy. Commission minutes, correspondence, and reports, as\n         well as subcommittee correspondence begin box 4. Materials\n         concerning the Commission on the Legislative Process, on which\n         Bemiss also served, follow. Papers pertaining to the\n         Commission on Constitutional Revision again reflect Bemiss's\n         interest in multi-locality planning districts. Bemiss planned\n         the inauguration of Governor Linwood Holton in 1970 and this\n         material consists of memoranda, seating charts, invitations,\n         and a program.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe section concerning education begins with a folder of\n         general correspondence, consisting of constituent requests,\n         invitations to speak, and copies of addresses. Seven folders\n         labeled \"State Council of Higher Education\" follow. Bemiss was\n         a patron of the bill which created the council, whose purpose\n         was to promote and develop a coordinated system of higher\n         education in the state. This material, which includes\n         correspondence, memoranda, and reports, concerns the creation\n         of the council, its early operation, and a VALC report,\n         \"education of Scientists, Engineers and Other Specialists.\"\n         Other subjects include the separation of colleges in the\n         William and Mary System (including Richmond Professional\n         Institute) and inter-library cooperation in sharing technical\n         services and facilities.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence with the State Board of Education precedes\n         materials related to the Commission on Public Education\n         chaired by William B. Spong (not to be confused with the Gray\n         Commission). Correspondence, statements, and reports document\n         the commission's work, which involved evaluation of school\n         curricula and teacher certification requirements. Materials\n         pertaining to the Bureau of Educational Research concern the\n         establishment of a permanent agency to conduct research in\n         education. Budget materials for 1964 concern cuts in higher\n         education and include statements by Bemiss and University of\n         Virginia President Edgar F. Shannon. A second 1964 folder\n         documents an unsuccessful attempt to restrict enrollment in\n         Virginia state colleges by out-of-state students. Materials\n         pertaining to the Virginia Institute of Scientific Research\n         concern the establishment of an institution for graduate\n         research in Richmond. Papers of two Richmond organizations,\n         the Citizens for Excellent Public Schools and the Ad Hoc\n         Committee on Public Schools, demonstrate their commitment to\n         public education during the school busing controversy in\n         1971-1972. This section concludes with miscellaneous speeches\n         and clippings on education.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe remainder of the Bemiss papers reflect his interest in\n         conservation and the environment. Included in this section are\n         records concerning several commissions, the Virginia Outdoor\n         Recreation Study Commission (1964-1966), the Governor's\n         Special Commission on Water Resources (1965-1966), and the\n         Governor's Commission on Virginia' Future (1982-1985). Related\n         material concerns water pollution and parks.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBemiss was chairman of the Virginia Outdoor Recreation\n         Study Commission, which formulated a comprehensive plan to\n         protect and develop Virginia' scenic, natural, and historic\n         resources. The Virginia Outdoors Plan, passed by the 1966\n         assembly, created a Commission of Outdoor Recreation to\n         acquire and maintain parks, scenic areas, camping grounds, and\n         other sites for public use. The legislation also created the\n         Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission (now the Division of\n         Historic Landmarks). Records of the VORSC consist of\n         correspondence, addresses, reports, press releases and\n         clippings. Landmarks Commission materials primarily concern\n         the acquisition of open space easements at \"Old Mansion,\"\n         Caroline County and at \"Wakefield,\" Westmoreland County, and\n         attempts by the owners of \"Tuckahoe,\" Goochland County to\n         change the route of a proposed highway. Correspondence\n         concerning open space easements is primarily with George C.\n         Freeman, a lawyer who designed the law allowing property\n         owners to grant easements designating areas where future\n         development would be prohibited. The Virginia Outdoors Plan\n         also created the Virginia Outdoors Foundation to encourage\n         private philanthropy towards conservation efforts of the\n         state.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBemiss also served as chairman of the Governor's Special\n         Committee on Water Resources, a commission created to\n         determine the effects of growth on the state's future water\n         resources. An additional folder concerning water resources\n         consists primarily of articles on drainage basins of various\n         state rivers. Materials concerning water pollution consist of\n         a memo on the subject to Governor Linwood Holton and the\n         governor's acknowledgment.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eInformation and brochures concerning several state parks\n         begin box 6. The next folder pertains to a trip to the Eastern\n         Shore in 1960 and Bemiss's subsequent article on natural areas\n         for Virginia Wildlife magazine.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe following three folders demonstrate Bemiss's interest\n         in both conservation and metropolitan planning. Materials of\n         the Richmond Regional Planning Commission, the Richmond\n         Regional Park Authority, and the Capital Region Park Authority\n         concern cooperative community efforts in creating open space\n         areas in the Richmond metropolitan area. General\n         correspondence concerning the James River precedes materials\n         pertains to a study commission report on deepening the James\n         River channel. Articles of incorporation, by-laws, and reports\n         of the Richmond James River Association, of which Bemiss was\n         president, reflect that organization's apprehension over water\n         usage and the river's flow. The next four folders, consisting\n         of correspondence, clippings, newsletters and maps, concern\n         the construction of a downtown expressway and its effects on\n         natural areas along the James River. Although the expressway\n         was built, parts of the historic Kanawha Canal were preserved\n         and restored and James River Park was established.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1982, Bemiss was appointed to the Governor's Commission\n         on Virginia's Future, which was chaired by former Senator\n         William B. Spong. The commission's mission was to assess state\n         needs and provide planning and direction into the twenty-first\n         century. Correspondence, committee assignments, meeting\n         summaries, final reports and clippings precede records\n         pertaining to the Environment and Natural Resources Task\n         Force, which Bemiss chaired. These papers are arranged\n         topically (these topics being sub-headings in the final\n         report). Subjects include: water, land use, waste management,\n         the Chesapeake Bay and fisheries. A final report and related\n         papers of the Government and Planning Task Force follow.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn conjunction with his service on the Future Commission,\n         Bemiss participated in a conference sponsored by the Virginia\n         Institute on Government, in October 1985, on the \"Future of\n         the Virginia Environment.\" The collection contains a copy of\n         the conference's final statement. Miscellaneous correspondence\n         concerning parks and water and addresses pertaining to\n         environmental issues conclude this section.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMiscellaneous speeches and addresses, mostly from\n         dedication, naturalization, and award ceremonies, precede a\n         folder of general miscellany, which includes a 1958 address on\n         fiscal management by Senator Harry F. Byrd.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, addresses, campaign material,\n                     letters of congratulation, statements of\n                     expense.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence and addresses; cliippings;\n                     miscellany.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, addresses, campaign material,\n                     letters of congratulation, statements of\n                     expense.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence; bills (bound); bills,\n                     resolutions, amendments; Harrison v. Day\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMinutes, addresses; public hearing; committee\n                     report; sub-committee reports; clippings and\n                     miscellany.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, addresses, campaign material,\n                  letters of congratulation, statements of expense.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, addresses, campaign material,\n                     letters of congratulation, statements of\n                     expense.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, addresses, campaign material,\n                     letters of congratulations, statements of\n                     expense.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eElections for governor, president and senator,\n               1953-1985 (arranged chronologically); analyses by Larry\n               Sabato, 1985-1987; Richmond City Democratic Committee,\n               1953-1955, 1963-1967; Republican Party of Virginia,\n               1980-1986; election miscellany.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMinutes; correspondence; reports; Committee on\n                  Governmental Structure.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, 1955-1958; General Assembly,\n                  1956-1958; VALC report, 1957; memoranda and reports,\n                  1956-1963, 1970; William and Mary, 1961-1962;\n                  inter-library cooperation, 1962-1965.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ebudget, 1963-1964; out-of-state college\n                  enrollment, 1964; Institute of Scientific Research,\n                  1965-1967.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence; addresses; reports; press\n                  releases; clippings; miscellany.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, 1981-1983; Historic Landmarks\n                  Committee, 1965-1966.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"Old Mansion,\" 1968-1971; \"Wakefield,\" 1970-1972;\n                  open space easements, 1966-1979, 1986-1988.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWater resources, 1966-1979; water pollution,\n                     1969-1970; state parks, 1957-1974; \"Natural Areas\n                     System for Virginia,\" 1960-1961; Richmond Regional\n                     Planning Commission, 1958-1966, 1972; Richmond\n                     Regional Park Authority 1960-1967; Capital Region\n                     Park Authority, 1968-1970; James river, 1965-1966,\n                     1971; James River Channel, 1962-1964; Richmond\n                     James River Association, 1964-1970, 1981; Richmond\n                     Open Space Plan, 1964-1972; Local James Action\n                     Committee, 1967; Richmond Scenic James Council,\n                     1970-1973; James River and Kanawha Parks,\n                     1970-1973.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence; membership; meeting summaries;\n                     final reports.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence; membership; water; land use;\n                     waste management; Chesapeake Bay; fisheries;\n                     report.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePlanning districts; responses; comments.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, addresses, etc.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSpeeches and addresses, 1958-1975; general\n               miscellany.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content Information"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection begins with materials pertaining to the 1955\n         election, organized as described above. Correspondence,\n         addresses, statements and clippings concerning the extra\n         session of 1955 and subsequent referendum on the revision of\n         the state Constitution to allow tuition grants follow. Letters\n         from Governor Thomas B. Stanley and Dabney S. Lancaster\n         document Bemiss's efforts in organizing pro-convention\n         forces.","The 1956 session of the general assembly was noteworthy for\n         the passage of a resolution of \"Interposition.\" This doctrine\n         asserts that individual states have the power to declare a\n         decision of the Supreme Court unconstitutional until the issue\n         is settled through the amendment process. Although eventually\n         voting with the majority in support of the resolution, Bemiss\n         expressed doubts about the action in a letter to Governor\n         Stanley. A letter from Lewis F. Powell, Jr., later an\n         associate justice of the United States Supreme Court, also\n         questions the assembly's action. Both these letters are found\n         in the folder of correspondence and addresses, which is\n         followed by newspaper clippings, mostly from the editorial\n         series by James J. Kilpatrick in the Richmond News Leader.\n         Miscellaneous \"Interposition\" materials include addresses and\n         copies of resolutions from other states.","In 1956 Bemiss was appointed to fill a vacancy on the\n         Commission on Public Education, chaired by State Senator\n         Garland Gray. Materials concerning the Gray Commission consist\n         of correspondence and statements, including a joint statement\n         by Bemiss and fellow delegate J. Randolph Tucker announcing\n         their dissent from the majority report. Correspondence\n         concerning the 1956 extra session is mostly from constituents\n         concerning the proposed school closing bills. 1957 general\n         correspondence and election materials follow. General\n         correspondence includes letters from Harry Flood Byrd, Sr.,\n         concerning the settlement of a displaced Hungarian family in\n         Richmond. General correspondence for 1958 and 1959 and a\n         folder of material concerning the 1958 session of the General\n         Assembly precede material concerning the special session of\n         1959.","In January 1959 both the U. S. and state supreme courts\n         declared Virginia's school closing laws unconstitutional. The\n         assembly, meeting in extra session, replaced the legislation\n         with the Commission on Education's \"freedom of choice\" plan,\n         which provided for the possibility of some integration. Bemiss\n         served on the Perrow Commission, and his papers contain\n         commission minutes, reports, and statements from a public\n         hearing on March 6 of that year.","Bemiss ran for the State Senate in 1959. Researchers are\n         again reminded that the campaign materials are arranged as\n         described on the first page of this summary. Campaign\n         correspondence includes letters from Lewis F. Powell, who\n         advised Bemiss and helped draft statements. Two folders\n         containing budget and financial data for the 1960 session\n         follow.","The extra session of 1963 dealt with the poll tax issue and\n         amending the Virginia Constitution before the 1964\n         presidential selection. Materials include letters from\n         constituents, copies of resolutions and bills, and clippings.\n         Correspondence concerning various bills introduced during the\n         1964 session is arranged by bill, with an index located in the\n         front of the folder. Folders concerning the extra sessions of\n         1964 and 1965, both of which dealt with redistricting, include\n         addresses, population statistics, a copy of a federal court\n         decision , and a Harry Byrd, Sr., statement on the voting\n         rights act. Senate materials from 1965-1967 follow, arranged\n         as previously described.","In 1967, FitzGerald Bemiss announced his retirement from\n         the Senate, citing a need to devote more time to his\n         family-run businesses. Materials concerning his announcement\n         not to seek re-election include correspondence, clippings,\n         editorials, and a statement. Memoranda, mainly of Carter O.\n         Lowance, executive secretary to the governor, describes major\n         actions of each Assembly session from 1956 to 1968.","The next section of the collection pertains to various\n         election campaigns, presidential, senatorial, and\n         gubernatorial from 1952 to 1985. Located in box 3, these\n         papers mainly consist of campaign literature and clippings and\n         precinct returns from Richmond newspapers. In some campaigns,\n         however, Bemiss was more actively involved and generated a\n         larger number of records. In the 1966 Senate Democratic\n         primary, Bemiss worked for the incumbent, A. Willis Robertson,\n         in organizing and fund-raising in the third district.\n         Correspondence with Robertson concerns the incumbent's age and\n         health as compared with that of former Senator Carter Glass.\n         Bemiss also served as a budgetary and financial advisor for\n         Fred G. Pollard in the 1969 Democratic gubernatorial primary,\n         Harry F. Byrd in his 1970 campaign for Senate, and Richard D.\n         Obenshain in his 1978 quest for the Republican gubernatorial\n         nomination. The section concludes with a folder of election\n         analyses by Larry Sabato, a folder of Richmond City Democratic\n         Committee memoranda, correspondence, statements and 1965\n         redistricting information, a folder of Republican party\n         appeals, and a folder of miscellaneous election materials.","The rest of the collection has been arranged in roughly\n         chronological fashion around three subjects that interested\n         Senator Bemiss: government, education, and the environment.\n         These papers reflect Bemiss's service on a number of\n         government commission, civic organizations, and community\n         affairs groups. Many of these relate to general assembly\n         activities that either spanned several sessions or continued\n         after his 1967 retirement.","Records pertaining to government begin with several folders\n         of otherwise only loosely related materials. The first folder\n         in this section concerns the building of a parking lot for the\n         Virginia Museum. This is followed by papers concerning the\n         standardization of annual reports for the various executive\n         departments. In January 1961 Bemiss attended a White House\n         conference on aging and conference information as well as\n         Bemiss's statements opposing medial aid for the elderly\n         through social security, are included in this material.","Addresses concerning the findings of the Commission on\n         State and Local Revenues and Expenditures follow. Appointed by\n         Governor Albertis S. Harrison in 1962, the commission's\n         purpose was to study new and additional sources of revenue.\n         Although it was generally understood that this meant preparing\n         the way for a state sales tax by eliminating the legal\n         barriers and developing plans for distributing the proceeds,\n         other actions were also recommended. As chairman of the Local\n         Revenues and Expenditures Committee, Bemiss proposed\n         legislation prohibiting the underassessment and undertaxation\n         of real estate at the expense of public utility facilities,\n         whose burden was then passed on to other localities. A folder\n         marked \"public utilities' mostly concerns several bills\n         introduced during the 1966 session seeking to abolish this\n         common practice.","Correspondence with Richmond City Council primarily\n         concerns proposed changes in the city charter providing for\n         staggered four-year terms for the city's state senators. State\n         planning materials concern the establishment of a division to\n         oversee long-range planning.","In 1966 Bemiss was appointed by Governor Mills E. Godwin to\n         the Virginia Metropolitan Area Study Commission. Under the\n         chairmanship of Virginia Polytechnic Institute president, T.\n         Marshall Hahn, the commission examined problems created by\n         Virginia's growing and shifting population. Bemiss's\n         subcommittee on Governmental Structure proposed redrawing\n         county boundaries to reflect twentieth-century demands, and\n         establishing service and planning districts as alternatives to\n         annexation in meeting problems created in multi-jurisdictional\n         area. These ideas were, quite naturally, opposed by many in\n         the legislature who viewed the proposal as a threat to local\n         autonomy. Commission minutes, correspondence, and reports, as\n         well as subcommittee correspondence begin box 4. Materials\n         concerning the Commission on the Legislative Process, on which\n         Bemiss also served, follow. Papers pertaining to the\n         Commission on Constitutional Revision again reflect Bemiss's\n         interest in multi-locality planning districts. Bemiss planned\n         the inauguration of Governor Linwood Holton in 1970 and this\n         material consists of memoranda, seating charts, invitations,\n         and a program.","The section concerning education begins with a folder of\n         general correspondence, consisting of constituent requests,\n         invitations to speak, and copies of addresses. Seven folders\n         labeled \"State Council of Higher Education\" follow. Bemiss was\n         a patron of the bill which created the council, whose purpose\n         was to promote and develop a coordinated system of higher\n         education in the state. This material, which includes\n         correspondence, memoranda, and reports, concerns the creation\n         of the council, its early operation, and a VALC report,\n         \"education of Scientists, Engineers and Other Specialists.\"\n         Other subjects include the separation of colleges in the\n         William and Mary System (including Richmond Professional\n         Institute) and inter-library cooperation in sharing technical\n         services and facilities.","Correspondence with the State Board of Education precedes\n         materials related to the Commission on Public Education\n         chaired by William B. Spong (not to be confused with the Gray\n         Commission). Correspondence, statements, and reports document\n         the commission's work, which involved evaluation of school\n         curricula and teacher certification requirements. Materials\n         pertaining to the Bureau of Educational Research concern the\n         establishment of a permanent agency to conduct research in\n         education. Budget materials for 1964 concern cuts in higher\n         education and include statements by Bemiss and University of\n         Virginia President Edgar F. Shannon. A second 1964 folder\n         documents an unsuccessful attempt to restrict enrollment in\n         Virginia state colleges by out-of-state students. Materials\n         pertaining to the Virginia Institute of Scientific Research\n         concern the establishment of an institution for graduate\n         research in Richmond. Papers of two Richmond organizations,\n         the Citizens for Excellent Public Schools and the Ad Hoc\n         Committee on Public Schools, demonstrate their commitment to\n         public education during the school busing controversy in\n         1971-1972. This section concludes with miscellaneous speeches\n         and clippings on education.","The remainder of the Bemiss papers reflect his interest in\n         conservation and the environment. Included in this section are\n         records concerning several commissions, the Virginia Outdoor\n         Recreation Study Commission (1964-1966), the Governor's\n         Special Commission on Water Resources (1965-1966), and the\n         Governor's Commission on Virginia' Future (1982-1985). Related\n         material concerns water pollution and parks.","Bemiss was chairman of the Virginia Outdoor Recreation\n         Study Commission, which formulated a comprehensive plan to\n         protect and develop Virginia' scenic, natural, and historic\n         resources. The Virginia Outdoors Plan, passed by the 1966\n         assembly, created a Commission of Outdoor Recreation to\n         acquire and maintain parks, scenic areas, camping grounds, and\n         other sites for public use. The legislation also created the\n         Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission (now the Division of\n         Historic Landmarks). Records of the VORSC consist of\n         correspondence, addresses, reports, press releases and\n         clippings. Landmarks Commission materials primarily concern\n         the acquisition of open space easements at \"Old Mansion,\"\n         Caroline County and at \"Wakefield,\" Westmoreland County, and\n         attempts by the owners of \"Tuckahoe,\" Goochland County to\n         change the route of a proposed highway. Correspondence\n         concerning open space easements is primarily with George C.\n         Freeman, a lawyer who designed the law allowing property\n         owners to grant easements designating areas where future\n         development would be prohibited. The Virginia Outdoors Plan\n         also created the Virginia Outdoors Foundation to encourage\n         private philanthropy towards conservation efforts of the\n         state.","Bemiss also served as chairman of the Governor's Special\n         Committee on Water Resources, a commission created to\n         determine the effects of growth on the state's future water\n         resources. An additional folder concerning water resources\n         consists primarily of articles on drainage basins of various\n         state rivers. Materials concerning water pollution consist of\n         a memo on the subject to Governor Linwood Holton and the\n         governor's acknowledgment.","Information and brochures concerning several state parks\n         begin box 6. The next folder pertains to a trip to the Eastern\n         Shore in 1960 and Bemiss's subsequent article on natural areas\n         for Virginia Wildlife magazine.","The following three folders demonstrate Bemiss's interest\n         in both conservation and metropolitan planning. Materials of\n         the Richmond Regional Planning Commission, the Richmond\n         Regional Park Authority, and the Capital Region Park Authority\n         concern cooperative community efforts in creating open space\n         areas in the Richmond metropolitan area. General\n         correspondence concerning the James River precedes materials\n         pertains to a study commission report on deepening the James\n         River channel. Articles of incorporation, by-laws, and reports\n         of the Richmond James River Association, of which Bemiss was\n         president, reflect that organization's apprehension over water\n         usage and the river's flow. The next four folders, consisting\n         of correspondence, clippings, newsletters and maps, concern\n         the construction of a downtown expressway and its effects on\n         natural areas along the James River. Although the expressway\n         was built, parts of the historic Kanawha Canal were preserved\n         and restored and James River Park was established.","In 1982, Bemiss was appointed to the Governor's Commission\n         on Virginia's Future, which was chaired by former Senator\n         William B. Spong. The commission's mission was to assess state\n         needs and provide planning and direction into the twenty-first\n         century. Correspondence, committee assignments, meeting\n         summaries, final reports and clippings precede records\n         pertaining to the Environment and Natural Resources Task\n         Force, which Bemiss chaired. These papers are arranged\n         topically (these topics being sub-headings in the final\n         report). Subjects include: water, land use, waste management,\n         the Chesapeake Bay and fisheries. A final report and related\n         papers of the Government and Planning Task Force follow.","In conjunction with his service on the Future Commission,\n         Bemiss participated in a conference sponsored by the Virginia\n         Institute on Government, in October 1985, on the \"Future of\n         the Virginia Environment.