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Va.)","Account books","Taverns (Inns)","Ledgers.","No special access restriction applies.","Researchers may access digitized materials by requesting to view the materials in person by appointment or remotely by contacting the West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center reference department.","Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","Ledger book for an inn or ordinary in Romney, (West) Virginia operated by Peter Steenbergen. The ledger contains entries from 1766-1775; there is a name index at the back.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center","West Virginia and Regional History Center","Steenbergen, Peter","English\n."],"collection_title_tesim":["Peter Steenbergen, Ledger for Inn at Romney, Virginia, 1766/1775"],"collection_ssim":["Peter Steenbergen, Ledger for Inn at Romney, Virginia, 1766/1775"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A\u0026M 2337","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/294"],"unitid_tesim":["A\u0026M 2337","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/294"],"repository_ssm":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"geogname_ssm":["Romney (W. Va.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Romney (W. Va.)"],"places_ssim":["Romney (W. Va.)"],"creator_ssm":["Steenbergen, Peter"],"creator_ssim":["Steenbergen, Peter"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Steenbergen, Peter"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"creators_ssim":["Steenbergen, Peter","West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"access_terms_ssm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Account books","Taverns (Inns)","Ledgers."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Account books","Taverns (Inns)","Ledgers."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".35 Linear Feet 4 1/4 in. (1 document case, 2.5 in.); (1 reel of microfilm, 1.75 in.)"],"extent_tesim":[".35 Linear Feet 4 1/4 in. (1 document case, 2.5 in.); (1 reel of microfilm, 1.75 in.)"],"date_range_isim":[1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo special access restriction applies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eResearchers may access digitized materials by requesting to view the materials in person by appointment or remotely by contacting the \u003ca href=\"https://westvirginia.libanswers.com/wvrhc\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eWest Virginia \u0026amp; Regional History Center reference department\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["No special access restriction applies.","Researchers may access digitized materials by requesting to view the materials in person by appointment or remotely by contacting the West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center reference department."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Peter Steenbergen, Ledger for Inn at Romney, Virginia, A\u0026amp;M 2337, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Peter Steenbergen, Ledger for Inn at Romney, Virginia, A\u0026M 2337, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_3077b5a7889bd22f124e20d59a6ca706\"\u003eLedger book for an inn or ordinary in Romney, (West) Virginia operated by Peter Steenbergen. The ledger contains entries from 1766-1775; there is a name index at the back.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["Ledger book for an inn or ordinary in Romney, (West) Virginia operated by Peter Steenbergen. The ledger contains entries from 1766-1775; there is a name index at the back."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_6885d44ca256b5aedc1b005489bbd11a\"\u003eWest Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/\"\u003eWest Virginia \u0026amp; Regional History Center\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/physloc\u003e\n    "],"physloc_tesim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center"],"corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"persname_ssim":["Steenbergen, Peter"],"names_coll_ssim":["Steenbergen, Peter"],"names_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Steenbergen, Peter"],"language_ssim":["English\n."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T23:08:46.649Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_294","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_294","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_294","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_294","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WVU/repositories_2_resources_294.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/ark:/99999/194936","title_ssm":["Peter Steenbergen, Ledger for Inn at Romney, Virginia"],"title_tesim":["Peter Steenbergen, Ledger for Inn at Romney, Virginia"],"unitdate_ssm":["1766-1775"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1766-1775"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1766/1775"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Peter Steenbergen, Ledger for Inn at Romney, Virginia, 1766/1775"],"text":["Peter Steenbergen, Ledger for Inn at Romney, Virginia, 1766/1775","A\u0026M 2337","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/294","Romney (W. Va.)","Account books","Taverns (Inns)","Ledgers.","No special access restriction applies.","Researchers may access digitized materials by requesting to view the materials in person by appointment or remotely by contacting the West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center reference department.","Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","Ledger book for an inn or ordinary in Romney, (West) Virginia operated by Peter Steenbergen. The ledger contains entries from 1766-1775; there is a name index at the back.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center","West Virginia and Regional History Center","Steenbergen, Peter","English\n."],"collection_title_tesim":["Peter Steenbergen, Ledger for Inn at Romney, Virginia, 1766/1775"],"collection_ssim":["Peter Steenbergen, Ledger for Inn at Romney, Virginia, 1766/1775"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A\u0026M 2337","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/294"],"unitid_tesim":["A\u0026M 2337","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/294"],"repository_ssm":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"geogname_ssm":["Romney (W. Va.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Romney (W. Va.)"],"places_ssim":["Romney (W. Va.)"],"creator_ssm":["Steenbergen, Peter"],"creator_ssim":["Steenbergen, Peter"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Steenbergen, Peter"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"creators_ssim":["Steenbergen, Peter","West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"access_terms_ssm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Account books","Taverns (Inns)","Ledgers."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Account books","Taverns (Inns)","Ledgers."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".35 Linear Feet 4 1/4 in. (1 document case, 2.5 in.); (1 reel of microfilm, 1.75 in.)"],"extent_tesim":[".35 Linear Feet 4 1/4 in. (1 document case, 2.5 in.); (1 reel of microfilm, 1.75 in.)"],"date_range_isim":[1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo special access restriction applies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eResearchers may access digitized materials by requesting to view the materials in person by appointment or remotely by contacting the \u003ca href=\"https://westvirginia.libanswers.com/wvrhc\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eWest Virginia \u0026amp; Regional History Center reference department\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["No special access restriction applies.","Researchers may access digitized materials by requesting to view the materials in person by appointment or remotely by contacting the West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center reference department."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Peter Steenbergen, Ledger for Inn at Romney, Virginia, A\u0026amp;M 2337, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Peter Steenbergen, Ledger for Inn at Romney, Virginia, A\u0026M 2337, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_3077b5a7889bd22f124e20d59a6ca706\"\u003eLedger book for an inn or ordinary in Romney, (West) Virginia operated by Peter Steenbergen. The ledger contains entries from 1766-1775; there is a name index at the back.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["Ledger book for an inn or ordinary in Romney, (West) Virginia operated by Peter Steenbergen. The ledger contains entries from 1766-1775; there is a name index at the back."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_6885d44ca256b5aedc1b005489bbd11a\"\u003eWest Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/\"\u003eWest Virginia \u0026amp; Regional History Center\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/physloc\u003e\n    "],"physloc_tesim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center"],"corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"persname_ssim":["Steenbergen, Peter"],"names_coll_ssim":["Steenbergen, Peter"],"names_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Steenbergen, Peter"],"language_ssim":["English\n."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T23:08:46.649Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_294"}},{"id":"vi_vi00003","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Records of the Southern Aid Society of Virginia, 1893-1977","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi00003#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Southern Aid Society of Virginia","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi00003#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Southern Aid Society of Virginia business records contain 67 boxes of material ranging from 1893-1977 and arranged in five series. Series I consists of executive committee meeting minutes; Series II is employee records; Series III is financial account records and correspondence; Series IV contains policyholder records and correspondence; and Series V consists of memorabilia and miscellaneous material. The types of material found in those five series are minutes, ledgers, correspondence, claims, policies, invoices, receipts, applications, manuals, lists, registers, annual statements, and memorabilia.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi00003#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vi_vi00003","ead_ssi":"vi_vi00003","_root_":"vi_vi00003","_nest_parent_":"vi_vi00003","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/lva/vi00003.xml","title_ssm":["Records of the Southern Aid Society of Virginia, 1893-1977"],"title_tesim":["Records of the Southern Aid Society of Virginia, 1893-1977"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Records of the Southern Aid Society of Virginia, 1893-1977"],"text":["Records of the Southern Aid Society of Virginia, 1893-1977","36805","Richmond (Va.)--History--19th\n         century.","Richmond (Va.)--History--20th\n         century.","Insurance agents--Virginia--19th\n         century.","Insurance agents--Virginia--20th\n         century.","Insurance claims--Virginia- -20th\n         century.","Insurance companies--Virginia--Richmond--19th\n         century.","Insurance companies--Virginia-- Richmond--20th\n         century.","Insurance policies--Virginia--19th\n         century.","Insurance policies--Virginia-- 20th\n         century.","Annual reports.","Business records--\n         Virginia.","Corporate minutes.","Employees' manuals.","Insurance claims.","Insurance policies.","Insurance records.","Ledgers.","Letters\n         (correspondence)","65 cubic feet (67 boxes)","Items containing Social Security Numbers (all folders in\n            Box 11 and Folders 1-3 in Box 12) will not be served.\n            Instead, redacted photocopies will be served.","Organized into the following series: I: Executive Committee\n         Meeting Minutes. II. Employee Records. III. Financial and\n         Investment Account Records and Correspondence. IV.\n         Policyholder Records and Correspondence. V. Memorabilia\n         Miscellaneous.","In early 1893, a handful of men in Richmond, Virginia\n         organized the Southern Aid and Insurance Company in an effort\n         both to furnish adequate and affordable insurance protection\n         to African-Americans and to promote jobs for unemployed black\n         youth. Chartered on February 25, 1893, Southern Aid and\n         Insurance was the United States' first black owned and\n         operated insurance company. The company founders chose Z.D.\n         Lewis (1859-1926), pastor of the Second Baptist Church of\n         Richmond, to head the corporation and R. Louis Brown as vice\n         president. The other founding officers and board members were\n         W.G. Carter, Charles Johnson, Jr., W.A. Payne, John E. Taylor,\n         and W.R. Coots.","While the founding members had the insight to realize the\n         possibilities of an insurance society for African-Americans,\n         the business initially lacked the spectacular features of the\n         highly popular fraternal orders and morally established church\n         societies of the 1890's and early 20th century. After nearly a\n         decade of slow growth and moderate profits, company leaders\n         acted to reverse the stagnant business trends and modest cash\n         influx. They replaced the company president Armistead\n         Washington, a local fraternal order organizer and sympathizer,\n         with prominent Hanover County banker and businessman, A.D.