{"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951","last":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951\u0026page=1"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":1,"next_page":null,"prev_page":null,"total_pages":1,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":0,"total_count":7,"first_page?":true,"last_page?":true}},"data":[{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_35","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"A.E.S. Stephens Papers, 1949/1961","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_35#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Stephens, Allie Edward Stokes (1900-1973)","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_35#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Served in both the House of Delegates (1929-1941) and the State Senate (1941-1952), and as Lieutenant Governor (1952-1961). Ran unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for Governor in 1961 against Albertis Harrison. Centers around this unsuccessful campaign and contains papers focusing on the issue of Massive Resistance to integration, dating to the early 1950s.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_35#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_35","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_35","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_35","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_35","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_35.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/35","title_filing_ssi":"Stephens, A.E.S.","title_ssm":["A.E.S. Stephens Papers"],"title_tesim":["A.E.S. Stephens Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1949-1961, undated","Date acquired: 05/20/1977"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1949-1961, undated"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 05/20/1977"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1949/1961"],"normalized_title_ssm":["A.E.S. Stephens Papers, 1949/1961"],"text":["A.E.S. Stephens Papers, 1949/1961","MG 19","/repositories/5/resources/35","Virginia--Politics and government","School integration--Massive resistance movement","Collection is open to researchers without restrictions.","The papers are divided into eight series: Series I: Correspondence; Series II: Photographs; Series III: Biographical Data; Series IV: Newspaper Clippings; Series V: Campaign Records; Series VI: Speeches; Series VII: Statements; and Series VIII: Reference Material.","Allie Edward Stakes Stephens was born November 4, 1900, in Wicomico Church, Virginia. Stephens began practicing law in the Isle of Wight County, Virginia, on September 15, 1923. It was in Isle of Wight County in 1927 that Stephens experienced a violent initiation into politics. An incident occurred in which a fourteen year old white girl was allegedly brutally murdered by a black man. At a time in Virginia history when lynchings still occurred, a mob formed and demanded the death of the defendant. The Isle of Wight Commonwealth's Attorney, however, succeeded in transporting the black man safely to Petersburg. Stephens was asked by angry Isle of Wight residents to run for Commonwealth's Attorney as an independent candidate, but Stephens made it absolutely clear that he would neither run, nor accept the office if elected. Stephens, in fact, won the election, but as he had promised he refused to accept the office despite the attempted intimidation of the Ku Klux Klan.\nStephens formally began his political career when he was elected as a Democrat to the House of Delegates in 1929. He served as a Delegate for twelve years. In 1941 Stephens was elected to the Virginia Senate where he served until 1952. After the death of Lieutenant Governor Lewis Preston Collins on September 20, 1952, Stephens announced his candidacy for the unexpired portion of Collins' term. His candidacy was successful and in November 1953, he was elected to a full four-year term. Stephens was re-elected Lieutenant Governor in 1957, and served in that capacity until his resignation after an unsuccessful candidacy for the Governorship in 1961.Throughout his political career, Stephens remained a member of the Democratic Party and until the late 1950s he aligned himself with the powerful Byrd Organization. Stephens split with the Byrd Machine in 1959 when he withdrew his support from the Organization's policy of Massive Resistance to public school desegregation. Stephens' private life was filled with important and varied positions and accomplishments. He married Anna Spratley Delk in 1928, and had three children, including the first girl in the Stephens family in four generations. Stephens was a founder and, at his death, President and a member of the Board of the Directors of Historic St. Luke's Restoration. He was a member of the Smithfield Ruritan Club, Virginia Bar Association and an honorary member of the Smithfield Rotary Club, which he twice served as president. He was Town Attorney for the Town of Smithfield for many years until his retirement on December 3, 1971. Stephens served as a member of the Board of Visitors of Old Dominion University from 1968 to 1972.\nHe died, after a short illness, at Riverside Hospital, Newport News, Virginia on June 9, 1973.","The papers of A.E.S. Stephens center around his unsuccessful campaign for Governor of Virginia from December 1960, until his loss to Albertis Harrison in the Democratic Party primary in July 1961. The majority of the papers prior to the 1960-1961 primary race focus on the issue of Massive Resistance to racial integration in Virginia schools.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","Served in both the House of Delegates (1929-1941) and the State Senate (1941-1952), and as Lieutenant Governor (1952-1961). Ran unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for Governor in 1961 against Albertis Harrison. Centers around this unsuccessful campaign and contains papers focusing on the issue of Massive Resistance to integration, dating to the early 1950s.","ODU Community Collections","Virginia. General Assembly","Virginia. General Assembly. House of Delegates","Virginia. General Assembly. Senate","Stephens, Allie Edward Stokes (1900-1973)","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["A.E.S. Stephens Papers, 1949/1961"],"collection_ssim":["A.E.S. Stephens Papers, 1949/1961"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 19","/repositories/5/resources/35"],"unitid_tesim":["MG 19","/repositories/5/resources/35"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"geogname_ssm":["Virginia--Politics and government"],"geogname_ssim":["Virginia--Politics and government"],"places_ssim":["Virginia--Politics and government"],"creator_ssm":["Stephens, Allie Edward Stokes (1900-1973)"],"creator_ssim":["Stephens, Allie Edward Stokes (1900-1973)"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Stephens, Allie Edward Stokes (1900-1973)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Virginia. General Assembly","Virginia. General Assembly. House of Delegates","Virginia. General Assembly. Senate"],"creators_ssim":["Stephens, Allie Edward Stokes (1900-1973)","ODU Community Collections","Virginia. General Assembly","Virginia. General Assembly. House of Delegates","Virginia. General Assembly. Senate"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Mrs. Anna Delk Stephens and Mr. Rodham T. Delk","Gift. Accession #A77-36"],"access_subjects_ssim":["School integration--Massive resistance movement"],"access_subjects_ssm":["School integration--Massive resistance movement"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["2.40 Linear Feet","6 Hollinger document cases boxes"],"extent_tesim":["2.40 Linear Feet","6 Hollinger document cases boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1977],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to researchers without restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to researchers without restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe papers are divided into eight series: Series I: Correspondence; Series II: Photographs; Series III: Biographical Data; Series IV: Newspaper Clippings; Series V: Campaign Records; Series VI: Speeches; Series VII: Statements; and Series VIII: Reference Material.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The papers are divided into eight series: Series I: Correspondence; Series II: Photographs; Series III: Biographical Data; Series IV: Newspaper Clippings; Series V: Campaign Records; Series VI: Speeches; Series VII: Statements; and Series VIII: Reference Material."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAllie Edward Stakes Stephens was born November 4, 1900, in Wicomico Church, Virginia. Stephens began practicing law in the Isle of Wight County, Virginia, on September 15, 1923. It was in Isle of Wight County in 1927 that Stephens experienced a violent initiation into politics. An incident occurred in which a fourteen year old white girl was allegedly brutally murdered by a black man. At a time in Virginia history when lynchings still occurred, a mob formed and demanded the death of the defendant. The Isle of Wight Commonwealth's Attorney, however, succeeded in transporting the black man safely to Petersburg. Stephens was asked by angry Isle of Wight residents to run for Commonwealth's Attorney as an independent candidate, but Stephens made it absolutely clear that he would neither run, nor accept the office if elected. Stephens, in fact, won the election, but as he had promised he refused to accept the office despite the attempted intimidation of the Ku Klux Klan.\nStephens formally began his political career when he was elected as a Democrat to the House of Delegates in 1929. He served as a Delegate for twelve years. In 1941 Stephens was elected to the Virginia Senate where he served until 1952. After the death of Lieutenant Governor Lewis Preston Collins on September 20, 1952, Stephens announced his candidacy for the unexpired portion of Collins' term. His candidacy was successful and in November 1953, he was elected to a full four-year term. Stephens was re-elected Lieutenant Governor in 1957, and served in that capacity until his resignation after an unsuccessful candidacy for the Governorship in 1961.Throughout his political career, Stephens remained a member of the Democratic Party and until the late 1950s he aligned himself with the powerful Byrd Organization. Stephens split with the Byrd Machine in 1959 when he withdrew his support from the Organization's policy of Massive Resistance to public school desegregation. Stephens' private life was filled with important and varied positions and accomplishments. He married Anna Spratley Delk in 1928, and had three children, including the first girl in the Stephens family in four generations. Stephens was a founder and, at his death, President and a member of the Board of the Directors of Historic St. Luke's Restoration. He was a member of the Smithfield Ruritan Club, Virginia Bar Association and an honorary member of the Smithfield Rotary Club, which he twice served as president. He was Town Attorney for the Town of Smithfield for many years until his retirement on December 3, 1971. Stephens served as a member of the Board of Visitors of Old Dominion University from 1968 to 1972.\nHe died, after a short illness, at Riverside Hospital, Newport News, Virginia on June 9, 1973.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Allie Edward Stakes Stephens was born November 4, 1900, in Wicomico Church, Virginia. Stephens began practicing law in the Isle of Wight County, Virginia, on September 15, 1923. It was in Isle of Wight County in 1927 that Stephens experienced a violent initiation into politics. An incident occurred in which a fourteen year old white girl was allegedly brutally murdered by a black man. At a time in Virginia history when lynchings still occurred, a mob formed and demanded the death of the defendant. The Isle of Wight Commonwealth's Attorney, however, succeeded in transporting the black man safely to Petersburg. Stephens was asked by angry Isle of Wight residents to run for Commonwealth's Attorney as an independent candidate, but Stephens made it absolutely clear that he would neither run, nor accept the office if elected. Stephens, in fact, won the election, but as he had promised he refused to accept the office despite the attempted intimidation of the Ku Klux Klan.\nStephens formally began his political career when he was elected as a Democrat to the House of Delegates in 1929. He served as a Delegate for twelve years. In 1941 Stephens was elected to the Virginia Senate where he served until 1952. After the death of Lieutenant Governor Lewis Preston Collins on September 20, 1952, Stephens announced his candidacy for the unexpired portion of Collins' term. His candidacy was successful and in November 1953, he was elected to a full four-year term. Stephens was re-elected Lieutenant Governor in 1957, and served in that capacity until his resignation after an unsuccessful candidacy for the Governorship in 1961.Throughout his political career, Stephens remained a member of the Democratic Party and until the late 1950s he aligned himself with the powerful Byrd Organization. Stephens split with the Byrd Machine in 1959 when he withdrew his support from the Organization's policy of Massive Resistance to public school desegregation. Stephens' private life was filled with important and varied positions and accomplishments. He married Anna Spratley Delk in 1928, and had three children, including the first girl in the Stephens family in four generations. Stephens was a founder and, at his death, President and a member of the Board of the Directors of Historic St. Luke's Restoration. He was a member of the Smithfield Ruritan Club, Virginia Bar Association and an honorary member of the Smithfield Rotary Club, which he twice served as president. He was Town Attorney for the Town of Smithfield for many years until his retirement on December 3, 1971. Stephens served as a member of the Board of Visitors of Old Dominion University from 1968 to 1972.\nHe died, after a short illness, at Riverside Hospital, Newport News, Virginia on June 9, 1973."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], A. E. S. Stephens Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], A. E. S. Stephens Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe papers of A.E.S. Stephens center around his unsuccessful campaign for Governor of Virginia from December 1960, until his loss to Albertis Harrison in the Democratic Party primary in July 1961. The majority of the papers prior to the 1960-1961 primary race focus on the issue of Massive Resistance to racial integration in Virginia schools.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The papers of A.E.S. Stephens center around his unsuccessful campaign for Governor of Virginia from December 1960, until his loss to Albertis Harrison in the Democratic Party primary in July 1961. The majority of the papers prior to the 1960-1961 primary race focus on the issue of Massive Resistance to racial integration in Virginia schools."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_948fc501b229222e0986f5633ddd96c2\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eServed in both the House of Delegates (1929-1941) and the State Senate (1941-1952), and as Lieutenant Governor (1952-1961). Ran unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for Governor in 1961 against Albertis Harrison. Centers around this unsuccessful campaign and contains papers focusing on the issue of Massive Resistance to integration, dating to the early 1950s.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["Served in both the House of Delegates (1929-1941) and the State Senate (1941-1952), and as Lieutenant Governor (1952-1961). Ran unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for Governor in 1961 against Albertis Harrison. Centers around this unsuccessful campaign and contains papers focusing on the issue of Massive Resistance to integration, dating to the early 1950s."],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Virginia. General Assembly","Virginia. General Assembly. House of Delegates","Virginia. General Assembly. Senate"],"names_coll_ssim":["Virginia. General Assembly","Virginia. General Assembly. House of Delegates","Virginia. General Assembly. Senate","Stephens, Allie Edward Stokes (1900-1973)"],"persname_ssim":["Stephens, Allie Edward Stokes (1900-1973)"],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Virginia. General Assembly","Virginia. General Assembly. House of Delegates","Virginia. General Assembly. Senate","Stephens, Allie Edward Stokes (1900-1973)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":107,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:25:53.622Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_35","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_35","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_35","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_35","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_35.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/35","title_filing_ssi":"Stephens, A.E.S.","title_ssm":["A.E.S. Stephens Papers"],"title_tesim":["A.E.S. Stephens Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1949-1961, undated","Date acquired: 05/20/1977"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1949-1961, undated"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 05/20/1977"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1949/1961"],"normalized_title_ssm":["A.E.S. Stephens Papers, 1949/1961"],"text":["A.E.S. Stephens Papers, 1949/1961","MG 19","/repositories/5/resources/35","Virginia--Politics and government","School integration--Massive resistance movement","Collection is open to researchers without restrictions.","The papers are divided into eight series: Series I: Correspondence; Series II: Photographs; Series III: Biographical Data; Series IV: Newspaper Clippings; Series V: Campaign Records; Series VI: Speeches; Series VII: Statements; and Series VIII: Reference Material.","Allie Edward Stakes Stephens was born November 4, 1900, in Wicomico Church, Virginia. Stephens began practicing law in the Isle of Wight County, Virginia, on September 15, 1923. It was in Isle of Wight County in 1927 that Stephens experienced a violent initiation into politics. An incident occurred in which a fourteen year old white girl was allegedly brutally murdered by a black man. At a time in Virginia history when lynchings still occurred, a mob formed and demanded the death of the defendant. The Isle of Wight Commonwealth's Attorney, however, succeeded in transporting the black man safely to Petersburg. Stephens was asked by angry Isle of Wight residents to run for Commonwealth's Attorney as an independent candidate, but Stephens made it absolutely clear that he would neither run, nor accept the office if elected. Stephens, in fact, won the election, but as he had promised he refused to accept the office despite the attempted intimidation of the Ku Klux Klan.\nStephens formally began his political career when he was elected as a Democrat to the House of Delegates in 1929. He served as a Delegate for twelve years. In 1941 Stephens was elected to the Virginia Senate where he served until 1952. After the death of Lieutenant Governor Lewis Preston Collins on September 20, 1952, Stephens announced his candidacy for the unexpired portion of Collins' term. His candidacy was successful and in November 1953, he was elected to a full four-year term. Stephens was re-elected Lieutenant Governor in 1957, and served in that capacity until his resignation after an unsuccessful candidacy for the Governorship in 1961.Throughout his political career, Stephens remained a member of the Democratic Party and until the late 1950s he aligned himself with the powerful Byrd Organization. Stephens split with the Byrd Machine in 1959 when he withdrew his support from the Organization's policy of Massive Resistance to public school desegregation. Stephens' private life was filled with important and varied positions and accomplishments. He married Anna Spratley Delk in 1928, and had three children, including the first girl in the Stephens family in four generations. Stephens was a founder and, at his death, President and a member of the Board of the Directors of Historic St. Luke's Restoration. He was a member of the Smithfield Ruritan Club, Virginia Bar Association and an honorary member of the Smithfield Rotary Club, which he twice served as president. He was Town Attorney for the Town of Smithfield for many years until his retirement on December 3, 1971. Stephens served as a member of the Board of Visitors of Old Dominion University from 1968 to 1972.\nHe died, after a short illness, at Riverside Hospital, Newport News, Virginia on June 9, 1973.","The papers of A.E.S. Stephens center around his unsuccessful campaign for Governor of Virginia from December 1960, until his loss to Albertis Harrison in the Democratic Party primary in July 1961. The majority of the papers prior to the 1960-1961 primary race focus on the issue of Massive Resistance to racial integration in Virginia schools.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","Served in both the House of Delegates (1929-1941) and the State Senate (1941-1952), and as Lieutenant Governor (1952-1961). Ran unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for Governor in 1961 against Albertis Harrison. Centers around this unsuccessful campaign and contains papers focusing on the issue of Massive Resistance to integration, dating to the early 1950s.","ODU Community Collections","Virginia. General Assembly","Virginia. General Assembly. House of Delegates","Virginia. General Assembly. Senate","Stephens, Allie Edward Stokes (1900-1973)","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["A.E.S. Stephens Papers, 1949/1961"],"collection_ssim":["A.E.S. Stephens Papers, 1949/1961"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 19","/repositories/5/resources/35"],"unitid_tesim":["MG 19","/repositories/5/resources/35"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"geogname_ssm":["Virginia--Politics and government"],"geogname_ssim":["Virginia--Politics and government"],"places_ssim":["Virginia--Politics and government"],"creator_ssm":["Stephens, Allie Edward Stokes (1900-1973)"],"creator_ssim":["Stephens, Allie Edward Stokes (1900-1973)"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Stephens, Allie Edward Stokes (1900-1973)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Virginia. General Assembly","Virginia. General Assembly. House of Delegates","Virginia. General Assembly. Senate"],"creators_ssim":["Stephens, Allie Edward Stokes (1900-1973)","ODU Community Collections","Virginia. General Assembly","Virginia. General Assembly. House of Delegates","Virginia. General Assembly. Senate"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Mrs. Anna Delk Stephens and Mr. Rodham T. Delk","Gift. Accession #A77-36"],"access_subjects_ssim":["School integration--Massive resistance movement"],"access_subjects_ssm":["School integration--Massive resistance movement"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["2.40 Linear Feet","6 Hollinger document cases boxes"],"extent_tesim":["2.40 Linear Feet","6 Hollinger document cases boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1977],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to researchers without restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to researchers without restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe papers are divided into eight series: Series I: Correspondence; Series II: Photographs; Series III: Biographical Data; Series IV: Newspaper Clippings; Series V: Campaign Records; Series VI: Speeches; Series VII: Statements; and Series VIII: Reference Material.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The papers are divided into eight series: Series I: Correspondence; Series II: Photographs; Series III: Biographical Data; Series IV: Newspaper Clippings; Series V: Campaign Records; Series VI: Speeches; Series VII: Statements; and Series VIII: Reference Material."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAllie Edward Stakes Stephens was born November 4, 1900, in Wicomico Church, Virginia. Stephens began practicing law in the Isle of Wight County, Virginia, on September 15, 1923. It was in Isle of Wight County in 1927 that Stephens experienced a violent initiation into politics. An incident occurred in which a fourteen year old white girl was allegedly brutally murdered by a black man. At a time in Virginia history when lynchings still occurred, a mob formed and demanded the death of the defendant. The Isle of Wight Commonwealth's Attorney, however, succeeded in transporting the black man safely to Petersburg. Stephens was asked by angry Isle of Wight residents to run for Commonwealth's Attorney as an independent candidate, but Stephens made it absolutely clear that he would neither run, nor accept the office if elected. Stephens, in fact, won the election, but as he had promised he refused to accept the office despite the attempted intimidation of the Ku Klux Klan.\nStephens formally began his political career when he was elected as a Democrat to the House of Delegates in 1929. He served as a Delegate for twelve years. In 1941 Stephens was elected to the Virginia Senate where he served until 1952. After the death of Lieutenant Governor Lewis Preston Collins on September 20, 1952, Stephens announced his candidacy for the unexpired portion of Collins' term. His candidacy was successful and in November 1953, he was elected to a full four-year term. Stephens was re-elected Lieutenant Governor in 1957, and served in that capacity until his resignation after an unsuccessful candidacy for the Governorship in 1961.Throughout his political career, Stephens remained a member of the Democratic Party and until the late 1950s he aligned himself with the powerful Byrd Organization. Stephens split with the Byrd Machine in 1959 when he withdrew his support from the Organization's policy of Massive Resistance to public school desegregation. Stephens' private life was filled with important and varied positions and accomplishments. He married Anna Spratley Delk in 1928, and had three children, including the first girl in the Stephens family in four generations. Stephens was a founder and, at his death, President and a member of the Board of the Directors of Historic St. Luke's Restoration. He was a member of the Smithfield Ruritan Club, Virginia Bar Association and an honorary member of the Smithfield Rotary Club, which he twice served as president. He was Town Attorney for the Town of Smithfield for many years until his retirement on December 3, 1971. Stephens served as a member of the Board of Visitors of Old Dominion University from 1968 to 1972.\nHe died, after a short illness, at Riverside Hospital, Newport News, Virginia on June 9, 1973.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Allie Edward Stakes Stephens was born November 4, 1900, in Wicomico Church, Virginia. Stephens began practicing law in the Isle of Wight County, Virginia, on September 15, 1923. It was in Isle of Wight County in 1927 that Stephens experienced a violent initiation into politics. An incident occurred in which a fourteen year old white girl was allegedly brutally murdered by a black man. At a time in Virginia history when lynchings still occurred, a mob formed and demanded the death of the defendant. The Isle of Wight Commonwealth's Attorney, however, succeeded in transporting the black man safely to Petersburg. Stephens was asked by angry Isle of Wight residents to run for Commonwealth's Attorney as an independent candidate, but Stephens made it absolutely clear that he would neither run, nor accept the office if elected. Stephens, in fact, won the election, but as he had promised he refused to accept the office despite the attempted intimidation of the Ku Klux Klan.\nStephens formally began his political career when he was elected as a Democrat to the House of Delegates in 1929. He served as a Delegate for twelve years. In 1941 Stephens was elected to the Virginia Senate where he served until 1952. After the death of Lieutenant Governor Lewis Preston Collins on September 20, 1952, Stephens announced his candidacy for the unexpired portion of Collins' term. His candidacy was successful and in November 1953, he was elected to a full four-year term. Stephens was re-elected Lieutenant Governor in 1957, and served in that capacity until his resignation after an unsuccessful candidacy for the Governorship in 1961.Throughout his political career, Stephens remained a member of the Democratic Party and until the late 1950s he aligned himself with the powerful Byrd Organization. Stephens split with the Byrd Machine in 1959 when he withdrew his support from the Organization's policy of Massive Resistance to public school desegregation. Stephens' private life was filled with important and varied positions and accomplishments. He married Anna Spratley Delk in 1928, and had three children, including the first girl in the Stephens family in four generations. Stephens was a founder and, at his death, President and a member of the Board of the Directors of Historic St. Luke's Restoration. He was a member of the Smithfield Ruritan Club, Virginia Bar Association and an honorary member of the Smithfield Rotary Club, which he twice served as president. He was Town Attorney for the Town of Smithfield for many years until his retirement on December 3, 1971. Stephens served as a member of the Board of Visitors of Old Dominion University from 1968 to 1972.\nHe died, after a short illness, at Riverside Hospital, Newport News, Virginia on June 9, 1973."