\" The collection contains a copy of\n         the conference's final statement. Miscellaneous correspondence\n         concerning parks and water and addresses pertaining to\n         environmental issues conclude this section.","Miscellaneous speeches and addresses, mostly from\n         dedication, naturalization, and award ceremonies, precede a\n         folder of general miscellany, which includes a 1958 address on\n         fiscal management by Senator Harry F. Byrd.","Correspondence, addresses, campaign material,\n                     letters of congratulation, statements of\n                     expense.","Correspondence and addresses; cliippings;\n                     miscellany.","Correspondence, addresses, campaign material,\n                     letters of congratulation, statements of\n                     expense.","Correspondence; bills (bound); bills,\n                     resolutions, amendments; Harrison v. Day","Minutes, addresses; public hearing; committee\n                     report; sub-committee reports; clippings and\n                     miscellany.","Correspondence, addresses, campaign material,\n                  letters of congratulation, statements of expense.","Correspondence, addresses, campaign material,\n                     letters of congratulation, statements of\n                     expense.","Correspondence, addresses, campaign material,\n                     letters of congratulations, statements of\n                     expense.","Elections for governor, president and senator,\n               1953-1985 (arranged chronologically); analyses by Larry\n               Sabato, 1985-1987; Richmond City Democratic Committee,\n               1953-1955, 1963-1967; Republican Party of Virginia,\n               1980-1986; election miscellany.","Minutes; correspondence; reports; Committee on\n                  Governmental Structure.","Correspondence, 1955-1958; General Assembly,\n                  1956-1958; VALC report, 1957; memoranda and reports,\n                  1956-1963, 1970; William and Mary, 1961-1962;\n                  inter-library cooperation, 1962-1965.","budget, 1963-1964; out-of-state college\n                  enrollment, 1964; Institute of Scientific Research,\n                  1965-1967.","Correspondence; addresses; reports; press\n                  releases; clippings; miscellany.","Correspondence, 1981-1983; Historic Landmarks\n                  Committee, 1965-1966.","\"Old Mansion,\" 1968-1971; \"Wakefield,\" 1970-1972;\n                  open space easements, 1966-1979, 1986-1988.","Water resources, 1966-1979; water pollution,\n                     1969-1970; state parks, 1957-1974; \"Natural Areas\n                     System for Virginia,\" 1960-1961; Richmond Regional\n                     Planning Commission, 1958-1966, 1972; Richmond\n                     Regional Park Authority 1960-1967; Capital Region\n                     Park Authority, 1968-1970; James river, 1965-1966,\n                     1971; James River Channel, 1962-1964; Richmond\n                     James River Association, 1964-1970, 1981; Richmond\n                     Open Space Plan, 1964-1972; Local James Action\n                     Committee, 1967; Richmond Scenic James Council,\n                     1970-1973; James River and Kanawha Parks,\n                     1970-1973.","Correspondence; membership; meeting summaries;\n                     final reports.","Correspondence; membership; water; land use;\n                     waste management; Chesapeake Bay; fisheries;\n                     report.","Planning districts; responses; comments.","Correspondence, addresses, etc.","Speeches and addresses, 1958-1975; general\n               miscellany."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNone.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["None."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract label=\"Abstract\"\u003eFitzGerald Bemiss's papers cover\n         his career in the Virginia General Assembly, his work on\n         various government commissions, and other related political\n         activities and interests. Commissions on which he served\n         include the Commission on Public Education (a.k.a. the Gray\n         Commission), the Virginia Outdoor Recreation Study Commission,\n         the irginia Metropolitan Areas Study Commission, and the\n         overnor's Commission on Virginia's Future. His areas of\n         particular interest included educational and environmental\n         issues.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["FitzGerald Bemiss's papers cover\n         his career in the Virginia General Assembly, his work on\n         various government commissions, and other related political\n         activities and interests. Commissions on which he served\n         include the Commission on Public Education (a.k.a. the Gray\n         Commission), the Virginia Outdoor Recreation Study Commission,\n         the irginia Metropolitan Areas Study Commission, and the\n         overnor's Commission on Virginia's Future. His areas of\n         particular interest included educational and environmental\n         issues."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":77,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-20T18:52:57.653Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihi_vih00002"}},{"id":"vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10_c02_c02","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Ghee, James","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10_c02_c02#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Oral history interview between Aaron Moorer and James Ghee, conducted on April 26, 2021.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10_c02_c02#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10_c02_c02","ref_ssm":["vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10_c02_c02"],"id":"vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10_c02_c02","ead_ssi":"vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10","_root_":"vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10","_nest_parent_":"vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10_c02","parent_ssi":"vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10_c02","parent_ssim":["vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10","vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10_c02"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10","vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10_c02"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["The Voice of Prince Edward County","Series 2: Oral History Interviews Conducted with Contributors to the Paper"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["The Voice of Prince Edward County","Series 2: Oral History Interviews Conducted with Contributors to the Paper"],"text":["The Voice of Prince Edward County","Series 2: Oral History Interviews Conducted with Contributors to the Paper","Ghee, James","Associations, institutions, etc.—African American membership ","Prince Edward County (Va.)","Segregation in education","Race discrimination—United States","English .","Oral history interview between Aaron Moorer and James Ghee, conducted on April 26, 2021."],"title_filing_ssi":"Ghee, James","title_ssm":["Ghee, James"],"title_tesim":["Ghee, James"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["2021-04-26"],"normalized_date_ssm":["2021"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Ghee, James"],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["Hampden-Sydney College"],"collection_ssim":["The Voice of Prince Edward County"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":29,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is open for research; access requires at least 48 hours advance notice. Because of the nature of certain archival formats, including digital and audio-visual materials, access will require additional advanced notice. Copies of digital files will be provided for use upon request."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["The nature of the Hampden-Sydney College Archives and Special Collections means that copyright or other information about restrictions may be difficult or even impossible to determine despite reasonable efforts. As a result, Hampden-Sydney College claims only physical ownership of most Special Collections materials. \nThe materials from our collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user must assume full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used for academic research or otherwise should be fully credited with the source. \nThis collection may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations. Researchers are advised that the disclosure of certain information pertaining to identifiable living individuals represented in this collection without the consent of those individuals may have legal ramifications (e.g. cause of action under common law for invasion of privacy may arise if facts concerning and individual's private life are published that would be deemed highly offensive to a reasonable person) for which the College assumes no responsibility."],"date_range_isim":[2021],"geogname_ssim":["Associations, institutions, etc.—African American membership ","Prince Edward County (Va.)"],"geogname_ssm":["Associations, institutions, etc.—African American membership ","Prince Edward County (Va.)"],"places_ssim":["Associations, institutions, etc.—African American membership ","Prince Edward County (Va.)"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Segregation in education","Race discrimination—United States"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Segregation in education","Race discrimination—United States"],"language_ssim":["English ."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_dff4cae5d9fba773ebeb555823cf307f\"\u003eOral history interview between Aaron Moorer and James Ghee, conducted on April 26, 2021.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Oral history interview between Aaron Moorer and James Ghee, conducted on April 26, 2021."],"_nest_path_":"/components#1/components#1","timestamp":"2026-05-21T04:18:11.069Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10","ead_ssi":"vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10","_root_":"vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10","_nest_parent_":"vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/HSC/repositories_2_resources_10.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"http://archivespace.hsc.edu:8081/ark:/45832/48","title_filing_ssi":"The Voice of Prince Edward County","title_ssm":["The Voice of Prince Edward County"],"title_tesim":["The Voice of Prince Edward County"],"unitdate_ssm":["1965/1969"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1965/1969"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC.000107"],"text":["SC.000107","The Voice of Prince Edward County","Associations, institutions, etc.—African American membership ","Race discrimination—United States","African American newspapers","Collection is open for research; access requires at least 48 hours advance notice. Because of the nature of certain archival formats, including digital and audio-visual materials, access will require additional advanced notice. Copies of digital files will be provided for use upon request.","The collection is organized into two series, the first being issues of the paper organized chronologically, and the second being oral history interviews conducted with contributors to the paper, performed by Hampden-Sydney Students in the spring of 2021.","In 1951, students at  Robert Russa Moton High School , the local high school for African-Americans, began a protest of inadequate school facilities that was eventually adopted in as one of the cases in the historic Brown v. Board of Education decision. On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court of the United States of America ruled that schools segregated by race were \"inherently unequal,\" depriving Black students of \"equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the 14th Amendment.\" A later Supreme Court decision in May of 1955 ordered that public schools across the nation desegregate \"with all deliberate speed.\" \nRather than comply with these orders, the leaders of  Prince Edward County  chose to close all public schools, a decision that lasted from 1959 until 1964. The decision was well-publicized at the time, and was a source of tension throughout the county. Though the public schools were re-instated and county supervisors agreed to desegregate the schools beginning with the 1964-1965 school year, the process of public school integration was far from smooth. The  Voice of Prince Edward County , published from the summer of 1965 until December of 1969, offers a unique community perspective on this post-integration time period.","Rehoused by: Sarah Almond, 2021 February. Machine-readable finding aid created  by: Sarah Almond, 2021 February. Machine-readable finding aid revised by: Sarah Almond, 2021 October.","Prince Edward County Integration Collection (SC 000106)","The  Voice of Prince Edward  County collection houses all extant issues of the newspaper at  Hampden-Sydney College  from 1965 until 1969. It is not a complete run of the paper; there is only one issue each from the years 1968 and 1969. Contents include news articles related to local news events and pertinent political races, articles that highlight educational and job opportunities for African-Americans in the community, editorials, and creative writing. ","The collection also contains digital audio files of oral history interviews conducted with contributors to the paper, performed by Hampden-Sydney Students in the spring of 2021.","This series features all extant issues of the newspaper at Hampden-Sydney College from 1965 until 1969. It is not a complete run of the paper; there is only one issue each from the years 1968 and 1969. Contents include news articles related to local news events and pertinent political races, articles that highlight educational and job opportunities for African-Americans in the community, editorials, and creative writing.","In the Spring of 2021, students in HIST285, \"Building a Community Archive: The Voice of Prince Edward and the Moton Story\" conducted oral history interviews with contributors to the paper. This series contains five interviews.","The nature of the Hampden-Sydney College Archives and Special Collections means that copyright or other information about restrictions may be difficult or even impossible to determine despite reasonable efforts. As a result, Hampden-Sydney College claims only physical ownership of most Special Collections materials.  \nThe materials from our collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user must assume full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used for academic research or otherwise should be fully credited with the source.  \nThis collection may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations. Researchers are advised that the disclosure of certain information pertaining to identifiable living individuals represented in this collection without the consent of those individuals may have legal ramifications (e.g. cause of action under common law for invasion of privacy may arise if facts concerning and individual's private life are published that would be deemed highly offensive to a reasonable person) for which the College assumes no responsibility.","Published between the years of 1965 and 1969, the  Voice of Prince Edward County  was an independent, privately financed newspaper out of Farmville, Virginia. The stated intent of the paper, printed as an Editors' note in the July 26, 1965 issue, reads:\n\t \"The  VOICE  of Prince Edward County is dedicated to give a voice to all the people of Prince Edward County. We will try to create more interest in local government by showing how the people can become involved in solving our problems in education, health, welfare, and employment. We will report the news for the whole community and we will let our officials know how the community feels. We will publish your letters to us and look forward to hearing your views. Finally, we will serve as an outlet for the creative ability of people in the community and we hope that the pieces we publish will inspire others.\" Though the editorial staff differed from issue to issue, most contributors to the paper were African-American residents of Prince Edward County, some of whom had suffered directly as a result of the 1959-1964 closure of the county's public schools. By 1969,  Alphonso O'Neil-White , the first African-American student at  Hampden-Sydney College , was the sole credited editor of the paper.","Hampden-Sydney College Archives \u0026 Special Collections","Hampden-Sydney College","Robert Russa Moton High School","Prince Edward County","Voice of Prince Edward","Alphonso O'Neil-White","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["SC.000107"],"normalized_title_ssm":["The Voice of Prince Edward County"],"collection_title_tesim":["The Voice of Prince Edward County"],"collection_ssim":["The Voice of Prince Edward County"],"repository_ssm":["Hampden-Sydney College"],"repository_ssim":["Hampden-Sydney College"],"geogname_ssm":["Associations, institutions, etc.—African American membership "],"geogname_ssim":["Associations, institutions, etc.—African American membership "],"places_ssim":["Associations, institutions, etc.—African American membership "],"access_terms_ssm":["The nature of the Hampden-Sydney College Archives and Special Collections means that copyright or other information about restrictions may be difficult or even impossible to determine despite reasonable efforts. As a result, Hampden-Sydney College claims only physical ownership of most Special Collections materials.  \nThe materials from our collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user must assume full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used for academic research or otherwise should be fully credited with the source.  \nThis collection may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations. Researchers are advised that the disclosure of certain information pertaining to identifiable living individuals represented in this collection without the consent of those individuals may have legal ramifications (e.g. cause of action under common law for invasion of privacy may arise if facts concerning and individual's private life are published that would be deemed highly offensive to a reasonable person) for which the College assumes no responsibility."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Race discrimination—United States","African American newspapers"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Race discrimination—United States","African American newspapers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.5 Linear Feet","20 Digital Image Scans","82.5 Megabytes Five .mp4 audio files featuring five oral history interviews."],"extent_tesim":["0.5 Linear Feet","20 Digital Image Scans","82.5 Megabytes Five .mp4 audio files featuring five oral history interviews."],"dimensions_tesim":["11\" x 17\" x 3\""],"genreform_ssim":["Race discrimination—United States","African American newspapers"],"date_range_isim":[1965,1966,1967,1968,1969],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for research; access requires at least 48 hours advance notice. Because of the nature of certain archival formats, including digital and audio-visual materials, access will require additional advanced notice. Copies of digital files will be provided for use upon request.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access to Materials"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for research; access requires at least 48 hours advance notice. Because of the nature of certain archival formats, including digital and audio-visual materials, access will require additional advanced notice. Copies of digital files will be provided for use upon request."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is organized into two series, the first being issues of the paper organized chronologically, and the second being oral history interviews conducted with contributors to the paper, performed by Hampden-Sydney Students in the spring of 2021.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is organized into two series, the first being issues of the paper organized chronologically, and the second being oral history interviews conducted with contributors to the paper, performed by Hampden-Sydney Students in the spring of 2021."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn 1951, students at \u003ccorpname\u003eRobert Russa Moton High School\u003c/corpname\u003e, the local high school for African-Americans, began a protest of inadequate school facilities that was eventually adopted in as one of the cases in the historic Brown v. Board of Education decision. On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court of the United States of America ruled that schools segregated by race were \"inherently unequal,\" depriving Black students of \"equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the 14th Amendment.\" A later Supreme Court decision in May of 1955 ordered that public schools across the nation desegregate \"with all deliberate speed.\"\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\nRather than comply with these orders, the leaders of \u003ccorpname\u003e\u003cgeogname\u003ePrince Edward County\u003c/geogname\u003e\u003c/corpname\u003e chose to close all public schools, a decision that lasted from 1959 until 1964. The decision was well-publicized at the time, and was a source of tension throughout the county. Though the public schools were re-instated and county supervisors agreed to desegregate the schools beginning with the 1964-1965 school year, the process of public school integration was far from smooth. The \u003ctitle\u003eVoice of Prince Edward County\u003c/title\u003e, published from the summer of 1965 until December of 1969, offers a unique community perspective on this post-integration time period.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["In 1951, students at  Robert Russa Moton High School , the local high school for African-Americans, began a protest of inadequate school facilities that was eventually adopted in as one of the cases in the historic Brown v. Board of Education decision. On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court of the United States of America ruled that schools segregated by race were \"inherently unequal,\" depriving Black students of \"equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the 14th Amendment.\" A later Supreme Court decision in May of 1955 ordered that public schools across the nation desegregate \"with all deliberate speed.\" \nRather than comply with these orders, the leaders of  Prince Edward County  chose to close all public schools, a decision that lasted from 1959 until 1964. The decision was well-publicized at the time, and was a source of tension throughout the county. Though the public schools were re-instated and county supervisors agreed to desegregate the schools beginning with the 1964-1965 school year, the process of public school integration was far from smooth. The  Voice of Prince Edward County , published from the summer of 1965 until December of 1969, offers a unique community perspective on this post-integration time period."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], The Voice of Prince Edward County Collection, SC 000107, Hampden-Sydney College Archives \u0026amp; Special Collections, Hampden-Sydney, VA\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], The Voice of Prince Edward County Collection, SC 000107, Hampden-Sydney College Archives \u0026 Special Collections, Hampden-Sydney, VA"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRehoused by: Sarah Almond, 2021 February. Machine-readable finding aid created  by: Sarah Almond, 2021 February. Machine-readable finding aid revised by: Sarah Almond, 2021 October.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Rehoused by: Sarah Almond, 2021 February. Machine-readable finding aid created  by: Sarah Almond, 2021 February. Machine-readable finding aid revised by: Sarah Almond, 2021 October."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003cextref href=\"http://archivesspace.hsc.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/9\"\u003ePrince Edward County Integration Collection (SC 000106)\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Prince Edward County Integration Collection (SC 000106)"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cname\u003eVoice of Prince Edward\u003c/name\u003e County collection houses all extant issues of the newspaper at \u003ccorpname\u003eHampden-Sydney College\u003c/corpname\u003e from 1965 until 1969. It is not a complete run of the paper; there is only one issue each from the years 1968 and 1969. Contents include news articles related to local news events and pertinent political races, articles that highlight educational and job opportunities for African-Americans in the community, editorials, and creative writing. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe collection also contains digital audio files of oral history interviews conducted with contributors to the paper, performed by Hampden-Sydney Students in the spring of 2021.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series features all extant issues of the newspaper at Hampden-Sydney College from 1965 until 1969. It is not a complete run of the paper; there is only one issue each from the years 1968 and 1969. Contents include news articles related to local news events and pertinent political races, articles that highlight educational and job opportunities for African-Americans in the community, editorials, and creative writing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the Spring of 2021, students in HIST285, \"Building a Community Archive: The Voice of Prince Edward and the Moton Story\" conducted oral history interviews with contributors to the paper. This series contains five interviews.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The  Voice of Prince Edward  County collection houses all extant issues of the newspaper at  Hampden-Sydney College  from 1965 until 1969. It is not a complete run of the paper; there is only one issue each from the years 1968 and 1969. Contents include news articles related to local news events and pertinent political races, articles that highlight educational and job opportunities for African-Americans in the community, editorials, and creative writing. ","The collection also contains digital audio files of oral history interviews conducted with contributors to the paper, performed by Hampden-Sydney Students in the spring of 2021.","This series features all extant issues of the newspaper at Hampden-Sydney College from 1965 until 1969. It is not a complete run of the paper; there is only one issue each from the years 1968 and 1969. Contents include news articles related to local news events and pertinent political races, articles that highlight educational and job opportunities for African-Americans in the community, editorials, and creative writing.","In the Spring of 2021, students in HIST285, \"Building a Community Archive: The Voice of Prince Edward and the Moton Story\" conducted oral history interviews with contributors to the paper. This series contains five interviews."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe nature of the Hampden-Sydney College Archives and Special Collections means that copyright or other information about restrictions may be difficult or even impossible to determine despite reasonable efforts. As a result, Hampden-Sydney College claims only physical ownership of most Special Collections materials. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\nThe materials from our collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user must assume full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used for academic research or otherwise should be fully credited with the source.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \nThis collection may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations. Researchers are advised that the disclosure of certain information pertaining to identifiable living individuals represented in this collection without the consent of those individuals may have legal ramifications (e.g. cause of action under common law for invasion of privacy may arise if facts concerning and individual's private life are published that would be deemed highly offensive to a reasonable person) for which the College assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use of These Materials"],"userestrict_tesim":["The nature of the Hampden-Sydney College Archives and Special Collections means that copyright or other information about restrictions may be difficult or even impossible to determine despite reasonable efforts. As a result, Hampden-Sydney College claims only physical ownership of most Special Collections materials.  \nThe materials from our collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user must assume full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used for academic research or otherwise should be fully credited with the source.  \nThis collection may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations. Researchers are advised that the disclosure of certain information pertaining to identifiable living individuals represented in this collection without the consent of those individuals may have legal ramifications (e.g. cause of action under common law for invasion of privacy may arise if facts concerning and individual's private life are published that would be deemed highly offensive to a reasonable person) for which the College assumes no responsibility."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_eb42944ea405380ee35ef71b0673e3ac\"\u003ePublished between the years of 1965 and 1969, the \u003ctitle\u003eVoice of Prince Edward County\u003c/title\u003e was an independent, privately financed newspaper out of Farmville, Virginia. The stated intent of the paper, printed as an Editors' note in the July 26, 1965 issue, reads:\n\t\u003cblockquote\u003e\"The \u003ctitle\u003eVOICE\u003c/title\u003e of Prince Edward County is dedicated to give a voice to all the people of Prince Edward County. We will try to create more interest in local government by showing how the people can become involved in solving our problems in education, health, welfare, and employment. We will report the news for the whole community and we will let our officials know how the community feels. We will publish your letters to us and look forward to hearing your views. Finally, we will serve as an outlet for the creative ability of people in the community and we hope that the pieces we publish will inspire others.\"\u003c/blockquote\u003eThough the editorial staff differed from issue to issue, most contributors to the paper were African-American residents of Prince Edward County, some of whom had suffered directly as a result of the 1959-1964 closure of the county's public schools. By 1969, \u003cpersname\u003eAlphonso O'Neil-White\u003c/persname\u003e, the first African-American student at \u003ccorpname\u003eHampden-Sydney College\u003c/corpname\u003e, was the sole credited editor of the paper.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Published between the years of 1965 and 1969, the  Voice of Prince Edward County  was an independent, privately financed newspaper out of Farmville, Virginia. The stated intent of the paper, printed as an Editors' note in the July 26, 1965 issue, reads:\n\t \"The  VOICE  of Prince Edward County is dedicated to give a voice to all the people of Prince Edward County. We will try to create more interest in local government by showing how the people can become involved in solving our problems in education, health, welfare, and employment. We will report the news for the whole community and we will let our officials know how the community feels. We will publish your letters to us and look forward to hearing your views. Finally, we will serve as an outlet for the creative ability of people in the community and we hope that the pieces we publish will inspire others.