\n         Price. Under Price's leadership the Southern Aid and Insurance\n         Company became the Southern Aid Society of Virginia, Inc., a\n         move intended to exploit the popularity of fraternal orders\n         and beneficial societies. With a new president and a new name,\n         the company eventually prospered and expanded with infant\n         branches in other Virginia towns. By 1937 the company employed\n         more than 300 black men and women in branches in Virginia and\n         Washington, D.C.","Despite its prominence as the first African-American\n         insurance company, few have written about the Southern Aid\n         Society of Virginia or its members after 1940. While some\n         studies highlight the business' place in local Richmond\n         history or its position as an entrepreneurial endeavor during\n         the period of the beneficial societies and fraternal orders,\n         no comprehensive study of the Southern Aid Society of Virginia\n         exists. Little also was written in the late 1980's when the\n         company's building at 214 E. Clay Street (and presumably the\n         Southern Aid Society of Virginia itself) was bought by the\n         Atlanta Life Insurance Company.","The Southern Aid Society of Virginia business records\n         contain 67 boxes of material ranging from 1893-1977 and arranged\n         in five series. Series I consists of executive committee\n         meeting minutes; Series II is employee records; Series III is\n         financial account records and correspondence; Series IV\n         contains policyholder records and correspondence; and Series V\n         consists of memorabilia and miscellaneous material. The types\n         of material found in those five series are minutes, ledgers,\n         correspondence, claims, policies, invoices, receipts,\n         applications, manuals, lists, registers, annual statements,\n         and memorabilia.","This material provides the researcher with an invaluable\n         resource regarding the ongoing corporate affairs of the\n         premier African-American insurance company in the United\n         States. Executive committee meeting minutes ledgers in Series\n         I document the monthly decision-making process of the company\n         think-tank for much of the period between 1910-1934 and for a\n         smaller period between 1954-1958. In Series III annual\n         statements spanning from 1906-1929 record the monetary growth\n         of the company from the time of the business' name change to\n         the Great Depression. Also in Series III company financial\n         records help fill the years missed by the annual statements by\n         detailing the financial dynamics of this prosperous insurance\n         business. Series III also includes correspondence and invoices\n         that trace some of the stock and bond investments made by the\n         company. Also a few folders of correspondence and receipts in\n         Series III concerns the company's decision to invest their\n         modest profits in the redesign and renovation of their\n         permanent business location at 214 East Clay Street.","Aside from the records' obvious worth as an economic\n         research resource, the collection also helps to document the\n         social effect of the Southern Aid Society on the black\n         community in Richmond's Jackson Ward district and in other\n         Virginia and Mid-Atlantic black communities. Employee and\n         employment records and ledgers in Series II provide evidence\n         of company hiring practices, the demographic make-up of the\n         Southern Aid Society of Virginia staff, and evidence of\n         agents' work ethics, earning power, spending habits, and even\n         religious affiliation. Policyholder records and correspondence\n         in Series IV contain social characteristics and demographic\n         data for the larger black community from 1894-1914. The entire\n         collection of ledgers and other papers authenticates not only\n         the rise of entrepreneurial insurance enterprise in Virginia\n         but the development of a financially self-supporting black\n         community first in Richmond and then throughout the\n         Mid-Atlantic United States.","There are no restrictions.","Business Records\n         Collection, Acc. 36805","Southern Aid Society of Virginia","Second Baptist Church of Richmond\n         (Va.)","Southern Aid and Insurance Company of Virginia\n         (Richmond, Va.)"],"collection_title_tesim":["Records of the Southern Aid Society of Virginia, 1893-1977"],"collection_ssim":["Records of the Southern Aid Society of Virginia, 1893-1977"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["36805"],"unitid_tesim":["36805"],"repository_ssm":["Library of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Library of Virginia"],"geogname_ssm":["Richmond (Va.)--History--19th\n         century.","Richmond (Va.)--History--20th\n         century."],"geogname_ssim":["Richmond (Va.)--History--19th\n         century.","Richmond (Va.)--History--20th\n         century."],"places_ssim":["Richmond (Va.)--History--19th\n         century.","Richmond (Va.)--History--20th\n         century."],"creator_ssm":["Southern Aid Society of Virginia"],"creator_ssim":["Southern Aid Society of Virginia"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Southern Aid Society of Virginia","Second Baptist Church of Richmond\n         (Va.)","Southern Aid and Insurance Company of Virginia\n         (Richmond, Va.)"],"creators_ssim":["Southern Aid Society of Virginia","Second Baptist Church of Richmond\n         (Va.)","Southern Aid and Insurance Company of Virginia\n         (Richmond, Va.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["There are no restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Gift of Atlanta Life Insurance, 216 East Clay Street,\n            Richmond, Virginia 23219 on 13 September 1999."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Insurance agents--Virginia--19th\n         century.","Insurance agents--Virginia--20th\n         century.","Insurance claims--Virginia- -20th\n         century.","Insurance companies--Virginia--Richmond--19th\n         century.","Insurance companies--Virginia-- Richmond--20th\n         century.","Insurance policies--Virginia--19th\n         century.","Insurance policies--Virginia-- 20th\n         century.","Annual reports.","Business records--\n         Virginia.","Corporate minutes.","Employees' manuals.","Insurance claims.","Insurance policies.","Insurance records.","Ledgers.","Letters\n         (correspondence)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Insurance agents--Virginia--19th\n         century.","Insurance agents--Virginia--20th\n         century.","Insurance claims--Virginia- -20th\n         century.","Insurance companies--Virginia--Richmond--19th\n         century.","Insurance companies--Virginia-- Richmond--20th\n         century.","Insurance policies--Virginia--19th\n         century.","Insurance policies--Virginia-- 20th\n         century.","Annual reports.","Business records--\n         Virginia.","Corporate minutes.","Employees' manuals.","Insurance claims.","Insurance policies.","Insurance records.","Ledgers.","Letters\n         (correspondence)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["65 cubic feet (67 boxes)"],"genreform_ssim":["Annual reports.","Business records--\n         Virginia.","Corporate minutes.","Employees' manuals.","Insurance claims.","Insurance policies.","Insurance records.","Ledgers.","Letters\n         (correspondence)"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eItems containing Social Security Numbers (all folders in\n            Box 11 and Folders 1-3 in Box 12) will not be served.\n            Instead, redacted photocopies will be served.\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Items containing Social Security Numbers (all folders in\n            Box 11 and Folders 1-3 in Box 12) will not be served.\n            Instead, redacted photocopies will be served."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOrganized into the following series: I: Executive Committee\n         Meeting Minutes. II. Employee Records. III. Financial and\n         Investment Account Records and Correspondence. IV.\n         Policyholder Records and Correspondence. V. Memorabilia\n         Miscellaneous.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Organization"],"arrangement_tesim":["Organized into the following series: I: Executive Committee\n         Meeting Minutes. II. Employee Records. III. Financial and\n         Investment Account Records and Correspondence. IV.\n         Policyholder Records and Correspondence. V. Memorabilia\n         Miscellaneous."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn early 1893, a handful of men in Richmond, Virginia\n         organized the Southern Aid and Insurance Company in an effort\n         both to furnish adequate and affordable insurance protection\n         to African-Americans and to promote jobs for unemployed black\n         youth. Chartered on February 25, 1893, Southern Aid and\n         Insurance was the United States' first black owned and\n         operated insurance company. The company founders chose Z.D.\n         Lewis (1859-1926), pastor of the Second Baptist Church of\n         Richmond, to head the corporation and R. Louis Brown as vice\n         president. The other founding officers and board members were\n         W.G. Carter, Charles Johnson, Jr., W.A. Payne, John E. Taylor,\n         and W.R. Coots.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eWhile the founding members had the insight to realize the\n         possibilities of an insurance society for African-Americans,\n         the business initially lacked the spectacular features of the\n         highly popular fraternal orders and morally established church\n         societies of the 1890's and early 20th century. After nearly a\n         decade of slow growth and moderate profits, company leaders\n         acted to reverse the stagnant business trends and modest cash\n         influx. They replaced the company president Armistead\n         Washington, a local fraternal order organizer and sympathizer,\n         with prominent Hanover County banker and businessman, A.D.\n         Price. Under Price's leadership the Southern Aid and Insurance\n         Company became the Southern Aid Society of Virginia, Inc., a\n         move intended to exploit the popularity of fraternal orders\n         and beneficial societies. With a new president and a new name,\n         the company eventually prospered and expanded with infant\n         branches in other Virginia towns. By 1937 the company employed\n         more than 300 black men and women in branches in Virginia and\n         Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eDespite its prominence as the first African-American\n         insurance company, few have written about the Southern Aid\n         Society of Virginia or its members after 1940. While some\n         studies highlight the business' place in local Richmond\n         history or its position as an entrepreneurial endeavor during\n         the period of the beneficial societies and fraternal orders,\n         no comprehensive study of the Southern Aid Society of Virginia\n         exists. Little also was written in the late 1980's when the\n         company's building at 214 E. Clay Street (and presumably the\n         Southern Aid Society of Virginia itself) was bought by the\n         Atlanta Life Insurance Company.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["In early 1893, a handful of men in Richmond, Virginia\n         organized the Southern Aid and Insurance Company in an effort\n         both to furnish adequate and affordable insurance protection\n         to African-Americans and to promote jobs for unemployed black\n         youth. Chartered on February 25, 1893, Southern Aid and\n         Insurance was the United States' first black owned and\n         operated insurance company. The company founders chose Z.D.\n         Lewis (1859-1926), pastor of the Second Baptist Church of\n         Richmond, to head the corporation and R. Louis Brown as vice\n         president. The other founding officers and board members were\n         W.G. Carter, Charles Johnson, Jr., W.A. Payne, John E. Taylor,\n         and W.R. Coots.","While the founding members had the insight to realize the\n         possibilities of an insurance society for African-Americans,\n         the business initially lacked the spectacular features of the\n         highly popular fraternal orders and morally established church\n         societies of the 1890's and early 20th century. After nearly a\n         decade of slow growth and moderate profits, company leaders\n         acted to reverse the stagnant business trends and modest cash\n         influx. They replaced the company president Armistead\n         Washington, a local fraternal order organizer and sympathizer,\n         with prominent Hanover County banker and businessman, A.D.\n         Price. Under Price's leadership the Southern Aid and Insurance\n         Company became the Southern Aid Society of Virginia, Inc., a\n         move intended to exploit the popularity of fraternal orders\n         and beneficial societies. With a new president and a new name,\n         the company eventually prospered and expanded with infant\n         branches in other Virginia towns. By 1937 the company employed\n         more than 300 black men and women in branches in Virginia and\n         Washington, D.C.","Despite its prominence as the first African-American\n         insurance company, few have written about the Southern Aid\n         Society of Virginia or its members after 1940. While some\n         studies highlight the business' place in local Richmond\n         history or its position as an entrepreneurial endeavor during\n         the period of the beneficial societies and fraternal orders,\n         no comprehensive study of the Southern Aid Society of Virginia\n         exists. Little also was written in the late 1980's when the\n         company's building at 214 E. Clay Street (and presumably the\n         Southern Aid Society of Virginia itself) was bought by the\n         Atlanta Life Insurance Company."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSouthern Aid Society of Virginia. Records, 1893-1977.\n            Accession 36805. Business Records Collection, The Library\n            of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"prefercite_tesim":["Southern Aid Society of Virginia. Records, 1893-1977.