{"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration+--+Virginia.\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1956\u0026view=compact","last":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=School+integration+--+Virginia.\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1956\u0026page=1\u0026view=compact"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":1,"next_page":null,"prev_page":null,"total_pages":1,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":0,"total_count":2,"first_page?":true,"last_page?":true}},"data":[{"id":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_377","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Samuel Wilbert Tucker Collection","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vircu_repositories_5_resources_377#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Tucker, Samuel Wilbert","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vircu_repositories_5_resources_377#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains consists primarily of photocopies of various Virginia newspaper articles on school desegregation efforts in Virginia, from 1960-1964, in which Tucker played a role. 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Hill and Henry Marsh]. Tucker was also active in the NAACP, serving as chairman of the legal staff of the Virginia State Conference and representing Virginia, Maryland and the District of Columbia on the National Board of Directors."," Tucker, a native of Alexandria, Virginia, was born June 18, 1913. He graduated from Howard University in 1933 and began practicing law in Alexandria the following year. In 1939 he represented five young African Americans who had attempted to use the Alexandria library. Following a series of cases that left the situation unresolved, the city established a separate library for African Americans. During World War II he served in the 366th Infantry in Italy from 1941-1945. During the 1950s and 1960s, Tucker participated in litigation against more than 50 county and city school boards to compel desegregation of public schools and argued more than 30 cases before the U.S. Court of Appeals. 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Accession number 97/Jul/18"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Segregation -- Virginia.","Civil rights movements -- History -- 20th century -- Virginia","Lawyers -- Virginia","School integration -- Virginia."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Segregation -- Virginia.","Civil rights movements -- History -- 20th century -- Virginia","Lawyers -- Virginia","School integration -- Virginia."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".36 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":[".36 Linear Feet"],"date_range_isim":[1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for use without restrictions\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for use without restrictions"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe large portion of newspaper articles on desegregation efforts in Virginia are arranged chronological and then by topic.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The large portion of newspaper articles on desegregation efforts in Virginia are arranged chronological and then by topic."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSamuel Wilbert Tucker (1913-1990), a Richmond civil-rights lawyer active in desegregation efforts in Virginia in the 1950s and 1960s, was the senior member of the Richmond law firm of Hill, Tucker and Marsh [which included Oliver W. Hill and Henry Marsh]. Tucker was also active in the NAACP, serving as chairman of the legal staff of the Virginia State Conference and representing Virginia, Maryland and the District of Columbia on the National Board of Directors.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Tucker, a native of Alexandria, Virginia, was born June 18, 1913. He graduated from Howard University in 1933 and began practicing law in Alexandria the following year. In 1939 he represented five young African Americans who had attempted to use the Alexandria library. Following a series of cases that left the situation unresolved, the city established a separate library for African Americans. During World War II he served in the 366th Infantry in Italy from 1941-1945. During the 1950s and 1960s, Tucker participated in litigation against more than 50 county and city school boards to compel desegregation of public schools and argued more than 30 cases before the U.S. Court of Appeals. He died October 19, 1990.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Samuel Wilbert Tucker (1913-1990), a Richmond civil-rights lawyer active in desegregation efforts in Virginia in the 1950s and 1960s, was the senior member of the Richmond law firm of Hill, Tucker and Marsh [which included Oliver W. Hill and Henry Marsh]. Tucker was also active in the NAACP, serving as chairman of the legal staff of the Virginia State Conference and representing Virginia, Maryland and the District of Columbia on the National Board of Directors."," Tucker, a native of Alexandria, Virginia, was born June 18, 1913. He graduated from Howard University in 1933 and began practicing law in Alexandria the following year. In 1939 he represented five young African Americans who had attempted to use the Alexandria library. Following a series of cases that left the situation unresolved, the city established a separate library for African Americans. During World War II he served in the 366th Infantry in Italy from 1941-1945. During the 1950s and 1960s, Tucker participated in litigation against more than 50 county and city school boards to compel desegregation of public schools and argued more than 30 cases before the U.S. Court of Appeals. He died October 19, 1990."