{"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Medicine%2C+Military+--+History\u0026page=2","prev":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Medicine%2C+Military+--+History\u0026page=1","last":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Medicine%2C+Military+--+History\u0026page=2"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":2,"next_page":null,"prev_page":1,"total_pages":2,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":10,"total_count":14,"first_page?":false,"last_page?":true}},"data":[{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_4118","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Richter Ellison Civil War Collection","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_4118#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"This collections contains materials from American Civil War reenactor Richter Ellison. A large number of these materials were used for reenactments or for research, likely to improve historical accuracy. The bulk of the papers were created between 1994 and 2003 (undated documents are likely from the same time).","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_4118#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_4118","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_4118","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_4118","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_4118","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_4118.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Ellison, Richter Civil War Collection","title_ssm":["Richter Ellison Civil War Collection"],"title_tesim":["Richter Ellison Civil War Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1994-2003, undated"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1994-2003, undated"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Ms.2023.068"],"text":["Ms.2023.068","Richter Ellison Civil War Collection","Civil War","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Medicine, Military -- History","The collection is open for research.","The original arrangement of this collection was largely maintained. Contents are arranged in folders according to topic.","The guide to the Richter Ellison Civil War Collection by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ ).","The processing, arrangement, and description of the Richter Ellison Civil War Collection was completed in August 2023.","This collections contains materials from American Civil War reenactor Richter Ellison. A large number of these materials were used for reenactments or for research, likely to improve historical accuracy. This includes personal research and compiled files, correspondence, and several artifacts such as a reproduction surgery kit, pharmacy kit, and medical bag complete with replication medicines, surgical implements, and a travel scale. The bulk of the papers were created between 1994 and 2003 (undated documents are likely from the same time). The dates of creation or acquisition of artifacts by the collector are unknown.","This donation included a collection of American Civil War related books and publications. These items have been cataloged for Special Collections and University Archives' Rare Book Collection. Catalog records for the publications related to this collection contain a note with the donor's name.","Some items in this collectiom may have copyright restrictions. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using\nour reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.","This collections contains materials from American Civil War reenactor Richter Ellison. A large number of these materials were used for reenactments or for research, likely to improve historical accuracy. The bulk of the papers were created between 1994 and 2003 (undated documents are likely from the same time).","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Materials in this collection are in English."],"unitid_tesim":["Ms.2023.068"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Richter Ellison Civil War Collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Richter Ellison Civil War Collection"],"collection_ssim":["Richter Ellison Civil War Collection"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"access_terms_ssm":["Some items in this collectiom may have copyright restrictions. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using\nour reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The Richter Ellison Civil War Collection was donated to Special Collections and University Archives in 2019."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Civil War","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Medicine, Military -- History"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Civil War","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Medicine, Military -- History"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["3.6 Cubic Feet 5 boxes, 1 oversize folder"],"extent_tesim":["3.6 Cubic Feet 5 boxes, 1 oversize folder"],"date_range_isim":[1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe original arrangement of this collection was largely maintained. 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Contents are arranged in folders according to topic."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe guide to the Richter Ellison Civil War Collection by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (\u003cextref href=\"https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\"\u003ehttps://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\u003c/extref\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Rights Statement for Archival Description"],"odd_tesim":["The guide to the Richter Ellison Civil War Collection by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ )."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Richter Ellison Civil War Collection, 1994-2003, undated, Ms2023-068, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Richter Ellison Civil War Collection, 1994-2003, undated, Ms2023-068, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe processing, arrangement, and description of the Richter Ellison Civil War Collection was completed in August 2023.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The processing, arrangement, and description of the Richter Ellison Civil War Collection was completed in August 2023."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collections contains materials from American Civil War reenactor Richter Ellison. A large number of these materials were used for reenactments or for research, likely to improve historical accuracy. This includes personal research and compiled files, correspondence, and several artifacts such as a reproduction surgery kit, pharmacy kit, and medical bag complete with replication medicines, surgical implements, and a travel scale. The bulk of the papers were created between 1994 and 2003 (undated documents are likely from the same time). The dates of creation or acquisition of artifacts by the collector are unknown.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collections contains materials from American Civil War reenactor Richter Ellison. A large number of these materials were used for reenactments or for research, likely to improve historical accuracy. This includes personal research and compiled files, correspondence, and several artifacts such as a reproduction surgery kit, pharmacy kit, and medical bag complete with replication medicines, surgical implements, and a travel scale. The bulk of the papers were created between 1994 and 2003 (undated documents are likely from the same time). The dates of creation or acquisition of artifacts by the collector are unknown."],"separatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis donation included a collection of American Civil War related books and publications. These items have been cataloged for Special Collections and University Archives' Rare Book Collection. Catalog records for the publications related to this collection contain a note with the donor's name.\u003c/p\u003e"],"separatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Separated Materials"],"separatedmaterial_tesim":["This donation included a collection of American Civil War related books and publications. These items have been cataloged for Special Collections and University Archives' Rare Book Collection. Catalog records for the publications related to this collection contain a note with the donor's name."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSome items in this collectiom may have copyright restrictions. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using\nour reproduction/digitization form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuareproduction\u003c/a\u003e. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuapublication\u003c/a\u003e. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Reproduction and Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Some items in this collectiom may have copyright restrictions. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using\nour reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_1682bcd909805d0f70e883fb2e5d958c\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThis collections contains materials from American Civil War reenactor Richter Ellison. A large number of these materials were used for reenactments or for research, likely to improve historical accuracy. The bulk of the papers were created between 1994 and 2003 (undated documents are likely from the same time).\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["This collections contains materials from American Civil War reenactor Richter Ellison. A large number of these materials were used for reenactments or for research, likely to improve historical accuracy. The bulk of the papers were created between 1994 and 2003 (undated documents are likely from the same time)."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech"],"language_ssim":["Materials in this collection are in English."],"total_component_count_is":29,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T02:43:34.869Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_4118","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_4118","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_4118","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_4118","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_4118.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Ellison, Richter Civil War Collection","title_ssm":["Richter Ellison Civil War Collection"],"title_tesim":["Richter Ellison Civil War Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1994-2003, undated"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1994-2003, undated"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Ms.2023.068"],"text":["Ms.2023.068","Richter Ellison Civil War Collection","Civil War","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Medicine, Military -- History","The collection is open for research.","The original arrangement of this collection was largely maintained. Contents are arranged in folders according to topic.","The guide to the Richter Ellison Civil War Collection by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ ).","The processing, arrangement, and description of the Richter Ellison Civil War Collection was completed in August 2023.","This collections contains materials from American Civil War reenactor Richter Ellison. A large number of these materials were used for reenactments or for research, likely to improve historical accuracy. This includes personal research and compiled files, correspondence, and several artifacts such as a reproduction surgery kit, pharmacy kit, and medical bag complete with replication medicines, surgical implements, and a travel scale. The bulk of the papers were created between 1994 and 2003 (undated documents are likely from the same time). The dates of creation or acquisition of artifacts by the collector are unknown.","This donation included a collection of American Civil War related books and publications. These items have been cataloged for Special Collections and University Archives' Rare Book Collection. Catalog records for the publications related to this collection contain a note with the donor's name.","Some items in this collectiom may have copyright restrictions. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using\nour reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.","This collections contains materials from American Civil War reenactor Richter Ellison. A large number of these materials were used for reenactments or for research, likely to improve historical accuracy. The bulk of the papers were created between 1994 and 2003 (undated documents are likely from the same time).","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Materials in this collection are in English."],"unitid_tesim":["Ms.2023.068"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Richter Ellison Civil War Collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Richter Ellison Civil War Collection"],"collection_ssim":["Richter Ellison Civil War Collection"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"access_terms_ssm":["Some items in this collectiom may have copyright restrictions. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using\nour reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The Richter Ellison Civil War Collection was donated to Special Collections and University Archives in 2019."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Civil War","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Medicine, Military -- History"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Civil War","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Medicine, Military -- History"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["3.6 Cubic Feet 5 boxes, 1 oversize folder"],"extent_tesim":["3.6 Cubic Feet 5 boxes, 1 oversize folder"],"date_range_isim":[1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe original arrangement of this collection was largely maintained. Contents are arranged in folders according to topic.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The original arrangement of this collection was largely maintained. Contents are arranged in folders according to topic."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe guide to the Richter Ellison Civil War Collection by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (\u003cextref href=\"https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\"\u003ehttps://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\u003c/extref\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Rights Statement for Archival Description"],"odd_tesim":["The guide to the Richter Ellison Civil War Collection by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ )."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Richter Ellison Civil War Collection, 1994-2003, undated, Ms2023-068, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Richter Ellison Civil War Collection, 1994-2003, undated, Ms2023-068, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe processing, arrangement, and description of the Richter Ellison Civil War Collection was completed in August 2023.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The processing, arrangement, and description of the Richter Ellison Civil War Collection was completed in August 2023."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collections contains materials from American Civil War reenactor Richter Ellison. A large number of these materials were used for reenactments or for research, likely to improve historical accuracy. This includes personal research and compiled files, correspondence, and several artifacts such as a reproduction surgery kit, pharmacy kit, and medical bag complete with replication medicines, surgical implements, and a travel scale. The bulk of the papers were created between 1994 and 2003 (undated documents are likely from the same time). The dates of creation or acquisition of artifacts by the collector are unknown.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collections contains materials from American Civil War reenactor Richter Ellison. A large number of these materials were used for reenactments or for research, likely to improve historical accuracy. This includes personal research and compiled files, correspondence, and several artifacts such as a reproduction surgery kit, pharmacy kit, and medical bag complete with replication medicines, surgical implements, and a travel scale. The bulk of the papers were created between 1994 and 2003 (undated documents are likely from the same time). The dates of creation or acquisition of artifacts by the collector are unknown."],"separatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis donation included a collection of American Civil War related books and publications. These items have been cataloged for Special Collections and University Archives' Rare Book Collection. Catalog records for the publications related to this collection contain a note with the donor's name.\u003c/p\u003e"],"separatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Separated Materials"],"separatedmaterial_tesim":["This donation included a collection of American Civil War related books and publications. These items have been cataloged for Special Collections and University Archives' Rare Book Collection. Catalog records for the publications related to this collection contain a note with the donor's name."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSome items in this collectiom may have copyright restrictions. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using\nour reproduction/digitization form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuareproduction\u003c/a\u003e. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuapublication\u003c/a\u003e. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Reproduction and Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Some items in this collectiom may have copyright restrictions. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using\nour reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_1682bcd909805d0f70e883fb2e5d958c\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThis collections contains materials from American Civil War reenactor Richter Ellison. A large number of these materials were used for reenactments or for research, likely to improve historical accuracy. The bulk of the papers were created between 1994 and 2003 (undated documents are likely from the same time).\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["This collections contains materials from American Civil War reenactor Richter Ellison. A large number of these materials were used for reenactments or for research, likely to improve historical accuracy. The bulk of the papers were created between 1994 and 2003 (undated documents are likely from the same time)."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech"],"language_ssim":["Materials in this collection are in English."],"total_component_count_is":29,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T02:43:34.869Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_4118"}},{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2745","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"William A. Leonard Papers,","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2745#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Leonard, William A., b.1843(?)","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2745#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"The collection includes William A. Leonard's letters home from February-July 1865, as well as his diary from August 1864-April 1865. Leonard served as an ambulance driver in and around the siege at Petersburg, which is the focus of his short diary entries. His early letters focus on war news and rumors, daily life, and news from home. Post-surrender letters emphasize Leonard's experiences while stationed around Washington, DC, daily life (including the growing frustrations of soldiers wanting to get home) and his complaint's about the rumors and delays of his regiment's discharge.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2745#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2745","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2745","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2745","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2745","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_2745.