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], A. E. S. Stephens Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], A. E. S. Stephens Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe papers of A.E.S. Stephens center around his unsuccessful campaign for Governor of Virginia from December 1960, until his loss to Albertis Harrison in the Democratic Party primary in July 1961. The majority of the papers prior to the 1960-1961 primary race focus on the issue of Massive Resistance to racial integration in Virginia schools.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The papers of A.E.S. Stephens center around his unsuccessful campaign for Governor of Virginia from December 1960, until his loss to Albertis Harrison in the Democratic Party primary in July 1961. The majority of the papers prior to the 1960-1961 primary race focus on the issue of Massive Resistance to racial integration in Virginia schools."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_948fc501b229222e0986f5633ddd96c2\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eServed in both the House of Delegates (1929-1941) and the State Senate (1941-1952), and as Lieutenant Governor (1952-1961). Ran unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for Governor in 1961 against Albertis Harrison. Centers around this unsuccessful campaign and contains papers focusing on the issue of Massive Resistance to integration, dating to the early 1950s.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["Served in both the House of Delegates (1929-1941) and the State Senate (1941-1952), and as Lieutenant Governor (1952-1961). Ran unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for Governor in 1961 against Albertis Harrison. Centers around this unsuccessful campaign and contains papers focusing on the issue of Massive Resistance to integration, dating to the early 1950s."],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Virginia. General Assembly","Virginia. General Assembly. House of Delegates","Virginia. General Assembly. Senate"],"names_coll_ssim":["Virginia. General Assembly","Virginia. General Assembly. House of Delegates","Virginia. General Assembly. Senate","Stephens, Allie Edward Stokes (1900-1973)"],"persname_ssim":["Stephens, Allie Edward Stokes (1900-1973)"],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Virginia. General Assembly","Virginia. General Assembly. House of Delegates","Virginia. General Assembly. Senate","Stephens, Allie Edward Stokes (1900-1973)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":107,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:25:53.622Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_35"}},{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_166","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Charles H. Ford Papers, 1950/2016","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_166#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Ford, Charles H. (1964-)","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_166#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Dr. Charles Ford is a history professor at Norfolk State University. His collection includes material on Ford's research on African American history and gay cultural and activist groups, primarily the Tidewater AIDS Community Task Force. These materials include correspondence, brochures, convention booklets, financial records, minutes, reports, promotional materials, a corporation agreement, invitations, cards, DVDs featuring lectures given by Dr. Ford, documents created by organizations, and articles from newspapers and magazines.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_166#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_166","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_166","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_166","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_166","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_166.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"Archon Finding Aid location","title_filing_ssi":"Ford, Charles H.","title_ssm":["Charles H. Ford Papers"],"title_tesim":["Charles H. Ford Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1950-2016","Date acquired: 08/15/2008"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1950-2016"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 08/15/2008"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1950/2016"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Charles H. Ford Papers, 1950/2016"],"text":["Charles H. Ford Papers, 1950/2016","MG 103","/repositories/5/resources/166","African Americans--History","Gay rights--United States--History--20th century","School integration--Massive resistance movement","Open to researchers without restrictions.","Additional accessions made in 2009 and 2010. Future accruals made on an ongoing basis","The collection is organized into three series: Series I: Professional and Civic Involvement; Series II: Research and Publications; and Series III: Tidewater AIDS Community Task Force and Gay Activism.","Charles H. Ford was born in Bellevue, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Pittsburgh, on January 5, 1964. After graduating from the University of Pittsburgh in 1985, he earned his Masters and Ph.D. at Vanderbilt University.  In 1992 he was hired at Norfolk State University (NSU) in Norfolk, Virginia as an assistant professor of history and in 2003 became the Chair of NSU's History Department.","During the 1990s, Ford's research focused on eighteenth century Britain and the Atlantic World and his first monograph, Hannah More:  A Critical Biography, was published in 1996. Later, Ford's research interests expanded to include the history of slavery, school desegregation and gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered issues. Ford's involvement in the community echoed his research interests and Ford was an active participant at community events, particularly those related to the 50th anniversary of the end of Massive Resistance.","His interests in the gay community's issues were combined with Ford's community service, including his work with the Tidewater AIDS Community Taskforce (TACT).  Since 1994, he served as a member of the Board of Directors of TACT in multiple capacities.  As of 2010, he was still involved in this organization and, having received tenure in 2007, was named an interim associate dean at NSU.","Note written by Mel Frizzell","The finding aids was created by Mel Frizzell, Special Collections Assistant, in 2008.","Material related to LGBTQIA+ students at Old Dominion University can be found in the Old Dominion University Gay and Lesbian Student Union (GLSU) Records (RG 37-5A).","This collection is comprised of material both created and collected by Dr. Charles Ford.  It provides documentation of Dr. Ford's roles as a researcher and promoter of the history of the African American community within Hampton Roads.  At the same time, it documents his involvement with gay cultural and activist groups, primarily the Tidewater AIDS Community Task Force (TACT). The bulk of the collection is related to TACT. These materials include correspondence, brochures, convention booklets, financial records, minutes, reports, promotional materials, a corporation agreement, invitations, cards, DVDs featuring lectures given by Dr. Ford, documents created by organizations, and articles from newspapers and magazines.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","Dr. Charles Ford is a history professor at Norfolk State University. His collection includes material on Ford's research on African American history and gay cultural and activist groups, primarily the Tidewater AIDS Community Task Force. These materials include correspondence, brochures, convention booklets, financial records, minutes, reports, promotional materials, a corporation agreement, invitations, cards, DVDs featuring lectures given by Dr. Ford, documents created by organizations, and articles from newspapers and magazines.","ODU Community Collections","Tidewater Aids Crisis Taskforce","AIDS Fund, Inc.","Ford, Charles H. (1964-)","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Charles H. Ford Papers, 1950/2016"],"collection_ssim":["Charles H. Ford Papers, 1950/2016"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 103","/repositories/5/resources/166"],"unitid_tesim":["MG 103","/repositories/5/resources/166"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"creator_ssm":["Ford, Charles H. (1964-)"],"creator_ssim":["Ford, Charles H. (1964-)"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Ford, Charles H. (1964-)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Tidewater Aids Crisis Taskforce","AIDS Fund, Inc."],"creators_ssim":["Ford, Charles H. (1964-)","ODU Community Collections","Tidewater Aids Crisis Taskforce","AIDS Fund, Inc."],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Dr. Charles Ford","Gift. Accession #2008-19"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans--History","Gay rights--United States--History--20th century","School integration--Massive resistance movement"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans--History","Gay rights--United States--History--20th century","School integration--Massive resistance movement"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.80 Linear Feet","2 Hollinger document cases boxes"],"extent_tesim":["0.80 Linear Feet","2 Hollinger document cases boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOpen to researchers without restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"accruals_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAdditional accessions made in 2009 and 2010. Future accruals made on an ongoing basis\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accruals_heading_ssm":["Accruals and Additions"],"accruals_tesim":["Additional accessions made in 2009 and 2010. Future accruals made on an ongoing basis"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is organized into three series: Series I: Professional and Civic Involvement; Series II: Research and Publications; and Series III: Tidewater AIDS Community Task Force and Gay Activism.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is organized into three series: Series I: Professional and Civic Involvement; Series II: Research and Publications; and Series III: Tidewater AIDS Community Task Force and Gay Activism."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCharles H. Ford was born in Bellevue, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Pittsburgh, on January 5, 1964. After graduating from the University of Pittsburgh in 1985, he earned his Masters and Ph.D. at Vanderbilt University.  In 1992 he was hired at Norfolk State University (NSU) in Norfolk, Virginia as an assistant professor of history and in 2003 became the Chair of NSU's History Department.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDuring the 1990s, Ford's research focused on eighteenth century Britain and the Atlantic World and his first monograph, \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eHannah More:  A Critical Biography, \u003c/emph\u003ewas published in 1996. Later, Ford's research interests expanded to include the history of slavery, school desegregation and gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered issues. Ford's involvement in the community echoed his research interests and Ford was an active participant at community events, particularly those related to the 50th anniversary of the end of Massive Resistance.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHis interests in the gay community's issues were combined with Ford's community service, including his work with the Tidewater AIDS Community Taskforce (TACT).  Since 1994, he served as a member of the Board of Directors of TACT in multiple capacities.  As of 2010, he was still involved in this organization and, having received tenure in 2007, was named an interim associate dean at NSU.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNote written by Mel Frizzell\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Charles H. Ford was born in Bellevue, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Pittsburgh, on January 5, 1964. After graduating from the University of Pittsburgh in 1985, he earned his Masters and Ph.D. at Vanderbilt University.  In 1992 he was hired at Norfolk State University (NSU) in Norfolk, Virginia as an assistant professor of history and in 2003 became the Chair of NSU's History Department.","During the 1990s, Ford's research focused on eighteenth century Britain and the Atlantic World and his first monograph, Hannah More:  A Critical Biography, was published in 1996. Later, Ford's research interests expanded to include the history of slavery, school desegregation and gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered issues. Ford's involvement in the community echoed his research interests and Ford was an active participant at community events, particularly those related to the 50th anniversary of the end of Massive Resistance.","His interests in the gay community's issues were combined with Ford's community service, including his work with the Tidewater AIDS Community Taskforce (TACT).  Since 1994, he served as a member of the Board of Directors of TACT in multiple capacities.  As of 2010, he was still involved in this organization and, having received tenure in 2007, was named an interim associate dean at NSU.","Note written by Mel Frizzell"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Dr. Charles Ford Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Dr. Charles Ford Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe finding aids was created by Mel Frizzell, Special Collections Assistant, in 2008.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The finding aids was created by Mel Frizzell, Special Collections Assistant, in 2008."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMaterial related to LGBTQIA+ students at Old Dominion University can be found in the Old Dominion University Gay and Lesbian Student Union (GLSU) Records (RG 37-5A).\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Material related to LGBTQIA+ students at Old Dominion University can be found in the Old Dominion University Gay and Lesbian Student Union (GLSU) Records (RG 37-5A)."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is comprised of material both created and collected by Dr. Charles Ford.  It provides documentation of Dr. Ford's roles as a researcher and promoter of the history of the African American community within Hampton Roads.  At the same time, it documents his involvement with gay cultural and activist groups, primarily the Tidewater AIDS Community Task Force (TACT). The bulk of the collection is related to TACT. These materials include correspondence, brochures, convention booklets, financial records, minutes, reports, promotional materials, a corporation agreement, invitations, cards, DVDs featuring lectures given by Dr. Ford, documents created by organizations, and articles from newspapers and magazines.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection is comprised of material both created and collected by Dr. Charles Ford.  It provides documentation of Dr. Ford's roles as a researcher and promoter of the history of the African American community within Hampton Roads.  At the same time, it documents his involvement with gay cultural and activist groups, primarily the Tidewater AIDS Community Task Force (TACT). The bulk of the collection is related to TACT. These materials include correspondence, brochures, convention booklets, financial records, minutes, reports, promotional materials, a corporation agreement, invitations, cards, DVDs featuring lectures given by Dr. Ford, documents created by organizations, and articles from newspapers and magazines."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_c2c6852b3149c583b813ecf90a862635\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eDr. Charles Ford is a history professor at Norfolk State University. His collection includes material on Ford's research on African American history and gay cultural and activist groups, primarily the Tidewater AIDS Community Task Force. These materials include correspondence, brochures, convention booklets, financial records, minutes, reports, promotional materials, a corporation agreement, invitations, cards, DVDs featuring lectures given by Dr. Ford, documents created by organizations, and articles from newspapers and magazines.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["Dr. Charles Ford is a history professor at Norfolk State University. His collection includes material on Ford's research on African American history and gay cultural and activist groups, primarily the Tidewater AIDS Community Task Force. These materials include correspondence, brochures, convention booklets, financial records, minutes, reports, promotional materials, a corporation agreement, invitations, cards, DVDs featuring lectures given by Dr. Ford, documents created by organizations, and articles from newspapers and magazines."],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Tidewater Aids Crisis Taskforce","AIDS Fund, Inc."],"names_coll_ssim":["Tidewater Aids Crisis Taskforce","AIDS Fund, Inc."],"persname_ssim":["Ford, Charles H. (1964-)"],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Tidewater Aids Crisis Taskforce","AIDS Fund, Inc.","Ford, Charles H. (1964-)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":38,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:25:39.825Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_166","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_166","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_166","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_166","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_166.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"Archon Finding Aid location","title_filing_ssi":"Ford, Charles H.","title_ssm":["Charles H. Ford Papers"],"title_tesim":["Charles H. Ford Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1950-2016","Date acquired: 08/15/2008"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1950-2016"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 08/15/2008"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1950/2016"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Charles H. Ford Papers, 1950/2016"],"text":["Charles H. Ford Papers, 1950/2016","MG 103","/repositories/5/resources/166","African Americans--History","Gay rights--United States--History--20th century","School integration--Massive resistance movement","Open to researchers without restrictions.","Additional accessions made in 2009 and 2010. Future accruals made on an ongoing basis","The collection is organized into three series: Series I: Professional and Civic Involvement; Series II: Research and Publications; and Series III: Tidewater AIDS Community Task Force and Gay Activism.","Charles H. Ford was born in Bellevue, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Pittsburgh, on January 5, 1964. After graduating from the University of Pittsburgh in 1985, he earned his Masters and Ph.D. at Vanderbilt University.  In 1992 he was hired at Norfolk State University (NSU) in Norfolk, Virginia as an assistant professor of history and in 2003 became the Chair of NSU's History Department.","During the 1990s, Ford's research focused on eighteenth century Britain and the Atlantic World and his first monograph, Hannah More:  A Critical Biography, was published in 1996. Later, Ford's research interests expanded to include the history of slavery, school desegregation and gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered issues. Ford's involvement in the community echoed his research interests and Ford was an active participant at community events, particularly those related to the 50th anniversary of the end of Massive Resistance.","His interests in the gay community's issues were combined with Ford's community service, including his work with the Tidewater AIDS Community Taskforce (TACT).  Since 1994, he served as a member of the Board of Directors of TACT in multiple capacities.  As of 2010, he was still involved in this organization and, having received tenure in 2007, was named an interim associate dean at NSU.","Note written by Mel Frizzell","The finding aids was created by Mel Frizzell, Special Collections Assistant, in 2008.","Material related to LGBTQIA+ students at Old Dominion University can be found in the Old Dominion University Gay and Lesbian Student Union (GLSU) Records (RG 37-5A).","This collection is comprised of material both created and collected by Dr. Charles Ford.  It provides documentation of Dr. Ford's roles as a researcher and promoter of the history of the African American community within Hampton Roads.  At the same time, it documents his involvement with gay cultural and activist groups, primarily the Tidewater AIDS Community Task Force (TACT). The bulk of the collection is related to TACT. These materials include correspondence, brochures, convention booklets, financial records, minutes, reports, promotional materials, a corporation agreement, invitations, cards, DVDs featuring lectures given by Dr. Ford, documents created by organizations, and articles from newspapers and magazines.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","Dr. Charles Ford is a history professor at Norfolk State University. His collection includes material on Ford's research on African American history and gay cultural and activist groups, primarily the Tidewater AIDS Community Task Force. These materials include correspondence, brochures, convention booklets, financial records, minutes, reports, promotional materials, a corporation agreement, invitations, cards, DVDs featuring lectures given by Dr. Ford, documents created by organizations, and articles from newspapers and magazines.","ODU Community Collections","Tidewater Aids Crisis Taskforce","AIDS Fund, Inc.","Ford, Charles H. (1964-)","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Charles H. Ford Papers, 1950/2016"],"collection_ssim":["Charles H. Ford Papers, 1950/2016"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 103","/repositories/5/resources/166"],"unitid_tesim":["MG 103","/repositories/5/resources/166"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"creator_ssm":["Ford, Charles H. (1964-)"],"creator_ssim":["Ford, Charles H. (1964-)"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Ford, Charles H. (1964-)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Tidewater Aids Crisis Taskforce","AIDS Fund, Inc."],"creators_ssim":["Ford, Charles H. (1964-)","ODU Community Collections","Tidewater Aids Crisis Taskforce","AIDS Fund, Inc."],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Dr. Charles Ford","Gift. Accession #2008-19"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans--History","Gay rights--United States--History--20th century","School integration--Massive resistance movement"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans--History","Gay rights--United States--History--20th century","School integration--Massive resistance movement"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.80 Linear Feet","2 Hollinger document cases boxes"],"extent_tesim":["0.80 Linear Feet","2 Hollinger document cases boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOpen to researchers without restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"accruals_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAdditional accessions made in 2009 and 2010. Future accruals made on an ongoing basis\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accruals_heading_ssm":["Accruals and Additions"],"accruals_tesim":["Additional accessions made in 2009 and 2010. Future accruals made on an ongoing basis"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is organized into three series: Series I: Professional and Civic Involvement; Series II: Research and Publications; and Series III: Tidewater AIDS Community Task Force and Gay Activism.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is organized into three series: Series I: Professional and Civic Involvement; Series II: Research and Publications; and Series III: Tidewater AIDS Community Task Force and Gay Activism."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCharles H. Ford was born in Bellevue, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Pittsburgh, on January 5, 1964. After graduating from the University of Pittsburgh in 1985, he earned his Masters and Ph.D. at Vanderbilt University.  In 1992 he was hired at Norfolk State University (NSU) in Norfolk, Virginia as an assistant professor of history and in 2003 became the Chair of NSU's History Department.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDuring the 1990s, Ford's research focused on eighteenth century Britain and the Atlantic World and his first monograph, \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eHannah More:  A Critical Biography, \u003c/emph\u003ewas published in 1996. Later, Ford's research interests expanded to include the history of slavery, school desegregation and gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered issues. Ford's involvement in the community echoed his research interests and Ford was an active participant at community events, particularly those related to the 50th anniversary of the end of Massive Resistance.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHis interests in the gay community's issues were combined with Ford's community service, including his work with the Tidewater AIDS Community Taskforce (TACT).  Since 1994, he served as a member of the Board of Directors of TACT in multiple capacities.  As of 2010, he was still involved in this organization and, having received tenure in 2007, was named an interim associate dean at NSU.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNote written by Mel Frizzell\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Charles H. Ford was born in Bellevue, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Pittsburgh, on January 5, 1964. After graduating from the University of Pittsburgh in 1985, he earned his Masters and Ph.D. at Vanderbilt University.  In 1992 he was hired at Norfolk State University (NSU) in Norfolk, Virginia as an assistant professor of history and in 2003 became the Chair of NSU's History Department.","During the 1990s, Ford's research focused on eighteenth century Britain and the Atlantic World and his first monograph, Hannah More:  A Critical Biography, was published in 1996. Later, Ford's research interests expanded to include the history of slavery, school desegregation and gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered issues. Ford's involvement in the community echoed his research interests and Ford was an active participant at community events, particularly those related to the 50th anniversary of the end of Massive Resistance.","His interests in the gay community's issues were combined with Ford's community service, including his work with the Tidewater AIDS Community Taskforce (TACT).  Since 1994, he served as a member of the Board of Directors of TACT in multiple capacities.  As of 2010, he was still involved in this organization and, having received tenure in 2007, was named an interim associate dean at NSU.","Note written by Mel Frizzell"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Dr. Charles Ford Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Dr. Charles Ford Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe finding aids was created by Mel Frizzell, Special Collections Assistant, in 2008.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The finding aids was created by Mel Frizzell, Special Collections Assistant, in 2008."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMaterial related to LGBTQIA+ students at Old Dominion University can be found in the Old Dominion University Gay and Lesbian Student Union (GLSU) Records (RG 37-5A).\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Material related to LGBTQIA+ students at Old Dominion University can be found in the Old Dominion University Gay and Lesbian Student Union (GLSU) Records (RG 37-5A)."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is comprised of material both created and collected by Dr. Charles Ford.  It provides documentation of Dr. Ford's roles as a researcher and promoter of the history of the African American community within Hampton Roads.  At the same time, it documents his involvement with gay cultural and activist groups, primarily the Tidewater AIDS Community Task Force (TACT). The bulk of the collection is related to TACT. These materials include correspondence, brochures, convention booklets, financial records, minutes, reports, promotional materials, a corporation agreement, invitations, cards, DVDs featuring lectures given by Dr. Ford, documents created by organizations, and articles from newspapers and magazines.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection is comprised of material both created and collected by Dr. Charles Ford.  It provides documentation of Dr. Ford's roles as a researcher and promoter of the history of the African American community within Hampton Roads.  At the same time, it documents his involvement with gay cultural and activist groups, primarily the Tidewater AIDS Community Task Force (TACT). The bulk of the collection is related to TACT. These materials include correspondence, brochures, convention booklets, financial records, minutes, reports, promotional materials, a corporation agreement, invitations, cards, DVDs featuring lectures given by Dr. Ford, documents created by organizations, and articles from newspapers and magazines."