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBox/Folder Samuel Wilbert Tucker Collections, M 56, Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, Virginia Commonwealth University\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Box/Folder Samuel Wilbert Tucker Collections, M 56, Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, Virginia Commonwealth University"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains consists primarily of photocopies of various Virginia newspaper articles on school desegregation efforts in Virginia, from 1960-1964, in which Tucker played a role. The collection also contains newspaper articles on other civil rights issues as well as photocopies of correspondence and other materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePrimarily letters of praise for Tucker's civil rights efforts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSalute to Henry Marsh\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHonors awarded to Tucker\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTributes to Tucker including a 1994 letter from Judge Robert R. Mehridge to Mrs. S.W. Tucker\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotocopy of check\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eRichmond Times Dispatch\u003c/title\u003earticle from May 13, 1979 with notes/corrections to the article by Tucker\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003en.d., 1994 Judge Cleo Powell, Thelma Atkins Riley, Kansas City \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1939, 1961, 1974, 1979 Alexandria Public Library Sit-In, 1939, Thurgood Marshall, Prince Edward County Schools, Tucker on 25 years after Brown, Judge Francis Rivers Memorial \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1943 Obituary of Dr. George W. Carver \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1960 Effort to disbar Tucker \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1960 NAACP \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1961 \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1961 Attempt to disbar Tucker \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1961 Charlottesville, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1961 Lynchburg, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1961 NAACP \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1961 Prince Edward County \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1961-1964 Prince Edward County, Tuition Grants \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1961-1964 Pupil Placement \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1961-1964 Winchester, Richmond Public Facilities, Hampton \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1961-1965 \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1962 \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1962 Charlottesville, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1962 Powhatan County, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1962 Prince Edward County, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1962 Race mixing, Chesterfield, other localities \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1962 Richmond and other localities \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1962 Tucker reprimand \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1962-1964 Includes Tucker candidacy \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1962, 1982 NAACP \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1963 Hopewell, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1963 King and Queen County, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1963 Lynchburg, including photo of Tucker with Mandoline Thompson, and other localities \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1963 Powhatan County, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1963 Prince Edward County, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1963 Prince George County, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1963 Surry County, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1963 Tucker speech, Richmond newspaper editorials on Spottswood W. Robinson and Richmond Improvement Co-ordinating Council \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1963-1964 Charlottesville, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1964 \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1964 NAACP, Tucker for Bench \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1964 Powhatan County, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1964 Surry County, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1964 Voter Registration, Albermarle County, Virginia, and other localities \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1964-1965 Prince Edward County, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1965, June NAACP Legal Defense Fund \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1972, 1989 Emporia, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1985-1990 Tucker, Hill honored\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content Information","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection contains consists primarily of photocopies of various Virginia newspaper articles on school desegregation efforts in Virginia, from 1960-1964, in which Tucker played a role. 