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Leonard, William A. Papers","title_ssm":["William A. Leonard Papers,"],"title_tesim":["William A. Leonard Papers,"],"unitdate_ssm":["1864-1865"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1864-1865"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Ms.2011.106"],"text":["Ms.2011.106","William A. Leonard Papers,","Civil War","Folk, historical, and patent medicine","Medicine","Medicine, Military -- History","Petersburg (Va.) -- History -- Siege, 1864-1865","Petersburg (Va.) -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Diaries","Collection is open for research.","Some of this collection has been digitized and is available online.","The collection is arranged by material type. Correspondence is in chronological order.","William A. Leonard was born about 1843 to Joel A. (b.1817)  and Sophia Leonard (1816-d. before 1880). His parents were both natives of Vermont who moved to Massachusetts. William and his two sisters, Leonora (b. abt. 1852; and who William calls \"Nora\" in his letters and is later listed as \"Mary\" in a least one set of census records) and Roselia (b. abt. 1859) were all born in Great Barrington, Berkshire County. ","It is unknown what line of work William Leonard was in prior to the war, though he was living at home with his family. He was drafted into service in July 1863 for a three year term with Company F, 16th Regiment, Massachusetts Infantry. In mid-July 1864, the 16th Infantry mustered out. Existing veterans and recruits, Leonard included, were transferred to the 11th Regiment, Massachusetts Infantry. From at least August of 1864 until Lee's surrender, Leonard served as an ambulance driver, transporting wounded from battlefield to hospital. His unit spent nearly a year in and around Petersburg. While stationed outside Washington, DC, waiting to muster out, Leonard also drove civilians in and around the city. He particularly makes mention of taking family members to hospitals to get news of soldiers. ","Leonard returned home to Great Barrington in July 1865. In 1880, he was living at home with his father, Leonora and her husband, and Leonora's brother-in-law. At the time, he was employed at a woolen mill. In 1894, he purchased a plumbing and steam fitting business from a former employer. Later census records suggest he was married to a woman named Hattie (probably Henrietta; b. abt. 1863), but it is unknown when. They had daughter, Nellie, in June 1897.","Sources: Ancestry.com Civil War Soldiers and Sailors System , National Park Service.  The Metal Worker , vol. XLI, January to June 1894. New York: David Williams, 1894. Via Google Books, November 2011.","The processing, arrangement, and description of the William A. Leonard Papers was completed in November 2011. Additional processing and description was completed in December 2011.","The collection includes William A. Leonard's letters home from February-July 1865, as well as his diary from August 1864-April 1865. Leonard served as an ambulance driver in and around the siege at Petersburg, which is the focus of his short diary entries. His early letters focus on war news and rumors, daily life, and news from home. Letters following Lee's surrender emphasize Leonard's experiences while stationed around Washington, DC, daily life (including the growing frustrations of soldiers wanting to get home) and his complaint's about the rumors and delays of his regiment's discharge and payment.","All the letters in this collection were written home to Leonard's parents, usually his mother. He continually reassures her not to worry about him, requests various things from home (especially stamps), and talks about his daily life. He frequently writes about plans for when he gets home. Leonard's religious sentiments also recur throughout his correspondence. He also includes war news and who he has seen, though he reveals his priorities and lack of interest in being a soldier, saying in March 1865:","we have got a good man to steer the machine, that fellow they call U. S. Grant. Sheridan \u0026 Sherman are giving them fits. I have seen Grant \u0026 Mede a number of times this summer I had a great deal rather see you + Pa. I dont want to see Nora because she wanted me to go soldiering","Although battle descriptions are not necessarily the focus of Leonard's letters, his 1864 correspondence contains details of being fired upon a Petersburg, of picket duty, and later, of transporting injured men. In June 1865, he writes several letters detailing the sight of unburied dead men and horses and the sound of fighting from the front at Petersburg. In May 1865, he writes of the incompetence of the doctors:","The Doctors here dont have any thing fit to give any one and the bigest of them dont know how to doctor a hen anyway. They take the wounded men legs and arms off half the time. when there is no need of it, do it practice there has been a number of times I have heard of that...The Doct of the Regt was a clerk in an apothecary shop... \n \nLeonard's diary begins in August 1864, apparently when he was appointed to drive an ambulance. His entries are short and refer mostly to his daily activities: who or what he was conveying to and from the hospital at City Point outside Petersburg; what letters he sent or received; war news; or when he attended religious meetings. Shortly before the diary ends in April 1865, he notes the firing of guns and cannons \"for the death of abram Lincoln President of the U.S. who was shot by a man by the name of Booth.\" He refers to the death of Lincoln and its effect on the soldiers in several letters, as well. Leonard's own correspondence suggests he kept a previous diary--in August 1864, he inquires if his mother has received the one he sent home--but it is unknown if this diary still exists.","Please note: Transcripts of the correspondence are available in the collection. ","A note about transcripts: Letters are transcribed with original spelling and grammar. Numbers in brackets indicate the page number in the letter. Unreadable words are replaced with a question mark. Uncertain words are in parentheses with a question mark. In general, no additional information was added, except in rare cases were a correct spelling of a name could be supplied, aiding in future research.","Permission to publish material from William A. Leonard Papers must be obtained from Special Collections, Virginia Tech.","The collection includes William A. Leonard's letters home from February-July 1865, as well as his diary from August 1864-April 1865. Leonard served as an ambulance driver in and around the siege at Petersburg, which is the focus of his short diary entries. His early letters focus on war news and rumors, daily life, and news from home. Post-surrender letters emphasize Leonard's experiences while stationed around Washington, DC, daily life (including the growing frustrations of soldiers wanting to get home) and his complaint's about the rumors and delays of his regiment's discharge.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Leonard, William A., b.1843(?)","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["Ms.2011.106"],"normalized_title_ssm":["William A. Leonard Papers,"],"collection_title_tesim":["William A. Leonard Papers,"],"collection_ssim":["William A. Leonard Papers,"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"creator_ssm":["Leonard, William A., b.1843(?)"],"creator_ssim":["Leonard, William A., b.1843(?)"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Leonard, William A., b.1843(?)"],"creators_ssim":["Leonard, William A., b.1843(?)"],"access_terms_ssm":["Permission to publish material from William A. Leonard Papers must be obtained from Special Collections, Virginia Tech."],"acqinfo_ssim":["William A. Leonard's diary was purchased by Special Collections in July 2011. A group of Leonard's correspondence  from 1865 was purchased by Special Collections in September 2011. Additional correspondence from 1864 and 1865 was purchased by Special Collections in December 2011."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Civil War","Folk, historical, and patent medicine","Medicine","Medicine, Military -- History","Petersburg (Va.) -- History -- Siege, 1864-1865","Petersburg (Va.) -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Diaries"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Civil War","Folk, historical, and patent medicine","Medicine","Medicine, Military -- History","Petersburg (Va.) -- History -- Siege, 1864-1865","Petersburg (Va.) -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Diaries"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.2 Cubic Feet 1 box"],"extent_tesim":["0.2 Cubic Feet 1 box"],"date_range_isim":[1864,1865],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for research."],"altformavail_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://digitalsc.lib.vt.edu/collections/show/72\"\u003eSome of this collection has been digitized and is available online.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"altformavail_heading_ssm":["Existence and Location of Copies"],"altformavail_tesim":["Some of this collection has been digitized and is available online."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged by material type. Correspondence is in chronological order.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged by material type. Correspondence is in chronological order."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWilliam A. Leonard was born about 1843 to Joel A. (b.1817)  and Sophia Leonard (1816-d. before 1880). His parents were both natives of Vermont who moved to Massachusetts. William and his two sisters, Leonora (b. abt. 1852; and who William calls \"Nora\" in his letters and is later listed as \"Mary\" in a least one set of census records) and Roselia (b. abt. 1859) were all born in Great Barrington, Berkshire County. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIt is unknown what line of work William Leonard was in prior to the war, though he was living at home with his family. He was drafted into service in July 1863 for a three year term with Company F, 16th Regiment, Massachusetts Infantry. In mid-July 1864, the 16th Infantry mustered out. Existing veterans and recruits, Leonard included, were transferred to the 11th Regiment, Massachusetts Infantry. From at least August of 1864 until Lee's surrender, Leonard served as an ambulance driver, transporting wounded from battlefield to hospital. His unit spent nearly a year in and around Petersburg. While stationed outside Washington, DC, waiting to muster out, Leonard also drove civilians in and around the city. He particularly makes mention of taking family members to hospitals to get news of soldiers. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eLeonard returned home to Great Barrington in July 1865. In 1880, he was living at home with his father, Leonora and her husband, and Leonora's brother-in-law. At the time, he was employed at a woolen mill. In 1894, he purchased a plumbing and steam fitting business from a former employer. Later census records suggest he was married to a woman named Hattie (probably Henrietta; b. abt. 1863), but it is unknown when. They had daughter, Nellie, in June 1897.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\n\u003clist\u003e\n\u003chead\u003eSources:\u003c/head\u003e\n\u003citem\u003e\u003cextref href=\"http://www.ancestry.com/\"\u003eAncestry.com\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003e\u003cextref href=\"http://www.itd.nps.gov/cwss/regiments.cfm\"\u003eCivil War Soldiers and Sailors System\u003c/extref\u003e, National Park Service. \u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003e\u003cextref href=\"http://books.google.com/books?id=vdsfAQAAMAAJ\u0026amp;lpg=RA1-PA37\u0026amp;ots=v02gEfJu9U\u0026amp;dq=%22william%20a%20leonard%22%20great%20barrington\u0026amp;pg=PP5#v=onepage\u0026amp;q\u0026amp;f=false\"\u003e\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Metal Worker\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/extref\u003e, vol. XLI, January to June 1894. New York: David Williams, 1894. Via Google Books, November 2011.\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003c/list\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["William A. Leonard was born about 1843 to Joel A. (b.1817)  and Sophia Leonard (1816-d. before 1880). His parents were both natives of Vermont who moved to Massachusetts. William and his two sisters, Leonora (b. abt. 1852; and who William calls \"Nora\" in his letters and is later listed as \"Mary\" in a least one set of census records) and Roselia (b. abt. 1859) were all born in Great Barrington, Berkshire County. ","It is unknown what line of work William Leonard was in prior to the war, though he was living at home with his family. He was drafted into service in July 1863 for a three year term with Company F, 16th Regiment, Massachusetts Infantry. In mid-July 1864, the 16th Infantry mustered out. Existing veterans and recruits, Leonard included, were transferred to the 11th Regiment, Massachusetts Infantry. From at least August of 1864 until Lee's surrender, Leonard served as an ambulance driver, transporting wounded from battlefield to hospital. His unit spent nearly a year in and around Petersburg. While stationed outside Washington, DC, waiting to muster out, Leonard also drove civilians in and around the city. He particularly makes mention of taking family members to hospitals to get news of soldiers. ","Leonard returned home to Great Barrington in July 1865. In 1880, he was living at home with his father, Leonora and her husband, and Leonora's brother-in-law. At the time, he was employed at a woolen mill. In 1894, he purchased a plumbing and steam fitting business from a former employer. Later census records suggest he was married to a woman named Hattie (probably Henrietta; b. abt. 1863), but it is unknown when. They had daughter, Nellie, in June 1897.","Sources: Ancestry.com Civil War Soldiers and Sailors System , National Park Service.  The Metal Worker , vol. XLI, January to June 1894. New York: David Williams, 1894. Via Google Books, November 2011."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: William A. Leonard Papers, Ms2011-106, Special Collections, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: William A. Leonard Papers, Ms2011-106, Special Collections, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe processing, arrangement, and description of the William A. Leonard Papers was completed in November 2011. Additional processing and description was completed in December 2011.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The processing, arrangement, and description of the William A. Leonard Papers was completed in November 2011. Additional processing and description was completed in December 2011."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection includes William A. Leonard's letters home from February-July 1865, as well as his diary from August 1864-April 1865. Leonard served as an ambulance driver in and around the siege at Petersburg, which is the focus of his short diary entries. His early letters focus on war news and rumors, daily life, and news from home. Letters following Lee's surrender emphasize Leonard's experiences while stationed around Washington, DC, daily life (including the growing frustrations of soldiers wanting to get home) and his complaint's about the rumors and delays of his regiment's discharge and payment.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAll the letters in this collection were written home to Leonard's parents, usually his mother. He continually reassures her not to worry about him, requests various things from home (especially stamps), and talks about his daily life. He frequently writes about plans for when he gets home. Leonard's religious sentiments also recur throughout his correspondence. He also includes war news and who he has seen, though he reveals his priorities and lack of interest in being a soldier, saying in March 1865:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cblockquote\u003ewe have got a good man to steer the machine, that fellow they call U. S. Grant. Sheridan \u0026amp; Sherman are giving them fits. I have seen Grant \u0026amp; Mede a number of times this summer I had a great deal rather see you + Pa. I dont want to see Nora because she wanted me to go soldiering\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAlthough battle descriptions are not necessarily the focus of Leonard's letters, his 1864 correspondence contains details of being fired upon a Petersburg, of picket duty, and later, of transporting injured men. In June 1865, he writes several letters detailing the sight of unburied dead men and horses and the sound of fighting from the front at Petersburg. In May 1865, he writes of the incompetence of the doctors:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cblockquote\u003eThe Doctors here dont have any thing fit to give any one and the bigest of them dont know how to doctor a hen anyway. They take the wounded men legs and arms off half the time. when there is no need of it, do it practice there has been a number of times I have heard of that...The Doct of the Regt was a clerk in an apothecary shop...\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n \nLeonard's diary begins in August 1864, apparently when he was appointed to drive an ambulance. His entries are short and refer mostly to his daily activities: who or what he was conveying to and from the hospital at City Point outside Petersburg; what letters he sent or received; war news; or when he attended religious meetings. Shortly before the diary ends in April 1865, he notes the firing of guns and cannons \"for the death of abram Lincoln President of the U.S. who was shot by a man by the name of Booth.\" He refers to the death of Lincoln and its effect on the soldiers in several letters, as well. Leonard's own correspondence suggests he kept a previous diary--in August 1864, he inquires if his mother has received the one he sent home--but it is unknown if this diary still exists.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePlease note: Transcripts of the correspondence are available in the collection. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA note about transcripts: Letters are transcribed with original spelling and grammar. Numbers in brackets indicate the page number in the letter. Unreadable words are replaced with a question mark. Uncertain words are in parentheses with a question mark. In general, no additional information was added, except in rare cases were a correct spelling of a name could be supplied, aiding in future research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content","Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection includes William A. Leonard's letters home from February-July 1865, as well as his diary from August 1864-April 1865. Leonard served as an ambulance driver in and around the siege at Petersburg, which is the focus of his short diary entries. His early letters focus on war news and rumors, daily life, and news from home. Letters following Lee's surrender emphasize Leonard's experiences while stationed around Washington, DC, daily life (including the growing frustrations of soldiers wanting to get home) and his complaint's about the rumors and delays of his regiment's discharge and payment.","All the letters in this collection were written home to Leonard's parents, usually his mother. He continually reassures her not to worry about him, requests various things from home (especially stamps), and talks about his daily life. He frequently writes about plans for when he gets home. Leonard's religious sentiments also recur throughout his correspondence. He also includes war news and who he has seen, though he reveals his priorities and lack of interest in being a soldier, saying in March 1865:","we have got a good man to steer the machine, that fellow they call U. S. Grant. Sheridan \u0026 Sherman are giving them fits. I have seen Grant \u0026 Mede a number of times this summer I had a great deal rather see you + Pa. I dont want to see Nora because she wanted me to go soldiering","Although battle descriptions are not necessarily the focus of Leonard's letters, his 1864 correspondence contains details of being fired upon a Petersburg, of picket duty, and later, of transporting injured men. In June 1865, he writes several letters detailing the sight of unburied dead men and horses and the sound of fighting from the front at Petersburg. In May 1865, he writes of the incompetence of the doctors:","The Doctors here dont have any thing fit to give any one and the bigest of them dont know how to doctor a hen anyway. They take the wounded men legs and arms off half the time. when there is no need of it, do it practice there has been a number of times I have heard of that...The Doct of the Regt was a clerk in an apothecary shop... \n \nLeonard's diary begins in August 1864, apparently when he was appointed to drive an ambulance. His entries are short and refer mostly to his daily activities: who or what he was conveying to and from the hospital at City Point outside Petersburg; what letters he sent or received; war news; or when he attended religious meetings. Shortly before the diary ends in April 1865, he notes the firing of guns and cannons \"for the death of abram Lincoln President of the U.S. who was shot by a man by the name of Booth.\" He refers to the death of Lincoln and its effect on the soldiers in several letters, as well. Leonard's own correspondence suggests he kept a previous diary--in August 1864, he inquires if his mother has received the one he sent home--but it is unknown if this diary still exists.","Please note: Transcripts of the correspondence are available in the collection. ","A note about transcripts: Letters are transcribed with original spelling and grammar. Numbers in brackets indicate the page number in the letter. Unreadable words are replaced with a question mark. Uncertain words are in parentheses with a question mark. In general, no additional information was added, except in rare cases were a correct spelling of a name could be supplied, aiding in future research."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish material from William A. Leonard Papers must be obtained from Special Collections, Virginia Tech.