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_c2c6852b3149c583b813ecf90a862635\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eDr. Charles Ford is a history professor at Norfolk State University. His collection includes material on Ford's research on African American history and gay cultural and activist groups, primarily the Tidewater AIDS Community Task Force. These materials include correspondence, brochures, convention booklets, financial records, minutes, reports, promotional materials, a corporation agreement, invitations, cards, DVDs featuring lectures given by Dr. Ford, documents created by organizations, and articles from newspapers and magazines.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["Dr. Charles Ford is a history professor at Norfolk State University. His collection includes material on Ford's research on African American history and gay cultural and activist groups, primarily the Tidewater AIDS Community Task Force. These materials include correspondence, brochures, convention booklets, financial records, minutes, reports, promotional materials, a corporation agreement, invitations, cards, DVDs featuring lectures given by Dr. Ford, documents created by organizations, and articles from newspapers and magazines."],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Tidewater Aids Crisis Taskforce","AIDS Fund, Inc."],"names_coll_ssim":["Tidewater Aids Crisis Taskforce","AIDS Fund, Inc."],"persname_ssim":["Ford, Charles H. (1964-)"],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Tidewater Aids Crisis Taskforce","AIDS Fund, Inc.","Ford, Charles H. (1964-)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":38,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:25:39.825Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_166"}},{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_180","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Henry E. Howell, Jr. Papers, 1928/1999, bulk 1960/1978","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_180#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Howell, Henry E. (Henry Evans) (1920-1997)","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_180#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Henry Evans Howell, Jr. served in the General Assembly and as Lieutenant Governor (1971-1973). Unsuccessful candidate for Governor of Virginia three times (1969, 1973,1977). Bulk of the collection deals with his career in politics, first in Norfolk and, after 1968, on the statewide level. Documents Democratic Party affairs from 1948 through 1977. Also includes promotional audio and video clips created as part of Howell's campaigns for the Virginia governorship in 1969, 1973 and 1977. Included are radio and television advertisements, speeches and scripted television broadcasts.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_180#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_180","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_180","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_180","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_180","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_180.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/180","title_filing_ssi":"Howell, Henry E., Jr.","title_ssm":["Henry E. Howell, Jr. Papers"],"title_tesim":["Henry E. Howell, Jr. Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1928-1999, undated","1960-1978","Date acquired: 11/04/1974"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1928-1999, undated"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1960-1978"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 11/04/1974"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1928/1999, bulk 1960/1978"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Henry E. Howell, Jr. Papers, 1928/1999, bulk 1960/1978"],"text":["Henry E. Howell, Jr. Papers, 1928/1999, bulk 1960/1978","MG 1","/repositories/5/resources/180","Virginia--Politics and government","City council members--Virginia--Norfolk","Lawyers--Virginia--Norfolk","Virginia--Lieutenant-governors","Busing for school integration--Virginia","Governors--Election--History--20th century","Democratic Party (Va.)","School integration--Massive resistance movement","The collection is open to researchers without restrictions.","Second accession: Gift of Henry Howell, Jr. 1976.","Third accession:  Gift of Henry Howell, Jr., 1977.","Fourth accession:  Gift of Henry Howell, Jr., 1978.","Fifth accession:  Gift of Henry Howell, Jr., 1980.","Sixth Accession: Gift of Mary Howell, 1998.","Seventh Accession: Gift of Mary Howell, 2008.","The collection is organized into two record groups: Record Group I: Accessions 1-5; and Record Group II: Accessions 6-7. Each record group is further organized into series within each record group.","Henry Evans Howell, Jr., was born in Norfolk, Virginia, on September 5, 1920. Mr. Howell married the former Elizabeth McCarty of Portsmouth and Crewe, Virginia. They had three children: Mary, Hank and Susan.","Howell graduated from Maury High School in 1938. After attending the Norfolk Division of the College of William and Mary (now Old Dominion University), Howell entered the Law School of the University of Virginia. He graduated with an LL.B. degree in 1943.","Howell first practiced law in West Palm Beach, Florida, but returned to Norfolk after several years. He served as law clerk to U.S. District Court Judge Sterling Hutcheson and Albert V. Bryan, and in 1948 he became associated with R. Arthur Jett with whom he formed the law firm of Jett, Sykes, and Howell in 1950. He formed a new firm - Howell, Anninos, and Daugherty (now Howell, Anninos, Daugherty, and Brown) in 1959. Mr. Howell specialized in admiralty and tort law.","Howell first became involved in politics during Francis Pickens Miller's unsuccessful campaign for the Democratic nomination for Governor in 1949. In 1952 he served as co-manager in Norfolk for Miller's unsuccessful primary battle against Senator Harry F. Byrd. He later headed the \"Volunteers for Stevenson-Kefauver\" in Norfolk.","Howell first ran for political office in 1953 when he was an unsuccessful candidate in the Democratic primary for one of Norfolk's seats in the House of Delegates. His subsequent campaigns which made him one of the best known political figures in Virginia brought him his share of notable victories and bitter disappointments. His successes include election as a Democrat to the House of Delegates in 1959 and 1963 and to the State Senate in 1965 and 1967, and election to the Lt. Governor's office in 1971 as an independent. Howell's disappointments include a narrow loss for re-nomination in the 1961 Democratic primary in Norfolk, a loss to William C. Battle by less than 2% of the votes for the Democratic nomination for Governor in 1969, and a razor-thin loss in 1973 when he ran for Governor as an independent against Republican Mills Godwin.","Howell was always a \"maverick\" in terms of traditional Virginia politics. He was a liberal in a basically conservative state, pro-labor in a state which strongly favors right-to-work laws, a representative of an urbanized, industrialized district in a state legislature long dominated by politicians from rural areas - the remnants of the \"Byrd machine.\" His survival as a viable political figure under these circumstances seems attributable to his avowed stance as a \"populist,\" a champion of the ordinary citizen against the big economic interests and their political allies. One of his key slogans was \"Keep the Big Boys Honest.\"","In 1977 Henry Howell ran for the third time for Governor of Virginia. Howell waged his usual vigorous campaign. His opponent was former Attorney General Andrew Miller in the Democratic primary.Howell received 253,373 votes (51.4%) to 239,735 (48.6%) for Miller. Howell's primary victory was attributable to support by a coalition of liberals, urban voters, Black people and organized labor. These groups tend to vote heavily in Democratic primary elections. In fact their influence in Democratic primaries is out of proportion to their number in the electorate as a whole.","Henry Howell appeared confident of his success against his Republican opponent John Dalton in the fall campaign. Once again, however, he experienced defeat. In what some analysts interpreted as a referendum on Howell himself, the voters gave Dalton a victory by 157,983 votes. Dalton received 55.9% (699,302 votes) to Howell's 43.3% (541,319 votes). Nonetheless, Howell remained prominent in the liberal faction of Virginia's Democratic Party and strongly supported President Jimmy Carter for re-election in 1980.","Henry Howell died at his home in Norfolk on July 7, 1997.","The first record group was processed and finding aid created by James F. Walsh in 1974.","Henry Howell audiovisual material related to his political campains can be found at the Library of Virginia.","Record Group I: Accessions 1-5","The bulk of this record group deals with Mr. Howell's political career, first in Norfolk, Virginia, and, after 1968, on the statewide level as well. The specifically political papers deal with Howell's involvement in political campaigns and Democratic Party affairs. Most of this consists of correspondence, miscellaneous records and campaign materials from his own campaigns for office, especially those for Governor in 1969 and 1973, and for Lt. Governor in 1971. Most of the newspaper clippings, pictorial and sound records, file cards, and speeches concern these campaigns. The legislative material consists of correspondence and reference material directly related to Mr. Howell's legislative activities as a Delegate (1960-1962, 1964-1966) and State Senator (1966-1971).","The legal papers consist largely of briefs and correspondence pertaining to Mr. Howell's \"political\" cases: suits the re-poll tax, legislative reapportionment, the use of federal impact funds, etc., as well as State Corporation Commission hearings and related court suits  regarding requests for rate increases by public utilities and insurance companies. The personal papers are largely personal correspondence unrelated to Mr. Howell's legislative and legal careers.","Record Group II: Accessions 6-7","This combined accession consists of correspondence (personal, legal, and political), legal materials and documents, gubernatorial campaign materials, legislative materials, audio-visual items, photographs, and memorabilia. The accession also contains materials belonging to Henry Howell's wife, Elizabeth (Betty). Her materials mostly pertain to her service on the Norfolk City Council (1974-1992).","Materials in regard to Howell's political campaigns (1969, 1973, 1977 Gubernatorial Campaigns; 1971 Special Campaign for Lt. Governor) take up the bulk and these materials consist of press releases, campaign flyers and pamphlets, campaign operations and schedules, and speeches. Legal materials consist of Howell's cases against C \u0026 P Telephone and the Virginia Power and Electric Company.","Audio-Visual materials consist of film and audio recordings pertaining to Howell's 1969, 1973, and 1977 gubernatorial campaigns. Some of the materials are copies from the Library of Virginia's Henry Howell Audio-Visual Collection (http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=lva/vi02326.xml)","Memorabilia includes various plaques and awards depicting Howell's service to the community and campaign items including bumper stickers, buttons, and signs.  Other items of note include a framed letter to Henry and Betty Howell, from Lady Bird Johnson, and printing plate depicting \"how the Byrd machine works.\"","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","Henry Evans Howell, Jr. served in the General Assembly and as Lieutenant Governor (1971-1973). Unsuccessful candidate for Governor of Virginia three times (1969, 1973,1977). Bulk of the collection deals with his career in politics, first in Norfolk and, after 1968, on the statewide level. Documents Democratic Party affairs from 1948 through 1977. Also includes promotional audio and video clips created as part of Howell's campaigns for the Virginia governorship in 1969, 1973 and 1977. Included are radio and television advertisements, speeches and scripted television broadcasts.","ODU Community Collections","Virginia. General Assembly","Howell, Henry E. (Henry Evans) (1920-1997)","Howell, Elizabeth McCarty (1917-2005)","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Henry E. Howell, Jr. Papers, 1928/1999, bulk 1960/1978"],"collection_ssim":["Henry E. Howell, Jr. Papers, 1928/1999, bulk 1960/1978"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 1","/repositories/5/resources/180"],"unitid_tesim":["MG 1","/repositories/5/resources/180"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"geogname_ssm":["Virginia--Politics and government"],"geogname_ssim":["Virginia--Politics and government"],"places_ssim":["Virginia--Politics and government"],"creator_ssm":["Howell, Henry E. (Henry Evans) (1920-1997)"],"creator_ssim":["Howell, Henry E. (Henry Evans) (1920-1997)"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Howell, Henry E. (Henry Evans) (1920-1997)","Howell, Elizabeth McCarty (1917-2005)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Virginia. General Assembly"],"creators_ssim":["Howell, Henry E. (Henry Evans) (1920-1997)","Howell, Elizabeth McCarty (1917-2005)","ODU Community Collections","Virginia. General Assembly"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Gift of the Honorable Henry E. Howell, Jr.","Gift. Accession #A74-12"],"access_subjects_ssim":["City council members--Virginia--Norfolk","Lawyers--Virginia--Norfolk","Virginia--Lieutenant-governors","Busing for school integration--Virginia","Governors--Election--History--20th century","Democratic Party (Va.)","School integration--Massive resistance movement"],"access_subjects_ssm":["City council members--Virginia--Norfolk","Lawyers--Virginia--Norfolk","Virginia--Lieutenant-governors","Busing for school integration--Virginia","Governors--Election--History--20th century","Democratic Party (Va.)","School integration--Massive resistance movement"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["208.10 Linear Feet","295 Hollinger document cases; 16 record cartons; 9 oversize boxes; 3 media boxes boxes"],"extent_tesim":["208.10 Linear Feet","295 Hollinger document cases; 16 record cartons; 9 oversize boxes; 3 media boxes boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open to researchers without restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open to researchers without restrictions."],"accruals_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSecond accession: Gift of Henry Howell, Jr. 1976.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThird accession:  Gift of Henry Howell, Jr., 1977.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFourth accession:  Gift of Henry Howell, Jr., 1978.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFifth accession:  Gift of Henry Howell, Jr., 1980.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSixth Accession: Gift of Mary Howell, 1998.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeventh Accession: Gift of Mary Howell, 2008.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accruals_heading_ssm":["Accruals and Additions"],"accruals_tesim":["Second accession: Gift of Henry Howell, Jr. 1976.","Third accession:  Gift of Henry Howell, Jr., 1977.","Fourth accession:  Gift of Henry Howell, Jr., 1978.","Fifth accession:  Gift of Henry Howell, Jr., 1980.","Sixth Accession: Gift of Mary Howell, 1998.","Seventh Accession: Gift of Mary Howell, 2008."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is organized into two record groups: Record Group I: Accessions 1-5; and Record Group II: Accessions 6-7. Each record group is further organized into series within each record group.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is organized into two record groups: Record Group I: Accessions 1-5; and Record Group II: Accessions 6-7. Each record group is further organized into series within each record group."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eHenry Evans Howell, Jr., was born in Norfolk, Virginia, on September 5, 1920. Mr. Howell married the former Elizabeth McCarty of Portsmouth and Crewe, Virginia. They had three children: Mary, Hank and Susan.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHowell graduated from Maury High School in 1938. After attending the Norfolk Division of the College of William and Mary (now Old Dominion University), Howell entered the Law School of the University of Virginia. He graduated with an LL.B. degree in 1943.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHowell first practiced law in West Palm Beach, Florida, but returned to Norfolk after several years. He served as law clerk to U.S. District Court Judge Sterling Hutcheson and Albert V. Bryan, and in 1948 he became associated with R. Arthur Jett with whom he formed the law firm of Jett, Sykes, and Howell in 1950. He formed a new firm - Howell, Anninos, and Daugherty (now Howell, Anninos, Daugherty, and Brown) in 1959. Mr. Howell specialized in admiralty and tort law.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHowell first became involved in politics during Francis Pickens Miller's unsuccessful campaign for the Democratic nomination for Governor in 1949. In 1952 he served as co-manager in Norfolk for Miller's unsuccessful primary battle against Senator Harry F. Byrd. He later headed the \"Volunteers for Stevenson-Kefauver\" in Norfolk.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHowell first ran for political office in 1953 when he was an unsuccessful candidate in the Democratic primary for one of Norfolk's seats in the House of Delegates. His subsequent campaigns which made him one of the best known political figures in Virginia brought him his share of notable victories and bitter disappointments. His successes include election as a Democrat to the House of Delegates in 1959 and 1963 and to the State Senate in 1965 and 1967, and election to the Lt. Governor's office in 1971 as an independent. Howell's disappointments include a narrow loss for re-nomination in the 1961 Democratic primary in Norfolk, a loss to William C. Battle by less than 2% of the votes for the Democratic nomination for Governor in 1969, and a razor-thin loss in 1973 when he ran for Governor as an independent against Republican Mills Godwin.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHowell was always a \"maverick\" in terms of traditional Virginia politics. He was a liberal in a basically conservative state, pro-labor in a state which strongly favors right-to-work laws, a representative of an urbanized, industrialized district in a state legislature long dominated by politicians from rural areas - the remnants of the \"Byrd machine.\" His survival as a viable political figure under these circumstances seems attributable to his avowed stance as a \"populist,\" a champion of the ordinary citizen against the big economic interests and their political allies. One of his key slogans was \"Keep the Big Boys Honest.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1977 Henry Howell ran for the third time for Governor of Virginia. Howell waged his usual vigorous campaign. His opponent was former Attorney General Andrew Miller in the Democratic primary.Howell received 253,373 votes (51.4%) to 239,735 (48.6%) for Miller. Howell's primary victory was attributable to support by a coalition of liberals, urban voters, Black people and organized labor. These groups tend to vote heavily in Democratic primary elections. In fact their influence in Democratic primaries is out of proportion to their number in the electorate as a whole.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHenry Howell appeared confident of his success against his Republican opponent John Dalton in the fall campaign. Once again, however, he experienced defeat. In what some analysts interpreted as a referendum on Howell himself, the voters gave Dalton a victory by 157,983 votes. Dalton received 55.9% (699,302 votes) to Howell's 43.3% (541,319 votes). Nonetheless, Howell remained prominent in the liberal faction of Virginia's Democratic Party and strongly supported President Jimmy Carter for re-election in 1980.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHenry Howell died at his home in Norfolk on July 7, 1997.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Henry Evans Howell, Jr., was born in Norfolk, Virginia, on September 5, 1920. Mr. Howell married the former Elizabeth McCarty of Portsmouth and Crewe, Virginia. They had three children: Mary, Hank and Susan.","Howell graduated from Maury High School in 1938. After attending the Norfolk Division of the College of William and Mary (now Old Dominion University), Howell entered the Law School of the University of Virginia. He graduated with an LL.B. degree in 1943.","Howell first practiced law in West Palm Beach, Florida, but returned to Norfolk after several years. He served as law clerk to U.S. District Court Judge Sterling Hutcheson and Albert V. Bryan, and in 1948 he became associated with R. Arthur Jett with whom he formed the law firm of Jett, Sykes, and Howell in 1950. He formed a new firm - Howell, Anninos, and Daugherty (now Howell, Anninos, Daugherty, and Brown) in 1959. Mr. Howell specialized in admiralty and tort law.","Howell first became involved in politics during Francis Pickens Miller's unsuccessful campaign for the Democratic nomination for Governor in 1949. In 1952 he served as co-manager in Norfolk for Miller's unsuccessful primary battle against Senator Harry F. Byrd. He later headed the \"Volunteers for Stevenson-Kefauver\" in Norfolk.","Howell first ran for political office in 1953 when he was an unsuccessful candidate in the Democratic primary for one of Norfolk's seats in the House of Delegates. His subsequent campaigns which made him one of the best known political figures in Virginia brought him his share of notable victories and bitter disappointments. His successes include election as a Democrat to the House of Delegates in 1959 and 1963 and to the State Senate in 1965 and 1967, and election to the Lt. Governor's office in 1971 as an independent. Howell's disappointments include a narrow loss for re-nomination in the 1961 Democratic primary in Norfolk, a loss to William C. Battle by less than 2% of the votes for the Democratic nomination for Governor in 1969, and a razor-thin loss in 1973 when he ran for Governor as an independent against Republican Mills Godwin.","Howell was always a \"maverick\" in terms of traditional Virginia politics. He was a liberal in a basically conservative state, pro-labor in a state which strongly favors right-to-work laws, a representative of an urbanized, industrialized district in a state legislature long dominated by politicians from rural areas - the remnants of the \"Byrd machine.\" His survival as a viable political figure under these circumstances seems attributable to his avowed stance as a \"populist,\" a champion of the ordinary citizen against the big economic interests and their political allies. One of his key slogans was \"Keep the Big Boys Honest.\"","In 1977 Henry Howell ran for the third time for Governor of Virginia. Howell waged his usual vigorous campaign. His opponent was former Attorney General Andrew Miller in the Democratic primary.Howell received 253,373 votes (51.4%) to 239,735 (48.6%) for Miller. Howell's primary victory was attributable to support by a coalition of liberals, urban voters, Black people and organized labor. These groups tend to vote heavily in Democratic primary elections. In fact their influence in Democratic primaries is out of proportion to their number in the electorate as a whole.","Henry Howell appeared confident of his success against his Republican opponent John Dalton in the fall campaign. Once again, however, he experienced defeat. In what some analysts interpreted as a referendum on Howell himself, the voters gave Dalton a victory by 157,983 votes. Dalton received 55.9% (699,302 votes) to Howell's 43.3% (541,319 votes). Nonetheless, Howell remained prominent in the liberal faction of Virginia's Democratic Party and strongly supported President Jimmy Carter for re-election in 1980.","Henry Howell died at his home in Norfolk on July 7, 1997."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Henry E. Howell, Jr. Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Henry E. Howell, Jr. Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe first record group was processed and finding aid created by James F. Walsh in 1974.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The first record group was processed and finding aid created by James F. Walsh in 1974."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eHenry Howell audiovisual material related to his political campains can be found at the \u003cextref href=\"http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=lva/vi02326.xml\"\u003eLibrary of Virginia\u003c/extref\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Henry Howell audiovisual material related to his political campains can be found at the Library of Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"underline\"\u003eScope and Contents: Record Group I: Accessions 1-5\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe bulk of this record group deals with Mr. Howell's political career, first in Norfolk, Virginia, and, after 1968, on the statewide level as well. The specifically political papers deal with Howell's involvement in political campaigns and Democratic Party affairs. Most of this consists of correspondence, miscellaneous records and campaign materials from his own campaigns for office, especially those for Governor in 1969 and 1973, and for Lt. Governor in 1971. Most of the newspaper clippings, pictorial and sound records, file cards, and speeches concern these campaigns. The legislative material consists of correspondence and reference material directly related to Mr. Howell's legislative activities as a Delegate (1960-1962, 1964-1966) and State Senator (1966-1971).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe legal papers consist largely of briefs and correspondence pertaining to Mr. Howell's \"political\" cases: suits the re-poll tax, legislative reapportionment, the use of federal impact funds, etc., as well as State Corporation Commission hearings and related court suits  regarding requests for rate increases by public utilities and insurance companies. The personal papers are largely personal correspondence unrelated to Mr. Howell's legislative and legal careers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"underline\"\u003eScope and Contents: Record Group II: Accessions 6-7\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis combined accession consists of correspondence (personal, legal, and political), legal materials and documents, gubernatorial campaign materials, legislative materials, audio-visual items, photographs, and memorabilia. The accession also contains materials belonging to Henry Howell's wife, Elizabeth (Betty). Her materials mostly pertain to her service on the Norfolk City Council (1974-1992).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMaterials in regard to Howell's political campaigns (1969, 1973, 1977 Gubernatorial Campaigns; 1971 Special Campaign for Lt. Governor) take up the bulk and these materials consist of press releases, campaign flyers and pamphlets, campaign operations and schedules, and speeches. Legal materials consist of Howell's cases against C \u0026amp; P Telephone and the Virginia Power and Electric Company.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAudio-Visual materials consist of film and audio recordings pertaining to Howell's 1969, 1973, and 1977 gubernatorial campaigns. Some of the materials are copies from the Library of Virginia's Henry Howell Audio-Visual Collection (\u003cextref href=\"http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=lva/vi02326.xml\"\u003ehttp://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=lva/vi02326.xml\u003c/extref\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMemorabilia includes various plaques and awards depicting Howell's service to the community and campaign items including bumper stickers, buttons, and signs.  Other items of note include a framed letter to Henry and Betty Howell, from Lady Bird Johnson, and printing plate depicting \"how the Byrd machine works.\"\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Record Group I: Accessions 1-5","The bulk of this record group deals with Mr. Howell's political career, first in Norfolk, Virginia, and, after 1968, on the statewide level as well. The specifically political papers deal with Howell's involvement in political campaigns and Democratic Party affairs. Most of this consists of correspondence, miscellaneous records and campaign materials from his own campaigns for office, especially those for Governor in 1969 and 1973, and for Lt. Governor in 1971. Most of the newspaper clippings, pictorial and sound records, file cards, and speeches concern these campaigns. The legislative material consists of correspondence and reference material directly related to Mr. Howell's legislative activities as a Delegate (1960-1962, 1964-1966) and State Senator (1966-1971).","The legal papers consist largely of briefs and correspondence pertaining to Mr. Howell's \"political\" cases: suits the re-poll tax, legislative reapportionment, the use of federal impact funds, etc., as well as State Corporation Commission hearings and related court suits  regarding requests for rate increases by public utilities and insurance companies. The personal papers are largely personal correspondence unrelated to Mr. Howell's legislative and legal careers.","Record Group II: Accessions 6-7","This combined accession consists of correspondence (personal, legal, and political), legal materials and documents, gubernatorial campaign materials, legislative materials, audio-visual items, photographs, and memorabilia. The accession also contains materials belonging to Henry Howell's wife, Elizabeth (Betty). Her materials mostly pertain to her service on the Norfolk City Council (1974-1992).","Materials in regard to Howell's political campaigns (1969, 1973, 1977 Gubernatorial Campaigns; 1971 Special Campaign for Lt. Governor) take up the bulk and these materials consist of press releases, campaign flyers and pamphlets, campaign operations and schedules, and speeches. Legal materials consist of Howell's cases against C \u0026 P Telephone and the Virginia Power and Electric Company.","Audio-Visual materials consist of film and audio recordings pertaining to Howell's 1969, 1973, and 1977 gubernatorial campaigns. Some of the materials are copies from the Library of Virginia's Henry Howell Audio-Visual Collection (http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=lva/vi02326.xml)","Memorabilia includes various plaques and awards depicting Howell's service to the community and campaign items including bumper stickers, buttons, and signs.  