\" Though the editorial staff differed from issue to issue, most contributors to the paper were African-American residents of Prince Edward County, some of whom had suffered directly as a result of the 1959-1964 closure of the county's public schools. By 1969,  Alphonso O'Neil-White , the first African-American student at  Hampden-Sydney College , was the sole credited editor of the paper."],"names_ssim":["Hampden-Sydney College Archives \u0026 Special Collections","Hampden-Sydney College","Robert Russa Moton High School","Prince Edward County","Voice of Prince Edward","Alphonso O'Neil-White"],"corpname_ssim":["Hampden-Sydney College Archives \u0026 Special Collections","Hampden-Sydney College","Robert Russa Moton High School","Prince Edward County"],"name_ssim":["Voice of Prince Edward"],"persname_ssim":["Alphonso O'Neil-White"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":32,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T04:18:11.069Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10_c02_c02"}},{"id":"vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10_c02_c01","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Griffin, Leslie \"Skip\"","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10_c02_c01#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Oral History Interview between Parker Mason and Leslie \"Skip\" Griffin, conducted on April 14, 2021.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10_c02_c01#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10_c02_c01","ref_ssm":["vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10_c02_c01"],"id":"vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10_c02_c01","ead_ssi":"vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10","_root_":"vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10","_nest_parent_":"vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10_c02","parent_ssi":"vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10_c02","parent_ssim":["vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10","vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10_c02"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10","vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10_c02"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["The Voice of Prince Edward County","Series 2: Oral History Interviews Conducted with Contributors to the Paper"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["The Voice of Prince Edward County","Series 2: Oral History Interviews Conducted with Contributors to the Paper"],"text":["The Voice of Prince Edward County","Series 2: Oral History Interviews Conducted with Contributors to the Paper","Griffin, Leslie \"Skip\"","Associations, institutions, etc.—African American membership ","Prince Edward County (Va.)","Segregation in education","Race discrimination—United States","English .","Oral History Interview between Parker Mason and Leslie \"Skip\" Griffin, conducted on April 14, 2021."],"title_filing_ssi":"Griffin, Leslie \"Skip\"","title_ssm":["Griffin, Leslie \"Skip\""],"title_tesim":["Griffin, Leslie \"Skip\""],"unitdate_other_ssim":["2021-04-14"],"normalized_date_ssm":["2021"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Griffin, Leslie \"Skip\""],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["Hampden-Sydney College"],"collection_ssim":["The Voice of Prince Edward County"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":28,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is open for research; access requires at least 48 hours advance notice. Because of the nature of certain archival formats, including digital and audio-visual materials, access will require additional advanced notice. Copies of digital files will be provided for use upon request."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["The nature of the Hampden-Sydney College Archives and Special Collections means that copyright or other information about restrictions may be difficult or even impossible to determine despite reasonable efforts. As a result, Hampden-Sydney College claims only physical ownership of most Special Collections materials. \nThe materials from our collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user must assume full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used for academic research or otherwise should be fully credited with the source. \nThis collection may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations. Researchers are advised that the disclosure of certain information pertaining to identifiable living individuals represented in this collection without the consent of those individuals may have legal ramifications (e.g. cause of action under common law for invasion of privacy may arise if facts concerning and individual's private life are published that would be deemed highly offensive to a reasonable person) for which the College assumes no responsibility."],"date_range_isim":[2021],"geogname_ssim":["Associations, institutions, etc.—African American membership ","Prince Edward County (Va.)"],"geogname_ssm":["Associations, institutions, etc.—African American membership ","Prince Edward County (Va.)"],"places_ssim":["Associations, institutions, etc.—African American membership ","Prince Edward County (Va.)"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Segregation in education","Race discrimination—United States"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Segregation in education","Race discrimination—United States"],"language_ssim":["English ."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_4e0224274053784c4cd147f15e0c37c8\"\u003eOral History Interview between Parker Mason and Leslie \"Skip\" Griffin, conducted on April 14, 2021.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Oral History Interview between Parker Mason and Leslie \"Skip\" Griffin, conducted on April 14, 2021."],"_nest_path_":"/components#1/components#0","timestamp":"2026-05-21T04:18:11.069Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10","ead_ssi":"vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10","_root_":"vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10","_nest_parent_":"vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/HSC/repositories_2_resources_10.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"http://archivespace.hsc.edu:8081/ark:/45832/48","title_filing_ssi":"The Voice of Prince Edward County","title_ssm":["The Voice of Prince Edward County"],"title_tesim":["The Voice of Prince Edward County"],"unitdate_ssm":["1965/1969"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1965/1969"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC.000107"],"text":["SC.000107","The Voice of Prince Edward County","Associations, institutions, etc.—African American membership ","Race discrimination—United States","African American newspapers","Collection is open for research; access requires at least 48 hours advance notice. Because of the nature of certain archival formats, including digital and audio-visual materials, access will require additional advanced notice. Copies of digital files will be provided for use upon request.","The collection is organized into two series, the first being issues of the paper organized chronologically, and the second being oral history interviews conducted with contributors to the paper, performed by Hampden-Sydney Students in the spring of 2021.","In 1951, students at  Robert Russa Moton High School , the local high school for African-Americans, began a protest of inadequate school facilities that was eventually adopted in as one of the cases in the historic Brown v. Board of Education decision. On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court of the United States of America ruled that schools segregated by race were \"inherently unequal,\" depriving Black students of \"equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the 14th Amendment.\" A later Supreme Court decision in May of 1955 ordered that public schools across the nation desegregate \"with all deliberate speed.\" \nRather than comply with these orders, the leaders of  Prince Edward County  chose to close all public schools, a decision that lasted from 1959 until 1964. The decision was well-publicized at the time, and was a source of tension throughout the county. Though the public schools were re-instated and county supervisors agreed to desegregate the schools beginning with the 1964-1965 school year, the process of public school integration was far from smooth. The  Voice of Prince Edward County , published from the summer of 1965 until December of 1969, offers a unique community perspective on this post-integration time period.","Rehoused by: Sarah Almond, 2021 February. Machine-readable finding aid created  by: Sarah Almond, 2021 February. Machine-readable finding aid revised by: Sarah Almond, 2021 October.","Prince Edward County Integration Collection (SC 000106)","The  Voice of Prince Edward  County collection houses all extant issues of the newspaper at  Hampden-Sydney College  from 1965 until 1969. It is not a complete run of the paper; there is only one issue each from the years 1968 and 1969. Contents include news articles related to local news events and pertinent political races, articles that highlight educational and job opportunities for African-Americans in the community, editorials, and creative writing. ","The collection also contains digital audio files of oral history interviews conducted with contributors to the paper, performed by Hampden-Sydney Students in the spring of 2021.","This series features all extant issues of the newspaper at Hampden-Sydney College from 1965 until 1969. It is not a complete run of the paper; there is only one issue each from the years 1968 and 1969. Contents include news articles related to local news events and pertinent political races, articles that highlight educational and job opportunities for African-Americans in the community, editorials, and creative writing.","In the Spring of 2021, students in HIST285, \"Building a Community Archive: The Voice of Prince Edward and the Moton Story\" conducted oral history interviews with contributors to the paper. This series contains five interviews.","The nature of the Hampden-Sydney College Archives and Special Collections means that copyright or other information about restrictions may be difficult or even impossible to determine despite reasonable efforts. As a result, Hampden-Sydney College claims only physical ownership of most Special Collections materials.  \nThe materials from our collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user must assume full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used for academic research or otherwise should be fully credited with the source.  \nThis collection may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations. Researchers are advised that the disclosure of certain information pertaining to identifiable living individuals represented in this collection without the consent of those individuals may have legal ramifications (e.g. cause of action under common law for invasion of privacy may arise if facts concerning and individual's private life are published that would be deemed highly offensive to a reasonable person) for which the College assumes no responsibility.","Published between the years of 1965 and 1969, the  Voice of Prince Edward County  was an independent, privately financed newspaper out of Farmville, Virginia. The stated intent of the paper, printed as an Editors' note in the July 26, 1965 issue, reads:\n\t \"The  VOICE  of Prince Edward County is dedicated to give a voice to all the people of Prince Edward County. We will try to create more interest in local government by showing how the people can become involved in solving our problems in education, health, welfare, and employment. We will report the news for the whole community and we will let our officials know how the community feels. We will publish your letters to us and look forward to hearing your views. Finally, we will serve as an outlet for the creative ability of people in the community and we hope that the pieces we publish will inspire others.\" Though the editorial staff differed from issue to issue, most contributors to the paper were African-American residents of Prince Edward County, some of whom had suffered directly as a result of the 1959-1964 closure of the county's public schools. By 1969,  Alphonso O'Neil-White , the first African-American student at  Hampden-Sydney College , was the sole credited editor of the paper.","Hampden-Sydney College Archives \u0026 Special Collections","Hampden-Sydney College","Robert Russa Moton High School","Prince Edward County","Voice of Prince Edward","Alphonso O'Neil-White","English \n.    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As a result, Hampden-Sydney College claims only physical ownership of most Special Collections materials.  \nThe materials from our collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user must assume full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used for academic research or otherwise should be fully credited with the source.  \nThis collection may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations. Researchers are advised that the disclosure of certain information pertaining to identifiable living individuals represented in this collection without the consent of those individuals may have legal ramifications (e.g. cause of action under common law for invasion of privacy may arise if facts concerning and individual's private life are published that would be deemed highly offensive to a reasonable person) for which the College assumes no responsibility."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Race discrimination—United States","African American newspapers"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Race discrimination—United States","African American newspapers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.5 Linear Feet","20 Digital Image Scans","82.5 Megabytes Five .mp4 audio files featuring five oral history interviews."],"extent_tesim":["0.5 Linear Feet","20 Digital Image Scans","82.5 Megabytes Five .mp4 audio files featuring five oral history interviews."],"dimensions_tesim":["11\" x 17\" x 3\""],"genreform_ssim":["Race discrimination—United States","African American newspapers"],"date_range_isim":[1965,1966,1967,1968,1969],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for research; access requires at least 48 hours advance notice. Because of the nature of certain archival formats, including digital and audio-visual materials, access will require additional advanced notice. Copies of digital files will be provided for use upon request.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access to Materials"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for research; access requires at least 48 hours advance notice. Because of the nature of certain archival formats, including digital and audio-visual materials, access will require additional advanced notice. Copies of digital files will be provided for use upon request."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is organized into two series, the first being issues of the paper organized chronologically, and the second being oral history interviews conducted with contributors to the paper, performed by Hampden-Sydney Students in the spring of 2021.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is organized into two series, the first being issues of the paper organized chronologically, and the second being oral history interviews conducted with contributors to the paper, performed by Hampden-Sydney Students in the spring of 2021."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn 1951, students at \u003ccorpname\u003eRobert Russa Moton High School\u003c/corpname\u003e, the local high school for African-Americans, began a protest of inadequate school facilities that was eventually adopted in as one of the cases in the historic Brown v. Board of Education decision. On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court of the United States of America ruled that schools segregated by race were \"inherently unequal,\" depriving Black students of \"equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the 14th Amendment.\" A later Supreme Court decision in May of 1955 ordered that public schools across the nation desegregate \"with all deliberate speed.\"\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\nRather than comply with these orders, the leaders of \u003ccorpname\u003e\u003cgeogname\u003ePrince Edward County\u003c/geogname\u003e\u003c/corpname\u003e chose to close all public schools, a decision that lasted from 1959 until 1964. The decision was well-publicized at the time, and was a source of tension throughout the county. Though the public schools were re-instated and county supervisors agreed to desegregate the schools beginning with the 1964-1965 school year, the process of public school integration was far from smooth. The \u003ctitle\u003eVoice of Prince Edward County\u003c/title\u003e, published from the summer of 1965 until December of 1969, offers a unique community perspective on this post-integration time period.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["In 1951, students at  Robert Russa Moton High School , the local high school for African-Americans, began a protest of inadequate school facilities that was eventually adopted in as one of the cases in the historic Brown v. Board of Education decision. On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court of the United States of America ruled that schools segregated by race were \"inherently unequal,\" depriving Black students of \"equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the 14th Amendment.\" A later Supreme Court decision in May of 1955 ordered that public schools across the nation desegregate \"with all deliberate speed.\" \nRather than comply with these orders, the leaders of  Prince Edward County  chose to close all public schools, a decision that lasted from 1959 until 1964. The decision was well-publicized at the time, and was a source of tension throughout the county. Though the public schools were re-instated and county supervisors agreed to desegregate the schools beginning with the 1964-1965 school year, the process of public school integration was far from smooth. The  Voice of Prince Edward County , published from the summer of 1965 until December of 1969, offers a unique community perspective on this post-integration time period."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], The Voice of Prince Edward County Collection, SC 000107, Hampden-Sydney College Archives \u0026amp; Special Collections, Hampden-Sydney, VA\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], The Voice of Prince Edward County Collection, SC 000107, Hampden-Sydney College Archives \u0026 Special Collections, Hampden-Sydney, VA"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRehoused by: Sarah Almond, 2021 February. Machine-readable finding aid created  by: Sarah Almond, 2021 February. Machine-readable finding aid revised by: Sarah Almond, 2021 October.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Rehoused by: Sarah Almond, 2021 February. Machine-readable finding aid created  by: Sarah Almond, 2021 February. Machine-readable finding aid revised by: Sarah Almond, 2021 October."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003cextref href=\"http://archivesspace.hsc.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/9\"\u003ePrince Edward County Integration Collection (SC 000106)\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Prince Edward County Integration Collection (SC 000106)"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cname\u003eVoice of Prince Edward\u003c/name\u003e County collection houses all extant issues of the newspaper at \u003ccorpname\u003eHampden-Sydney College\u003c/corpname\u003e from 1965 until 1969. It is not a complete run of the paper; there is only one issue each from the years 1968 and 1969. Contents include news articles related to local news events and pertinent political races, articles that highlight educational and job opportunities for African-Americans in the community, editorials, and creative writing. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe collection also contains digital audio files of oral history interviews conducted with contributors to the paper, performed by Hampden-Sydney Students in the spring of 2021.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series features all extant issues of the newspaper at Hampden-Sydney College from 1965 until 1969. It is not a complete run of the paper; there is only one issue each from the years 1968 and 1969. Contents include news articles related to local news events and pertinent political races, articles that highlight educational and job opportunities for African-Americans in the community, editorials, and creative writing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the Spring of 2021, students in HIST285, \"Building a Community Archive: The Voice of Prince Edward and the Moton Story\" conducted oral history interviews with contributors to the paper. This series contains five interviews.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The  Voice of Prince Edward  County collection houses all extant issues of the newspaper at  Hampden-Sydney College  from 1965 until 1969. It is not a complete run of the paper; there is only one issue each from the years 1968 and 1969. Contents include news articles related to local news events and pertinent political races, articles that highlight educational and job opportunities for African-Americans in the community, editorials, and creative writing. ","The collection also contains digital audio files of oral history interviews conducted with contributors to the paper, performed by Hampden-Sydney Students in the spring of 2021.","This series features all extant issues of the newspaper at Hampden-Sydney College from 1965 until 1969. It is not a complete run of the paper; there is only one issue each from the years 1968 and 1969. Contents include news articles related to local news events and pertinent political races, articles that highlight educational and job opportunities for African-Americans in the community, editorials, and creative writing.","In the Spring of 2021, students in HIST285, \"Building a Community Archive: The Voice of Prince Edward and the Moton Story\" conducted oral history interviews with contributors to the paper. This series contains five interviews."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe nature of the Hampden-Sydney College Archives and Special Collections means that copyright or other information about restrictions may be difficult or even impossible to determine despite reasonable efforts. As a result, Hampden-Sydney College claims only physical ownership of most Special Collections materials. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\nThe materials from our collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user must assume full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used for academic research or otherwise should be fully credited with the source.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \nThis collection may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations. Researchers are advised that the disclosure of certain information pertaining to identifiable living individuals represented in this collection without the consent of those individuals may have legal ramifications (e.g. cause of action under common law for invasion of privacy may arise if facts concerning and individual's private life are published that would be deemed highly offensive to a reasonable person) for which the College assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use of These Materials"],"userestrict_tesim":["The nature of the Hampden-Sydney College Archives and Special Collections means that copyright or other information about restrictions may be difficult or even impossible to determine despite reasonable efforts. As a result, Hampden-Sydney College claims only physical ownership of most Special Collections materials.  \nThe materials from our collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user must assume full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used for academic research or otherwise should be fully credited with the source.  \nThis collection may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations. Researchers are advised that the disclosure of certain information pertaining to identifiable living individuals represented in this collection without the consent of those individuals may have legal ramifications (e.g. cause of action under common law for invasion of privacy may arise if facts concerning and individual's private life are published that would be deemed highly offensive to a reasonable person) for which the College assumes no responsibility."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_eb42944ea405380ee35ef71b0673e3ac\"\u003ePublished between the years of 1965 and 1969, the \u003ctitle\u003eVoice of Prince Edward County\u003c/title\u003e was an independent, privately financed newspaper out of Farmville, Virginia. The stated intent of the paper, printed as an Editors' note in the July 26, 1965 issue, reads:\n\t\u003cblockquote\u003e\"The \u003ctitle\u003eVOICE\u003c/title\u003e of Prince Edward County is dedicated to give a voice to all the people of Prince Edward County. We will try to create more interest in local government by showing how the people can become involved in solving our problems in education, health, welfare, and employment. We will report the news for the whole community and we will let our officials know how the community feels. We will publish your letters to us and look forward to hearing your views. Finally, we will serve as an outlet for the creative ability of people in the community and we hope that the pieces we publish will inspire others.\"\u003c/blockquote\u003eThough the editorial staff differed from issue to issue, most contributors to the paper were African-American residents of Prince Edward County, some of whom had suffered directly as a result of the 1959-1964 closure of the county's public schools. By 1969, \u003cpersname\u003eAlphonso O'Neil-White\u003c/persname\u003e, the first African-American student at \u003ccorpname\u003eHampden-Sydney College\u003c/corpname\u003e, was the sole credited editor of the paper.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Published between the years of 1965 and 1969, the  Voice of Prince Edward County  was an independent, privately financed newspaper out of Farmville, Virginia. The stated intent of the paper, printed as an Editors' note in the July 26, 1965 issue, reads:\n\t \"The  VOICE  of Prince Edward County is dedicated to give a voice to all the people of Prince Edward County. We will try to create more interest in local government by showing how the people can become involved in solving our problems in education, health, welfare, and employment. We will report the news for the whole community and we will let our officials know how the community feels. We will publish your letters to us and look forward to hearing your views. Finally, we will serve as an outlet for the creative ability of people in the community and we hope that the pieces we publish will inspire others.\" Though the editorial staff differed from issue to issue, most contributors to the paper were African-American residents of Prince Edward County, some of whom had suffered directly as a result of the 1959-1964 closure of the county's public schools. By 1969,  Alphonso O'Neil-White , the first African-American student at  Hampden-Sydney College , was the sole credited editor of the paper."],"names_ssim":["Hampden-Sydney College Archives \u0026 Special Collections","Hampden-Sydney College","Robert Russa Moton High School","Prince Edward County","Voice of Prince Edward","Alphonso O'Neil-White"],"corpname_ssim":["Hampden-Sydney College Archives \u0026 Special Collections","Hampden-Sydney College","Robert Russa Moton High School","Prince Edward County"],"name_ssim":["Voice of Prince Edward"],"persname_ssim":["Alphonso O'Neil-White"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":32,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T04:18:11.069Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10_c02_c01"}},{"id":"vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10_c02_c03","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"O'Neil-White, Alphonso","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10_c02_c03#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Oral History interview between Aaron Moorer and Alphonso O'Neil-White, conducted on April 30, 2021.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10_c02_c03#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10_c02_c03","ref_ssm":["vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10_c02_c03"],"id":"vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10_c02_c03","ead_ssi":"vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10","_root_":"vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10","_nest_parent_":"vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10_c02","parent_ssi":"vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10_c02","parent_ssim":["vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10","vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10_c02"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10","vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10_c02"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["The Voice of Prince Edward County","Series 2: Oral History Interviews Conducted with Contributors to the Paper"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["The Voice of Prince Edward County","Series 2: Oral History Interviews Conducted with Contributors to the Paper"],"text":["The Voice of Prince Edward County","Series 2: Oral History Interviews Conducted with Contributors to the Paper","O'Neil-White, Alphonso","Associations, institutions, etc.—African American membership ","Prince Edward County (Va.)","Segregation in education","Race discrimination—United States","English .","Oral History interview between Aaron Moorer and Alphonso O'Neil-White, conducted on April 30, 2021."],"title_filing_ssi":"O'Neil-White, Alphonso","title_ssm":["O'Neil-White, Alphonso"],"title_tesim":["O'Neil-White, Alphonso"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["2021-04-30"],"normalized_date_ssm":["2021"],"normalized_title_ssm":["O'Neil-White, Alphonso"],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["Hampden-Sydney College"],"collection_ssim":["The Voice of Prince Edward County"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":30,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is open for research; access requires at least 48 hours advance notice. Because of the nature of certain archival formats, including digital and audio-visual materials, access will require additional advanced notice. Copies of digital files will be provided for use upon request."