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish material from William A. Leonard Papers must be obtained from Special Collections, Virginia Tech."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_6b838a5f71d3f547cf4eb518925dd569\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThe collection includes William A. Leonard's letters home from February-July 1865, as well as his diary from August 1864-April 1865. Leonard served as an ambulance driver in and around the siege at Petersburg, which is the focus of his short diary entries. His early letters focus on war news and rumors, daily life, and news from home. Post-surrender letters emphasize Leonard's experiences while stationed around Washington, DC, daily life (including the growing frustrations of soldiers wanting to get home) and his complaint's about the rumors and delays of his regiment's discharge.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The collection includes William A. Leonard's letters home from February-July 1865, as well as his diary from August 1864-April 1865. Leonard served as an ambulance driver in and around the siege at Petersburg, which is the focus of his short diary entries. His early letters focus on war news and rumors, daily life, and news from home. Post-surrender letters emphasize Leonard's experiences while stationed around Washington, DC, daily life (including the growing frustrations of soldiers wanting to get home) and his complaint's about the rumors and delays of his regiment's discharge."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Leonard, William A., b.1843(?)"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech"],"persname_ssim":["Leonard, William A., b.1843(?)"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"total_component_count_is":5,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T02:33:02.120Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2745","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2745","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2745","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2745","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_2745.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Leonard, William A. Papers","title_ssm":["William A. Leonard Papers,"],"title_tesim":["William A. Leonard Papers,"],"unitdate_ssm":["1864-1865"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1864-1865"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Ms.2011.106"],"text":["Ms.2011.106","William A. Leonard Papers,","Civil War","Folk, historical, and patent medicine","Medicine","Medicine, Military -- History","Petersburg (Va.) -- History -- Siege, 1864-1865","Petersburg (Va.) -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Diaries","Collection is open for research.","Some of this collection has been digitized and is available online.","The collection is arranged by material type. Correspondence is in chronological order.","William A. Leonard was born about 1843 to Joel A. (b.1817)  and Sophia Leonard (1816-d. before 1880). His parents were both natives of Vermont who moved to Massachusetts. William and his two sisters, Leonora (b. abt. 1852; and who William calls \"Nora\" in his letters and is later listed as \"Mary\" in a least one set of census records) and Roselia (b. abt. 1859) were all born in Great Barrington, Berkshire County. ","It is unknown what line of work William Leonard was in prior to the war, though he was living at home with his family. He was drafted into service in July 1863 for a three year term with Company F, 16th Regiment, Massachusetts Infantry. In mid-July 1864, the 16th Infantry mustered out. Existing veterans and recruits, Leonard included, were transferred to the 11th Regiment, Massachusetts Infantry. From at least August of 1864 until Lee's surrender, Leonard served as an ambulance driver, transporting wounded from battlefield to hospital. His unit spent nearly a year in and around Petersburg. While stationed outside Washington, DC, waiting to muster out, Leonard also drove civilians in and around the city. He particularly makes mention of taking family members to hospitals to get news of soldiers. ","Leonard returned home to Great Barrington in July 1865. In 1880, he was living at home with his father, Leonora and her husband, and Leonora's brother-in-law. At the time, he was employed at a woolen mill. In 1894, he purchased a plumbing and steam fitting business from a former employer. Later census records suggest he was married to a woman named Hattie (probably Henrietta; b. abt. 1863), but it is unknown when. They had daughter, Nellie, in June 1897.","Sources: Ancestry.com Civil War Soldiers and Sailors System , National Park Service.  The Metal Worker , vol. XLI, January to June 1894. New York: David Williams, 1894. Via Google Books, November 2011.","The processing, arrangement, and description of the William A. Leonard Papers was completed in November 2011. Additional processing and description was completed in December 2011.","The collection includes William A. Leonard's letters home from February-July 1865, as well as his diary from August 1864-April 1865. Leonard served as an ambulance driver in and around the siege at Petersburg, which is the focus of his short diary entries. His early letters focus on war news and rumors, daily life, and news from home. Letters following Lee's surrender emphasize Leonard's experiences while stationed around Washington, DC, daily life (including the growing frustrations of soldiers wanting to get home) and his complaint's about the rumors and delays of his regiment's discharge and payment.","All the letters in this collection were written home to Leonard's parents, usually his mother. He continually reassures her not to worry about him, requests various things from home (especially stamps), and talks about his daily life. He frequently writes about plans for when he gets home. Leonard's religious sentiments also recur throughout his correspondence. He also includes war news and who he has seen, though he reveals his priorities and lack of interest in being a soldier, saying in March 1865:","we have got a good man to steer the machine, that fellow they call U. S. Grant. Sheridan \u0026 Sherman are giving them fits. I have seen Grant \u0026 Mede a number of times this summer I had a great deal rather see you + Pa. I dont want to see Nora because she wanted me to go soldiering","Although battle descriptions are not necessarily the focus of Leonard's letters, his 1864 correspondence contains details of being fired upon a Petersburg, of picket duty, and later, of transporting injured men. In June 1865, he writes several letters detailing the sight of unburied dead men and horses and the sound of fighting from the front at Petersburg. In May 1865, he writes of the incompetence of the doctors:","The Doctors here dont have any thing fit to give any one and the bigest of them dont know how to doctor a hen anyway. They take the wounded men legs and arms off half the time. when there is no need of it, do it practice there has been a number of times I have heard of that...The Doct of the Regt was a clerk in an apothecary shop... \n \nLeonard's diary begins in August 1864, apparently when he was appointed to drive an ambulance. His entries are short and refer mostly to his daily activities: who or what he was conveying to and from the hospital at City Point outside Petersburg; what letters he sent or received; war news; or when he attended religious meetings. Shortly before the diary ends in April 1865, he notes the firing of guns and cannons \"for the death of abram Lincoln President of the U.S. who was shot by a man by the name of Booth.\" He refers to the death of Lincoln and its effect on the soldiers in several letters, as well. Leonard's own correspondence suggests he kept a previous diary--in August 1864, he inquires if his mother has received the one he sent home--but it is unknown if this diary still exists.","Please note: Transcripts of the correspondence are available in the collection. ","A note about transcripts: Letters are transcribed with original spelling and grammar. Numbers in brackets indicate the page number in the letter. Unreadable words are replaced with a question mark. Uncertain words are in parentheses with a question mark. In general, no additional information was added, except in rare cases were a correct spelling of a name could be supplied, aiding in future research.","Permission to publish material from William A. Leonard Papers must be obtained from Special Collections, Virginia Tech.","The collection includes William A. Leonard's letters home from February-July 1865, as well as his diary from August 1864-April 1865. Leonard served as an ambulance driver in and around the siege at Petersburg, which is the focus of his short diary entries. His early letters focus on war news and rumors, daily life, and news from home. Post-surrender letters emphasize Leonard's experiences while stationed around Washington, DC, daily life (including the growing frustrations of soldiers wanting to get home) and his complaint's about the rumors and delays of his regiment's discharge.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Leonard, William A., b.1843(?)","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["Ms.2011.106"],"normalized_title_ssm":["William A. Leonard Papers,"],"collection_title_tesim":["William A. Leonard Papers,"],"collection_ssim":["William A. Leonard Papers,"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"creator_ssm":["Leonard, William A., b.1843(?)"],"creator_ssim":["Leonard, William A., b.1843(?)"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Leonard, William A., b.1843(?)"],"creators_ssim":["Leonard, William A., b.1843(?)"],"access_terms_ssm":["Permission to publish material from William A. Leonard Papers must be obtained from Special Collections, Virginia Tech."],"acqinfo_ssim":["William A. Leonard's diary was purchased by Special Collections in July 2011. A group of Leonard's correspondence  from 1865 was purchased by Special Collections in September 2011. Additional correspondence from 1864 and 1865 was purchased by Special Collections in December 2011."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Civil War","Folk, historical, and patent medicine","Medicine","Medicine, Military -- History","Petersburg (Va.) -- History -- Siege, 1864-1865","Petersburg (Va.) -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Diaries"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Civil War","Folk, historical, and patent medicine","Medicine","Medicine, Military -- History","Petersburg (Va.) -- History -- Siege, 1864-1865","Petersburg (Va.) -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Diaries"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.2 Cubic Feet 1 box"],"extent_tesim":["0.2 Cubic Feet 1 box"],"date_range_isim":[1864,1865],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for research."],"altformavail_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://digitalsc.lib.vt.edu/collections/show/72\"\u003eSome of this collection has been digitized and is available online.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"altformavail_heading_ssm":["Existence and Location of Copies"],"altformavail_tesim":["Some of this collection has been digitized and is available online."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged by material type. Correspondence is in chronological order.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged by material type. Correspondence is in chronological order."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWilliam A. Leonard was born about 1843 to Joel A. (b.1817)  and Sophia Leonard (1816-d. before 1880). His parents were both natives of Vermont who moved to Massachusetts. William and his two sisters, Leonora (b. abt. 1852; and who William calls \"Nora\" in his letters and is later listed as \"Mary\" in a least one set of census records) and Roselia (b. abt. 1859) were all born in Great Barrington, Berkshire County. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIt is unknown what line of work William Leonard was in prior to the war, though he was living at home with his family. He was drafted into service in July 1863 for a three year term with Company F, 16th Regiment, Massachusetts Infantry. In mid-July 1864, the 16th Infantry mustered out. Existing veterans and recruits, Leonard included, were transferred to the 11th Regiment, Massachusetts Infantry. From at least August of 1864 until Lee's surrender, Leonard served as an ambulance driver, transporting wounded from battlefield to hospital. His unit spent nearly a year in and around Petersburg. While stationed outside Washington, DC, waiting to muster out, Leonard also drove civilians in and around the city. He particularly makes mention of taking family members to hospitals to get news of soldiers. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eLeonard returned home to Great Barrington in July 1865. In 1880, he was living at home with his father, Leonora and her husband, and Leonora's brother-in-law. At the time, he was employed at a woolen mill. In 1894, he purchased a plumbing and steam fitting business from a former employer. Later census records suggest he was married to a woman named Hattie (probably Henrietta; b. abt. 1863), but it is unknown when. They had daughter, Nellie, in June 1897.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\n\u003clist\u003e\n\u003chead\u003eSources:\u003c/head\u003e\n\u003citem\u003e\u003cextref href=\"http://www.ancestry.com/\"\u003eAncestry.com\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003e\u003cextref href=\"http://www.itd.nps.gov/cwss/regiments.cfm\"\u003eCivil War Soldiers and Sailors System\u003c/extref\u003e, National Park Service. \u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003e\u003cextref href=\"http://books.google.com/books?id=vdsfAQAAMAAJ\u0026amp;lpg=RA1-PA37\u0026amp;ots=v02gEfJu9U\u0026amp;dq=%22william%20a%20leonard%22%20great%20barrington\u0026amp;pg=PP5#v=onepage\u0026amp;q\u0026amp;f=false\"\u003e\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Metal Worker\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/extref\u003e, vol. XLI, January to June 1894. New York: David Williams, 1894. Via Google Books, November 2011.\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003c/list\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["William A. Leonard was born about 1843 to Joel A. (b.1817)  and Sophia Leonard (1816-d. before 1880). His parents were both natives of Vermont who moved to Massachusetts. William and his two sisters, Leonora (b. abt. 1852; and who William calls \"Nora\" in his letters and is later listed as \"Mary\" in a least one set of census records) and Roselia (b. abt. 1859) were all born in Great Barrington, Berkshire County. ","It is unknown what line of work William Leonard was in prior to the war, though he was living at home with his family. He was drafted into service in July 1863 for a three year term with Company F, 16th Regiment, Massachusetts Infantry. In mid-July 1864, the 16th Infantry mustered out. Existing veterans and recruits, Leonard included, were transferred to the 11th Regiment, Massachusetts Infantry. From at least August of 1864 until Lee's surrender, Leonard served as an ambulance driver, transporting wounded from battlefield to hospital. His unit spent nearly a year in and around Petersburg. While stationed outside Washington, DC, waiting to muster out, Leonard also drove civilians in and around the city. He particularly makes mention of taking family members to hospitals to get news of soldiers. ","Leonard returned home to Great Barrington in July 1865. In 1880, he was living at home with his father, Leonora and her husband, and Leonora's brother-in-law. At the time, he was employed at a woolen mill. In 1894, he purchased a plumbing and steam fitting business from a former employer. Later census records suggest he was married to a woman named Hattie (probably Henrietta; b. abt. 1863), but it is unknown when. They had daughter, Nellie, in June 1897.","Sources: Ancestry.com Civil War Soldiers and Sailors System , National Park Service.  The Metal Worker , vol. XLI, January to June 1894. New York: David Williams, 1894. Via Google Books, November 2011."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: William A. Leonard Papers, Ms2011-106, Special Collections, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: William A. Leonard Papers, Ms2011-106, Special Collections, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe processing, arrangement, and description of the William A. Leonard Papers was completed in November 2011. Additional processing and description was completed in December 2011.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The processing, arrangement, and description of the William A. Leonard Papers was completed in November 2011. Additional processing and description was completed in December 2011."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection includes William A. Leonard's letters home from February-July 1865, as well as his diary from August 1864-April 1865. Leonard served as an ambulance driver in and around the siege at Petersburg, which is the focus of his short diary entries. His early letters focus on war news and rumors, daily life, and news from home. Letters following Lee's surrender emphasize Leonard's experiences while stationed around Washington, DC, daily life (including the growing frustrations of soldiers wanting to get home) and his complaint's about the rumors and delays of his regiment's discharge and payment.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAll the letters in this collection were written home to Leonard's parents, usually his mother. He continually reassures her not to worry about him, requests various things from home (especially stamps), and talks about his daily life. He frequently writes about plans for when he gets home. Leonard's religious sentiments also recur throughout his correspondence. He also includes war news and who he has seen, though he reveals his priorities and lack of interest in being a soldier, saying in March 1865:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cblockquote\u003ewe have got a good man to steer the machine, that fellow they call U. S. Grant. Sheridan \u0026amp; Sherman are giving them fits. I have seen Grant \u0026amp; Mede a number of times this summer I had a great deal rather see you + Pa. I dont want to see Nora because she wanted me to go soldiering\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAlthough battle descriptions are not necessarily the focus of Leonard's letters, his 1864 correspondence contains details of being fired upon a Petersburg, of picket duty, and later, of transporting injured men. In June 1865, he writes several letters detailing the sight of unburied dead men and horses and the sound of fighting from the front at Petersburg. In May 1865, he writes of the incompetence of the doctors:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cblockquote\u003eThe Doctors here dont have any thing fit to give any one and the bigest of them dont know how to doctor a hen anyway. They take the wounded men legs and arms off half the time. when there is no need of it, do it practice there has been a number of times I have heard of that...The Doct of the Regt was a clerk in an apothecary shop...\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n \nLeonard's diary begins in August 1864, apparently when he was appointed to drive an ambulance. His entries are short and refer mostly to his daily activities: who or what he was conveying to and from the hospital at City Point outside Petersburg; what letters he sent or received; war news; or when he attended religious meetings. Shortly before the diary ends in April 1865, he notes the firing of guns and cannons \"for the death of abram Lincoln President of the U.S. who was shot by a man by the name of Booth.\" He refers to the death of Lincoln and its effect on the soldiers in several letters, as well. Leonard's own correspondence suggests he kept a previous diary--in August 1864, he inquires if his mother has received the one he sent home--but it is unknown if this diary still exists.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePlease note: Transcripts of the correspondence are available in the collection. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA note about transcripts: Letters are transcribed with original spelling and grammar. Numbers in brackets indicate the page number in the letter. Unreadable words are replaced with a question mark. Uncertain words are in parentheses with a question mark. In general, no additional information was added, except in rare cases were a correct spelling of a name could be supplied, aiding in future research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content","Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection includes William A. Leonard's letters home from February-July 1865, as well as his diary from August 1864-April 1865. Leonard served as an ambulance driver in and around the siege at Petersburg, which is the focus of his short diary entries. His early letters focus on war news and rumors, daily life, and news from home. Letters following Lee's surrender emphasize Leonard's experiences while stationed around Washington, DC, daily life (including the growing frustrations of soldiers wanting to get home) and his complaint's about the rumors and delays of his regiment's discharge and payment.","All the letters in this collection were written home to Leonard's parents, usually his mother. He continually reassures her not to worry about him, requests various things from home (especially stamps), and talks about his daily life. He frequently writes about plans for when he gets home. Leonard's religious sentiments also recur throughout his correspondence. He also includes war news and who he has seen, though he reveals his priorities and lack of interest in being a soldier, saying in March 1865:","we have got a good man to steer the machine, that fellow they call U. S. Grant. Sheridan \u0026 Sherman are giving them fits. I have seen Grant \u0026 Mede a number of times this summer I had a great deal rather see you + Pa. I dont want to see Nora because she wanted me to go soldiering","Although battle descriptions are not necessarily the focus of Leonard's letters, his 1864 correspondence contains details of being fired upon a Petersburg, of picket duty, and later, of transporting injured men. In June 1865, he writes several letters detailing the sight of unburied dead men and horses and the sound of fighting from the front at Petersburg. In May 1865, he writes of the incompetence of the doctors:","The Doctors here dont have any thing fit to give any one and the bigest of them dont know how to doctor a hen anyway. They take the wounded men legs and arms off half the time. when there is no need of it, do it practice there has been a number of times I have heard of that...The Doct of the Regt was a clerk in an apothecary shop... \n \nLeonard's diary begins in August 1864, apparently when he was appointed to drive an ambulance. His entries are short and refer mostly to his daily activities: who or what he was conveying to and from the hospital at City Point outside Petersburg; what letters he sent or received; war news; or when he attended religious meetings. Shortly before the diary ends in April 1865, he notes the firing of guns and cannons \"for the death of abram Lincoln President of the U.S. who was shot by a man by the name of Booth.\" He refers to the death of Lincoln and its effect on the soldiers in several letters, as well. Leonard's own correspondence suggests he kept a previous diary--in August 1864, he inquires if his mother has received the one he sent home--but it is unknown if this diary still exists.","Please note: Transcripts of the correspondence are available in the collection. ","A note about transcripts: Letters are transcribed with original spelling and grammar. Numbers in brackets indicate the page number in the letter. Unreadable words are replaced with a question mark. Uncertain words are in parentheses with a question mark. In general, no additional information was added, except in rare cases were a correct spelling of a name could be supplied, aiding in future research."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish material from William A. Leonard Papers must be obtained from Special Collections, Virginia Tech.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish material from William A. Leonard Papers must be obtained from Special Collections, Virginia Tech."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_6b838a5f71d3f547cf4eb518925dd569\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThe collection includes William A. Leonard's letters home from February-July 1865, as well as his diary from August 1864-April 1865. Leonard served as an ambulance driver in and around the siege at Petersburg, which is the focus of his short diary entries. His early letters focus on war news and rumors, daily life, and news from home. Post-surrender letters emphasize Leonard's experiences while stationed around Washington, DC, daily life (including the growing frustrations of soldiers wanting to get home) and his complaint's about the rumors and delays of his regiment's discharge.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The collection includes William A. Leonard's letters home from February-July 1865, as well as his diary from August 1864-April 1865. Leonard served as an ambulance driver in and around the siege at Petersburg, which is the focus of his short diary entries. His early letters focus on war news and rumors, daily life, and news from home. Post-surrender letters emphasize Leonard's experiences while stationed around Washington, DC, daily life (including the growing frustrations of soldiers wanting to get home) and his complaint's about the rumors and delays of his regiment's discharge."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Leonard, William A., b.1843(?)"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech"],"persname_ssim":["Leonard, William A., b.1843(?)"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"total_component_count_is":5,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T02:33:02.120Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2745"}},{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3546","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"William S. Newton Papers","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3546#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Newton, William S. (William Smith), 1823-1882","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3546#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"American Civil War correspondence, official documents, and other family materials related to William S. Newton, an Ohio doctor who from 1862 to 1865 served as assistant surgeon of the 91st Ohio Volunteer Infantry and surgeon of the 193rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry. Also includes transcripts of Newton's Civil War letters to his wife and children.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3546#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3546","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3546","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3546","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3546","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_3546.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Newton, William S., Papers","title_ssm":["William S. Newton Papers"],"title_tesim":["William S. Newton Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1862-1879"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1862-1879"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Ms.2021.024"],"text":["Ms.2021.024","William S. Newton Papers","Civil War","Medicine, Military -- History","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","The collection is open for research.","The collection is arranged by material type, then chronologically.","William Smith Newton was born on February 6, 1823, near the small town of Harmer, in Washington County, Ohio. The town, now part of Marietta, was located where the Muskingum River flows into the Ohio River, with Virginia (now West Virginia) located on the other side to the south. He was the son of Oren and Elizabeth Fuller Newton. His father, Oren, was an important figure in the community and was involved in farming and the grindstone industry. His grandparents were the early Marietta-area settlers Elias and Alice Stimson Newton.","In 1839 sixteen-year-old Newton enrolled in Marietta College's Latin School, which was a preparatory school for younger students. After two years of study in the Latin School, in fall 1841 he advanced to the Marietta Academy, a preparatory school for the college. The following fall, Newton enrolled as a freshman at Marietta College. He completed his freshman year, 1842–1843, but he did not continue with courses or graduate from Marietta College.","Newton demonstrated an interest in medicine and learned from his cousin Robert Safford Newton, who practiced medicine in Gallipolis and was trained in the emerging field of eclectic medicine. Newton observed his cousin treating patients with eclectic methods, which influenced his decision to enroll as a medical student in fall 1843 at the Medical College of Ohio in Cincinnati. Newton graduated in 1845 from the Medical College of Ohio and returned to Harmar. Similar to an apprenticeship or residency, he began working alongside Seth Hart, a doctor in town. By 1850 Newton had his own medical practice in Harmar. In 1854 Newton and his family relocated to Ironton, Ohio. Newton was the eighth doctor in Ironton at that time. He had an active medical practice in downtown Ironton and frequently advertised in local newspapers.","On October 28, 1845, William married Frances Ann Hayward of Gallipolis. They had seven children during their marriage. Three of their children, Oren Hayward (1846–1858), Lewis Garland (May–October 1848), and Fanny Lillian (1857–1858), died before reaching adulthood. In 1862, when William enlisted in the Union Army, they had three children, Edward (Ned) Seymore (born 1850), Valentine Mott (born 1852), and Kate May (born 1860). Another child, John Beverly (born November 9, 1863), arrived during Newton's military service.","Newton took immediate interest in serving the Union as a surgeon. In August 1862, volunteers from the counties of Adams, Scioto, Lawrence, Gallia, Jackson, and Pike organized at Ironton into five companies of the 91st Ohio Volunteer Infantry. Colonel John A. Turley from Scioto County commanded the regiment with Colonel Benjamin F. Coates second in command. The Army appointed George H. Carpenter as surgeon and John B. Warwick as assistant surgeon for the 91st. Newton received his official appointment as assistant surgeon for the regiment on September 17, 1862.","Newton served as assistant surgeon of the 91st Ohio Volunteer Infantry for most of the American Civil War, with only two exceptions. In October 1863 he became acting surgeon for the 2nd Virginia Cavalry and held that role until February 1864 when he returned to service as assistant surgeon of the 91st. Then, on March 18, 1865, he became surgeon of the 193rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry and kept that post until he mustered out with the regiment on August 9, 1865.","As assistant surgeon Newton managed several hospitals (both in seized buildings and in the field), tended to patients, ordered supplies, arranged for the wounded to return home, and informed families of the loss of a loved one. He quartered with officers in tents and houses, and was in close contact with other soldiers, many of whom he knew because of his medical practice.","Although a non-combatant, Newton was part of several significant military campaigns in West Virginia and Virginia. Following the Battle of Cloyd's Mountain in May 1864, Confederates captured Newton and other medical staff, who were then asked to operate on wounded Confederate General Albert Gallatin Jenkins. The operation, amputation of the left arm, was successful, but Jenkins died after an attendant accidently knocked loose the ligature on a main artery. Thereafter, Newton and the other Union surgeons were sent to Libby Prison in Richmond. After three difficult days at Libby, the surgeons were released. Newton reported ill health due to the imprisonment, but he returned to active duty in July. By that time, the 91st was part of Union General Philip Sheridan's summer campaign in the Shenandoah Valley. Following the Second Battle of Kernstown, Newton and others were dismissed from military service for allegedly straggling behind after the battle. Newton was quickly reinstated following confirmed reports that he had stayed behind in a safe location to avoid capture. Thereafter, Newton managed a large field hospital to care for the many wounded following the Battle of Opequan (Third Battle of Winchester) and the Battle of Cedar Creek. ","By 1865, Newton prepared to return to Ohio as a farmer. On August 9, 1865, he mustered out of the Union Army after three years and four months of service. Instead of becoming a farmer, Newton moved to Gallipolis, opened a medical practice, and served as postmaster from 1867-1875. In 1880, Newton secured an invalid pension. He cited that his capture and brief imprisonment after the Battle of Cloyd's Mountain in 1864 led to his poor health. In mid-November 1882 Newton fell ill from stomach pains. In addition to liver damage, he suffered from ulcers and other internal ailments caused by his wartime service. Newton died on Saturday, November 18, 1882, just a few months shy of his sixtieth birthday. He was buried in the Pine Street Cemetery in Gallipolis.","The guide to the William S. Newton Papers by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ ).","The processing, arrangement, and description of the William S. Newton Papers commenced in fall 2020 and was completed in August 2021.","This collection contains the papers of William S. Newton, documenting the American Civil War experiences of an Ohio surgeon in West Virginia and Virginia from 1862 to 1865. Arranged in four series, the collection includes Civil War correspondence, transcripts of the correspondence, official documents, and other family materials related to William S. Newton.","The bulk of the collection, which is the first series, consists of nearly 170 letters from Newton to his wife and children. His letters document the boredom of camp life, details of battles and skirmishes, and observations on human behavior. Newton's detailed letters cover his living quarters, the extent of southern sentiment in occupied spaces during and after the war, transportation and communication, and the comfort of a good meal. Newton reported on the destruction of the landscape, which had been stripped of anything valuable, including the wooden boards from outhouses. Noteworthy is his description of the role of African Americans in society, both as freed slaves and camp assistants. Newton makes some mention of the politics of the period, especially related to Ohio politics. He provides wartime descriptions of towns such as Charleston, Gallipolis, Fayetteville, Lewisburg, Point Pleasant, and Winchester. ","Newton's letters express a deep interest in family affairs. In fact, two of his children, Ned and Mott, visited him in camp. During the day, while he attended to the sick and wounded, his children would fish in nearby rivers and streams for their evening meal. His letters advised on family matters such as buying and selling property back in Ohio, naming his newborn child, urging his teenage son to live an upstanding life through better penmanship, prescribing medicines to remedy illnesses in the family, and preparing a new farm for his return home. His letters convey a deep sense of loneliness, especially for his wife. Several letters include discussion of the challenges of teenage son Ned, who exhibits behavior issues. Newton pens a few letters directly to Ned to reprimand him. Newton also refers to other family and friends including six of his eight siblings, Stephen, John, Oren, Lucy, Mary Frances, and Douglas.","Newton reports on his work as a surgeon. He managed several hospitals (both in seized buildings and in the field), tended to patients, ordered supplies, arranged for the wounded to return home, and informed families of the loss of a loved one. Newton's letters mention taking care of soldiers whom he knew personally from his medical practice. Although a non-combatant, Newton experienced frequent skirmishes with Confederate raiders and was part of several significant military campaigns. His letters describe significant battles in West Virginia and Virginia, most notably the Second Battle of Kernstown, the Battle of Opequan (Third Battle of Winchester), and the Battle of Cedar Creek. Of note, Newton's October 8, 1867, letter to Ohio Adjutant General Benjamin R. Cowen documents his most harrowing moments during the Civil War—Newton's capture by Confederates following the Battle of Cloyd's Mountain in May 1864, his role in operating on wounded Confederate General Albert Gallatin Jenkins, and his brief imprisonment and release from Libby Prison later that month. Other letters describe his working relationships with officers in the 91st Ohio Volunteer Infantry, especially assistant surgeon John B. Warwick and Colonel Benjamin F. Coates. In fact, Newton purchased a farm from Coates in April 1864.","The second series includes a few letters from other Newton family members written during the Civil War. A third series includes official documents such as pension files and Newton's appointment as postmaster in Gallipolis after the war. Finally, transcripts of the letters from Newton to his wife and children make up the final series.  ","The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions\nmay apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for\nassistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or\ndigitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using\nour reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction .","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can\nbe requested using our publication/exhibition form:\n http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.","American Civil War correspondence, official documents, and other family materials related to William S. Newton, an Ohio doctor who from 1862 to 1865 served as assistant surgeon of the 91st Ohio Volunteer Infantry and surgeon of the 193rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry. Also includes transcripts of Newton's Civil War letters to his wife and children.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Newton, William S. (William Smith), 1823-1882","The materials in the collection are in English."],"unitid_tesim":["Ms.2021.024"],"normalized_title_ssm":["William S. Newton Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["William S. Newton Papers"],"collection_ssim":["William S. Newton Papers"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"creator_ssm":["Newton, William S. (William Smith), 1823-1882"],"creator_ssim":["Newton, William S. (William Smith), 1823-1882"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Newton, William S. (William Smith), 1823-1882"],"creators_ssim":["Newton, William S. (William Smith), 1823-1882"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions\nmay apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for\nassistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or\ndigitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using\nour reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction .","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can\nbe requested using our publication/exhibition form:\n http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The William S. Newton Papers were purchased by Special Collections and University Archives in 2017."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Civil War","Medicine, Military -- History","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Civil War","Medicine, Military -- History","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.5 Cubic Feet 1 box"],"extent_tesim":["0.5 Cubic Feet 1 box"],"date_range_isim":[1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged by material type, then chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged by material type, then chronologically."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWilliam Smith Newton was born on February 6, 1823, near the small town of Harmer, in Washington County, Ohio. The town, now part of Marietta, was located where the Muskingum River flows into the Ohio River, with Virginia (now West Virginia) located on the other side to the south. He was the son of Oren and Elizabeth Fuller Newton. His father, Oren, was an important figure in the community and was involved in farming and the grindstone industry. His grandparents were the early Marietta-area settlers Elias and Alice Stimson Newton.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1839 sixteen-year-old Newton enrolled in Marietta College's Latin School, which was a preparatory school for younger students. After two years of study in the Latin School, in fall 1841 he advanced to the Marietta Academy, a preparatory school for the college. The following fall, Newton enrolled as a freshman at Marietta College. He completed his freshman year, 1842–1843, but he did not continue with courses or graduate from Marietta College.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNewton demonstrated an interest in medicine and learned from his cousin Robert Safford Newton, who practiced medicine in Gallipolis and was trained in the emerging field of eclectic medicine. Newton observed his cousin treating patients with eclectic methods, which influenced his decision to enroll as a medical student in fall 1843 at the Medical College of Ohio in Cincinnati. Newton graduated in 1845 from the Medical College of Ohio and returned to Harmar. Similar to an apprenticeship or residency, he began working alongside Seth Hart, a doctor in town. By 1850 Newton had his own medical practice in Harmar. In 1854 Newton and his family relocated to Ironton, Ohio. Newton was the eighth doctor in Ironton at that time. He had an active medical practice in downtown Ironton and frequently advertised in local newspapers.