Other items of note include a framed letter to Henry and Betty Howell, from Lady Bird Johnson, and printing plate depicting \"how the Byrd machine works.\""],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_54283d23f09da93926d113d7a86b0737\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eHenry Evans Howell, Jr. served in the General Assembly and as Lieutenant Governor (1971-1973). Unsuccessful candidate for Governor of Virginia three times (1969, 1973,1977). Bulk of the collection deals with his career in politics, first in Norfolk and, after 1968, on the statewide level. Documents Democratic Party affairs from 1948 through 1977. Also includes promotional audio and video clips created as part of Howell's campaigns for the Virginia governorship in 1969, 1973 and 1977. Included are radio and television advertisements, speeches and scripted television broadcasts.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["Henry Evans Howell, Jr. served in the General Assembly and as Lieutenant Governor (1971-1973). Unsuccessful candidate for Governor of Virginia three times (1969, 1973,1977). Bulk of the collection deals with his career in politics, first in Norfolk and, after 1968, on the statewide level. Documents Democratic Party affairs from 1948 through 1977. Also includes promotional audio and video clips created as part of Howell's campaigns for the Virginia governorship in 1969, 1973 and 1977. Included are radio and television advertisements, speeches and scripted television broadcasts."],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Virginia. General Assembly"],"names_coll_ssim":["Virginia. General Assembly","Howell, Elizabeth McCarty (1917-2005)","Howell, Henry E. (Henry Evans) (1920-1997)"],"persname_ssim":["Howell, Henry E. (Henry Evans) (1920-1997)","Howell, Elizabeth McCarty (1917-2005)"],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Virginia. General Assembly","Howell, Henry E. (Henry Evans) (1920-1997)","Howell, Elizabeth McCarty (1917-2005)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":4890,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:25:42.407Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_180","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_180","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_180","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_180","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_180.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/180","title_filing_ssi":"Howell, Henry E., Jr.","title_ssm":["Henry E. Howell, Jr. Papers"],"title_tesim":["Henry E. Howell, Jr. Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1928-1999, undated","1960-1978","Date acquired: 11/04/1974"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1928-1999, undated"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1960-1978"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 11/04/1974"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1928/1999, bulk 1960/1978"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Henry E. Howell, Jr. Papers, 1928/1999, bulk 1960/1978"],"text":["Henry E. Howell, Jr. Papers, 1928/1999, bulk 1960/1978","MG 1","/repositories/5/resources/180","Virginia--Politics and government","City council members--Virginia--Norfolk","Lawyers--Virginia--Norfolk","Virginia--Lieutenant-governors","Busing for school integration--Virginia","Governors--Election--History--20th century","Democratic Party (Va.)","School integration--Massive resistance movement","The collection is open to researchers without restrictions.","Second accession: Gift of Henry Howell, Jr. 1976.","Third accession:  Gift of Henry Howell, Jr., 1977.","Fourth accession:  Gift of Henry Howell, Jr., 1978.","Fifth accession:  Gift of Henry Howell, Jr., 1980.","Sixth Accession: Gift of Mary Howell, 1998.","Seventh Accession: Gift of Mary Howell, 2008.","The collection is organized into two record groups: Record Group I: Accessions 1-5; and Record Group II: Accessions 6-7. Each record group is further organized into series within each record group.","Henry Evans Howell, Jr., was born in Norfolk, Virginia, on September 5, 1920. Mr. Howell married the former Elizabeth McCarty of Portsmouth and Crewe, Virginia. They had three children: Mary, Hank and Susan.","Howell graduated from Maury High School in 1938. After attending the Norfolk Division of the College of William and Mary (now Old Dominion University), Howell entered the Law School of the University of Virginia. He graduated with an LL.B. degree in 1943.","Howell first practiced law in West Palm Beach, Florida, but returned to Norfolk after several years. He served as law clerk to U.S. District Court Judge Sterling Hutcheson and Albert V. Bryan, and in 1948 he became associated with R. Arthur Jett with whom he formed the law firm of Jett, Sykes, and Howell in 1950. He formed a new firm - Howell, Anninos, and Daugherty (now Howell, Anninos, Daugherty, and Brown) in 1959. Mr. Howell specialized in admiralty and tort law.","Howell first became involved in politics during Francis Pickens Miller's unsuccessful campaign for the Democratic nomination for Governor in 1949. In 1952 he served as co-manager in Norfolk for Miller's unsuccessful primary battle against Senator Harry F. Byrd. He later headed the \"Volunteers for Stevenson-Kefauver\" in Norfolk.","Howell first ran for political office in 1953 when he was an unsuccessful candidate in the Democratic primary for one of Norfolk's seats in the House of Delegates. His subsequent campaigns which made him one of the best known political figures in Virginia brought him his share of notable victories and bitter disappointments. His successes include election as a Democrat to the House of Delegates in 1959 and 1963 and to the State Senate in 1965 and 1967, and election to the Lt. Governor's office in 1971 as an independent. Howell's disappointments include a narrow loss for re-nomination in the 1961 Democratic primary in Norfolk, a loss to William C. Battle by less than 2% of the votes for the Democratic nomination for Governor in 1969, and a razor-thin loss in 1973 when he ran for Governor as an independent against Republican Mills Godwin.","Howell was always a \"maverick\" in terms of traditional Virginia politics. He was a liberal in a basically conservative state, pro-labor in a state which strongly favors right-to-work laws, a representative of an urbanized, industrialized district in a state legislature long dominated by politicians from rural areas - the remnants of the \"Byrd machine.\" His survival as a viable political figure under these circumstances seems attributable to his avowed stance as a \"populist,\" a champion of the ordinary citizen against the big economic interests and their political allies. One of his key slogans was \"Keep the Big Boys Honest.\"","In 1977 Henry Howell ran for the third time for Governor of Virginia. Howell waged his usual vigorous campaign. His opponent was former Attorney General Andrew Miller in the Democratic primary.Howell received 253,373 votes (51.4%) to 239,735 (48.6%) for Miller. Howell's primary victory was attributable to support by a coalition of liberals, urban voters, Black people and organized labor. These groups tend to vote heavily in Democratic primary elections. In fact their influence in Democratic primaries is out of proportion to their number in the electorate as a whole.","Henry Howell appeared confident of his success against his Republican opponent John Dalton in the fall campaign. Once again, however, he experienced defeat. In what some analysts interpreted as a referendum on Howell himself, the voters gave Dalton a victory by 157,983 votes. Dalton received 55.9% (699,302 votes) to Howell's 43.3% (541,319 votes). Nonetheless, Howell remained prominent in the liberal faction of Virginia's Democratic Party and strongly supported President Jimmy Carter for re-election in 1980.","Henry Howell died at his home in Norfolk on July 7, 1997.","The first record group was processed and finding aid created by James F. Walsh in 1974.","Henry Howell audiovisual material related to his political campains can be found at the Library of Virginia.","Record Group I: Accessions 1-5","The bulk of this record group deals with Mr. Howell's political career, first in Norfolk, Virginia, and, after 1968, on the statewide level as well. The specifically political papers deal with Howell's involvement in political campaigns and Democratic Party affairs. Most of this consists of correspondence, miscellaneous records and campaign materials from his own campaigns for office, especially those for Governor in 1969 and 1973, and for Lt. Governor in 1971. Most of the newspaper clippings, pictorial and sound records, file cards, and speeches concern these campaigns. The legislative material consists of correspondence and reference material directly related to Mr. Howell's legislative activities as a Delegate (1960-1962, 1964-1966) and State Senator (1966-1971).","The legal papers consist largely of briefs and correspondence pertaining to Mr. Howell's \"political\" cases: suits the re-poll tax, legislative reapportionment, the use of federal impact funds, etc., as well as State Corporation Commission hearings and related court suits  regarding requests for rate increases by public utilities and insurance companies. The personal papers are largely personal correspondence unrelated to Mr. Howell's legislative and legal careers.","Record Group II: Accessions 6-7","This combined accession consists of correspondence (personal, legal, and political), legal materials and documents, gubernatorial campaign materials, legislative materials, audio-visual items, photographs, and memorabilia. The accession also contains materials belonging to Henry Howell's wife, Elizabeth (Betty). Her materials mostly pertain to her service on the Norfolk City Council (1974-1992).","Materials in regard to Howell's political campaigns (1969, 1973, 1977 Gubernatorial Campaigns; 1971 Special Campaign for Lt. Governor) take up the bulk and these materials consist of press releases, campaign flyers and pamphlets, campaign operations and schedules, and speeches. Legal materials consist of Howell's cases against C \u0026 P Telephone and the Virginia Power and Electric Company.","Audio-Visual materials consist of film and audio recordings pertaining to Howell's 1969, 1973, and 1977 gubernatorial campaigns. Some of the materials are copies from the Library of Virginia's Henry Howell Audio-Visual Collection (http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=lva/vi02326.xml)","Memorabilia includes various plaques and awards depicting Howell's service to the community and campaign items including bumper stickers, buttons, and signs.  Other items of note include a framed letter to Henry and Betty Howell, from Lady Bird Johnson, and printing plate depicting \"how the Byrd machine works.\"","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","Henry Evans Howell, Jr. served in the General Assembly and as Lieutenant Governor (1971-1973). Unsuccessful candidate for Governor of Virginia three times (1969, 1973,1977). Bulk of the collection deals with his career in politics, first in Norfolk and, after 1968, on the statewide level. Documents Democratic Party affairs from 1948 through 1977. Also includes promotional audio and video clips created as part of Howell's campaigns for the Virginia governorship in 1969, 1973 and 1977. Included are radio and television advertisements, speeches and scripted television broadcasts.","ODU Community Collections","Virginia. General Assembly","Howell, Henry E. (Henry Evans) (1920-1997)","Howell, Elizabeth McCarty (1917-2005)","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Henry E. Howell, Jr. Papers, 1928/1999, bulk 1960/1978"],"collection_ssim":["Henry E. Howell, Jr. Papers, 1928/1999, bulk 1960/1978"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 1","/repositories/5/resources/180"],"unitid_tesim":["MG 1","/repositories/5/resources/180"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"geogname_ssm":["Virginia--Politics and government"],"geogname_ssim":["Virginia--Politics and government"],"places_ssim":["Virginia--Politics and government"],"creator_ssm":["Howell, Henry E. (Henry Evans) (1920-1997)"],"creator_ssim":["Howell, Henry E. (Henry Evans) (1920-1997)"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Howell, Henry E. (Henry Evans) (1920-1997)","Howell, Elizabeth McCarty (1917-2005)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Virginia. General Assembly"],"creators_ssim":["Howell, Henry E. (Henry Evans) (1920-1997)","Howell, Elizabeth McCarty (1917-2005)","ODU Community Collections","Virginia. General Assembly"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Gift of the Honorable Henry E. Howell, Jr.","Gift. Accession #A74-12"],"access_subjects_ssim":["City council members--Virginia--Norfolk","Lawyers--Virginia--Norfolk","Virginia--Lieutenant-governors","Busing for school integration--Virginia","Governors--Election--History--20th century","Democratic Party (Va.)","School integration--Massive resistance movement"],"access_subjects_ssm":["City council members--Virginia--Norfolk","Lawyers--Virginia--Norfolk","Virginia--Lieutenant-governors","Busing for school integration--Virginia","Governors--Election--History--20th century","Democratic Party (Va.)","School integration--Massive resistance movement"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["208.10 Linear Feet","295 Hollinger document cases; 16 record cartons; 9 oversize boxes; 3 media boxes boxes"],"extent_tesim":["208.10 Linear Feet","295 Hollinger document cases; 16 record cartons; 9 oversize boxes; 3 media boxes boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open to researchers without restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open to researchers without restrictions."],"accruals_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSecond accession: Gift of Henry Howell, Jr. 1976.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThird accession:  Gift of Henry Howell, Jr., 1977.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFourth accession:  Gift of Henry Howell, Jr., 1978.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFifth accession:  Gift of Henry Howell, Jr., 1980.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSixth Accession: Gift of Mary Howell, 1998.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeventh Accession: Gift of Mary Howell, 2008.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accruals_heading_ssm":["Accruals and Additions"],"accruals_tesim":["Second accession: Gift of Henry Howell, Jr. 1976.","Third accession:  Gift of Henry Howell, Jr., 1977.","Fourth accession:  Gift of Henry Howell, Jr., 1978.","Fifth accession:  Gift of Henry Howell, Jr., 1980.","Sixth Accession: Gift of Mary Howell, 1998.","Seventh Accession: Gift of Mary Howell, 2008."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is organized into two record groups: Record Group I: Accessions 1-5; and Record Group II: Accessions 6-7. Each record group is further organized into series within each record group.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is organized into two record groups: Record Group I: Accessions 1-5; and Record Group II: Accessions 6-7. Each record group is further organized into series within each record group."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eHenry Evans Howell, Jr., was born in Norfolk, Virginia, on September 5, 1920. Mr. Howell married the former Elizabeth McCarty of Portsmouth and Crewe, Virginia. They had three children: Mary, Hank and Susan.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHowell graduated from Maury High School in 1938. After attending the Norfolk Division of the College of William and Mary (now Old Dominion University), Howell entered the Law School of the University of Virginia. He graduated with an LL.B. degree in 1943.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHowell first practiced law in West Palm Beach, Florida, but returned to Norfolk after several years. He served as law clerk to U.S. District Court Judge Sterling Hutcheson and Albert V. Bryan, and in 1948 he became associated with R. Arthur Jett with whom he formed the law firm of Jett, Sykes, and Howell in 1950. He formed a new firm - Howell, Anninos, and Daugherty (now Howell, Anninos, Daugherty, and Brown) in 1959. Mr. Howell specialized in admiralty and tort law.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHowell first became involved in politics during Francis Pickens Miller's unsuccessful campaign for the Democratic nomination for Governor in 1949. In 1952 he served as co-manager in Norfolk for Miller's unsuccessful primary battle against Senator Harry F. Byrd. He later headed the \"Volunteers for Stevenson-Kefauver\" in Norfolk.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHowell first ran for political office in 1953 when he was an unsuccessful candidate in the Democratic primary for one of Norfolk's seats in the House of Delegates. His subsequent campaigns which made him one of the best known political figures in Virginia brought him his share of notable victories and bitter disappointments. His successes include election as a Democrat to the House of Delegates in 1959 and 1963 and to the State Senate in 1965 and 1967, and election to the Lt. Governor's office in 1971 as an independent. Howell's disappointments include a narrow loss for re-nomination in the 1961 Democratic primary in Norfolk, a loss to William C. Battle by less than 2% of the votes for the Democratic nomination for Governor in 1969, and a razor-thin loss in 1973 when he ran for Governor as an independent against Republican Mills Godwin.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHowell was always a \"maverick\" in terms of traditional Virginia politics. He was a liberal in a basically conservative state, pro-labor in a state which strongly favors right-to-work laws, a representative of an urbanized, industrialized district in a state legislature long dominated by politicians from rural areas - the remnants of the \"Byrd machine.\" His survival as a viable political figure under these circumstances seems attributable to his avowed stance as a \"populist,\" a champion of the ordinary citizen against the big economic interests and their political allies. One of his key slogans was \"Keep the Big Boys Honest.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1977 Henry Howell ran for the third time for Governor of Virginia. Howell waged his usual vigorous campaign. His opponent was former Attorney General Andrew Miller in the Democratic primary.Howell received 253,373 votes (51.4%) to 239,735 (48.6%) for Miller. Howell's primary victory was attributable to support by a coalition of liberals, urban voters, Black people and organized labor. These groups tend to vote heavily in Democratic primary elections. In fact their influence in Democratic primaries is out of proportion to their number in the electorate as a whole.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHenry Howell appeared confident of his success against his Republican opponent John Dalton in the fall campaign. Once again, however, he experienced defeat. In what some analysts interpreted as a referendum on Howell himself, the voters gave Dalton a victory by 157,983 votes. Dalton received 55.9% (699,302 votes) to Howell's 43.3% (541,319 votes). Nonetheless, Howell remained prominent in the liberal faction of Virginia's Democratic Party and strongly supported President Jimmy Carter for re-election in 1980.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHenry Howell died at his home in Norfolk on July 7, 1997.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Henry Evans Howell, Jr., was born in Norfolk, Virginia, on September 5, 1920. Mr. Howell married the former Elizabeth McCarty of Portsmouth and Crewe, Virginia. They had three children: Mary, Hank and Susan.","Howell graduated from Maury High School in 1938. After attending the Norfolk Division of the College of William and Mary (now Old Dominion University), Howell entered the Law School of the University of Virginia. He graduated with an LL.B. degree in 1943.","Howell first practiced law in West Palm Beach, Florida, but returned to Norfolk after several years. He served as law clerk to U.S. District Court Judge Sterling Hutcheson and Albert V. Bryan, and in 1948 he became associated with R. Arthur Jett with whom he formed the law firm of Jett, Sykes, and Howell in 1950. He formed a new firm - Howell, Anninos, and Daugherty (now Howell, Anninos, Daugherty, and Brown) in 1959. Mr. Howell specialized in admiralty and tort law.","Howell first became involved in politics during Francis Pickens Miller's unsuccessful campaign for the Democratic nomination for Governor in 1949. In 1952 he served as co-manager in Norfolk for Miller's unsuccessful primary battle against Senator Harry F. Byrd. He later headed the \"Volunteers for Stevenson-Kefauver\" in Norfolk.","Howell first ran for political office in 1953 when he was an unsuccessful candidate in the Democratic primary for one of Norfolk's seats in the House of Delegates. His subsequent campaigns which made him one of the best known political figures in Virginia brought him his share of notable victories and bitter disappointments. His successes include election as a Democrat to the House of Delegates in 1959 and 1963 and to the State Senate in 1965 and 1967, and election to the Lt. Governor's office in 1971 as an independent. Howell's disappointments include a narrow loss for re-nomination in the 1961 Democratic primary in Norfolk, a loss to William C. Battle by less than 2% of the votes for the Democratic nomination for Governor in 1969, and a razor-thin loss in 1973 when he ran for Governor as an independent against Republican Mills Godwin.","Howell was always a \"maverick\" in terms of traditional Virginia politics. He was a liberal in a basically conservative state, pro-labor in a state which strongly favors right-to-work laws, a representative of an urbanized, industrialized district in a state legislature long dominated by politicians from rural areas - the remnants of the \"Byrd machine.\" His survival as a viable political figure under these circumstances seems attributable to his avowed stance as a \"populist,\" a champion of the ordinary citizen against the big economic interests and their political allies. One of his key slogans was \"Keep the Big Boys Honest.\"","In 1977 Henry Howell ran for the third time for Governor of Virginia. Howell waged his usual vigorous campaign. His opponent was former Attorney General Andrew Miller in the Democratic primary.Howell received 253,373 votes (51.4%) to 239,735 (48.6%) for Miller. Howell's primary victory was attributable to support by a coalition of liberals, urban voters, Black people and organized labor. These groups tend to vote heavily in Democratic primary elections. In fact their influence in Democratic primaries is out of proportion to their number in the electorate as a whole.","Henry Howell appeared confident of his success against his Republican opponent John Dalton in the fall campaign. Once again, however, he experienced defeat. In what some analysts interpreted as a referendum on Howell himself, the voters gave Dalton a victory by 157,983 votes. Dalton received 55.9% (699,302 votes) to Howell's 43.3% (541,319 votes). Nonetheless, Howell remained prominent in the liberal faction of Virginia's Democratic Party and strongly supported President Jimmy Carter for re-election in 1980.","Henry Howell died at his home in Norfolk on July 7, 1997."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Henry E. Howell, Jr. Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Henry E. Howell, Jr. Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe first record group was processed and finding aid created by James F. Walsh in 1974.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The first record group was processed and finding aid created by James F. Walsh in 1974."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eHenry Howell audiovisual material related to his political campains can be found at the \u003cextref href=\"http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=lva/vi02326.xml\"\u003eLibrary of Virginia\u003c/extref\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Henry Howell audiovisual material related to his political campains can be found at the Library of Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"underline\"\u003eScope and Contents: Record Group I: Accessions 1-5\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe bulk of this record group deals with Mr. Howell's political career, first in Norfolk, Virginia, and, after 1968, on the statewide level as well. The specifically political papers deal with Howell's involvement in political campaigns and Democratic Party affairs. Most of this consists of correspondence, miscellaneous records and campaign materials from his own campaigns for office, especially those for Governor in 1969 and 1973, and for Lt. Governor in 1971. Most of the newspaper clippings, pictorial and sound records, file cards, and speeches concern these campaigns. The legislative material consists of correspondence and reference material directly related to Mr. Howell's legislative activities as a Delegate (1960-1962, 1964-1966) and State Senator (1966-1971).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe legal papers consist largely of briefs and correspondence pertaining to Mr. Howell's \"political\" cases: suits the re-poll tax, legislative reapportionment, the use of federal impact funds, etc., as well as State Corporation Commission hearings and related court suits  regarding requests for rate increases by public utilities and insurance companies. The personal papers are largely personal correspondence unrelated to Mr. Howell's legislative and legal careers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"underline\"\u003eScope and Contents: Record Group II: Accessions 6-7\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis combined accession consists of correspondence (personal, legal, and political), legal materials and documents, gubernatorial campaign materials, legislative materials, audio-visual items, photographs, and memorabilia. The accession also contains materials belonging to Henry Howell's wife, Elizabeth (Betty). Her materials mostly pertain to her service on the Norfolk City Council (1974-1992).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMaterials in regard to Howell's political campaigns (1969, 1973, 1977 Gubernatorial Campaigns; 1971 Special Campaign for Lt. Governor) take up the bulk and these materials consist of press releases, campaign flyers and pamphlets, campaign operations and schedules, and speeches. Legal materials consist of Howell's cases against C \u0026amp; P Telephone and the Virginia Power and Electric Company.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAudio-Visual materials consist of film and audio recordings pertaining to Howell's 1969, 1973, and 1977 gubernatorial campaigns. Some of the materials are copies from the Library of Virginia's Henry Howell Audio-Visual Collection (\u003cextref href=\"http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=lva/vi02326.xml\"\u003ehttp://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=lva/vi02326.xml\u003c/extref\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMemorabilia includes various plaques and awards depicting Howell's service to the community and campaign items including bumper stickers, buttons, and signs.  Other items of note include a framed letter to Henry and Betty Howell, from Lady Bird Johnson, and printing plate depicting \"how the Byrd machine works.