\n            Accession 36805. Business Records Collection, The Library\n            of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Southern Aid Society of Virginia business records\n         contain 67 boxes of material ranging from 1893-1977 and arranged\n         in five series. Series I consists of executive committee\n         meeting minutes; Series II is employee records; Series III is\n         financial account records and correspondence; Series IV\n         contains policyholder records and correspondence; and Series V\n         consists of memorabilia and miscellaneous material. The types\n         of material found in those five series are minutes, ledgers,\n         correspondence, claims, policies, invoices, receipts,\n         applications, manuals, lists, registers, annual statements,\n         and memorabilia.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThis material provides the researcher with an invaluable\n         resource regarding the ongoing corporate affairs of the\n         premier African-American insurance company in the United\n         States. Executive committee meeting minutes ledgers in Series\n         I document the monthly decision-making process of the company\n         think-tank for much of the period between 1910-1934 and for a\n         smaller period between 1954-1958. In Series III annual\n         statements spanning from 1906-1929 record the monetary growth\n         of the company from the time of the business' name change to\n         the Great Depression. Also in Series III company financial\n         records help fill the years missed by the annual statements by\n         detailing the financial dynamics of this prosperous insurance\n         business. Series III also includes correspondence and invoices\n         that trace some of the stock and bond investments made by the\n         company. Also a few folders of correspondence and receipts in\n         Series III concerns the company's decision to invest their\n         modest profits in the redesign and renovation of their\n         permanent business location at 214 East Clay Street.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eAside from the records' obvious worth as an economic\n         research resource, the collection also helps to document the\n         social effect of the Southern Aid Society on the black\n         community in Richmond's Jackson Ward district and in other\n         Virginia and Mid-Atlantic black communities. Employee and\n         employment records and ledgers in Series II provide evidence\n         of company hiring practices, the demographic make-up of the\n         Southern Aid Society of Virginia staff, and evidence of\n         agents' work ethics, earning power, spending habits, and even\n         religious affiliation. Policyholder records and correspondence\n         in Series IV contain social characteristics and demographic\n         data for the larger black community from 1894-1914. The entire\n         collection of ledgers and other papers authenticates not only\n         the rise of entrepreneurial insurance enterprise in Virginia\n         but the development of a financially self-supporting black\n         community first in Richmond and then throughout the\n         Mid-Atlantic United States.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Southern Aid Society of Virginia business records\n         contain 67 boxes of material ranging from 1893-1977 and arranged\n         in five series. Series I consists of executive committee\n         meeting minutes; Series II is employee records; Series III is\n         financial account records and correspondence; Series IV\n         contains policyholder records and correspondence; and Series V\n         consists of memorabilia and miscellaneous material. The types\n         of material found in those five series are minutes, ledgers,\n         correspondence, claims, policies, invoices, receipts,\n         applications, manuals, lists, registers, annual statements,\n         and memorabilia.","This material provides the researcher with an invaluable\n         resource regarding the ongoing corporate affairs of the\n         premier African-American insurance company in the United\n         States. Executive committee meeting minutes ledgers in Series\n         I document the monthly decision-making process of the company\n         think-tank for much of the period between 1910-1934 and for a\n         smaller period between 1954-1958. In Series III annual\n         statements spanning from 1906-1929 record the monetary growth\n         of the company from the time of the business' name change to\n         the Great Depression. Also in Series III company financial\n         records help fill the years missed by the annual statements by\n         detailing the financial dynamics of this prosperous insurance\n         business. Series III also includes correspondence and invoices\n         that trace some of the stock and bond investments made by the\n         company. Also a few folders of correspondence and receipts in\n         Series III concerns the company's decision to invest their\n         modest profits in the redesign and renovation of their\n         permanent business location at 214 East Clay Street.","Aside from the records' obvious worth as an economic\n         research resource, the collection also helps to document the\n         social effect of the Southern Aid Society on the black\n         community in Richmond's Jackson Ward district and in other\n         Virginia and Mid-Atlantic black communities. Employee and\n         employment records and ledgers in Series II provide evidence\n         of company hiring practices, the demographic make-up of the\n         Southern Aid Society of Virginia staff, and evidence of\n         agents' work ethics, earning power, spending habits, and even\n         religious affiliation. Policyholder records and correspondence\n         in Series IV contain social characteristics and demographic\n         data for the larger black community from 1894-1914. The entire\n         collection of ledgers and other papers authenticates not only\n         the rise of entrepreneurial insurance enterprise in Virginia\n         but the development of a financially self-supporting black\n         community first in Richmond and then throughout the\n         Mid-Atlantic United States."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc label=\"Physical Location\"\u003eBusiness Records\n         Collection, Acc. 36805\u003c/physloc\u003e\n      "],"physloc_tesim":["Business Records\n         Collection, Acc. 36805"],"corpname_ssim":["Southern Aid Society of Virginia","Second Baptist Church of Richmond\n         (Va.)","Southern Aid and Insurance Company of Virginia\n         (Richmond, Va.)"],"names_coll_ssim":["Second Baptist Church of Richmond\n         (Va.)","Southern Aid and Insurance Company of Virginia\n         (Richmond, Va.)"],"names_ssim":["Southern Aid Society of Virginia","Second Baptist Church of Richmond\n         (Va.)","Southern Aid and Insurance Company of Virginia\n         (Richmond, Va.)"],"total_component_count_is":125,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:22:11.595Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vi_vi00003","ead_ssi":"vi_vi00003","_root_":"vi_vi00003","_nest_parent_":"vi_vi00003","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/lva/vi00003.xml","title_ssm":["Records of the Southern Aid Society of Virginia, 1893-1977"],"title_tesim":["Records of the Southern Aid Society of Virginia, 1893-1977"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Records of the Southern Aid Society of Virginia, 1893-1977"],"text":["Records of the Southern Aid Society of Virginia, 1893-1977","36805","Richmond (Va.)--History--19th\n         century.","Richmond (Va.)--History--20th\n         century.","Insurance agents--Virginia--19th\n         century.","Insurance agents--Virginia--20th\n         century.","Insurance claims--Virginia- -20th\n         century.","Insurance companies--Virginia--Richmond--19th\n         century.","Insurance companies--Virginia-- Richmond--20th\n         century.","Insurance policies--Virginia--19th\n         century.","Insurance policies--Virginia-- 20th\n         century.","Annual reports.","Business records--\n         Virginia.","Corporate minutes.","Employees' manuals.","Insurance claims.","Insurance policies.","Insurance records.","Ledgers.","Letters\n         (correspondence)","65 cubic feet (67 boxes)","Items containing Social Security Numbers (all folders in\n            Box 11 and Folders 1-3 in Box 12) will not be served.\n            Instead, redacted photocopies will be served.","Organized into the following series: I: Executive Committee\n         Meeting Minutes. II. Employee Records. III. Financial and\n         Investment Account Records and Correspondence. IV.\n         Policyholder Records and Correspondence. V. Memorabilia\n         Miscellaneous.","In early 1893, a handful of men in Richmond, Virginia\n         organized the Southern Aid and Insurance Company in an effort\n         both to furnish adequate and affordable insurance protection\n         to African-Americans and to promote jobs for unemployed black\n         youth. Chartered on February 25, 1893, Southern Aid and\n         Insurance was the United States' first black owned and\n         operated insurance company. The company founders chose Z.D.\n         Lewis (1859-1926), pastor of the Second Baptist Church of\n         Richmond, to head the corporation and R. Louis Brown as vice\n         president. The other founding officers and board members were\n         W.G. Carter, Charles Johnson, Jr., W.A. Payne, John E. Taylor,\n         and W.R. Coots.","While the founding members had the insight to realize the\n         possibilities of an insurance society for African-Americans,\n         the business initially lacked the spectacular features of the\n         highly popular fraternal orders and morally established church\n         societies of the 1890's and early 20th century. After nearly a\n         decade of slow growth and moderate profits, company leaders\n         acted to reverse the stagnant business trends and modest cash\n         influx. They replaced the company president Armistead\n         Washington, a local fraternal order organizer and sympathizer,\n         with prominent Hanover County banker and businessman, A.D.\n         Price. Under Price's leadership the Southern Aid and Insurance\n         Company became the Southern Aid Society of Virginia, Inc., a\n         move intended to exploit the popularity of fraternal orders\n         and beneficial societies. With a new president and a new name,\n         the company eventually prospered and expanded with infant\n         branches in other Virginia towns. By 1937 the company employed\n         more than 300 black men and women in branches in Virginia and\n         Washington, D.C.","Despite its prominence as the first African-American\n         insurance company, few have written about the Southern Aid\n         Society of Virginia or its members after 1940. While some\n         studies highlight the business' place in local Richmond\n         history or its position as an entrepreneurial endeavor during\n         the period of the beneficial societies and fraternal orders,\n         no comprehensive study of the Southern Aid Society of Virginia\n         exists. Little also was written in the late 1980's when the\n         company's building at 214 E. Clay Street (and presumably the\n         Southern Aid Society of Virginia itself) was bought by the\n         Atlanta Life Insurance Company.","The Southern Aid Society of Virginia business records\n         contain 67 boxes of material ranging from 1893-1977 and arranged\n         in five series. Series I consists of executive committee\n         meeting minutes; Series II is employee records; Series III is\n         financial account records and correspondence; Series IV\n         contains policyholder records and correspondence; and Series V\n         consists of memorabilia and miscellaneous material. The types\n         of material found in those five series are minutes, ledgers,\n         correspondence, claims, policies, invoices, receipts,\n         applications, manuals, lists, registers, annual statements,\n         and memorabilia.","This material provides the researcher with an invaluable\n         resource regarding the ongoing corporate affairs of the\n         premier African-American insurance company in the United\n         States. Executive committee meeting minutes ledgers in Series\n         I document the monthly decision-making process of the company\n         think-tank for much of the period between 1910-1934 and for a\n         smaller period between 1954-1958. In Series III annual\n         statements spanning from 1906-1929 record the monetary growth\n         of the company from the time of the business' name change to\n         the Great Depression. Also in Series III company financial\n         records help fill the years missed by the annual statements by\n         detailing the financial dynamics of this prosperous insurance\n         business. Series III also includes correspondence and invoices\n         that trace some of the stock and bond investments made by the\n         company. Also a few folders of correspondence and receipts in\n         Series III concerns the company's decision to invest their\n         modest profits in the redesign and renovation of their\n         permanent business location at 214 East Clay Street.","Aside from the records' obvious worth as an economic\n         research resource, the collection also helps to document the\n         social effect of the Southern Aid Society on the black\n         community in Richmond's Jackson Ward district and in other\n         Virginia and Mid-Atlantic black communities. Employee and\n         employment records and ledgers in Series II provide evidence\n         of company hiring practices, the demographic make-up of the\n         Southern Aid Society of Virginia staff, and evidence of\n         agents' work ethics, earning power, spending habits, and even\n         religious affiliation. Policyholder records and correspondence\n         in Series IV contain social characteristics and demographic\n         data for the larger black community from 1894-1914. The entire\n         collection of ledgers and other papers authenticates not only\n         the rise of entrepreneurial insurance enterprise in Virginia\n         but the development of a financially self-supporting black\n         community first in Richmond and then throughout the\n         Mid-Atlantic United States.","There are no restrictions.","Business Records\n         Collection, Acc. 36805","Southern Aid Society of Virginia","Second Baptist Church of Richmond\n         (Va.)","Southern Aid and Insurance Company of Virginia\n         (Richmond, Va.)"],"collection_title_tesim":["Records of the Southern Aid Society of Virginia, 1893-1977"],"collection_ssim":["Records of the Southern Aid Society of Virginia, 1893-1977"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["36805"],"unitid_tesim":["36805"],"repository_ssm":["Library of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Library of Virginia"],"geogname_ssm":["Richmond (Va.)