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOn October 28, 1845, William married Frances Ann Hayward of Gallipolis. They had seven children during their marriage. Three of their children, Oren Hayward (1846–1858), Lewis Garland (May–October 1848), and Fanny Lillian (1857–1858), died before reaching adulthood. In 1862, when William enlisted in the Union Army, they had three children, Edward (Ned) Seymore (born 1850), Valentine Mott (born 1852), and Kate May (born 1860). Another child, John Beverly (born November 9, 1863), arrived during Newton's military service.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNewton took immediate interest in serving the Union as a surgeon. In August 1862, volunteers from the counties of Adams, Scioto, Lawrence, Gallia, Jackson, and Pike organized at Ironton into five companies of the 91st Ohio Volunteer Infantry. Colonel John A. Turley from Scioto County commanded the regiment with Colonel Benjamin F. Coates second in command. The Army appointed George H. Carpenter as surgeon and John B. Warwick as assistant surgeon for the 91st. Newton received his official appointment as assistant surgeon for the regiment on September 17, 1862.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNewton served as assistant surgeon of the 91st Ohio Volunteer Infantry for most of the American Civil War, with only two exceptions. In October 1863 he became acting surgeon for the 2nd Virginia Cavalry and held that role until February 1864 when he returned to service as assistant surgeon of the 91st. Then, on March 18, 1865, he became surgeon of the 193rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry and kept that post until he mustered out with the regiment on August 9, 1865.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAs assistant surgeon Newton managed several hospitals (both in seized buildings and in the field), tended to patients, ordered supplies, arranged for the wounded to return home, and informed families of the loss of a loved one. He quartered with officers in tents and houses, and was in close contact with other soldiers, many of whom he knew because of his medical practice.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAlthough a non-combatant, Newton was part of several significant military campaigns in West Virginia and Virginia. Following the Battle of Cloyd's Mountain in May 1864, Confederates captured Newton and other medical staff, who were then asked to operate on wounded Confederate General Albert Gallatin Jenkins. The operation, amputation of the left arm, was successful, but Jenkins died after an attendant accidently knocked loose the ligature on a main artery. Thereafter, Newton and the other Union surgeons were sent to Libby Prison in Richmond. After three difficult days at Libby, the surgeons were released. Newton reported ill health due to the imprisonment, but he returned to active duty in July. By that time, the 91st was part of Union General Philip Sheridan's summer campaign in the Shenandoah Valley. Following the Second Battle of Kernstown, Newton and others were dismissed from military service for allegedly straggling behind after the battle. Newton was quickly reinstated following confirmed reports that he had stayed behind in a safe location to avoid capture. Thereafter, Newton managed a large field hospital to care for the many wounded following the Battle of Opequan (Third Battle of Winchester) and the Battle of Cedar Creek. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBy 1865, Newton prepared to return to Ohio as a farmer. On August 9, 1865, he mustered out of the Union Army after three years and four months of service. Instead of becoming a farmer, Newton moved to Gallipolis, opened a medical practice, and served as postmaster from 1867-1875. In 1880, Newton secured an invalid pension. He cited that his capture and brief imprisonment after the Battle of Cloyd's Mountain in 1864 led to his poor health. In mid-November 1882 Newton fell ill from stomach pains. In addition to liver damage, he suffered from ulcers and other internal ailments caused by his wartime service. Newton died on Saturday, November 18, 1882, just a few months shy of his sixtieth birthday. He was buried in the Pine Street Cemetery in Gallipolis.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["William Smith Newton was born on February 6, 1823, near the small town of Harmer, in Washington County, Ohio. The town, now part of Marietta, was located where the Muskingum River flows into the Ohio River, with Virginia (now West Virginia) located on the other side to the south. He was the son of Oren and Elizabeth Fuller Newton. His father, Oren, was an important figure in the community and was involved in farming and the grindstone industry. His grandparents were the early Marietta-area settlers Elias and Alice Stimson Newton.","In 1839 sixteen-year-old Newton enrolled in Marietta College's Latin School, which was a preparatory school for younger students. After two years of study in the Latin School, in fall 1841 he advanced to the Marietta Academy, a preparatory school for the college. The following fall, Newton enrolled as a freshman at Marietta College. He completed his freshman year, 1842–1843, but he did not continue with courses or graduate from Marietta College.","Newton demonstrated an interest in medicine and learned from his cousin Robert Safford Newton, who practiced medicine in Gallipolis and was trained in the emerging field of eclectic medicine. Newton observed his cousin treating patients with eclectic methods, which influenced his decision to enroll as a medical student in fall 1843 at the Medical College of Ohio in Cincinnati. Newton graduated in 1845 from the Medical College of Ohio and returned to Harmar. Similar to an apprenticeship or residency, he began working alongside Seth Hart, a doctor in town. By 1850 Newton had his own medical practice in Harmar. In 1854 Newton and his family relocated to Ironton, Ohio. Newton was the eighth doctor in Ironton at that time. He had an active medical practice in downtown Ironton and frequently advertised in local newspapers.","On October 28, 1845, William married Frances Ann Hayward of Gallipolis. They had seven children during their marriage. Three of their children, Oren Hayward (1846–1858), Lewis Garland (May–October 1848), and Fanny Lillian (1857–1858), died before reaching adulthood. In 1862, when William enlisted in the Union Army, they had three children, Edward (Ned) Seymore (born 1850), Valentine Mott (born 1852), and Kate May (born 1860). Another child, John Beverly (born November 9, 1863), arrived during Newton's military service.","Newton took immediate interest in serving the Union as a surgeon. In August 1862, volunteers from the counties of Adams, Scioto, Lawrence, Gallia, Jackson, and Pike organized at Ironton into five companies of the 91st Ohio Volunteer Infantry. Colonel John A. Turley from Scioto County commanded the regiment with Colonel Benjamin F. Coates second in command. The Army appointed George H. Carpenter as surgeon and John B. Warwick as assistant surgeon for the 91st. Newton received his official appointment as assistant surgeon for the regiment on September 17, 1862.","Newton served as assistant surgeon of the 91st Ohio Volunteer Infantry for most of the American Civil War, with only two exceptions. In October 1863 he became acting surgeon for the 2nd Virginia Cavalry and held that role until February 1864 when he returned to service as assistant surgeon of the 91st. Then, on March 18, 1865, he became surgeon of the 193rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry and kept that post until he mustered out with the regiment on August 9, 1865.","As assistant surgeon Newton managed several hospitals (both in seized buildings and in the field), tended to patients, ordered supplies, arranged for the wounded to return home, and informed families of the loss of a loved one. He quartered with officers in tents and houses, and was in close contact with other soldiers, many of whom he knew because of his medical practice.","Although a non-combatant, Newton was part of several significant military campaigns in West Virginia and Virginia. Following the Battle of Cloyd's Mountain in May 1864, Confederates captured Newton and other medical staff, who were then asked to operate on wounded Confederate General Albert Gallatin Jenkins. The operation, amputation of the left arm, was successful, but Jenkins died after an attendant accidently knocked loose the ligature on a main artery. Thereafter, Newton and the other Union surgeons were sent to Libby Prison in Richmond. After three difficult days at Libby, the surgeons were released. Newton reported ill health due to the imprisonment, but he returned to active duty in July. By that time, the 91st was part of Union General Philip Sheridan's summer campaign in the Shenandoah Valley. Following the Second Battle of Kernstown, Newton and others were dismissed from military service for allegedly straggling behind after the battle. Newton was quickly reinstated following confirmed reports that he had stayed behind in a safe location to avoid capture. Thereafter, Newton managed a large field hospital to care for the many wounded following the Battle of Opequan (Third Battle of Winchester) and the Battle of Cedar Creek. ","By 1865, Newton prepared to return to Ohio as a farmer. On August 9, 1865, he mustered out of the Union Army after three years and four months of service. Instead of becoming a farmer, Newton moved to Gallipolis, opened a medical practice, and served as postmaster from 1867-1875. In 1880, Newton secured an invalid pension. He cited that his capture and brief imprisonment after the Battle of Cloyd's Mountain in 1864 led to his poor health. In mid-November 1882 Newton fell ill from stomach pains. In addition to liver damage, he suffered from ulcers and other internal ailments caused by his wartime service. Newton died on Saturday, November 18, 1882, just a few months shy of his sixtieth birthday. He was buried in the Pine Street Cemetery in Gallipolis."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe guide to the William S. Newton Papers by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (\u003cextref href=\"https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\"\u003ehttps://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\u003c/extref\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Rights Statement for Archival Description"],"odd_tesim":["The guide to the William S. Newton Papers by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ )."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], William S. Newton Papers, 1862-1879, Ms2021-024, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], William S. Newton Papers, 1862-1879, Ms2021-024, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe processing, arrangement, and description of the William S. Newton Papers commenced in fall 2020 and was completed in August 2021.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The processing, arrangement, and description of the William S. Newton Papers commenced in fall 2020 and was completed in August 2021."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains the papers of William S. Newton, documenting the American Civil War experiences of an Ohio surgeon in West Virginia and Virginia from 1862 to 1865. Arranged in four series, the collection includes Civil War correspondence, transcripts of the correspondence, official documents, and other family materials related to William S. Newton.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe bulk of the collection, which is the first series, consists of nearly 170 letters from Newton to his wife and children. His letters document the boredom of camp life, details of battles and skirmishes, and observations on human behavior. Newton's detailed letters cover his living quarters, the extent of southern sentiment in occupied spaces during and after the war, transportation and communication, and the comfort of a good meal. Newton reported on the destruction of the landscape, which had been stripped of anything valuable, including the wooden boards from outhouses. Noteworthy is his description of the role of African Americans in society, both as freed slaves and camp assistants. Newton makes some mention of the politics of the period, especially related to Ohio politics. He provides wartime descriptions of towns such as Charleston, Gallipolis, Fayetteville, Lewisburg, Point Pleasant, and Winchester. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNewton's letters express a deep interest in family affairs. In fact, two of his children, Ned and Mott, visited him in camp. During the day, while he attended to the sick and wounded, his children would fish in nearby rivers and streams for their evening meal. His letters advised on family matters such as buying and selling property back in Ohio, naming his newborn child, urging his teenage son to live an upstanding life through better penmanship, prescribing medicines to remedy illnesses in the family, and preparing a new farm for his return home. His letters convey a deep sense of loneliness, especially for his wife. Several letters include discussion of the challenges of teenage son Ned, who exhibits behavior issues. Newton pens a few letters directly to Ned to reprimand him. Newton also refers to other family and friends including six of his eight siblings, Stephen, John, Oren, Lucy, Mary Frances, and Douglas.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNewton reports on his work as a surgeon. He managed several hospitals (both in seized buildings and in the field), tended to patients, ordered supplies, arranged for the wounded to return home, and informed families of the loss of a loved one. Newton's letters mention taking care of soldiers whom he knew personally from his medical practice. Although a non-combatant, Newton experienced frequent skirmishes with Confederate raiders and was part of several significant military campaigns. His letters describe significant battles in West Virginia and Virginia, most notably the Second Battle of Kernstown, the Battle of Opequan (Third Battle of Winchester), and the Battle of Cedar Creek. Of note, Newton's October 8, 1867, letter to Ohio Adjutant General Benjamin R. Cowen documents his most harrowing moments during the Civil War—Newton's capture by Confederates following the Battle of Cloyd's Mountain in May 1864, his role in operating on wounded Confederate General Albert Gallatin Jenkins, and his brief imprisonment and release from Libby Prison later that month. Other letters describe his working relationships with officers in the 91st Ohio Volunteer Infantry, especially assistant surgeon John B. Warwick and Colonel Benjamin F. Coates. In fact, Newton purchased a farm from Coates in April 1864.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe second series includes a few letters from other Newton family members written during the Civil War. A third series includes official documents such as pension files and Newton's appointment as postmaster in Gallipolis after the war. Finally, transcripts of the letters from Newton to his wife and children make up the final series.  \u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains the papers of William S. Newton, documenting the American Civil War experiences of an Ohio surgeon in West Virginia and Virginia from 1862 to 1865. Arranged in four series, the collection includes Civil War correspondence, transcripts of the correspondence, official documents, and other family materials related to William S. Newton.","The bulk of the collection, which is the first series, consists of nearly 170 letters from Newton to his wife and children. His letters document the boredom of camp life, details of battles and skirmishes, and observations on human behavior. Newton's detailed letters cover his living quarters, the extent of southern sentiment in occupied spaces during and after the war, transportation and communication, and the comfort of a good meal. Newton reported on the destruction of the landscape, which had been stripped of anything valuable, including the wooden boards from outhouses. Noteworthy is his description of the role of African Americans in society, both as freed slaves and camp assistants. Newton makes some mention of the politics of the period, especially related to Ohio politics. He provides wartime descriptions of towns such as Charleston, Gallipolis, Fayetteville, Lewisburg, Point Pleasant, and Winchester. ","Newton's letters express a deep interest in family affairs. In fact, two of his children, Ned and Mott, visited him in camp. During the day, while he attended to the sick and wounded, his children would fish in nearby rivers and streams for their evening meal. His letters advised on family matters such as buying and selling property back in Ohio, naming his newborn child, urging his teenage son to live an upstanding life through better penmanship, prescribing medicines to remedy illnesses in the family, and preparing a new farm for his return home. His letters convey a deep sense of loneliness, especially for his wife. Several letters include discussion of the challenges of teenage son Ned, who exhibits behavior issues. Newton pens a few letters directly to Ned to reprimand him. Newton also refers to other family and friends including six of his eight siblings, Stephen, John, Oren, Lucy, Mary Frances, and Douglas.","Newton reports on his work as a surgeon. He managed several hospitals (both in seized buildings and in the field), tended to patients, ordered supplies, arranged for the wounded to return home, and informed families of the loss of a loved one. Newton's letters mention taking care of soldiers whom he knew personally from his medical practice. Although a non-combatant, Newton experienced frequent skirmishes with Confederate raiders and was part of several significant military campaigns. His letters describe significant battles in West Virginia and Virginia, most notably the Second Battle of Kernstown, the Battle of Opequan (Third Battle of Winchester), and the Battle of Cedar Creek. Of note, Newton's October 8, 1867, letter to Ohio Adjutant General Benjamin R. Cowen documents his most harrowing moments during the Civil War—Newton's capture by Confederates following the Battle of Cloyd's Mountain in May 1864, his role in operating on wounded Confederate General Albert Gallatin Jenkins, and his brief imprisonment and release from Libby Prison later that month. Other letters describe his working relationships with officers in the 91st Ohio Volunteer Infantry, especially assistant surgeon John B. Warwick and Colonel Benjamin F. Coates. In fact, Newton purchased a farm from Coates in April 1864.","The second series includes a few letters from other Newton family members written during the Civil War. A third series includes official documents such as pension files and Newton's appointment as postmaster in Gallipolis after the war. Finally, transcripts of the letters from Newton to his wife and children make up the final series.  "],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions\nmay apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for\nassistance in determining the use of these materials. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or\ndigitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using\nour reproduction/digitization form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuareproduction\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can\nbe requested using our publication/exhibition form:\n\u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuapublication\u003c/a\u003e. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Reproduction and Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions\nmay apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for\nassistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or\ndigitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using\nour reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction .","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can\nbe requested using our publication/exhibition form:\n http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_d1865b72f1530e0f5d9526e57ab14ca8\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eAmerican Civil War correspondence, official documents, and other family materials related to William S. Newton, an Ohio doctor who from 1862 to 1865 served as assistant surgeon of the 91st Ohio Volunteer Infantry and surgeon of the 193rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry. Also includes transcripts of Newton's Civil War letters to his wife and children.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["American Civil War correspondence, official documents, and other family materials related to William S. Newton, an Ohio doctor who from 1862 to 1865 served as assistant surgeon of the 91st Ohio Volunteer Infantry and surgeon of the 193rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry. Also includes transcripts of Newton's Civil War letters to his wife and children."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Newton, William S. (William Smith), 1823-1882"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech"],"persname_ssim":["Newton, William S. (William Smith), 1823-1882"],"language_ssim":["The materials in the collection are in English."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":20,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T02:30:56.100Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3546","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3546","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3546","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3546","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_3546.