\"\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Record Group I: Accessions 1-5","The bulk of this record group deals with Mr. Howell's political career, first in Norfolk, Virginia, and, after 1968, on the statewide level as well. The specifically political papers deal with Howell's involvement in political campaigns and Democratic Party affairs. Most of this consists of correspondence, miscellaneous records and campaign materials from his own campaigns for office, especially those for Governor in 1969 and 1973, and for Lt. Governor in 1971. Most of the newspaper clippings, pictorial and sound records, file cards, and speeches concern these campaigns. The legislative material consists of correspondence and reference material directly related to Mr. Howell's legislative activities as a Delegate (1960-1962, 1964-1966) and State Senator (1966-1971).","The legal papers consist largely of briefs and correspondence pertaining to Mr. Howell's \"political\" cases: suits the re-poll tax, legislative reapportionment, the use of federal impact funds, etc., as well as State Corporation Commission hearings and related court suits  regarding requests for rate increases by public utilities and insurance companies. The personal papers are largely personal correspondence unrelated to Mr. Howell's legislative and legal careers.","Record Group II: Accessions 6-7","This combined accession consists of correspondence (personal, legal, and political), legal materials and documents, gubernatorial campaign materials, legislative materials, audio-visual items, photographs, and memorabilia. The accession also contains materials belonging to Henry Howell's wife, Elizabeth (Betty). Her materials mostly pertain to her service on the Norfolk City Council (1974-1992).","Materials in regard to Howell's political campaigns (1969, 1973, 1977 Gubernatorial Campaigns; 1971 Special Campaign for Lt. Governor) take up the bulk and these materials consist of press releases, campaign flyers and pamphlets, campaign operations and schedules, and speeches. Legal materials consist of Howell's cases against C \u0026 P Telephone and the Virginia Power and Electric Company.","Audio-Visual materials consist of film and audio recordings pertaining to Howell's 1969, 1973, and 1977 gubernatorial campaigns. Some of the materials are copies from the Library of Virginia's Henry Howell Audio-Visual Collection (http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=lva/vi02326.xml)","Memorabilia includes various plaques and awards depicting Howell's service to the community and campaign items including bumper stickers, buttons, and signs.  Other items of note include a framed letter to Henry and Betty Howell, from Lady Bird Johnson, and printing plate depicting \"how the Byrd machine works.\""],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_54283d23f09da93926d113d7a86b0737\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eHenry Evans Howell, Jr. served in the General Assembly and as Lieutenant Governor (1971-1973). Unsuccessful candidate for Governor of Virginia three times (1969, 1973,1977). Bulk of the collection deals with his career in politics, first in Norfolk and, after 1968, on the statewide level. Documents Democratic Party affairs from 1948 through 1977. Also includes promotional audio and video clips created as part of Howell's campaigns for the Virginia governorship in 1969, 1973 and 1977. Included are radio and television advertisements, speeches and scripted television broadcasts.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["Henry Evans Howell, Jr. served in the General Assembly and as Lieutenant Governor (1971-1973). Unsuccessful candidate for Governor of Virginia three times (1969, 1973,1977). Bulk of the collection deals with his career in politics, first in Norfolk and, after 1968, on the statewide level. Documents Democratic Party affairs from 1948 through 1977. Also includes promotional audio and video clips created as part of Howell's campaigns for the Virginia governorship in 1969, 1973 and 1977. Included are radio and television advertisements, speeches and scripted television broadcasts."],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Virginia. General Assembly"],"names_coll_ssim":["Virginia. General Assembly","Howell, Elizabeth McCarty (1917-2005)","Howell, Henry E. (Henry Evans) (1920-1997)"],"persname_ssim":["Howell, Henry E. (Henry Evans) (1920-1997)","Howell, Elizabeth McCarty (1917-2005)"],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Virginia. General Assembly","Howell, Henry E. (Henry Evans) (1920-1997)","Howell, Elizabeth McCarty (1917-2005)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":4890,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:25:42.407Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_180"}},{"id":"vilxw_repositories_4_resources_944","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Lewis F. Powell Jr. Papers, 1921/1998","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vilxw_repositories_4_resources_944#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Powell, Lewis F.","label":"Creator"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vilxw_repositories_4_resources_944#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vilxw_repositories_4_resources_944","ead_ssi":"vilxw_repositories_4_resources_944","_root_":"vilxw_repositories_4_resources_944","_nest_parent_":"vilxw_repositories_4_resources_944","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WLU/repositories_4_resources_944.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"http://search.vaheritage.org/vivaxtf/view?docId=wl-law/vilxwl00013.xml;query=;brand=default","title_filing_ssi":"Lewis F. Powell Jr. Papers","title_ssm":["Lewis F. Powell Jr. Papers"],"title_tesim":["Lewis F. Powell Jr. Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1921-1998"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1921-1998"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1921/1998"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Lewis F. Powell Jr. Papers, 1921/1998"],"text":["Lewis F. Powell Jr. Papers, 1921/1998","MS 0001","Virginia -- Richmond","Supreme Court Justices -- United States","United States. Supreme Court","Bar associations","American Bar Association","American Bar Association. Young Lawyers Division","Washington and Lee University","Washington and Lee University School of Law","Hunton, Williams, Anderson, Gay \u0026 Moore","Hunton \u0026 Williams","World War (1939-1945)","School integration--Massive resistance movement","School integration--Law and legislation","Lewis F. Powell Jr. Archives","Powell, Lewis F.","English\n."],"collection_title_tesim":["Lewis F. Powell Jr. Papers, 1921/1998"],"collection_ssim":["Lewis F. Powell Jr. Papers, 1921/1998"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Sub-Series","Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MS 0001"],"unitid_tesim":["MS 0001"],"repository_ssm":["Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library"],"repository_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library"],"geogname_ssm":["Virginia -- Richmond"],"geogname_ssim":["Virginia -- Richmond"],"places_ssim":["Virginia -- Richmond"],"creator_ssm":["Powell, Lewis F."],"creator_ssim":["Powell, Lewis F."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Powell, Lewis F."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Lewis F. Powell Jr. Archives"],"creators_ssim":["Powell, Lewis F.","Lewis F. Powell Jr. Archives"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Supreme Court Justices -- United States","United States. Supreme Court","Bar associations","American Bar Association","American Bar Association. Young Lawyers Division","Washington and Lee University","Washington and Lee University School of Law","Hunton, Williams, Anderson, Gay \u0026 Moore","Hunton \u0026 Williams","World War (1939-1945)","School integration--Massive resistance movement","School integration--Law and legislation"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Supreme Court Justices -- United States","United States. Supreme Court","Bar associations","American Bar Association","American Bar Association. Young Lawyers Division","Washington and Lee University","Washington and Lee University School of Law","Hunton, Williams, Anderson, Gay \u0026 Moore","Hunton \u0026 Williams","World War (1939-1945)","School integration--Massive resistance movement","School integration--Law and legislation"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["363 Cubic Feet"],"extent_tesim":["363 Cubic Feet"],"date_range_isim":[1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998],"corpname_ssim":["Lewis F. Powell Jr. Archives"],"persname_ssim":["Powell, Lewis F."],"names_ssim":["Lewis F. Powell Jr. Archives","Powell, Lewis F."],"language_ssim":["English\n."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:23:55.185Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vilxw_repositories_4_resources_944","ead_ssi":"vilxw_repositories_4_resources_944","_root_":"vilxw_repositories_4_resources_944","_nest_parent_":"vilxw_repositories_4_resources_944","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WLU/repositories_4_resources_944.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"http://search.vaheritage.org/vivaxtf/view?docId=wl-law/vilxwl00013.xml;query=;brand=default","title_filing_ssi":"Lewis F. Powell Jr. Papers","title_ssm":["Lewis F. Powell Jr. Papers"],"title_tesim":["Lewis F. Powell Jr. Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1921-1998"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1921-1998"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1921/1998"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Lewis F. Powell Jr. Papers, 1921/1998"],"text":["Lewis F. Powell Jr. Papers, 1921/1998","MS 0001","Virginia -- Richmond","Supreme Court Justices -- United States","United States. Supreme Court","Bar associations","American Bar Association","American Bar Association. Young Lawyers Division","Washington and Lee University","Washington and Lee University School of Law","Hunton, Williams, Anderson, Gay \u0026 Moore","Hunton \u0026 Williams","World War (1939-1945)","School integration--Massive resistance movement","School integration--Law and legislation","Lewis F. Powell Jr. Archives","Powell, Lewis F.","English\n."],"collection_title_tesim":["Lewis F. Powell Jr. Papers, 1921/1998"],"collection_ssim":["Lewis F. Powell Jr. Papers, 1921/1998"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Sub-Series","Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MS 0001"],"unitid_tesim":["MS 0001"],"repository_ssm":["Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library"],"repository_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library"],"geogname_ssm":["Virginia -- Richmond"],"geogname_ssim":["Virginia -- Richmond"],"places_ssim":["Virginia -- Richmond"],"creator_ssm":["Powell, Lewis F."],"creator_ssim":["Powell, Lewis F."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Powell, Lewis F."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Lewis F. Powell Jr. Archives"],"creators_ssim":["Powell, Lewis F.","Lewis F. Powell Jr. Archives"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Supreme Court Justices -- United States","United States. Supreme Court","Bar associations","American Bar Association","American Bar Association. Young Lawyers Division","Washington and Lee University","Washington and Lee University School of Law","Hunton, Williams, Anderson, Gay \u0026 Moore","Hunton \u0026 Williams","World War (1939-1945)","School integration--Massive resistance movement","School integration--Law and legislation"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Supreme Court Justices -- United States","United States. Supreme Court","Bar associations","American Bar Association","American Bar Association. Young Lawyers Division","Washington and Lee University","Washington and Lee University School of Law","Hunton, Williams, Anderson, Gay \u0026 Moore","Hunton \u0026 Williams","World War (1939-1945)","School integration--Massive resistance movement","School integration--Law and legislation"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["363 Cubic Feet"],"extent_tesim":["363 Cubic Feet"],"date_range_isim":[1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998],"corpname_ssim":["Lewis F. Powell Jr. Archives"],"persname_ssim":["Powell, Lewis F."],"names_ssim":["Lewis F. Powell Jr. Archives","Powell, Lewis F."],"language_ssim":["English\n."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:23:55.185Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vilxw_repositories_4_resources_944"}},{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_187","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection, 1922/2008","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_187#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_187#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"This collection dating from 1922-2008, contains correspondence, memorandum, depositions, court orders, recollections, statistical testing data, printed material, artifacts, and maps.The bulk of the collection provides a glimpse into the decisions made by the School Board through court documentation and the public sentiment during the integration process in Norfolk. While most of the collection deals with desegregation, it also includes school directories and calendars before and after desegregation.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_187#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_187","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_187","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_187","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_187","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_187.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/187","title_filing_ssi":"Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation","title_ssm":["Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection"],"title_tesim":["Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1922-2008, undated","Date acquired: 12/14/2007"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1922-2008, undated"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 12/14/2007"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1922/2008"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection, 1922/2008"],"text":["Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection, 1922/2008","MG 92","/repositories/5/resources/187","Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","African Americans--Civil rights","School integration--Massive resistance movement","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","Segregation in education--Virginia--Norfolk","Race relations--History--20th century","African Americans--Segregation","African Americans--Education--Virginia--Norfolk","Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","Busing for school integration--Virginia--Norfolk","Open to researchers without restrictions.","The collection is organized into five series: Series I: Closing of the Norfolk City Schools; Series II: The Path to a Unitary School District; Series III: Norfolk as a Unitary School District; Series IV: Directories and Calendars; and Series V: Oversized Documents.","Norfolk, Virginia has twice found itself at the center of attention related to the racial desegregation of its schools. The first was in the late 1950s during a state-wide, governor-led resistance to the integration mandated by the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS ruling. Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. closed the schools scheduled to be integrated for five months until the courts intervened. The second was in 1986 when Norfolk became the first school district in the country to have a federal judicial ruling allowing them to end busing for the purpose of achieving racial balance in schools.","On September 19, 1958, U.S. District Judge Walter Hoffman issued an order in continuation of Leola Pearl Beckett v. The School Board of the City of Norfolk which said that Norfolk must immediately begin to integrate its schools. On September 27, 1958, the Norfolk School Board placed 17 African American children into previously all white schools in compliance with the judge's order. Earlier in 1958, the Virginia legislature had granted permission to Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. to close any white school that had \"negroes\" which tried to enroll. On September 27, the same day the children were to start at school, the Governor closed the six affected schools in Norfolk and took them under his control. In all, this impacted more than 10,000 white students and the 17 African American students (the Norfolk 17). In the months that followed, students found avenues to education through private schools, relocation, but mostly through highly organized tutoring groups. In February of 1959, the schools reopened with fewer students-by one estimate almost 2500 fewer.","From 2008 to September 2020, the collection was known as the Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Papers.","The finding aid was completed by Jennifer Clayton in Apirl 2008.","This collection primarily contains material related to the integration of the Norfolk public schools. The papers include correspondence, court cases, school board resolutions, inter-district memorandum, press releases, reports, news clippings and district maps. Subjects covered are the 1958 school closing to prevent integration, integration progress in the 1960s, busing to achieve integration in the 1970s and the end of busing in the mid-1980s. Among the most important historical materials is correspondence between Governor Lindsay Almond and the School Administration, beginning with the letter ordering the closing of six Norfolk schools as mandated by the \"Massive Resistance\" law. While most of the collection deals with desegregation, it also includes school directories and calendars before and after desegregation. Parts of the collection have been scanned and are available in the Old Dominion University Libraries Digital Collections.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","This collection dating from 1922-2008, contains correspondence, memorandum, depositions, court orders, recollections, statistical testing data, printed material, artifacts, and maps.The bulk of the collection provides a glimpse into the decisions made by the School Board through court documentation and the public sentiment during the integration process in Norfolk. While most of the collection deals with desegregation, it also includes school directories and calendars before and after desegregation.","ODU Community Collections","Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection, 1922/2008"],"collection_ssim":["Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection, 1922/2008"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 92","/repositories/5/resources/187"],"unitid_tesim":["MG 92","/repositories/5/resources/187"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"geogname_ssm":["Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"places_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"creator_ssm":["Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)"],"creator_ssim":["Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People"],"creators_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Norfolk, Virginia, Public Schools","Gift. Accession #A2007-006"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans--Civil rights","School integration--Massive resistance movement","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","Segregation in education--Virginia--Norfolk","Race relations--History--20th century","African Americans--Segregation","African Americans--Education--Virginia--Norfolk","Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","Busing for school integration--Virginia--Norfolk"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans--Civil rights","School integration--Massive resistance movement","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","Segregation in education--Virginia--Norfolk","Race relations--History--20th century","African Americans--Segregation","African Americans--Education--Virginia--Norfolk","Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","Busing for school integration--Virginia--Norfolk"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["18.40 Linear Feet","34 Hollinger document cases; 2 oversize boxes boxes"],"extent_tesim":["18.40 Linear Feet","34 Hollinger document cases; 2 oversize boxes boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOpen to researchers without restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is organized into five series: Series I: Closing of the Norfolk City Schools; Series II: The Path to a Unitary School District; Series III: Norfolk as a Unitary School District; Series IV: Directories and Calendars; and Series V: Oversized Documents.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is organized into five series: Series I: Closing of the Norfolk City Schools; Series II: The Path to a Unitary School District; Series III: Norfolk as a Unitary School District; Series IV: Directories and Calendars; and Series V: Oversized Documents."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNorfolk, Virginia has twice found itself at the center of attention related to the racial desegregation of its schools. The first was in the late 1950s during a state-wide, governor-led resistance to the integration mandated by the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS ruling. Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. closed the schools scheduled to be integrated for five months until the courts intervened. The second was in 1986 when Norfolk became the first school district in the country to have a federal judicial ruling allowing them to end busing for the purpose of achieving racial balance in schools.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOn September 19, 1958, U.S. District Judge Walter Hoffman issued an order in continuation of Leola Pearl Beckett v. The School Board of the City of Norfolk which said that Norfolk must immediately begin to integrate its schools. On September 27, 1958, the Norfolk School Board placed 17 African American children into previously all white schools in compliance with the judge's order. Earlier in 1958, the Virginia legislature had granted permission to Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. to close any white school that had \"negroes\" which tried to enroll. On September 27, the same day the children were to start at school, the Governor closed the six affected schools in Norfolk and took them under his control. In all, this impacted more than 10,000 white students and the 17 African American students (the Norfolk 17). In the months that followed, students found avenues to education through private schools, relocation, but mostly through highly organized tutoring groups. In February of 1959, the schools reopened with fewer students-by one estimate almost 2500 fewer.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Norfolk, Virginia has twice found itself at the center of attention related to the racial desegregation of its schools. The first was in the late 1950s during a state-wide, governor-led resistance to the integration mandated by the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS ruling. Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. closed the schools scheduled to be integrated for five months until the courts intervened. The second was in 1986 when Norfolk became the first school district in the country to have a federal judicial ruling allowing them to end busing for the purpose of achieving racial balance in schools.","On September 19, 1958, U.S. District Judge Walter Hoffman issued an order in continuation of Leola Pearl Beckett v. The School Board of the City of Norfolk which said that Norfolk must immediately begin to integrate its schools. On September 27, 1958, the Norfolk School Board placed 17 African American children into previously all white schools in compliance with the judge's order. Earlier in 1958, the Virginia legislature had granted permission to Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. to close any white school that had \"negroes\" which tried to enroll. On September 27, the same day the children were to start at school, the Governor closed the six affected schools in Norfolk and took them under his control. In all, this impacted more than 10,000 white students and the 17 African American students (the Norfolk 17). In the months that followed, students found avenues to education through private schools, relocation, but mostly through highly organized tutoring groups. In February of 1959, the schools reopened with fewer students-by one estimate almost 2500 fewer."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFrom 2008 to September 2020, the collection was known as the Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Papers.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History"],"custodhist_tesim":["From 2008 to September 2020, the collection was known as the Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Papers."],"otherfindaid_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://olddomuni.access.preservica.com/archive/sdb%3Acollection|80f31496-d0c0-40e8-9c9c-024a1e1a2903/\"\u003eODU Digital Collections\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e  "],"otherfindaid_heading_ssm":["Related Digital Material"],"otherfindaid_tesim":["ODU Digital Collections"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe finding aid was completed by Jennifer Clayton in Apirl 2008.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The finding aid was completed by Jennifer Clayton in Apirl 2008."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection primarily contains material related to the integration of the Norfolk public schools. The papers include correspondence, court cases, school board resolutions, inter-district memorandum, press releases, reports, news clippings and district maps. Subjects covered are the 1958 school closing to prevent integration, integration progress in the 1960s, busing to achieve integration in the 1970s and the end of busing in the mid-1980s. Among the most important historical materials is correspondence between Governor Lindsay Almond and the School Administration, beginning with the letter ordering the closing of six Norfolk schools as mandated by the \"Massive Resistance\" law. While most of the collection deals with desegregation, it also includes school directories and calendars before and after desegregation. Parts of the collection have been scanned and are available in the \u003ca href=\"https://olddomuni.access.preservica.com/uncategorized/SO_80f31496-d0c0-40e8-9c9c-024a1e1a2903/\"\u003eOld Dominion University Libraries Digital Collections.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection primarily contains material related to the integration of the Norfolk public schools. The papers include correspondence, court cases, school board resolutions, inter-district memorandum, press releases, reports, news clippings and district maps. Subjects covered are the 1958 school closing to prevent integration, integration progress in the 1960s, busing to achieve integration in the 1970s and the end of busing in the mid-1980s. Among the most important historical materials is correspondence between Governor Lindsay Almond and the School Administration, beginning with the letter ordering the closing of six Norfolk schools as mandated by the \"Massive Resistance\" law. While most of the collection deals with desegregation, it also includes school directories and calendars before and after desegregation. Parts of the collection have been scanned and are available in the Old Dominion University Libraries Digital Collections."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_cc312911e0755655711aff73f46b1cbc\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThis collection dating from 1922-2008, contains correspondence, memorandum, depositions, court orders, recollections, statistical testing data, printed material, artifacts, and maps.The bulk of the collection provides a glimpse into the decisions made by the School Board through court documentation and the public sentiment during the integration process in Norfolk. While most of the collection deals with desegregation, it also includes school directories and calendars before and after desegregation.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["This collection dating from 1922-2008, contains correspondence, memorandum, depositions, court orders, recollections, statistical testing data, printed material, artifacts, and maps.The bulk of the collection provides a glimpse into the decisions made by the School Board through court documentation and the public sentiment during the integration process in Norfolk. While most of the collection deals with desegregation, it also includes school directories and calendars before and after desegregation."],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People"],"names_coll_ssim":["National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)"],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":425,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:25:42.407Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_187","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_187","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_187","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_187","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_187.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/187","title_filing_ssi":"Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation","title_ssm":["Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection"],"title_tesim":["Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1922-2008, undated","Date acquired: 12/14/2007"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1922-2008, undated"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 12/14/2007"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1922/2008"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection, 1922/2008"],"text":["Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection, 1922/2008","MG 92","/repositories/5/resources/187","Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","African Americans--Civil rights","School integration--Massive resistance movement","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","Segregation in education--Virginia--Norfolk","Race relations--History--20th century","African Americans--Segregation","African Americans--Education--Virginia--Norfolk","Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","Busing for school integration--Virginia--Norfolk","Open to researchers without restrictions.","The collection is organized into five series: Series I: Closing of the Norfolk City Schools; Series II: The Path to a Unitary School District; Series III: Norfolk as a Unitary School District; Series IV: Directories and Calendars; and Series V: Oversized Documents.","Norfolk, Virginia has twice found itself at the center of attention related to the racial desegregation of its schools. The first was in the late 1950s during a state-wide, governor-led resistance to the integration mandated by the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS ruling. Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. closed the schools scheduled to be integrated for five months until the courts intervened. The second was in 1986 when Norfolk became the first school district in the country to have a federal judicial ruling allowing them to end busing for the purpose of achieving racial balance in schools.","On September 19, 1958, U.S. District Judge Walter Hoffman issued an order in continuation of Leola Pearl Beckett v. The School Board of the City of Norfolk which said that Norfolk must immediately begin to integrate its schools. On September 27, 1958, the Norfolk School Board placed 17 African American children into previously all white schools in compliance with the judge's order. Earlier in 1958, the Virginia legislature had granted permission to Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. to close any white school that had \"negroes\" which tried to enroll. On September 27, the same day the children were to start at school, the Governor closed the six affected schools in Norfolk and took them under his control. In all, this impacted more than 10,000 white students and the 17 African American students (the Norfolk 17). In the months that followed, students found avenues to education through private schools, relocation, but mostly through highly organized tutoring groups. In February of 1959, the schools reopened with fewer students-by one estimate almost 2500 fewer.","From 2008 to September 2020, the collection was known as the Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Papers.","The finding aid was completed by Jennifer Clayton in Apirl 2008.","This collection primarily contains material related to the integration of the Norfolk public schools. The papers include correspondence, court cases, school board resolutions, inter-district memorandum, press releases, reports, news clippings and district maps. Subjects covered are the 1958 school closing to prevent integration, integration progress in the 1960s, busing to achieve integration in the 1970s and the end of busing in the mid-1980s. Among the most important historical materials is correspondence between Governor Lindsay Almond and the School Administration, beginning with the letter ordering the closing of six Norfolk schools as mandated by the \"Massive Resistance\" law. While most of the collection deals with desegregation, it also includes school directories and calendars before and after desegregation. Parts of the collection have been scanned and are available in the Old Dominion University Libraries Digital Collections.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","This collection dating from 1922-2008, contains correspondence, memorandum, depositions, court orders, recollections, statistical testing data, printed material, artifacts, and maps.The bulk of the collection provides a glimpse into the decisions made by the School Board through court documentation and the public sentiment during the integration process in Norfolk. While most of the collection deals with desegregation, it also includes school directories and calendars before and after desegregation.","ODU Community Collections","Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection, 1922/2008"],"collection_ssim":["Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection, 1922/2008"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 92","/repositories/5/resources/187"],"unitid_tesim":["MG 92","/repositories/5/resources/187"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"geogname_ssm":["Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"places_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"creator_ssm":["Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)"],"creator_ssim":["Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People"],"creators_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Norfolk, Virginia, Public Schools","Gift. Accession #A2007-006"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans--Civil rights","School integration--Massive resistance movement","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","Segregation in education--Virginia--Norfolk","Race relations--History--20th century","African Americans--Segregation","African Americans--Education--Virginia--Norfolk","Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","Busing for school integration--Virginia--Norfolk"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans--Civil rights","School integration--Massive resistance movement","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","Segregation in education--Virginia--Norfolk","Race relations--History--20th century","African Americans--Segregation","African Americans--Education--Virginia--Norfolk","Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","Busing for school integration--Virginia--Norfolk"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["18.40 Linear Feet","34 Hollinger document cases; 2 oversize boxes boxes"],"extent_tesim":["18.40 Linear Feet","34 Hollinger document cases; 2 oversize boxes boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOpen to researchers without restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is organized into five series: Series I: Closing of the Norfolk City Schools; Series II: The Path to a Unitary School District; Series III: Norfolk as a Unitary School District; Series IV: Directories and Calendars; and Series V: Oversized Documents.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is organized into five series: Series I: Closing of the Norfolk City Schools; Series II: The Path to a Unitary School District; Series III: Norfolk as a Unitary School District; Series IV: Directories and Calendars; and Series V: Oversized Documents."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNorfolk, Virginia has twice found itself at the center of attention related to the racial desegregation of its schools. The first was in the late 1950s during a state-wide, governor-led resistance to the integration mandated by the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS ruling. Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. closed the schools scheduled to be integrated for five months until the courts intervened. The second was in 1986 when Norfolk became the first school district in the country to have a federal judicial ruling allowing them to end busing for the purpose of achieving racial balance in schools.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOn September 19, 1958, U.S. District Judge Walter Hoffman issued an order in continuation of Leola Pearl Beckett v. The School Board of the City of Norfolk which said that Norfolk must immediately begin to integrate its schools. On September 27, 1958, the Norfolk School Board placed 17 African American children into previously all white schools in compliance with the judge's order. Earlier in 1958, the Virginia legislature had granted permission to Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. to close any white school that had \"negroes\" which tried to enroll. On September 27, the same day the children were to start at school, the Governor closed the six affected schools in Norfolk and took them under his control. In all, this impacted more than 10,000 white students and the 17 African American students (the Norfolk 17). In the months that followed, students found avenues to education through private schools, relocation, but mostly through highly organized tutoring groups. In February of 1959, the schools reopened with fewer students-by one estimate almost 2500 fewer.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Norfolk, Virginia has twice found itself at the center of attention related to the racial desegregation of its schools. The first was in the late 1950s during a state-wide, governor-led resistance to the integration mandated by the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS ruling. Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. closed the schools scheduled to be integrated for five months until the courts intervened. The second was in 1986 when Norfolk became the first school district in the country to have a federal judicial ruling allowing them to end busing for the purpose of achieving racial balance in schools.","On September 19, 1958, U.S. District Judge Walter Hoffman issued an order in continuation of Leola Pearl Beckett v. The School Board of the City of Norfolk which said that Norfolk must immediately begin to integrate its schools. On September 27, 1958, the Norfolk School Board placed 17 African American children into previously all white schools in compliance with the judge's order. Earlier in 1958, the Virginia legislature had granted permission to Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. to close any white school that had \"negroes\" which tried to enroll. On September 27, the same day the children were to start at school, the Governor closed the six affected schools in Norfolk and took them under his control. In all, this impacted more than 10,000 white students and the 17 African American students (the Norfolk 17). In the months that followed, students found avenues to education through private schools, relocation, but mostly through highly organized tutoring groups. In February of 1959, the schools reopened with fewer students-by one estimate almost 2500 fewer."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFrom 2008 to September 2020, the collection was known as the Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Papers.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History"],"custodhist_tesim":["From 2008 to September 2020, the collection was known as the Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Papers."],"otherfindaid_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://olddomuni.access.preservica.com/archive/sdb%3Acollection|80f31496-d0c0-40e8-9c9c-024a1e1a2903/\"\u003eODU Digital Collections\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e  "],"otherfindaid_heading_ssm":["Related Digital Material"],"otherfindaid_tesim":["ODU Digital Collections"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe finding aid was completed by Jennifer Clayton in Apirl 2008.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The finding aid was completed by Jennifer Clayton in Apirl 2008."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection primarily contains material related to the integration of the Norfolk public schools. The papers include correspondence, court cases, school board resolutions, inter-district memorandum, press releases, reports, news clippings and district maps. Subjects covered are the 1958 school closing to prevent integration, integration progress in the 1960s, busing to achieve integration in the 1970s and the end of busing in the mid-1980s. Among the most important historical materials is correspondence between Governor Lindsay Almond and the School Administration, beginning with the letter ordering the closing of six Norfolk schools as mandated by the \"Massive Resistance\" law. While most of the collection deals with desegregation, it also includes school directories and calendars before and after desegregation. Parts of the collection have been scanned and are available in the \u003ca href=\"https://olddomuni.access.preservica.com/uncategorized/SO_80f31496-d0c0-40e8-9c9c-024a1e1a2903/\"\u003eOld Dominion University Libraries Digital Collections.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection primarily contains material related to the integration of the Norfolk public schools. The papers include correspondence, court cases, school board resolutions, inter-district memorandum, press releases, reports, news clippings and district maps. Subjects covered are the 1958 school closing to prevent integration, integration progress in the 1960s, busing to achieve integration in the 1970s and the end of busing in the mid-1980s. Among the most important historical materials is correspondence between Governor Lindsay Almond and the School Administration, beginning with the letter ordering the closing of six Norfolk schools as mandated by the \"Massive Resistance\" law. While most of the collection deals with desegregation, it also includes school directories and calendars before and after desegregation. Parts of the collection have been scanned and are available in the Old Dominion University Libraries Digital Collections."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_cc312911e0755655711aff73f46b1cbc\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThis collection dating from 1922-2008, contains correspondence, memorandum, depositions, court orders, recollections, statistical testing data, printed material, artifacts, and maps.The bulk of the collection provides a glimpse into the decisions made by the School Board through court documentation and the public sentiment during the integration process in Norfolk. While most of the collection deals with desegregation, it also includes school directories and calendars before and after desegregation.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["This collection dating from 1922-2008, contains correspondence, memorandum, depositions, court orders, recollections, statistical testing data, printed material, artifacts, and maps.The bulk of the collection provides a glimpse into the decisions made by the School Board through court documentation and the public sentiment during the integration process in Norfolk. While most of the collection deals with desegregation, it also includes school directories and calendars before and after desegregation."],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People"],"names_coll_ssim":["National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)"],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":425,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:25:42.407Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_187"}},{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_258","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"W. Fred Duckworth Papers, 1908/1979","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_258#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Duckworth, W. Fred (1899-1972)","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_258#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Mayor of Norfolk (1950-1962). Collection consists of memorabilia, photographs, scrapbooks, newspaper clippings, and artifacts relating to his political, business and civic activities.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_258#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_258","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_258","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_258","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_258","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_258.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/258","title_filing_ssi":"Duckworth, W. Fred","title_ssm":["W. Fred Duckworth Papers"],"title_tesim":["W. Fred Duckworth Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1908-1979, undated","Date acquired: 05/07/1980"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1908-1979, undated"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 05/07/1980"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1908/1979"],"normalized_title_ssm":["W. Fred Duckworth Papers, 1908/1979"],"text":["W. Fred Duckworth Papers, 1908/1979","MG 45","/repositories/5/resources/258","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","Hampton Roads (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Mayors--Virginia--Norfolk","School integration--Massive resistance movement","Open to researchers without restrictions.","The collection is organized into four series: Series I: Papers; Series II: Memorabilia; Series III: Oversize Photographs and Certificates; and Series IV: Oversize Albums and Scrapbooks.","William Fred Duckworth was born June 20, 1899 in Brevard, North Carolina. He graduated from Kernersville High School in Kernersville, North Carolina, and attended Davidson College in Davidson, North Carolina. He served in the Infantry during World War I. Duckworth married Gertrude Summers, a native of Statesville, North Carolina. Together they had one daughter, Betty.","Mr. Duckworth's first employment was with the Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant in Charlotte, North Carolina in 1920. In 1931, he was promoted to manager of the plant. Then in 1933, he transferred to the Memphis Tennessee Plant. In 1936, Duckworth moved to Norfolk, Virginia to manage the Norfolk Plant. He worked for the Ford Motor Company until 1942.","Mr. Duckworth served his country again from 1942 to 1944, as Regional Director of the War Production Board in Cleveland, Ohio. After this he became an independent businessman, founding the Cavalier Motor Company in Norfolk, Virginia. He served as President of the company until 1959. After that, he continued to serve as Chairman of the Board.","In 1950, running on the coalition ticket, Duckworth was elected as mayor of Norfolk. He served in this position for twelve years, as Norfolk's longest running mayor. He finally declined re-election in 1962. Among his accomplishments as mayor of Norfolk include slum clearance, an industrial park, the Norfolk bridges and tunnels, and the General Douglas MacArthur Memorial in Norfolk's old Court House.","On March 4, 1972, William Fred Duckworth was shot and killed while taking his regular nightly walk near his Norfolk apartment. No one was ever charged with the crime.","Note written by Special Collections Staff","Paul T. Schweitzer Papers (MG 16); Forrest P. White Papers (MG 5).","The collection consists of documents, artifacts, newspaper clippings, photos, and scrapbooks documenting the activities of W. Fred Duckworth in politics, as a businessman, and as a civic leader. Of particular note are the documents related to Duckworth's role in the desegregation of Norfolk Public Schools in the 1950s and 1960s.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","Mayor of Norfolk (1950-1962). Collection consists of memorabilia, photographs, scrapbooks, newspaper clippings, and artifacts relating to his political, business and civic activities.","ODU Community Collections","MacArthur Memorial","Duckworth, W. Fred (1899-1972)","Stanley, Thomas B. (Thomas Bahnson) (1890-1970)","MacArthur, Douglas","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["W. Fred Duckworth Papers, 1908/1979"],"collection_ssim":["W. Fred Duckworth Papers, 1908/1979"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 45","/repositories/5/resources/258"],"unitid_tesim":["MG 45","/repositories/5/resources/258"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"geogname_ssm":["Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","Hampton Roads (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","Hampton Roads (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century"],"places_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","Hampton Roads (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century"],"creator_ssm":["Duckworth, W. Fred (1899-1972)"],"creator_ssim":["Duckworth, W. Fred (1899-1972)"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Duckworth, W. Fred (1899-1972)","Stanley, Thomas B. (Thomas Bahnson) (1890-1970)","MacArthur, Douglas"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","MacArthur Memorial"],"creators_ssim":["Duckworth, W. Fred (1899-1972)","Stanley, Thomas B. (Thomas Bahnson) (1890-1970)","MacArthur, Douglas","ODU Community Collections","MacArthur Memorial"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Betty Duckworth Farrand","Gift. Accession #A80-23"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Mayors--Virginia--Norfolk","School integration--Massive resistance movement"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Mayors--Virginia--Norfolk","School integration--Massive resistance movement"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["22.20 Linear Feet","2 Hollinger document cases, 15 oversize boxes boxes"],"extent_tesim":["22.20 Linear Feet","2 Hollinger document cases, 15 oversize boxes boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOpen to researchers without restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is organized into four series: Series I: Papers; Series II: Memorabilia; Series III: Oversize Photographs and Certificates; and Series IV: Oversize Albums and Scrapbooks.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is organized into four series: Series I: Papers; Series II: Memorabilia; Series III: Oversize Photographs and Certificates; and Series IV: Oversize Albums and Scrapbooks."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWilliam Fred Duckworth was born June 20, 1899 in Brevard, North Carolina. He graduated from Kernersville High School in Kernersville, North Carolina, and attended Davidson College in Davidson, North Carolina. He served in the Infantry during World War I. Duckworth married Gertrude Summers, a native of Statesville, North Carolina. Together they had one daughter, Betty.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Duckworth's first employment was with the Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant in Charlotte, North Carolina in 1920. In 1931, he was promoted to manager of the plant. Then in 1933, he transferred to the Memphis Tennessee Plant. In 1936, Duckworth moved to Norfolk, Virginia to manage the Norfolk Plant. He worked for the Ford Motor Company until 1942.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Duckworth served his country again from 1942 to 1944, as Regional Director of the War Production Board in Cleveland, Ohio. After this he became an independent businessman, founding the Cavalier Motor Company in Norfolk, Virginia. He served as President of the company until 1959. After that, he continued to serve as Chairman of the Board.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1950, running on the coalition ticket, Duckworth was elected as mayor of Norfolk. He served in this position for twelve years, as Norfolk's longest running mayor. He finally declined re-election in 1962. Among his accomplishments as mayor of Norfolk include slum clearance, an industrial park, the Norfolk bridges and tunnels, and the General Douglas MacArthur Memorial in Norfolk's old Court House.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOn March 4, 1972, William Fred Duckworth was shot and killed while taking his regular nightly walk near his Norfolk apartment. No one was ever charged with the crime.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNote written by Special Collections Staff\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["William Fred Duckworth was born June 20, 1899 in Brevard, North Carolina. He graduated from Kernersville High School in Kernersville, North Carolina, and attended Davidson College in Davidson, North Carolina. He served in the Infantry during World War I. Duckworth married Gertrude Summers, a native of Statesville, North Carolina. Together they had one daughter, Betty.","Mr. Duckworth's first employment was with the Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant in Charlotte, North Carolina in 1920. In 1931, he was promoted to manager of the plant. Then in 1933, he transferred to the Memphis Tennessee Plant. In 1936, Duckworth moved to Norfolk, Virginia to manage the Norfolk Plant. He worked for the Ford Motor Company until 1942.","Mr. Duckworth served his country again from 1942 to 1944, as Regional Director of the War Production Board in Cleveland, Ohio. After this he became an independent businessman, founding the Cavalier Motor Company in Norfolk, Virginia. He served as President of the company until 1959. After that, he continued to serve as Chairman of the Board.","In 1950, running on the coalition ticket, Duckworth was elected as mayor of Norfolk. He served in this position for twelve years, as Norfolk's longest running mayor. He finally declined re-election in 1962. Among his accomplishments as mayor of Norfolk include slum clearance, an industrial park, the Norfolk bridges and tunnels, and the General Douglas MacArthur Memorial in Norfolk's old Court House.","On March 4, 1972, William Fred Duckworth was shot and killed while taking his regular nightly walk near his Norfolk apartment. No one was ever charged with the crime.","Note written by Special Collections Staff"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], W. Fred Duckworth Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], W. Fred Duckworth Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePaul T. Schweitzer Papers (MG 16); Forrest P. White Papers (MG 5).\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers (MG 16); Forrest P. White Papers (MG 5)."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection consists of documents, artifacts, newspaper clippings, photos, and scrapbooks documenting the activities of W. Fred Duckworth in politics, as a businessman, and as a civic leader. Of particular note are the documents related to Duckworth's role in the desegregation of Norfolk Public Schools in the 1950s and 1960s.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection consists of documents, artifacts, newspaper clippings, photos, and scrapbooks documenting the activities of W. Fred Duckworth in politics, as a businessman, and as a civic leader. Of particular note are the documents related to Duckworth's role in the desegregation of Norfolk Public Schools in the 1950s and 1960s."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_9d4c723a75858d54b3770ca918f8f654\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eMayor of Norfolk (1950-1962). Collection consists of memorabilia, photographs, scrapbooks, newspaper clippings, and artifacts relating to his political, business and civic activities.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["Mayor of Norfolk (1950-1962). Collection consists of memorabilia, photographs, scrapbooks, newspaper clippings, and artifacts relating to his political, business and civic activities."],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","MacArthur Memorial"],"names_coll_ssim":["MacArthur Memorial","Stanley, Thomas B. (Thomas Bahnson) (1890-1970)","MacArthur, Douglas","Duckworth, W. Fred (1899-1972)"],"persname_ssim":["Duckworth, W. Fred (1899-1972)","Stanley, Thomas B. (Thomas Bahnson) (1890-1970)","MacArthur, Douglas"],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","MacArthur Memorial","Duckworth, W. Fred (1899-1972)","Stanley, Thomas B. (Thomas Bahnson) (1890-1970)","MacArthur, Douglas"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":148,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:25:49.528Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_258","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_258","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_258","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_258","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_258.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/258","title_filing_ssi":"Duckworth, W. Fred","title_ssm":["W. Fred Duckworth Papers"],"title_tesim":["W. Fred Duckworth Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1908-1979, undated","Date acquired: 05/07/1980"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1908-1979, undated"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 05/07/1980"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1908/1979"],"normalized_title_ssm":["W. Fred Duckworth Papers, 1908/1979"],"text":["W. Fred Duckworth Papers, 1908/1979","MG 45","/repositories/5/resources/258","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","Hampton Roads (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Mayors--Virginia--Norfolk","School integration--Massive resistance movement","Open to researchers without restrictions.","The collection is organized into four series: Series I: Papers; Series II: Memorabilia; Series III: Oversize Photographs and Certificates; and Series IV: Oversize Albums and Scrapbooks.","William Fred Duckworth was born June 20, 1899 in Brevard, North Carolina. He graduated from Kernersville High School in Kernersville, North Carolina, and attended Davidson College in Davidson, North Carolina. He served in the Infantry during World War I. Duckworth married Gertrude Summers, a native of Statesville, North Carolina. Together they had one daughter, Betty.","Mr. Duckworth's first employment was with the Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant in Charlotte, North Carolina in 1920. In 1931, he was promoted to manager of the plant. Then in 1933, he transferred to the Memphis Tennessee Plant. In 1936, Duckworth moved to Norfolk, Virginia to manage the Norfolk Plant. He worked for the Ford Motor Company until 1942.","Mr. Duckworth served his country again from 1942 to 1944, as Regional Director of the War Production Board in Cleveland, Ohio. After this he became an independent businessman, founding the Cavalier Motor Company in Norfolk, Virginia. He served as President of the company until 1959. After that, he continued to serve as Chairman of the Board.","In 1950, running on the coalition ticket, Duckworth was elected as mayor of Norfolk. He served in this position for twelve years, as Norfolk's longest running mayor. He finally declined re-election in 1962. Among his accomplishments as mayor of Norfolk include slum clearance, an industrial park, the Norfolk bridges and tunnels, and the General Douglas MacArthur Memorial in Norfolk's old Court House.","On March 4, 1972, William Fred Duckworth was shot and killed while taking his regular nightly walk near his Norfolk apartment. No one was ever charged with the crime.","Note written by Special Collections Staff","Paul T. Schweitzer Papers (MG 16); Forrest P. White Papers (MG 5).","The collection consists of documents, artifacts, newspaper clippings, photos, and scrapbooks documenting the activities of W. Fred Duckworth in politics, as a businessman, and as a civic leader. Of particular note are the documents related to Duckworth's role in the desegregation of Norfolk Public Schools in the 1950s and 1960s.