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Robinson and Richmond Improvement Co-ordinating Council ","1963-1964 Charlottesville, Virginia ","1964 ","1964 NAACP, Tucker for Bench ","1964 Powhatan County, Virginia ","1964 Surry County, Virginia ","1964 Voter Registration, Albermarle County, Virginia, and other localities ","1964-1965 Prince Edward County, Virginia ","1965, June NAACP Legal Defense Fund ","1972, 1989 Emporia, Virginia ","1985-1990 Tucker, Hill honored"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["None"],"names_ssim":["VCU James Branch Cabell Library","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert"],"corpname_ssim":["VCU James Branch Cabell Library"],"persname_ssim":["Tucker, Samuel Wilbert"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    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Hill and Henry Marsh]. Tucker was also active in the NAACP, serving as chairman of the legal staff of the Virginia State Conference and representing Virginia, Maryland and the District of Columbia on the National Board of Directors."," Tucker, a native of Alexandria, Virginia, was born June 18, 1913. He graduated from Howard University in 1933 and began practicing law in Alexandria the following year. In 1939 he represented five young African Americans who had attempted to use the Alexandria library. Following a series of cases that left the situation unresolved, the city established a separate library for African Americans. During World War II he served in the 366th Infantry in Italy from 1941-1945. During the 1950s and 1960s, Tucker participated in litigation against more than 50 county and city school boards to compel desegregation of public schools and argued more than 30 cases before the U.S. Court of Appeals. He died October 19, 1990.","The collection contains consists primarily of photocopies of various Virginia newspaper articles on school desegregation efforts in Virginia, from 1960-1964, in which Tucker played a role. The collection also contains newspaper articles on other civil rights issues as well as photocopies of correspondence and other materials.","Primarily letters of praise for Tucker's civil rights efforts","Salute to Henry Marsh","Honors awarded to Tucker","Tributes to Tucker including a 1994 letter from Judge Robert R. Mehridge to Mrs. S.W. Tucker","Photocopy of check","Richmond Times Dispatch article from May 13, 1979 with notes/corrections to the article by Tucker","n.d., 1994 Judge Cleo Powell, Thelma Atkins Riley, Kansas City ","1939, 1961, 1974, 1979 Alexandria Public Library Sit-In, 1939, Thurgood Marshall, Prince Edward County Schools, Tucker on 25 years after Brown, Judge Francis Rivers Memorial ","1943 Obituary of Dr. George W. 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The collection also contains newspaper articles on other civil rights issues as well as photocopies of correspondence and other materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePrimarily letters of praise for Tucker's civil rights efforts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSalute to Henry Marsh\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHonors awarded to Tucker\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTributes to Tucker including a 1994 letter from Judge Robert R. Mehridge to Mrs. S.W. Tucker\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotocopy of check\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eRichmond Times Dispatch\u003c/title\u003earticle from May 13, 1979 with notes/corrections to the article by Tucker\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003en.d., 1994 Judge Cleo Powell, Thelma Atkins Riley, Kansas City \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1939, 1961, 1974, 1979 Alexandria Public Library Sit-In, 1939, Thurgood Marshall, Prince Edward County Schools, Tucker on 25 years after Brown, Judge Francis Rivers Memorial \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1943 Obituary of Dr. George W. Carver \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1960 Effort to disbar Tucker \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1960 NAACP \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1961 \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1961 Attempt to disbar Tucker \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1961 Charlottesville, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1961 Lynchburg, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1961 NAACP \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1961 Prince Edward County \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1961-1964 Prince Edward County, Tuition Grants \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1961-1964 Pupil Placement \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1961-1964 Winchester, Richmond Public Facilities, Hampton \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1961-1965 \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1962 \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1962 Charlottesville, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1962 Powhatan County, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1962 Prince Edward County, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1962 Race mixing, Chesterfield, other localities \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1962 Richmond and other localities \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1962 Tucker reprimand \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1962-1964 Includes Tucker candidacy \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1962, 1982 NAACP \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1963 