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Newton, William S., Papers","title_ssm":["William S. Newton Papers"],"title_tesim":["William S. Newton Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1862-1879"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1862-1879"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Ms.2021.024"],"text":["Ms.2021.024","William S. Newton Papers","Civil War","Medicine, Military -- History","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","The collection is open for research.","The collection is arranged by material type, then chronologically.","William Smith Newton was born on February 6, 1823, near the small town of Harmer, in Washington County, Ohio. The town, now part of Marietta, was located where the Muskingum River flows into the Ohio River, with Virginia (now West Virginia) located on the other side to the south. He was the son of Oren and Elizabeth Fuller Newton. His father, Oren, was an important figure in the community and was involved in farming and the grindstone industry. His grandparents were the early Marietta-area settlers Elias and Alice Stimson Newton.","In 1839 sixteen-year-old Newton enrolled in Marietta College's Latin School, which was a preparatory school for younger students. After two years of study in the Latin School, in fall 1841 he advanced to the Marietta Academy, a preparatory school for the college. The following fall, Newton enrolled as a freshman at Marietta College. He completed his freshman year, 1842–1843, but he did not continue with courses or graduate from Marietta College.","Newton demonstrated an interest in medicine and learned from his cousin Robert Safford Newton, who practiced medicine in Gallipolis and was trained in the emerging field of eclectic medicine. Newton observed his cousin treating patients with eclectic methods, which influenced his decision to enroll as a medical student in fall 1843 at the Medical College of Ohio in Cincinnati. Newton graduated in 1845 from the Medical College of Ohio and returned to Harmar. Similar to an apprenticeship or residency, he began working alongside Seth Hart, a doctor in town. By 1850 Newton had his own medical practice in Harmar. In 1854 Newton and his family relocated to Ironton, Ohio. Newton was the eighth doctor in Ironton at that time. He had an active medical practice in downtown Ironton and frequently advertised in local newspapers.","On October 28, 1845, William married Frances Ann Hayward of Gallipolis. They had seven children during their marriage. Three of their children, Oren Hayward (1846–1858), Lewis Garland (May–October 1848), and Fanny Lillian (1857–1858), died before reaching adulthood. In 1862, when William enlisted in the Union Army, they had three children, Edward (Ned) Seymore (born 1850), Valentine Mott (born 1852), and Kate May (born 1860). Another child, John Beverly (born November 9, 1863), arrived during Newton's military service.","Newton took immediate interest in serving the Union as a surgeon. In August 1862, volunteers from the counties of Adams, Scioto, Lawrence, Gallia, Jackson, and Pike organized at Ironton into five companies of the 91st Ohio Volunteer Infantry. Colonel John A. Turley from Scioto County commanded the regiment with Colonel Benjamin F. Coates second in command. The Army appointed George H. Carpenter as surgeon and John B. Warwick as assistant surgeon for the 91st. Newton received his official appointment as assistant surgeon for the regiment on September 17, 1862.","Newton served as assistant surgeon of the 91st Ohio Volunteer Infantry for most of the American Civil War, with only two exceptions. In October 1863 he became acting surgeon for the 2nd Virginia Cavalry and held that role until February 1864 when he returned to service as assistant surgeon of the 91st. Then, on March 18, 1865, he became surgeon of the 193rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry and kept that post until he mustered out with the regiment on August 9, 1865.","As assistant surgeon Newton managed several hospitals (both in seized buildings and in the field), tended to patients, ordered supplies, arranged for the wounded to return home, and informed families of the loss of a loved one. He quartered with officers in tents and houses, and was in close contact with other soldiers, many of whom he knew because of his medical practice.","Although a non-combatant, Newton was part of several significant military campaigns in West Virginia and Virginia. Following the Battle of Cloyd's Mountain in May 1864, Confederates captured Newton and other medical staff, who were then asked to operate on wounded Confederate General Albert Gallatin Jenkins. The operation, amputation of the left arm, was successful, but Jenkins died after an attendant accidently knocked loose the ligature on a main artery. Thereafter, Newton and the other Union surgeons were sent to Libby Prison in Richmond. After three difficult days at Libby, the surgeons were released. Newton reported ill health due to the imprisonment, but he returned to active duty in July. By that time, the 91st was part of Union General Philip Sheridan's summer campaign in the Shenandoah Valley. Following the Second Battle of Kernstown, Newton and others were dismissed from military service for allegedly straggling behind after the battle. Newton was quickly reinstated following confirmed reports that he had stayed behind in a safe location to avoid capture. Thereafter, Newton managed a large field hospital to care for the many wounded following the Battle of Opequan (Third Battle of Winchester) and the Battle of Cedar Creek. ","By 1865, Newton prepared to return to Ohio as a farmer. On August 9, 1865, he mustered out of the Union Army after three years and four months of service. Instead of becoming a farmer, Newton moved to Gallipolis, opened a medical practice, and served as postmaster from 1867-1875. In 1880, Newton secured an invalid pension. He cited that his capture and brief imprisonment after the Battle of Cloyd's Mountain in 1864 led to his poor health. In mid-November 1882 Newton fell ill from stomach pains. In addition to liver damage, he suffered from ulcers and other internal ailments caused by his wartime service. Newton died on Saturday, November 18, 1882, just a few months shy of his sixtieth birthday. He was buried in the Pine Street Cemetery in Gallipolis.","The guide to the William S. Newton Papers by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ ).","The processing, arrangement, and description of the William S. Newton Papers commenced in fall 2020 and was completed in August 2021.","This collection contains the papers of William S. Newton, documenting the American Civil War experiences of an Ohio surgeon in West Virginia and Virginia from 1862 to 1865. Arranged in four series, the collection includes Civil War correspondence, transcripts of the correspondence, official documents, and other family materials related to William S. Newton.","The bulk of the collection, which is the first series, consists of nearly 170 letters from Newton to his wife and children. His letters document the boredom of camp life, details of battles and skirmishes, and observations on human behavior. Newton's detailed letters cover his living quarters, the extent of southern sentiment in occupied spaces during and after the war, transportation and communication, and the comfort of a good meal. Newton reported on the destruction of the landscape, which had been stripped of anything valuable, including the wooden boards from outhouses. Noteworthy is his description of the role of African Americans in society, both as freed slaves and camp assistants. Newton makes some mention of the politics of the period, especially related to Ohio politics. He provides wartime descriptions of towns such as Charleston, Gallipolis, Fayetteville, Lewisburg, Point Pleasant, and Winchester. ","Newton's letters express a deep interest in family affairs. In fact, two of his children, Ned and Mott, visited him in camp. During the day, while he attended to the sick and wounded, his children would fish in nearby rivers and streams for their evening meal. His letters advised on family matters such as buying and selling property back in Ohio, naming his newborn child, urging his teenage son to live an upstanding life through better penmanship, prescribing medicines to remedy illnesses in the family, and preparing a new farm for his return home. His letters convey a deep sense of loneliness, especially for his wife. Several letters include discussion of the challenges of teenage son Ned, who exhibits behavior issues. Newton pens a few letters directly to Ned to reprimand him. Newton also refers to other family and friends including six of his eight siblings, Stephen, John, Oren, Lucy, Mary Frances, and Douglas.","Newton reports on his work as a surgeon. He managed several hospitals (both in seized buildings and in the field), tended to patients, ordered supplies, arranged for the wounded to return home, and informed families of the loss of a loved one. Newton's letters mention taking care of soldiers whom he knew personally from his medical practice. Although a non-combatant, Newton experienced frequent skirmishes with Confederate raiders and was part of several significant military campaigns. His letters describe significant battles in West Virginia and Virginia, most notably the Second Battle of Kernstown, the Battle of Opequan (Third Battle of Winchester), and the Battle of Cedar Creek. Of note, Newton's October 8, 1867, letter to Ohio Adjutant General Benjamin R. Cowen documents his most harrowing moments during the Civil War—Newton's capture by Confederates following the Battle of Cloyd's Mountain in May 1864, his role in operating on wounded Confederate General Albert Gallatin Jenkins, and his brief imprisonment and release from Libby Prison later that month. Other letters describe his working relationships with officers in the 91st Ohio Volunteer Infantry, especially assistant surgeon John B. Warwick and Colonel Benjamin F. Coates. In fact, Newton purchased a farm from Coates in April 1864.","The second series includes a few letters from other Newton family members written during the Civil War. A third series includes official documents such as pension files and Newton's appointment as postmaster in Gallipolis after the war. Finally, transcripts of the letters from Newton to his wife and children make up the final series.  ","The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions\nmay apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for\nassistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or\ndigitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using\nour reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction .","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can\nbe requested using our publication/exhibition form:\n http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.","American Civil War correspondence, official documents, and other family materials related to William S. Newton, an Ohio doctor who from 1862 to 1865 served as assistant surgeon of the 91st Ohio Volunteer Infantry and surgeon of the 193rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry. Also includes transcripts of Newton's Civil War letters to his wife and children.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Newton, William S. (William Smith), 1823-1882","The materials in the collection are in English."],"unitid_tesim":["Ms.2021.024"],"normalized_title_ssm":["William S. Newton Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["William S. Newton Papers"],"collection_ssim":["William S. Newton Papers"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"creator_ssm":["Newton, William S. (William Smith), 1823-1882"],"creator_ssim":["Newton, William S. (William Smith), 1823-1882"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Newton, William S. (William Smith), 1823-1882"],"creators_ssim":["Newton, William S. (William Smith), 1823-1882"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions\nmay apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for\nassistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or\ndigitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using\nour reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction .","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can\nbe requested using our publication/exhibition form:\n http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The William S. Newton Papers were purchased by Special Collections and University Archives in 2017."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Civil War","Medicine, Military -- History","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Civil War","Medicine, Military -- History","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.5 Cubic Feet 1 box"],"extent_tesim":["0.5 Cubic Feet 1 box"],"date_range_isim":[1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged by material type, then chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged by material type, then chronologically."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWilliam Smith Newton was born on February 6, 1823, near the small town of Harmer, in Washington County, Ohio. The town, now part of Marietta, was located where the Muskingum River flows into the Ohio River, with Virginia (now West Virginia) located on the other side to the south. He was the son of Oren and Elizabeth Fuller Newton. His father, Oren, was an important figure in the community and was involved in farming and the grindstone industry. His grandparents were the early Marietta-area settlers Elias and Alice Stimson Newton.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1839 sixteen-year-old Newton enrolled in Marietta College's Latin School, which was a preparatory school for younger students. After two years of study in the Latin School, in fall 1841 he advanced to the Marietta Academy, a preparatory school for the college. The following fall, Newton enrolled as a freshman at Marietta College. He completed his freshman year, 1842–1843, but he did not continue with courses or graduate from Marietta College.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNewton demonstrated an interest in medicine and learned from his cousin Robert Safford Newton, who practiced medicine in Gallipolis and was trained in the emerging field of eclectic medicine. Newton observed his cousin treating patients with eclectic methods, which influenced his decision to enroll as a medical student in fall 1843 at the Medical College of Ohio in Cincinnati. Newton graduated in 1845 from the Medical College of Ohio and returned to Harmar. Similar to an apprenticeship or residency, he began working alongside Seth Hart, a doctor in town. By 1850 Newton had his own medical practice in Harmar. In 1854 Newton and his family relocated to Ironton, Ohio. Newton was the eighth doctor in Ironton at that time. He had an active medical practice in downtown Ironton and frequently advertised in local newspapers.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOn October 28, 1845, William married Frances Ann Hayward of Gallipolis. They had seven children during their marriage. Three of their children, Oren Hayward (1846–1858), Lewis Garland (May–October 1848), and Fanny Lillian (1857–1858), died before reaching adulthood. In 1862, when William enlisted in the Union Army, they had three children, Edward (Ned) Seymore (born 1850), Valentine Mott (born 1852), and Kate May (born 1860). Another child, John Beverly (born November 9, 1863), arrived during Newton's military service.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNewton took immediate interest in serving the Union as a surgeon. In August 1862, volunteers from the counties of Adams, Scioto, Lawrence, Gallia, Jackson, and Pike organized at Ironton into five companies of the 91st Ohio Volunteer Infantry. Colonel John A. Turley from Scioto County commanded the regiment with Colonel Benjamin F. Coates second in command. The Army appointed George H. Carpenter as surgeon and John B. Warwick as assistant surgeon for the 91st. Newton received his official appointment as assistant surgeon for the regiment on September 17, 1862.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNewton served as assistant surgeon of the 91st Ohio Volunteer Infantry for most of the American Civil War, with only two exceptions. In October 1863 he became acting surgeon for the 2nd Virginia Cavalry and held that role until February 1864 when he returned to service as assistant surgeon of the 91st. Then, on March 18, 1865, he became surgeon of the 193rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry and kept that post until he mustered out with the regiment on August 9, 1865.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAs assistant surgeon Newton managed several hospitals (both in seized buildings and in the field), tended to patients, ordered supplies, arranged for the wounded to return home, and informed families of the loss of a loved one. He quartered with officers in tents and houses, and was in close contact with other soldiers, many of whom he knew because of his medical practice.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAlthough a non-combatant, Newton was part of several significant military campaigns in West Virginia and Virginia. Following the Battle of Cloyd's Mountain in May 1864, Confederates captured Newton and other medical staff, who were then asked to operate on wounded Confederate General Albert Gallatin Jenkins. The operation, amputation of the left arm, was successful, but Jenkins died after an attendant accidently knocked loose the ligature on a main artery. Thereafter, Newton and the other Union surgeons were sent to Libby Prison in Richmond. After three difficult days at Libby, the surgeons were released. Newton reported ill health due to the imprisonment, but he returned to active duty in July. By that time, the 91st was part of Union General Philip Sheridan's summer campaign in the Shenandoah Valley. Following the Second Battle of Kernstown, Newton and others were dismissed from military service for allegedly straggling behind after the battle. Newton was quickly reinstated following confirmed reports that he had stayed behind in a safe location to avoid capture. Thereafter, Newton managed a large field hospital to care for the many wounded following the Battle of Opequan (Third Battle of Winchester) and the Battle of Cedar Creek. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBy 1865, Newton prepared to return to Ohio as a farmer. On August 9, 1865, he mustered out of the Union Army after three years and four months of service. Instead of becoming a farmer, Newton moved to Gallipolis, opened a medical practice, and served as postmaster from 1867-1875. In 1880, Newton secured an invalid pension. He cited that his capture and brief imprisonment after the Battle of Cloyd's Mountain in 1864 led to his poor health. In mid-November 1882 Newton fell ill from stomach pains. In addition to liver damage, he suffered from ulcers and other internal ailments caused by his wartime service. Newton died on Saturday, November 18, 1882, just a few months shy of his sixtieth birthday. He was buried in the Pine Street Cemetery in Gallipolis.