--History--19th\n         century.","Richmond (Va.)--History--20th\n         century."],"geogname_ssim":["Richmond (Va.)--History--19th\n         century.","Richmond (Va.)--History--20th\n         century."],"places_ssim":["Richmond (Va.)--History--19th\n         century.","Richmond (Va.)--History--20th\n         century."],"creator_ssm":["Southern Aid Society of Virginia"],"creator_ssim":["Southern Aid Society of Virginia"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Southern Aid Society of Virginia","Second Baptist Church of Richmond\n         (Va.)","Southern Aid and Insurance Company of Virginia\n         (Richmond, Va.)"],"creators_ssim":["Southern Aid Society of Virginia","Second Baptist Church of Richmond\n         (Va.)","Southern Aid and Insurance Company of Virginia\n         (Richmond, Va.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["There are no restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Gift of Atlanta Life Insurance, 216 East Clay Street,\n            Richmond, Virginia 23219 on 13 September 1999."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Insurance agents--Virginia--19th\n         century.","Insurance agents--Virginia--20th\n         century.","Insurance claims--Virginia- -20th\n         century.","Insurance companies--Virginia--Richmond--19th\n         century.","Insurance companies--Virginia-- Richmond--20th\n         century.","Insurance policies--Virginia--19th\n         century.","Insurance policies--Virginia-- 20th\n         century.","Annual reports.","Business records--\n         Virginia.","Corporate minutes.","Employees' manuals.","Insurance claims.","Insurance policies.","Insurance records.","Ledgers.","Letters\n         (correspondence)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Insurance agents--Virginia--19th\n         century.","Insurance agents--Virginia--20th\n         century.","Insurance claims--Virginia- -20th\n         century.","Insurance companies--Virginia--Richmond--19th\n         century.","Insurance companies--Virginia-- Richmond--20th\n         century.","Insurance policies--Virginia--19th\n         century.","Insurance policies--Virginia-- 20th\n         century.","Annual reports.","Business records--\n         Virginia.","Corporate minutes.","Employees' manuals.","Insurance claims.","Insurance policies.","Insurance records.","Ledgers.","Letters\n         (correspondence)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["65 cubic feet (67 boxes)"],"genreform_ssim":["Annual reports.","Business records--\n         Virginia.","Corporate minutes.","Employees' manuals.","Insurance claims.","Insurance policies.","Insurance records.","Ledgers.","Letters\n         (correspondence)"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eItems containing Social Security Numbers (all folders in\n            Box 11 and Folders 1-3 in Box 12) will not be served.\n            Instead, redacted photocopies will be served.\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Items containing Social Security Numbers (all folders in\n            Box 11 and Folders 1-3 in Box 12) will not be served.\n            Instead, redacted photocopies will be served."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOrganized into the following series: I: Executive Committee\n         Meeting Minutes. II. Employee Records. III. Financial and\n         Investment Account Records and Correspondence. IV.\n         Policyholder Records and Correspondence. V. Memorabilia\n         Miscellaneous.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Organization"],"arrangement_tesim":["Organized into the following series: I: Executive Committee\n         Meeting Minutes. II. Employee Records. III. Financial and\n         Investment Account Records and Correspondence. IV.\n         Policyholder Records and Correspondence. V. Memorabilia\n         Miscellaneous."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn early 1893, a handful of men in Richmond, Virginia\n         organized the Southern Aid and Insurance Company in an effort\n         both to furnish adequate and affordable insurance protection\n         to African-Americans and to promote jobs for unemployed black\n         youth. Chartered on February 25, 1893, Southern Aid and\n         Insurance was the United States' first black owned and\n         operated insurance company. The company founders chose Z.D.\n         Lewis (1859-1926), pastor of the Second Baptist Church of\n         Richmond, to head the corporation and R. Louis Brown as vice\n         president. The other founding officers and board members were\n         W.G. Carter, Charles Johnson, Jr., W.A. Payne, John E. Taylor,\n         and W.R. Coots.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eWhile the founding members had the insight to realize the\n         possibilities of an insurance society for African-Americans,\n         the business initially lacked the spectacular features of the\n         highly popular fraternal orders and morally established church\n         societies of the 1890's and early 20th century. After nearly a\n         decade of slow growth and moderate profits, company leaders\n         acted to reverse the stagnant business trends and modest cash\n         influx. They replaced the company president Armistead\n         Washington, a local fraternal order organizer and sympathizer,\n         with prominent Hanover County banker and businessman, A.D.\n         Price. Under Price's leadership the Southern Aid and Insurance\n         Company became the Southern Aid Society of Virginia, Inc., a\n         move intended to exploit the popularity of fraternal orders\n         and beneficial societies. With a new president and a new name,\n         the company eventually prospered and expanded with infant\n         branches in other Virginia towns. By 1937 the company employed\n         more than 300 black men and women in branches in Virginia and\n         Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eDespite its prominence as the first African-American\n         insurance company, few have written about the Southern Aid\n         Society of Virginia or its members after 1940. While some\n         studies highlight the business' place in local Richmond\n         history or its position as an entrepreneurial endeavor during\n         the period of the beneficial societies and fraternal orders,\n         no comprehensive study of the Southern Aid Society of Virginia\n         exists. Little also was written in the late 1980's when the\n         company's building at 214 E. Clay Street (and presumably the\n         Southern Aid Society of Virginia itself) was bought by the\n         Atlanta Life Insurance Company.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["In early 1893, a handful of men in Richmond, Virginia\n         organized the Southern Aid and Insurance Company in an effort\n         both to furnish adequate and affordable insurance protection\n         to African-Americans and to promote jobs for unemployed black\n         youth. Chartered on February 25, 1893, Southern Aid and\n         Insurance was the United States' first black owned and\n         operated insurance company. The company founders chose Z.D.\n         Lewis (1859-1926), pastor of the Second Baptist Church of\n         Richmond, to head the corporation and R. Louis Brown as vice\n         president. The other founding officers and board members were\n         W.G. Carter, Charles Johnson, Jr., W.A. Payne, John E. Taylor,\n         and W.R. Coots.","While the founding members had the insight to realize the\n         possibilities of an insurance society for African-Americans,\n         the business initially lacked the spectacular features of the\n         highly popular fraternal orders and morally established church\n         societies of the 1890's and early 20th century. After nearly a\n         decade of slow growth and moderate profits, company leaders\n         acted to reverse the stagnant business trends and modest cash\n         influx. They replaced the company president Armistead\n         Washington, a local fraternal order organizer and sympathizer,\n         with prominent Hanover County banker and businessman, A.D.\n         Price. Under Price's leadership the Southern Aid and Insurance\n         Company became the Southern Aid Society of Virginia, Inc., a\n         move intended to exploit the popularity of fraternal orders\n         and beneficial societies. With a new president and a new name,\n         the company eventually prospered and expanded with infant\n         branches in other Virginia towns. By 1937 the company employed\n         more than 300 black men and women in branches in Virginia and\n         Washington, D.C.","Despite its prominence as the first African-American\n         insurance company, few have written about the Southern Aid\n         Society of Virginia or its members after 1940. While some\n         studies highlight the business' place in local Richmond\n         history or its position as an entrepreneurial endeavor during\n         the period of the beneficial societies and fraternal orders,\n         no comprehensive study of the Southern Aid Society of Virginia\n         exists. Little also was written in the late 1980's when the\n         company's building at 214 E. Clay Street (and presumably the\n         Southern Aid Society of Virginia itself) was bought by the\n         Atlanta Life Insurance Company."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSouthern Aid Society of Virginia. Records, 1893-1977.\n            Accession 36805. Business Records Collection, The Library\n            of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"prefercite_tesim":["Southern Aid Society of Virginia. Records, 1893-1977.\n            Accession 36805. Business Records Collection, The Library\n            of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Southern Aid Society of Virginia business records\n         contain 67 boxes of material ranging from 1893-1977 and arranged\n         in five series. Series I consists of executive committee\n         meeting minutes; Series II is employee records; Series III is\n         financial account records and correspondence; Series IV\n         contains policyholder records and correspondence; and Series V\n         consists of memorabilia and miscellaneous material. The types\n         of material found in those five series are minutes, ledgers,\n         correspondence, claims, policies, invoices, receipts,\n         applications, manuals, lists, registers, annual statements,\n         and memorabilia.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThis material provides the researcher with an invaluable\n         resource regarding the ongoing corporate affairs of the\n         premier African-American insurance company in the United\n         States. Executive committee meeting minutes ledgers in Series\n         I document the monthly decision-making process of the company\n         think-tank for much of the period between 1910-1934 and for a\n         smaller period between 1954-1958. In Series III annual\n         statements spanning from 1906-1929 record the monetary growth\n         of the company from the time of the business' name change to\n         the Great Depression. Also in Series III company financial\n         records help fill the years missed by the annual statements by\n         detailing the financial dynamics of this prosperous insurance\n         business. Series III also includes correspondence and invoices\n         that trace some of the stock and bond investments made by the\n         company. Also a few folders of correspondence and receipts in\n         Series III concerns the company's decision to invest their\n         modest profits in the redesign and renovation of their\n         permanent business location at 214 East Clay Street.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eAside from the records' obvious worth as an economic\n         research resource, the collection also helps to document the\n         social effect of the Southern Aid Society on the black\n         community in Richmond's Jackson Ward district and in other\n         Virginia and Mid-Atlantic black communities. Employee and\n         employment records and ledgers in Series II provide evidence\n         of company hiring practices, the demographic make-up of the\n         Southern Aid Society of Virginia staff, and evidence of\n         agents' work ethics, earning power, spending habits, and even\n         religious affiliation. Policyholder records and correspondence\n         in Series IV contain social characteristics and demographic\n         data for the larger black community from 1894-1914. The entire\n         collection of ledgers and other papers authenticates not only\n         the rise of entrepreneurial insurance enterprise in Virginia\n         but the development of a financially self-supporting black\n         community first in Richmond and then throughout the\n         Mid-Atlantic United States.