Hopewell, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1963 King and Queen County, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1963 Lynchburg, including photo of Tucker with Mandoline Thompson, and other localities \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1963 Powhatan County, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1963 Prince Edward County, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1963 Prince George County, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1963 Surry County, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1963 Tucker speech, Richmond newspaper editorials on Spottswood W. Robinson and Richmond Improvement Co-ordinating Council \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1963-1964 Charlottesville, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1964 \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1964 NAACP, Tucker for Bench \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1964 Powhatan County, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1964 Surry County, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1964 Voter Registration, Albermarle County, Virginia, and other localities \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1964-1965 Prince Edward County, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1965, June NAACP Legal Defense Fund \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1972, 1989 Emporia, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1985-1990 Tucker, Hill honored\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content Information","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection contains consists primarily of photocopies of various Virginia newspaper articles on school desegregation efforts in Virginia, from 1960-1964, in which Tucker played a role. The collection also contains newspaper articles on other civil rights issues as well as photocopies of correspondence and other materials.","Primarily letters of praise for Tucker's civil rights efforts","Salute to Henry Marsh","Honors awarded to Tucker","Tributes to Tucker including a 1994 letter from Judge Robert R. Mehridge to Mrs. S.W. Tucker","Photocopy of check","Richmond Times Dispatch article from May 13, 1979 with notes/corrections to the article by Tucker","n.d., 1994 Judge Cleo Powell, Thelma Atkins Riley, Kansas City ","1939, 1961, 1974, 1979 Alexandria Public Library Sit-In, 1939, Thurgood Marshall, Prince Edward County Schools, Tucker on 25 years after Brown, Judge Francis Rivers Memorial ","1943 Obituary of Dr. George W. Carver ","1960 Effort to disbar Tucker ","1960 NAACP ","1961 ","1961 Attempt to disbar Tucker ","1961 Charlottesville, Virginia ","1961 Lynchburg, Virginia ","1961 NAACP ","1961 Prince Edward County ","1961-1964 Prince Edward County, Tuition Grants ","1961-1964 Pupil Placement ","1961-1964 Winchester, Richmond Public Facilities, Hampton ","1961-1965 ","1962 ","1962 Charlottesville, Virginia ","1962 Powhatan County, Virginia ","1962 Prince Edward County, Virginia ","1962 Race mixing, Chesterfield, other localities ","1962 Richmond and other localities ","1962 Tucker reprimand ","1962-1964 Includes Tucker candidacy ","1962, 1982 NAACP ","1963 Hopewell, Virginia ","1963 King and Queen County, Virginia ","1963 Lynchburg, including photo of Tucker with Mandoline Thompson, and other localities ","1963 Powhatan County, Virginia ","1963 Prince Edward County, Virginia ","1963 Prince George County, Virginia ","1963 Surry County, Virginia ","1963 Tucker speech, Richmond newspaper editorials on Spottswood W. Robinson and Richmond Improvement Co-ordinating Council ","1963-1964 Charlottesville, Virginia ","1964 ","1964 NAACP, Tucker for Bench ","1964 Powhatan County, Virginia ","1964 Surry County, Virginia ","1964 Voter Registration, Albermarle County, Virginia, and other localities ","1964-1965 Prince Edward County, Virginia ","1965, June NAACP Legal Defense Fund ","1972, 1989 Emporia, Virginia ","1985-1990 Tucker, Hill honored"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["None"],"names_ssim":["VCU James Branch Cabell Library","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert"],"corpname_ssim":["VCU James Branch Cabell Library"],"persname_ssim":["Tucker, Samuel Wilbert"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":14,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T04:39:44.631Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vircu_repositories_5_resources_377"}},{"id":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_420","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Virginia Crockford papers","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vircu_repositories_5_resources_420#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Crockford, Virginia Allen, 1917-2001","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vircu_repositories_5_resources_420#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Virginia Crockford papers, 1955-1999, bulk 1961-1975, is a collection of materials used by Virginia Crockford during her tenure on the City of Richmond School Board (1962-1972) and on the steering committee of the Richmond Tomorrow strategic planning group (1989-1993). The collection primarily consists of correspondence, meeting minutes, task force reports, and informational material regarding Richmond City Public Schools. A primary focus of the material is the desegregation of Richmond City Public Schools, highlighting public reaction and the school board's response and implementation of this policy. \u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vircu_repositories_5_resources_420#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_420","ead_ssi":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_420","_root_":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_420","_nest_parent_":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_420","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VCU/repositories_5_resources_420.