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","Mayor of Norfolk (1950-1962). Collection consists of memorabilia, photographs, scrapbooks, newspaper clippings, and artifacts relating to his political, business and civic activities.","ODU Community Collections","MacArthur Memorial","Duckworth, W. Fred (1899-1972)","Stanley, Thomas B. (Thomas Bahnson) (1890-1970)","MacArthur, Douglas","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["W. Fred Duckworth Papers, 1908/1979"],"collection_ssim":["W. Fred Duckworth Papers, 1908/1979"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 45","/repositories/5/resources/258"],"unitid_tesim":["MG 45","/repositories/5/resources/258"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"geogname_ssm":["Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","Hampton Roads (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","Hampton Roads (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century"],"places_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","Hampton Roads (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century"],"creator_ssm":["Duckworth, W. Fred (1899-1972)"],"creator_ssim":["Duckworth, W. Fred (1899-1972)"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Duckworth, W. Fred (1899-1972)","Stanley, Thomas B. (Thomas Bahnson) (1890-1970)","MacArthur, Douglas"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","MacArthur Memorial"],"creators_ssim":["Duckworth, W. Fred (1899-1972)","Stanley, Thomas B. (Thomas Bahnson) (1890-1970)","MacArthur, Douglas","ODU Community Collections","MacArthur Memorial"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Betty Duckworth Farrand","Gift. Accession #A80-23"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Mayors--Virginia--Norfolk","School integration--Massive resistance movement"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Mayors--Virginia--Norfolk","School integration--Massive resistance movement"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["22.20 Linear Feet","2 Hollinger document cases, 15 oversize boxes boxes"],"extent_tesim":["22.20 Linear Feet","2 Hollinger document cases, 15 oversize boxes boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOpen to researchers without restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is organized into four series: Series I: Papers; Series II: Memorabilia; Series III: Oversize Photographs and Certificates; and Series IV: Oversize Albums and Scrapbooks.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is organized into four series: Series I: Papers; Series II: Memorabilia; Series III: Oversize Photographs and Certificates; and Series IV: Oversize Albums and Scrapbooks."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWilliam Fred Duckworth was born June 20, 1899 in Brevard, North Carolina. He graduated from Kernersville High School in Kernersville, North Carolina, and attended Davidson College in Davidson, North Carolina. He served in the Infantry during World War I. Duckworth married Gertrude Summers, a native of Statesville, North Carolina. Together they had one daughter, Betty.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Duckworth's first employment was with the Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant in Charlotte, North Carolina in 1920. In 1931, he was promoted to manager of the plant. Then in 1933, he transferred to the Memphis Tennessee Plant. In 1936, Duckworth moved to Norfolk, Virginia to manage the Norfolk Plant. He worked for the Ford Motor Company until 1942.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Duckworth served his country again from 1942 to 1944, as Regional Director of the War Production Board in Cleveland, Ohio. After this he became an independent businessman, founding the Cavalier Motor Company in Norfolk, Virginia. He served as President of the company until 1959. After that, he continued to serve as Chairman of the Board.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1950, running on the coalition ticket, Duckworth was elected as mayor of Norfolk. He served in this position for twelve years, as Norfolk's longest running mayor. He finally declined re-election in 1962. Among his accomplishments as mayor of Norfolk include slum clearance, an industrial park, the Norfolk bridges and tunnels, and the General Douglas MacArthur Memorial in Norfolk's old Court House.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOn March 4, 1972, William Fred Duckworth was shot and killed while taking his regular nightly walk near his Norfolk apartment. No one was ever charged with the crime.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNote written by Special Collections Staff\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["William Fred Duckworth was born June 20, 1899 in Brevard, North Carolina. He graduated from Kernersville High School in Kernersville, North Carolina, and attended Davidson College in Davidson, North Carolina. He served in the Infantry during World War I. Duckworth married Gertrude Summers, a native of Statesville, North Carolina. Together they had one daughter, Betty.","Mr. Duckworth's first employment was with the Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant in Charlotte, North Carolina in 1920. In 1931, he was promoted to manager of the plant. Then in 1933, he transferred to the Memphis Tennessee Plant. In 1936, Duckworth moved to Norfolk, Virginia to manage the Norfolk Plant. He worked for the Ford Motor Company until 1942.","Mr. Duckworth served his country again from 1942 to 1944, as Regional Director of the War Production Board in Cleveland, Ohio. After this he became an independent businessman, founding the Cavalier Motor Company in Norfolk, Virginia. He served as President of the company until 1959. After that, he continued to serve as Chairman of the Board.","In 1950, running on the coalition ticket, Duckworth was elected as mayor of Norfolk. He served in this position for twelve years, as Norfolk's longest running mayor. He finally declined re-election in 1962. Among his accomplishments as mayor of Norfolk include slum clearance, an industrial park, the Norfolk bridges and tunnels, and the General Douglas MacArthur Memorial in Norfolk's old Court House.","On March 4, 1972, William Fred Duckworth was shot and killed while taking his regular nightly walk near his Norfolk apartment. No one was ever charged with the crime.","Note written by Special Collections Staff"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], W. Fred Duckworth Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], W. Fred Duckworth Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePaul T. Schweitzer Papers (MG 16); Forrest P. White Papers (MG 5).\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers (MG 16); Forrest P. White Papers (MG 5)."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection consists of documents, artifacts, newspaper clippings, photos, and scrapbooks documenting the activities of W. Fred Duckworth in politics, as a businessman, and as a civic leader. Of particular note are the documents related to Duckworth's role in the desegregation of Norfolk Public Schools in the 1950s and 1960s.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection consists of documents, artifacts, newspaper clippings, photos, and scrapbooks documenting the activities of W. Fred Duckworth in politics, as a businessman, and as a civic leader. Of particular note are the documents related to Duckworth's role in the desegregation of Norfolk Public Schools in the 1950s and 1960s."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_9d4c723a75858d54b3770ca918f8f654\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eMayor of Norfolk (1950-1962). Collection consists of memorabilia, photographs, scrapbooks, newspaper clippings, and artifacts relating to his political, business and civic activities.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["Mayor of Norfolk (1950-1962). Collection consists of memorabilia, photographs, scrapbooks, newspaper clippings, and artifacts relating to his political, business and civic activities."],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","MacArthur Memorial"],"names_coll_ssim":["MacArthur Memorial","Stanley, Thomas B. (Thomas Bahnson) (1890-1970)","MacArthur, Douglas","Duckworth, W. Fred (1899-1972)"],"persname_ssim":["Duckworth, W. Fred (1899-1972)","Stanley, Thomas B. (Thomas Bahnson) (1890-1970)","MacArthur, Douglas"],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","MacArthur Memorial","Duckworth, W. Fred (1899-1972)","Stanley, Thomas B. (Thomas Bahnson) (1890-1970)","MacArthur, Douglas"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":148,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:25:49.528Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_258"}},{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_240","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation Records, 1939/1964","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_240#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (Norfolk, Va.)","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_240#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Founded in 1945 as an interracial organization designed to address concerns with education, health, and housing among the Afro-American community in Norfolk. Predecessor to the Norfolk Human Relations Council. Includes correspondence, newspapers clippings, minutes, reports, pamphlets, and membership lists. Bulk of the organization's records are in the archives at Norfolk State University.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_240#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_240","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_240","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_240","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_240","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_240.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/240","title_filing_ssi":"Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation","title_ssm":["Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation Records"],"title_tesim":["Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation Records"],"unitdate_ssm":["1939-1964, undated","Date acquired: 07/19/1982"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1939-1964, undated"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 07/19/1982"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1939/1964"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation Records, 1939/1964"],"text":["Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation Records, 1939/1964","MG 54","/repositories/5/resources/240","Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","Virginia--Politics and government","Women--Virginia--Social conditions","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","School integration--Massive resistance movement","African Americans--Civil rights","Race relations--History--20th century","Virginia--Politics and government--1865-1950","Racism--Prevention","Open to researchers without restrictions.","On April 17, 1945, eight black and eleven white women met in the vestry room of Ohef Sholom Temple in Norfolk. Mrs. Vivian Carter Mason had invited these women in order to consider forming an interracial committee. All the women present were active in civic organizations, and came from different religious backgrounds.","At that first meeting it was decided that such an interracial group could indeed be beneficial to Norfolk. Furthermore, they decided that their organization should be autonomous - not affiliated with any other organization, but working in cooperation with them.","Mrs. Mason was appointed temporary chairman and the group held meetings in May, June, and September. The first two meetings were devoted to establishing a constitution and coming up with a name. By December, there were 86 members.","Early in 1946, the WCIC was becoming active in the public school system, and worked with the public libraries and the Boy Scouts to notify the public of their humanitarian goals. These goals were: to improve city facilities for education, recreation, employment, and health; improve interracial attitudes; to seek equality of opportunity for everyone; and to work towards full citizenship privileges for all","The WCIC implemented these goals by calling attention to the need for more blacks in civic occupations; worked with health organizations in providing testing for diseases and public health information; held public meetings and other activities with nationally known speakers to advance the ideas of integration; and met with city officials concerning proper housing for the poor. For the first two years the group met in different churches and kept their files and printed materials in the homes of its officers and chairmen. Finally the WCIC was able to get space for an office and meetings at the YWCA. This lasted for several years.","As stress in Norfolk over the desegregation of public schools reached a climax, the WCIC found itself pitted against many opponents of desegregation. It became more difficult to find meeting places open to such a group. Also, when they did find a place, they often could not advertise their meeting because of criticism and possible censure it would draw towards those who allowed such a meeting to take place at their establishment. Consequently, for a period of time, the WCIC worked more \"behind the scenes\" than in the public eye. However the effectiveness of the group endured and through their studies and reports of other cities with integrated school systems, the group helped Norfolk overcome the crisis in 1958 when the public high schools were shut down.","Note written by Jan Halecki","Vivian Carter Mason Interviews (MG 53)","Edith R. White Papers (MG 109)","The Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (WCIC) was an organization of white and black women devoted to fostering racial harmony. The records include the organization's constitution, minutes of meetings, correspondence, speeches, annual reports, member lists, booklets, pamphlets, programs, invitations, newspaper clippings and published articles. Of interest is a transcribed panel report titled, \"How Norfolk Opened Her Schools,\" dated February 2, 1959, and Susan Slaughter's personal account of the \"First Fifteen Years of WCIC.\" In addition, there is material relating to the inception and early history of the Human Relations Council, which superseded the WCIC.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","Founded in 1945 as an interracial organization designed to address concerns with education, health, and housing among the Afro-American community in Norfolk. Predecessor to the Norfolk Human Relations Council. Includes correspondence, newspapers clippings, minutes, reports, pamphlets, and membership lists. Bulk of the organization's records are in the archives at Norfolk State University.","ODU Community Collections","Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (Norfolk, Va.)","Human Relations Council (Norfolk, Va.)","Mason, Vivian Carter (1900-1982)","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation Records, 1939/1964"],"collection_ssim":["Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation Records, 1939/1964"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 54","/repositories/5/resources/240"],"unitid_tesim":["MG 54","/repositories/5/resources/240"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"geogname_ssm":["Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","Virginia--Politics and government"],"geogname_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","Virginia--Politics and government"],"places_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","Virginia--Politics and government"],"creator_ssm":["Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (Norfolk, Va.)"],"creator_ssim":["Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (Norfolk, Va.)"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Mason, Vivian Carter (1900-1982)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (Norfolk, Va.)","Human Relations Council (Norfolk, Va.)"],"creators_ssim":["Mason, Vivian Carter (1900-1982)","ODU Community Collections","Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (Norfolk, Va.)","Human Relations Council (Norfolk, Va.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Mrs. H. M. Silverman","Gift of Mrs. H.M. Silverman, president of the organization from 1955 to 1957. Accession #A82-13"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Women--Virginia--Social conditions","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","School integration--Massive resistance movement","African Americans--Civil rights","Race relations--History--20th century","Virginia--Politics and government--1865-1950","Racism--Prevention"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Women--Virginia--Social conditions","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","School integration--Massive resistance movement","African Americans--Civil rights","Race relations--History--20th century","Virginia--Politics and government--1865-1950","Racism--Prevention"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.60 Linear Feet","1 Hollinger document case boxes"],"extent_tesim":["0.60 Linear Feet","1 Hollinger document case boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1982],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOpen to researchers without restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOn April 17, 1945, eight black and eleven white women met in the vestry room of Ohef Sholom Temple in Norfolk. Mrs. Vivian Carter Mason had invited these women in order to consider forming an interracial committee. All the women present were active in civic organizations, and came from different religious backgrounds.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAt that first meeting it was decided that such an interracial group could indeed be beneficial to Norfolk. Furthermore, they decided that their organization should be autonomous - not affiliated with any other organization, but working in cooperation with them.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Mason was appointed temporary chairman and the group held meetings in May, June, and September. The first two meetings were devoted to establishing a constitution and coming up with a name. By December, there were 86 members.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEarly in 1946, the WCIC was becoming active in the public school system, and worked with the public libraries and the Boy Scouts to notify the public of their humanitarian goals. These goals were: to improve city facilities for education, recreation, employment, and health; improve interracial attitudes; to seek equality of opportunity for everyone; and to work towards full citizenship privileges for all\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe WCIC implemented these goals by calling attention to the need for more blacks in civic occupations; worked with health organizations in providing testing for diseases and public health information; held public meetings and other activities with nationally known speakers to advance the ideas of integration; and met with city officials concerning proper housing for the poor. For the first two years the group met in different churches and kept their files and printed materials in the homes of its officers and chairmen. Finally the WCIC was able to get space for an office and meetings at the YWCA. This lasted for several years.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs stress in Norfolk over the desegregation of public schools reached a climax, the WCIC found itself pitted against many opponents of desegregation. It became more difficult to find meeting places open to such a group. Also, when they did find a place, they often could not advertise their meeting because of criticism and possible censure it would draw towards those who allowed such a meeting to take place at their establishment. Consequently, for a period of time, the WCIC worked more \"behind the scenes\" than in the public eye. However the effectiveness of the group endured and through their studies and reports of other cities with integrated school systems, the group helped Norfolk overcome the crisis in 1958 when the public high schools were shut down.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNote written by Jan Halecki\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["On April 17, 1945, eight black and eleven white women met in the vestry room of Ohef Sholom Temple in Norfolk. Mrs. Vivian Carter Mason had invited these women in order to consider forming an interracial committee. All the women present were active in civic organizations, and came from different religious backgrounds.","At that first meeting it was decided that such an interracial group could indeed be beneficial to Norfolk. Furthermore, they decided that their organization should be autonomous - not affiliated with any other organization, but working in cooperation with them.","Mrs. Mason was appointed temporary chairman and the group held meetings in May, June, and September. The first two meetings were devoted to establishing a constitution and coming up with a name. By December, there were 86 members.","Early in 1946, the WCIC was becoming active in the public school system, and worked with the public libraries and the Boy Scouts to notify the public of their humanitarian goals. These goals were: to improve city facilities for education, recreation, employment, and health; improve interracial attitudes; to seek equality of opportunity for everyone; and to work towards full citizenship privileges for all","The WCIC implemented these goals by calling attention to the need for more blacks in civic occupations; worked with health organizations in providing testing for diseases and public health information; held public meetings and other activities with nationally known speakers to advance the ideas of integration; and met with city officials concerning proper housing for the poor. For the first two years the group met in different churches and kept their files and printed materials in the homes of its officers and chairmen. Finally the WCIC was able to get space for an office and meetings at the YWCA. This lasted for several years.","As stress in Norfolk over the desegregation of public schools reached a climax, the WCIC found itself pitted against many opponents of desegregation. It became more difficult to find meeting places open to such a group. Also, when they did find a place, they often could not advertise their meeting because of criticism and possible censure it would draw towards those who allowed such a meeting to take place at their establishment. Consequently, for a period of time, the WCIC worked more \"behind the scenes\" than in the public eye. However the effectiveness of the group endured and through their studies and reports of other cities with integrated school systems, the group helped Norfolk overcome the crisis in 1958 when the public high schools were shut down.","Note written by Jan Halecki"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation Records, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation Records, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eVivian Carter Mason Interviews (MG 53)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEdith R. White Papers (MG 109)\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Vivian Carter Mason Interviews (MG 53)","Edith R. White Papers (MG 109)"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (WCIC) was an organization of white and black women devoted to fostering racial harmony. The records include the organization's constitution, minutes of meetings, correspondence, speeches, annual reports, member lists, booklets, pamphlets, programs, invitations, newspaper clippings and published articles. Of interest is a transcribed panel report titled, \"How Norfolk Opened Her Schools,\" dated February 2, 1959, and Susan Slaughter's personal account of the \"First Fifteen Years of WCIC.\" In addition, there is material relating to the inception and early history of the Human Relations Council, which superseded the WCIC.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (WCIC) was an organization of white and black women devoted to fostering racial harmony. The records include the organization's constitution, minutes of meetings, correspondence, speeches, annual reports, member lists, booklets, pamphlets, programs, invitations, newspaper clippings and published articles. Of interest is a transcribed panel report titled, \"How Norfolk Opened Her Schools,\" dated February 2, 1959, and Susan Slaughter's personal account of the \"First Fifteen Years of WCIC.\" In addition, there is material relating to the inception and early history of the Human Relations Council, which superseded the WCIC."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_d5119a8d33254e74d2d467937505f48c\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eFounded in 1945 as an interracial organization designed to address concerns with education, health, and housing among the Afro-American community in Norfolk. Predecessor to the Norfolk Human Relations Council. Includes correspondence, newspapers clippings, minutes, reports, pamphlets, and membership lists. Bulk of the organization's records are in the archives at Norfolk State University.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["Founded in 1945 as an interracial organization designed to address concerns with education, health, and housing among the Afro-American community in Norfolk. Predecessor to the Norfolk Human Relations Council. Includes correspondence, newspapers clippings, minutes, reports, pamphlets, and membership lists. Bulk of the organization's records are in the archives at Norfolk State University."],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (Norfolk, Va.)","Human Relations Council (Norfolk, Va.)"],"names_coll_ssim":["Human Relations Council (Norfolk, Va.)","Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (Norfolk, Va.)","Mason, Vivian Carter (1900-1982)"],"persname_ssim":["Mason, Vivian Carter (1900-1982)"],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (Norfolk, Va.)","Human Relations Council (Norfolk, Va.)","Mason, Vivian Carter (1900-1982)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":27,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:25:49.528Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_240","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_240","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_240","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_240","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_240.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/240","title_filing_ssi":"Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation","title_ssm":["Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation Records"],"title_tesim":["Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation Records"],"unitdate_ssm":["1939-1964, undated","Date acquired: 07/19/1982"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1939-1964, undated"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 07/19/1982"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1939/1964"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation Records, 1939/1964"],"text":["Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation Records, 1939/1964","MG 54","/repositories/5/resources/240","Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","Virginia--Politics and government","Women--Virginia--Social conditions","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","School integration--Massive resistance movement","African Americans--Civil rights","Race relations--History--20th century","Virginia--Politics and government--1865-1950","Racism--Prevention","Open to researchers without restrictions.","On April 17, 1945, eight black and eleven white women met in the vestry room of Ohef Sholom Temple in Norfolk. Mrs. Vivian Carter Mason had invited these women in order to consider forming an interracial committee. All the women present were active in civic organizations, and came from different religious backgrounds.","At that first meeting it was decided that such an interracial group could indeed be beneficial to Norfolk. Furthermore, they decided that their organization should be autonomous - not affiliated with any other organization, but working in cooperation with them.","Mrs. Mason was appointed temporary chairman and the group held meetings in May, June, and September. The first two meetings were devoted to establishing a constitution and coming up with a name. By December, there were 86 members.","Early in 1946, the WCIC was becoming active in the public school system, and worked with the public libraries and the Boy Scouts to notify the public of their humanitarian goals. These goals were: to improve city facilities for education, recreation, employment, and health; improve interracial attitudes; to seek equality of opportunity for everyone; and to work towards full citizenship privileges for all","The WCIC implemented these goals by calling attention to the need for more blacks in civic occupations; worked with health organizations in providing testing for diseases and public health information; held public meetings and other activities with nationally known speakers to advance the ideas of integration; and met with city officials concerning proper housing for the poor. For the first two years the group met in different churches and kept their files and printed materials in the homes of its officers and chairmen. Finally the WCIC was able to get space for an office and meetings at the YWCA. This lasted for several years.","As stress in Norfolk over the desegregation of public schools reached a climax, the WCIC found itself pitted against many opponents of desegregation. It became more difficult to find meeting places open to such a group. Also, when they did find a place, they often could not advertise their meeting because of criticism and possible censure it would draw towards those who allowed such a meeting to take place at their establishment. Consequently, for a period of time, the WCIC worked more \"behind the scenes\" than in the public eye. However the effectiveness of the group endured and through their studies and reports of other cities with integrated school systems, the group helped Norfolk overcome the crisis in 1958 when the public high schools were shut down.","Note written by Jan Halecki","Vivian Carter Mason Interviews (MG 53)","Edith R. White Papers (MG 109)","The Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (WCIC) was an organization of white and black women devoted to fostering racial harmony. The records include the organization's constitution, minutes of meetings, correspondence, speeches, annual reports, member lists, booklets, pamphlets, programs, invitations, newspaper clippings and published articles. Of interest is a transcribed panel report titled, \"How Norfolk Opened Her Schools,\" dated February 2, 1959, and Susan Slaughter's personal account of the \"First Fifteen Years of WCIC.