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["The nature of the Hampden-Sydney College Archives and Special Collections means that copyright or other information about restrictions may be difficult or even impossible to determine despite reasonable efforts. As a result, Hampden-Sydney College claims only physical ownership of most Special Collections materials. \nThe materials from our collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user must assume full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used for academic research or otherwise should be fully credited with the source. \nThis collection may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations. Researchers are advised that the disclosure of certain information pertaining to identifiable living individuals represented in this collection without the consent of those individuals may have legal ramifications (e.g. cause of action under common law for invasion of privacy may arise if facts concerning and individual's private life are published that would be deemed highly offensive to a reasonable person) for which the College assumes no responsibility."],"date_range_isim":[2021],"geogname_ssim":["Associations, institutions, etc.—African American membership ","Prince Edward County (Va.)"],"geogname_ssm":["Associations, institutions, etc.—African American membership ","Prince Edward County (Va.)"],"places_ssim":["Associations, institutions, etc.—African American membership ","Prince Edward County (Va.)"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Segregation in education","Race discrimination—United States"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Segregation in education","Race discrimination—United States"],"language_ssim":["English ."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_08341f8ba389faf5ca60de90f78cb8ad\"\u003eOral History interview between Aaron Moorer and Alphonso O'Neil-White, conducted on April 30, 2021.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Oral History interview between Aaron Moorer and Alphonso O'Neil-White, conducted on April 30, 2021."],"_nest_path_":"/components#1/components#2","timestamp":"2026-05-21T04:18:11.069Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10","ead_ssi":"vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10","_root_":"vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10","_nest_parent_":"vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/HSC/repositories_2_resources_10.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"http://archivespace.hsc.edu:8081/ark:/45832/48","title_filing_ssi":"The Voice of Prince Edward County","title_ssm":["The Voice of Prince Edward County"],"title_tesim":["The Voice of Prince Edward County"],"unitdate_ssm":["1965/1969"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1965/1969"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC.000107"],"text":["SC.000107","The Voice of Prince Edward County","Associations, institutions, etc.—African American membership ","Race discrimination—United States","African American newspapers","Collection is open for research; access requires at least 48 hours advance notice. Because of the nature of certain archival formats, including digital and audio-visual materials, access will require additional advanced notice. Copies of digital files will be provided for use upon request.","The collection is organized into two series, the first being issues of the paper organized chronologically, and the second being oral history interviews conducted with contributors to the paper, performed by Hampden-Sydney Students in the spring of 2021.","In 1951, students at  Robert Russa Moton High School , the local high school for African-Americans, began a protest of inadequate school facilities that was eventually adopted in as one of the cases in the historic Brown v. Board of Education decision. On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court of the United States of America ruled that schools segregated by race were \"inherently unequal,\" depriving Black students of \"equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the 14th Amendment.\" A later Supreme Court decision in May of 1955 ordered that public schools across the nation desegregate \"with all deliberate speed.\" \nRather than comply with these orders, the leaders of  Prince Edward County  chose to close all public schools, a decision that lasted from 1959 until 1964. The decision was well-publicized at the time, and was a source of tension throughout the county. Though the public schools were re-instated and county supervisors agreed to desegregate the schools beginning with the 1964-1965 school year, the process of public school integration was far from smooth. The  Voice of Prince Edward County , published from the summer of 1965 until December of 1969, offers a unique community perspective on this post-integration time period.","Rehoused by: Sarah Almond, 2021 February. Machine-readable finding aid created  by: Sarah Almond, 2021 February. Machine-readable finding aid revised by: Sarah Almond, 2021 October.","Prince Edward County Integration Collection (SC 000106)","The  Voice of Prince Edward  County collection houses all extant issues of the newspaper at  Hampden-Sydney College  from 1965 until 1969. It is not a complete run of the paper; there is only one issue each from the years 1968 and 1969. Contents include news articles related to local news events and pertinent political races, articles that highlight educational and job opportunities for African-Americans in the community, editorials, and creative writing. ","The collection also contains digital audio files of oral history interviews conducted with contributors to the paper, performed by Hampden-Sydney Students in the spring of 2021.","This series features all extant issues of the newspaper at Hampden-Sydney College from 1965 until 1969. It is not a complete run of the paper; there is only one issue each from the years 1968 and 1969. Contents include news articles related to local news events and pertinent political races, articles that highlight educational and job opportunities for African-Americans in the community, editorials, and creative writing.","In the Spring of 2021, students in HIST285, \"Building a Community Archive: The Voice of Prince Edward and the Moton Story\" conducted oral history interviews with contributors to the paper. This series contains five interviews.","The nature of the Hampden-Sydney College Archives and Special Collections means that copyright or other information about restrictions may be difficult or even impossible to determine despite reasonable efforts. As a result, Hampden-Sydney College claims only physical ownership of most Special Collections materials.  \nThe materials from our collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user must assume full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used for academic research or otherwise should be fully credited with the source.  \nThis collection may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations. Researchers are advised that the disclosure of certain information pertaining to identifiable living individuals represented in this collection without the consent of those individuals may have legal ramifications (e.g. cause of action under common law for invasion of privacy may arise if facts concerning and individual's private life are published that would be deemed highly offensive to a reasonable person) for which the College assumes no responsibility.","Published between the years of 1965 and 1969, the  Voice of Prince Edward County  was an independent, privately financed newspaper out of Farmville, Virginia. The stated intent of the paper, printed as an Editors' note in the July 26, 1965 issue, reads:\n\t \"The  VOICE  of Prince Edward County is dedicated to give a voice to all the people of Prince Edward County. We will try to create more interest in local government by showing how the people can become involved in solving our problems in education, health, welfare, and employment. We will report the news for the whole community and we will let our officials know how the community feels. We will publish your letters to us and look forward to hearing your views. Finally, we will serve as an outlet for the creative ability of people in the community and we hope that the pieces we publish will inspire others.\" Though the editorial staff differed from issue to issue, most contributors to the paper were African-American residents of Prince Edward County, some of whom had suffered directly as a result of the 1959-1964 closure of the county's public schools. 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As a result, Hampden-Sydney College claims only physical ownership of most Special Collections materials.  \nThe materials from our collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user must assume full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used for academic research or otherwise should be fully credited with the source.  \nThis collection may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations. Researchers are advised that the disclosure of certain information pertaining to identifiable living individuals represented in this collection without the consent of those individuals may have legal ramifications (e.g. cause of action under common law for invasion of privacy may arise if facts concerning and individual's private life are published that would be deemed highly offensive to a reasonable person) for which the College assumes no responsibility."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Race discrimination—United States","African American newspapers"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Race discrimination—United States","African American newspapers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.5 Linear Feet","20 Digital Image Scans","82.5 Megabytes Five .mp4 audio files featuring five oral history interviews."],"extent_tesim":["0.5 Linear Feet","20 Digital Image Scans","82.5 Megabytes Five .mp4 audio files featuring five oral history interviews."],"dimensions_tesim":["11\" x 17\" x 3\""],"genreform_ssim":["Race discrimination—United States","African American newspapers"],"date_range_isim":[1965,1966,1967,1968,1969],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for research; access requires at least 48 hours advance notice. 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The  Voice of Prince Edward County , published from the summer of 1965 until December of 1969, offers a unique community perspective on this post-integration time period."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], The Voice of Prince Edward County Collection, SC 000107, Hampden-Sydney College Archives \u0026amp; Special Collections, Hampden-Sydney, VA\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], The Voice of Prince Edward County Collection, SC 000107, Hampden-Sydney College Archives \u0026 Special Collections, Hampden-Sydney, VA"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRehoused by: Sarah Almond, 2021 February. Machine-readable finding aid created  by: Sarah Almond, 2021 February. Machine-readable finding aid revised by: Sarah Almond, 2021 October.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Rehoused by: Sarah Almond, 2021 February. Machine-readable finding aid created  by: Sarah Almond, 2021 February. Machine-readable finding aid revised by: Sarah Almond, 2021 October."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003cextref href=\"http://archivesspace.hsc.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/9\"\u003ePrince Edward County Integration Collection (SC 000106)\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Prince Edward County Integration Collection (SC 000106)"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cname\u003eVoice of Prince Edward\u003c/name\u003e County collection houses all extant issues of the newspaper at \u003ccorpname\u003eHampden-Sydney College\u003c/corpname\u003e from 1965 until 1969. It is not a complete run of the paper; there is only one issue each from the years 1968 and 1969. Contents include news articles related to local news events and pertinent political races, articles that highlight educational and job opportunities for African-Americans in the community, editorials, and creative writing. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe collection also contains digital audio files of oral history interviews conducted with contributors to the paper, performed by Hampden-Sydney Students in the spring of 2021.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series features all extant issues of the newspaper at Hampden-Sydney College from 1965 until 1969. It is not a complete run of the paper; there is only one issue each from the years 1968 and 1969. Contents include news articles related to local news events and pertinent political races, articles that highlight educational and job opportunities for African-Americans in the community, editorials, and creative writing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the Spring of 2021, students in HIST285, \"Building a Community Archive: The Voice of Prince Edward and the Moton Story\" conducted oral history interviews with contributors to the paper. This series contains five interviews.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The  Voice of Prince Edward  County collection houses all extant issues of the newspaper at  Hampden-Sydney College  from 1965 until 1969. It is not a complete run of the paper; there is only one issue each from the years 1968 and 1969. Contents include news articles related to local news events and pertinent political races, articles that highlight educational and job opportunities for African-Americans in the community, editorials, and creative writing. ","The collection also contains digital audio files of oral history interviews conducted with contributors to the paper, performed by Hampden-Sydney Students in the spring of 2021.","This series features all extant issues of the newspaper at Hampden-Sydney College from 1965 until 1969. It is not a complete run of the paper; there is only one issue each from the years 1968 and 1969. Contents include news articles related to local news events and pertinent political races, articles that highlight educational and job opportunities for African-Americans in the community, editorials, and creative writing.","In the Spring of 2021, students in HIST285, \"Building a Community Archive: The Voice of Prince Edward and the Moton Story\" conducted oral history interviews with contributors to the paper. This series contains five interviews."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe nature of the Hampden-Sydney College Archives and Special Collections means that copyright or other information about restrictions may be difficult or even impossible to determine despite reasonable efforts. As a result, Hampden-Sydney College claims only physical ownership of most Special Collections materials. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\nThe materials from our collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user must assume full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used for academic research or otherwise should be fully credited with the source.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \nThis collection may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations. Researchers are advised that the disclosure of certain information pertaining to identifiable living individuals represented in this collection without the consent of those individuals may have legal ramifications (e.g. cause of action under common law for invasion of privacy may arise if facts concerning and individual's private life are published that would be deemed highly offensive to a reasonable person) for which the College assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use of These Materials"],"userestrict_tesim":["The nature of the Hampden-Sydney College Archives and Special Collections means that copyright or other information about restrictions may be difficult or even impossible to determine despite reasonable efforts. As a result, Hampden-Sydney College claims only physical ownership of most Special Collections materials.  \nThe materials from our collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user must assume full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used for academic research or otherwise should be fully credited with the source.  \nThis collection may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations. Researchers are advised that the disclosure of certain information pertaining to identifiable living individuals represented in this collection without the consent of those individuals may have legal ramifications (e.g. cause of action under common law for invasion of privacy may arise if facts concerning and individual's private life are published that would be deemed highly offensive to a reasonable person) for which the College assumes no responsibility."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_eb42944ea405380ee35ef71b0673e3ac\"\u003ePublished between the years of 1965 and 1969, the \u003ctitle\u003eVoice of Prince Edward County\u003c/title\u003e was an independent, privately financed newspaper out of Farmville, Virginia. The stated intent of the paper, printed as an Editors' note in the July 26, 1965 issue, reads:\n\t\u003cblockquote\u003e\"The \u003ctitle\u003eVOICE\u003c/title\u003e of Prince Edward County is dedicated to give a voice to all the people of Prince Edward County. We will try to create more interest in local government by showing how the people can become involved in solving our problems in education, health, welfare, and employment. We will report the news for the whole community and we will let our officials know how the community feels. We will publish your letters to us and look forward to hearing your views. Finally, we will serve as an outlet for the creative ability of people in the community and we hope that the pieces we publish will inspire others.\"\u003c/blockquote\u003eThough the editorial staff differed from issue to issue, most contributors to the paper were African-American residents of Prince Edward County, some of whom had suffered directly as a result of the 1959-1964 closure of the county's public schools. By 1969, \u003cpersname\u003eAlphonso O'Neil-White\u003c/persname\u003e, the first African-American student at \u003ccorpname\u003eHampden-Sydney College\u003c/corpname\u003e, was the sole credited editor of the paper.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Published between the years of 1965 and 1969, the  Voice of Prince Edward County  was an independent, privately financed newspaper out of Farmville, Virginia. The stated intent of the paper, printed as an Editors' note in the July 26, 1965 issue, reads:\n\t \"The  VOICE  of Prince Edward County is dedicated to give a voice to all the people of Prince Edward County. We will try to create more interest in local government by showing how the people can become involved in solving our problems in education, health, welfare, and employment. We will report the news for the whole community and we will let our officials know how the community feels. We will publish your letters to us and look forward to hearing your views. Finally, we will serve as an outlet for the creative ability of people in the community and we hope that the pieces we publish will inspire others.\" Though the editorial staff differed from issue to issue, most contributors to the paper were African-American residents of Prince Edward County, some of whom had suffered directly as a result of the 1959-1964 closure of the county's public schools. By 1969,  Alphonso O'Neil-White , the first African-American student at  Hampden-Sydney College , was the sole credited editor of the paper."],"names_ssim":["Hampden-Sydney College Archives \u0026 Special Collections","Hampden-Sydney College","Robert Russa Moton High School","Prince Edward County","Voice of Prince Edward","Alphonso O'Neil-White"],"corpname_ssim":["Hampden-Sydney College Archives \u0026 Special Collections","Hampden-Sydney College","Robert Russa Moton High School","Prince Edward County"],"name_ssim":["Voice of Prince Edward"],"persname_ssim":["Alphonso O'Neil-White"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":32,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T04:18:11.069Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10_c02_c03"}},{"id":"vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_9","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Prince Edward County Integration Collection","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_9#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"The Prince Edward County Integration Collection documents the viewpoints and efforts of county residents regarding the attempted desegregation of Prince Edward County Public Schools. Largely comprised of items donated by the Reverend Richard J. Keever, the collection features contemporaneous newspaper clippings related to the Prince Edward County school closings, as well as the administrative papers of several local human rights groups, such as The Prince Edward Council on Human Relations and the Citizens Organization for Public Education (COPE). Further materials document the history of a bi-racial study group, which met at College Church in 1964, including related local newsletters.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_9#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_9","ead_ssi":"vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_9","_root_":"vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_9","_nest_parent_":"vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_9","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/HSC/repositories_2_resources_9.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"http://archivespace.hsc.edu:8081/ark:/45832/47","title_filing_ssi":"Prince Edward County Integration Collection","title_ssm":["Prince Edward County Integration Collection"],"title_tesim":["Prince Edward County Integration Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1943/1975"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1943/1975"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC.000106"],"text":["SC.000106","Prince Edward County Integration Collection","School integration—Massive resistance movement  ","Prince Edward County (Va.)","Hampden-Sydney College","Civil Rights Movements--United States","Segregation in education","Collection is open for research; access requires at least 48 hours advance notice. Because of the nature of certain archival formats, including digital and audio-visual materials, access will require additional advanced notice. Copies of digital files will be provided for use upon request.","The collection is organized chronologically.","The  Prince Edward County  Integration Collection documents the viewpoints and efforts of county residents regarding the attempted desegregation of  Prince Edward County Public Schools . In 1951, students at  Robert Russa Moton High School , the local high school for African-Americans, began a protest of inadequate school facilities that was eventually adopted in as one of the cases in the historic Brown v. Board of Education decision. On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court of the United States of America ruled that schools segregated by race were \"inherently unequal,\" depriving Black students of \"equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the 14th Amendment.\" A later Supreme Court decision in May of 1955 ordered that public schools across the nation desegregate \"with all deliberate speed.\"","Rather than comply with these orders, the leaders of Prince Edward County chose to close all public schools, a decision that lasted from 1959 until 1964. The decision was well-publicized at the time, and was a source of tension throughout the county. ","Inventory by: Shaunna Hunter, 2018. Processed by: Sarah Almond, 2021 January. Machine-readable finding aid created from previous inventories by: Sarah Almond, 2021 January.","The Voice of Prince Edward County (SC 000107)","The  Prince Edward County  Integration Collection, largely donated by the Reverend  Richard J. Keever , features contemporaneous newspaper clippings related to the Prince Edward County school closings, as well as the administrative papers of several local human rights groups, such as  The Prince Edward Council on Human Relations  and the  Citizens Organization for Public Education  (COPE). Further materials document the history of a bi-racial study group, which met at College Church in 1964, including related local newsletters. \nRev. Keever began researching the repercussions of the school closings in the early 1970s with an eye towards a larger project; featured in this collection are his research notes as well as annotated newspaper clippings, and a 1964 thesis by  Anthony C. Sherman  entitled \"Christian Response and a Protracted Racial Crisis: A Study of Prince Edward County, Virginia.\" \nThe collection also includes two digital collections:  Civil Rights Articles from the Hampden-Sydney Tiger , and the  College Church Biracial Study Group . The latter contains scans of materials already found in the physical collections, but the former contains additional scanned clippings from the Hampden-Sydney Tiger not found in the physical collection.","The nature of the Hampden-Sydney College Archives and Special Collections means that copyright or other information about restrictions may be difficult or even impossible to determine depsite reasonable efforts. As a result, Hampden-Sydney College claims only physical ownership of most Special Collections materials. \nThe materials from our collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user must assume full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used for academic research or otherwise should be fully credited with the source. \nThis collection may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations. Researchers are advised that the disclosure of certain information pertaining to identifiable living individuals represented in this collection without the consent of those individuals may have legal ramifications (e.g. cause of action under common law for invasion of privacy may arise if facts concerning and individual's private life are published that would be deemed highly offensive to a reasonable person) for which the College assumes no responsibility.","The  Prince Edward County  Integration Collection documents the viewpoints and efforts of county residents regarding the attempted desegregation of  Prince Edward County Public Schools . Largely comprised of items donated by the Reverend  Richard J. Keever , the collection features contemporaneous newspaper clippings related to the Prince Edward County school closings, as well as the administrative papers of several local human rights groups, such as The  Prince Edward Council on Human Relations  and the  Citizens Organization for Public Education  (COPE). Further materials document the history of a bi-racial study group, which met at College Church in 1964, including related local newsletters.","Hampden-Sydney College Archives \u0026 Special Collections","Prince Edward County","Prince Edward County Public Schools","Prince Edward Council on Human Relations","Citizens Organization for Public Education","The Prince Edward Council on Human Relations","Prince Edward County ","Robert Russa Moton High School","Prince Edward County (Va.)","Richard J. Keever","Anthony C. Sherman","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["SC.000106"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Prince Edward County Integration Collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Prince Edward County Integration Collection"],"collection_ssim":["Prince Edward County Integration Collection"],"repository_ssm":["Hampden-Sydney College"],"repository_ssim":["Hampden-Sydney College"],"geogname_ssm":["School integration—Massive resistance movement  ","Prince Edward County (Va.)","Hampden-Sydney College"],"geogname_ssim":["School integration—Massive resistance movement  ","Prince Edward County (Va.)","Hampden-Sydney College"],"places_ssim":["School integration—Massive resistance movement  ","Prince Edward County (Va.)","Hampden-Sydney College"],"access_terms_ssm":["The nature of the Hampden-Sydney College Archives and Special Collections means that copyright or other information about restrictions may be difficult or even impossible to determine depsite reasonable efforts. As a result, Hampden-Sydney College claims only physical ownership of most Special Collections materials. \nThe materials from our collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user must assume full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used for academic research or otherwise should be fully credited with the source. \nThis collection may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations. Researchers are advised that the disclosure of certain information pertaining to identifiable living individuals represented in this collection without the consent of those individuals may have legal ramifications (e.g. cause of action under common law for invasion of privacy may arise if facts concerning and individual's private life are published that would be deemed highly offensive to a reasonable person) for which the College assumes no responsibility."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Richard J. Keever, Hampden-Sydney College"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Civil Rights Movements--United States","Segregation in education"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Civil Rights Movements--United States","Segregation in education"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.5 Linear Feet","27 Digital Image Scans Digital Collection: Civil Rights Articles from the Hampden-Sydney Tiger Newspaper","34 Digital Image Scans Digital Collection: College Church Biracial Study Group"],"extent_tesim":["0.5 Linear Feet","27 Digital Image Scans Digital Collection: Civil Rights Articles from the Hampden-Sydney Tiger Newspaper","34 Digital Image Scans Digital Collection: College Church Biracial Study Group"],"genreform_ssim":["Civil Rights Movements--United States","Segregation in education"],"date_range_isim":[1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for research; access requires at least 48 hours advance notice. Because of the nature of certain archival formats, including digital and audio-visual materials, access will require additional advanced notice. Copies of digital files will be provided for use upon request.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access to materials"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for research; access requires at least 48 hours advance notice. Because of the nature of certain archival formats, including digital and audio-visual materials, access will require additional advanced notice. Copies of digital files will be provided for use upon request."