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Crockford, Virginia, papers","title_ssm":["Virginia Crockford papers"],"title_tesim":["Virginia Crockford papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1955-1999, bulk 1961-1975"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1955-1999, bulk 1961-1975"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["M 283","/repositories/5/resources/420"],"text":["M 283","/repositories/5/resources/420","Virginia Crockford papers","Public schools -- Management.","School integration -- Virginia -- Richmond.","School integration -- Virginia.","School board members -- Virginia -- Richmond.","The collection is open for research.","The collection is arranged into four series: Series 1: Desegregation Files, 1961-1975, Series 2: Richmond School Board Files, 1955-1999, bulk 1961-1975, Series 3: Publication, 1961-1972, Series 4: Richmond Tomorrow, 1989-1993.","Virginia Allen Crockford (1917-2001) served on the City of Richmond's School Board during the late 1960s and early 1970s. During her tenure on the board, the city schools were desegregated, and the sex education curriculum expanded. Born in Blacksburg, Virginia, in 1917, Crockford moved to Richmond, Virginia, in 1947 with her husband, W. Hamilton Crockford III. In 1962, she was appointed to the Richmond City School Board. At the time, she was the only female member of the board and the second woman in the history of the organization. Crockford later served as the Chair of the board from 1968-1972.","While serving on the board, Crockford acted as a proponent for efficient and effective desegregation of the Richmond City Public Schools. She advocated for a logistical model of integration that did not require the temporary closing of schools, instead opting for busing to facilitate integration. As a result of her methods, which parents found radical, Richmond City Councilman Howard Carwile called for her removal in 1970, but the motion was defeated in a 7-1 vote.","Additionally, she was involved in the review process for an updated sex education curriculum within Richmond City Schools, which resulted in an expanded and improved program. She also led efforts to promote the National Congress of Parents and Teachers' position for expanded sex education throughout the state of Virginia. ","Crockford remained on the school board until her term ended in 1972. In addition to serving on the school board, Crockford was president of the Virginia Parent Teacher Association, the League of Women Voters, and the Central Virginia Health System's Agency. She was also a member of the Virginia Health Planning Agency and the founder of the Volunteers and Juvenile Courts Project.  ","In 1989-1993, she served on the steering committee for Richmond Tomorrow, a community-based strategic planning group established by the Richmond City Council focused on creating a common vision for the city's development. During her time on the steering committee, she served the organization's goal of improving the community through the establishment and implementation of multiple task forces to examine city finances, education, and economic development. ","She died on March 24, 2001.","Originally processed in August 1990 and revised in July 1995, in 2019, the collection was rehoused for preservation purposes and reprocessed to facilitate better access. A previously unprocessed accession was identified and incorporated into the the collection. The finding aid was updated in accordance with DACS standards to reflect the changes and additions to the collection.","The Virginia Crockford papers, 1955-1999, bulk 1961-1975, is a collection of materials used by Virginia Crockford during her tenure on the City of Richmond School Board (1962-1972) and on the steering committee of the Richmond Tomorrow strategic planning group (1989-1993). The collection primarily consists of correspondence, meeting minutes, task force reports, and informational material regarding Richmond City Public Schools. A primary focus of the material is the desegregation of Richmond City Public Schools, highlighting public reaction and the school board's response and implementation of this policy. ","Series 1: Desegregation Files, 1961-1975: The Desegregation Files series of the collection focuses on the Richmond City School Board's involvement in and implementation of desegregation programs during and after the United States Civil Rights Movement. The series contains various subject files related to desegregation implementation including correspondence with parents of students, integrated busing, school reopenings, and regional consolidation. ","Series 2: Richmond School Board Files, 1955-1999, bulk 1961-1975: The bulk of the collection is comprised of files from the Richmond School Board regarding general issues that Crockford was involved in during her tenure. This material includes meeting minutes and agendas from Richmond City School Board meetings, correspondence, task force reports, and subject files.","The meeting minutes and correspondence provide insight into the issues which the Richmond City School Board faced during Crockford's tenure. These issues include parental complaints, concerns over various logistical restructuring projects, and opposition to changes in sex education