{"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration+--+Virginia.\u0026view=list","last":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration+--+Virginia.\u0026page=1\u0026view=list"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":1,"next_page":null,"prev_page":null,"total_pages":1,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":0,"total_count":3,"first_page?":true,"last_page?":true}},"data":[{"id":"vihi_vih00019","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"J. Lindsay Almond, Jr., Papers \n         \n         1850-1987","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihi_vih00019#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Correspondence, 1925-1983; speeches, 1927-1979; financial and legal papers, 1948-1978; scrapbooks, 1934-1963; newspaper clippings, 1931-1987; miscellaneous volumes; certificates and awards. Correspondence is non-official, but touches on Almond's term as Governor of Virginia and on his appointment to the U.S. Court of Customs and Patent Appeals. Scrapbooks and clippings document his campaigns and terms as attorney general and governor of Virginia, and contain a great deal of information on Virginia's resistance to school desegregation. Also included in the collection are correspondence, speeches, and miscellaneous papers of Almond's wife, Josephine Katherine (Minter) Almond (1901-1992), some of which concerns her service as First Lady of Virginia.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihi_vih00019#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vihi_vih00019","ead_ssi":"vihi_vih00019","_root_":"vihi_vih00019","_nest_parent_":"vihi_vih00019","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/vhs/vih00019.xml","title_ssm":["J. Lindsay Almond, Jr., Papers \n         \n         1850-1987"],"title_tesim":["J. Lindsay Almond, Jr., Papers \n         \n         1850-1987"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Mss1 AL685 a FA2"],"text":["Mss1 AL685 a FA2","J. Lindsay Almond, Jr., Papers \n         \n         1850-1987","Almond, J. Lindsay (James Lindsay),\n         1898-1986.","Almond, Josephine Katherine Minter, 1901-\n         1992.","Byrd, Harry Flood, 1887-1966.","Democratic Party (Va.) -- History -- 20th\n         century.","Eastland, James O. (James Oliver),\n         1904-1986.","Governors' spouses -- Virginia -- Social life and\n         customs.","Harrison, Albertis S. (Albertis Sydney),\n         1907-1995.","Judges -- Appointment, qualifications, tenure,\n         etc.","Kennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald),\n         1917-1963.","Kennedy, Robert F., 1925-1968.","Political campaign -- Virginia -- History -- 20th\n         century.","Political oratory -- Virginia -- History -- 20th\n         century.","School integration -- Virginia.","Scrapbooks -- Virginia -- History -- 20th\n         century.","Speeches, addresses, etc.","United States. Court of Customs and Patent\n         Appeals.","Virginia -- Politics and government --\n         1865-1950.","Virginia -- Politics and government --\n         1951-","Virginia. Governor (1958-1962 : Almond)","Virginia. Office of the Attorney\n         General.","Women -- Virginia -- Political activity.","Women -- Virginia -- Social life and customs --\n         20th century.","2,8000 (ca.) items.","Collection is open for research.","Organized into ten series by material type. Correspondence\n         is arranged alphabetically by correspondent. Other materials\n         are arranged chronologically wherever possible.","Alphabetical by correspondent.","Alphabetical by correspondent.","Arranged chronologically where possible,\n                  alphabetically by subject otherwise.","James Lindsay Almond, Jr., was born June 15, 1898, in\n         Charlottesville, Va., the son of Lindsay and Eddie Nicholas\n         (Burgess) Almond. At an early age his family moved to a farm\n         in rural Orange County, Va. Almond entered the University of\n         Virginia in 1917 as a member of the Student Army Training\n         Corps but withdrew a year later and consequently served for a\n         year as principal of the Zoar High School near Roanoke, Va.,\n         1921- 1922. He then entered the University of Virginia School\n         of Law and earned his law degree in 1923. He had been admitted\n         to the Virginia Bar in 1921. He was in private practice as a\n         lawyer in Roanoke, Va., 1923- 1932, and quickly became known\n         for his handling of criminal cases.","A Democrat, Almond's interest in politics began in his\n         teens. His involvement with Democrat Harry Flood Byrd began in\n         1925, when Almond made several speeches in support of Byrd's\n         gubernatorial campaign. With Byrd's help, Almond was appointed\n         assistant Commonwealth's attorney for the city of Roanoke,\n         1930-1933, and a judge of the Roanoke Hustings court,\n         1933-1945. He was later appointed to the 79th U.S. Congress\n         and elected a member of the 80th U.S. Congress. The Virginia\n         Democratic Party, led by Harry F. Byrd, asked Almond to step\n         down from his Congressional seat and run for attorney general\n         of Virginia, to which position he was elected in 1948. He\n         served in this office until 1957, at which time he resigned to\n         run for governor of Virginia.","Both Almond's campaign for and service as governor were\n         dominated by Virginia's response to the Supreme Court's school\n         desegregation edict. As governor, he inherited a program of\n         \"massive resistance\" designed to halt school integration by\n         erecting a series of defensive obstacles. Realizing the\n         movement was doomed and if continued would potentially destroy\n         the Commonwealth's educational system, in January 1959 Almond\n         admitted defeat and established a commission to develop a plan\n         for the integration of Virginia's public schools. Almond's\n         reversal on this issue cost him the support of the Harry F.\n         Byrd and his many supporters.","Following Almond's term as governor, he was appointed by\n         President John F. Kennedy as an interim judge of the U.S.\n         Court of Customs and Patent Appeals, Washington, D.C. With\n         U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd on the Senate Judicial Committee,\n         it took much campaigning on the part of Almond's friends and\n         supporters to secure his official appointment to this post in\n         1963. He served as a member of this court until his retirement\n         in 1986.","J. Lindsay Almond married Josephine Katherine Minter\n         (1901-1992) in 1925. A native of Roanoke, Va., Mrs. Almond\n         attended Elizabeth College in Salem, Va., and received her\n         bachelor's degree in 1923 from Wittenberg University in Ohio.\n         The Almond's had no children, but raised Mrs. Almond's orphan\n         nephew, Lewis S. Minter, from infancy. Mr. Almond died April\n         14, 1986, and is buried in Evergreen Cemetery, Roanoke,\n         Va.","Series 1 contains the non-official correspondence of J.\n         Lindsay Almond, Jr., 1925-1983, chiefly as governor and while\n         he was seeking a federal judgeship. Subjects mentioned include\n         concerns of constituents; recommendations of persons for\n         appointments by various state and local officials; the attempt\n         on Almond's life in April 1959; Almond's stand on school\n         desegregation (see the correspondence of Alburtis S. Harrison,\n         Jr., Charles L. Lady, and Sydney F. Small); and the efforts of\n         Almond's supporters to get him a position on the U.S. Court of\n         Patent Appeals (see the correspondence of George Edward Allen\n         (1885-1972), Miner Carl Andrews, Lester R. Bachner, Harry\n         Flood Byrd (1887-1966), James O. Eastland, Charles Rogers\n         Fenwick, Eppa Hunton IV, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, Robert\n         Francis Kennedy, Marvin E. Nuckols, Jr., and A. Willis\n         Robertson). This appointment was blocked for almost a year by\n         U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd, a member of the Senate Judicial\n         Committee, who had broken with Almond over the latter's\n         apparent reversal of his support of school desegregation and\n         the policy of \"massive resistance.\" Also included is scattered\n         family correspondence, chiefly concerning the health of\n         Almond's mother, Edmonia Nicholas (Burgess) Almond (d.\n         1966).","Series 2 contains speeches given on various occasions.\n         Subseries 2.1, Speeches by J. Lindsay Almond, are arranged\n         chronologically. See 1958-1960 for the bulk of speeches\n         concerning school desegregation. Subseries 2.2, Speeches by\n         Others, is arranged alphabetically by author.","Series 3 includes scattered financial and legal records,\n         1948-1978, of J. Lindsay Almond, Jr., consisting of records of\n         sale and purchase of residential real estate in Roanoke and\n         Richmond, Va., loose accounts and papers including forms\n         relating to his employment as a federal judge, canceled\n         checks, an account book for his expenses relating to the last\n         illness and death of his mother, Edmonia Nicholas (Burgess)\n         Almond (d. 1966) of Locust Grove, Va., and miscellaneous items\n         including an affidavit concerning the Virginia Senatorial\n         campaign of 1946 and its connection with the C.I.O. Political\n         Action Committee and a list of firearms owned by Mr.\n         Almond.","Series 4 includes scrapbooks, 1934-1963, containing chiefly\n         newspaper clippings from Richmond and Roanoke, Va., newspapers\n         documenting the various careers of J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. The\n         volumes are arranged in four subseries as follows: Subseries\n         4.1 documents Almond's career as a judge of the Roanoke City\n         Hustings Court and as a member of the U.S. House of\n         Representatives. Series 4.2 documents Almond's return to\n         Virginia to serve as Attorney General. Subseries 4.3 documents\n         Almond's campaign for, election as, and service as governor of\n         Virginia. Prominently mentioned is his fight against\n         court-ordered desegregation of public schools. Subseries 4.4\n         in many ways overlaps previous subseries but also includes a\n         scrapbook concerning the Roanoke Racing Homer Club, Roanoke,\n         Va., of which Almond was a member, and a 1963 barbecue given\n         in Almond's honor.","Series 5 consists of newspaper clippings, 1931-1987,\n         arranged chronologically, chiefly from Roanoke and Richmond,\n         Va., papers. Subjects include Almond's service as Attorney\n         General of Virginia, campaign for and election as Governor of\n         Virginia, the \"massive resistance\" movement, and the Almonds'\n         life after leaving office. See also: Oversize.","Series 6 contains brief biographical statements,\n         occasionally in resolution form. Some items were evidently\n         attached to letters of recommendation for various\n         appointments. Persons represented include: J. Lindsay Almond,\n         Josephine Katherine (Minter) Almond, Jerome M. Alper, Rufus\n         Adolphus Ayers, Leroy S. Bendheim, Charles Newton Bordwine,\n         Carter Lee Burgess, Mortimer Maxwell Caplin, Albert Edward\n         Cox, John Alvin Crogan, Constantine N. Dombalis, John H. East,\n         F. Howard Forsyth, Connie Barriot Gay, Edward Wren Hudgins,\n         Thomas G. Massie, Joe G. Matthews, Josephine (Umberger)\n         Minter, C. E. Myers, Andrew E. Newton, Gene A. Robens, Bradley\n         Roberts, William L. Saunders, Erwin Seago, Robert N. W. Welch,\n         and Elijah Brockenbrough White.","Series 7 contains non-scrapbook volumes. Subseries 7.1\n         consists of Almond's appointment registers, 1951-1961 (90 v.)\n         kept while he was Attorney General and Governor of Virginia.\n         Entries are short, often containing only the name of the\n         person visiting. Occasionally mention is made of subject\n         matter to be discussed. Almond's attendance at official\n         functions (including receptions, luncheons, conferences) is\n         also noted. Subseries 7.2 consists of miscellaneous volumes,\n         including a letterbook, 1919 April 30-May 9, containing drafts\n         of letters from J. Lindsay Almond to Josephine Katherine\n         (Minter) Almond; student notebook, 1923 March 4-June 1, kept\n         at the University of Virginia Law School; Roll book, 1957\n         November 5, containing recollections of J. Lindsay Almond's\n         gubernatorial victory, collected by the Almond Booster Club of\n         Roanoke, Va.; and Guest register, 1958 April 22-1962 January\n         4, of visitors to the Governor's Mansion.","Series 8 includes diplomas, certificates of membership in\n         various organizations, law licenses and certificates of\n         qualification to appear before various courts, masonic\n         materials, and miscellaneous items received during Almond's\n         careers. Of special interest are his diploma from the\n         University of Virginia, 1923; his law license, 1921; a\n         certificate of appointment to the U.S. Court of Customs and\n         Patent Appeals, 1962, signed by John F. Kennedy and Robert P.\n         Kennedy; oath as Attorney General of Virginia, 1950;\n         certificate of election as Democratic Party candidate for\n         governor, 1957; and Virginia Senate Resolution No. 30 upon his\n         death. (Many items are oversized.)","Series 9 contains miscellaneous and other papers, including\n         Almond family papers (will, 1956, of Edmonia Nicholas\n         (Burgess) Almond; letter, 1891, of W. W. Scott to T. W.\n         Almond); Almond family genealogical notes; funeral program for\n         I. T. Minter (d. 1934), father of Josephine (Minter) Almond;\n         writings about J. Lindsay Almond; original poetry and\n         Christmas greetings from friends; and minutes of meetings,\n         1974, of the Colon Club of Richmond, Va., a social club made\n         up of members of the Richmond business and political\n         elite.","Series 10 contains the papers of Josephine Katherine\n         (Minter) Almond. Subseries 10.1, Correspondence, 1942-1986,\n         consists chiefly letters expressing support for J. Lindsay\n         Almond's candidacy and election as governor, and of his\n         actions as governor. Also, personal and family correspondence.\n         Correspondents of note include Mildred Almond (concerning\n         strained relations between J. Lindsay Almond and his brother\n         over the care of their invalid mother), Jacqueline (Bouvier)\n         Kennedy Onassis, Lewis S. and Ted A. Minter, Woodrow T. Scurry\n         (of Roanoke, Va., a black man who spent time in prison and\n         credited Gov. Almond with helping him to turn his life\n         around), Wilbur Walker (concerning the Governor's schedule),\n         and Edith Galt Bolling Wilson (of Washington, D.C., discussing\n         Democratic politics and her relationship with the President\n         and Mrs. Kennedy). Subseries 10.2, Speeches, 1940-1983,\n         contains the text of speeches delivered by Mrs. Almond on\n         various occasions. Arranged chronologically where possible,\n         alphabetically by subject otherwise. Subseries 10.3., Other\n         papers, 1923-1974, includes notes for speeches, commonplace\n         containing poetry and prose, financial materials concerning\n         household expenses at the Governor's Mansion, guest lists for\n         planning events at the Governor's Mansion, notes for\n         interviews, scrapbooks, and awards.","Real estate records, 1948-1964; loose accounts,\n               1958-1978; cancelled checks, 1960-1966; account book,\n               1962-1967; and miscellaneous, 1949 and n.d.","Document Almond's career as a judge of the Roanoke\n                  City Hustings Court and as a member of the U.S. House\n                  of Representatives.","Document Almond's return to Virginia to serve as\n                  Attorney General.","Documents Almond's campaign for, election as, and\n                  service as governor of Virginia. Prominently\n                  mentioned is his fight against court-ordered\n                  desegregation of public schools.","This subseries in many ways overlaps previous\n                  subseries but also includes a scrapbook concerning\n                  the Roanoke Racing Homer Club, Roanoke, Va., of which\n                  Almond was a member, and a 1963 barbecue given in\n                  Almond's honor.","Letterbook, 1919 April 30-May 9; student notebook,\n                  1923 March 4-June 1, kept at UVA; roll book, 1957\n                  November 5, Almond Booster Club, Roanoke Va.; guest\n                  register, 1958 April 22-1962 January 4.","Diplomas, certificates of membership in various\n               organizations, law licenses and certificates of\n               qualification to appear before various courts, masonic\n               materials, and miscellaneous items received during\n               Almond's careers.","There are no restrictions.","Correspondence, 1925-1983;\n         speeches, 1927-1979; financial and legal papers, 1948-1978;\n         scrapbooks, 1934-1963; newspaper clippings, 1931-1987;\n         miscellaneous volumes; certificates and awards. Correspondence\n         is non-official, but touches on Almond's term as Governor of\n         Virginia and on his appointment to the U.S. Court of Customs\n         and Patent Appeals. Scrapbooks and clippings document his\n         campaigns and terms as attorney general and governor of\n         Virginia, and contain a great deal of information on\n         Virginia's resistance to school desegregation. Also included\n         in the collection are correspondence, speeches, and\n         miscellaneous papers of Almond's wife, Josephine Katherine\n         (Minter) Almond (1901-1992), some of which concerns her\n         service as First Lady of Virginia.","English"],"unitid_tesim":["Mss1 AL685 a FA2"],"normalized_title_ssm":["J. Lindsay Almond, Jr., Papers \n         \n         1850-1987"],"collection_title_tesim":["J. Lindsay Almond, Jr., Papers \n         \n         1850-1987"],"collection_ssim":["J. Lindsay Almond, Jr., Papers \n         \n         1850-1987"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Historical Society"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Historical Society"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Gift of the estate of Josephine Katherine (Minter)\n            Almond, through the courtesy of Lewis S. Minter, in\n            1992."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Almond, J. Lindsay (James Lindsay),\n         1898-1986.","Almond, Josephine Katherine Minter, 1901-\n         1992.","Byrd, Harry Flood, 1887-1966.","Democratic Party (Va.) -- History -- 20th\n         century.","Eastland, James O. (James Oliver),\n         1904-1986.","Governors' spouses -- Virginia -- Social life and\n         customs.","Harrison, Albertis S. (Albertis Sydney),\n         1907-1995.","Judges -- Appointment, qualifications, tenure,\n         etc.","Kennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald),\n         1917-1963.","Kennedy, Robert F., 1925-1968.","Political campaign -- Virginia -- History -- 20th\n         century.","Political oratory -- Virginia -- History -- 20th\n         century.","School integration -- Virginia.","Scrapbooks -- Virginia -- History -- 20th\n         century.","Speeches, addresses, etc.","United States. Court of Customs and Patent\n         Appeals.","Virginia -- Politics and government --\n         1865-1950.","Virginia -- Politics and government --\n         1951-","Virginia. Governor (1958-1962 : Almond)","Virginia. Office of the Attorney\n         General.","Women -- Virginia -- Political activity.","Women -- Virginia -- Social life and customs --\n         20th century."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Almond, J. Lindsay (James Lindsay),\n         1898-1986.","Almond, Josephine Katherine Minter, 1901-\n         1992.","Byrd, Harry Flood, 1887-1966.","Democratic Party (Va.) -- History -- 20th\n         century.","Eastland, James O. (James Oliver),\n         1904-1986.","Governors' spouses -- Virginia -- Social life and\n         customs.","Harrison, Albertis S. (Albertis Sydney),\n         1907-1995.","Judges -- Appointment, qualifications, tenure,\n         etc.","Kennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald),\n         1917-1963.","Kennedy, Robert F., 1925-1968.","Political campaign -- Virginia -- History -- 20th\n         century.","Political oratory -- Virginia -- History -- 20th\n         century.","School integration -- Virginia.","Scrapbooks -- Virginia -- History -- 20th\n         century.","Speeches, addresses, etc.","United States. Court of Customs and Patent\n         Appeals.","Virginia -- Politics and government --\n         1865-1950.","Virginia -- Politics and government --\n         1951-","Virginia. Governor (1958-1962 : Almond)","Virginia. Office of the Attorney\n         General.","Women -- Virginia -- Political activity.","Women -- Virginia -- Social life and customs --\n         20th century."