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is organized chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is organized chronologically."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe \u003ccorpname\u003ePrince Edward County \u003c/corpname\u003eIntegration Collection documents the viewpoints and efforts of county residents regarding the attempted desegregation of \u003ccorpname\u003ePrince Edward County Public Schools\u003c/corpname\u003e. In 1951, students at \u003ccorpname\u003eRobert Russa Moton High School\u003c/corpname\u003e, the local high school for African-Americans, began a protest of inadequate school facilities that was eventually adopted in as one of the cases in the historic Brown v. Board of Education decision. On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court of the United States of America ruled that schools segregated by race were \"inherently unequal,\" depriving Black students of \"equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the 14th Amendment.\" A later Supreme Court decision in May of 1955 ordered that public schools across the nation desegregate \"with all deliberate speed.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eRather than comply with these orders, the leaders of Prince Edward County chose to close all public schools, a decision that lasted from 1959 until 1964. The decision was well-publicized at the time, and was a source of tension throughout the county. \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["The  Prince Edward County  Integration Collection documents the viewpoints and efforts of county residents regarding the attempted desegregation of  Prince Edward County Public Schools . In 1951, students at  Robert Russa Moton High School , the local high school for African-Americans, began a protest of inadequate school facilities that was eventually adopted in as one of the cases in the historic Brown v. Board of Education decision. On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court of the United States of America ruled that schools segregated by race were \"inherently unequal,\" depriving Black students of \"equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the 14th Amendment.\" A later Supreme Court decision in May of 1955 ordered that public schools across the nation desegregate \"with all deliberate speed.\"","Rather than comply with these orders, the leaders of Prince Edward County chose to close all public schools, a decision that lasted from 1959 until 1964. The decision was well-publicized at the time, and was a source of tension throughout the county. "],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Prince Edward County Integration Collection, SC 000106, Hampden-Sydney College Archives \u0026amp; Special Collections, Hampden-Sydney, VA\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Prince Edward County Integration Collection, SC 000106, Hampden-Sydney College Archives \u0026 Special Collections, Hampden-Sydney, VA"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eInventory by: Shaunna Hunter, 2018. Processed by: Sarah Almond, 2021 January. Machine-readable finding aid created from previous inventories by: Sarah Almond, 2021 January.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Inventory by: Shaunna Hunter, 2018. Processed by: Sarah Almond, 2021 January. Machine-readable finding aid created from previous inventories by: Sarah Almond, 2021 January."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003cextref href=\"http://archivespace.hsc.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/10\"\u003eThe Voice of Prince Edward County (SC 000107)\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Voice of Prince Edward County (SC 000107)"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe \u003ccorpname\u003ePrince Edward County\u003c/corpname\u003e Integration Collection, largely donated by the Reverend \u003cpersname\u003eRichard J. Keever\u003c/persname\u003e, features contemporaneous newspaper clippings related to the Prince Edward County school closings, as well as the administrative papers of several local human rights groups, such as \u003ccorpname\u003eThe Prince Edward Council on Human Relations\u003c/corpname\u003e and the \u003ccorpname\u003eCitizens Organization for Public Education\u003c/corpname\u003e (COPE). Further materials document the history of a bi-racial study group, which met at College Church in 1964, including related local newsletters. \nRev. Keever began researching the repercussions of the school closings in the early 1970s with an eye towards a larger project; featured in this collection are his research notes as well as annotated newspaper clippings, and a 1964 thesis by \u003cpersname\u003eAnthony C. Sherman\u003c/persname\u003e entitled \"Christian Response and a Protracted Racial Crisis: A Study of Prince Edward County, Virginia.\"\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e\nThe collection also includes two digital collections: \u003cextref href=\"http://dams.hsc.edu/collections/show/31\"\u003eCivil Rights Articles from the Hampden-Sydney Tiger\u003c/extref\u003e, and the \u003cextref href=\"http://dams.hsc.edu/collections/show/30\"\u003eCollege Church Biracial Study Group\u003c/extref\u003e. The latter contains scans of materials already found in the physical collections, but the former contains additional scanned clippings from the Hampden-Sydney Tiger not found in the physical collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The  Prince Edward County  Integration Collection, largely donated by the Reverend  Richard J. Keever , features contemporaneous newspaper clippings related to the Prince Edward County school closings, as well as the administrative papers of several local human rights groups, such as  The Prince Edward Council on Human Relations  and the  Citizens Organization for Public Education  (COPE). Further materials document the history of a bi-racial study group, which met at College Church in 1964, including related local newsletters. \nRev. Keever began researching the repercussions of the school closings in the early 1970s with an eye towards a larger project; featured in this collection are his research notes as well as annotated newspaper clippings, and a 1964 thesis by  Anthony C. Sherman  entitled \"Christian Response and a Protracted Racial Crisis: A Study of Prince Edward County, Virginia.\" \nThe collection also includes two digital collections:  Civil Rights Articles from the Hampden-Sydney Tiger , and the  College Church Biracial Study Group . The latter contains scans of materials already found in the physical collections, but the former contains additional scanned clippings from the Hampden-Sydney Tiger not found in the physical collection."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe nature of the Hampden-Sydney College Archives and Special Collections means that copyright or other information about restrictions may be difficult or even impossible to determine depsite reasonable efforts. As a result, Hampden-Sydney College claims only physical ownership of most Special Collections materials. \nThe materials from our collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user must assume full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used for academic research or otherwise should be fully credited with the source. \nThis collection may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations. Researchers are advised that the disclosure of certain information pertaining to identifiable living individuals represented in this collection without the consent of those individuals may have legal ramifications (e.g. cause of action under common law for invasion of privacy may arise if facts concerning and individual's private life are published that would be deemed highly offensive to a reasonable person) for which the College assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use of these materials"],"userestrict_tesim":["The nature of the Hampden-Sydney College Archives and Special Collections means that copyright or other information about restrictions may be difficult or even impossible to determine depsite reasonable efforts. As a result, Hampden-Sydney College claims only physical ownership of most Special Collections materials. \nThe materials from our collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user must assume full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used for academic research or otherwise should be fully credited with the source. \nThis collection may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations. Researchers are advised that the disclosure of certain information pertaining to identifiable living individuals represented in this collection without the consent of those individuals may have legal ramifications (e.g. cause of action under common law for invasion of privacy may arise if facts concerning and individual's private life are published that would be deemed highly offensive to a reasonable person) for which the College assumes no responsibility."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_b0e8c396b6f2e1a9cee8a481b6688fb5\"\u003eThe \u003ccorpname\u003ePrince Edward County\u003c/corpname\u003e Integration Collection documents the viewpoints and efforts of county residents regarding the attempted desegregation of \u003ccorpname\u003ePrince Edward County Public Schools\u003c/corpname\u003e. Largely comprised of items donated by the Reverend \u003cpersname\u003eRichard J. Keever\u003c/persname\u003e, the collection features contemporaneous newspaper clippings related to the Prince Edward County school closings, as well as the administrative papers of several local human rights groups, such as The \u003ccorpname\u003ePrince Edward Council on Human Relations\u003c/corpname\u003e and the \u003ccorpname\u003eCitizens Organization for Public Education\u003c/corpname\u003e (COPE). Further materials document the history of a bi-racial study group, which met at College Church in 1964, including related local newsletters.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The  Prince Edward County  Integration Collection documents the viewpoints and efforts of county residents regarding the attempted desegregation of  Prince Edward County Public Schools . Largely comprised of items donated by the Reverend  Richard J. Keever , the collection features contemporaneous newspaper clippings related to the Prince Edward County school closings, as well as the administrative papers of several local human rights groups, such as The  Prince Edward Council on Human Relations  and the  Citizens Organization for Public Education  (COPE). Further materials document the history of a bi-racial study group, which met at College Church in 1964, including related local newsletters."],"names_coll_ssim":["Prince Edward County (Va.)"],"names_ssim":["Hampden-Sydney College Archives \u0026 Special Collections","Prince Edward County","Prince Edward County Public Schools","Prince Edward Council on Human Relations","Citizens Organization for Public Education","The Prince Edward Council on Human Relations","Prince Edward County ","Robert Russa Moton High School","Prince Edward County (Va.)","Richard J. Keever","Anthony C. Sherman"],"corpname_ssim":["Hampden-Sydney College Archives \u0026 Special Collections","Prince Edward County","Prince Edward County Public Schools","Prince Edward Council on Human Relations","Citizens Organization for Public Education","The Prince Edward Council on Human Relations","Prince Edward County ","Robert Russa Moton High School","Prince Edward County (Va.)"],"persname_ssim":["Richard J. Keever","Anthony C. Sherman"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":16,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T04:18:20.185Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_9","ead_ssi":"vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_9","_root_":"vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_9","_nest_parent_":"vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_9","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/HSC/repositories_2_resources_9.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"http://archivespace.hsc.edu:8081/ark:/45832/47","title_filing_ssi":"Prince Edward County Integration Collection","title_ssm":["Prince Edward County Integration Collection"],"title_tesim":["Prince Edward County Integration Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1943/1975"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1943/1975"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC.000106"],"text":["SC.000106","Prince Edward County Integration Collection","School integration—Massive resistance movement  ","Prince Edward County (Va.)","Hampden-Sydney College","Civil Rights Movements--United States","Segregation in education","Collection is open for research; access requires at least 48 hours advance notice. Because of the nature of certain archival formats, including digital and audio-visual materials, access will require additional advanced notice. Copies of digital files will be provided for use upon request.","The collection is organized chronologically.","The  Prince Edward County  Integration Collection documents the viewpoints and efforts of county residents regarding the attempted desegregation of  Prince Edward County Public Schools . In 1951, students at  Robert Russa Moton High School , the local high school for African-Americans, began a protest of inadequate school facilities that was eventually adopted in as one of the cases in the historic Brown v. Board of Education decision. On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court of the United States of America ruled that schools segregated by race were \"inherently unequal,\" depriving Black students of \"equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the 14th Amendment.\" A later Supreme Court decision in May of 1955 ordered that public schools across the nation desegregate \"with all deliberate speed.\"","Rather than comply with these orders, the leaders of Prince Edward County chose to close all public schools, a decision that lasted from 1959 until 1964. The decision was well-publicized at the time, and was a source of tension throughout the county. ","Inventory by: Shaunna Hunter, 2018. Processed by: Sarah Almond, 2021 January. Machine-readable finding aid created from previous inventories by: Sarah Almond, 2021 January.","The Voice of Prince Edward County (SC 000107)","The  Prince Edward County  Integration Collection, largely donated by the Reverend  Richard J. Keever , features contemporaneous newspaper clippings related to the Prince Edward County school closings, as well as the administrative papers of several local human rights groups, such as  The Prince Edward Council on Human Relations  and the  Citizens Organization for Public Education  (COPE). Further materials document the history of a bi-racial study group, which met at College Church in 1964, including related local newsletters. \nRev. Keever began researching the repercussions of the school closings in the early 1970s with an eye towards a larger project; featured in this collection are his research notes as well as annotated newspaper clippings, and a 1964 thesis by  Anthony C. Sherman  entitled \"Christian Response and a Protracted Racial Crisis: A Study of Prince Edward County, Virginia.\" \nThe collection also includes two digital collections:  Civil Rights Articles from the Hampden-Sydney Tiger , and the  College Church Biracial Study Group . The latter contains scans of materials already found in the physical collections, but the former contains additional scanned clippings from the Hampden-Sydney Tiger not found in the physical collection.","The nature of the Hampden-Sydney College Archives and Special Collections means that copyright or other information about restrictions may be difficult or even impossible to determine depsite reasonable efforts. As a result, Hampden-Sydney College claims only physical ownership of most Special Collections materials. \nThe materials from our collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user must assume full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used for academic research or otherwise should be fully credited with the source. \nThis collection may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations. Researchers are advised that the disclosure of certain information pertaining to identifiable living individuals represented in this collection without the consent of those individuals may have legal ramifications (e.g. cause of action under common law for invasion of privacy may arise if facts concerning and individual's private life are published that would be deemed highly offensive to a reasonable person) for which the College assumes no responsibility.","The  Prince Edward County  Integration Collection documents the viewpoints and efforts of county residents regarding the attempted desegregation of  Prince Edward County Public Schools . Largely comprised of items donated by the Reverend  Richard J. Keever , the collection features contemporaneous newspaper clippings related to the Prince Edward County school closings, as well as the administrative papers of several local human rights groups, such as The  Prince Edward Council on Human Relations  and the  Citizens Organization for Public Education  (COPE). Further materials document the history of a bi-racial study group, which met at College Church in 1964, including related local newsletters.","Hampden-Sydney College Archives \u0026 Special Collections","Prince Edward County","Prince Edward County Public Schools","Prince Edward Council on Human Relations","Citizens Organization for Public Education","The Prince Edward Council on Human Relations","Prince Edward County ","Robert Russa Moton High School","Prince Edward County (Va.)","Richard J. Keever","Anthony C. Sherman","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["SC.000106"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Prince Edward County Integration Collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Prince Edward County Integration Collection"],"collection_ssim":["Prince Edward County Integration Collection"],"repository_ssm":["Hampden-Sydney College"],"repository_ssim":["Hampden-Sydney College"],"geogname_ssm":["School integration—Massive resistance movement  ","Prince Edward County (Va.)","Hampden-Sydney College"],"geogname_ssim":["School integration—Massive resistance movement  ","Prince Edward County (Va.)","Hampden-Sydney College"],"places_ssim":["School integration—Massive resistance movement  ","Prince Edward County (Va.)","Hampden-Sydney College"],"access_terms_ssm":["The nature of the Hampden-Sydney College Archives and Special Collections means that copyright or other information about restrictions may be difficult or even impossible to determine depsite reasonable efforts. As a result, Hampden-Sydney College claims only physical ownership of most Special Collections materials. \nThe materials from our collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user must assume full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used for academic research or otherwise should be fully credited with the source. \nThis collection may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations. Researchers are advised that the disclosure of certain information pertaining to identifiable living individuals represented in this collection without the consent of those individuals may have legal ramifications (e.g. cause of action under common law for invasion of privacy may arise if facts concerning and individual's private life are published that would be deemed highly offensive to a reasonable person) for which the College assumes no responsibility."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Richard J. Keever, Hampden-Sydney College"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Civil Rights Movements--United States","Segregation in education"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Civil Rights Movements--United States","Segregation in education"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.5 Linear Feet","27 Digital Image Scans Digital Collection: Civil Rights Articles from the Hampden-Sydney Tiger Newspaper","34 Digital Image Scans Digital Collection: College Church Biracial Study Group"],"extent_tesim":["0.5 Linear Feet","27 Digital Image Scans Digital Collection: Civil Rights Articles from the Hampden-Sydney Tiger Newspaper","34 Digital Image Scans Digital Collection: College Church Biracial Study Group"],"genreform_ssim":["Civil Rights Movements--United States","Segregation in education"],"date_range_isim":[1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for research; access requires at least 48 hours advance notice. Because of the nature of certain archival formats, including digital and audio-visual materials, access will require additional advanced notice. Copies of digital files will be provided for use upon request.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access to materials"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for research; access requires at least 48 hours advance notice. Because of the nature of certain archival formats, including digital and audio-visual materials, access will require additional advanced notice. Copies of digital files will be provided for use upon request."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is organized chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is organized chronologically."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe \u003ccorpname\u003ePrince Edward County \u003c/corpname\u003eIntegration Collection documents the viewpoints and efforts of county residents regarding the attempted desegregation of \u003ccorpname\u003ePrince Edward County Public Schools\u003c/corpname\u003e. In 1951, students at \u003ccorpname\u003eRobert Russa Moton High School\u003c/corpname\u003e, the local high school for African-Americans, began a protest of inadequate school facilities that was eventually adopted in as one of the cases in the historic Brown v. Board of Education decision. On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court of the United States of America ruled that schools segregated by race were \"inherently unequal,\" depriving Black students of \"equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the 14th Amendment.\" A later Supreme Court decision in May of 1955 ordered that public schools across the nation desegregate \"with all deliberate speed.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eRather than comply with these orders, the leaders of Prince Edward County chose to close all public schools, a decision that lasted from 1959 until 1964. The decision was well-publicized at the time, and was a source of tension throughout the county. \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["The  Prince Edward County  Integration Collection documents the viewpoints and efforts of county residents regarding the attempted desegregation of  Prince Edward County Public Schools . In 1951, students at  Robert Russa Moton High School , the local high school for African-Americans, began a protest of inadequate school facilities that was eventually adopted in as one of the cases in the historic Brown v. Board of Education decision. On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court of the United States of America ruled that schools segregated by race were \"inherently unequal,\" depriving Black students of \"equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the 14th Amendment.\" A later Supreme Court decision in May of 1955 ordered that public schools across the nation desegregate \"with all deliberate speed.\"","Rather than comply with these orders, the leaders of Prince Edward County chose to close all public schools, a decision that lasted from 1959 until 1964. The decision was well-publicized at the time, and was a source of tension throughout the county. "],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Prince Edward County Integration Collection, SC 000106, Hampden-Sydney College Archives \u0026amp; Special Collections, Hampden-Sydney, VA\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Prince Edward County Integration Collection, SC 000106, Hampden-Sydney College Archives \u0026 Special Collections, Hampden-Sydney, VA"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eInventory by: Shaunna Hunter, 2018. Processed by: Sarah Almond, 2021 January. Machine-readable finding aid created from previous inventories by: Sarah Almond, 2021 January.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Inventory by: Shaunna Hunter, 2018. Processed by: Sarah Almond, 2021 January. Machine-readable finding aid created from previous inventories by: Sarah Almond, 2021 January."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003cextref href=\"http://archivespace.hsc.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/10\"\u003eThe Voice of Prince Edward County (SC 000107)\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Voice of Prince Edward County (SC 000107)"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe \u003ccorpname\u003ePrince Edward County\u003c/corpname\u003e Integration Collection, largely donated by the Reverend \u003cpersname\u003eRichard J. Keever\u003c/persname\u003e, features contemporaneous newspaper clippings related to the Prince Edward County school closings, as well as the administrative papers of several local human rights groups, such as \u003ccorpname\u003eThe Prince Edward Council on Human Relations\u003c/corpname\u003e and the \u003ccorpname\u003eCitizens Organization for Public Education\u003c/corpname\u003e (COPE). Further materials document the history of a bi-racial study group, which met at College Church in 1964, including related local newsletters. \nRev. Keever began researching the repercussions of the school closings in the early 1970s with an eye towards a larger project; featured in this collection are his research notes as well as annotated newspaper clippings, and a 1964 thesis by \u003cpersname\u003eAnthony C. Sherman\u003c/persname\u003e entitled \"Christian Response and a Protracted Racial Crisis: A Study of Prince Edward County, Virginia.\"\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e\nThe collection also includes two digital collections: \u003cextref href=\"http://dams.hsc.edu/collections/show/31\"\u003eCivil Rights Articles from the Hampden-Sydney Tiger\u003c/extref\u003e, and the \u003cextref href=\"http://dams.hsc.edu/collections/show/30\"\u003eCollege Church Biracial Study Group\u003c/extref\u003e. The latter contains scans of materials already found in the physical collections, but the former contains additional scanned clippings from the Hampden-Sydney Tiger not found in the physical collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The  Prince Edward County  Integration Collection, largely donated by the Reverend  Richard J. Keever , features contemporaneous newspaper clippings related to the Prince Edward County school closings, as well as the administrative papers of several local human rights groups, such as  The Prince Edward Council on Human Relations  and the  Citizens Organization for Public Education  (COPE). Further materials document the history of a bi-racial study group, which met at College Church in 1964, including related local newsletters. \nRev. Keever began researching the repercussions of the school closings in the early 1970s with an eye towards a larger project; featured in this collection are his research notes as well as annotated newspaper clippings, and a 1964 thesis by  Anthony C. Sherman  entitled \"Christian Response and a Protracted Racial Crisis: A Study of Prince Edward County, Virginia.\" \nThe collection also includes two digital collections:  Civil Rights Articles from the Hampden-Sydney Tiger , and the  College Church Biracial Study Group . The latter contains scans of materials already found in the physical collections, but the former contains additional scanned clippings from the Hampden-Sydney Tiger not found in the physical collection."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe nature of the Hampden-Sydney College Archives and Special Collections means that copyright or other information about restrictions may be difficult or even impossible to determine depsite reasonable efforts. As a result, Hampden-Sydney College claims only physical ownership of most Special Collections materials. \nThe materials from our collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user must assume full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used for academic research or otherwise should be fully credited with the source. \nThis collection may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations. Researchers are advised that the disclosure of certain information pertaining to identifiable living individuals represented in this collection without the consent of those individuals may have legal ramifications (e.g. cause of action under common law for invasion of privacy may arise if facts concerning and individual's private life are published that would be deemed highly offensive to a reasonable person) for which the College assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use of these materials"],"userestrict_tesim":["The nature of the Hampden-Sydney College Archives and Special Collections means that copyright or other information about restrictions may be difficult or even impossible to determine depsite reasonable efforts. As a result, Hampden-Sydney College claims only physical ownership of most Special Collections materials. \nThe materials from our collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user must assume full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used for academic research or otherwise should be fully credited with the source. \nThis collection may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations. Researchers are advised that the disclosure of certain information pertaining to identifiable living individuals represented in this collection without the consent of those individuals may have legal ramifications (e.g. cause of action under common law for invasion of privacy may arise if facts concerning and individual's private life are published that would be deemed highly offensive to a reasonable person) for which the College assumes no responsibility."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_b0e8c396b6f2e1a9cee8a481b6688fb5\"\u003eThe \u003ccorpname\u003ePrince Edward County\u003c/corpname\u003e Integration Collection documents the viewpoints and efforts of county residents regarding the attempted desegregation of \u003ccorpname\u003ePrince Edward County Public Schools\u003c/corpname\u003e. Largely comprised of items donated by the Reverend \u003cpersname\u003eRichard J. Keever\u003c/persname\u003e, the collection features contemporaneous newspaper clippings related to the Prince Edward County school closings, as well as the administrative papers of several local human rights groups, such as The \u003ccorpname\u003ePrince Edward Council on Human Relations\u003c/corpname\u003e and the \u003ccorpname\u003eCitizens Organization for Public Education\u003c/corpname\u003e (COPE). Further materials document the history of a bi-racial study group, which met at College Church in 1964, including related local newsletters.