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["William Smith Newton was born on February 6, 1823, near the small town of Harmer, in Washington County, Ohio. The town, now part of Marietta, was located where the Muskingum River flows into the Ohio River, with Virginia (now West Virginia) located on the other side to the south. He was the son of Oren and Elizabeth Fuller Newton. His father, Oren, was an important figure in the community and was involved in farming and the grindstone industry. His grandparents were the early Marietta-area settlers Elias and Alice Stimson Newton.","In 1839 sixteen-year-old Newton enrolled in Marietta College's Latin School, which was a preparatory school for younger students. After two years of study in the Latin School, in fall 1841 he advanced to the Marietta Academy, a preparatory school for the college. The following fall, Newton enrolled as a freshman at Marietta College. He completed his freshman year, 1842–1843, but he did not continue with courses or graduate from Marietta College.","Newton demonstrated an interest in medicine and learned from his cousin Robert Safford Newton, who practiced medicine in Gallipolis and was trained in the emerging field of eclectic medicine. Newton observed his cousin treating patients with eclectic methods, which influenced his decision to enroll as a medical student in fall 1843 at the Medical College of Ohio in Cincinnati. Newton graduated in 1845 from the Medical College of Ohio and returned to Harmar. Similar to an apprenticeship or residency, he began working alongside Seth Hart, a doctor in town. By 1850 Newton had his own medical practice in Harmar. In 1854 Newton and his family relocated to Ironton, Ohio. Newton was the eighth doctor in Ironton at that time. He had an active medical practice in downtown Ironton and frequently advertised in local newspapers.","On October 28, 1845, William married Frances Ann Hayward of Gallipolis. They had seven children during their marriage. Three of their children, Oren Hayward (1846–1858), Lewis Garland (May–October 1848), and Fanny Lillian (1857–1858), died before reaching adulthood. In 1862, when William enlisted in the Union Army, they had three children, Edward (Ned) Seymore (born 1850), Valentine Mott (born 1852), and Kate May (born 1860). Another child, John Beverly (born November 9, 1863), arrived during Newton's military service.","Newton took immediate interest in serving the Union as a surgeon. In August 1862, volunteers from the counties of Adams, Scioto, Lawrence, Gallia, Jackson, and Pike organized at Ironton into five companies of the 91st Ohio Volunteer Infantry. Colonel John A. Turley from Scioto County commanded the regiment with Colonel Benjamin F. Coates second in command. The Army appointed George H. Carpenter as surgeon and John B. Warwick as assistant surgeon for the 91st. Newton received his official appointment as assistant surgeon for the regiment on September 17, 1862.","Newton served as assistant surgeon of the 91st Ohio Volunteer Infantry for most of the American Civil War, with only two exceptions. In October 1863 he became acting surgeon for the 2nd Virginia Cavalry and held that role until February 1864 when he returned to service as assistant surgeon of the 91st. Then, on March 18, 1865, he became surgeon of the 193rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry and kept that post until he mustered out with the regiment on August 9, 1865.","As assistant surgeon Newton managed several hospitals (both in seized buildings and in the field), tended to patients, ordered supplies, arranged for the wounded to return home, and informed families of the loss of a loved one. He quartered with officers in tents and houses, and was in close contact with other soldiers, many of whom he knew because of his medical practice.","Although a non-combatant, Newton was part of several significant military campaigns in West Virginia and Virginia. Following the Battle of Cloyd's Mountain in May 1864, Confederates captured Newton and other medical staff, who were then asked to operate on wounded Confederate General Albert Gallatin Jenkins. The operation, amputation of the left arm, was successful, but Jenkins died after an attendant accidently knocked loose the ligature on a main artery. Thereafter, Newton and the other Union surgeons were sent to Libby Prison in Richmond. After three difficult days at Libby, the surgeons were released. Newton reported ill health due to the imprisonment, but he returned to active duty in July. By that time, the 91st was part of Union General Philip Sheridan's summer campaign in the Shenandoah Valley. Following the Second Battle of Kernstown, Newton and others were dismissed from military service for allegedly straggling behind after the battle. Newton was quickly reinstated following confirmed reports that he had stayed behind in a safe location to avoid capture. Thereafter, Newton managed a large field hospital to care for the many wounded following the Battle of Opequan (Third Battle of Winchester) and the Battle of Cedar Creek. ","By 1865, Newton prepared to return to Ohio as a farmer. On August 9, 1865, he mustered out of the Union Army after three years and four months of service. Instead of becoming a farmer, Newton moved to Gallipolis, opened a medical practice, and served as postmaster from 1867-1875. In 1880, Newton secured an invalid pension. He cited that his capture and brief imprisonment after the Battle of Cloyd's Mountain in 1864 led to his poor health. In mid-November 1882 Newton fell ill from stomach pains. In addition to liver damage, he suffered from ulcers and other internal ailments caused by his wartime service. Newton died on Saturday, November 18, 1882, just a few months shy of his sixtieth birthday. He was buried in the Pine Street Cemetery in Gallipolis."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe guide to the William S. Newton Papers by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (\u003cextref href=\"https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\"\u003ehttps://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\u003c/extref\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Rights Statement for Archival Description"],"odd_tesim":["The guide to the William S. Newton Papers by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ )."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], William S. Newton Papers, 1862-1879, Ms2021-024, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], William S. Newton Papers, 1862-1879, Ms2021-024, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe processing, arrangement, and description of the William S. Newton Papers commenced in fall 2020 and was completed in August 2021.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The processing, arrangement, and description of the William S. Newton Papers commenced in fall 2020 and was completed in August 2021."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains the papers of William S. Newton, documenting the American Civil War experiences of an Ohio surgeon in West Virginia and Virginia from 1862 to 1865. Arranged in four series, the collection includes Civil War correspondence, transcripts of the correspondence, official documents, and other family materials related to William S. Newton.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe bulk of the collection, which is the first series, consists of nearly 170 letters from Newton to his wife and children. His letters document the boredom of camp life, details of battles and skirmishes, and observations on human behavior. Newton's detailed letters cover his living quarters, the extent of southern sentiment in occupied spaces during and after the war, transportation and communication, and the comfort of a good meal. Newton reported on the destruction of the landscape, which had been stripped of anything valuable, including the wooden boards from outhouses. Noteworthy is his description of the role of African Americans in society, both as freed slaves and camp assistants. Newton makes some mention of the politics of the period, especially related to Ohio politics. He provides wartime descriptions of towns such as Charleston, Gallipolis, Fayetteville, Lewisburg, Point Pleasant, and Winchester. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNewton's letters express a deep interest in family affairs. In fact, two of his children, Ned and Mott, visited him in camp. During the day, while he attended to the sick and wounded, his children would fish in nearby rivers and streams for their evening meal. His letters advised on family matters such as buying and selling property back in Ohio, naming his newborn child, urging his teenage son to live an upstanding life through better penmanship, prescribing medicines to remedy illnesses in the family, and preparing a new farm for his return home. His letters convey a deep sense of loneliness, especially for his wife. Several letters include discussion of the challenges of teenage son Ned, who exhibits behavior issues. Newton pens a few letters directly to Ned to reprimand him. Newton also refers to other family and friends including six of his eight siblings, Stephen, John, Oren, Lucy, Mary Frances, and Douglas.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNewton reports on his work as a surgeon. He managed several hospitals (both in seized buildings and in the field), tended to patients, ordered supplies, arranged for the wounded to return home, and informed families of the loss of a loved one. Newton's letters mention taking care of soldiers whom he knew personally from his medical practice. Although a non-combatant, Newton experienced frequent skirmishes with Confederate raiders and was part of several significant military campaigns. His letters describe significant battles in West Virginia and Virginia, most notably the Second Battle of Kernstown, the Battle of Opequan (Third Battle of Winchester), and the Battle of Cedar Creek. Of note, Newton's October 8, 1867, letter to Ohio Adjutant General Benjamin R. Cowen documents his most harrowing moments during the Civil War—Newton's capture by Confederates following the Battle of Cloyd's Mountain in May 1864, his role in operating on wounded Confederate General Albert Gallatin Jenkins, and his brief imprisonment and release from Libby Prison later that month. Other letters describe his working relationships with officers in the 91st Ohio Volunteer Infantry, especially assistant surgeon John B. Warwick and Colonel Benjamin F. Coates. In fact, Newton purchased a farm from Coates in April 1864.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe second series includes a few letters from other Newton family members written during the Civil War. A third series includes official documents such as pension files and Newton's appointment as postmaster in Gallipolis after the war. Finally, transcripts of the letters from Newton to his wife and children make up the final series.  \u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains the papers of William S. Newton, documenting the American Civil War experiences of an Ohio surgeon in West Virginia and Virginia from 1862 to 1865. Arranged in four series, the collection includes Civil War correspondence, transcripts of the correspondence, official documents, and other family materials related to William S. Newton.","The bulk of the collection, which is the first series, consists of nearly 170 letters from Newton to his wife and children. His letters document the boredom of camp life, details of battles and skirmishes, and observations on human behavior. Newton's detailed letters cover his living quarters, the extent of southern sentiment in occupied spaces during and after the war, transportation and communication, and the comfort of a good meal. Newton reported on the destruction of the landscape, which had been stripped of anything valuable, including the wooden boards from outhouses. Noteworthy is his description of the role of African Americans in society, both as freed slaves and camp assistants. Newton makes some mention of the politics of the period, especially related to Ohio politics. He provides wartime descriptions of towns such as Charleston, Gallipolis, Fayetteville, Lewisburg, Point Pleasant, and Winchester. ","Newton's letters express a deep interest in family affairs. In fact, two of his children, Ned and Mott, visited him in camp. During the day, while he attended to the sick and wounded, his children would fish in nearby rivers and streams for their evening meal. His letters advised on family matters such as buying and selling property back in Ohio, naming his newborn child, urging his teenage son to live an upstanding life through better penmanship, prescribing medicines to remedy illnesses in the family, and preparing a new farm for his return home. His letters convey a deep sense of loneliness, especially for his wife. Several letters include discussion of the challenges of teenage son Ned, who exhibits behavior issues. Newton pens a few letters directly to Ned to reprimand him. Newton also refers to other family and friends including six of his eight siblings, Stephen, John, Oren, Lucy, Mary Frances, and Douglas.","Newton reports on his work as a surgeon. He managed several hospitals (both in seized buildings and in the field), tended to patients, ordered supplies, arranged for the wounded to return home, and informed families of the loss of a loved one. Newton's letters mention taking care of soldiers whom he knew personally from his medical practice. Although a non-combatant, Newton experienced frequent skirmishes with Confederate raiders and was part of several significant military campaigns. His letters describe significant battles in West Virginia and Virginia, most notably the Second Battle of Kernstown, the Battle of Opequan (Third Battle of Winchester), and the Battle of Cedar Creek. Of note, Newton's October 8, 1867, letter to Ohio Adjutant General Benjamin R. Cowen documents his most harrowing moments during the Civil War—Newton's capture by Confederates following the Battle of Cloyd's Mountain in May 1864, his role in operating on wounded Confederate General Albert Gallatin Jenkins, and his brief imprisonment and release from Libby Prison later that month. Other letters describe his working relationships with officers in the 91st Ohio Volunteer Infantry, especially assistant surgeon John B. Warwick and Colonel Benjamin F. Coates. In fact, Newton purchased a farm from Coates in April 1864.","The second series includes a few letters from other Newton family members written during the Civil War. A third series includes official documents such as pension files and Newton's appointment as postmaster in Gallipolis after the war. Finally, transcripts of the letters from Newton to his wife and children make up the final series.  "],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions\nmay apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for\nassistance in determining the use of these materials. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or\ndigitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using\nour reproduction/digitization form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuareproduction\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can\nbe requested using our publication/exhibition form:\n\u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuapublication\u003c/a\u003e. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Reproduction and Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions\nmay apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for\nassistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or\ndigitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using\nour reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction .","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can\nbe requested using our publication/exhibition form:\n http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_d1865b72f1530e0f5d9526e57ab14ca8\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eAmerican Civil War correspondence, official documents, and other family materials related to William S. Newton, an Ohio doctor who from 1862 to 1865 served as assistant surgeon of the 91st Ohio Volunteer Infantry and surgeon of the 193rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry. Also includes transcripts of Newton's Civil War letters to his wife and children.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["American Civil War correspondence, official documents, and other family materials related to William S. Newton, an Ohio doctor who from 1862 to 1865 served as assistant surgeon of the 91st Ohio Volunteer Infantry and surgeon of the 193rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry. Also includes transcripts of Newton's Civil War letters to his wife and children."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Newton, William S. (William Smith), 1823-1882"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech"],"persname_ssim":["Newton, William S. (William Smith), 1823-1882"],"language_ssim":["The materials in the collection are in English."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":20,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T02:30:56.100Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3546"}},{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2829","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"William W. Barnett Diary,","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2829#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Barnett, William W., 1840-1876 (8th Regiment, Pennsylvania Reserve Infantry (37th Volunteers))","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2829#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Diary for the year 1862 by William W. Barnett, a private in the 8th Pennsylvania Reserve Volunteer Corps.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2829#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2829","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2829","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2829","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2829","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_2829.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Barnett, William W., Diary","title_ssm":["William W. Barnett Diary,"],"title_tesim":["William W. Barnett Diary,"],"unitdate_ssm":["1862"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1862"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Ms.2012.075"],"text":["Ms.2012.075","William W. Barnett Diary,","Civil War","Folk, historical, and patent medicine","Medicine","Medicine, Military -- History","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Diaries","Collection is open for research.","William W. Barnett was born in Pennsylvania on 15 September 1840 and raised in Armstrong Co. in western Pennsylvania by parents Alexander and Hannah Barnett. The 1860 census shows him living in the Borough of Freeport of that county as a 19 year-old student with his parents; brothers Henry B. (age 21), Robert A. (age 10), Hezekiah W. (age 9); and sister Emily W. (age 16). He enlisted as a private in Co. A, 8th Pennsylvania Reserve Volunteer Corps (PRVC), also known as the 37th Volunteers, on 15 May 1861, a few days after his brother Henry enlisted in Co. G, 9th PRVC. The 8th and the 9th saw duty in and around Washington D.C., before marching to Hunter's Mill in Fairfax Co. on 10 March 1862 and returning to Alexandria four days later. Barnett would see action in Virginia during June at Mechanicsville and Gaines Mill in the Seven Days Campaign and, later that summer, at the second battle of Bull Run. Before his regiment engaged at Antietam in mid-September 1862, Barnett fell ill and was left behind at Harewood Hospital in Northeast Washington on the farm of W. W. Corcoran. On 27 September, he was assigned to duty as a nurse at the hospital, and though he would become sick again before the end of 1862, he would finish the year serving at the hospital. He was discharged from service with the rank of private on a Surgeon's Certificate on 20 March 1863, some three months after his brother Henry was similarly discharged.","After, presumably, returning home to western Pennsylvania, Barnett responded to the local call to form the 5th Pennsylvania Heavy Artillery (also known as the 204th Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers) in August 1864. He was mustered in as a private, Battery M, on 2 September 1864. The regiment saw duty in the defense of Washington and along the Manassas Gap Railroad with engagements following at Salem and Rectortown in October 1864 before returning to Washington. Barnett was promoted to Sergeant and on 19 January 1865 was promoted to Second Lieutenant. He returned to Pittsburgh and mustered out with his battery on 30 June 1865. ","Very little of Barnett's later life is known. An annotation added at a later date to Barnett's 1862 diary entry for 29 January reads, \"Son of W. W. Barnett Wyllie Barnett was born January Friday 29 1875 - W. W. Barnett died Tuesday September 29 1876.\" A pension claim filed on 18 September 1890 by his widow cites the date of his death as Sept. 26 1876. As to the identity of his wife, nothing is known for certain, although the 1880 census does show a Rebecca Barnett living in the eastern Ohio county of Tuscarawas with her parents, Thomas and Sarah Laughead along with her five-year-old son, William Barnett. ","The processing, arrangement, and description of the William W. Barnett Diary was completed in November 2012.","This collection consists of a single diary with one-page entries for the year of 1862. A few pages of memoranda follow on which Barnett has listed miscellaneous clothing expenses and his pay record for the year. The diary describes his time in hospital in January and February, as well as from September through December. These latter entries include his work as a nurse, particularly tending to the wounded following the battle of Fredericksburg in December 1862. Camp life and routine, visits with his brother Henry, and brief trips into Washington D.C. are among the topics mentioned. Barnett also mentions review of the division by President Lincoln, General McDowell, and Secretary Stanton in May near Fredericksburg and again by Lincoln and McClellan in July near Harrison's Landing. The diary includes descriptions of battle at Mechanicsville, Gaines' Mill, Frazier's Farm, and Malvern Hill in the Seven Day's campaign and at the Second Battle of Bull Run.","Permission to publish material from the William W. Barnett Diary, 1862, must be obtained from Special Collections, Virginia Tech.","Diary for the year 1862 by William W. Barnett, a private in the 8th Pennsylvania Reserve Volunteer Corps.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Barnett, William W., 1840-1876 (8th Regiment, Pennsylvania Reserve Infantry (37th Volunteers))","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["Ms.2012.075"],"normalized_title_ssm":["William W. Barnett Diary,"],"collection_title_tesim":["William W. Barnett Diary,"],"collection_ssim":["William W. 