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["2,8000 (ca.) items."],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOrganized into ten series by material type. Correspondence\n         is arranged alphabetically by correspondent. Other materials\n         are arranged chronologically wherever possible.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlphabetical by correspondent.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlphabetical by correspondent.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eArranged chronologically where possible,\n                  alphabetically by subject otherwise.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Organization"],"arrangement_tesim":["Organized into ten series by material type. Correspondence\n         is arranged alphabetically by correspondent. Other materials\n         are arranged chronologically wherever possible.","Alphabetical by correspondent.","Alphabetical by correspondent.","Arranged chronologically where possible,\n                  alphabetically by subject otherwise."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJames Lindsay Almond, Jr., was born June 15, 1898, in\n         Charlottesville, Va., the son of Lindsay and Eddie Nicholas\n         (Burgess) Almond. At an early age his family moved to a farm\n         in rural Orange County, Va. Almond entered the University of\n         Virginia in 1917 as a member of the Student Army Training\n         Corps but withdrew a year later and consequently served for a\n         year as principal of the Zoar High School near Roanoke, Va.,\n         1921- 1922. He then entered the University of Virginia School\n         of Law and earned his law degree in 1923. He had been admitted\n         to the Virginia Bar in 1921. He was in private practice as a\n         lawyer in Roanoke, Va., 1923- 1932, and quickly became known\n         for his handling of criminal cases.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA Democrat, Almond's interest in politics began in his\n         teens. His involvement with Democrat Harry Flood Byrd began in\n         1925, when Almond made several speeches in support of Byrd's\n         gubernatorial campaign. With Byrd's help, Almond was appointed\n         assistant Commonwealth's attorney for the city of Roanoke,\n         1930-1933, and a judge of the Roanoke Hustings court,\n         1933-1945. He was later appointed to the 79th U.S. Congress\n         and elected a member of the 80th U.S. Congress. The Virginia\n         Democratic Party, led by Harry F. Byrd, asked Almond to step\n         down from his Congressional seat and run for attorney general\n         of Virginia, to which position he was elected in 1948. He\n         served in this office until 1957, at which time he resigned to\n         run for governor of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBoth Almond's campaign for and service as governor were\n         dominated by Virginia's response to the Supreme Court's school\n         desegregation edict. As governor, he inherited a program of\n         \"massive resistance\" designed to halt school integration by\n         erecting a series of defensive obstacles. Realizing the\n         movement was doomed and if continued would potentially destroy\n         the Commonwealth's educational system, in January 1959 Almond\n         admitted defeat and established a commission to develop a plan\n         for the integration of Virginia's public schools. Almond's\n         reversal on this issue cost him the support of the Harry F.\n         Byrd and his many supporters.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFollowing Almond's term as governor, he was appointed by\n         President John F. Kennedy as an interim judge of the U.S.\n         Court of Customs and Patent Appeals, Washington, D.C. With\n         U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd on the Senate Judicial Committee,\n         it took much campaigning on the part of Almond's friends and\n         supporters to secure his official appointment to this post in\n         1963. He served as a member of this court until his retirement\n         in 1986.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJ. Lindsay Almond married Josephine Katherine Minter\n         (1901-1992) in 1925. A native of Roanoke, Va., Mrs. Almond\n         attended Elizabeth College in Salem, Va., and received her\n         bachelor's degree in 1923 from Wittenberg University in Ohio.\n         The Almond's had no children, but raised Mrs. Almond's orphan\n         nephew, Lewis S. Minter, from infancy. Mr. Almond died April\n         14, 1986, and is buried in Evergreen Cemetery, Roanoke,\n         Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["James Lindsay Almond, Jr., was born June 15, 1898, in\n         Charlottesville, Va., the son of Lindsay and Eddie Nicholas\n         (Burgess) Almond. At an early age his family moved to a farm\n         in rural Orange County, Va. Almond entered the University of\n         Virginia in 1917 as a member of the Student Army Training\n         Corps but withdrew a year later and consequently served for a\n         year as principal of the Zoar High School near Roanoke, Va.,\n         1921- 1922. He then entered the University of Virginia School\n         of Law and earned his law degree in 1923. He had been admitted\n         to the Virginia Bar in 1921. He was in private practice as a\n         lawyer in Roanoke, Va., 1923- 1932, and quickly became known\n         for his handling of criminal cases.","A Democrat, Almond's interest in politics began in his\n         teens. His involvement with Democrat Harry Flood Byrd began in\n         1925, when Almond made several speeches in support of Byrd's\n         gubernatorial campaign. With Byrd's help, Almond was appointed\n         assistant Commonwealth's attorney for the city of Roanoke,\n         1930-1933, and a judge of the Roanoke Hustings court,\n         1933-1945. He was later appointed to the 79th U.S. Congress\n         and elected a member of the 80th U.S. Congress. The Virginia\n         Democratic Party, led by Harry F. Byrd, asked Almond to step\n         down from his Congressional seat and run for attorney general\n         of Virginia, to which position he was elected in 1948. He\n         served in this office until 1957, at which time he resigned to\n         run for governor of Virginia.","Both Almond's campaign for and service as governor were\n         dominated by Virginia's response to the Supreme Court's school\n         desegregation edict. As governor, he inherited a program of\n         \"massive resistance\" designed to halt school integration by\n         erecting a series of defensive obstacles. Realizing the\n         movement was doomed and if continued would potentially destroy\n         the Commonwealth's educational system, in January 1959 Almond\n         admitted defeat and established a commission to develop a plan\n         for the integration of Virginia's public schools. Almond's\n         reversal on this issue cost him the support of the Harry F.\n         Byrd and his many supporters.","Following Almond's term as governor, he was appointed by\n         President John F. Kennedy as an interim judge of the U.S.\n         Court of Customs and Patent Appeals, Washington, D.C. With\n         U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd on the Senate Judicial Committee,\n         it took much campaigning on the part of Almond's friends and\n         supporters to secure his official appointment to this post in\n         1963. He served as a member of this court until his retirement\n         in 1986.","J. Lindsay Almond married Josephine Katherine Minter\n         (1901-1992) in 1925. A native of Roanoke, Va., Mrs. Almond\n         attended Elizabeth College in Salem, Va., and received her\n         bachelor's degree in 1923 from Wittenberg University in Ohio.\n         The Almond's had no children, but raised Mrs. Almond's orphan\n         nephew, Lewis S. Minter, from infancy. Mr. Almond died April\n         14, 1986, and is buried in Evergreen Cemetery, Roanoke,\n         Va."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJ. Lindsay Almond Papers, 1850-1987 (Mss1 AL685 a FA2),\n            Virginia Historical Society, Richmond, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["J. Lindsay Almond Papers, 1850-1987 (Mss1 AL685 a FA2),\n            Virginia Historical Society, Richmond, Va."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSeries 1 contains the non-official correspondence of J.\n         Lindsay Almond, Jr., 1925-1983, chiefly as governor and while\n         he was seeking a federal judgeship. Subjects mentioned include\n         concerns of constituents; recommendations of persons for\n         appointments by various state and local officials; the attempt\n         on Almond's life in April 1959; Almond's stand on school\n         desegregation (see the correspondence of Alburtis S. Harrison,\n         Jr., Charles L. Lady, and Sydney F. Small); and the efforts of\n         Almond's supporters to get him a position on the U.S. Court of\n         Patent Appeals (see the correspondence of George Edward Allen\n         (1885-1972), Miner Carl Andrews, Lester R. Bachner, Harry\n         Flood Byrd (1887-1966), James O. Eastland, Charles Rogers\n         Fenwick, Eppa Hunton IV, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, Robert\n         Francis Kennedy, Marvin E. Nuckols, Jr., and A. Willis\n         Robertson). This appointment was blocked for almost a year by\n         U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd, a member of the Senate Judicial\n         Committee, who had broken with Almond over the latter's\n         apparent reversal of his support of school desegregation and\n         the policy of \"massive resistance.\" Also included is scattered\n         family correspondence, chiefly concerning the health of\n         Almond's mother, Edmonia Nicholas (Burgess) Almond (d.\n         1966).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 2 contains speeches given on various occasions.\n         Subseries 2.1, Speeches by J. Lindsay Almond, are arranged\n         chronologically. See 1958-1960 for the bulk of speeches\n         concerning school desegregation. Subseries 2.2, Speeches by\n         Others, is arranged alphabetically by author.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 3 includes scattered financial and legal records,\n         1948-1978, of J. Lindsay Almond, Jr., consisting of records of\n         sale and purchase of residential real estate in Roanoke and\n         Richmond, Va., loose accounts and papers including forms\n         relating to his employment as a federal judge, canceled\n         checks, an account book for his expenses relating to the last\n         illness and death of his mother, Edmonia Nicholas (Burgess)\n         Almond (d. 1966) of Locust Grove, Va., and miscellaneous items\n         including an affidavit concerning the Virginia Senatorial\n         campaign of 1946 and its connection with the C.I.O. Political\n         Action Committee and a list of firearms owned by Mr.\n         Almond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 4 includes scrapbooks, 1934-1963, containing chiefly\n         newspaper clippings from Richmond and Roanoke, Va., newspapers\n         documenting the various careers of J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. The\n         volumes are arranged in four subseries as follows: Subseries\n         4.1 documents Almond's career as a judge of the Roanoke City\n         Hustings Court and as a member of the U.S. House of\n         Representatives. Series 4.2 documents Almond's return to\n         Virginia to serve as Attorney General. Subseries 4.3 documents\n         Almond's campaign for, election as, and service as governor of\n         Virginia. Prominently mentioned is his fight against\n         court-ordered desegregation of public schools. Subseries 4.4\n         in many ways overlaps previous subseries but also includes a\n         scrapbook concerning the Roanoke Racing Homer Club, Roanoke,\n         Va., of which Almond was a member, and a 1963 barbecue given\n         in Almond's honor.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 5 consists of newspaper clippings, 1931-1987,\n         arranged chronologically, chiefly from Roanoke and Richmond,\n         Va., papers. Subjects include Almond's service as Attorney\n         General of Virginia, campaign for and election as Governor of\n         Virginia, the \"massive resistance\" movement, and the Almonds'\n         life after leaving office. See also: Oversize.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 6 contains brief biographical statements,\n         occasionally in resolution form. Some items were evidently\n         attached to letters of recommendation for various\n         appointments. Persons represented include: J. Lindsay Almond,\n         Josephine Katherine (Minter) Almond, Jerome M. Alper, Rufus\n         Adolphus Ayers, Leroy S. Bendheim, Charles Newton Bordwine,\n         Carter Lee Burgess, Mortimer Maxwell Caplin, Albert Edward\n         Cox, John Alvin Crogan, Constantine N. Dombalis, John H. East,\n         F. Howard Forsyth, Connie Barriot Gay, Edward Wren Hudgins,\n         Thomas G. Massie, Joe G. Matthews, Josephine (Umberger)\n         Minter, C. E. Myers, Andrew E. Newton, Gene A. Robens, Bradley\n         Roberts, William L. Saunders, Erwin Seago, Robert N. W. Welch,\n         and Elijah Brockenbrough White.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 7 contains non-scrapbook volumes. Subseries 7.1\n         consists of Almond's appointment registers, 1951-1961 (90 v.)\n         kept while he was Attorney General and Governor of Virginia.\n         Entries are short, often containing only the name of the\n         person visiting. Occasionally mention is made of subject\n         matter to be discussed. Almond's attendance at official\n         functions (including receptions, luncheons, conferences) is\n         also noted. Subseries 7.2 consists of miscellaneous volumes,\n         including a letterbook, 1919 April 30-May 9, containing drafts\n         of letters from J. Lindsay Almond to Josephine Katherine\n         (Minter) Almond; student notebook, 1923 March 4-June 1, kept\n         at the University of Virginia Law School; Roll book, 1957\n         November 5, containing recollections of J. Lindsay Almond's\n         gubernatorial victory, collected by the Almond Booster Club of\n         Roanoke, Va.; and Guest register, 1958 April 22-1962 January\n         4, of visitors to the Governor's Mansion.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 8 includes diplomas, certificates of membership in\n         various organizations, law licenses and certificates of\n         qualification to appear before various courts, masonic\n         materials, and miscellaneous items received during Almond's\n         careers. Of special interest are his diploma from the\n         University of Virginia, 1923; his law license, 1921; a\n         certificate of appointment to the U.S. Court of Customs and\n         Patent Appeals, 1962, signed by John F. Kennedy and Robert P.\n         Kennedy; oath as Attorney General of Virginia, 1950;\n         certificate of election as Democratic Party candidate for\n         governor, 1957; and Virginia Senate Resolution No. 30 upon his\n         death. (Many items are oversized.)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 9 contains miscellaneous and other papers, including\n         Almond family papers (will, 1956, of Edmonia Nicholas\n         (Burgess) Almond; letter, 1891, of W. W. Scott to T. W.\n         Almond); Almond family genealogical notes; funeral program for\n         I. T. Minter (d. 1934), father of Josephine (Minter) Almond;\n         writings about J. Lindsay Almond; original poetry and\n         Christmas greetings from friends; and minutes of meetings,\n         1974, of the Colon Club of Richmond, Va., a social club made\n         up of members of the Richmond business and political\n         elite.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 10 contains the papers of Josephine Katherine\n         (Minter) Almond. Subseries 10.1, Correspondence, 1942-1986,\n         consists chiefly letters expressing support for J. Lindsay\n         Almond's candidacy and election as governor, and of his\n         actions as governor. Also, personal and family correspondence.\n         Correspondents of note include Mildred Almond (concerning\n         strained relations between J. Lindsay Almond and his brother\n         over the care of their invalid mother), Jacqueline (Bouvier)\n         Kennedy Onassis, Lewis S. and Ted A. Minter, Woodrow T. Scurry\n         (of Roanoke, Va., a black man who spent time in prison and\n         credited Gov. Almond with helping him to turn his life\n         around), Wilbur Walker (concerning the Governor's schedule),\n         and Edith Galt Bolling Wilson (of Washington, D.C., discussing\n         Democratic politics and her relationship with the President\n         and Mrs. Kennedy). Subseries 10.2, Speeches, 1940-1983,\n         contains the text of speeches delivered by Mrs. Almond on\n         various occasions. Arranged chronologically where possible,\n         alphabetically by subject otherwise. Subseries 10.3., Other\n         papers, 1923-1974, includes notes for speeches, commonplace\n         containing poetry and prose, financial materials concerning\n         household expenses at the Governor's Mansion, guest lists for\n         planning events at the Governor's Mansion, notes for\n         interviews, scrapbooks, and awards.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReal estate records, 1948-1964; loose accounts,\n               1958-1978; cancelled checks, 1960-1966; account book,\n               1962-1967; and miscellaneous, 1949 and n.d.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDocument Almond's career as a judge of the Roanoke\n                  City Hustings Court and as a member of the U.S. House\n                  of Representatives.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDocument Almond's return to Virginia to serve as\n                  Attorney General.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDocuments Almond's campaign for, election as, and\n                  service as governor of Virginia. Prominently\n                  mentioned is his fight against court-ordered\n                  desegregation of public schools.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis subseries in many ways overlaps previous\n                  subseries but also includes a scrapbook concerning\n                  the Roanoke Racing Homer Club, Roanoke, Va., of which\n                  Almond was a member, and a 1963 barbecue given in\n                  Almond's honor.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetterbook, 1919 April 30-May 9; student notebook,\n                  1923 March 4-June 1, kept at UVA; roll book, 1957\n                  November 5, Almond Booster Club, Roanoke Va.; guest\n                  register, 1958 April 22-1962 January 4.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiplomas, certificates of membership in various\n               organizations, law licenses and certificates of\n               qualification to appear before various courts, masonic\n               materials, and miscellaneous items received during\n               Almond's careers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content Information"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Series 1 contains the non-official correspondence of J.\n         Lindsay Almond, Jr., 1925-1983, chiefly as governor and while\n         he was seeking a federal judgeship. Subjects mentioned include\n         concerns of constituents; recommendations of persons for\n         appointments by various state and local officials; the attempt\n         on Almond's life in April 1959; Almond's stand on school\n         desegregation (see the correspondence of Alburtis S. Harrison,\n         Jr., Charles L. Lady, and Sydney F. Small); and the efforts of\n         Almond's supporters to get him a position on the U.S. Court of\n         Patent Appeals (see the correspondence of George Edward Allen\n         (1885-1972), Miner Carl Andrews, Lester R. Bachner, Harry\n         Flood Byrd (1887-1966), James O. Eastland, Charles Rogers\n         Fenwick, Eppa Hunton IV, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, Robert\n         Francis Kennedy, Marvin E. Nuckols, Jr., and A. Willis\n         Robertson). This appointment was blocked for almost a year by\n         U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd, a member of the Senate Judicial\n         Committee, who had broken with Almond over the latter's\n         apparent reversal of his support of school desegregation and\n         the policy of \"massive resistance.\" Also included is scattered\n         family correspondence, chiefly concerning the health of\n         Almond's mother, Edmonia Nicholas (Burgess) Almond (d.\n         1966).","Series 2 contains speeches given on various occasions.