policy. ","The series' task force reports and subject files provide focused information on projects the school board was undertaking, which include public school remodeling, a restructuring of the Richmond City Kindergarten Program, school safety initiatives, the Sidney School Program for Pregnant Teens, and changes to the sex education curriculum.","Series 3: Publications, 1961-1972: Also included in the collection are various publications regarding the public schools of Virginia, as well as various political movements in Virginia. These publications are primarily composed of bulletins, pamphlets, newsletters, informational booklets, and flyers. The bulk of the publications pertain to  the procedure of desegregation throughout Virginia. Material both promoting and deriding the efforts of desegregation from the time of its implementation is included. Additional publications concern  the effects of the Civil Rights movement in Virginia and the legal battles which it encompassed and their relation to Virginia public schools. ","Series 4: Richmond Tomorrow, 1989-1993: Additionally, the collection contains material from Crockford's later career when she served on the steering committee for the Richmond Tomorrow strategic planning group. The bulk of the series consists of reports from various task forces enabled by Richmond Tomorrow. The task forces focused on topics that affected the city's entire population such as city finance, public and private education, and housing credit. The information from the task force reports is consolidated in the Richmond Tomorrow Citizens Report, which makes recommendations for city projects based upon the findings. ","There are no restrictions.","VCU James Branch Cabell Library","Crockford, Virginia Allen, 1917-2001","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["M 283","/repositories/5/resources/420"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Virginia Crockford papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Virginia Crockford papers"],"collection_ssim":["Virginia Crockford papers"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library"],"creator_ssm":["Crockford, Virginia Allen, 1917-2001"],"creator_ssim":["Crockford, Virginia Allen, 1917-2001"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Crockford, Virginia Allen, 1917-2001"],"creators_ssim":["Crockford, Virginia Allen, 1917-2001"],"access_terms_ssm":["There are no restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The initial deposit was given to Special Collections and Archives by Mrs. Crockford in November 1990. A second deposit from Mrs. Crockford was made in July 1995."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Public schools -- Management.","School integration -- Virginia -- Richmond.","School integration -- Virginia.","School board members -- Virginia -- Richmond."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Public schools -- Management.","School integration -- Virginia -- Richmond.","School integration -- Virginia.","School board members -- Virginia -- Richmond."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["3.95 Linear Feet 9, 5\" doc cases, 1, 2.5\" doc case"],"extent_tesim":["3.95 Linear Feet 9, 5\" doc cases, 1, 2.5\" doc case"],"date_range_isim":[1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged into four series: Series 1: Desegregation Files, 1961-1975, Series 2: Richmond School Board Files, 1955-1999, bulk 1961-1975, Series 3: Publication, 1961-1972, Series 4: Richmond Tomorrow, 1989-1993.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged into four series: Series 1: Desegregation Files, 1961-1975, Series 2: Richmond School Board Files, 1955-1999, bulk 1961-1975, Series 3: Publication, 1961-1972, Series 4: Richmond Tomorrow, 1989-1993."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eVirginia Allen Crockford (1917-2001) served on the City of Richmond's School Board during the late 1960s and early 1970s. During her tenure on the board, the city schools were desegregated, and the sex education curriculum expanded. Born in Blacksburg, Virginia, in 1917, Crockford moved to Richmond, Virginia, in 1947 with her husband, W. Hamilton Crockford III. In 1962, she was appointed to the Richmond City School Board. At the time, she was the only female member of the board and the second woman in the history of the organization. Crockford later served as the Chair of the board from 1968-1972.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWhile serving on the board, Crockford acted as a proponent for efficient and effective desegregation of the Richmond City Public Schools. She advocated for a logistical model of integration that did not require the temporary closing of schools, instead opting for busing to facilitate integration. As a result of her methods, which parents found radical, Richmond City Councilman Howard Carwile called for her removal in 1970, but the motion was defeated in a 7-1 vote.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, she was involved in the review process for an updated sex education curriculum within Richmond City Schools, which resulted in an expanded and improved program. She also led efforts to promote the National Congress of Parents and Teachers' position for expanded sex education throughout the state of Virginia. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCrockford remained on the school board until her term ended in 1972. In addition to serving on the school board, Crockford was president of the Virginia Parent Teacher Association, the League of Women Voters, and the Central Virginia Health System's Agency. She was also a member of the Virginia Health Planning Agency and the founder of the Volunteers and Juvenile Courts Project.  