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Southern Aid Society of Virginia business records\n         contain 67 boxes of material ranging from 1893-1977 and arranged\n         in five series. Series I consists of executive committee\n         meeting minutes; Series II is employee records; Series III is\n         financial account records and correspondence; Series IV\n         contains policyholder records and correspondence; and Series V\n         consists of memorabilia and miscellaneous material. The types\n         of material found in those five series are minutes, ledgers,\n         correspondence, claims, policies, invoices, receipts,\n         applications, manuals, lists, registers, annual statements,\n         and memorabilia.","This material provides the researcher with an invaluable\n         resource regarding the ongoing corporate affairs of the\n         premier African-American insurance company in the United\n         States. Executive committee meeting minutes ledgers in Series\n         I document the monthly decision-making process of the company\n         think-tank for much of the period between 1910-1934 and for a\n         smaller period between 1954-1958. In Series III annual\n         statements spanning from 1906-1929 record the monetary growth\n         of the company from the time of the business' name change to\n         the Great Depression. Also in Series III company financial\n         records help fill the years missed by the annual statements by\n         detailing the financial dynamics of this prosperous insurance\n         business. Series III also includes correspondence and invoices\n         that trace some of the stock and bond investments made by the\n         company. Also a few folders of correspondence and receipts in\n         Series III concerns the company's decision to invest their\n         modest profits in the redesign and renovation of their\n         permanent business location at 214 East Clay Street.","Aside from the records' obvious worth as an economic\n         research resource, the collection also helps to document the\n         social effect of the Southern Aid Society on the black\n         community in Richmond's Jackson Ward district and in other\n         Virginia and Mid-Atlantic black communities. Employee and\n         employment records and ledgers in Series II provide evidence\n         of company hiring practices, the demographic make-up of the\n         Southern Aid Society of Virginia staff, and evidence of\n         agents' work ethics, earning power, spending habits, and even\n         religious affiliation. Policyholder records and correspondence\n         in Series IV contain social characteristics and demographic\n         data for the larger black community from 1894-1914. The entire\n         collection of ledgers and other papers authenticates not only\n         the rise of entrepreneurial insurance enterprise in Virginia\n         but the development of a financially self-supporting black\n         community first in Richmond and then throughout the\n         Mid-Atlantic United States."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc label=\"Physical Location\"\u003eBusiness Records\n         Collection, Acc. 36805\u003c/physloc\u003e\n      "],"physloc_tesim":["Business Records\n         Collection, Acc. 36805"],"corpname_ssim":["Southern Aid Society of Virginia","Second Baptist Church of Richmond\n         (Va.)","Southern Aid and Insurance Company of Virginia\n         (Richmond, Va.)"],"names_coll_ssim":["Second Baptist Church of Richmond\n         (Va.)","Southern Aid and Insurance Company of Virginia\n         (Richmond, Va.)"],"names_ssim":["Southern Aid Society of Virginia","Second Baptist Church of Richmond\n         (Va.)","Southern Aid and Insurance Company of Virginia\n         (Richmond, Va.)"],"total_component_count_is":125,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:22:11.595Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi00003"}},{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_5880","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Siler Family Papers, 1848/1968","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_5880#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Seiler family","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_5880#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis is a collection of letters and documents tracing the personal and business life of an eastern panhandle West Virginia family. The papers concern a broad range of political, social, financial, and legal topics, particularly focusing on J. Hammond Siler, Jr., his parents, J. Hammond Siler, Sr. and Jessie Castleman Siler (residents of the Town of Bath better known as Berkeley Springs). Also includes correspondence and other papers from related families. Subjects include banking, the Civil War, the Episcopal church, secession of Virginia, Virginia Loyalty Oath, women's diaries, and women's letters and papers. A notable item in the collection is the diary of Anne Doyne Wolff Strother, wife of artist and writer David Hunter Strother, documenting a trip with husband and daughter Emily to New Orleans in 1857 (S2/Box 67, folder 1a).\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_5880#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_5880","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_5880","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_5880","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_5880","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WVU/repositories_2_resources_5880.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/ark:/99999/198957","title_ssm":["Siler Family Papers"],"title_tesim":["Siler Family Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1848-1968"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1848-1968"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1848/1968"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Siler Family Papers, 1848/1968"],"text":["Siler Family Papers, 1848/1968","A\u0026M 2200","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/5880","Berkeley Springs (W. Va.)","Town of Bath, West Virginia - Berkeley Springs.","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Bank of Berkeley Springs - Banks and Banking.","Banks and Banking - American Institute of Banking.","Banks and Banking - Bank of Berkeley Springs.","Banks and Banking - Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond.","Banks and Banking - Financial Public Relations Association.","Banks and Banking - First Virginia Corporation.","Banks and banking","Berkeley Glass Sand Company -- Glass Sand Industry","Berkeley Springs Water Works and Improvement Co. -- Power Industry","Bibles","Blueprints","Bonds -- Citizens Trust and Guaranty Company of West Virginia","Bowling","Poetry --  Nannie S. Castleman","Church schools -- Episcopal High School (Alexandria, Va.)","Churches  -- Episcopal","Civil War -- Confederate newspapers","Civil War -- Description","Civil War - political factions.","Civil War -- Confederate letters","Confederate States of America - secession crisis.","Diaries and journals.","Episcopal Church - Churches.","Estates and estate settlements.","Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond - Banks and Banking.","Financial Public Relations Association - Banks and Banking.","First Virginia Corporation - Banks and Banking.","General stores - Hammond and Siler.","Glass Sand Industry - Berkeley Glass Sand Company.","Glass Sand Industry - Pennsylvania Glass Sand Corporation.","Hancock Steel Company - Steel.","Insurance - V. E. Johnson Insurance Agency.","Land - deeds and grants.","Land Plat.","Lawyers - letters and papers.","Ledgers.","Libraries - Morgan County Library.","Magazines.","Freemasons","Morgan County - Circuit Court.","Morgan County Library - Libraries.","Music - Sheet music.","Northern Virginia Power Company - Power Industry.","Pennsylvania Glass Sand Corporation - Glass Sand Industry.","Political factions - Civil War.","Politics - Secession of Virginia.","Politics and government.","Railroads - Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.","Railroads - Western Maryland Railroad Company.","Rhodes scholarships","Rock Gap Coal and Mining Company - Stocks.","Scrapbooks","Secession of Virginia - Politics.","Business correspondence","No special access restriction applies.","missing; 2011/04/15; mrr","series 2, box 47, folder 13","--","archives and manuscripts; photographs / postcards / prints / etc.","This is a collection of letters and documents tracing the personal and business life of an eastern panhandle West Virginia family. 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Hammond (ca. 1848-1968), boxes S4/Box 1-S4/Box 4\nSeries 5. Ann R. Castleman (ca. 1848-1968), boxes S5/Box 1-S5/Box 2\nSeries 6. Photographs (ca. 1848-1968), box S6/Box 1\nSeries 7. Wrapped Packages (ca. 1848-1968), Wrapped Packages 1-26\nSeries 8. Oversize Material (ca. 1848-1968), box S8/Box 1","Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center","West Virginia and Regional History Center","American Institute of Banking","Baltimore Trust Company","Bull and Bear Club","Citizens Trust and Guaranty Company of West Virginia - Bonds.","Emerald Shillelagh Chowder and Marching Society, Inc.","Hammond and Siler General Store.","Virginia. General Assembly. House of Delegates","Montgomery Ward","American Red Cross","Sears, Roebuck and Company","Steel - Hancock Steel Company.","Great Cacapon Silica Sand Company","Seiler family","Campbell family","Castleman family - Genealogy","Hammond family - Genealogy","Humphries family - Genealogy","Isler family - Genealogy","Shepard family - Genealogy","Seller family - Genealogy","Armstrong, James D.","Castleman, Ann Rebecca Isler.","Castleman, Estelle.","Castleman, Frank A.","Castleman, Sarah Jane.","Faulkner, Charles James, 1806-1884","Hammond, Allen C.","Hammond, Cadet N.","Hotee, John.","Randolph, Emily Strother.","Rinehart, E. A.","Siler, J. Hammond Jr.","Siler, J. Hammond Sr.","Siler, Jessie Castleman.","Siler, John T.","Strother, Anne Doyne.","Van Gosen, James D.","Whisner, Samuel.","Widmyer, P. S.","Hardin, Moses","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Siler Family Papers, 1848/1968"],"collection_ssim":["Siler Family Papers, 1848/1968"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A\u0026M 2200","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/5880"],"unitid_tesim":["A\u0026M 2200","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/5880"],"repository_ssm":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"geogname_ssm":["Berkeley Springs (W. Va.)","Town of Bath, West Virginia - Berkeley Springs.","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865"],"geogname_ssim":["Berkeley Springs (W. Va.)","Town of Bath, West Virginia - Berkeley Springs.","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865"],"places_ssim":["Berkeley Springs (W. Va.)","Town of Bath, West Virginia - Berkeley Springs.","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865"],"creator_ssm":["Seiler family"],"creator_ssim":["Seiler family"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Armstrong, James D.","Castleman, Ann Rebecca Isler.","Castleman, Estelle.","Castleman, Frank A.","Castleman, Sarah Jane.","Faulkner, Charles James, 1806-1884","Hammond, Allen C.","Hammond, Cadet N.","Hotee, John.","Randolph, Emily Strother.","Rinehart, E. A.","Siler, J. Hammond Jr.","Siler, J. Hammond Sr.","Siler, Jessie Castleman.","Siler, John T.","Strother, Anne Doyne.","Van Gosen, James D.","Whisner, Samuel.","Widmyer, P. S.","Hardin, Moses"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","American Institute of Banking","Baltimore Trust Company","Bull and Bear Club","Citizens Trust and Guaranty Company of West Virginia - Bonds.","Emerald Shillelagh Chowder and Marching Society, Inc.","Hammond and Siler General Store.","Virginia. General Assembly. 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For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchase from (in process), (in process)"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Bank of Berkeley Springs - Banks and Banking.","Banks and Banking - American Institute of Banking.","Banks and Banking - Bank of Berkeley Springs.","Banks and Banking - Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond.","Banks and Banking - Financial Public Relations Association.","Banks and Banking - First Virginia Corporation.","Banks and banking","Berkeley Glass Sand Company -- Glass Sand Industry","Berkeley Springs Water Works and Improvement Co. -- Power Industry","Bibles","Blueprints","Bonds -- Citizens Trust and Guaranty Company of West Virginia","Bowling","Poetry --  Nannie S. Castleman","Church schools -- Episcopal High School (Alexandria, Va.)","Churches  -- Episcopal","Civil War -- Confederate newspapers","Civil War -- Description","Civil War - political factions.","Civil War -- Confederate letters","Confederate States of America - secession crisis.","Diaries and journals.","Episcopal Church - Churches.","Estates and estate settlements.","Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond - Banks and Banking.","Financial Public Relations Association - Banks and Banking.","First Virginia Corporation - Banks and Banking.","General stores - Hammond and Siler.","Glass Sand Industry - Berkeley Glass Sand Company.","Glass Sand Industry - Pennsylvania Glass Sand Corporation.","Hancock Steel Company - Steel.","Insurance - V. E. Johnson Insurance Agency.","Land - deeds and grants.","Land Plat.","Lawyers - letters and papers.","Ledgers.","Libraries - Morgan County Library.","Magazines.","Freemasons","Morgan County - Circuit Court.","Morgan County Library - Libraries.","Music - Sheet music.","Northern Virginia Power Company - Power Industry.","Pennsylvania Glass Sand Corporation - Glass Sand Industry.","Political factions - Civil War.","Politics - Secession of Virginia.","Politics and government.","Railroads - Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.","Railroads - Western Maryland Railroad Company.","Rhodes scholarships","Rock Gap Coal and Mining Company - Stocks.","Scrapbooks","Secession of Virginia - Politics.","Business correspondence"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Bank of Berkeley Springs - Banks and Banking.","Banks and Banking - American Institute of Banking.","Banks and Banking - Bank of Berkeley Springs.","Banks and Banking - Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond.","Banks and Banking - Financial Public Relations Association.","Banks and Banking - First Virginia Corporation.","Banks and banking","Berkeley Glass Sand Company -- Glass Sand Industry","Berkeley Springs Water Works and Improvement Co. -- Power Industry","Bibles","Blueprints","Bonds -- Citizens Trust and Guaranty Company of West Virginia","Bowling","Poetry --  Nannie S. 