\n         Subseries 2.1, Speeches by J. Lindsay Almond, are arranged\n         chronologically. See 1958-1960 for the bulk of speeches\n         concerning school desegregation. Subseries 2.2, Speeches by\n         Others, is arranged alphabetically by author.","Series 3 includes scattered financial and legal records,\n         1948-1978, of J. Lindsay Almond, Jr., consisting of records of\n         sale and purchase of residential real estate in Roanoke and\n         Richmond, Va., loose accounts and papers including forms\n         relating to his employment as a federal judge, canceled\n         checks, an account book for his expenses relating to the last\n         illness and death of his mother, Edmonia Nicholas (Burgess)\n         Almond (d. 1966) of Locust Grove, Va., and miscellaneous items\n         including an affidavit concerning the Virginia Senatorial\n         campaign of 1946 and its connection with the C.I.O. Political\n         Action Committee and a list of firearms owned by Mr.\n         Almond.","Series 4 includes scrapbooks, 1934-1963, containing chiefly\n         newspaper clippings from Richmond and Roanoke, Va., newspapers\n         documenting the various careers of J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. The\n         volumes are arranged in four subseries as follows: Subseries\n         4.1 documents Almond's career as a judge of the Roanoke City\n         Hustings Court and as a member of the U.S. House of\n         Representatives. Series 4.2 documents Almond's return to\n         Virginia to serve as Attorney General. Subseries 4.3 documents\n         Almond's campaign for, election as, and service as governor of\n         Virginia. Prominently mentioned is his fight against\n         court-ordered desegregation of public schools. Subseries 4.4\n         in many ways overlaps previous subseries but also includes a\n         scrapbook concerning the Roanoke Racing Homer Club, Roanoke,\n         Va., of which Almond was a member, and a 1963 barbecue given\n         in Almond's honor.","Series 5 consists of newspaper clippings, 1931-1987,\n         arranged chronologically, chiefly from Roanoke and Richmond,\n         Va., papers. Subjects include Almond's service as Attorney\n         General of Virginia, campaign for and election as Governor of\n         Virginia, the \"massive resistance\" movement, and the Almonds'\n         life after leaving office. See also: Oversize.","Series 6 contains brief biographical statements,\n         occasionally in resolution form. Some items were evidently\n         attached to letters of recommendation for various\n         appointments. Persons represented include: J. Lindsay Almond,\n         Josephine Katherine (Minter) Almond, Jerome M. Alper, Rufus\n         Adolphus Ayers, Leroy S. Bendheim, Charles Newton Bordwine,\n         Carter Lee Burgess, Mortimer Maxwell Caplin, Albert Edward\n         Cox, John Alvin Crogan, Constantine N. Dombalis, John H. East,\n         F. Howard Forsyth, Connie Barriot Gay, Edward Wren Hudgins,\n         Thomas G. Massie, Joe G. Matthews, Josephine (Umberger)\n         Minter, C. E. Myers, Andrew E. Newton, Gene A. Robens, Bradley\n         Roberts, William L. Saunders, Erwin Seago, Robert N. W. Welch,\n         and Elijah Brockenbrough White.","Series 7 contains non-scrapbook volumes. Subseries 7.1\n         consists of Almond's appointment registers, 1951-1961 (90 v.)\n         kept while he was Attorney General and Governor of Virginia.\n         Entries are short, often containing only the name of the\n         person visiting. Occasionally mention is made of subject\n         matter to be discussed. Almond's attendance at official\n         functions (including receptions, luncheons, conferences) is\n         also noted. Subseries 7.2 consists of miscellaneous volumes,\n         including a letterbook, 1919 April 30-May 9, containing drafts\n         of letters from J. Lindsay Almond to Josephine Katherine\n         (Minter) Almond; student notebook, 1923 March 4-June 1, kept\n         at the University of Virginia Law School; Roll book, 1957\n         November 5, containing recollections of J. Lindsay Almond's\n         gubernatorial victory, collected by the Almond Booster Club of\n         Roanoke, Va.; and Guest register, 1958 April 22-1962 January\n         4, of visitors to the Governor's Mansion.","Series 8 includes diplomas, certificates of membership in\n         various organizations, law licenses and certificates of\n         qualification to appear before various courts, masonic\n         materials, and miscellaneous items received during Almond's\n         careers. Of special interest are his diploma from the\n         University of Virginia, 1923; his law license, 1921; a\n         certificate of appointment to the U.S. Court of Customs and\n         Patent Appeals, 1962, signed by John F. Kennedy and Robert P.\n         Kennedy; oath as Attorney General of Virginia, 1950;\n         certificate of election as Democratic Party candidate for\n         governor, 1957; and Virginia Senate Resolution No. 30 upon his\n         death. (Many items are oversized.)","Series 9 contains miscellaneous and other papers, including\n         Almond family papers (will, 1956, of Edmonia Nicholas\n         (Burgess) Almond; letter, 1891, of W. W. Scott to T. W.\n         Almond); Almond family genealogical notes; funeral program for\n         I. T. Minter (d. 1934), father of Josephine (Minter) Almond;\n         writings about J. Lindsay Almond; original poetry and\n         Christmas greetings from friends; and minutes of meetings,\n         1974, of the Colon Club of Richmond, Va., a social club made\n         up of members of the Richmond business and political\n         elite.","Series 10 contains the papers of Josephine Katherine\n         (Minter) Almond. Subseries 10.1, Correspondence, 1942-1986,\n         consists chiefly letters expressing support for J. Lindsay\n         Almond's candidacy and election as governor, and of his\n         actions as governor. Also, personal and family correspondence.\n         Correspondents of note include Mildred Almond (concerning\n         strained relations between J. Lindsay Almond and his brother\n         over the care of their invalid mother), Jacqueline (Bouvier)\n         Kennedy Onassis, Lewis S. and Ted A. Minter, Woodrow T. Scurry\n         (of Roanoke, Va., a black man who spent time in prison and\n         credited Gov. Almond with helping him to turn his life\n         around), Wilbur Walker (concerning the Governor's schedule),\n         and Edith Galt Bolling Wilson (of Washington, D.C., discussing\n         Democratic politics and her relationship with the President\n         and Mrs. Kennedy). Subseries 10.2, Speeches, 1940-1983,\n         contains the text of speeches delivered by Mrs. Almond on\n         various occasions. Arranged chronologically where possible,\n         alphabetically by subject otherwise. Subseries 10.3., Other\n         papers, 1923-1974, includes notes for speeches, commonplace\n         containing poetry and prose, financial materials concerning\n         household expenses at the Governor's Mansion, guest lists for\n         planning events at the Governor's Mansion, notes for\n         interviews, scrapbooks, and awards.","Real estate records, 1948-1964; loose accounts,\n               1958-1978; cancelled checks, 1960-1966; account book,\n               1962-1967; and miscellaneous, 1949 and n.d.","Document Almond's career as a judge of the Roanoke\n                  City Hustings Court and as a member of the U.S. House\n                  of Representatives.","Document Almond's return to Virginia to serve as\n                  Attorney General.","Documents Almond's campaign for, election as, and\n                  service as governor of Virginia. Prominently\n                  mentioned is his fight against court-ordered\n                  desegregation of public schools.","This subseries in many ways overlaps previous\n                  subseries but also includes a scrapbook concerning\n                  the Roanoke Racing Homer Club, Roanoke, Va., of which\n                  Almond was a member, and a 1963 barbecue given in\n                  Almond's honor.","Letterbook, 1919 April 30-May 9; student notebook,\n                  1923 March 4-June 1, kept at UVA; roll book, 1957\n                  November 5, Almond Booster Club, Roanoke Va.; guest\n                  register, 1958 April 22-1962 January 4.","Diplomas, certificates of membership in various\n               organizations, law licenses and certificates of\n               qualification to appear before various courts, masonic\n               materials, and miscellaneous items received during\n               Almond's careers."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract label=\"Abstract\"\u003eCorrespondence, 1925-1983;\n         speeches, 1927-1979; financial and legal papers, 1948-1978;\n         scrapbooks, 1934-1963; newspaper clippings, 1931-1987;\n         miscellaneous volumes; certificates and awards. Correspondence\n         is non-official, but touches on Almond's term as Governor of\n         Virginia and on his appointment to the U.S. Court of Customs\n         and Patent Appeals. Scrapbooks and clippings document his\n         campaigns and terms as attorney general and governor of\n         Virginia, and contain a great deal of information on\n         Virginia's resistance to school desegregation. Also included\n         in the collection are correspondence, speeches, and\n         miscellaneous papers of Almond's wife, Josephine Katherine\n         (Minter) Almond (1901-1992), some of which concerns her\n         service as First Lady of Virginia.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Correspondence, 1925-1983;\n         speeches, 1927-1979; financial and legal papers, 1948-1978;\n         scrapbooks, 1934-1963; newspaper clippings, 1931-1987;\n         miscellaneous volumes; certificates and awards. Correspondence\n         is non-official, but touches on Almond's term as Governor of\n         Virginia and on his appointment to the U.S. Court of Customs\n         and Patent Appeals. Scrapbooks and clippings document his\n         campaigns and terms as attorney general and governor of\n         Virginia, and contain a great deal of information on\n         Virginia's resistance to school desegregation. Also included\n         in the collection are correspondence, speeches, and\n         miscellaneous papers of Almond's wife, Josephine Katherine\n         (Minter) Almond (1901-1992), some of which concerns her\n         service as First Lady of Virginia."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":21,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-20T18:52:57.653Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vihi_vih00019","ead_ssi":"vihi_vih00019","_root_":"vihi_vih00019","_nest_parent_":"vihi_vih00019","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/vhs/vih00019.xml","title_ssm":["J. Lindsay Almond, Jr., Papers \n         \n         1850-1987"],"title_tesim":["J. Lindsay Almond, Jr., Papers \n         \n         1850-1987"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Mss1 AL685 a FA2"],"text":["Mss1 AL685 a FA2","J. Lindsay Almond, Jr., Papers \n         \n         1850-1987","Almond, J. Lindsay (James Lindsay),\n         1898-1986.","Almond, Josephine Katherine Minter, 1901-\n         1992.","Byrd, Harry Flood, 1887-1966.","Democratic Party (Va.) -- History -- 20th\n         century.","Eastland, James O. (James Oliver),\n         1904-1986.","Governors' spouses -- Virginia -- Social life and\n         customs.","Harrison, Albertis S. (Albertis Sydney),\n         1907-1995.","Judges -- Appointment, qualifications, tenure,\n         etc.","Kennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald),\n         1917-1963.","Kennedy, Robert F., 1925-1968.","Political campaign -- Virginia -- History -- 20th\n         century.","Political oratory -- Virginia -- History -- 20th\n         century.","School integration -- Virginia.","Scrapbooks -- Virginia -- History -- 20th\n         century.","Speeches, addresses, etc.","United States. Court of Customs and Patent\n         Appeals.","Virginia -- Politics and government --\n         1865-1950.","Virginia -- Politics and government --\n         1951-","Virginia. Governor (1958-1962 : Almond)","Virginia. Office of the Attorney\n         General.","Women -- Virginia -- Political activity.","Women -- Virginia -- Social life and customs --\n         20th century.","2,8000 (ca.) items.","Collection is open for research.","Organized into ten series by material type. Correspondence\n         is arranged alphabetically by correspondent. Other materials\n         are arranged chronologically wherever possible.","Alphabetical by correspondent.","Alphabetical by correspondent.","Arranged chronologically where possible,\n                  alphabetically by subject otherwise.","James Lindsay Almond, Jr., was born June 15, 1898, in\n         Charlottesville, Va., the son of Lindsay and Eddie Nicholas\n         (Burgess) Almond. At an early age his family moved to a farm\n         in rural Orange County, Va. Almond entered the University of\n         Virginia in 1917 as a member of the Student Army Training\n         Corps but withdrew a year later and consequently served for a\n         year as principal of the Zoar High School near Roanoke, Va.,\n         1921- 1922. He then entered the University of Virginia School\n         of Law and earned his law degree in 1923. He had been admitted\n         to the Virginia Bar in 1921. He was in private practice as a\n         lawyer in Roanoke, Va., 1923- 1932, and quickly became known\n         for his handling of criminal cases.","A Democrat, Almond's interest in politics began in his\n         teens. His involvement with Democrat Harry Flood Byrd began in\n         1925, when Almond made several speeches in support of Byrd's\n         gubernatorial campaign. With Byrd's help, Almond was appointed\n         assistant Commonwealth's attorney for the city of Roanoke,\n         1930-1933, and a judge of the Roanoke Hustings court,\n         1933-1945. He was later appointed to the 79th U.S. Congress\n         and elected a member of the 80th U.S. Congress. The Virginia\n         Democratic Party, led by Harry F. Byrd, asked Almond to step\n         down from his Congressional seat and run for attorney general\n         of Virginia, to which position he was elected in 1948. He\n         served in this office until 1957, at which time he resigned to\n         run for governor of Virginia.","Both Almond's campaign for and service as governor were\n         dominated by Virginia's response to the Supreme Court's school\n         desegregation edict. As governor, he inherited a program of\n         \"massive resistance\" designed to halt school integration by\n         erecting a series of defensive obstacles. Realizing the\n         movement was doomed and if continued would potentially destroy\n         the Commonwealth's educational system, in January 1959 Almond\n         admitted defeat and established a commission to develop a plan\n         for the integration of Virginia's public schools. Almond's\n         reversal on this issue cost him the support of the Harry F.\n         Byrd and his many supporters.","Following Almond's term as governor, he was appointed by\n         President John F. Kennedy as an interim judge of the U.S.\n         Court of Customs and Patent Appeals, Washington, D.C. With\n         U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd on the Senate Judicial Committee,\n         it took much campaigning on the part of Almond's friends and\n         supporters to secure his official appointment to this post in\n         1963. He served as a member of this court until his retirement\n         in 1986.","J. Lindsay Almond married Josephine Katherine Minter\n         (1901-1992) in 1925. A native of Roanoke, Va., Mrs. Almond\n         attended Elizabeth College in Salem, Va., and received her\n         bachelor's degree in 1923 from Wittenberg University in Ohio.\n         The Almond's had no children, but raised Mrs. Almond's orphan\n         nephew, Lewis S. Minter, from infancy. Mr. Almond died April\n         14, 1986, and is buried in Evergreen Cemetery, Roanoke,\n         Va.","Series 1 contains the non-official correspondence of J.\n         Lindsay Almond, Jr., 1925-1983, chiefly as governor and while\n         he was seeking a federal judgeship. Subjects mentioned include\n         concerns of constituents; recommendations of persons for\n         appointments by various state and local officials; the attempt\n         on Almond's life in April 1959; Almond's stand on school\n         desegregation (see the correspondence of Alburtis S. Harrison,\n         Jr., Charles L. Lady, and Sydney F. Small); and the efforts of\n         Almond's supporters to get him a position on the U.S. Court of\n         Patent Appeals (see the correspondence of George Edward Allen\n         (1885-1972), Miner Carl Andrews, Lester R. Bachner, Harry\n         Flood Byrd (1887-1966), James O. Eastland, Charles Rogers\n         Fenwick, Eppa Hunton IV, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, Robert\n         Francis Kennedy, Marvin E. Nuckols, Jr., and A. Willis\n         Robertson). This appointment was blocked for almost a year by\n         U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd, a member of the Senate Judicial\n         Committee, who had broken with Almond over the latter's\n         apparent reversal of his support of school desegregation and\n         the policy of \"massive resistance.\" Also included is scattered\n         family correspondence, chiefly concerning the health of\n         Almond's mother, Edmonia Nicholas (Burgess) Almond (d.\n         1966).","Series 2 contains speeches given on various occasions.\n         Subseries 2.1, Speeches by J. Lindsay Almond, are arranged\n         chronologically. See 1958-1960 for the bulk of speeches\n         concerning school desegregation. Subseries 2.2, Speeches by\n         Others, is arranged alphabetically by author.","Series 3 includes scattered financial and legal records,\n         1948-1978, of J. Lindsay Almond, Jr., consisting of records of\n         sale and purchase of residential real estate in Roanoke and\n         Richmond, Va., loose accounts and papers including forms\n         relating to his employment as a federal judge, canceled\n         checks, an account book for his expenses relating to the last\n         illness and death of his mother, Edmonia Nicholas (Burgess)\n         Almond (d. 1966) of Locust Grove, Va., and miscellaneous items\n         including an affidavit concerning the Virginia Senatorial\n         campaign of 1946 and its connection with the C.I.O. Political\n         Action Committee and a list of firearms owned by Mr.\n         Almond.","Series 4 includes scrapbooks, 1934-1963, containing chiefly\n         newspaper clippings from Richmond and Roanoke, Va., newspapers\n         documenting the various careers of J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. The\n         volumes are arranged in four subseries as follows: Subseries\n         4.1 documents Almond's career as a judge of the Roanoke City\n         Hustings Court and as a member of the U.S. House of\n         Representatives. Series 4.2 documents Almond's return to\n         Virginia to serve as Attorney General. Subseries 4.3 documents\n         Almond's campaign for, election as, and service as governor of\n         Virginia. Prominently mentioned is his fight against\n         court-ordered desegregation of public schools. Subseries 4.4\n         in many ways overlaps previous subseries but also includes a\n         scrapbook concerning the Roanoke Racing Homer Club, Roanoke,\n         Va., of which Almond was a member, and a 1963 barbecue given\n         in Almond's honor.","Series 5 consists of newspaper clippings, 1931-1987,\n         arranged chronologically, chiefly from Roanoke and Richmond,\n         Va., papers. Subjects include Almond's service as Attorney\n         General of Virginia, campaign for and election as Governor of\n         Virginia, the \"massive resistance\" movement, and the Almonds'\n         life after leaving office. See also: Oversize.","Series 6 contains brief biographical statements,\n         occasionally in resolution form. Some items were evidently\n         attached to letters of recommendation for various\n         appointments. Persons represented include: J. Lindsay Almond,\n         Josephine Katherine (Minter) Almond, Jerome M. Alper, Rufus\n         Adolphus Ayers, Leroy S. Bendheim, Charles Newton Bordwine,\n         Carter Lee Burgess, Mortimer Maxwell Caplin, Albert Edward\n         Cox, John Alvin Crogan, Constantine N. Dombalis, John H. East,\n         F. Howard Forsyth, Connie Barriot Gay, Edward Wren Hudgins,\n         Thomas G. Massie, Joe G. Matthews, Josephine (Umberger)\n         Minter, C. E. Myers, Andrew E. Newton, Gene A. Robens, Bradley\n         Roberts, William L. Saunders, Erwin Seago, Robert N. W. Welch,\n         and Elijah Brockenbrough White.","Series 7 contains non-scrapbook volumes. Subseries 7.1\n         consists of Almond's appointment registers, 1951-1961 (90 v.)\n         kept while he was Attorney General and Governor of Virginia.