\" In addition, there is material relating to the inception and early history of the Human Relations Council, which superseded the WCIC.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","Founded in 1945 as an interracial organization designed to address concerns with education, health, and housing among the Afro-American community in Norfolk. Predecessor to the Norfolk Human Relations Council. Includes correspondence, newspapers clippings, minutes, reports, pamphlets, and membership lists. Bulk of the organization's records are in the archives at Norfolk State University.","ODU Community Collections","Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (Norfolk, Va.)","Human Relations Council (Norfolk, Va.)","Mason, Vivian Carter (1900-1982)","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation Records, 1939/1964"],"collection_ssim":["Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation Records, 1939/1964"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 54","/repositories/5/resources/240"],"unitid_tesim":["MG 54","/repositories/5/resources/240"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"geogname_ssm":["Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","Virginia--Politics and government"],"geogname_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","Virginia--Politics and government"],"places_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","Virginia--Politics and government"],"creator_ssm":["Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (Norfolk, Va.)"],"creator_ssim":["Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (Norfolk, Va.)"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Mason, Vivian Carter (1900-1982)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (Norfolk, Va.)","Human Relations Council (Norfolk, Va.)"],"creators_ssim":["Mason, Vivian Carter (1900-1982)","ODU Community Collections","Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (Norfolk, Va.)","Human Relations Council (Norfolk, Va.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Mrs. H. M. Silverman","Gift of Mrs. H.M. Silverman, president of the organization from 1955 to 1957. Accession #A82-13"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Women--Virginia--Social conditions","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","School integration--Massive resistance movement","African Americans--Civil rights","Race relations--History--20th century","Virginia--Politics and government--1865-1950","Racism--Prevention"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Women--Virginia--Social conditions","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","School integration--Massive resistance movement","African Americans--Civil rights","Race relations--History--20th century","Virginia--Politics and government--1865-1950","Racism--Prevention"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.60 Linear Feet","1 Hollinger document case boxes"],"extent_tesim":["0.60 Linear Feet","1 Hollinger document case boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1982],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOpen to researchers without restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOn April 17, 1945, eight black and eleven white women met in the vestry room of Ohef Sholom Temple in Norfolk. Mrs. Vivian Carter Mason had invited these women in order to consider forming an interracial committee. All the women present were active in civic organizations, and came from different religious backgrounds.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAt that first meeting it was decided that such an interracial group could indeed be beneficial to Norfolk. Furthermore, they decided that their organization should be autonomous - not affiliated with any other organization, but working in cooperation with them.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Mason was appointed temporary chairman and the group held meetings in May, June, and September. The first two meetings were devoted to establishing a constitution and coming up with a name. By December, there were 86 members.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEarly in 1946, the WCIC was becoming active in the public school system, and worked with the public libraries and the Boy Scouts to notify the public of their humanitarian goals. These goals were: to improve city facilities for education, recreation, employment, and health; improve interracial attitudes; to seek equality of opportunity for everyone; and to work towards full citizenship privileges for all\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe WCIC implemented these goals by calling attention to the need for more blacks in civic occupations; worked with health organizations in providing testing for diseases and public health information; held public meetings and other activities with nationally known speakers to advance the ideas of integration; and met with city officials concerning proper housing for the poor. For the first two years the group met in different churches and kept their files and printed materials in the homes of its officers and chairmen. Finally the WCIC was able to get space for an office and meetings at the YWCA. This lasted for several years.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs stress in Norfolk over the desegregation of public schools reached a climax, the WCIC found itself pitted against many opponents of desegregation. It became more difficult to find meeting places open to such a group. Also, when they did find a place, they often could not advertise their meeting because of criticism and possible censure it would draw towards those who allowed such a meeting to take place at their establishment. Consequently, for a period of time, the WCIC worked more \"behind the scenes\" than in the public eye. However the effectiveness of the group endured and through their studies and reports of other cities with integrated school systems, the group helped Norfolk overcome the crisis in 1958 when the public high schools were shut down.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNote written by Jan Halecki\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["On April 17, 1945, eight black and eleven white women met in the vestry room of Ohef Sholom Temple in Norfolk. Mrs. Vivian Carter Mason had invited these women in order to consider forming an interracial committee. All the women present were active in civic organizations, and came from different religious backgrounds.","At that first meeting it was decided that such an interracial group could indeed be beneficial to Norfolk. Furthermore, they decided that their organization should be autonomous - not affiliated with any other organization, but working in cooperation with them.","Mrs. Mason was appointed temporary chairman and the group held meetings in May, June, and September. The first two meetings were devoted to establishing a constitution and coming up with a name. By December, there were 86 members.","Early in 1946, the WCIC was becoming active in the public school system, and worked with the public libraries and the Boy Scouts to notify the public of their humanitarian goals. These goals were: to improve city facilities for education, recreation, employment, and health; improve interracial attitudes; to seek equality of opportunity for everyone; and to work towards full citizenship privileges for all","The WCIC implemented these goals by calling attention to the need for more blacks in civic occupations; worked with health organizations in providing testing for diseases and public health information; held public meetings and other activities with nationally known speakers to advance the ideas of integration; and met with city officials concerning proper housing for the poor. For the first two years the group met in different churches and kept their files and printed materials in the homes of its officers and chairmen. Finally the WCIC was able to get space for an office and meetings at the YWCA. This lasted for several years.","As stress in Norfolk over the desegregation of public schools reached a climax, the WCIC found itself pitted against many opponents of desegregation. It became more difficult to find meeting places open to such a group. Also, when they did find a place, they often could not advertise their meeting because of criticism and possible censure it would draw towards those who allowed such a meeting to take place at their establishment. Consequently, for a period of time, the WCIC worked more \"behind the scenes\" than in the public eye. However the effectiveness of the group endured and through their studies and reports of other cities with integrated school systems, the group helped Norfolk overcome the crisis in 1958 when the public high schools were shut down.","Note written by Jan Halecki"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation Records, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation Records, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eVivian Carter Mason Interviews (MG 53)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEdith R. White Papers (MG 109)\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Vivian Carter Mason Interviews (MG 53)","Edith R. White Papers (MG 109)"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (WCIC) was an organization of white and black women devoted to fostering racial harmony. The records include the organization's constitution, minutes of meetings, correspondence, speeches, annual reports, member lists, booklets, pamphlets, programs, invitations, newspaper clippings and published articles. Of interest is a transcribed panel report titled, \"How Norfolk Opened Her Schools,\" dated February 2, 1959, and Susan Slaughter's personal account of the \"First Fifteen Years of WCIC.\" In addition, there is material relating to the inception and early history of the Human Relations Council, which superseded the WCIC.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (WCIC) was an organization of white and black women devoted to fostering racial harmony. The records include the organization's constitution, minutes of meetings, correspondence, speeches, annual reports, member lists, booklets, pamphlets, programs, invitations, newspaper clippings and published articles. Of interest is a transcribed panel report titled, \"How Norfolk Opened Her Schools,\" dated February 2, 1959, and Susan Slaughter's personal account of the \"First Fifteen Years of WCIC.\" In addition, there is material relating to the inception and early history of the Human Relations Council, which superseded the WCIC."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_d5119a8d33254e74d2d467937505f48c\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eFounded in 1945 as an interracial organization designed to address concerns with education, health, and housing among the Afro-American community in Norfolk. Predecessor to the Norfolk Human Relations Council. Includes correspondence, newspapers clippings, minutes, reports, pamphlets, and membership lists. Bulk of the organization's records are in the archives at Norfolk State University.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["Founded in 1945 as an interracial organization designed to address concerns with education, health, and housing among the Afro-American community in Norfolk. Predecessor to the Norfolk Human Relations Council. Includes correspondence, newspapers clippings, minutes, reports, pamphlets, and membership lists. Bulk of the organization's records are in the archives at Norfolk State University."],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (Norfolk, Va.)","Human Relations Council (Norfolk, Va.)"],"names_coll_ssim":["Human Relations Council (Norfolk, Va.)","Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (Norfolk, Va.)","Mason, Vivian Carter (1900-1982)"],"persname_ssim":["Mason, Vivian Carter (1900-1982)"],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (Norfolk, Va.)","Human Relations Council (Norfolk, Va.)","Mason, Vivian Carter (1900-1982)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":27,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:25:49.528Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_240"}}],"included":[{"type":"facet","id":"repository_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Repository","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Old Dominion University","value":"Old Dominion University","hits":6},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Old+Dominion+University"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library","value":"Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Washington+and+Lee+University%2C+Leyburn+Library"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/repository_ssim.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951"}},{"type":"facet","id":"collection_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Collection","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"A.E.S. Stephens Papers, 1949/1961","value":"A.E.S. Stephens Papers, 1949/1961","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=A.E.S.+Stephens+Papers%2C+1949%2F1961\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Charles H. Ford Papers, 1950/2016","value":"Charles H. Ford Papers, 1950/2016","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Charles+H.+Ford+Papers%2C+1950%2F2016\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Henry E. Howell, Jr. Papers, 1928/1999, bulk 1960/1978","value":"Henry E. Howell, Jr. Papers, 1928/1999, bulk 1960/1978","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Henry+E.+Howell%2C+Jr.+Papers%2C+1928%2F1999%2C+bulk+1960%2F1978\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Lewis F. Powell Jr. Papers, 1921/1998","value":"Lewis F. Powell Jr. Papers, 1921/1998","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Lewis+F.+Powell+Jr.+Papers%2C+1921%2F1998\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection, 1922/2008","value":"Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection, 1922/2008","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Norfolk+Public+Schools+Desegregation+Collection%2C+1922%2F2008\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951"}},{"attributes":{"label":"W. Fred Duckworth Papers, 1908/1979","value":"W. Fred Duckworth Papers, 1908/1979","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=W.+Fred+Duckworth+Papers%2C+1908%2F1979\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation Records, 1939/1964","value":"Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation Records, 1939/1964","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Women%27s+Council+for+Interracial+Cooperation+Records%2C+1939%2F1964\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/collection_ssim.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951"}},{"type":"facet","id":"date_range_isim","attributes":{"label":"Date range","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"1908","value":"1908","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1908"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1909","value":"1909","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1909"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1910","value":"1910","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1910"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1911","value":"1911","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1911"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1912","value":"1912","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1912"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1913","value":"1913","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1913"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1914","value":"1914","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1914"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1915","value":"1915","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1915"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1916","value":"1916","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1916"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1917","value":"1917","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1917"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1918","value":"1918","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1918"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/date_range_isim.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951"}},{"type":"facet","id":"creator_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Creator","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Duckworth, W. Fred (1899-1972)","value":"Duckworth, W. Fred (1899-1972)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Duckworth%2C+W.+Fred+%281899-1972%29\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Ford, Charles H. (1964-)","value":"Ford, Charles H. (1964-)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Ford%2C+Charles+H.+%281964-%29\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Howell, Henry E. (Henry Evans) (1920-1997)","value":"Howell, Henry E. (Henry Evans) (1920-1997)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Howell%2C+Henry+E.+%28Henry+Evans%29+%281920-1997%29\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)","value":"Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Norfolk+Public+Schools+%28Norfolk%2C+Va.%29\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Powell, Lewis F.","value":"Powell, Lewis F.","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Powell%2C+Lewis+F.\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Stephens, Allie Edward Stokes (1900-1973)","value":"Stephens, Allie Edward Stokes (1900-1973)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Stephens%2C+Allie+Edward+Stokes+%281900-1973%29\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (Norfolk, Va.)","value":"Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (Norfolk, Va.)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Women%27s+Council+for+Interracial+Cooperation+%28Norfolk%2C+Va.%29\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/creator_ssim.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951"}},{"type":"facet","id":"names_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Names","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"AIDS Fund, Inc.","value":"AIDS Fund, Inc.","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=AIDS+Fund%2C+Inc."}},{"attributes":{"label":"Duckworth, W. Fred (1899-1972)","value":"Duckworth, W. Fred (1899-1972)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Duckworth%2C+W.+Fred+%281899-1972%29"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Ford, Charles H. (1964-)","value":"Ford, Charles H. (1964-)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Ford%2C+Charles+H.+%281964-%29"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Howell, Elizabeth McCarty (1917-2005)","value":"Howell, Elizabeth McCarty (1917-2005)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Howell%2C+Elizabeth+McCarty+%281917-2005%29"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Howell, Henry E. (Henry Evans) (1920-1997)","value":"Howell, Henry E. (Henry Evans) (1920-1997)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Howell%2C+Henry+E.+%28Henry+Evans%29+%281920-1997%29"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Human Relations Council (Norfolk, Va.)","value":"Human Relations Council (Norfolk, Va.)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Human+Relations+Council+%28Norfolk%2C+Va.%29"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Lewis F. Powell Jr. Archives","value":"Lewis F. Powell Jr. Archives","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Lewis+F.+Powell+Jr.+Archives"}},{"attributes":{"label":"MacArthur Memorial","value":"MacArthur Memorial","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=MacArthur+Memorial"}},{"attributes":{"label":"MacArthur, Douglas","value":"MacArthur, Douglas","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=MacArthur%2C+Douglas"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Mason, Vivian Carter (1900-1982)","value":"Mason, Vivian Carter (1900-1982)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Mason%2C+Vivian+Carter+%281900-1982%29"}},{"attributes":{"label":"National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","value":"National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=National+Association+for+the+Advancement+of+Colored+People"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/names_ssim.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951"}},{"type":"facet","id":"geogname_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Places","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Hampton Roads (Va.)--History--20th century","value":"Hampton Roads (Va.)--History--20th century","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Hampton+Roads+%28Va.%29--History--20th+century"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","value":"Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","hits":3},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Norfolk+%28Va.%29--History--20th+century"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","value":"Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","hits":3},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Norfolk+%28Va.%29--Politics+and+government--20th+century"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Virginia -- Richmond","value":"Virginia -- Richmond","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Virginia+--+Richmond"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Virginia--Politics and government","value":"Virginia--Politics and government","hits":3},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Virginia--Politics+and+government"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/geogname_ssim.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951"}},{"type":"facet","id":"access_subjects_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Subjects","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"African Americans--Civil rights","value":"African Americans--Civil rights","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans--Civil+rights\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951"}},{"attributes":{"label":"African Americans--Education--Virginia--Norfolk","value":"African Americans--Education--Virginia--Norfolk","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans--Education--Virginia--Norfolk\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951"}},{"attributes":{"label":"African Americans--History","value":"African Americans--History","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans--History\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951"}},{"attributes":{"label":"African Americans--Segregation","value":"African Americans--Segregation","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans--Segregation\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951"}},{"attributes":{"label":"American Bar Association","value":"American Bar Association","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=American+Bar+Association\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951"}},{"attributes":{"label":"American Bar Association. Young Lawyers Division","value":"American Bar Association. Young Lawyers Division","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=American+Bar+Association.+Young+Lawyers+Division\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Bar associations","value":"Bar associations","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Bar+associations\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka","value":"Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Brown+vs.+Board+of+Education+of+Topeka\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Busing for school integration--Virginia","value":"Busing for school integration--Virginia","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Busing+for+school+integration--Virginia\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Busing for school integration--Virginia--Norfolk","value":"Busing for school integration--Virginia--Norfolk","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Busing+for+school+integration--Virginia--Norfolk\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951"}},{"attributes":{"label":"City council members--Virginia--Norfolk","value":"City council members--Virginia--Norfolk","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=City+council+members--Virginia--Norfolk\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/access_subjects_ssim.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951"}},{"type":"facet","id":"level_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Level","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Collection","value":"Collection","hits":7},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Sub-Series","value":"Sub-Series","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Sub-Series"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/level_ssim.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"all_fields","attributes":{"label":"All Fields"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951\u0026search_field=all_fields"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"keyword","attributes":{"label":"Keyword"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951\u0026search_field=keyword"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"name","attributes":{"label":"Name"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951\u0026search_field=name"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"place","attributes":{"label":"Place"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951\u0026search_field=place"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"subject","attributes":{"label":"Subject"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951\u0026search_field=subject"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"title","attributes":{"label":"Title"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951\u0026search_field=title"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"container","attributes":{"label":"Container"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951\u0026search_field=container"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"identifier","attributes":{"label":"Identifier"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951\u0026search_field=identifier"}},{"type":"sort","id":"score desc, title_sort asc","attributes":{"label":"relevance"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951\u0026sort=score+desc%2C+title_sort+asc"}},{"type":"sort","id":"date_sort asc","attributes":{"label":"date (ascending)"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951\u0026sort=date_sort+asc"}},{"type":"sort","id":"date_sort desc","attributes":{"label":"date (descending)"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951\u0026sort=date_sort+desc"}},{"type":"sort","id":"creator_sort asc","attributes":{"label":"creator (A-Z)"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951\u0026sort=creator_sort+asc"}},{"type":"sort","id":"creator_sort desc","attributes":{"label":"creator (Z-A)"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951\u0026sort=creator_sort+desc"}},{"type":"sort","id":"title_sort asc","attributes":{"label":"title (A-Z)"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951\u0026sort=title_sort+asc"}},{"type":"sort","id":"title_sort desc","attributes":{"label":"title (Z-A)"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration--Massive+resistance+movement\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1951\u0026sort=title_sort+desc"}}]}