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Johnson Insurance Agency.","Land - deeds and grants.","Land Plat.","Lawyers - letters and papers.","Ledgers.","Libraries - Morgan County Library.","Magazines.","Freemasons","Morgan County - Circuit Court.","Morgan County Library - Libraries.","Music - Sheet music.","Northern Virginia Power Company - Power Industry.","Pennsylvania Glass Sand Corporation - Glass Sand Industry.","Political factions - Civil War.","Politics - Secession of Virginia.","Politics and government.","Railroads - Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.","Railroads - Western Maryland Railroad Company.","Rhodes scholarships","Rock Gap Coal and Mining Company - Stocks.","Scrapbooks","Secession of Virginia - Politics.","Business correspondence"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["66.6 Linear Feet Summary: 66 ft. 7 in. (149 document cases, 5 in. each); (1 document case, 2 1/2 in.); (1 small flat storage box, 3 1/2 in.); (2 oversize folders, 2 in.); (25 wrapped packages, 3 ft. 8 in.)"],"extent_tesim":["66.6 Linear Feet Summary: 66 ft. 7 in. 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The papers concern a broad range of political, social, financial, and legal topics, particularly focusing on J. Hammond Siler, Jr., his parents, J. Hammond Siler, Sr. and Jessie Castleman Siler (residents of the Town of Bath better known as Berkeley Springs). Also includes correspondence and other papers from related families. Subjects include banking, the Civil War, the Episcopal church, secession of Virginia, Virginia Loyalty Oath, women's diaries, and women's letters and papers. A notable item in the collection is the diary of Anne Doyne Wolff Strother, wife of artist and writer David Hunter Strother, documenting a trip with husband and daughter Emily to New Orleans in 1857 (S2/Box 67, folder 1a).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries include:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1. J. Hammond Siler, Jr. (ca. 1848-1968), boxes S1/Box 1-S1/Box 50\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 2. J. Hammond Siler, Sr. (ca. 1848-1968), boxes S2/Box 1-S2/Box 89\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 3. Jessie Castleman Siler (ca. 1848-1968), boxes S3/Box 1-S3/Box 2\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 4. A.C. Hammond (ca. 1848-1968), boxes S4/Box 1-S4/Box 4\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 5. Ann R. Castleman (ca. 1848-1968), boxes S5/Box 1-S5/Box 2\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 6. Photographs (ca. 1848-1968), box S6/Box 1\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 7. Wrapped Packages (ca. 1848-1968), Wrapped Packages 1-26\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 8. Oversize Material (ca. 1848-1968), box S8/Box 1\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This is a collection of letters and documents tracing the personal and business life of an eastern panhandle West Virginia family. The papers concern a broad range of political, social, financial, and legal topics, particularly focusing on J. Hammond Siler, Jr., his parents, J. Hammond Siler, Sr. and Jessie Castleman Siler (residents of the Town of Bath better known as Berkeley Springs). Also includes correspondence and other papers from related families. Subjects include banking, the Civil War, the Episcopal church, secession of Virginia, Virginia Loyalty Oath, women's diaries, and women's letters and papers. A notable item in the collection is the diary of Anne Doyne Wolff Strother, wife of artist and writer David Hunter Strother, documenting a trip with husband and daughter Emily to New Orleans in 1857 (S2/Box 67, folder 1a).","Series include:","Series 1. J. Hammond Siler, Jr. (ca. 1848-1968), boxes S1/Box 1-S1/Box 50\nSeries 2. J. Hammond Siler, Sr. (ca. 1848-1968), boxes S2/Box 1-S2/Box 89\nSeries 3. Jessie Castleman Siler (ca. 1848-1968), boxes S3/Box 1-S3/Box 2\nSeries 4. A.C. Hammond (ca. 1848-1968), boxes S4/Box 1-S4/Box 4\nSeries 5. Ann R. Castleman (ca. 1848-1968), boxes S5/Box 1-S5/Box 2\nSeries 6. Photographs (ca. 1848-1968), box S6/Box 1\nSeries 7. Wrapped Packages (ca. 1848-1968), Wrapped Packages 1-26\nSeries 8. Oversize Material (ca. 1848-1968), box S8/Box 1"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. 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Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center"],"corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","American Institute of Banking","Baltimore Trust Company","Bull and Bear Club","Citizens Trust and Guaranty Company of West Virginia - Bonds.","Emerald Shillelagh Chowder and Marching Society, Inc.","Hammond and Siler General Store.","Virginia. General Assembly. House of Delegates","Montgomery Ward","American Red Cross","Sears, Roebuck and Company","Steel - Hancock Steel Company.","Great Cacapon Silica Sand Company"],"names_coll_ssim":["American Institute of Banking","Baltimore Trust Company","Bull and Bear Club","Citizens Trust and Guaranty Company of West Virginia - Bonds.","Emerald Shillelagh Chowder and Marching Society, Inc.","Hammond and Siler General Store.","Virginia. General Assembly. 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Hammond Jr.","Siler, J. Hammond Sr.","Siler, Jessie Castleman.","Siler, John T.","Strother, Anne Doyne.","Van Gosen, James D.","Whisner, Samuel.","Widmyer, P. S.","Hardin, Moses"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1463,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T23:10:52.729Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_5880","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_5880","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_5880","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_5880","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WVU/repositories_2_resources_5880.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/ark:/99999/198957","title_ssm":["Siler Family Papers"],"title_tesim":["Siler Family Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1848-1968"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1848-1968"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1848/1968"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Siler Family Papers, 1848/1968"],"text":["Siler Family Papers, 1848/1968","A\u0026M 2200","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/5880","Berkeley Springs (W. 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(149 document cases, 5 in. each); (1 document case, 2 1/2 in.); (1 small flat storage box, 3 1/2 in.); (2 oversize folders, 2 in.); (25 wrapped packages, 3 ft. 8 in.)"],"extent_tesim":["66.6 Linear Feet Summary: 66 ft. 7 in. 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The papers concern a broad range of political, social, financial, and legal topics, particularly focusing on J. Hammond Siler, Jr., his parents, J. Hammond Siler, Sr. and Jessie Castleman Siler (residents of the Town of Bath better known as Berkeley Springs). Also includes correspondence and other papers from related families. Subjects include banking, the Civil War, the Episcopal church, secession of Virginia, Virginia Loyalty Oath, women's diaries, and women's letters and papers. A notable item in the collection is the diary of Anne Doyne Wolff Strother, wife of artist and writer David Hunter Strother, documenting a trip with husband and daughter Emily to New Orleans in 1857 (S2/Box 67, folder 1a).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries include:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1. J. Hammond Siler, Jr. (ca. 1848-1968), boxes S1/Box 1-S1/Box 50\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 2. J. Hammond Siler, Sr. (ca. 1848-1968), boxes S2/Box 1-S2/Box 89\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 3. Jessie Castleman Siler (ca. 1848-1968), boxes S3/Box 1-S3/Box 2\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 4. A.C. Hammond (ca. 1848-1968), boxes S4/Box 1-S4/Box 4\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 5. Ann R. Castleman (ca. 1848-1968), boxes S5/Box 1-S5/Box 2\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 6. Photographs (ca. 1848-1968), box S6/Box 1\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 7. Wrapped Packages (ca. 1848-1968), Wrapped Packages 1-26\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 8. Oversize Material (ca. 1848-1968), box S8/Box 1\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This is a collection of letters and documents tracing the personal and business life of an eastern panhandle West Virginia family. The papers concern a broad range of political, social, financial, and legal topics, particularly focusing on J. Hammond Siler, Jr., his parents, J. 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House of Delegates","Montgomery Ward","American Red Cross","Sears, Roebuck and Company","Steel - Hancock Steel Company.","Great Cacapon Silica Sand Company","Campbell family","Castleman family - Genealogy","Hammond family - Genealogy","Humphries family - Genealogy","Isler family - Genealogy","Shepard family - Genealogy","Seller family - Genealogy","Seiler family","Armstrong, James D.","Castleman, Ann Rebecca Isler.","Castleman, Estelle.","Castleman, Frank A.","Castleman, Sarah Jane.","Faulkner, Charles James, 1806-1884","Hammond, Allen C.","Hammond, Cadet N.","Hotee, John.","Randolph, Emily Strother.","Rinehart, E. A.","Siler, J. Hammond Jr.","Siler, J. Hammond Sr.","Siler, Jessie Castleman.","Siler, John T.","Strother, Anne Doyne.","Van Gosen, James D.","Whisner, Samuel.","Widmyer, P. 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This collection contains mainly administrative and operational records of the college. Types of records include annual reports, publications, memorabilia, artifacts, and other material. This collection includes material regarding John Brown's Fort.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4566#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4566","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4566","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4566","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4566","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WVU/repositories_2_resources_4566.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/ark:/99999/198177","title_ssm":["Storer College Administrative and Operational Records"],"title_tesim":["Storer College Administrative and Operational Records"],"unitdate_ssm":["1865-1960","1930s-1950s"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1865-1960"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1930s-1950s"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1865/1960, bulk 1930/1950"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Storer College Administrative and Operational Records, 1865/1960, bulk 1930/1950"],"text":["Storer College Administrative and Operational Records, 1865/1960, bulk 1930/1950","A\u0026M 1322","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/4566","Harpers Ferry (W. Va.)","Jefferson County (W. Va.)","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","West Virginia -- Race relations","Account books","African Americans  -- Education (Higher)","African Americans - Schools for Freedmen.","African Americans -- Segregation -- West Virginia","African Americans  -- Appalachian Region","Brown, John -- Fort-Museum","Builders and contractors.","Baptists","Education","Ephemera.","Freedmen's Schools.","Jefferson County - Schools.","Ledgers.","Missionaries","Newspapers.","Photographs.","Schools - Jefferson County.","Schools. SEE ALSO Academies","Teachers' letters and papers.","Universities and colleges","Women --  Education","Women's history -- 1850-1899","Women's history -- 1900-1929","Women's history -- 1929-1950","Women's history -- 1951-present","World War, 1914-1918 -- Letters","World War, 1939-1945 -- Letters","World War, 1939-1945","World War, 1914-1918","No special access restriction applies.","Researchers may access digitized materials by visiting the link attached to each item or by requesting to view the materials in person by appointment or remotely by contacting the West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center reference department.","Storer College of Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, emerged from the aftermath of the Civil War with the purpose of educating former slaves who were now facing the world with few skills and no education. It began in 1865 as a school in the Lockwood House, a private residence, with the support of the Freewill Baptist Home Mission Society of New England under Reverend Nathan Cook Brackett; in 1867 it officially became Storer Normal School, with the mission of training teachers; and in 1938 Storer became a College. The College closed in 1955 due to declining enrollment, financial problems, and the advent of desegregation.","Although there were dedicated teachers in the beginning, by 1867 there were still only 16 instructors to educate 2,500 students. Reverend Brackett realized the only way to reach all of the students was to train African American teachers, thus necessitating the expansion of the school into a teacher college.","The philanthropist John Storer from Maine came forward and offered a $10,000 grant to the Freewill Baptists to create a teacher college under three conditions: first, the school must eventually become a degree-granting college; second, the school had to be open to all applicants, regardless of race or gender; and finally, the most difficult of the prerequisites, the Freewill Baptist Church had to match his $10,000 donation within a year. After a year-long effort the money was raised, and Storer Normal School opened its doors; and by March 1868 it received its state charter.","In the beginning local residents were resistant to a \"colored school\" and tried to shut it down through slander, vandalism, and local politics. One teacher wrote, \"it is unusual for me to go to the Post Office without being hooted at, and twice I have been stoned on the streets at noonday.