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Barnett was born in Pennsylvania on 15 September 1840 and raised in Armstrong Co. in western Pennsylvania by parents Alexander and Hannah Barnett. The 1860 census shows him living in the Borough of Freeport of that county as a 19 year-old student with his parents; brothers Henry B. (age 21), Robert A. (age 10), Hezekiah W. (age 9); and sister Emily W. (age 16). He enlisted as a private in Co. A, 8th Pennsylvania Reserve Volunteer Corps (PRVC), also known as the 37th Volunteers, on 15 May 1861, a few days after his brother Henry enlisted in Co. G, 9th PRVC. The 8th and the 9th saw duty in and around Washington D.C., before marching to Hunter's Mill in Fairfax Co. on 10 March 1862 and returning to Alexandria four days later. Barnett would see action in Virginia during June at Mechanicsville and Gaines Mill in the Seven Days Campaign and, later that summer, at the second battle of Bull Run. Before his regiment engaged at Antietam in mid-September 1862, Barnett fell ill and was left behind at Harewood Hospital in Northeast Washington on the farm of W. W. Corcoran. On 27 September, he was assigned to duty as a nurse at the hospital, and though he would become sick again before the end of 1862, he would finish the year serving at the hospital. He was discharged from service with the rank of private on a Surgeon's Certificate on 20 March 1863, some three months after his brother Henry was similarly discharged.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAfter, presumably, returning home to western Pennsylvania, Barnett responded to the local call to form the 5th Pennsylvania Heavy Artillery (also known as the 204th Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers) in August 1864. He was mustered in as a private, Battery M, on 2 September 1864. The regiment saw duty in the defense of Washington and along the Manassas Gap Railroad with engagements following at Salem and Rectortown in October 1864 before returning to Washington. Barnett was promoted to Sergeant and on 19 January 1865 was promoted to Second Lieutenant. He returned to Pittsburgh and mustered out with his battery on 30 June 1865. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eVery little of Barnett's later life is known. An annotation added at a later date to Barnett's 1862 diary entry for 29 January reads, \"Son of W. W. Barnett Wyllie Barnett was born January Friday 29 1875 - W. W. Barnett died Tuesday September 29 1876.\" A pension claim filed on 18 September 1890 by his widow cites the date of his death as Sept. 26 1876. As to the identity of his wife, nothing is known for certain, although the 1880 census does show a Rebecca Barnett living in the eastern Ohio county of Tuscarawas with her parents, Thomas and Sarah Laughead along with her five-year-old son, William Barnett. \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["William W. Barnett was born in Pennsylvania on 15 September 1840 and raised in Armstrong Co. in western Pennsylvania by parents Alexander and Hannah Barnett. The 1860 census shows him living in the Borough of Freeport of that county as a 19 year-old student with his parents; brothers Henry B. (age 21), Robert A. (age 10), Hezekiah W. (age 9); and sister Emily W. (age 16). He enlisted as a private in Co. A, 8th Pennsylvania Reserve Volunteer Corps (PRVC), also known as the 37th Volunteers, on 15 May 1861, a few days after his brother Henry enlisted in Co. G, 9th PRVC. The 8th and the 9th saw duty in and around Washington D.C., before marching to Hunter's Mill in Fairfax Co. on 10 March 1862 and returning to Alexandria four days later. Barnett would see action in Virginia during June at Mechanicsville and Gaines Mill in the Seven Days Campaign and, later that summer, at the second battle of Bull Run. Before his regiment engaged at Antietam in mid-September 1862, Barnett fell ill and was left behind at Harewood Hospital in Northeast Washington on the farm of W. W. Corcoran. On 27 September, he was assigned to duty as a nurse at the hospital, and though he would become sick again before the end of 1862, he would finish the year serving at the hospital. He was discharged from service with the rank of private on a Surgeon's Certificate on 20 March 1863, some three months after his brother Henry was similarly discharged.","After, presumably, returning home to western Pennsylvania, Barnett responded to the local call to form the 5th Pennsylvania Heavy Artillery (also known as the 204th Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers) in August 1864. He was mustered in as a private, Battery M, on 2 September 1864. The regiment saw duty in the defense of Washington and along the Manassas Gap Railroad with engagements following at Salem and Rectortown in October 1864 before returning to Washington. Barnett was promoted to Sergeant and on 19 January 1865 was promoted to Second Lieutenant. He returned to Pittsburgh and mustered out with his battery on 30 June 1865. ","Very little of Barnett's later life is known. An annotation added at a later date to Barnett's 1862 diary entry for 29 January reads, \"Son of W. W. Barnett Wyllie Barnett was born January Friday 29 1875 - W. W. Barnett died Tuesday September 29 1876.\" A pension claim filed on 18 September 1890 by his widow cites the date of his death as Sept. 26 1876. As to the identity of his wife, nothing is known for certain, although the 1880 census does show a Rebecca Barnett living in the eastern Ohio county of Tuscarawas with her parents, Thomas and Sarah Laughead along with her five-year-old son, William Barnett. "],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: William W. Barnett Diary, 1862, Ms2012-075, Special Collections, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: William W. Barnett Diary, 1862, Ms2012-075, Special Collections, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe processing, arrangement, and description of the William W. Barnett Diary was completed in November 2012.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The processing, arrangement, and description of the William W. Barnett Diary was completed in November 2012."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of a single diary with one-page entries for the year of 1862. A few pages of memoranda follow on which Barnett has listed miscellaneous clothing expenses and his pay record for the year. The diary describes his time in hospital in January and February, as well as from September through December. These latter entries include his work as a nurse, particularly tending to the wounded following the battle of Fredericksburg in December 1862. Camp life and routine, visits with his brother Henry, and brief trips into Washington D.C. are among the topics mentioned. Barnett also mentions review of the division by President Lincoln, General McDowell, and Secretary Stanton in May near Fredericksburg and again by Lincoln and McClellan in July near Harrison's Landing. The diary includes descriptions of battle at Mechanicsville, Gaines' Mill, Frazier's Farm, and Malvern Hill in the Seven Day's campaign and at the Second Battle of Bull Run.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection consists of a single diary with one-page entries for the year of 1862. A few pages of memoranda follow on which Barnett has listed miscellaneous clothing expenses and his pay record for the year. The diary describes his time in hospital in January and February, as well as from September through December. These latter entries include his work as a nurse, particularly tending to the wounded following the battle of Fredericksburg in December 1862. Camp life and routine, visits with his brother Henry, and brief trips into Washington D.C. are among the topics mentioned. Barnett also mentions review of the division by President Lincoln, General McDowell, and Secretary Stanton in May near Fredericksburg and again by Lincoln and McClellan in July near Harrison's Landing. The diary includes descriptions of battle at Mechanicsville, Gaines' Mill, Frazier's Farm, and Malvern Hill in the Seven Day's campaign and at the Second Battle of Bull Run."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish material from the William W. Barnett Diary, 1862, must be obtained from Special Collections, Virginia Tech.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish material from the William W. Barnett Diary, 1862, must be obtained from Special Collections, Virginia Tech."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_8660e4c8e43dd0cc0fcf8771e4ad6700\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eDiary for the year 1862 by William W. Barnett, a private in the 8th Pennsylvania Reserve Volunteer Corps.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Diary for the year 1862 by William W. Barnett, a private in the 8th Pennsylvania Reserve Volunteer Corps."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Barnett, William W., 1840-1876 (8th Regiment, Pennsylvania Reserve Infantry (37th Volunteers))"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech"],"persname_ssim":["Barnett, William W., 1840-1876 (8th Regiment, Pennsylvania Reserve Infantry (37th Volunteers))"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    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Barnett Diary,","Civil War","Folk, historical, and patent medicine","Medicine","Medicine, Military -- History","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Diaries","Collection is open for research.","William W. Barnett was born in Pennsylvania on 15 September 1840 and raised in Armstrong Co. in western Pennsylvania by parents Alexander and Hannah Barnett. The 1860 census shows him living in the Borough of Freeport of that county as a 19 year-old student with his parents; brothers Henry B. (age 21), Robert A. (age 10), Hezekiah W. (age 9); and sister Emily W. (age 16). He enlisted as a private in Co. A, 8th Pennsylvania Reserve Volunteer Corps (PRVC), also known as the 37th Volunteers, on 15 May 1861, a few days after his brother Henry enlisted in Co. G, 9th PRVC. The 8th and the 9th saw duty in and around Washington D.C., before marching to Hunter's Mill in Fairfax Co. on 10 March 1862 and returning to Alexandria four days later. Barnett would see action in Virginia during June at Mechanicsville and Gaines Mill in the Seven Days Campaign and, later that summer, at the second battle of Bull Run. Before his regiment engaged at Antietam in mid-September 1862, Barnett fell ill and was left behind at Harewood Hospital in Northeast Washington on the farm of W. W. Corcoran. On 27 September, he was assigned to duty as a nurse at the hospital, and though he would become sick again before the end of 1862, he would finish the year serving at the hospital. He was discharged from service with the rank of private on a Surgeon's Certificate on 20 March 1863, some three months after his brother Henry was similarly discharged.","After, presumably, returning home to western Pennsylvania, Barnett responded to the local call to form the 5th Pennsylvania Heavy Artillery (also known as the 204th Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers) in August 1864. He was mustered in as a private, Battery M, on 2 September 1864. The regiment saw duty in the defense of Washington and along the Manassas Gap Railroad with engagements following at Salem and Rectortown in October 1864 before returning to Washington. Barnett was promoted to Sergeant and on 19 January 1865 was promoted to Second Lieutenant. He returned to Pittsburgh and mustered out with his battery on 30 June 1865. ","Very little of Barnett's later life is known. An annotation added at a later date to Barnett's 1862 diary entry for 29 January reads, \"Son of W. W. Barnett Wyllie Barnett was born January Friday 29 1875 - W. W. Barnett died Tuesday September 29 1876.\" A pension claim filed on 18 September 1890 by his widow cites the date of his death as Sept. 26 1876. As to the identity of his wife, nothing is known for certain, although the 1880 census does show a Rebecca Barnett living in the eastern Ohio county of Tuscarawas with her parents, Thomas and Sarah Laughead along with her five-year-old son, William Barnett. ","The processing, arrangement, and description of the William W. Barnett Diary was completed in November 2012.","This collection consists of a single diary with one-page entries for the year of 1862. A few pages of memoranda follow on which Barnett has listed miscellaneous clothing expenses and his pay record for the year. The diary describes his time in hospital in January and February, as well as from September through December. These latter entries include his work as a nurse, particularly tending to the wounded following the battle of Fredericksburg in December 1862. Camp life and routine, visits with his brother Henry, and brief trips into Washington D.C. are among the topics mentioned. Barnett also mentions review of the division by President Lincoln, General McDowell, and Secretary Stanton in May near Fredericksburg and again by Lincoln and McClellan in July near Harrison's Landing. The diary includes descriptions of battle at Mechanicsville, Gaines' Mill, Frazier's Farm, and Malvern Hill in the Seven Day's campaign and at the Second Battle of Bull Run.","Permission to publish material from the William W. Barnett Diary, 1862, must be obtained from Special Collections, Virginia Tech.","Diary for the year 1862 by William W. 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Barnett was born in Pennsylvania on 15 September 1840 and raised in Armstrong Co. in western Pennsylvania by parents Alexander and Hannah Barnett. The 1860 census shows him living in the Borough of Freeport of that county as a 19 year-old student with his parents; brothers Henry B. (age 21), Robert A. (age 10), Hezekiah W. (age 9); and sister Emily W. (age 16). He enlisted as a private in Co. A, 8th Pennsylvania Reserve Volunteer Corps (PRVC), also known as the 37th Volunteers, on 15 May 1861, a few days after his brother Henry enlisted in Co. G, 9th PRVC. The 8th and the 9th saw duty in and around Washington D.C., before marching to Hunter's Mill in Fairfax Co. on 10 March 1862 and returning to Alexandria four days later. Barnett would see action in Virginia during June at Mechanicsville and Gaines Mill in the Seven Days Campaign and, later that summer, at the second battle of Bull Run. Before his regiment engaged at Antietam in mid-September 1862, Barnett fell ill and was left behind at Harewood Hospital in Northeast Washington on the farm of W. W. Corcoran. On 27 September, he was assigned to duty as a nurse at the hospital, and though he would become sick again before the end of 1862, he would finish the year serving at the hospital. He was discharged from service with the rank of private on a Surgeon's Certificate on 20 March 1863, some three months after his brother Henry was similarly discharged.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAfter, presumably, returning home to western Pennsylvania, Barnett responded to the local call to form the 5th Pennsylvania Heavy Artillery (also known as the 204th Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers) in August 1864. He was mustered in as a private, Battery M, on 2 September 1864. The regiment saw duty in the defense of Washington and along the Manassas Gap Railroad with engagements following at Salem and Rectortown in October 1864 before returning to Washington. Barnett was promoted to Sergeant and on 19 January 1865 was promoted to Second Lieutenant. He returned to Pittsburgh and mustered out with his battery on 30 June 1865. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eVery little of Barnett's later life is known. An annotation added at a later date to Barnett's 1862 diary entry for 29 January reads, \"Son of W. W. Barnett Wyllie Barnett was born January Friday 29 1875 - W. W. Barnett died Tuesday September 29 1876.\" A pension claim filed on 18 September 1890 by his widow cites the date of his death as Sept. 26 1876. As to the identity of his wife, nothing is known for certain, although the 1880 census does show a Rebecca Barnett living in the eastern Ohio county of Tuscarawas with her parents, Thomas and Sarah Laughead along with her five-year-old son, William Barnett. \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["William W. Barnett was born in Pennsylvania on 15 September 1840 and raised in Armstrong Co. in western Pennsylvania by parents Alexander and Hannah Barnett. The 1860 census shows him living in the Borough of Freeport of that county as a 19 year-old student with his parents; brothers Henry B. (age 21), Robert A. (age 10), Hezekiah W. (age 9); and sister Emily W. (age 16). He enlisted as a private in Co. A, 8th Pennsylvania Reserve Volunteer Corps (PRVC), also known as the 37th Volunteers, on 15 May 1861, a few days after his brother Henry enlisted in Co. G, 9th PRVC. The 8th and the 9th saw duty in and around Washington D.C., before marching to Hunter's Mill in Fairfax Co. on 10 March 1862 and returning to Alexandria four days later. Barnett would see action in Virginia during June at Mechanicsville and Gaines Mill in the Seven Days Campaign and, later that summer, at the second battle of Bull Run. Before his regiment engaged at Antietam in mid-September 1862, Barnett fell ill and was left behind at Harewood Hospital in Northeast Washington on the farm of W. W. Corcoran. On 27 September, he was assigned to duty as a nurse at the hospital, and though he would become sick again before the end of 1862, he would finish the year serving at the hospital. He was discharged from service with the rank of private on a Surgeon's Certificate on 20 March 1863, some three months after his brother Henry was similarly discharged.","After, presumably, returning home to western Pennsylvania, Barnett responded to the local call to form the 5th Pennsylvania Heavy Artillery (also known as the 204th Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers) in August 1864. He was mustered in as a private, Battery M, on 2 September 1864. The regiment saw duty in the defense of Washington and along the Manassas Gap Railroad with engagements following at Salem and Rectortown in October 1864 before returning to Washington. Barnett was promoted to Sergeant and on 19 January 1865 was promoted to Second Lieutenant. He returned to Pittsburgh and mustered out with his battery on 30 June 1865. ","Very little of Barnett's later life is known. An annotation added at a later date to Barnett's 1862 diary entry for 29 January reads, \"Son of W. W. Barnett Wyllie Barnett was born January Friday 29 1875 - W. W. Barnett died Tuesday September 29 1876.\" A pension claim filed on 18 September 1890 by his widow cites the date of his death as Sept. 26 1876. As to the identity of his wife, nothing is known for certain, although the 1880 census does show a Rebecca Barnett living in the eastern Ohio county of Tuscarawas with her parents, Thomas and Sarah Laughead along with her five-year-old son, William Barnett. "],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: William W. Barnett Diary, 1862, Ms2012-075, Special Collections, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: William W. Barnett Diary, 1862, Ms2012-075, Special Collections, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe processing, arrangement, and description of the William W. Barnett Diary was completed in November 2012.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The processing, arrangement, and description of the William W. Barnett Diary was completed in November 2012."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of a single diary with one-page entries for the year of 1862. A few pages of memoranda follow on which Barnett has listed miscellaneous clothing expenses and his pay record for the year. The diary describes his time in hospital in January and February, as well as from September through December. These latter entries include his work as a nurse, particularly tending to the wounded following the battle of Fredericksburg in December 1862. Camp life and routine, visits with his brother Henry, and brief trips into Washington D.C. are among the topics mentioned. Barnett also mentions review of the division by President Lincoln, General McDowell, and Secretary Stanton in May near Fredericksburg and again by Lincoln and McClellan in July near Harrison's Landing. The diary includes descriptions of battle at Mechanicsville, Gaines' Mill, Frazier's Farm, and Malvern Hill in the Seven Day's campaign and at the Second Battle of Bull Run.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection consists of a single diary with one-page entries for the year of 1862. A few pages of memoranda follow on which Barnett has listed miscellaneous clothing expenses and his pay record for the year. The diary describes his time in hospital in January and February, as well as from September through December. These latter entries include his work as a nurse, particularly tending to the wounded following the battle of Fredericksburg in December 1862. Camp life and routine, visits with his brother Henry, and brief trips into Washington D.C. are among the topics mentioned. Barnett also mentions review of the division by President Lincoln, General McDowell, and Secretary Stanton in May near Fredericksburg and again by Lincoln and McClellan in July near Harrison's Landing. The diary includes descriptions of battle at Mechanicsville, Gaines' Mill, Frazier's Farm, and Malvern Hill in the Seven Day's campaign and at the Second Battle of Bull Run."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish material from the William W. Barnett Diary, 1862, must be obtained from Special Collections, Virginia Tech.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish material from the William W. 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