\n         Entries are short, often containing only the name of the\n         person visiting. Occasionally mention is made of subject\n         matter to be discussed. Almond's attendance at official\n         functions (including receptions, luncheons, conferences) is\n         also noted. Subseries 7.2 consists of miscellaneous volumes,\n         including a letterbook, 1919 April 30-May 9, containing drafts\n         of letters from J. Lindsay Almond to Josephine Katherine\n         (Minter) Almond; student notebook, 1923 March 4-June 1, kept\n         at the University of Virginia Law School; Roll book, 1957\n         November 5, containing recollections of J. Lindsay Almond's\n         gubernatorial victory, collected by the Almond Booster Club of\n         Roanoke, Va.; and Guest register, 1958 April 22-1962 January\n         4, of visitors to the Governor's Mansion.","Series 8 includes diplomas, certificates of membership in\n         various organizations, law licenses and certificates of\n         qualification to appear before various courts, masonic\n         materials, and miscellaneous items received during Almond's\n         careers. Of special interest are his diploma from the\n         University of Virginia, 1923; his law license, 1921; a\n         certificate of appointment to the U.S. Court of Customs and\n         Patent Appeals, 1962, signed by John F. Kennedy and Robert P.\n         Kennedy; oath as Attorney General of Virginia, 1950;\n         certificate of election as Democratic Party candidate for\n         governor, 1957; and Virginia Senate Resolution No. 30 upon his\n         death. (Many items are oversized.)","Series 9 contains miscellaneous and other papers, including\n         Almond family papers (will, 1956, of Edmonia Nicholas\n         (Burgess) Almond; letter, 1891, of W. W. Scott to T. W.\n         Almond); Almond family genealogical notes; funeral program for\n         I. T. Minter (d. 1934), father of Josephine (Minter) Almond;\n         writings about J. Lindsay Almond; original poetry and\n         Christmas greetings from friends; and minutes of meetings,\n         1974, of the Colon Club of Richmond, Va., a social club made\n         up of members of the Richmond business and political\n         elite.","Series 10 contains the papers of Josephine Katherine\n         (Minter) Almond. Subseries 10.1, Correspondence, 1942-1986,\n         consists chiefly letters expressing support for J. Lindsay\n         Almond's candidacy and election as governor, and of his\n         actions as governor. Also, personal and family correspondence.\n         Correspondents of note include Mildred Almond (concerning\n         strained relations between J. Lindsay Almond and his brother\n         over the care of their invalid mother), Jacqueline (Bouvier)\n         Kennedy Onassis, Lewis S. and Ted A. Minter, Woodrow T. Scurry\n         (of Roanoke, Va., a black man who spent time in prison and\n         credited Gov. Almond with helping him to turn his life\n         around), Wilbur Walker (concerning the Governor's schedule),\n         and Edith Galt Bolling Wilson (of Washington, D.C., discussing\n         Democratic politics and her relationship with the President\n         and Mrs. Kennedy). Subseries 10.2, Speeches, 1940-1983,\n         contains the text of speeches delivered by Mrs. Almond on\n         various occasions. Arranged chronologically where possible,\n         alphabetically by subject otherwise. Subseries 10.3., Other\n         papers, 1923-1974, includes notes for speeches, commonplace\n         containing poetry and prose, financial materials concerning\n         household expenses at the Governor's Mansion, guest lists for\n         planning events at the Governor's Mansion, notes for\n         interviews, scrapbooks, and awards.","Real estate records, 1948-1964; loose accounts,\n               1958-1978; cancelled checks, 1960-1966; account book,\n               1962-1967; and miscellaneous, 1949 and n.d.","Document Almond's career as a judge of the Roanoke\n                  City Hustings Court and as a member of the U.S. House\n                  of Representatives.","Document Almond's return to Virginia to serve as\n                  Attorney General.","Documents Almond's campaign for, election as, and\n                  service as governor of Virginia. Prominently\n                  mentioned is his fight against court-ordered\n                  desegregation of public schools.","This subseries in many ways overlaps previous\n                  subseries but also includes a scrapbook concerning\n                  the Roanoke Racing Homer Club, Roanoke, Va., of which\n                  Almond was a member, and a 1963 barbecue given in\n                  Almond's honor.","Letterbook, 1919 April 30-May 9; student notebook,\n                  1923 March 4-June 1, kept at UVA; roll book, 1957\n                  November 5, Almond Booster Club, Roanoke Va.; guest\n                  register, 1958 April 22-1962 January 4.","Diplomas, certificates of membership in various\n               organizations, law licenses and certificates of\n               qualification to appear before various courts, masonic\n               materials, and miscellaneous items received during\n               Almond's careers.","There are no restrictions.","Correspondence, 1925-1983;\n         speeches, 1927-1979; financial and legal papers, 1948-1978;\n         scrapbooks, 1934-1963; newspaper clippings, 1931-1987;\n         miscellaneous volumes; certificates and awards. Correspondence\n         is non-official, but touches on Almond's term as Governor of\n         Virginia and on his appointment to the U.S. Court of Customs\n         and Patent Appeals. Scrapbooks and clippings document his\n         campaigns and terms as attorney general and governor of\n         Virginia, and contain a great deal of information on\n         Virginia's resistance to school desegregation. Also included\n         in the collection are correspondence, speeches, and\n         miscellaneous papers of Almond's wife, Josephine Katherine\n         (Minter) Almond (1901-1992), some of which concerns her\n         service as First Lady of Virginia.","English"],"unitid_tesim":["Mss1 AL685 a FA2"],"normalized_title_ssm":["J. Lindsay Almond, Jr., Papers \n         \n         1850-1987"],"collection_title_tesim":["J. Lindsay Almond, Jr., Papers \n         \n         1850-1987"],"collection_ssim":["J. Lindsay Almond, Jr., Papers \n         \n         1850-1987"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Historical Society"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Historical Society"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Gift of the estate of Josephine Katherine (Minter)\n            Almond, through the courtesy of Lewis S. Minter, in\n            1992."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Almond, J. Lindsay (James Lindsay),\n         1898-1986.","Almond, Josephine Katherine Minter, 1901-\n         1992.","Byrd, Harry Flood, 1887-1966.","Democratic Party (Va.) -- History -- 20th\n         century.","Eastland, James O. (James Oliver),\n         1904-1986.","Governors' spouses -- Virginia -- Social life and\n         customs.","Harrison, Albertis S. (Albertis Sydney),\n         1907-1995.","Judges -- Appointment, qualifications, tenure,\n         etc.","Kennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald),\n         1917-1963.","Kennedy, Robert F., 1925-1968.","Political campaign -- Virginia -- History -- 20th\n         century.","Political oratory -- Virginia -- History -- 20th\n         century.","School integration -- Virginia.","Scrapbooks -- Virginia -- History -- 20th\n         century.","Speeches, addresses, etc.","United States. Court of Customs and Patent\n         Appeals.","Virginia -- Politics and government --\n         1865-1950.","Virginia -- Politics and government --\n         1951-","Virginia. Governor (1958-1962 : Almond)","Virginia. Office of the Attorney\n         General.","Women -- Virginia -- Political activity.","Women -- Virginia -- Social life and customs --\n         20th century."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Almond, J. Lindsay (James Lindsay),\n         1898-1986.","Almond, Josephine Katherine Minter, 1901-\n         1992.","Byrd, Harry Flood, 1887-1966.","Democratic Party (Va.) -- History -- 20th\n         century.","Eastland, James O. (James Oliver),\n         1904-1986.","Governors' spouses -- Virginia -- Social life and\n         customs.","Harrison, Albertis S. (Albertis Sydney),\n         1907-1995.","Judges -- Appointment, qualifications, tenure,\n         etc.","Kennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald),\n         1917-1963.","Kennedy, Robert F., 1925-1968.","Political campaign -- Virginia -- History -- 20th\n         century.","Political oratory -- Virginia -- History -- 20th\n         century.","School integration -- Virginia.","Scrapbooks -- Virginia -- History -- 20th\n         century.","Speeches, addresses, etc.","United States. Court of Customs and Patent\n         Appeals.","Virginia -- Politics and government --\n         1865-1950.","Virginia -- Politics and government --\n         1951-","Virginia. Governor (1958-1962 : Almond)","Virginia. Office of the Attorney\n         General.","Women -- Virginia -- Political activity.","Women -- Virginia -- Social life and customs --\n         20th century."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["2,8000 (ca.) items."],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOrganized into ten series by material type. Correspondence\n         is arranged alphabetically by correspondent. Other materials\n         are arranged chronologically wherever possible.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlphabetical by correspondent.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlphabetical by correspondent.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eArranged chronologically where possible,\n                  alphabetically by subject otherwise.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Organization"],"arrangement_tesim":["Organized into ten series by material type. Correspondence\n         is arranged alphabetically by correspondent. Other materials\n         are arranged chronologically wherever possible.","Alphabetical by correspondent.","Alphabetical by correspondent.","Arranged chronologically where possible,\n                  alphabetically by subject otherwise."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJames Lindsay Almond, Jr., was born June 15, 1898, in\n         Charlottesville, Va., the son of Lindsay and Eddie Nicholas\n         (Burgess) Almond. At an early age his family moved to a farm\n         in rural Orange County, Va. Almond entered the University of\n         Virginia in 1917 as a member of the Student Army Training\n         Corps but withdrew a year later and consequently served for a\n         year as principal of the Zoar High School near Roanoke, Va.,\n         1921- 1922. He then entered the University of Virginia School\n         of Law and earned his law degree in 1923. He had been admitted\n         to the Virginia Bar in 1921. He was in private practice as a\n         lawyer in Roanoke, Va., 1923- 1932, and quickly became known\n         for his handling of criminal cases.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA Democrat, Almond's interest in politics began in his\n         teens. His involvement with Democrat Harry Flood Byrd began in\n         1925, when Almond made several speeches in support of Byrd's\n         gubernatorial campaign. With Byrd's help, Almond was appointed\n         assistant Commonwealth's attorney for the city of Roanoke,\n         1930-1933, and a judge of the Roanoke Hustings court,\n         1933-1945. He was later appointed to the 79th U.S. Congress\n         and elected a member of the 80th U.S. Congress. The Virginia\n         Democratic Party, led by Harry F. Byrd, asked Almond to step\n         down from his Congressional seat and run for attorney general\n         of Virginia, to which position he was elected in 1948. He\n         served in this office until 1957, at which time he resigned to\n         run for governor of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBoth Almond's campaign for and service as governor were\n         dominated by Virginia's response to the Supreme Court's school\n         desegregation edict. As governor, he inherited a program of\n         \"massive resistance\" designed to halt school integration by\n         erecting a series of defensive obstacles. Realizing the\n         movement was doomed and if continued would potentially destroy\n         the Commonwealth's educational system, in January 1959 Almond\n         admitted defeat and established a commission to develop a plan\n         for the integration of Virginia's public schools. Almond's\n         reversal on this issue cost him the support of the Harry F.\n         Byrd and his many supporters.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFollowing Almond's term as governor, he was appointed by\n         President John F. Kennedy as an interim judge of the U.S.\n         Court of Customs and Patent Appeals, Washington, D.C. With\n         U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd on the Senate Judicial Committee,\n         it took much campaigning on the part of Almond's friends and\n         supporters to secure his official appointment to this post in\n         1963. He served as a member of this court until his retirement\n         in 1986.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJ. Lindsay Almond married Josephine Katherine Minter\n         (1901-1992) in 1925. A native of Roanoke, Va., Mrs. Almond\n         attended Elizabeth College in Salem, Va., and received her\n         bachelor's degree in 1923 from Wittenberg University in Ohio.\n         The Almond's had no children, but raised Mrs. Almond's orphan\n         nephew, Lewis S. Minter, from infancy. Mr. Almond died April\n         14, 1986, and is buried in Evergreen Cemetery, Roanoke,\n         Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["James Lindsay Almond, Jr., was born June 15, 1898, in\n         Charlottesville, Va., the son of Lindsay and Eddie Nicholas\n         (Burgess) Almond. At an early age his family moved to a farm\n         in rural Orange County, Va. Almond entered the University of\n         Virginia in 1917 as a member of the Student Army Training\n         Corps but withdrew a year later and consequently served for a\n         year as principal of the Zoar High School near Roanoke, Va.,\n         1921- 1922. He then entered the University of Virginia School\n         of Law and earned his law degree in 1923. He had been admitted\n         to the Virginia Bar in 1921. He was in private practice as a\n         lawyer in Roanoke, Va., 1923- 1932, and quickly became known\n         for his handling of criminal cases.","A Democrat, Almond's interest in politics began in his\n         teens. His involvement with Democrat Harry Flood Byrd began in\n         1925, when Almond made several speeches in support of Byrd's\n         gubernatorial campaign. With Byrd's help, Almond was appointed\n         assistant Commonwealth's attorney for the city of Roanoke,\n         1930-1933, and a judge of the Roanoke Hustings court,\n         1933-1945. He was later appointed to the 79th U.S. Congress\n         and elected a member of the 80th U.S. Congress. The Virginia\n         Democratic Party, led by Harry F. Byrd, asked Almond to step\n         down from his Congressional seat and run for attorney general\n         of Virginia, to which position he was elected in 1948. He\n         served in this office until 1957, at which time he resigned to\n         run for governor of Virginia.","Both Almond's campaign for and service as governor were\n         dominated by Virginia's response to the Supreme Court's school\n         desegregation edict. As governor, he inherited a program of\n         \"massive resistance\" designed to halt school integration by\n         erecting a series of defensive obstacles. Realizing the\n         movement was doomed and if continued would potentially destroy\n         the Commonwealth's educational system, in January 1959 Almond\n         admitted defeat and established a commission to develop a plan\n         for the integration of Virginia's public schools. Almond's\n         reversal on this issue cost him the support of the Harry F.\n         Byrd and his many supporters.","Following Almond's term as governor, he was appointed by\n         President John F. Kennedy as an interim judge of the U.S.\n         Court of Customs and Patent Appeals, Washington, D.C. With\n         U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd on the Senate Judicial Committee,\n         it took much campaigning on the part of Almond's friends and\n         supporters to secure his official appointment to this post in\n         1963. He served as a member of this court until his retirement\n         in 1986.","J. Lindsay Almond married Josephine Katherine Minter\n         (1901-1992) in 1925. A native of Roanoke, Va., Mrs. Almond\n         attended Elizabeth College in Salem, Va., and received her\n         bachelor's degree in 1923 from Wittenberg University in Ohio.\n         The Almond's had no children, but raised Mrs. Almond's orphan\n         nephew, Lewis S. Minter, from infancy. Mr. Almond died April\n         14, 1986, and is buried in Evergreen Cemetery, Roanoke,\n         Va."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJ. Lindsay Almond Papers, 1850-1987 (Mss1 AL685 a FA2),\n            Virginia Historical Society, Richmond, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["J. Lindsay Almond Papers, 1850-1987 (Mss1 AL685 a FA2),\n            Virginia Historical Society, Richmond, Va."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSeries 1 contains the non-official correspondence of J.\n         Lindsay Almond, Jr., 1925-1983, chiefly as governor and while\n         he was seeking a federal judgeship. Subjects mentioned include\n         concerns of constituents; recommendations of persons for\n         appointments by various state and local officials; the attempt\n         on Almond's life in April 1959; Almond's stand on school\n         desegregation (see the correspondence of Alburtis S. Harrison,\n         Jr., Charles L. Lady, and Sydney F. Small); and the efforts of\n         Almond's supporters to get him a position on the U.S. Court of\n         Patent Appeals (see the correspondence of George Edward Allen\n         (1885-1972), Miner Carl Andrews, Lester R. Bachner, Harry\n         Flood Byrd (1887-1966), James O. Eastland, Charles Rogers\n         Fenwick, Eppa Hunton IV, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, Robert\n         Francis Kennedy, Marvin E. Nuckols, Jr., and A. Willis\n         Robertson). This appointment was blocked for almost a year by\n         U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd, a member of the Senate Judicial\n         Committee, who had broken with Almond over the latter's\n         apparent reversal of his support of school desegregation and\n         the policy of \"massive resistance.\" Also included is scattered\n         family correspondence, chiefly concerning the health of\n         Almond's mother, Edmonia Nicholas (Burgess) Almond (d.\n         1966).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 2 contains speeches given on various occasions.\n         Subseries 2.1, Speeches by J. Lindsay Almond, are arranged\n         chronologically. See 1958-1960 for the bulk of speeches\n         concerning school desegregation. Subseries 2.2, Speeches by\n         Others, is arranged alphabetically by author.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 3 includes scattered financial and legal records,\n         1948-1978, of J. Lindsay Almond, Jr., consisting of records of\n         sale and purchase of residential real estate in Roanoke and\n         Richmond, Va., loose accounts and papers including forms\n         relating to his employment as a federal judge, canceled\n         checks, an account book for his expenses relating to the last\n         illness and death of his mother, Edmonia Nicholas (Burgess)\n         Almond (d. 1966) of Locust Grove, Va., and miscellaneous items\n         including an affidavit concerning the Virginia Senatorial\n         campaign of 1946 and its connection with the C.I.O. Political\n         Action Committee and a list of firearms owned by Mr.\n         Almond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 4 includes scrapbooks, 1934-1963, containing chiefly\n         newspaper clippings from Richmond and Roanoke, Va., newspapers\n         documenting the various careers of J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. The\n         volumes are arranged in four subseries as follows: Subseries\n         4.1 documents Almond's career as a judge of the Roanoke City\n         Hustings Court and as a member of the U.S. House of\n         Representatives. Series 4.2 documents Almond's return to\n         Virginia to serve as Attorney General. Subseries 4.3 documents\n         Almond's campaign for, election as, and service as governor of\n         Virginia. Prominently mentioned is his fight against\n         court-ordered desegregation of public schools. Subseries 4.4\n         in many ways overlaps previous subseries but also includes a\n         scrapbook concerning the Roanoke Racing Homer Club, Roanoke,\n         Va., of which Almond was a member, and a 1963 barbecue given\n         in Almond's honor.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 5 consists of newspaper clippings, 1931-1987,\n         arranged chronologically, chiefly from Roanoke and Richmond,\n         Va., papers. Subjects include Almond's service as Attorney\n         General of Virginia, campaign for and election as Governor of\n         Virginia, the \"massive resistance\" movement, and the Almonds'\n         life after leaving office. See also: Oversize.