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The  Prince Edward County  Integration Collection documents the viewpoints and efforts of county residents regarding the attempted desegregation of  Prince Edward County Public Schools . Largely comprised of items donated by the Reverend  Richard J. Keever , the collection features contemporaneous newspaper clippings related to the Prince Edward County school closings, as well as the administrative papers of several local human rights groups, such as The  Prince Edward Council on Human Relations  and the  Citizens Organization for Public Education  (COPE). Further materials document the history of a bi-racial study group, which met at College Church in 1964, including related local newsletters."],"names_coll_ssim":["Prince Edward County (Va.)"],"names_ssim":["Hampden-Sydney College Archives \u0026 Special Collections","Prince Edward County","Prince Edward County Public Schools","Prince Edward Council on Human Relations","Citizens Organization for Public Education","The Prince Edward Council on Human Relations","Prince Edward County ","Robert Russa Moton High School","Prince Edward County (Va.)","Richard J. Keever","Anthony C. Sherman"],"corpname_ssim":["Hampden-Sydney College Archives \u0026 Special Collections","Prince Edward County","Prince Edward County Public Schools","Prince Edward Council on Human Relations","Citizens Organization for Public Education","The Prince Edward Council on Human Relations","Prince Edward County ","Robert Russa Moton High School","Prince Edward County (Va.)"],"persname_ssim":["Richard J. Keever","Anthony C. Sherman"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":16,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T04:18:20.185Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_9"}},{"id":"vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10_c02_c04","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Reid, Armistead \"Chuckie\"","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10_c02_c04#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Oral History Interview between Tyler Lohman and \"Chuckie\" Reid, conducted on April 22, 2021.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10_c02_c04#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10_c02_c04","ref_ssm":["vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10_c02_c04"],"id":"vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10_c02_c04","ead_ssi":"vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10","_root_":"vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10","_nest_parent_":"vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10_c02","parent_ssi":"vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10_c02","parent_ssim":["vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10","vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10_c02"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10","vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10_c02"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["The Voice of Prince Edward County","Series 2: Oral History Interviews Conducted with Contributors to the Paper"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["The Voice of Prince Edward County","Series 2: Oral History Interviews Conducted with Contributors to the Paper"],"text":["The Voice of Prince Edward County","Series 2: Oral History Interviews Conducted with Contributors to the Paper","Reid, Armistead \"Chuckie\"","Associations, institutions, etc.—African American membership ","Prince Edward County (Va.)","Segregation in education","Race discrimination—United States","English .","Oral History Interview between Tyler Lohman and \"Chuckie\" Reid, conducted on April 22, 2021."],"title_filing_ssi":"Reid, Armistead \"Chuckie\"","title_ssm":["Reid, Armistead \"Chuckie\""],"title_tesim":["Reid, Armistead \"Chuckie\""],"unitdate_other_ssim":["2021-04-22"],"normalized_date_ssm":["2021"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Reid, Armistead \"Chuckie\""],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["Hampden-Sydney College"],"collection_ssim":["The Voice of Prince Edward County"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":31,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is open for research; access requires at least 48 hours advance notice. Because of the nature of certain archival formats, including digital and audio-visual materials, access will require additional advanced notice. Copies of digital files will be provided for use upon request."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["The nature of the Hampden-Sydney College Archives and Special Collections means that copyright or other information about restrictions may be difficult or even impossible to determine despite reasonable efforts. As a result, Hampden-Sydney College claims only physical ownership of most Special Collections materials. \nThe materials from our collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user must assume full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used for academic research or otherwise should be fully credited with the source. \nThis collection may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations. Researchers are advised that the disclosure of certain information pertaining to identifiable living individuals represented in this collection without the consent of those individuals may have legal ramifications (e.g. cause of action under common law for invasion of privacy may arise if facts concerning and individual's private life are published that would be deemed highly offensive to a reasonable person) for which the College assumes no responsibility."],"date_range_isim":[2021],"geogname_ssim":["Associations, institutions, etc.—African American membership ","Prince Edward County (Va.)"],"geogname_ssm":["Associations, institutions, etc.—African American membership ","Prince Edward County (Va.)"],"places_ssim":["Associations, institutions, etc.—African American membership ","Prince Edward County (Va.)"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Segregation in education","Race discrimination—United States"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Segregation in education","Race discrimination—United States"],"language_ssim":["English ."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_457174a59fdce568ce5c805e17c83bfb\"\u003eOral History Interview between Tyler Lohman and \"Chuckie\" Reid, conducted on April 22, 2021.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Oral History Interview between Tyler Lohman and \"Chuckie\" Reid, conducted on April 22, 2021."],"_nest_path_":"/components#1/components#3","timestamp":"2026-05-21T04:18:11.069Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10","ead_ssi":"vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10","_root_":"vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10","_nest_parent_":"vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/HSC/repositories_2_resources_10.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"http://archivespace.hsc.edu:8081/ark:/45832/48","title_filing_ssi":"The Voice of Prince Edward County","title_ssm":["The Voice of Prince Edward County"],"title_tesim":["The Voice of Prince Edward County"],"unitdate_ssm":["1965/1969"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1965/1969"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC.000107"],"text":["SC.000107","The Voice of Prince Edward County","Associations, institutions, etc.—African American membership ","Race discrimination—United States","African American newspapers","Collection is open for research; access requires at least 48 hours advance notice. Because of the nature of certain archival formats, including digital and audio-visual materials, access will require additional advanced notice. Copies of digital files will be provided for use upon request.","The collection is organized into two series, the first being issues of the paper organized chronologically, and the second being oral history interviews conducted with contributors to the paper, performed by Hampden-Sydney Students in the spring of 2021.","In 1951, students at  Robert Russa Moton High School , the local high school for African-Americans, began a protest of inadequate school facilities that was eventually adopted in as one of the cases in the historic Brown v. Board of Education decision. On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court of the United States of America ruled that schools segregated by race were \"inherently unequal,\" depriving Black students of \"equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the 14th Amendment.\" A later Supreme Court decision in May of 1955 ordered that public schools across the nation desegregate \"with all deliberate speed.\" \nRather than comply with these orders, the leaders of  Prince Edward County  chose to close all public schools, a decision that lasted from 1959 until 1964. The decision was well-publicized at the time, and was a source of tension throughout the county. Though the public schools were re-instated and county supervisors agreed to desegregate the schools beginning with the 1964-1965 school year, the process of public school integration was far from smooth. The  Voice of Prince Edward County , published from the summer of 1965 until December of 1969, offers a unique community perspective on this post-integration time period.","Rehoused by: Sarah Almond, 2021 February. Machine-readable finding aid created  by: Sarah Almond, 2021 February. Machine-readable finding aid revised by: Sarah Almond, 2021 October.","Prince Edward County Integration Collection (SC 000106)","The  Voice of Prince Edward  County collection houses all extant issues of the newspaper at  Hampden-Sydney College  from 1965 until 1969. It is not a complete run of the paper; there is only one issue each from the years 1968 and 1969. Contents include news articles related to local news events and pertinent political races, articles that highlight educational and job opportunities for African-Americans in the community, editorials, and creative writing. ","The collection also contains digital audio files of oral history interviews conducted with contributors to the paper, performed by Hampden-Sydney Students in the spring of 2021.","This series features all extant issues of the newspaper at Hampden-Sydney College from 1965 until 1969. It is not a complete run of the paper; there is only one issue each from the years 1968 and 1969. Contents include news articles related to local news events and pertinent political races, articles that highlight educational and job opportunities for African-Americans in the community, editorials, and creative writing.","In the Spring of 2021, students in HIST285, \"Building a Community Archive: The Voice of Prince Edward and the Moton Story\" conducted oral history interviews with contributors to the paper. This series contains five interviews.","The nature of the Hampden-Sydney College Archives and Special Collections means that copyright or other information about restrictions may be difficult or even impossible to determine despite reasonable efforts. As a result, Hampden-Sydney College claims only physical ownership of most Special Collections materials.  \nThe materials from our collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user must assume full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used for academic research or otherwise should be fully credited with the source.  \nThis collection may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations. Researchers are advised that the disclosure of certain information pertaining to identifiable living individuals represented in this collection without the consent of those individuals may have legal ramifications (e.g. cause of action under common law for invasion of privacy may arise if facts concerning and individual's private life are published that would be deemed highly offensive to a reasonable person) for which the College assumes no responsibility.","Published between the years of 1965 and 1969, the  Voice of Prince Edward County  was an independent, privately financed newspaper out of Farmville, Virginia. The stated intent of the paper, printed as an Editors' note in the July 26, 1965 issue, reads:\n\t \"The  VOICE  of Prince Edward County is dedicated to give a voice to all the people of Prince Edward County. We will try to create more interest in local government by showing how the people can become involved in solving our problems in education, health, welfare, and employment. We will report the news for the whole community and we will let our officials know how the community feels. We will publish your letters to us and look forward to hearing your views. Finally, we will serve as an outlet for the creative ability of people in the community and we hope that the pieces we publish will inspire others.\" Though the editorial staff differed from issue to issue, most contributors to the paper were African-American residents of Prince Edward County, some of whom had suffered directly as a result of the 1959-1964 closure of the county's public schools. By 1969,  Alphonso O'Neil-White , the first African-American student at  Hampden-Sydney College , was the sole credited editor of the paper.","Hampden-Sydney College Archives \u0026 Special Collections","Hampden-Sydney College","Robert Russa Moton High School","Prince Edward County","Voice of Prince Edward","Alphonso O'Neil-White","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["SC.000107"],"normalized_title_ssm":["The Voice of Prince Edward County"],"collection_title_tesim":["The Voice of Prince Edward County"],"collection_ssim":["The Voice of Prince Edward County"],"repository_ssm":["Hampden-Sydney College"],"repository_ssim":["Hampden-Sydney College"],"geogname_ssm":["Associations, institutions, etc.—African American membership "],"geogname_ssim":["Associations, institutions, etc.—African American membership "],"places_ssim":["Associations, institutions, etc.—African American membership "],"access_terms_ssm":["The nature of the Hampden-Sydney College Archives and Special Collections means that copyright or other information about restrictions may be difficult or even impossible to determine despite reasonable efforts. As a result, Hampden-Sydney College claims only physical ownership of most Special Collections materials.  \nThe materials from our collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user must assume full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used for academic research or otherwise should be fully credited with the source.  \nThis collection may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations. Researchers are advised that the disclosure of certain information pertaining to identifiable living individuals represented in this collection without the consent of those individuals may have legal ramifications (e.g. cause of action under common law for invasion of privacy may arise if facts concerning and individual's private life are published that would be deemed highly offensive to a reasonable person) for which the College assumes no responsibility."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Race discrimination—United States","African American newspapers"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Race discrimination—United States","African American newspapers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.5 Linear Feet","20 Digital Image Scans","82.5 Megabytes Five .mp4 audio files featuring five oral history interviews."],"extent_tesim":["0.5 Linear Feet","20 Digital Image Scans","82.5 Megabytes Five .mp4 audio files featuring five oral history interviews."],"dimensions_tesim":["11\" x 17\" x 3\""],"genreform_ssim":["Race discrimination—United States","African American newspapers"],"date_range_isim":[1965,1966,1967,1968,1969],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for research; access requires at least 48 hours advance notice. Because of the nature of certain archival formats, including digital and audio-visual materials, access will require additional advanced notice. Copies of digital files will be provided for use upon request.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access to Materials"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for research; access requires at least 48 hours advance notice. Because of the nature of certain archival formats, including digital and audio-visual materials, access will require additional advanced notice. Copies of digital files will be provided for use upon request."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is organized into two series, the first being issues of the paper organized chronologically, and the second being oral history interviews conducted with contributors to the paper, performed by Hampden-Sydney Students in the spring of 2021.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is organized into two series, the first being issues of the paper organized chronologically, and the second being oral history interviews conducted with contributors to the paper, performed by Hampden-Sydney Students in the spring of 2021."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn 1951, students at \u003ccorpname\u003eRobert Russa Moton High School\u003c/corpname\u003e, the local high school for African-Americans, began a protest of inadequate school facilities that was eventually adopted in as one of the cases in the historic Brown v. Board of Education decision. On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court of the United States of America ruled that schools segregated by race were \"inherently unequal,\" depriving Black students of \"equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the 14th Amendment.\" A later Supreme Court decision in May of 1955 ordered that public schools across the nation desegregate \"with all deliberate speed.\"\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\nRather than comply with these orders, the leaders of \u003ccorpname\u003e\u003cgeogname\u003ePrince Edward County\u003c/geogname\u003e\u003c/corpname\u003e chose to close all public schools, a decision that lasted from 1959 until 1964. The decision was well-publicized at the time, and was a source of tension throughout the county. Though the public schools were re-instated and county supervisors agreed to desegregate the schools beginning with the 1964-1965 school year, the process of public school integration was far from smooth. The \u003ctitle\u003eVoice of Prince Edward County\u003c/title\u003e, published from the summer of 1965 until December of 1969, offers a unique community perspective on this post-integration time period.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["In 1951, students at  Robert Russa Moton High School , the local high school for African-Americans, began a protest of inadequate school facilities that was eventually adopted in as one of the cases in the historic Brown v. Board of Education decision. On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court of the United States of America ruled that schools segregated by race were \"inherently unequal,\" depriving Black students of \"equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the 14th Amendment.\" A later Supreme Court decision in May of 1955 ordered that public schools across the nation desegregate \"with all deliberate speed.\" \nRather than comply with these orders, the leaders of  Prince Edward County  chose to close all public schools, a decision that lasted from 1959 until 1964. The decision was well-publicized at the time, and was a source of tension throughout the county. Though the public schools were re-instated and county supervisors agreed to desegregate the schools beginning with the 1964-1965 school year, the process of public school integration was far from smooth. The  Voice of Prince Edward County , published from the summer of 1965 until December of 1969, offers a unique community perspective on this post-integration time period."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], The Voice of Prince Edward County Collection, SC 000107, Hampden-Sydney College Archives \u0026amp; Special Collections, Hampden-Sydney, VA\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], The Voice of Prince Edward County Collection, SC 000107, Hampden-Sydney College Archives \u0026 Special Collections, Hampden-Sydney, VA"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRehoused by: Sarah Almond, 2021 February. Machine-readable finding aid created  by: Sarah Almond, 2021 February. Machine-readable finding aid revised by: Sarah Almond, 2021 October.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Rehoused by: Sarah Almond, 2021 February. Machine-readable finding aid created  by: Sarah Almond, 2021 February. Machine-readable finding aid revised by: Sarah Almond, 2021 October."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003cextref href=\"http://archivesspace.hsc.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/9\"\u003ePrince Edward County Integration Collection (SC 000106)\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Prince Edward County Integration Collection (SC 000106)"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cname\u003eVoice of Prince Edward\u003c/name\u003e County collection houses all extant issues of the newspaper at \u003ccorpname\u003eHampden-Sydney College\u003c/corpname\u003e from 1965 until 1969. It is not a complete run of the paper; there is only one issue each from the years 1968 and 1969. Contents include news articles related to local news events and pertinent political races, articles that highlight educational and job opportunities for African-Americans in the community, editorials, and creative writing. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe collection also contains digital audio files of oral history interviews conducted with contributors to the paper, performed by Hampden-Sydney Students in the spring of 2021.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series features all extant issues of the newspaper at Hampden-Sydney College from 1965 until 1969. It is not a complete run of the paper; there is only one issue each from the years 1968 and 1969. Contents include news articles related to local news events and pertinent political races, articles that highlight educational and job opportunities for African-Americans in the community, editorials, and creative writing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the Spring of 2021, students in HIST285, \"Building a Community Archive: The Voice of Prince Edward and the Moton Story\" conducted oral history interviews with contributors to the paper. This series contains five interviews.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The  Voice of Prince Edward  County collection houses all extant issues of the newspaper at  Hampden-Sydney College  from 1965 until 1969. It is not a complete run of the paper; there is only one issue each from the years 1968 and 1969. Contents include news articles related to local news events and pertinent political races, articles that highlight educational and job opportunities for African-Americans in the community, editorials, and creative writing. ","The collection also contains digital audio files of oral history interviews conducted with contributors to the paper, performed by Hampden-Sydney Students in the spring of 2021.","This series features all extant issues of the newspaper at Hampden-Sydney College from 1965 until 1969. It is not a complete run of the paper; there is only one issue each from the years 1968 and 1969. Contents include news articles related to local news events and pertinent political races, articles that highlight educational and job opportunities for African-Americans in the community, editorials, and creative writing.","In the Spring of 2021, students in HIST285, \"Building a Community Archive: The Voice of Prince Edward and the Moton Story\" conducted oral history interviews with contributors to the paper. This series contains five interviews."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe nature of the Hampden-Sydney College Archives and Special Collections means that copyright or other information about restrictions may be difficult or even impossible to determine despite reasonable efforts. As a result, Hampden-Sydney College claims only physical ownership of most Special Collections materials. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\nThe materials from our collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user must assume full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used for academic research or otherwise should be fully credited with the source.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \nThis collection may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations. Researchers are advised that the disclosure of certain information pertaining to identifiable living individuals represented in this collection without the consent of those individuals may have legal ramifications (e.g. cause of action under common law for invasion of privacy may arise if facts concerning and individual's private life are published that would be deemed highly offensive to a reasonable person) for which the College assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use of These Materials"],"userestrict_tesim":["The nature of the Hampden-Sydney College Archives and Special Collections means that copyright or other information about restrictions may be difficult or even impossible to determine despite reasonable efforts. As a result, Hampden-Sydney College claims only physical ownership of most Special Collections materials.  \nThe materials from our collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user must assume full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used for academic research or otherwise should be fully credited with the source.  \nThis collection may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations. Researchers are advised that the disclosure of certain information pertaining to identifiable living individuals represented in this collection without the consent of those individuals may have legal ramifications (e.g. cause of action under common law for invasion of privacy may arise if facts concerning and individual's private life are published that would be deemed highly offensive to a reasonable person) for which the College assumes no responsibility."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_eb42944ea405380ee35ef71b0673e3ac\"\u003ePublished between the years of 1965 and 1969, the \u003ctitle\u003eVoice of Prince Edward County\u003c/title\u003e was an independent, privately financed newspaper out of Farmville, Virginia. The stated intent of the paper, printed as an Editors' note in the July 26, 1965 issue, reads:\n\t\u003cblockquote\u003e\"The \u003ctitle\u003eVOICE\u003c/title\u003e of Prince Edward County is dedicated to give a voice to all the people of Prince Edward County. We will try to create more interest in local government by showing how the people can become involved in solving our problems in education, health, welfare, and employment. We will report the news for the whole community and we will let our officials know how the community feels. We will publish your letters to us and look forward to hearing your views. Finally, we will serve as an outlet for the creative ability of people in the community and we hope that the pieces we publish will inspire others.\"\u003c/blockquote\u003eThough the editorial staff differed from issue to issue, most contributors to the paper were African-American residents of Prince Edward County, some of whom had suffered directly as a result of the 1959-1964 closure of the county's public schools. By 1969, \u003cpersname\u003eAlphonso O'Neil-White\u003c/persname\u003e, the first African-American student at \u003ccorpname\u003eHampden-Sydney College\u003c/corpname\u003e, was the sole credited editor of the paper.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Published between the years of 1965 and 1969, the  Voice of Prince Edward County  was an independent, privately financed newspaper out of Farmville, Virginia. The stated intent of the paper, printed as an Editors' note in the July 26, 1965 issue, reads:\n\t \"The  VOICE  of Prince Edward County is dedicated to give a voice to all the people of Prince Edward County. We will try to create more interest in local government by showing how the people can become involved in solving our problems in education, health, welfare, and employment. We will report the news for the whole community and we will let our officials know how the community feels. We will publish your letters to us and look forward to hearing your views. Finally, we will serve as an outlet for the creative ability of people in the community and we hope that the pieces we publish will inspire others.\" Though the editorial staff differed from issue to issue, most contributors to the paper were African-American residents of Prince Edward County, some of whom had suffered directly as a result of the 1959-1964 closure of the county's public schools. By 1969,  Alphonso O'Neil-White , the first African-American student at  Hampden-Sydney College , was the sole credited editor of the paper."],"names_ssim":["Hampden-Sydney College Archives \u0026 Special Collections","Hampden-Sydney College","Robert Russa Moton High School","Prince Edward County","Voice of Prince Edward","Alphonso O'Neil-White"],"corpname_ssim":["Hampden-Sydney College Archives \u0026 Special Collections","Hampden-Sydney College","Robert Russa Moton High School","Prince Edward County"],"name_ssim":["Voice of Prince Edward"],"persname_ssim":["Alphonso O'Neil-White"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    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Because of the nature of certain archival formats, including digital and audio-visual materials, access will require additional advanced notice. Copies of digital files will be provided for use upon request."