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1989-1993, she served on the steering committee for Richmond Tomorrow, a community-based strategic planning group established by the Richmond City Council focused on creating a common vision for the city's development. During her time on the steering committee, she served the organization's goal of improving the community through the establishment and implementation of multiple task forces to examine city finances, education, and economic development. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eShe died on March 24, 2001.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Virginia Allen Crockford (1917-2001) served on the City of Richmond's School Board during the late 1960s and early 1970s. During her tenure on the board, the city schools were desegregated, and the sex education curriculum expanded. Born in Blacksburg, Virginia, in 1917, Crockford moved to Richmond, Virginia, in 1947 with her husband, W. Hamilton Crockford III. In 1962, she was appointed to the Richmond City School Board. At the time, she was the only female member of the board and the second woman in the history of the organization. Crockford later served as the Chair of the board from 1968-1972.","While serving on the board, Crockford acted as a proponent for efficient and effective desegregation of the Richmond City Public Schools. She advocated for a logistical model of integration that did not require the temporary closing of schools, instead opting for busing to facilitate integration. As a result of her methods, which parents found radical, Richmond City Councilman Howard Carwile called for her removal in 1970, but the motion was defeated in a 7-1 vote.","Additionally, she was involved in the review process for an updated sex education curriculum within Richmond City Schools, which resulted in an expanded and improved program. She also led efforts to promote the National Congress of Parents and Teachers' position for expanded sex education throughout the state of Virginia. ","Crockford remained on the school board until her term ended in 1972. In addition to serving on the school board, Crockford was president of the Virginia Parent Teacher Association, the League of Women Voters, and the Central Virginia Health System's Agency. She was also a member of the Virginia Health Planning Agency and the founder of the Volunteers and Juvenile Courts Project.  ","In 1989-1993, she served on the steering committee for Richmond Tomorrow, a community-based strategic planning group established by the Richmond City Council focused on creating a common vision for the city's development. During her time on the steering committee, she served the organization's goal of improving the community through the establishment and implementation of multiple task forces to examine city finances, education, and economic development. ","She died on March 24, 2001."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eVirginia Crockford papers, 1955-1999, Collection # M 283, Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Virginia Crockford papers, 1955-1999, Collection # M 283, Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOriginally processed in August 1990 and revised in July 1995, in 2019, the collection was rehoused for preservation purposes and reprocessed to facilitate better access. A previously unprocessed accession was identified and incorporated into the the collection. The finding aid was updated in accordance with DACS standards to reflect the changes and additions to the collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Originally processed in August 1990 and revised in July 1995, in 2019, the collection was rehoused for preservation purposes and reprocessed to facilitate better access. A previously unprocessed accession was identified and incorporated into the the collection. The finding aid was updated in accordance with DACS standards to reflect the changes and additions to the collection."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Virginia Crockford papers, 1955-1999, bulk 1961-1975, is a collection of materials used by Virginia Crockford during her tenure on the City of Richmond School Board (1962-1972) and on the steering committee of the Richmond Tomorrow strategic planning group (1989-1993). The collection primarily consists of correspondence, meeting minutes, task force reports, and informational material regarding Richmond City Public Schools. A primary focus of the material is the desegregation of Richmond City Public Schools, highlighting public reaction and the school board's response and implementation of this policy. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1: Desegregation Files, 1961-1975: The Desegregation Files series of the collection focuses on the Richmond City School Board's involvement in and implementation of desegregation programs during and after the United States Civil Rights Movement. The series contains various subject files related to desegregation implementation including correspondence with parents of students, integrated busing, school reopenings, and regional consolidation. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 2: Richmond School Board Files, 1955-1999, bulk 1961-1975: The bulk of the collection is comprised of files from the Richmond School Board regarding general issues that Crockford was involved in during her tenure. This material includes meeting minutes and agendas from Richmond City School Board meetings, correspondence, task force reports, and subject files.