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 6 contains brief biographical statements,\n         occasionally in resolution form. Some items were evidently\n         attached to letters of recommendation for various\n         appointments. Persons represented include: J. Lindsay Almond,\n         Josephine Katherine (Minter) Almond, Jerome M. Alper, Rufus\n         Adolphus Ayers, Leroy S. Bendheim, Charles Newton Bordwine,\n         Carter Lee Burgess, Mortimer Maxwell Caplin, Albert Edward\n         Cox, John Alvin Crogan, Constantine N. Dombalis, John H. East,\n         F. Howard Forsyth, Connie Barriot Gay, Edward Wren Hudgins,\n         Thomas G. Massie, Joe G. Matthews, Josephine (Umberger)\n         Minter, C. E. Myers, Andrew E. Newton, Gene A. Robens, Bradley\n         Roberts, William L. Saunders, Erwin Seago, Robert N. W. Welch,\n         and Elijah Brockenbrough White.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 7 contains non-scrapbook volumes. Subseries 7.1\n         consists of Almond's appointment registers, 1951-1961 (90 v.)\n         kept while he was Attorney General and Governor of Virginia.\n         Entries are short, often containing only the name of the\n         person visiting. Occasionally mention is made of subject\n         matter to be discussed. Almond's attendance at official\n         functions (including receptions, luncheons, conferences) is\n         also noted. Subseries 7.2 consists of miscellaneous volumes,\n         including a letterbook, 1919 April 30-May 9, containing drafts\n         of letters from J. Lindsay Almond to Josephine Katherine\n         (Minter) Almond; student notebook, 1923 March 4-June 1, kept\n         at the University of Virginia Law School; Roll book, 1957\n         November 5, containing recollections of J. Lindsay Almond's\n         gubernatorial victory, collected by the Almond Booster Club of\n         Roanoke, Va.; and Guest register, 1958 April 22-1962 January\n         4, of visitors to the Governor's Mansion.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 8 includes diplomas, certificates of membership in\n         various organizations, law licenses and certificates of\n         qualification to appear before various courts, masonic\n         materials, and miscellaneous items received during Almond's\n         careers. Of special interest are his diploma from the\n         University of Virginia, 1923; his law license, 1921; a\n         certificate of appointment to the U.S. Court of Customs and\n         Patent Appeals, 1962, signed by John F. Kennedy and Robert P.\n         Kennedy; oath as Attorney General of Virginia, 1950;\n         certificate of election as Democratic Party candidate for\n         governor, 1957; and Virginia Senate Resolution No. 30 upon his\n         death. (Many items are oversized.)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 9 contains miscellaneous and other papers, including\n         Almond family papers (will, 1956, of Edmonia Nicholas\n         (Burgess) Almond; letter, 1891, of W. W. Scott to T. W.\n         Almond); Almond family genealogical notes; funeral program for\n         I. T. Minter (d. 1934), father of Josephine (Minter) Almond;\n         writings about J. Lindsay Almond; original poetry and\n         Christmas greetings from friends; and minutes of meetings,\n         1974, of the Colon Club of Richmond, Va., a social club made\n         up of members of the Richmond business and political\n         elite.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 10 contains the papers of Josephine Katherine\n         (Minter) Almond. Subseries 10.1, Correspondence, 1942-1986,\n         consists chiefly letters expressing support for J. Lindsay\n         Almond's candidacy and election as governor, and of his\n         actions as governor. Also, personal and family correspondence.\n         Correspondents of note include Mildred Almond (concerning\n         strained relations between J. Lindsay Almond and his brother\n         over the care of their invalid mother), Jacqueline (Bouvier)\n         Kennedy Onassis, Lewis S. and Ted A. Minter, Woodrow T. Scurry\n         (of Roanoke, Va., a black man who spent time in prison and\n         credited Gov. Almond with helping him to turn his life\n         around), Wilbur Walker (concerning the Governor's schedule),\n         and Edith Galt Bolling Wilson (of Washington, D.C., discussing\n         Democratic politics and her relationship with the President\n         and Mrs. Kennedy). Subseries 10.2, Speeches, 1940-1983,\n         contains the text of speeches delivered by Mrs. Almond on\n         various occasions. Arranged chronologically where possible,\n         alphabetically by subject otherwise. Subseries 10.3., Other\n         papers, 1923-1974, includes notes for speeches, commonplace\n         containing poetry and prose, financial materials concerning\n         household expenses at the Governor's Mansion, guest lists for\n         planning events at the Governor's Mansion, notes for\n         interviews, scrapbooks, and awards.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReal estate records, 1948-1964; loose accounts,\n               1958-1978; cancelled checks, 1960-1966; account book,\n               1962-1967; and miscellaneous, 1949 and n.d.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDocument Almond's career as a judge of the Roanoke\n                  City Hustings Court and as a member of the U.S. House\n                  of Representatives.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDocument Almond's return to Virginia to serve as\n                  Attorney General.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDocuments Almond's campaign for, election as, and\n                  service as governor of Virginia. Prominently\n                  mentioned is his fight against court-ordered\n                  desegregation of public schools.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis subseries in many ways overlaps previous\n                  subseries but also includes a scrapbook concerning\n                  the Roanoke Racing Homer Club, Roanoke, Va., of which\n                  Almond was a member, and a 1963 barbecue given in\n                  Almond's honor.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetterbook, 1919 April 30-May 9; student notebook,\n                  1923 March 4-June 1, kept at UVA; roll book, 1957\n                  November 5, Almond Booster Club, Roanoke Va.; guest\n                  register, 1958 April 22-1962 January 4.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiplomas, certificates of membership in various\n               organizations, law licenses and certificates of\n               qualification to appear before various courts, masonic\n               materials, and miscellaneous items received during\n               Almond's careers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content Information"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Series 1 contains the non-official correspondence of J.\n         Lindsay Almond, Jr., 1925-1983, chiefly as governor and while\n         he was seeking a federal judgeship. Subjects mentioned include\n         concerns of constituents; recommendations of persons for\n         appointments by various state and local officials; the attempt\n         on Almond's life in April 1959; Almond's stand on school\n         desegregation (see the correspondence of Alburtis S. Harrison,\n         Jr., Charles L. Lady, and Sydney F. Small); and the efforts of\n         Almond's supporters to get him a position on the U.S. Court of\n         Patent Appeals (see the correspondence of George Edward Allen\n         (1885-1972), Miner Carl Andrews, Lester R. Bachner, Harry\n         Flood Byrd (1887-1966), James O. Eastland, Charles Rogers\n         Fenwick, Eppa Hunton IV, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, Robert\n         Francis Kennedy, Marvin E. Nuckols, Jr., and A. Willis\n         Robertson). This appointment was blocked for almost a year by\n         U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd, a member of the Senate Judicial\n         Committee, who had broken with Almond over the latter's\n         apparent reversal of his support of school desegregation and\n         the policy of \"massive resistance.\" Also included is scattered\n         family correspondence, chiefly concerning the health of\n         Almond's mother, Edmonia Nicholas (Burgess) Almond (d.\n         1966).","Series 2 contains speeches given on various occasions.\n         Subseries 2.1, Speeches by J. Lindsay Almond, are arranged\n         chronologically. See 1958-1960 for the bulk of speeches\n         concerning school desegregation. Subseries 2.2, Speeches by\n         Others, is arranged alphabetically by author.","Series 3 includes scattered financial and legal records,\n         1948-1978, of J. Lindsay Almond, Jr., consisting of records of\n         sale and purchase of residential real estate in Roanoke and\n         Richmond, Va., loose accounts and papers including forms\n         relating to his employment as a federal judge, canceled\n         checks, an account book for his expenses relating to the last\n         illness and death of his mother, Edmonia Nicholas (Burgess)\n         Almond (d. 1966) of Locust Grove, Va., and miscellaneous items\n         including an affidavit concerning the Virginia Senatorial\n         campaign of 1946 and its connection with the C.I.O. Political\n         Action Committee and a list of firearms owned by Mr.\n         Almond.","Series 4 includes scrapbooks, 1934-1963, containing chiefly\n         newspaper clippings from Richmond and Roanoke, Va., newspapers\n         documenting the various careers of J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. The\n         volumes are arranged in four subseries as follows: Subseries\n         4.1 documents Almond's career as a judge of the Roanoke City\n         Hustings Court and as a member of the U.S. House of\n         Representatives. Series 4.2 documents Almond's return to\n         Virginia to serve as Attorney General. Subseries 4.3 documents\n         Almond's campaign for, election as, and service as governor of\n         Virginia. Prominently mentioned is his fight against\n         court-ordered desegregation of public schools. Subseries 4.4\n         in many ways overlaps previous subseries but also includes a\n         scrapbook concerning the Roanoke Racing Homer Club, Roanoke,\n         Va., of which Almond was a member, and a 1963 barbecue given\n         in Almond's honor.","Series 5 consists of newspaper clippings, 1931-1987,\n         arranged chronologically, chiefly from Roanoke and Richmond,\n         Va., papers. Subjects include Almond's service as Attorney\n         General of Virginia, campaign for and election as Governor of\n         Virginia, the \"massive resistance\" movement, and the Almonds'\n         life after leaving office. See also: Oversize.","Series 6 contains brief biographical statements,\n         occasionally in resolution form. Some items were evidently\n         attached to letters of recommendation for various\n         appointments. Persons represented include: J. Lindsay Almond,\n         Josephine Katherine (Minter) Almond, Jerome M. Alper, Rufus\n         Adolphus Ayers, Leroy S. Bendheim, Charles Newton Bordwine,\n         Carter Lee Burgess, Mortimer Maxwell Caplin, Albert Edward\n         Cox, John Alvin Crogan, Constantine N. Dombalis, John H. East,\n         F. Howard Forsyth, Connie Barriot Gay, Edward Wren Hudgins,\n         Thomas G. Massie, Joe G. Matthews, Josephine (Umberger)\n         Minter, C. E. Myers, Andrew E. Newton, Gene A. Robens, Bradley\n         Roberts, William L. Saunders, Erwin Seago, Robert N. W. Welch,\n         and Elijah Brockenbrough White.","Series 7 contains non-scrapbook volumes. Subseries 7.1\n         consists of Almond's appointment registers, 1951-1961 (90 v.)\n         kept while he was Attorney General and Governor of Virginia.\n         Entries are short, often containing only the name of the\n         person visiting. Occasionally mention is made of subject\n         matter to be discussed. Almond's attendance at official\n         functions (including receptions, luncheons, conferences) is\n         also noted. Subseries 7.2 consists of miscellaneous volumes,\n         including a letterbook, 1919 April 30-May 9, containing drafts\n         of letters from J. Lindsay Almond to Josephine Katherine\n         (Minter) Almond; student notebook, 1923 March 4-June 1, kept\n         at the University of Virginia Law School; Roll book, 1957\n         November 5, containing recollections of J. Lindsay Almond's\n         gubernatorial victory, collected by the Almond Booster Club of\n         Roanoke, Va.; and Guest register, 1958 April 22-1962 January\n         4, of visitors to the Governor's Mansion.","Series 8 includes diplomas, certificates of membership in\n         various organizations, law licenses and certificates of\n         qualification to appear before various courts, masonic\n         materials, and miscellaneous items received during Almond's\n         careers. Of special interest are his diploma from the\n         University of Virginia, 1923; his law license, 1921; a\n         certificate of appointment to the U.S. Court of Customs and\n         Patent Appeals, 1962, signed by John F. Kennedy and Robert P.\n         Kennedy; oath as Attorney General of Virginia, 1950;\n         certificate of election as Democratic Party candidate for\n         governor, 1957; and Virginia Senate Resolution No. 30 upon his\n         death. (Many items are oversized.)","Series 9 contains miscellaneous and other papers, including\n         Almond family papers (will, 1956, of Edmonia Nicholas\n         (Burgess) Almond; letter, 1891, of W. W. Scott to T. W.\n         Almond); Almond family genealogical notes; funeral program for\n         I. T. Minter (d. 1934), father of Josephine (Minter) Almond;\n         writings about J. Lindsay Almond; original poetry and\n         Christmas greetings from friends; and minutes of meetings,\n         1974, of the Colon Club of Richmond, Va., a social club made\n         up of members of the Richmond business and political\n         elite.","Series 10 contains the papers of Josephine Katherine\n         (Minter) Almond. Subseries 10.1, Correspondence, 1942-1986,\n         consists chiefly letters expressing support for J. Lindsay\n         Almond's candidacy and election as governor, and of his\n         actions as governor. Also, personal and family correspondence.\n         Correspondents of note include Mildred Almond (concerning\n         strained relations between J. Lindsay Almond and his brother\n         over the care of their invalid mother), Jacqueline (Bouvier)\n         Kennedy Onassis, Lewis S. and Ted A. Minter, Woodrow T. Scurry\n         (of Roanoke, Va., a black man who spent time in prison and\n         credited Gov. Almond with helping him to turn his life\n         around), Wilbur Walker (concerning the Governor's schedule),\n         and Edith Galt Bolling Wilson (of Washington, D.C., discussing\n         Democratic politics and her relationship with the President\n         and Mrs. Kennedy). Subseries 10.2, Speeches, 1940-1983,\n         contains the text of speeches delivered by Mrs. Almond on\n         various occasions. Arranged chronologically where possible,\n         alphabetically by subject otherwise. Subseries 10.3., Other\n         papers, 1923-1974, includes notes for speeches, commonplace\n         containing poetry and prose, financial materials concerning\n         household expenses at the Governor's Mansion, guest lists for\n         planning events at the Governor's Mansion, notes for\n         interviews, scrapbooks, and awards.","Real estate records, 1948-1964; loose accounts,\n               1958-1978; cancelled checks, 1960-1966; account book,\n               1962-1967; and miscellaneous, 1949 and n.d.","Document Almond's career as a judge of the Roanoke\n                  City Hustings Court and as a member of the U.S. House\n                  of Representatives.","Document Almond's return to Virginia to serve as\n                  Attorney General.","Documents Almond's campaign for, election as, and\n                  service as governor of Virginia. Prominently\n                  mentioned is his fight against court-ordered\n                  desegregation of public schools.","This subseries in many ways overlaps previous\n                  subseries but also includes a scrapbook concerning\n                  the Roanoke Racing Homer Club, Roanoke, Va., of which\n                  Almond was a member, and a 1963 barbecue given in\n                  Almond's honor.","Letterbook, 1919 April 30-May 9; student notebook,\n                  1923 March 4-June 1, kept at UVA; roll book, 1957\n                  November 5, Almond Booster Club, Roanoke Va.; guest\n                  register, 1958 April 22-1962 January 4.","Diplomas, certificates of membership in various\n               organizations, law licenses and certificates of\n               qualification to appear before various courts, masonic\n               materials, and miscellaneous items received during\n               Almond's careers."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract label=\"Abstract\"\u003eCorrespondence, 1925-1983;\n         speeches, 1927-1979; financial and legal papers, 1948-1978;\n         scrapbooks, 1934-1963; newspaper clippings, 1931-1987;\n         miscellaneous volumes; certificates and awards. Correspondence\n         is non-official, but touches on Almond's term as Governor of\n         Virginia and on his appointment to the U.S. Court of Customs\n         and Patent Appeals. Scrapbooks and clippings document his\n         campaigns and terms as attorney general and governor of\n         Virginia, and contain a great deal of information on\n         Virginia's resistance to school desegregation. Also included\n         in the collection are correspondence, speeches, and\n         miscellaneous papers of Almond's wife, Josephine Katherine\n         (Minter) Almond (1901-1992), some of which concerns her\n         service as First Lady of Virginia.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Correspondence, 1925-1983;\n         speeches, 1927-1979; financial and legal papers, 1948-1978;\n         scrapbooks, 1934-1963; newspaper clippings, 1931-1987;\n         miscellaneous volumes; certificates and awards. Correspondence\n         is non-official, but touches on Almond's term as Governor of\n         Virginia and on his appointment to the U.S. Court of Customs\n         and Patent Appeals. Scrapbooks and clippings document his\n         campaigns and terms as attorney general and governor of\n         Virginia, and contain a great deal of information on\n         Virginia's resistance to school desegregation. Also included\n         in the collection are correspondence, speeches, and\n         miscellaneous papers of Almond's wife, Josephine Katherine\n         (Minter) Almond (1901-1992), some of which concerns her\n         service as First Lady of Virginia."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":21,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-20T18:52:57.653Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihi_vih00019"}},{"id":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_377","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Samuel Wilbert Tucker Collection","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vircu_repositories_5_resources_377#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Tucker, Samuel Wilbert","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vircu_repositories_5_resources_377#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains consists primarily of photocopies of various Virginia newspaper articles on school desegregation efforts in Virginia, from 1960-1964, in which Tucker played a role. The collection also contains newspaper articles on other civil rights issues as well as photocopies of correspondence and other materials.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vircu_repositories_5_resources_377#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_377","ead_ssi":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_377","_root_":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_377","_nest_parent_":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_377","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VCU/repositories_5_resources_377.