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["The nature of the Hampden-Sydney College Archives and Special Collections means that copyright or other information about restrictions may be difficult or even impossible to determine despite reasonable efforts. As a result, Hampden-Sydney College claims only physical ownership of most Special Collections materials. \nThe materials from our collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user must assume full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used for academic research or otherwise should be fully credited with the source. \nThis collection may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations. Researchers are advised that the disclosure of certain information pertaining to identifiable living individuals represented in this collection without the consent of those individuals may have legal ramifications (e.g. cause of action under common law for invasion of privacy may arise if facts concerning and individual's private life are published that would be deemed highly offensive to a reasonable person) for which the College assumes no responsibility."],"date_range_isim":[2021],"geogname_ssim":["Associations, institutions, etc.—African American membership ","Prince Edward County (Va.)"],"geogname_ssm":["Associations, institutions, etc.—African American membership ","Prince Edward County (Va.)"],"places_ssim":["Associations, institutions, etc.—African American membership ","Prince Edward County (Va.)"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Segregation in education","Race discrimination—United States"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Segregation in education","Race discrimination—United States"],"language_ssim":["English ."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_37aaf924a0ffb026285326099d15ee7b\"\u003eOral History Interview between Carson Box and T. 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Because of the nature of certain archival formats, including digital and audio-visual materials, access will require additional advanced notice. Copies of digital files will be provided for use upon request.","The collection is organized into two series, the first being issues of the paper organized chronologically, and the second being oral history interviews conducted with contributors to the paper, performed by Hampden-Sydney Students in the spring of 2021.","In 1951, students at  Robert Russa Moton High School , the local high school for African-Americans, began a protest of inadequate school facilities that was eventually adopted in as one of the cases in the historic Brown v. Board of Education decision. On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court of the United States of America ruled that schools segregated by race were \"inherently unequal,\" depriving Black students of \"equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the 14th Amendment.\" A later Supreme Court decision in May of 1955 ordered that public schools across the nation desegregate \"with all deliberate speed.\" \nRather than comply with these orders, the leaders of  Prince Edward County  chose to close all public schools, a decision that lasted from 1959 until 1964. The decision was well-publicized at the time, and was a source of tension throughout the county. Though the public schools were re-instated and county supervisors agreed to desegregate the schools beginning with the 1964-1965 school year, the process of public school integration was far from smooth. The  Voice of Prince Edward County , published from the summer of 1965 until December of 1969, offers a unique community perspective on this post-integration time period.","Rehoused by: Sarah Almond, 2021 February. Machine-readable finding aid created  by: Sarah Almond, 2021 February. Machine-readable finding aid revised by: Sarah Almond, 2021 October.","Prince Edward County Integration Collection (SC 000106)","The  Voice of Prince Edward  County collection houses all extant issues of the newspaper at  Hampden-Sydney College  from 1965 until 1969. It is not a complete run of the paper; there is only one issue each from the years 1968 and 1969. Contents include news articles related to local news events and pertinent political races, articles that highlight educational and job opportunities for African-Americans in the community, editorials, and creative writing. ","The collection also contains digital audio files of oral history interviews conducted with contributors to the paper, performed by Hampden-Sydney Students in the spring of 2021.","This series features all extant issues of the newspaper at Hampden-Sydney College from 1965 until 1969. It is not a complete run of the paper; there is only one issue each from the years 1968 and 1969. Contents include news articles related to local news events and pertinent political races, articles that highlight educational and job opportunities for African-Americans in the community, editorials, and creative writing.","In the Spring of 2021, students in HIST285, \"Building a Community Archive: The Voice of Prince Edward and the Moton Story\" conducted oral history interviews with contributors to the paper. This series contains five interviews.","The nature of the Hampden-Sydney College Archives and Special Collections means that copyright or other information about restrictions may be difficult or even impossible to determine despite reasonable efforts. As a result, Hampden-Sydney College claims only physical ownership of most Special Collections materials.  \nThe materials from our collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user must assume full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used for academic research or otherwise should be fully credited with the source.  \nThis collection may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations. Researchers are advised that the disclosure of certain information pertaining to identifiable living individuals represented in this collection without the consent of those individuals may have legal ramifications (e.g. cause of action under common law for invasion of privacy may arise if facts concerning and individual's private life are published that would be deemed highly offensive to a reasonable person) for which the College assumes no responsibility.","Published between the years of 1965 and 1969, the  Voice of Prince Edward County  was an independent, privately financed newspaper out of Farmville, Virginia. The stated intent of the paper, printed as an Editors' note in the July 26, 1965 issue, reads:\n\t \"The  VOICE  of Prince Edward County is dedicated to give a voice to all the people of Prince Edward County. We will try to create more interest in local government by showing how the people can become involved in solving our problems in education, health, welfare, and employment. We will report the news for the whole community and we will let our officials know how the community feels. We will publish your letters to us and look forward to hearing your views. Finally, we will serve as an outlet for the creative ability of people in the community and we hope that the pieces we publish will inspire others.\" Though the editorial staff differed from issue to issue, most contributors to the paper were African-American residents of Prince Edward County, some of whom had suffered directly as a result of the 1959-1964 closure of the county's public schools. By 1969,  Alphonso O'Neil-White , the first African-American student at  Hampden-Sydney College , was the sole credited editor of the paper.","Hampden-Sydney College Archives \u0026 Special Collections","Hampden-Sydney College","Robert Russa Moton High School","Prince Edward County","Voice of Prince Edward","Alphonso O'Neil-White","English \n.    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As a result, Hampden-Sydney College claims only physical ownership of most Special Collections materials.  \nThe materials from our collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user must assume full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used for academic research or otherwise should be fully credited with the source.  \nThis collection may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations. Researchers are advised that the disclosure of certain information pertaining to identifiable living individuals represented in this collection without the consent of those individuals may have legal ramifications (e.g. cause of action under common law for invasion of privacy may arise if facts concerning and individual's private life are published that would be deemed highly offensive to a reasonable person) for which the College assumes no responsibility."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Race discrimination—United States","African American newspapers"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Race discrimination—United States","African American newspapers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.5 Linear Feet","20 Digital Image Scans","82.5 Megabytes Five .mp4 audio files featuring five oral history interviews."],"extent_tesim":["0.5 Linear Feet","20 Digital Image Scans","82.5 Megabytes Five .mp4 audio files featuring five oral history interviews."],"dimensions_tesim":["11\" x 17\" x 3\""],"genreform_ssim":["Race discrimination—United States","African American newspapers"],"date_range_isim":[1965,1966,1967,1968,1969],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for research; access requires at least 48 hours advance notice. Because of the nature of certain archival formats, including digital and audio-visual materials, access will require additional advanced notice. Copies of digital files will be provided for use upon request.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access to Materials"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for research; access requires at least 48 hours advance notice. Because of the nature of certain archival formats, including digital and audio-visual materials, access will require additional advanced notice. Copies of digital files will be provided for use upon request."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is organized into two series, the first being issues of the paper organized chronologically, and the second being oral history interviews conducted with contributors to the paper, performed by Hampden-Sydney Students in the spring of 2021.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is organized into two series, the first being issues of the paper organized chronologically, and the second being oral history interviews conducted with contributors to the paper, performed by Hampden-Sydney Students in the spring of 2021."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn 1951, students at \u003ccorpname\u003eRobert Russa Moton High School\u003c/corpname\u003e, the local high school for African-Americans, began a protest of inadequate school facilities that was eventually adopted in as one of the cases in the historic Brown v. Board of Education decision. On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court of the United States of America ruled that schools segregated by race were \"inherently unequal,\" depriving Black students of \"equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the 14th Amendment.\" A later Supreme Court decision in May of 1955 ordered that public schools across the nation desegregate \"with all deliberate speed.\"\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\nRather than comply with these orders, the leaders of \u003ccorpname\u003e\u003cgeogname\u003ePrince Edward County\u003c/geogname\u003e\u003c/corpname\u003e chose to close all public schools, a decision that lasted from 1959 until 1964. The decision was well-publicized at the time, and was a source of tension throughout the county. Though the public schools were re-instated and county supervisors agreed to desegregate the schools beginning with the 1964-1965 school year, the process of public school integration was far from smooth. The \u003ctitle\u003eVoice of Prince Edward County\u003c/title\u003e, published from the summer of 1965 until December of 1969, offers a unique community perspective on this post-integration time period.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["In 1951, students at  Robert Russa Moton High School , the local high school for African-Americans, began a protest of inadequate school facilities that was eventually adopted in as one of the cases in the historic Brown v. Board of Education decision. On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court of the United States of America ruled that schools segregated by race were \"inherently unequal,\" depriving Black students of \"equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the 14th Amendment.\" A later Supreme Court decision in May of 1955 ordered that public schools across the nation desegregate \"with all deliberate speed.\" \nRather than comply with these orders, the leaders of  Prince Edward County  chose to close all public schools, a decision that lasted from 1959 until 1964. The decision was well-publicized at the time, and was a source of tension throughout the county. Though the public schools were re-instated and county supervisors agreed to desegregate the schools beginning with the 1964-1965 school year, the process of public school integration was far from smooth. The  Voice of Prince Edward County , published from the summer of 1965 until December of 1969, offers a unique community perspective on this post-integration time period."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], The Voice of Prince Edward County Collection, SC 000107, Hampden-Sydney College Archives \u0026amp; Special Collections, Hampden-Sydney, VA\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], The Voice of Prince Edward County Collection, SC 000107, Hampden-Sydney College Archives \u0026 Special Collections, Hampden-Sydney, VA"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRehoused by: Sarah Almond, 2021 February. Machine-readable finding aid created  by: Sarah Almond, 2021 February. Machine-readable finding aid revised by: Sarah Almond, 2021 October.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Rehoused by: Sarah Almond, 2021 February. Machine-readable finding aid created  by: Sarah Almond, 2021 February. Machine-readable finding aid revised by: Sarah Almond, 2021 October."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003cextref href=\"http://archivesspace.hsc.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/9\"\u003ePrince Edward County Integration Collection (SC 000106)\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Prince Edward County Integration Collection (SC 000106)"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cname\u003eVoice of Prince Edward\u003c/name\u003e County collection houses all extant issues of the newspaper at \u003ccorpname\u003eHampden-Sydney College\u003c/corpname\u003e from 1965 until 1969. It is not a complete run of the paper; there is only one issue each from the years 1968 and 1969. Contents include news articles related to local news events and pertinent political races, articles that highlight educational and job opportunities for African-Americans in the community, editorials, and creative writing. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe collection also contains digital audio files of oral history interviews conducted with contributors to the paper, performed by Hampden-Sydney Students in the spring of 2021.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series features all extant issues of the newspaper at Hampden-Sydney College from 1965 until 1969. It is not a complete run of the paper; there is only one issue each from the years 1968 and 1969. Contents include news articles related to local news events and pertinent political races, articles that highlight educational and job opportunities for African-Americans in the community, editorials, and creative writing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the Spring of 2021, students in HIST285, \"Building a Community Archive: The Voice of Prince Edward and the Moton Story\" conducted oral history interviews with contributors to the paper. This series contains five interviews.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The  Voice of Prince Edward  County collection houses all extant issues of the newspaper at  Hampden-Sydney College  from 1965 until 1969. It is not a complete run of the paper; there is only one issue each from the years 1968 and 1969. Contents include news articles related to local news events and pertinent political races, articles that highlight educational and job opportunities for African-Americans in the community, editorials, and creative writing. ","The collection also contains digital audio files of oral history interviews conducted with contributors to the paper, performed by Hampden-Sydney Students in the spring of 2021.","This series features all extant issues of the newspaper at Hampden-Sydney College from 1965 until 1969. It is not a complete run of the paper; there is only one issue each from the years 1968 and 1969. Contents include news articles related to local news events and pertinent political races, articles that highlight educational and job opportunities for African-Americans in the community, editorials, and creative writing.","In the Spring of 2021, students in HIST285, \"Building a Community Archive: The Voice of Prince Edward and the Moton Story\" conducted oral history interviews with contributors to the paper. This series contains five interviews."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe nature of the Hampden-Sydney College Archives and Special Collections means that copyright or other information about restrictions may be difficult or even impossible to determine despite reasonable efforts. As a result, Hampden-Sydney College claims only physical ownership of most Special Collections materials. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\nThe materials from our collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user must assume full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used for academic research or otherwise should be fully credited with the source.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \nThis collection may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations. Researchers are advised that the disclosure of certain information pertaining to identifiable living individuals represented in this collection without the consent of those individuals may have legal ramifications (e.g. cause of action under common law for invasion of privacy may arise if facts concerning and individual's private life are published that would be deemed highly offensive to a reasonable person) for which the College assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use of These Materials"],"userestrict_tesim":["The nature of the Hampden-Sydney College Archives and Special Collections means that copyright or other information about restrictions may be difficult or even impossible to determine despite reasonable efforts. As a result, Hampden-Sydney College claims only physical ownership of most Special Collections materials.  \nThe materials from our collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user must assume full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used for academic research or otherwise should be fully credited with the source.  \nThis collection may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations. Researchers are advised that the disclosure of certain information pertaining to identifiable living individuals represented in this collection without the consent of those individuals may have legal ramifications (e.g. cause of action under common law for invasion of privacy may arise if facts concerning and individual's private life are published that would be deemed highly offensive to a reasonable person) for which the College assumes no responsibility."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_eb42944ea405380ee35ef71b0673e3ac\"\u003ePublished between the years of 1965 and 1969, the \u003ctitle\u003eVoice of Prince Edward County\u003c/title\u003e was an independent, privately financed newspaper out of Farmville, Virginia. The stated intent of the paper, printed as an Editors' note in the July 26, 1965 issue, reads:\n\t\u003cblockquote\u003e\"The \u003ctitle\u003eVOICE\u003c/title\u003e of Prince Edward County is dedicated to give a voice to all the people of Prince Edward County. We will try to create more interest in local government by showing how the people can become involved in solving our problems in education, health, welfare, and employment. We will report the news for the whole community and we will let our officials know how the community feels. We will publish your letters to us and look forward to hearing your views. Finally, we will serve as an outlet for the creative ability of people in the community and we hope that the pieces we publish will inspire others.\"\u003c/blockquote\u003eThough the editorial staff differed from issue to issue, most contributors to the paper were African-American residents of Prince Edward County, some of whom had suffered directly as a result of the 1959-1964 closure of the county's public schools. By 1969, \u003cpersname\u003eAlphonso O'Neil-White\u003c/persname\u003e, the first African-American student at \u003ccorpname\u003eHampden-Sydney College\u003c/corpname\u003e, was the sole credited editor of the paper.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Published between the years of 1965 and 1969, the  Voice of Prince Edward County  was an independent, privately financed newspaper out of Farmville, Virginia. The stated intent of the paper, printed as an Editors' note in the July 26, 1965 issue, reads:\n\t \"The  VOICE  of Prince Edward County is dedicated to give a voice to all the people of Prince Edward County. We will try to create more interest in local government by showing how the people can become involved in solving our problems in education, health, welfare, and employment. We will report the news for the whole community and we will let our officials know how the community feels. We will publish your letters to us and look forward to hearing your views. Finally, we will serve as an outlet for the creative ability of people in the community and we hope that the pieces we publish will inspire others.\" Though the editorial staff differed from issue to issue, most contributors to the paper were African-American residents of Prince Edward County, some of whom had suffered directly as a result of the 1959-1964 closure of the county's public schools. By 1969,  Alphonso O'Neil-White , the first African-American student at  Hampden-Sydney College , was the sole credited editor of the paper."],"names_ssim":["Hampden-Sydney College Archives \u0026 Special Collections","Hampden-Sydney College","Robert Russa Moton High School","Prince Edward County","Voice of Prince Edward","Alphonso O'Neil-White"],"corpname_ssim":["Hampden-Sydney College Archives \u0026 Special Collections","Hampden-Sydney College","Robert Russa Moton High School","Prince Edward County"],"name_ssim":["Voice of Prince Edward"],"persname_ssim":["Alphonso O'Neil-White"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":32,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T04:18:11.069Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihdsc_repositories_2_resources_10_c02_c05"}},{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3232","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Rosalie Stewart Detch, Papers and Ephemera","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3232#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Detch, Rosalie Stewart.","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3232#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Papers and ephemera of Rosalie Stewart Detch, West Virginia University alumna and school teacher and administrator in Greenbrier County. Includes material regarding Detch's father John L. Stewart, her time as a student at WVU, and her career in education. Includes programs, news clippings, tickets, schedules, postcards, and photographs, among other material. See \"Scope and Content Note\" for further information.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3232#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3232","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3232","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3232","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3232","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WVU/repositories_2_resources_3232.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/ark:/99999/197192","title_ssm":["Rosalie Stewart Detch, Papers and Ephemera"],"title_tesim":["Rosalie Stewart Detch, Papers and Ephemera"],"unitdate_ssm":["1907-1982"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1907-1982"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A\u0026M 3968","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/3232"],"text":["A\u0026M 3968","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/3232","Rosalie Stewart Detch, Papers and Ephemera","Greenbrier County (W. Va.)","Morgantown (W. Va.)","Parkersburg (W. Va.)","Advertising","Education -- West Virginia","Fraternal organizations - West Virginia.","Greek letter societies","High Schools -- West Virginia","Presbyterian Church.","Railroad -- Timetables","Teachers","Segregation in education","Teachers' letters and papers.","West Virginia University  -- Students","No special access restriction applies.","Papers and ephemera of Rosalie Stewart Detch, West Virginia University alumna and school teacher and administrator in Greenbrier County. Includes material regarding Detch's father John L. Stewart, her time as a student at WVU, and her career in education. Includes programs, news clippings, advertisements, tickets, schedules, postcards, and photographs, among other material.","This collection is organized into fifteen series:","Series 1. John L. Stewart; 1916-1922; box 1, folder 1","Series 2. Rosalie Stewart Detch; 1933-1966, undated; box 1, folders 2-3","Series 3. Advertisements; 1912-1933, undated; box 1, folder 4","Series 4. Dances; 1934-1935; box 1, folder 5","Series 5. Elections and Politics; 1920-1950, undated; box 1, folders 6-7","Series 6. First Presbyterian Church of Huntington; 1930-1982; box 1, folders 8-9","Series 7. Football; 1918-1934; box 1, folder 10","Series 8. Fraternal Orders; 1917-1932, undated; box 1, folder 11 through box 2, folder 1","Series 9. High School Commencement Programs; 1916-1956; box 2, folder 2","Series 10. Photographs; 1907-1920, undated; box 2, folder 3","Series 11. Postcards; 1913, undated; box 2, folder 4","Series 12. Railroad Schedules; 1922-1932, undated; box 2, folder 5","Series 13. School-related Ephemera; 1925-1971; box 2, folders 6-9","Series 14. Theater, Music, and Dance; 1916-1935, undated; box 2, folder 10","Series 15. Miscellaneous Ephemera; 1914-1955, undated; box 2, folders 11-12","Contains material regarding John L. Stewart (father of Rosalie Stewart Detch) and his career as a teacher and administrator at Parkersburg High School, including contracts, correspondence, and other material.","Contains material regarding Rosalie Stewart Detch, her time as a student and sorority sister at West Virginia University, and her career as a school teacher and administrator in Greenbrier County.","Contains advertisements, mainly for companies located in Huntington, WV.","Contains programs and dance cards.","Contains election advertising, sample ballots, and other material.","Contains material regarding the First Presbyterian Church of Huntington, including programs, a sermon, yearbooks of the Mother's Class, and other material.","Contains tickets, programs, and schedules for football games played by Huntington High School, West Virginia University, and other teams.","Contains material regarding fraternal orders, including the Order of the Eastern Star, Masons, and the Ku Klux Klan. Includes programs, membership cards, and other material.","Contains commencement programs and related material for Huntington High School, Morgantown High School, and other schools.","Contains photographs, mainly of locations in Morgantown and Parkersburg.","Contains postcards, mainly showing scenes in Huntington and other West Virginia locations.","Contains schedules for railroads and other forms of transportation.","Contains material regarding West Virginia public schools, colleges, and universities. Includes directories, publications, and other material.","Contains programs, tickets, and advertisements for theatrical, musical, and other performances.","Contains miscellaneous ephemera, including programs, yearbooks, and other material.","Separated to book collection:","Historical Pageant  (October 1925).","\nHuntington High School,  The Huntingtonian . 1932.","\nParkersburg High School,  The Pilgrim . 1914.","\nParkersburg High School,  The Quill . 1922.","\nParkersburg High School,  The Quill . January 1923.","\nParkersburg High School,  The Quill . June 1923.","The West Virginia Review  2, no. 10 (July 1925).","Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","Papers and ephemera of Rosalie Stewart Detch, West Virginia University alumna and school teacher and administrator in Greenbrier County. Includes material regarding Detch's father John L. Stewart, her time as a student at WVU, and her career in education. Includes programs, news clippings, tickets, schedules, postcards, and photographs, among other material. See \"Scope and Content Note\" for further information.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/","West Virginia and Regional History Center","Detch, Rosalie Stewart.","Stewart, John L.","English"],"unitid_tesim":["A\u0026M 3968","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/3232"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Rosalie Stewart Detch, Papers and Ephemera"],"collection_title_tesim":["Rosalie Stewart Detch, Papers and Ephemera"],"collection_ssim":["Rosalie Stewart Detch, Papers and Ephemera"],"repository_ssm":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"geogname_ssm":["Greenbrier County (W. Va.)","Morgantown (W. Va.)","Parkersburg (W. Va.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Greenbrier County (W. Va.)","Morgantown (W. Va.)","Parkersburg (W. Va.)"],"creator_ssm":["Detch, Rosalie Stewart."],"creator_ssim":["Detch, Rosalie Stewart."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Detch, Rosalie Stewart."],"creators_ssim":["Detch, Rosalie Stewart."],"places_ssim":["Greenbrier County (W. Va.)","Morgantown (W. Va.)","Parkersburg (W. Va.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Advertising","Education -- West Virginia","Fraternal organizations - West Virginia.","Greek letter societies","High Schools -- West Virginia","Presbyterian Church.","Railroad -- Timetables","Teachers","Segregation in education","Teachers' letters and papers.","West Virginia University  -- Students"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Advertising","Education -- West Virginia","Fraternal organizations - West Virginia.","Greek letter societies","High Schools -- West Virginia","Presbyterian Church.","Railroad -- Timetables","Teachers","Segregation in education","Teachers' letters and papers.","West Virginia University  -- Students"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.8 Linear Feet Summary: 10 in. (2 document cases, 5 in. each)"],"extent_tesim":["0.8 Linear Feet Summary: 10 in. (2 document cases, 5 in. each)"],"date_range_isim":[1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo special access restriction applies.