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe meeting minutes and correspondence provide insight into the issues which the Richmond City School Board faced during Crockford's tenure. These issues include parental complaints, concerns over various logistical restructuring projects, and opposition to changes in sex education policy. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe series' task force reports and subject files provide focused information on projects the school board was undertaking, which include public school remodeling, a restructuring of the Richmond City Kindergarten Program, school safety initiatives, the Sidney School Program for Pregnant Teens, and changes to the sex education curriculum.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 3: Publications, 1961-1972: Also included in the collection are various publications regarding the public schools of Virginia, as well as various political movements in Virginia. These publications are primarily composed of bulletins, pamphlets, newsletters, informational booklets, and flyers. The bulk of the publications pertain to  the procedure of desegregation throughout Virginia. Material both promoting and deriding the efforts of desegregation from the time of its implementation is included. Additional publications concern  the effects of the Civil Rights movement in Virginia and the legal battles which it encompassed and their relation to Virginia public schools. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 4: Richmond Tomorrow, 1989-1993: Additionally, the collection contains material from Crockford's later career when she served on the steering committee for the Richmond Tomorrow strategic planning group. The bulk of the series consists of reports from various task forces enabled by Richmond Tomorrow. The task forces focused on topics that affected the city's entire population such as city finance, public and private education, and housing credit. The information from the task force reports is consolidated in the Richmond Tomorrow Citizens Report, which makes recommendations for city projects based upon the findings. \u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Virginia Crockford papers, 1955-1999, bulk 1961-1975, is a collection of materials used by Virginia Crockford during her tenure on the City of Richmond School Board (1962-1972) and on the steering committee of the Richmond Tomorrow strategic planning group (1989-1993). The collection primarily consists of correspondence, meeting minutes, task force reports, and informational material regarding Richmond City Public Schools. A primary focus of the material is the desegregation of Richmond City Public Schools, highlighting public reaction and the school board's response and implementation of this policy. ","Series 1: Desegregation Files, 1961-1975: The Desegregation Files series of the collection focuses on the Richmond City School Board's involvement in and implementation of desegregation programs during and after the United States Civil Rights Movement. The series contains various subject files related to desegregation implementation including correspondence with parents of students, integrated busing, school reopenings, and regional consolidation. ","Series 2: Richmond School Board Files, 1955-1999, bulk 1961-1975: The bulk of the collection is comprised of files from the Richmond School Board regarding general issues that Crockford was involved in during her tenure. This material includes meeting minutes and agendas from Richmond City School Board meetings, correspondence, task force reports, and subject files.","The meeting minutes and correspondence provide insight into the issues which the Richmond City School Board faced during Crockford's tenure. These issues include parental complaints, concerns over various logistical restructuring projects, and opposition to changes in sex education policy. ","The series' task force reports and subject files provide focused information on projects the school board was undertaking, which include public school remodeling, a restructuring of the Richmond City Kindergarten Program, school safety initiatives, the Sidney School Program for Pregnant Teens, and changes to the sex education curriculum.","Series 3: Publications, 1961-1972: Also included in the collection are various publications regarding the public schools of Virginia, as well as various political movements in Virginia. These publications are primarily composed of bulletins, pamphlets, newsletters, informational booklets, and flyers. The bulk of the publications pertain to  the procedure of desegregation throughout Virginia. Material both promoting and deriding the efforts of desegregation from the time of its implementation is included. Additional publications concern  the effects of the Civil Rights movement in Virginia and the legal battles which it encompassed and their relation to Virginia public schools. ","Series 4: Richmond Tomorrow, 1989-1993: Additionally, the collection contains material from Crockford's later career when she served on the steering committee for the Richmond Tomorrow strategic planning group. The bulk of the series consists of reports from various task forces enabled by Richmond Tomorrow. The task forces focused on topics that affected the city's entire population such as city finance, public and private education, and housing credit. The information from the task force reports is consolidated in the Richmond Tomorrow Citizens Report, which makes recommendations for city projects based upon the findings. 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