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, collection","title_ssm":["Samuel Wilbert Tucker Collection"],"title_tesim":["Samuel Wilbert Tucker Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1939-1994, n.d."],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1939-1994, n.d."],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["M 56","/repositories/5/resources/377"],"text":["M 56","/repositories/5/resources/377","Samuel Wilbert Tucker Collection","Segregation -- Virginia.","Civil rights movements -- History -- 20th century -- Virginia","Lawyers -- Virginia","School integration -- Virginia.","Collection is open for use without restrictions","The large portion of newspaper articles on desegregation efforts in Virginia are arranged chronological and then by topic.","Samuel Wilbert Tucker (1913-1990), a Richmond civil-rights lawyer active in desegregation efforts in Virginia in the 1950s and 1960s, was the senior member of the Richmond law firm of Hill, Tucker and Marsh [which included Oliver W. Hill and Henry Marsh]. Tucker was also active in the NAACP, serving as chairman of the legal staff of the Virginia State Conference and representing Virginia, Maryland and the District of Columbia on the National Board of Directors."," Tucker, a native of Alexandria, Virginia, was born June 18, 1913. He graduated from Howard University in 1933 and began practicing law in Alexandria the following year. In 1939 he represented five young African Americans who had attempted to use the Alexandria library. Following a series of cases that left the situation unresolved, the city established a separate library for African Americans. During World War II he served in the 366th Infantry in Italy from 1941-1945. During the 1950s and 1960s, Tucker participated in litigation against more than 50 county and city school boards to compel desegregation of public schools and argued more than 30 cases before the U.S. Court of Appeals. He died October 19, 1990.","The collection contains consists primarily of photocopies of various Virginia newspaper articles on school desegregation efforts in Virginia, from 1960-1964, in which Tucker played a role. The collection also contains newspaper articles on other civil rights issues as well as photocopies of correspondence and other materials.","Primarily letters of praise for Tucker's civil rights efforts","Salute to Henry Marsh","Honors awarded to Tucker","Tributes to Tucker including a 1994 letter from Judge Robert R. Mehridge to Mrs. S.W. Tucker","Photocopy of check","Richmond Times Dispatch article from May 13, 1979 with notes/corrections to the article by Tucker","n.d., 1994 Judge Cleo Powell, Thelma Atkins Riley, Kansas City ","1939, 1961, 1974, 1979 Alexandria Public Library Sit-In, 1939, Thurgood Marshall, Prince Edward County Schools, Tucker on 25 years after Brown, Judge Francis Rivers Memorial ","1943 Obituary of Dr. George W. Carver ","1960 Effort to disbar Tucker ","1960 NAACP ","1961 ","1961 Attempt to disbar Tucker ","1961 Charlottesville, Virginia ","1961 Lynchburg, Virginia ","1961 NAACP ","1961 Prince Edward County ","1961-1964 Prince Edward County, Tuition Grants ","1961-1964 Pupil Placement ","1961-1964 Winchester, Richmond Public Facilities, Hampton ","1961-1965 ","1962 ","1962 Charlottesville, Virginia ","1962 Powhatan County, Virginia ","1962 Prince Edward County, Virginia ","1962 Race mixing, Chesterfield, other localities ","1962 Richmond and other localities ","1962 Tucker reprimand ","1962-1964 Includes Tucker candidacy ","1962, 1982 NAACP ","1963 Hopewell, Virginia ","1963 King and Queen County, Virginia ","1963 Lynchburg, including photo of Tucker with Mandoline Thompson, and other localities ","1963 Powhatan County, Virginia ","1963 Prince Edward County, Virginia ","1963 Prince George County, Virginia ","1963 Surry County, Virginia ","1963 Tucker speech, Richmond newspaper editorials on Spottswood W. Robinson and Richmond Improvement Co-ordinating Council ","1963-1964 Charlottesville, Virginia ","1964 ","1964 NAACP, Tucker for Bench ","1964 Powhatan County, Virginia ","1964 Surry County, Virginia ","1964 Voter Registration, Albermarle County, Virginia, and other localities ","1964-1965 Prince Edward County, Virginia ","1965, June NAACP Legal Defense Fund ","1972, 1989 Emporia, Virginia ","1985-1990 Tucker, Hill honored","None","VCU James Branch Cabell Library","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["M 56","/repositories/5/resources/377"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Samuel Wilbert Tucker Collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Samuel Wilbert Tucker Collection"],"collection_ssim":["Samuel Wilbert Tucker Collection"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library"],"creator_ssm":["Tucker, Samuel Wilbert"],"creator_ssim":["Tucker, Samuel Wilbert"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Tucker, Samuel Wilbert"],"creators_ssim":["Tucker, Samuel Wilbert"],"access_terms_ssm":["None"],"acqinfo_ssim":["The materials in this collection were borrowed in 1996 from Julia E. Spaulding Tucker, wife of Samuel W. Tucker, to be photocopied. The originals were returned. Accession number 97/Jul/18"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Segregation -- Virginia.","Civil rights movements -- History -- 20th century -- Virginia","Lawyers -- Virginia","School integration -- Virginia."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Segregation -- Virginia.","Civil rights movements -- History -- 20th century -- Virginia","Lawyers -- Virginia","School integration -- Virginia."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".36 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":[".36 Linear Feet"],"date_range_isim":[1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for use without restrictions\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for use without restrictions"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe large portion of newspaper articles on desegregation efforts in Virginia are arranged chronological and then by topic.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The large portion of newspaper articles on desegregation efforts in Virginia are arranged chronological and then by topic."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSamuel Wilbert Tucker (1913-1990), a Richmond civil-rights lawyer active in desegregation efforts in Virginia in the 1950s and 1960s, was the senior member of the Richmond law firm of Hill, Tucker and Marsh [which included Oliver W. Hill and Henry Marsh]. Tucker was also active in the NAACP, serving as chairman of the legal staff of the Virginia State Conference and representing Virginia, Maryland and the District of Columbia on the National Board of Directors.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Tucker, a native of Alexandria, Virginia, was born June 18, 1913. He graduated from Howard University in 1933 and began practicing law in Alexandria the following year. In 1939 he represented five young African Americans who had attempted to use the Alexandria library. Following a series of cases that left the situation unresolved, the city established a separate library for African Americans. During World War II he served in the 366th Infantry in Italy from 1941-1945. During the 1950s and 1960s, Tucker participated in litigation against more than 50 county and city school boards to compel desegregation of public schools and argued more than 30 cases before the U.S. Court of Appeals. He died October 19, 1990.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Samuel Wilbert Tucker (1913-1990), a Richmond civil-rights lawyer active in desegregation efforts in Virginia in the 1950s and 1960s, was the senior member of the Richmond law firm of Hill, Tucker and Marsh [which included Oliver W. Hill and Henry Marsh]. Tucker was also active in the NAACP, serving as chairman of the legal staff of the Virginia State Conference and representing Virginia, Maryland and the District of Columbia on the National Board of Directors."," Tucker, a native of Alexandria, Virginia, was born June 18, 1913. He graduated from Howard University in 1933 and began practicing law in Alexandria the following year. In 1939 he represented five young African Americans who had attempted to use the Alexandria library. Following a series of cases that left the situation unresolved, the city established a separate library for African Americans. During World War II he served in the 366th Infantry in Italy from 1941-1945. During the 1950s and 1960s, Tucker participated in litigation against more than 50 county and city school boards to compel desegregation of public schools and argued more than 30 cases before the U.S. Court of Appeals. He died October 19, 1990."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBox/Folder Samuel Wilbert Tucker Collections, M 56, Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, Virginia Commonwealth University\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Box/Folder Samuel Wilbert Tucker Collections, M 56, Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, Virginia Commonwealth University"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains consists primarily of photocopies of various Virginia newspaper articles on school desegregation efforts in Virginia, from 1960-1964, in which Tucker played a role. The collection also contains newspaper articles on other civil rights issues as well as photocopies of correspondence and other materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePrimarily letters of praise for Tucker's civil rights efforts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSalute to Henry Marsh\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHonors awarded to Tucker\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTributes to Tucker including a 1994 letter from Judge Robert R. Mehridge to Mrs. S.W. Tucker\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotocopy of check\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eRichmond Times Dispatch\u003c/title\u003earticle from May 13, 1979 with notes/corrections to the article by Tucker\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003en.d., 1994 Judge Cleo Powell, Thelma Atkins Riley, Kansas City \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1939, 1961, 1974, 1979 Alexandria Public Library Sit-In, 1939, Thurgood Marshall, Prince Edward County Schools, Tucker on 25 years after Brown, Judge Francis Rivers Memorial \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1943 Obituary of Dr. George W. Carver \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1960 Effort to disbar Tucker \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1960 NAACP \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1961 \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1961 Attempt to disbar Tucker \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1961 Charlottesville, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1961 Lynchburg, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1961 NAACP \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1961 Prince Edward County \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1961-1964 Prince Edward County, Tuition Grants \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1961-1964 Pupil Placement \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1961-1964 Winchester, Richmond Public Facilities, Hampton \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1961-1965 \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1962 \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1962 Charlottesville, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1962 Powhatan County, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1962 Prince Edward County, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1962 Race mixing, Chesterfield, other localities \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1962 Richmond and other localities \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1962 Tucker reprimand \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1962-1964 Includes Tucker candidacy \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1962, 1982 NAACP \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1963 Hopewell, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1963 King and Queen County, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1963 Lynchburg, including photo of Tucker with Mandoline Thompson, and other localities \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1963 Powhatan County, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1963 Prince Edward County, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1963 Prince George County, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1963 Surry County, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1963 Tucker speech, Richmond newspaper editorials on Spottswood W. Robinson and Richmond Improvement Co-ordinating Council \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1963-1964 Charlottesville, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1964 \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1964 NAACP, Tucker for Bench \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1964 Powhatan County, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1964 Surry County, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1964 Voter Registration, Albermarle County, Virginia, and other localities \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1964-1965 Prince Edward County, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1965, June NAACP Legal Defense Fund \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1972, 1989 Emporia, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1985-1990 Tucker, Hill honored\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content Information","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection contains consists primarily of photocopies of various Virginia newspaper articles on school desegregation efforts in Virginia, from 1960-1964, in which Tucker played a role. The collection also contains newspaper articles on other civil rights issues as well as photocopies of correspondence and other materials.","Primarily letters of praise for Tucker's civil rights efforts","Salute to Henry Marsh","Honors awarded to Tucker","Tributes to Tucker including a 1994 letter from Judge Robert R. Mehridge to Mrs. S.W. Tucker","Photocopy of check","Richmond Times Dispatch article from May 13, 1979 with notes/corrections to the article by Tucker","n.d., 1994 Judge Cleo Powell, Thelma Atkins Riley, Kansas City ","1939, 1961, 1974, 1979 Alexandria Public Library Sit-In, 1939, Thurgood Marshall, Prince Edward County Schools, Tucker on 25 years after Brown, Judge Francis Rivers Memorial ","1943 Obituary of Dr. George W. 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Robinson and Richmond Improvement Co-ordinating Council ","1963-1964 Charlottesville, Virginia ","1964 ","1964 NAACP, Tucker for Bench ","1964 Powhatan County, Virginia ","1964 Surry County, Virginia ","1964 Voter Registration, Albermarle County, Virginia, and other localities ","1964-1965 Prince Edward County, Virginia ","1965, June NAACP Legal Defense Fund ","1972, 1989 Emporia, Virginia ","1985-1990 Tucker, Hill honored"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["None"],"names_ssim":["VCU James Branch Cabell Library","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert"],"corpname_ssim":["VCU James Branch Cabell Library"],"persname_ssim":["Tucker, Samuel Wilbert"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":14,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T04:39:44.631Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_377","ead_ssi":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_377","_root_":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_377","_nest_parent_":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_377","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VCU/repositories_5_resources_377.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, collection","title_ssm":["Samuel Wilbert Tucker Collection"],"title_tesim":["Samuel Wilbert Tucker Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1939-1994, n.d."],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1939-1994, n.d."],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["M 56","/repositories/5/resources/377"],"text":["M 56","/repositories/5/resources/377","Samuel Wilbert Tucker Collection","Segregation -- Virginia.","Civil rights movements -- History -- 20th century -- Virginia","Lawyers -- Virginia","School integration -- Virginia.","Collection is open for use without restrictions","The large portion of newspaper articles on desegregation efforts in Virginia are arranged chronological and then by topic.","Samuel Wilbert Tucker (1913-1990), a Richmond civil-rights lawyer active in desegregation efforts in Virginia in the 1950s and 1960s, was the senior member of the Richmond law firm of Hill, Tucker and Marsh [which included Oliver W. Hill and Henry Marsh]. Tucker was also active in the NAACP, serving as chairman of the legal staff of the Virginia State Conference and representing Virginia, Maryland and the District of Columbia on the National Board of Directors."," Tucker, a native of Alexandria, Virginia, was born June 18, 1913. He graduated from Howard University in 1933 and began practicing law in Alexandria the following year. In 1939 he represented five young African Americans who had attempted to use the Alexandria library. Following a series of cases that left the situation unresolved, the city established a separate library for African Americans. During World War II he served in the 366th Infantry in Italy from 1941-1945. During the 1950s and 1960s, Tucker participated in litigation against more than 50 county and city school boards to compel desegregation of public schools and argued more than 30 cases before the U.S. Court of Appeals. He died October 19, 1990.","The collection contains consists primarily of photocopies of various Virginia newspaper articles on school desegregation efforts in Virginia, from 1960-1964, in which Tucker played a role. The collection also contains newspaper articles on other civil rights issues as well as photocopies of correspondence and other materials.","Primarily letters of praise for Tucker's civil rights efforts","Salute to Henry Marsh","Honors awarded to Tucker","Tributes to Tucker including a 1994 letter from Judge Robert R. Mehridge to Mrs. S.W. Tucker","Photocopy of check","Richmond Times Dispatch article from May 13, 1979 with notes/corrections to the article by Tucker","n.d., 1994 Judge Cleo Powell, Thelma Atkins Riley, Kansas City ","1939, 1961, 1974, 1979 Alexandria Public Library Sit-In, 1939, Thurgood Marshall, Prince Edward County Schools, Tucker on 25 years after Brown, Judge Francis Rivers Memorial ","1943 Obituary of Dr. George W. 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Robinson and Richmond Improvement Co-ordinating Council ","1963-1964 Charlottesville, Virginia ","1964 ","1964 NAACP, Tucker for Bench ","1964 Powhatan County, Virginia ","1964 Surry County, Virginia ","1964 Voter Registration, Albermarle County, Virginia, and other localities ","1964-1965 Prince Edward County, Virginia ","1965, June NAACP Legal Defense Fund ","1972, 1989 Emporia, Virginia ","1985-1990 Tucker, Hill honored","None","VCU James Branch Cabell Library","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["M 56","/repositories/5/resources/377"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Samuel Wilbert Tucker Collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Samuel Wilbert Tucker Collection"],"collection_ssim":["Samuel Wilbert Tucker Collection"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library"],"creator_ssm":["Tucker, Samuel Wilbert"],"creator_ssim":["Tucker, Samuel Wilbert"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Tucker, Samuel Wilbert"],"creators_ssim":["Tucker, Samuel Wilbert"],"access_terms_ssm":["None"],"acqinfo_ssim":["The materials in this collection were borrowed in 1996 from Julia E. Spaulding Tucker, wife of Samuel W. Tucker, to be photocopied. The originals were returned. Accession number 97/Jul/18"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Segregation -- Virginia.","Civil rights movements -- History -- 20th century -- Virginia","Lawyers -- Virginia","School integration -- Virginia."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Segregation -- Virginia.","Civil rights movements -- History -- 20th century -- Virginia","Lawyers -- Virginia","School integration -- Virginia."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".36 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":[".36 Linear Feet"],"date_range_isim":[1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for use without restrictions\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for use without restrictions"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe large portion of newspaper articles on desegregation efforts in Virginia are arranged chronological and then by topic.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The large portion of newspaper articles on desegregation efforts in Virginia are arranged chronological and then by topic."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSamuel Wilbert Tucker (1913-1990), a Richmond civil-rights lawyer active in desegregation efforts in Virginia in the 1950s and 1960s, was the senior member of the Richmond law firm of Hill, Tucker and Marsh [which included Oliver W. Hill and Henry Marsh]. Tucker was also active in the NAACP, serving as chairman of the legal staff of the Virginia State Conference and representing Virginia, Maryland and the District of Columbia on the National Board of Directors.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Tucker, a native of Alexandria, Virginia, was born June 18, 1913. He graduated from Howard University in 1933 and began practicing law in Alexandria the following year. In 1939 he represented five young African Americans who had attempted to use the Alexandria library. Following a series of cases that left the situation unresolved, the city established a separate library for African Americans. During World War II he served in the 366th Infantry in Italy from 1941-1945. During the 1950s and 1960s, Tucker participated in litigation against more than 50 county and city school boards to compel desegregation of public schools and argued more than 30 cases before the U.S. Court of Appeals. He died October 19, 1990.