\" The attitudes of local residents eventually changed, however, so that later in his life Reverend Brackett became a respected citizen of Harpers Ferry.","Though Storer remained primarily a teacher college, in time it began adding courses in higher education to its curriculum so that students could graduate with a normal degree for teaching, or an academic degree for going on to college. In 1938, under the leadership of school president Henry T. McDonald, Storer became a college. Its enrollment peaked at around 400, and then dipped lower during World War II. The College survived until 1955 when declining enrollment, financial stress, and court-ordered desegregation combined to close it.","In addition to its progressive role in educating African Americans, the College became associated with other advocates of civil rights, such as Frederick Douglas, who visited Storer Normal School in 1881 to deliver a speech on John Brown, and the Niagra Movement led by William Du Bois, who held a conference at Storer in 1906. The NAACP was later to adopt many of the goals of the Niagra Movement.","[This historical note was sourced from the West Virginia Encyclopedia and Wikipedia.]","1131, 1168, 1322, 1471, 2621","Records of Storer College, West Virginia's first African American institution of higher learning, located in Harpers Ferry. This collection contains mainly administrative and operational records of the college. Types of records include annual reports, publications, memorabilia, artifacts, and other material. This collection includes material regarding John Brown's Fort.","The collection is organized into eighteen series, including:","Series 1. Correspondence; 1865-1953; boxes 1a-61 (73 containers)\nSeries 2. Miscellaneous Correspondence; 1892-1957, undated; boxes 62-72 (14 containers)\nSeries 3. Individual Correspondence; 1920s-1950s; boxes 73-85b (25 containers)\nSeries 4. President's Reports; 1907-1955; box 86a, folders 1a-4 (partial container)\nSeries 5. Board of Trustees; 1926-1960; box 86a, folder 5-box 87b, folder 2b (2 containers, 2 partial containers).\nSeries 6. Dean of Women Reports; 1939-1944; box 87b, folder 3 (partial container)\nSeries 7. Executive Committee; 1924-1957; box 88a - box 88b, folder 1 (1 container, 1 partial container)\nSeries 8. Woman's Commission; 1937-1948; box 88b, folder 2 (partial container)\nSeries 9. By-Laws; 1867-1953; box 88b, folders 3-4 (partial container)\nSeries 10. Faculty; 1940s-1950s; boxes 89-90 (2 containers)\nSeries 11. Printed Material; 1920s-1950s; boxes 91-92 (2 containers)\nSeries 12. Student Records; 1890s-1950s; boxes 93a-122, 137-138 (35 containers)\nSeries 13. Financial Records; 1867-1956, undated; boxes 123a-136, 139-159, 164-169 (45 containers)\nSeries 14. Miscellaneous; 1884-1950s, undated; boxes 159-162, 175 (4 containers, 1 partial container)\nSeries 15. Newspaper -- Storer Record; 1892-1943; box 163 and microfilm reel (2 containers)\nSeries 16. Scrapbooks; 1870-1941; boxes 170-172b (4 containers)\nSeries 17. Alumni flags; undated; box 173 (partial container)\nSeries 18. Oversize; 1916-1952; box 174 (1 container)","Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center","West Virginia and Regional History Center","Storer College","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","New England Free Will Baptist Association","United States. Veterans Administration","Ball, George H.","Brewster, J.M.","Curtis, Silas, 1804-","Day, George T.","Fessenden, William Pitt, 1806-1869","McDonald, Henry Temple, 1872-1951","Stewart, I.D.","English\n."],"collection_title_tesim":["Storer College Administrative and Operational Records, 1865/1960, bulk 1930/1950"],"collection_ssim":["Storer College Administrative and Operational Records, 1865/1960, bulk 1930/1950"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A\u0026M 1322","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/4566"],"unitid_tesim":["A\u0026M 1322","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/4566"],"repository_ssm":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"geogname_ssm":["Harpers Ferry (W. Va.)","Jefferson County (W. Va.)","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","West Virginia -- Race relations"],"geogname_ssim":["Harpers Ferry (W. Va.)","Jefferson County (W. Va.)","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","West Virginia -- Race relations"],"places_ssim":["Harpers Ferry (W. Va.)","Jefferson County (W. Va.)","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","West Virginia -- Race relations"],"creator_ssm":["Storer College"],"creator_ssim":["Storer College"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Ball, George H.","Brewster, J.M.","Curtis, Silas, 1804-","Day, George T.","Fessenden, William Pitt, 1806-1869","McDonald, Henry Temple, 1872-1951","Stewart, I.D."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Storer College","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","New England Free Will Baptist Association","United States. Veterans Administration"],"creators_ssim":["Ball, George H.","Brewster, J.M.","Curtis, Silas, 1804-","Day, George T.","Fessenden, William Pitt, 1806-1869","McDonald, Henry Temple, 1872-1951","Stewart, I.D.","West Virginia and Regional History Center","Storer College","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","New England Free Will Baptist Association","United States. Veterans Administration"],"access_terms_ssm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Account books","African Americans  -- Education (Higher)","African Americans - Schools for Freedmen.","African Americans -- Segregation -- West Virginia","African Americans  -- Appalachian Region","Brown, John -- Fort-Museum","Builders and contractors.","Baptists","Education","Ephemera.","Freedmen's Schools.","Jefferson County - Schools.","Ledgers.","Missionaries","Newspapers.","Photographs.","Schools - Jefferson County.","Schools. SEE ALSO Academies","Teachers' letters and papers.","Universities and colleges","Women --  Education","Women's history -- 1850-1899","Women's history -- 1900-1929","Women's history -- 1929-1950","Women's history -- 1951-present","World War, 1914-1918 -- Letters","World War, 1939-1945 -- Letters","World War, 1939-1945","World War, 1914-1918"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Account books","African Americans  -- Education (Higher)","African Americans - Schools for Freedmen.","African Americans -- Segregation -- West Virginia","African Americans  -- Appalachian Region","Brown, John -- Fort-Museum","Builders and contractors.","Baptists","Education","Ephemera.","Freedmen's Schools.","Jefferson County - Schools.","Ledgers.","Missionaries","Newspapers.","Photographs.","Schools - Jefferson County.","Schools. SEE ALSO Academies","Teachers' letters and papers.","Universities and colleges","Women --  Education","Women's history -- 1850-1899","Women's history -- 1900-1929","Women's history -- 1929-1950","Women's history -- 1951-present","World War, 1914-1918 -- Letters","World War, 1939-1945 -- Letters","World War, 1939-1945","World War, 1914-1918"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["87.58 Linear Feet (160 document cases, 5 in. each; 28 document cases, 2.5 in. each; 7 record cartons, 15 in. each; 4 notecard boxes, 5 in. each; 2 notecard boxes, 4.5 in. each; 5 large flat storage boxes, 5 in. each; 4 large flat storage boxes, 3.5 in. each; 1.5 large flat storage boxes, 3 in. each; 1 small artifact box, 1.5 in.; 1 oversize folder, 0.25 in.; 1 reel microfilm, 1.75 in.)"],"extent_tesim":["87.58 Linear Feet (160 document cases, 5 in. each; 28 document cases, 2.5 in. each; 7 record cartons, 15 in. each; 4 notecard boxes, 5 in. each; 2 notecard boxes, 4.5 in. each; 5 large flat storage boxes, 5 in. each; 4 large flat storage boxes, 3.5 in. each; 1.5 large flat storage boxes, 3 in. each; 1 small artifact box, 1.5 in.; 1 oversize folder, 0.25 in.; 1 reel microfilm, 1.75 in.)"],"date_range_isim":[1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo special access restriction applies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eResearchers may access digitized materials by visiting the link attached to each item or by requesting to view the materials in person by appointment or remotely by contacting the \u003ca href=\"https://westvirginia.libanswers.com/wvrhc\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eWest Virginia \u0026amp; Regional History Center reference department\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["No special access restriction applies.","Researchers may access digitized materials by visiting the link attached to each item or by requesting to view the materials in person by appointment or remotely by contacting the West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center reference department."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eStorer College of Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, emerged from the aftermath of the Civil War with the purpose of educating former slaves who were now facing the world with few skills and no education. It began in 1865 as a school in the Lockwood House, a private residence, with the support of the Freewill Baptist Home Mission Society of New England under Reverend Nathan Cook Brackett; in 1867 it officially became Storer Normal School, with the mission of training teachers; and in 1938 Storer became a College. The College closed in 1955 due to declining enrollment, financial problems, and the advent of desegregation.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlthough there were dedicated teachers in the beginning, by 1867 there were still only 16 instructors to educate 2,500 students. Reverend Brackett realized the only way to reach all of the students was to train African American teachers, thus necessitating the expansion of the school into a teacher college.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe philanthropist John Storer from Maine came forward and offered a $10,000 grant to the Freewill Baptists to create a teacher college under three conditions: first, the school must eventually become a degree-granting college; second, the school had to be open to all applicants, regardless of race or gender; and finally, the most difficult of the prerequisites, the Freewill Baptist Church had to match his $10,000 donation within a year. After a year-long effort the money was raised, and Storer Normal School opened its doors; and by March 1868 it received its state charter.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nIn the beginning local residents were resistant to a \"colored school\" and tried to shut it down through slander, vandalism, and local politics. One teacher wrote, \"it is unusual for me to go to the Post Office without being hooted at, and twice I have been stoned on the streets at noonday.\" The attitudes of local residents eventually changed, however, so that later in his life Reverend Brackett became a respected citizen of Harpers Ferry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThough Storer remained primarily a teacher college, in time it began adding courses in higher education to its curriculum so that students could graduate with a normal degree for teaching, or an academic degree for going on to college. In 1938, under the leadership of school president Henry T. McDonald, Storer became a college. Its enrollment peaked at around 400, and then dipped lower during World War II. The College survived until 1955 when declining enrollment, financial stress, and court-ordered desegregation combined to close it.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn addition to its progressive role in educating African Americans, the College became associated with other advocates of civil rights, such as Frederick Douglas, who visited Storer Normal School in 1881 to deliver a speech on John Brown, and the Niagra Movement led by William Du Bois, who held a conference at Storer in 1906. The NAACP was later to adopt many of the goals of the Niagra Movement.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[This historical note was sourced from the West Virginia Encyclopedia and Wikipedia.]\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Storer College of Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, emerged from the aftermath of the Civil War with the purpose of educating former slaves who were now facing the world with few skills and no education. It began in 1865 as a school in the Lockwood House, a private residence, with the support of the Freewill Baptist Home Mission Society of New England under Reverend Nathan Cook Brackett; in 1867 it officially became Storer Normal School, with the mission of training teachers; and in 1938 Storer became a College. The College closed in 1955 due to declining enrollment, financial problems, and the advent of desegregation.","Although there were dedicated teachers in the beginning, by 1867 there were still only 16 instructors to educate 2,500 students. Reverend Brackett realized the only way to reach all of the students was to train African American teachers, thus necessitating the expansion of the school into a teacher college.","The philanthropist John Storer from Maine came forward and offered a $10,000 grant to the Freewill Baptists to create a teacher college under three conditions: first, the school must eventually become a degree-granting college; second, the school had to be open to all applicants, regardless of race or gender; and finally, the most difficult of the prerequisites, the Freewill Baptist Church had to match his $10,000 donation within a year. After a year-long effort the money was raised, and Storer Normal School opened its doors; and by March 1868 it received its state charter.","In the beginning local residents were resistant to a \"colored school\" and tried to shut it down through slander, vandalism, and local politics. One teacher wrote, \"it is unusual for me to go to the Post Office without being hooted at, and twice I have been stoned on the streets at noonday.