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["No special access restriction applies."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Rosalie Stewart Detch, Papers and Ephemera, A\u0026amp;M 3968, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Rosalie Stewart Detch, Papers and Ephemera, A\u0026M 3968, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePapers and ephemera of Rosalie Stewart Detch, West Virginia University alumna and school teacher and administrator in Greenbrier County. Includes material regarding Detch's father John L. Stewart, her time as a student at WVU, and her career in education. Includes programs, news clippings, advertisements, tickets, schedules, postcards, and photographs, among other material.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThis collection is organized into fifteen series:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1. John L. Stewart; 1916-1922; box 1, folder 1\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 2. Rosalie Stewart Detch; 1933-1966, undated; box 1, folders 2-3\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 3. Advertisements; 1912-1933, undated; box 1, folder 4\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 4. Dances; 1934-1935; box 1, folder 5\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 5. Elections and Politics; 1920-1950, undated; box 1, folders 6-7\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 6. First Presbyterian Church of Huntington; 1930-1982; box 1, folders 8-9\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 7. Football; 1918-1934; box 1, folder 10\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 8. Fraternal Orders; 1917-1932, undated; box 1, folder 11 through box 2, folder 1\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 9. High School Commencement Programs; 1916-1956; box 2, folder 2\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 10. Photographs; 1907-1920, undated; box 2, folder 3\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 11. Postcards; 1913, undated; box 2, folder 4\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 12. Railroad Schedules; 1922-1932, undated; box 2, folder 5\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 13. School-related Ephemera; 1925-1971; box 2, folders 6-9\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 14. Theater, Music, and Dance; 1916-1935, undated; box 2, folder 10\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 15. Miscellaneous Ephemera; 1914-1955, undated; box 2, folders 11-12\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains material regarding John L. Stewart (father of Rosalie Stewart Detch) and his career as a teacher and administrator at Parkersburg High School, including contracts, correspondence, and other material.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains material regarding Rosalie Stewart Detch, her time as a student and sorority sister at West Virginia University, and her career as a school teacher and administrator in Greenbrier County.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains advertisements, mainly for companies located in Huntington, WV.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains programs and dance cards.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains election advertising, sample ballots, and other material.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains material regarding the First Presbyterian Church of Huntington, including programs, a sermon, yearbooks of the Mother's Class, and other material.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains tickets, programs, and schedules for football games played by Huntington High School, West Virginia University, and other teams.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains material regarding fraternal orders, including the Order of the Eastern Star, Masons, and the Ku Klux Klan. Includes programs, membership cards, and other material.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains commencement programs and related material for Huntington High School, Morgantown High School, and other schools.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains photographs, mainly of locations in Morgantown and Parkersburg.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains postcards, mainly showing scenes in Huntington and other West Virginia locations.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains schedules for railroads and other forms of transportation.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains material regarding West Virginia public schools, colleges, and universities. Includes directories, publications, and other material.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains programs, tickets, and advertisements for theatrical, musical, and other performances.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains miscellaneous ephemera, including programs, yearbooks, and other material.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Content","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Papers and ephemera of Rosalie Stewart Detch, West Virginia University alumna and school teacher and administrator in Greenbrier County. Includes material regarding Detch's father John L. Stewart, her time as a student at WVU, and her career in education. Includes programs, news clippings, advertisements, tickets, schedules, postcards, and photographs, among other material.","This collection is organized into fifteen series:","Series 1. John L. Stewart; 1916-1922; box 1, folder 1","Series 2. Rosalie Stewart Detch; 1933-1966, undated; box 1, folders 2-3","Series 3. Advertisements; 1912-1933, undated; box 1, folder 4","Series 4. Dances; 1934-1935; box 1, folder 5","Series 5. Elections and Politics; 1920-1950, undated; box 1, folders 6-7","Series 6. First Presbyterian Church of Huntington; 1930-1982; box 1, folders 8-9","Series 7. Football; 1918-1934; box 1, folder 10","Series 8. Fraternal Orders; 1917-1932, undated; box 1, folder 11 through box 2, folder 1","Series 9. High School Commencement Programs; 1916-1956; box 2, folder 2","Series 10. Photographs; 1907-1920, undated; box 2, folder 3","Series 11. Postcards; 1913, undated; box 2, folder 4","Series 12. Railroad Schedules; 1922-1932, undated; box 2, folder 5","Series 13. School-related Ephemera; 1925-1971; box 2, folders 6-9","Series 14. Theater, Music, and Dance; 1916-1935, undated; box 2, folder 10","Series 15. Miscellaneous Ephemera; 1914-1955, undated; box 2, folders 11-12","Contains material regarding John L. Stewart (father of Rosalie Stewart Detch) and his career as a teacher and administrator at Parkersburg High School, including contracts, correspondence, and other material.","Contains material regarding Rosalie Stewart Detch, her time as a student and sorority sister at West Virginia University, and her career as a school teacher and administrator in Greenbrier County.","Contains advertisements, mainly for companies located in Huntington, WV.","Contains programs and dance cards.","Contains election advertising, sample ballots, and other material.","Contains material regarding the First Presbyterian Church of Huntington, including programs, a sermon, yearbooks of the Mother's Class, and other material.","Contains tickets, programs, and schedules for football games played by Huntington High School, West Virginia University, and other teams.","Contains material regarding fraternal orders, including the Order of the Eastern Star, Masons, and the Ku Klux Klan. Includes programs, membership cards, and other material.","Contains commencement programs and related material for Huntington High School, Morgantown High School, and other schools.","Contains photographs, mainly of locations in Morgantown and Parkersburg.","Contains postcards, mainly showing scenes in Huntington and other West Virginia locations.","Contains schedules for railroads and other forms of transportation.","Contains material regarding West Virginia public schools, colleges, and universities. Includes directories, publications, and other material.","Contains programs, tickets, and advertisements for theatrical, musical, and other performances.","Contains miscellaneous ephemera, including programs, yearbooks, and other material."],"separatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSeparated to book collection:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\n\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eHistorical Pageant\u003c/title\u003e (October 1925).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nHuntington High School, \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Huntingtonian\u003c/title\u003e. 1932.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nParkersburg High School, \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Pilgrim\u003c/title\u003e. 1914.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nParkersburg High School, \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Quill\u003c/title\u003e. 1922.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nParkersburg High School, \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Quill\u003c/title\u003e. January 1923.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nParkersburg High School, \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Quill\u003c/title\u003e. June 1923.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\n\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe West Virginia Review\u003c/title\u003e 2, no. 10 (July 1925).\u003c/p\u003e"],"separatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Separated Materials"],"separatedmaterial_tesim":["Separated to book collection:","Historical Pageant  (October 1925).","\nHuntington High School,  The Huntingtonian . 1932.","\nParkersburg High School,  The Pilgrim . 1914.","\nParkersburg High School,  The Quill . 1922.","\nParkersburg High School,  The Quill . January 1923.","\nParkersburg High School,  The Quill . June 1923.","The West Virginia Review  2, no. 10 (July 1925)."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_5199801287783696501eb3eb30dd427a\"\u003ePapers and ephemera of Rosalie Stewart Detch, West Virginia University alumna and school teacher and administrator in Greenbrier County. Includes material regarding Detch's father John L. Stewart, her time as a student at WVU, and her career in education. Includes programs, news clippings, tickets, schedules, postcards, and photographs, among other material. See \"Scope and Content Note\" for further information.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Papers and ephemera of Rosalie Stewart Detch, West Virginia University alumna and school teacher and administrator in Greenbrier County. Includes material regarding Detch's father John L. Stewart, her time as a student at WVU, and her career in education. Includes programs, news clippings, tickets, schedules, postcards, and photographs, among other material. See \"Scope and Content Note\" for further information."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_0ff5f6957754c7c7be86dd4c03d7a299\"\u003eWest Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/"],"names_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Detch, Rosalie Stewart.","Stewart, John L."],"corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"names_coll_ssim":["Detch, Rosalie Stewart.","Stewart, John L."],"persname_ssim":["Detch, Rosalie Stewart.","Stewart, John L."],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":164,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T01:33:29.673Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3232","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3232","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3232","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3232","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WVU/repositories_2_resources_3232.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/ark:/99999/197192","title_ssm":["Rosalie Stewart Detch, Papers and Ephemera"],"title_tesim":["Rosalie Stewart Detch, Papers and Ephemera"],"unitdate_ssm":["1907-1982"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1907-1982"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A\u0026M 3968","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/3232"],"text":["A\u0026M 3968","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/3232","Rosalie Stewart Detch, Papers and Ephemera","Greenbrier County (W. Va.)","Morgantown (W. Va.)","Parkersburg (W. Va.)","Advertising","Education -- West Virginia","Fraternal organizations - West Virginia.","Greek letter societies","High Schools -- West Virginia","Presbyterian Church.","Railroad -- Timetables","Teachers","Segregation in education","Teachers' letters and papers.","West Virginia University  -- Students","No special access restriction applies.","Papers and ephemera of Rosalie Stewart Detch, West Virginia University alumna and school teacher and administrator in Greenbrier County. Includes material regarding Detch's father John L. Stewart, her time as a student at WVU, and her career in education. Includes programs, news clippings, advertisements, tickets, schedules, postcards, and photographs, among other material.","This collection is organized into fifteen series:","Series 1. John L. Stewart; 1916-1922; box 1, folder 1","Series 2. Rosalie Stewart Detch; 1933-1966, undated; box 1, folders 2-3","Series 3. Advertisements; 1912-1933, undated; box 1, folder 4","Series 4. Dances; 1934-1935; box 1, folder 5","Series 5. Elections and Politics; 1920-1950, undated; box 1, folders 6-7","Series 6. First Presbyterian Church of Huntington; 1930-1982; box 1, folders 8-9","Series 7. Football; 1918-1934; box 1, folder 10","Series 8. Fraternal Orders; 1917-1932, undated; box 1, folder 11 through box 2, folder 1","Series 9. High School Commencement Programs; 1916-1956; box 2, folder 2","Series 10. Photographs; 1907-1920, undated; box 2, folder 3","Series 11. Postcards; 1913, undated; box 2, folder 4","Series 12. Railroad Schedules; 1922-1932, undated; box 2, folder 5","Series 13. School-related Ephemera; 1925-1971; box 2, folders 6-9","Series 14. Theater, Music, and Dance; 1916-1935, undated; box 2, folder 10","Series 15. Miscellaneous Ephemera; 1914-1955, undated; box 2, folders 11-12","Contains material regarding John L. Stewart (father of Rosalie Stewart Detch) and his career as a teacher and administrator at Parkersburg High School, including contracts, correspondence, and other material.","Contains material regarding Rosalie Stewart Detch, her time as a student and sorority sister at West Virginia University, and her career as a school teacher and administrator in Greenbrier County.","Contains advertisements, mainly for companies located in Huntington, WV.","Contains programs and dance cards.","Contains election advertising, sample ballots, and other material.","Contains material regarding the First Presbyterian Church of Huntington, including programs, a sermon, yearbooks of the Mother's Class, and other material.","Contains tickets, programs, and schedules for football games played by Huntington High School, West Virginia University, and other teams.","Contains material regarding fraternal orders, including the Order of the Eastern Star, Masons, and the Ku Klux Klan. Includes programs, membership cards, and other material.","Contains commencement programs and related material for Huntington High School, Morgantown High School, and other schools.","Contains photographs, mainly of locations in Morgantown and Parkersburg.","Contains postcards, mainly showing scenes in Huntington and other West Virginia locations.","Contains schedules for railroads and other forms of transportation.","Contains material regarding West Virginia public schools, colleges, and universities. Includes directories, publications, and other material.","Contains programs, tickets, and advertisements for theatrical, musical, and other performances.","Contains miscellaneous ephemera, including programs, yearbooks, and other material.","Separated to book collection:","Historical Pageant  (October 1925).","\nHuntington High School,  The Huntingtonian . 1932.","\nParkersburg High School,  The Pilgrim . 1914.","\nParkersburg High School,  The Quill . 1922.","\nParkersburg High School,  The Quill . January 1923.","\nParkersburg High School,  The Quill . June 1923.","The West Virginia Review  2, no. 10 (July 1925).","Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","Papers and ephemera of Rosalie Stewart Detch, West Virginia University alumna and school teacher and administrator in Greenbrier County. Includes material regarding Detch's father John L. Stewart, her time as a student at WVU, and her career in education. Includes programs, news clippings, tickets, schedules, postcards, and photographs, among other material. See \"Scope and Content Note\" for further information.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/","West Virginia and Regional History Center","Detch, Rosalie Stewart.","Stewart, John L.","English"],"unitid_tesim":["A\u0026M 3968","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/3232"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Rosalie Stewart Detch, Papers and Ephemera"],"collection_title_tesim":["Rosalie Stewart Detch, Papers and Ephemera"],"collection_ssim":["Rosalie Stewart Detch, Papers and Ephemera"],"repository_ssm":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"geogname_ssm":["Greenbrier County (W. Va.)","Morgantown (W. Va.)","Parkersburg (W. Va.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Greenbrier County (W. Va.)","Morgantown (W. Va.)","Parkersburg (W. Va.)"],"creator_ssm":["Detch, Rosalie Stewart."],"creator_ssim":["Detch, Rosalie Stewart."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Detch, Rosalie Stewart."],"creators_ssim":["Detch, Rosalie Stewart."],"places_ssim":["Greenbrier County (W. Va.)","Morgantown (W. Va.)","Parkersburg (W. Va.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Advertising","Education -- West Virginia","Fraternal organizations - West Virginia.","Greek letter societies","High Schools -- West Virginia","Presbyterian Church.","Railroad -- Timetables","Teachers","Segregation in education","Teachers' letters and papers.","West Virginia University  -- Students"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Advertising","Education -- West Virginia","Fraternal organizations - West Virginia.","Greek letter societies","High Schools -- West Virginia","Presbyterian Church.","Railroad -- Timetables","Teachers","Segregation in education","Teachers' letters and papers.","West Virginia University  -- Students"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.8 Linear Feet Summary: 10 in. (2 document cases, 5 in. each)"],"extent_tesim":["0.8 Linear Feet Summary: 10 in. (2 document cases, 5 in. each)"],"date_range_isim":[1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo special access restriction applies.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["No special access restriction applies."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Rosalie Stewart Detch, Papers and Ephemera, A\u0026amp;M 3968, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Rosalie Stewart Detch, Papers and Ephemera, A\u0026M 3968, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePapers and ephemera of Rosalie Stewart Detch, West Virginia University alumna and school teacher and administrator in Greenbrier County. Includes material regarding Detch's father John L. Stewart, her time as a student at WVU, and her career in education. Includes programs, news clippings, advertisements, tickets, schedules, postcards, and photographs, among other material.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThis collection is organized into fifteen series:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1. John L. Stewart; 1916-1922; box 1, folder 1\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 2. Rosalie Stewart Detch; 1933-1966, undated; box 1, folders 2-3\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 3. Advertisements; 1912-1933, undated; box 1, folder 4\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 4. Dances; 1934-1935; box 1, folder 5\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 5. Elections and Politics; 1920-1950, undated; box 1, folders 6-7\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 6. First Presbyterian Church of Huntington; 1930-1982; box 1, folders 8-9\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 7. Football; 1918-1934; box 1, folder 10\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 8. Fraternal Orders; 1917-1932, undated; box 1, folder 11 through box 2, folder 1\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 9. High School Commencement Programs; 1916-1956; box 2, folder 2\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 10. Photographs; 1907-1920, undated; box 2, folder 3\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 11. Postcards; 1913, undated; box 2, folder 4\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 12. Railroad Schedules; 1922-1932, undated; box 2, folder 5\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 13. School-related Ephemera; 1925-1971; box 2, folders 6-9\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 14. Theater, Music, and Dance; 1916-1935, undated; box 2, folder 10\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 15. Miscellaneous Ephemera; 1914-1955, undated; box 2, folders 11-12\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains material regarding John L. Stewart (father of Rosalie Stewart Detch) and his career as a teacher and administrator at Parkersburg High School, including contracts, correspondence, and other material.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains material regarding Rosalie Stewart Detch, her time as a student and sorority sister at West Virginia University, and her career as a school teacher and administrator in Greenbrier County.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains advertisements, mainly for companies located in Huntington, WV.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains programs and dance cards.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains election advertising, sample ballots, and other material.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains material regarding the First Presbyterian Church of Huntington, including programs, a sermon, yearbooks of the Mother's Class, and other material.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains tickets, programs, and schedules for football games played by Huntington High School, West Virginia University, and other teams.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains material regarding fraternal orders, including the Order of the Eastern Star, Masons, and the Ku Klux Klan. Includes programs, membership cards, and other material.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains commencement programs and related material for Huntington High School, Morgantown High School, and other schools.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains photographs, mainly of locations in Morgantown and Parkersburg.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains postcards, mainly showing scenes in Huntington and other West Virginia locations.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains schedules for railroads and other forms of transportation.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains material regarding West Virginia public schools, colleges, and universities. Includes directories, publications, and other material.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains programs, tickets, and advertisements for theatrical, musical, and other performances.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains miscellaneous ephemera, including programs, yearbooks, and other material.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Content","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Papers and ephemera of Rosalie Stewart Detch, West Virginia University alumna and school teacher and administrator in Greenbrier County. Includes material regarding Detch's father John L. Stewart, her time as a student at WVU, and her career in education. Includes programs, news clippings, advertisements, tickets, schedules, postcards, and photographs, among other material.","This collection is organized into fifteen series:","Series 1. John L. Stewart; 1916-1922; box 1, folder 1","Series 2. Rosalie Stewart Detch; 1933-1966, undated; box 1, folders 2-3","Series 3. Advertisements; 1912-1933, undated; box 1, folder 4","Series 4. Dances; 1934-1935; box 1, folder 5","Series 5. Elections and Politics; 1920-1950, undated; box 1, folders 6-7","Series 6. First Presbyterian Church of Huntington; 1930-1982; box 1, folders 8-9","Series 7. Football; 1918-1934; box 1, folder 10","Series 8. Fraternal Orders; 1917-1932, undated; box 1, folder 11 through box 2, folder 1","Series 9. High School Commencement Programs; 1916-1956; box 2, folder 2","Series 10. Photographs; 1907-1920, undated; box 2, folder 3","Series 11. Postcards; 1913, undated; box 2, folder 4","Series 12. Railroad Schedules; 1922-1932, undated; box 2, folder 5","Series 13. School-related Ephemera; 1925-1971; box 2, folders 6-9","Series 14. Theater, Music, and Dance; 1916-1935, undated; box 2, folder 10","Series 15. Miscellaneous Ephemera; 1914-1955, undated; box 2, folders 11-12","Contains material regarding John L. Stewart (father of Rosalie Stewart Detch) and his career as a teacher and administrator at Parkersburg High School, including contracts, correspondence, and other material.","Contains material regarding Rosalie Stewart Detch, her time as a student and sorority sister at West Virginia University, and her career as a school teacher and administrator in Greenbrier County.","Contains advertisements, mainly for companies located in Huntington, WV.","Contains programs and dance cards.","Contains election advertising, sample ballots, and other material.","Contains material regarding the First Presbyterian Church of Huntington, including programs, a sermon, yearbooks of the Mother's Class, and other material.","Contains tickets, programs, and schedules for football games played by Huntington High School, West Virginia University, and other teams.","Contains material regarding fraternal orders, including the Order of the Eastern Star, Masons, and the Ku Klux Klan. Includes programs, membership cards, and other material.","Contains commencement programs and related material for Huntington High School, Morgantown High School, and other schools.","Contains photographs, mainly of locations in Morgantown and Parkersburg.","Contains postcards, mainly showing scenes in Huntington and other West Virginia locations.","Contains schedules for railroads and other forms of transportation.","Contains material regarding West Virginia public schools, colleges, and universities. Includes directories, publications, and other material.","Contains programs, tickets, and advertisements for theatrical, musical, and other performances.","Contains miscellaneous ephemera, including programs, yearbooks, and other material."],"separatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSeparated to book collection:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\n\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eHistorical Pageant\u003c/title\u003e (October 1925).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nHuntington High School, \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Huntingtonian\u003c/title\u003e. 1932.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nParkersburg High School, \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Pilgrim\u003c/title\u003e. 1914.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nParkersburg High School, \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Quill\u003c/title\u003e. 1922.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nParkersburg High School, \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Quill\u003c/title\u003e. January 1923.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nParkersburg High School, \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Quill\u003c/title\u003e. June 1923.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\n\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe West Virginia Review\u003c/title\u003e 2, no. 10 (July 1925).\u003c/p\u003e"],"separatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Separated Materials"],"separatedmaterial_tesim":["Separated to book collection:","Historical Pageant  (October 1925).","\nHuntington High School,  The Huntingtonian . 1932.","\nParkersburg High School,  The Pilgrim . 1914.","\nParkersburg High School,  The Quill . 1922.","\nParkersburg High School,  The Quill . January 1923.","\nParkersburg High School,  The Quill . June 1923.","The West Virginia Review  2, no. 10 (July 1925)."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_5199801287783696501eb3eb30dd427a\"\u003ePapers and ephemera of Rosalie Stewart Detch, West Virginia University alumna and school teacher and administrator in Greenbrier County. Includes material regarding Detch's father John L. Stewart, her time as a student at WVU, and her career in education. Includes programs, news clippings, tickets, schedules, postcards, and photographs, among other material. See \"Scope and Content Note\" for further information.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Papers and ephemera of Rosalie Stewart Detch, West Virginia University alumna and school teacher and administrator in Greenbrier County. Includes material regarding Detch's father John L. Stewart, her time as a student at WVU, and her career in education. Includes programs, news clippings, tickets, schedules, postcards, and photographs, among other material. See \"Scope and Content Note\" for further information."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_0ff5f6957754c7c7be86dd4c03d7a299\"\u003eWest Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/"],"names_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Detch, Rosalie Stewart.","Stewart, John L."],"corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"names_coll_ssim":["Detch, Rosalie Stewart.","Stewart, John L."],"persname_ssim":["Detch, Rosalie Stewart.","Stewart, John L."],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":164,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T01:33:29.673Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3232"}},{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6903","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Stephen Capaldo Collection of Material from Southeastern West Virginia","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6903#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eCollection includes company pay, union dues book, and training certificates (ca. 1939-1974) pertaining to United Mine Workers of America member Fred Capaldo, an Italian immigrant who worked for Leckie Smokeless Coal Company in Greenbrier County, West Virginia. 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