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Samuel Wilbert Tucker (1913-1990), a Richmond civil-rights lawyer active in desegregation efforts in Virginia in the 1950s and 1960s, was the senior member of the Richmond law firm of Hill, Tucker and Marsh [which included Oliver W. Hill and Henry Marsh]. Tucker was also active in the NAACP, serving as chairman of the legal staff of the Virginia State Conference and representing Virginia, Maryland and the District of Columbia on the National Board of Directors."," Tucker, a native of Alexandria, Virginia, was born June 18, 1913. He graduated from Howard University in 1933 and began practicing law in Alexandria the following year. In 1939 he represented five young African Americans who had attempted to use the Alexandria library. Following a series of cases that left the situation unresolved, the city established a separate library for African Americans. During World War II he served in the 366th Infantry in Italy from 1941-1945. During the 1950s and 1960s, Tucker participated in litigation against more than 50 county and city school boards to compel desegregation of public schools and argued more than 30 cases before the U.S. Court of Appeals. He died October 19, 1990."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBox/Folder Samuel Wilbert Tucker Collections, M 56, Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, Virginia Commonwealth University\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Box/Folder Samuel Wilbert Tucker Collections, M 56, Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, Virginia Commonwealth University"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains consists primarily of photocopies of various Virginia newspaper articles on school desegregation efforts in Virginia, from 1960-1964, in which Tucker played a role. The collection also contains newspaper articles on other civil rights issues as well as photocopies of correspondence and other materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePrimarily letters of praise for Tucker's civil rights efforts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSalute to Henry Marsh\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHonors awarded to Tucker\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTributes to Tucker including a 1994 letter from Judge Robert R. Mehridge to Mrs. S.W. Tucker\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotocopy of check\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eRichmond Times Dispatch\u003c/title\u003earticle from May 13, 1979 with notes/corrections to the article by Tucker\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003en.d., 1994 Judge Cleo Powell, Thelma Atkins Riley, Kansas City \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1939, 1961, 1974, 1979 Alexandria Public Library Sit-In, 1939, Thurgood Marshall, Prince Edward County Schools, Tucker on 25 years after Brown, Judge Francis Rivers Memorial \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1943 Obituary of Dr. George W. Carver \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1960 Effort to disbar Tucker \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1960 NAACP \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1961 \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1961 Attempt to disbar Tucker \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1961 Charlottesville, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1961 Lynchburg, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1961 NAACP \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1961 Prince Edward County \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1961-1964 Prince Edward County, Tuition Grants \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1961-1964 Pupil Placement \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1961-1964 Winchester, Richmond Public Facilities, Hampton \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1961-1965 \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1962 \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1962 Charlottesville, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1962 Powhatan County, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1962 Prince Edward County, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1962 Race mixing, Chesterfield, other localities \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1962 Richmond and other localities \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1962 Tucker reprimand \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1962-1964 Includes Tucker candidacy \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1962, 1982 NAACP \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1963 Hopewell, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1963 King and Queen County, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1963 Lynchburg, including photo of Tucker with Mandoline Thompson, and other localities \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1963 Powhatan County, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1963 Prince Edward County, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1963 Prince George County, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1963 Surry County, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1963 Tucker speech, Richmond newspaper editorials on Spottswood W. Robinson and Richmond Improvement Co-ordinating Council \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1963-1964 Charlottesville, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1964 \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1964 NAACP, Tucker for Bench \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1964 Powhatan County, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1964 Surry County, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1964 Voter Registration, Albermarle County, Virginia, and other localities \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1964-1965 Prince Edward County, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1965, June NAACP Legal Defense Fund \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1972, 1989 Emporia, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1985-1990 Tucker, Hill honored\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content Information","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection contains consists primarily of photocopies of various Virginia newspaper articles on school desegregation efforts in Virginia, from 1960-1964, in which Tucker played a role. The collection also contains newspaper articles on other civil rights issues as well as photocopies of correspondence and other materials.","Primarily letters of praise for Tucker's civil rights efforts","Salute to Henry Marsh","Honors awarded to Tucker","Tributes to Tucker including a 1994 letter from Judge Robert R. Mehridge to Mrs. S.W. Tucker","Photocopy of check","Richmond Times Dispatch article from May 13, 1979 with notes/corrections to the article by Tucker","n.d., 1994 Judge Cleo Powell, Thelma Atkins Riley, Kansas City ","1939, 1961, 1974, 1979 Alexandria Public Library Sit-In, 1939, Thurgood Marshall, Prince Edward County Schools, Tucker on 25 years after Brown, Judge Francis Rivers Memorial ","1943 Obituary of Dr. George W. Carver ","1960 Effort to disbar Tucker ","1960 NAACP ","1961 ","1961 Attempt to disbar Tucker ","1961 Charlottesville, Virginia ","1961 Lynchburg, Virginia ","1961 NAACP ","1961 Prince Edward County ","1961-1964 Prince Edward County, Tuition Grants ","1961-1964 Pupil Placement ","1961-1964 Winchester, Richmond Public Facilities, Hampton ","1961-1965 ","1962 ","1962 Charlottesville, Virginia ","1962 Powhatan County, Virginia ","1962 Prince Edward County, Virginia ","1962 Race mixing, Chesterfield, other localities ","1962 Richmond and other localities ","1962 Tucker reprimand ","1962-1964 Includes Tucker candidacy ","1962, 1982 NAACP ","1963 Hopewell, Virginia ","1963 King and Queen County, Virginia ","1963 Lynchburg, including photo of Tucker with Mandoline Thompson, and other localities ","1963 Powhatan County, Virginia ","1963 Prince Edward County, Virginia ","1963 Prince George County, Virginia ","1963 Surry County, Virginia ","1963 Tucker speech, Richmond newspaper editorials on Spottswood W. Robinson and Richmond Improvement Co-ordinating Council ","1963-1964 Charlottesville, Virginia ","1964 ","1964 NAACP, Tucker for Bench ","1964 Powhatan County, Virginia ","1964 Surry County, Virginia ","1964 Voter Registration, Albermarle County, Virginia, and other localities ","1964-1965 Prince Edward County, Virginia ","1965, June NAACP Legal Defense Fund ","1972, 1989 Emporia, Virginia ","1985-1990 Tucker, Hill honored"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["None"],"names_ssim":["VCU James Branch Cabell Library","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert"],"corpname_ssim":["VCU James Branch Cabell Library"],"persname_ssim":["Tucker, Samuel Wilbert"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":14,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T04:39:44.631Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vircu_repositories_5_resources_377"}},{"id":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_420","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Virginia Crockford papers","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vircu_repositories_5_resources_420#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Crockford, Virginia Allen, 1917-2001","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vircu_repositories_5_resources_420#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Virginia Crockford papers, 1955-1999, bulk 1961-1975, is a collection of materials used by Virginia Crockford during her tenure on the City of Richmond School Board (1962-1972) and on the steering committee of the Richmond Tomorrow strategic planning group (1989-1993). The collection primarily consists of correspondence, meeting minutes, task force reports, and informational material regarding Richmond City Public Schools. A primary focus of the material is the desegregation of Richmond City Public Schools, highlighting public reaction and the school board's response and implementation of this policy. \u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vircu_repositories_5_resources_420#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_420","ead_ssi":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_420","_root_":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_420","_nest_parent_":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_420","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VCU/repositories_5_resources_420.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Crockford, Virginia, papers","title_ssm":["Virginia Crockford papers"],"title_tesim":["Virginia Crockford papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1955-1999, bulk 1961-1975"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1955-1999, bulk 1961-1975"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["M 283","/repositories/5/resources/420"],"text":["M 283","/repositories/5/resources/420","Virginia Crockford papers","Public schools -- Management.","School integration -- Virginia -- Richmond.","School integration -- Virginia.","School board members -- Virginia -- Richmond.","The collection is open for research.","The collection is arranged into four series: Series 1: Desegregation Files, 1961-1975, Series 2: Richmond School Board Files, 1955-1999, bulk 1961-1975, Series 3: Publication, 1961-1972, Series 4: Richmond Tomorrow, 1989-1993.","Virginia Allen Crockford (1917-2001) served on the City of Richmond's School Board during the late 1960s and early 1970s. During her tenure on the board, the city schools were desegregated, and the sex education curriculum expanded. Born in Blacksburg, Virginia, in 1917, Crockford moved to Richmond, Virginia, in 1947 with her husband, W. Hamilton Crockford III. In 1962, she was appointed to the Richmond City School Board. At the time, she was the only female member of the board and the second woman in the history of the organization. Crockford later served as the Chair of the board from 1968-1972.","While serving on the board, Crockford acted as a proponent for efficient and effective desegregation of the Richmond City Public Schools. She advocated for a logistical model of integration that did not require the temporary closing of schools, instead opting for busing to facilitate integration. As a result of her methods, which parents found radical, Richmond City Councilman Howard Carwile called for her removal in 1970, but the motion was defeated in a 7-1 vote.","Additionally, she was involved in the review process for an updated sex education curriculum within Richmond City Schools, which resulted in an expanded and improved program. She also led efforts to promote the National Congress of Parents and Teachers' position for expanded sex education throughout the state of Virginia. ","Crockford remained on the school board until her term ended in 1972. In addition to serving on the school board, Crockford was president of the Virginia Parent Teacher Association, the League of Women Voters, and the Central Virginia Health System's Agency. She was also a member of the Virginia Health Planning Agency and the founder of the Volunteers and Juvenile Courts Project.  ","In 1989-1993, she served on the steering committee for Richmond Tomorrow, a community-based strategic planning group established by the Richmond City Council focused on creating a common vision for the city's development. During her time on the steering committee, she served the organization's goal of improving the community through the establishment and implementation of multiple task forces to examine city finances, education, and economic development. ","She died on March 24, 2001.","Originally processed in August 1990 and revised in July 1995, in 2019, the collection was rehoused for preservation purposes and reprocessed to facilitate better access. A previously unprocessed accession was identified and incorporated into the the collection. The finding aid was updated in accordance with DACS standards to reflect the changes and additions to the collection.","The Virginia Crockford papers, 1955-1999, bulk 1961-1975, is a collection of materials used by Virginia Crockford during her tenure on the City of Richmond School Board (1962-1972) and on the steering committee of the Richmond Tomorrow strategic planning group (1989-1993). The collection primarily consists of correspondence, meeting minutes, task force reports, and informational material regarding Richmond City Public Schools. A primary focus of the material is the desegregation of Richmond City Public Schools, highlighting public reaction and the school board's response and implementation of this policy. ","Series 1: Desegregation Files, 1961-1975: The Desegregation Files series of the collection focuses on the Richmond City School Board's involvement in and implementation of desegregation programs during and after the United States Civil Rights Movement. The series contains various subject files related to desegregation implementation including correspondence with parents of students, integrated busing, school reopenings, and regional consolidation. ","Series 2: Richmond School Board Files, 1955-1999, bulk 1961-1975: The bulk of the collection is comprised of files from the Richmond School Board regarding general issues that Crockford was involved in during her tenure. This material includes meeting minutes and agendas from Richmond City School Board meetings, correspondence, task force reports, and subject files.","The meeting minutes and correspondence provide insight into the issues which the Richmond City School Board faced during Crockford's tenure. These issues include parental complaints, concerns over various logistical restructuring projects, and opposition to changes in sex education policy. ","The series' task force reports and subject files provide focused information on projects the school board was undertaking, which include public school remodeling, a restructuring of the Richmond City Kindergarten Program, school safety initiatives, the Sidney School Program for Pregnant Teens, and changes to the sex education curriculum.","Series 3: Publications, 1961-1972: Also included in the collection are various publications regarding the public schools of Virginia, as well as various political movements in Virginia. These publications are primarily composed of bulletins, pamphlets, newsletters, informational booklets, and flyers. The bulk of the publications pertain to  the procedure of desegregation throughout Virginia. Material both promoting and deriding the efforts of desegregation from the time of its implementation is included. Additional publications concern  the effects of the Civil Rights movement in Virginia and the legal battles which it encompassed and their relation to Virginia public schools. ","Series 4: Richmond Tomorrow, 1989-1993: Additionally, the collection contains material from Crockford's later career when she served on the steering committee for the Richmond Tomorrow strategic planning group. The bulk of the series consists of reports from various task forces enabled by Richmond Tomorrow. The task forces focused on topics that affected the city's entire population such as city finance, public and private education, and housing credit. The information from the task force reports is consolidated in the Richmond Tomorrow Citizens Report, which makes recommendations for city projects based upon the findings. ","There are no restrictions.","VCU James Branch Cabell Library","Crockford, Virginia Allen, 1917-2001","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["M 283","/repositories/5/resources/420"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Virginia Crockford papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Virginia Crockford papers"],"collection_ssim":["Virginia Crockford papers"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library"],"creator_ssm":["Crockford, Virginia Allen, 1917-2001"],"creator_ssim":["Crockford, Virginia Allen, 1917-2001"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Crockford, Virginia Allen, 1917-2001"],"creators_ssim":["Crockford, Virginia Allen, 1917-2001"],"access_terms_ssm":["There are no restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The initial deposit was given to Special Collections and Archives by Mrs. Crockford in November 1990. A second deposit from Mrs. Crockford was made in July 1995."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Public schools -- Management.","School integration -- Virginia -- Richmond.","School integration -- Virginia.","School board members -- Virginia -- Richmond."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Public schools -- Management.","School integration -- Virginia -- Richmond.","School integration -- Virginia.","School board members -- Virginia -- Richmond."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["3.95 Linear Feet 9, 5\" doc cases, 1, 2.5\" doc case"],"extent_tesim":["3.95 Linear Feet 9, 5\" doc cases, 1, 2.5\" doc case"],"date_range_isim":[1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged into four series: Series 1: Desegregation Files, 1961-1975, Series 2: Richmond School Board Files, 1955-1999, bulk 1961-1975, Series 3: Publication, 1961-1972, Series 4: Richmond Tomorrow, 1989-1993.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged into four series: Series 1: Desegregation Files, 1961-1975, Series 2: Richmond School Board Files, 1955-1999, bulk 1961-1975, Series 3: Publication, 1961-1972, Series 4: Richmond Tomorrow, 1989-1993."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eVirginia Allen Crockford (1917-2001) served on the City of Richmond's School Board during the late 1960s and early 1970s. During her tenure on the board, the city schools were desegregated, and the sex education curriculum expanded. Born in Blacksburg, Virginia, in 1917, Crockford moved to Richmond, Virginia, in 1947 with her husband, W. Hamilton Crockford III. In 1962, she was appointed to the Richmond City School Board. At the time, she was the only female member of the board and the second woman in the history of the organization. Crockford later served as the Chair of the board from 1968-1972.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWhile serving on the board, Crockford acted as a proponent for efficient and effective desegregation of the Richmond City Public Schools. She advocated for a logistical model of integration that did not require the temporary closing of schools, instead opting for busing to facilitate integration. As a result of her methods, which parents found radical, Richmond City Councilman Howard Carwile called for her removal in 1970, but the motion was defeated in a 7-1 vote.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, she was involved in the review process for an updated sex education curriculum within Richmond City Schools, which resulted in an expanded and improved program. She also led efforts to promote the National Congress of Parents and Teachers' position for expanded sex education throughout the state of Virginia. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCrockford remained on the school board until her term ended in 1972. In addition to serving on the school board, Crockford was president of the Virginia Parent Teacher Association, the League of Women Voters, and the Central Virginia Health System's Agency. She was also a member of the Virginia Health Planning Agency and the founder of the Volunteers and Juvenile Courts Project.  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1989-1993, she served on the steering committee for Richmond Tomorrow, a community-based strategic planning group established by the Richmond City Council focused on creating a common vision for the city's development. During her time on the steering committee, she served the organization's goal of improving the community through the establishment and implementation of multiple task forces to examine city finances, education, and economic development. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eShe died on March 24, 2001.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Virginia Allen Crockford (1917-2001) served on the City of Richmond's School Board during the late 1960s and early 1970s. During her tenure on the board, the city schools were desegregated, and the sex education curriculum expanded. Born in Blacksburg, Virginia, in 1917, Crockford moved to Richmond, Virginia, in 1947 with her husband, W. Hamilton Crockford III. In 1962, she was appointed to the Richmond City School Board. At the time, she was the only female member of the board and the second woman in the history of the organization. Crockford later served as the Chair of the board from 1968-1972.","While serving on the board, Crockford acted as a proponent for efficient and effective desegregation of the Richmond City Public Schools. She advocated for a logistical model of integration that did not require the temporary closing of schools, instead opting for busing to facilitate integration. As a result of her methods, which parents found radical, Richmond City Councilman Howard Carwile called for her removal in 1970, but the motion was defeated in a 7-1 vote.","Additionally, she was involved in the review process for an updated sex education curriculum within Richmond City Schools, which resulted in an expanded and improved program. She also led efforts to promote the National Congress of Parents and Teachers' position for expanded sex education throughout the state of Virginia. ","Crockford remained on the school board until her term ended in 1972. In addition to serving on the school board, Crockford was president of the Virginia Parent Teacher Association, the League of Women Voters, and the Central Virginia Health System's Agency. She was also a member of the Virginia Health Planning Agency and the founder of the Volunteers and Juvenile Courts Project.  ","In 1989-1993, she served on the steering committee for Richmond Tomorrow, a community-based strategic planning group established by the Richmond City Council focused on creating a common vision for the city's development. During her time on the steering committee, she served the organization's goal of improving the community through the establishment and implementation of multiple task forces to examine city finances, education, and economic development. ","She died on March 24, 2001."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eVirginia Crockford papers, 1955-1999, Collection # M 283, Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Virginia Crockford papers, 1955-1999, Collection # M 283, Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOriginally processed in August 1990 and revised in July 1995, in 2019, the collection was rehoused for preservation purposes and reprocessed to facilitate better access. A previously unprocessed accession was identified and incorporated into the the collection. The finding aid was updated in accordance with DACS standards to reflect the changes and additions to the collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Originally processed in August 1990 and revised in July 1995, in 2019, the collection was rehoused for preservation purposes and reprocessed to facilitate better access. A previously unprocessed accession was identified and incorporated into the the collection. The finding aid was updated in accordance with DACS standards to reflect the changes and additions to the collection."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Virginia Crockford papers, 1955-1999, bulk 1961-1975, is a collection of materials used by Virginia Crockford during her tenure on the City of Richmond School Board (1962-1972) and on the steering committee of the Richmond Tomorrow strategic planning group (1989-1993). The collection primarily consists of correspondence, meeting minutes, task force reports, and informational material regarding Richmond City Public Schools. A primary focus of the material is the desegregation of Richmond City Public Schools, highlighting public reaction and the school board's response and implementation of this policy. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1: Desegregation Files, 1961-1975: The Desegregation Files series of the collection focuses on the Richmond City School Board's involvement in and implementation of desegregation programs during and after the United States Civil Rights Movement. The series contains various subject files related to desegregation implementation including correspondence with parents of students, integrated busing, school reopenings, and regional consolidation. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 2: Richmond School Board Files, 1955-1999, bulk 1961-1975: The bulk of the collection is comprised of files from the Richmond School Board regarding general issues that Crockford was involved in during her tenure. This material includes meeting minutes and agendas from Richmond City School Board meetings, correspondence, task force reports, and subject files.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe meeting minutes and correspondence provide insight into the issues which the Richmond City School Board faced during Crockford's tenure. These issues include parental complaints, concerns over various logistical restructuring projects, and opposition to changes in sex education policy. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe series' task force reports and subject files provide focused information on projects the school board was undertaking, which include public school remodeling, a restructuring of the Richmond City Kindergarten Program, school safety initiatives, the Sidney School Program for Pregnant Teens, and changes to the sex education curriculum.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 3: Publications, 1961-1972: Also included in the collection are various publications regarding the public schools of Virginia, as well as various political movements in Virginia. These publications are primarily composed of bulletins, pamphlets, newsletters, informational booklets, and flyers. The bulk of the publications pertain to  the procedure of desegregation throughout Virginia. Material both promoting and deriding the efforts of desegregation from the time of its implementation is included. Additional publications concern  the effects of the Civil Rights movement in Virginia and the legal battles which it encompassed and their relation to Virginia public schools. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 4: Richmond Tomorrow, 1989-1993: Additionally, the collection contains material from Crockford's later career when she served on the steering committee for the Richmond Tomorrow strategic planning group. The bulk of the series consists of reports from various task forces enabled by Richmond Tomorrow. The task forces focused on topics that affected the city's entire population such as city finance, public and private education, and housing credit. The information from the task force reports is consolidated in the Richmond Tomorrow Citizens Report, which makes recommendations for city projects based upon the findings. \u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Virginia Crockford papers, 1955-1999, bulk 1961-1975, is a collection of materials used by Virginia Crockford during her tenure on the City of Richmond School Board (1962-1972) and on the steering committee of the Richmond Tomorrow strategic planning group (1989-1993). The collection primarily consists of correspondence, meeting minutes, task force reports, and informational material regarding Richmond City Public Schools. A primary focus of the material is the desegregation of Richmond City Public Schools, highlighting public reaction and the school board's response and implementation of this policy. ","Series 1: Desegregation Files, 1961-1975: The Desegregation Files series of the collection focuses on the Richmond City School Board's involvement in and implementation of desegregation programs during and after the United States Civil Rights Movement. The series contains various subject files related to desegregation implementation including correspondence with parents of students, integrated busing, school reopenings, and regional consolidation. ","Series 2: Richmond School Board Files, 1955-1999, bulk 1961-1975: The bulk of the collection is comprised of files from the Richmond School Board regarding general issues that Crockford was involved in during her tenure. This material includes meeting minutes and agendas from Richmond City School Board meetings, correspondence, task force reports, and subject files.","The meeting minutes and correspondence provide insight into the issues which the Richmond City School Board faced during Crockford's tenure. These issues include parental complaints, concerns over various logistical restructuring projects, and opposition to changes in sex education policy. ","The series' task force reports and subject files provide focused information on projects the school board was undertaking, which include public school remodeling, a restructuring of the Richmond City Kindergarten Program, school safety initiatives, the Sidney School Program for Pregnant Teens, and changes to the sex education curriculum.","Series 3: Publications, 1961-1972: Also included in the collection are various publications regarding the public schools of Virginia, as well as various political movements in Virginia. These publications are primarily composed of bulletins, pamphlets, newsletters, informational booklets, and flyers. The bulk of the publications pertain to  the procedure of desegregation throughout Virginia. Material both promoting and deriding the efforts of desegregation from the time of its implementation is included. Additional publications concern  the effects of the Civil Rights movement in Virginia and the legal battles which it encompassed and their relation to Virginia public schools. ","Series 4: Richmond Tomorrow, 1989-1993: Additionally, the collection contains material from Crockford's later career when she served on the steering committee for the Richmond Tomorrow strategic planning group. The bulk of the series consists of reports from various task forces enabled by Richmond Tomorrow. The task forces focused on topics that affected the city's entire population such as city finance, public and private education, and housing credit. The information from the task force reports is consolidated in the Richmond Tomorrow Citizens Report, which makes recommendations for city projects based upon the findings. "],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"names_ssim":["VCU James Branch Cabell Library","Crockford, Virginia Allen, 1917-2001"],"corpname_ssim":["VCU James Branch Cabell Library"],"names_coll_ssim":["Crockford, Virginia Allen, 1917-2001"],"persname_ssim":["Crockford, Virginia Allen, 1917-2001"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    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During her tenure on the board, the city schools were desegregated, and the sex education curriculum expanded. Born in Blacksburg, Virginia, in 1917, Crockford moved to Richmond, Virginia, in 1947 with her husband, W. Hamilton Crockford III. In 1962, she was appointed to the Richmond City School Board. At the time, she was the only female member of the board and the second woman in the history of the organization. Crockford later served as the Chair of the board from 1968-1972.","While serving on the board, Crockford acted as a proponent for efficient and effective desegregation of the Richmond City Public Schools. She advocated for a logistical model of integration that did not require the temporary closing of schools, instead opting for busing to facilitate integration. As a result of her methods, which parents found radical, Richmond City Councilman Howard Carwile called for her removal in 1970, but the motion was defeated in a 7-1 vote.","Additionally, she was involved in the review process for an updated sex education curriculum within Richmond City Schools, which resulted in an expanded and improved program. She also led efforts to promote the National Congress of Parents and Teachers' position for expanded sex education throughout the state of Virginia. ","Crockford remained on the school board until her term ended in 1972. In addition to serving on the school board, Crockford was president of the Virginia Parent Teacher Association, the League of Women Voters, and the Central Virginia Health System's Agency. She was also a member of the Virginia Health Planning Agency and the founder of the Volunteers and Juvenile Courts Project.  ","In 1989-1993, she served on the steering committee for Richmond Tomorrow, a community-based strategic planning group established by the Richmond City Council focused on creating a common vision for the city's development. During her time on the steering committee, she served the organization's goal of improving the community through the establishment and implementation of multiple task forces to examine city finances, education, and economic development. ","She died on March 24, 2001.","Originally processed in August 1990 and revised in July 1995, in 2019, the collection was rehoused for preservation purposes and reprocessed to facilitate better access. A previously unprocessed accession was identified and incorporated into the the collection. The finding aid was updated in accordance with DACS standards to reflect the changes and additions to the collection.","The Virginia Crockford papers, 1955-1999, bulk 1961-1975, is a collection of materials used by Virginia Crockford during her tenure on the City of Richmond School Board (1962-1972) and on the steering committee of the Richmond Tomorrow strategic planning group (1989-1993). The collection primarily consists of correspondence, meeting minutes, task force reports, and informational material regarding Richmond City Public Schools. A primary focus of the material is the desegregation of Richmond City Public Schools, highlighting public reaction and the school board's response and implementation of this policy. ","Series 1: Desegregation Files, 1961-1975: The Desegregation Files series of the collection focuses on the Richmond City School Board's involvement in and implementation of desegregation programs during and after the United States Civil Rights Movement. The series contains various subject files related to desegregation implementation including correspondence with parents of students, integrated busing, school reopenings, and regional consolidation. ","Series 2: Richmond School Board Files, 1955-1999, bulk 1961-1975: The bulk of the collection is comprised of files from the Richmond School Board regarding general issues that Crockford was involved in during her tenure. This material includes meeting minutes and agendas from Richmond City School Board meetings, correspondence, task force reports, and subject files.","The meeting minutes and correspondence provide insight into the issues which the Richmond City School Board faced during Crockford's tenure. These issues include parental complaints, concerns over various logistical restructuring projects, and opposition to changes in sex education policy. ","The series' task force reports and subject files provide focused information on projects the school board was undertaking, which include public school remodeling, a restructuring of the Richmond City Kindergarten Program, school safety initiatives, the Sidney School Program for Pregnant Teens, and changes to the sex education curriculum.","Series 3: Publications, 1961-1972: Also included in the collection are various publications regarding the public schools of Virginia, as well as various political movements in Virginia. These publications are primarily composed of bulletins, pamphlets, newsletters, informational booklets, and flyers. The bulk of the publications pertain to  the procedure of desegregation throughout Virginia. Material both promoting and deriding the efforts of desegregation from the time of its implementation is included. Additional publications concern  the effects of the Civil Rights movement in Virginia and the legal battles which it encompassed and their relation to Virginia public schools. ","Series 4: Richmond Tomorrow, 1989-1993: Additionally, the collection contains material from Crockford's later career when she served on the steering committee for the Richmond Tomorrow strategic planning group. The bulk of the series consists of reports from various task forces enabled by Richmond Tomorrow. The task forces focused on topics that affected the city's entire population such as city finance, public and private education, and housing credit. The information from the task force reports is consolidated in the Richmond Tomorrow Citizens Report, which makes recommendations for city projects based upon the findings. ","There are no restrictions.","VCU James Branch Cabell Library","Crockford, Virginia Allen, 1917-2001","English \n.    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During her tenure on the board, the city schools were desegregated, and the sex education curriculum expanded. Born in Blacksburg, Virginia, in 1917, Crockford moved to Richmond, Virginia, in 1947 with her husband, W. Hamilton Crockford III. In 1962, she was appointed to the Richmond City School Board. At the time, she was the only female member of the board and the second woman in the history of the organization. Crockford later served as the Chair of the board from 1968-1972.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWhile serving on the board, Crockford acted as a proponent for efficient and effective desegregation of the Richmond City Public Schools. She advocated for a logistical model of integration that did not require the temporary closing of schools, instead opting for busing to facilitate integration. 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As a result of her methods, which parents found radical, Richmond City Councilman Howard Carwile called for her removal in 1970, but the motion was defeated in a 7-1 vote.","Additionally, she was involved in the review process for an updated sex education curriculum within Richmond City Schools, which resulted in an expanded and improved program. She also led efforts to promote the National Congress of Parents and Teachers' position for expanded sex education throughout the state of Virginia. ","Crockford remained on the school board until her term ended in 1972. In addition to serving on the school board, Crockford was president of the Virginia Parent Teacher Association, the League of Women Voters, and the Central Virginia Health System's Agency. She was also a member of the Virginia Health Planning Agency and the founder of the Volunteers and Juvenile Courts Project.  ","In 1989-1993, she served on the steering committee for Richmond Tomorrow, a community-based strategic planning group established by the Richmond City Council focused on creating a common vision for the city's development. During her time on the steering committee, she served the organization's goal of improving the community through the establishment and implementation of multiple task forces to examine city finances, education, and economic development. ","She died on March 24, 2001."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eVirginia Crockford papers, 1955-1999, Collection # M 283, Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Virginia Crockford papers, 1955-1999, Collection # M 283, Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOriginally processed in August 1990 and revised in July 1995, in 2019, the collection was rehoused for preservation purposes and reprocessed to facilitate better access. A previously unprocessed accession was identified and incorporated into the the collection. 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The collection primarily consists of correspondence, meeting minutes, task force reports, and informational material regarding Richmond City Public Schools. A primary focus of the material is the desegregation of Richmond City Public Schools, highlighting public reaction and the school board's response and implementation of this policy. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1: Desegregation Files, 1961-1975: The Desegregation Files series of the collection focuses on the Richmond City School Board's involvement in and implementation of desegregation programs during and after the United States Civil Rights Movement. The series contains various subject files related to desegregation implementation including correspondence with parents of students, integrated busing, school reopenings, and regional consolidation. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 2: Richmond School Board Files, 1955-1999, bulk 1961-1975: The bulk of the collection is comprised of files from the Richmond School Board regarding general issues that Crockford was involved in during her tenure. This material includes meeting minutes and agendas from Richmond City School Board meetings, correspondence, task force reports, and subject files.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe meeting minutes and correspondence provide insight into the issues which the Richmond City School Board faced during Crockford's tenure. 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