\" The attitudes of local residents eventually changed, however, so that later in his life Reverend Brackett became a respected citizen of Harpers Ferry.","Though Storer remained primarily a teacher college, in time it began adding courses in higher education to its curriculum so that students could graduate with a normal degree for teaching, or an academic degree for going on to college. In 1938, under the leadership of school president Henry T. McDonald, Storer became a college. Its enrollment peaked at around 400, and then dipped lower during World War II. The College survived until 1955 when declining enrollment, financial stress, and court-ordered desegregation combined to close it.","In addition to its progressive role in educating African Americans, the College became associated with other advocates of civil rights, such as Frederick Douglas, who visited Storer Normal School in 1881 to deliver a speech on John Brown, and the Niagra Movement led by William Du Bois, who held a conference at Storer in 1906. The NAACP was later to adopt many of the goals of the Niagra Movement.","[This historical note was sourced from the West Virginia Encyclopedia and Wikipedia.]"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Storer College Administrative and Operational Records, A\u0026amp;M 1322, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Storer College Administrative and Operational Records, A\u0026M 1322, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e1131, 1168, 1322, 1471, 2621\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related A\u0026M Collections"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["1131, 1168, 1322, 1471, 2621"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRecords of Storer College, West Virginia's first African American institution of higher learning, located in Harpers Ferry. This collection contains mainly administrative and operational records of the college. Types of records include annual reports, publications, memorabilia, artifacts, and other material. This collection includes material regarding John Brown's Fort.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe collection is organized into eighteen series, including:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1. Correspondence; 1865-1953; boxes 1a-61 (73 containers)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 2. Miscellaneous Correspondence; 1892-1957, undated; boxes 62-72 (14 containers)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 3. Individual Correspondence; 1920s-1950s; boxes 73-85b (25 containers)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 4. President's Reports; 1907-1955; box 86a, folders 1a-4 (partial container)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 5. Board of Trustees; 1926-1960; box 86a, folder 5-box 87b, folder 2b (2 containers, 2 partial containers).\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 6. Dean of Women Reports; 1939-1944; box 87b, folder 3 (partial container)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 7. Executive Committee; 1924-1957; box 88a - box 88b, folder 1 (1 container, 1 partial container)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 8. Woman's Commission; 1937-1948; box 88b, folder 2 (partial container)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 9. By-Laws; 1867-1953; box 88b, folders 3-4 (partial container)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 10. Faculty; 1940s-1950s; boxes 89-90 (2 containers)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 11. Printed Material; 1920s-1950s; boxes 91-92 (2 containers)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 12. Student Records; 1890s-1950s; boxes 93a-122, 137-138 (35 containers)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 13. Financial Records; 1867-1956, undated; boxes 123a-136, 139-159, 164-169 (45 containers)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 14. Miscellaneous; 1884-1950s, undated; boxes 159-162, 175 (4 containers, 1 partial container)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 15. Newspaper -- Storer Record; 1892-1943; box 163 and microfilm reel (2 containers)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 16. Scrapbooks; 1870-1941; boxes 170-172b (4 containers)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 17. Alumni flags; undated; box 173 (partial container)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 18. Oversize; 1916-1952; box 174 (1 container)\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Records of Storer College, West Virginia's first African American institution of higher learning, located in Harpers Ferry. This collection contains mainly administrative and operational records of the college. Types of records include annual reports, publications, memorabilia, artifacts, and other material. This collection includes material regarding John Brown's Fort.","The collection is organized into eighteen series, including:","Series 1. Correspondence; 1865-1953; boxes 1a-61 (73 containers)\nSeries 2. Miscellaneous Correspondence; 1892-1957, undated; boxes 62-72 (14 containers)\nSeries 3. Individual Correspondence; 1920s-1950s; boxes 73-85b (25 containers)\nSeries 4. President's Reports; 1907-1955; box 86a, folders 1a-4 (partial container)\nSeries 5. Board of Trustees; 1926-1960; box 86a, folder 5-box 87b, folder 2b (2 containers, 2 partial containers).\nSeries 6. Dean of Women Reports; 1939-1944; box 87b, folder 3 (partial container)\nSeries 7. Executive Committee; 1924-1957; box 88a - box 88b, folder 1 (1 container, 1 partial container)\nSeries 8. Woman's Commission; 1937-1948; box 88b, folder 2 (partial container)\nSeries 9. By-Laws; 1867-1953; box 88b, folders 3-4 (partial container)\nSeries 10. Faculty; 1940s-1950s; boxes 89-90 (2 containers)\nSeries 11. Printed Material; 1920s-1950s; boxes 91-92 (2 containers)\nSeries 12. Student Records; 1890s-1950s; boxes 93a-122, 137-138 (35 containers)\nSeries 13. Financial Records; 1867-1956, undated; boxes 123a-136, 139-159, 164-169 (45 containers)\nSeries 14. Miscellaneous; 1884-1950s, undated; boxes 159-162, 175 (4 containers, 1 partial container)\nSeries 15. Newspaper -- Storer Record; 1892-1943; box 163 and microfilm reel (2 containers)\nSeries 16. Scrapbooks; 1870-1941; boxes 170-172b (4 containers)\nSeries 17. Alumni flags; undated; box 173 (partial container)\nSeries 18. Oversize; 1916-1952; box 174 (1 container)"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_5c340650e135ba41d647d77be84aba99\"\u003eWest Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/\"\u003eWest Virginia \u0026amp; Regional History Center\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/physloc\u003e\n    "],"physloc_tesim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center"],"corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Storer College","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","New England Free Will Baptist Association","United States. Veterans Administration"],"names_coll_ssim":["National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","New England Free Will Baptist Association","Storer College","United States. Veterans Administration","Ball, George H.","Brewster, J.M.","Curtis, Silas, 1804-","Day, George T.","Fessenden, William Pitt, 1806-1869","McDonald, Henry Temple, 1872-1951","Stewart, I.D."],"persname_ssim":["Ball, George H.","Brewster, J.M.","Curtis, Silas, 1804-","Day, George T.","Fessenden, William Pitt, 1806-1869","McDonald, Henry Temple, 1872-1951","Stewart, I.D."],"names_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Storer College","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","New England Free Will Baptist Association","United States. Veterans Administration","Ball, George H.","Brewster, J.M.","Curtis, Silas, 1804-","Day, George T.","Fessenden, William Pitt, 1806-1869","McDonald, Henry Temple, 1872-1951","Stewart, I.D."],"language_ssim":["English\n."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":276,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T23:09:58.095Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4566","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4566","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4566","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4566","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WVU/repositories_2_resources_4566.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/ark:/99999/198177","title_ssm":["Storer College Administrative and Operational Records"],"title_tesim":["Storer College Administrative and Operational Records"],"unitdate_ssm":["1865-1960","1930s-1950s"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1865-1960"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1930s-1950s"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1865/1960, bulk 1930/1950"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Storer College Administrative and Operational Records, 1865/1960, bulk 1930/1950"],"text":["Storer College Administrative and Operational Records, 1865/1960, bulk 1930/1950","A\u0026M 1322","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/4566","Harpers Ferry (W. Va.)","Jefferson County (W. Va.)","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","West Virginia -- Race relations","Account books","African Americans  -- Education (Higher)","African Americans - Schools for Freedmen.","African Americans -- Segregation -- West Virginia","African Americans  -- Appalachian Region","Brown, John -- Fort-Museum","Builders and contractors.","Baptists","Education","Ephemera.","Freedmen's Schools.","Jefferson County - Schools.","Ledgers.","Missionaries","Newspapers.","Photographs.","Schools - Jefferson County.","Schools. SEE ALSO Academies","Teachers' letters and papers.","Universities and colleges","Women --  Education","Women's history -- 1850-1899","Women's history -- 1900-1929","Women's history -- 1929-1950","Women's history -- 1951-present","World War, 1914-1918 -- Letters","World War, 1939-1945 -- Letters","World War, 1939-1945","World War, 1914-1918","No special access restriction applies.","Researchers may access digitized materials by visiting the link attached to each item or by requesting to view the materials in person by appointment or remotely by contacting the West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center reference department.","Storer College of Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, emerged from the aftermath of the Civil War with the purpose of educating former slaves who were now facing the world with few skills and no education. It began in 1865 as a school in the Lockwood House, a private residence, with the support of the Freewill Baptist Home Mission Society of New England under Reverend Nathan Cook Brackett; in 1867 it officially became Storer Normal School, with the mission of training teachers; and in 1938 Storer became a College. The College closed in 1955 due to declining enrollment, financial problems, and the advent of desegregation.","Although there were dedicated teachers in the beginning, by 1867 there were still only 16 instructors to educate 2,500 students. Reverend Brackett realized the only way to reach all of the students was to train African American teachers, thus necessitating the expansion of the school into a teacher college.","The philanthropist John Storer from Maine came forward and offered a $10,000 grant to the Freewill Baptists to create a teacher college under three conditions: first, the school must eventually become a degree-granting college; second, the school had to be open to all applicants, regardless of race or gender; and finally, the most difficult of the prerequisites, the Freewill Baptist Church had to match his $10,000 donation within a year. After a year-long effort the money was raised, and Storer Normal School opened its doors; and by March 1868 it received its state charter.","In the beginning local residents were resistant to a \"colored school\" and tried to shut it down through slander, vandalism, and local politics. One teacher wrote, \"it is unusual for me to go to the Post Office without being hooted at, and twice I have been stoned on the streets at noonday.\" The attitudes of local residents eventually changed, however, so that later in his life Reverend Brackett became a respected citizen of Harpers Ferry.","Though Storer remained primarily a teacher college, in time it began adding courses in higher education to its curriculum so that students could graduate with a normal degree for teaching, or an academic degree for going on to college. In 1938, under the leadership of school president Henry T. McDonald, Storer became a college. Its enrollment peaked at around 400, and then dipped lower during World War II. The College survived until 1955 when declining enrollment, financial stress, and court-ordered desegregation combined to close it.","In addition to its progressive role in educating African Americans, the College became associated with other advocates of civil rights, such as Frederick Douglas, who visited Storer Normal School in 1881 to deliver a speech on John Brown, and the Niagra Movement led by William Du Bois, who held a conference at Storer in 1906. The NAACP was later to adopt many of the goals of the Niagra Movement.","[This historical note was sourced from the West Virginia Encyclopedia and Wikipedia.]","1131, 1168, 1322, 1471, 2621","Records of Storer College, West Virginia's first African American institution of higher learning, located in Harpers Ferry. This collection contains mainly administrative and operational records of the college. Types of records include annual reports, publications, memorabilia, artifacts, and other material. This collection includes material regarding John Brown's Fort.","The collection is organized into eighteen series, including:","Series 1. Correspondence; 1865-1953; boxes 1a-61 (73 containers)\nSeries 2. Miscellaneous Correspondence; 1892-1957, undated; boxes 62-72 (14 containers)\nSeries 3. Individual Correspondence; 1920s-1950s; boxes 73-85b (25 containers)\nSeries 4. President's Reports; 1907-1955; box 86a, folders 1a-4 (partial container)\nSeries 5. Board of Trustees; 1926-1960; box 86a, folder 5-box 87b, folder 2b (2 containers, 2 partial containers).\nSeries 6. Dean of Women Reports; 1939-1944; box 87b, folder 3 (partial container)\nSeries 7. Executive Committee; 1924-1957; box 88a - box 88b, folder 1 (1 container, 1 partial container)\nSeries 8. Woman's Commission; 1937-1948; box 88b, folder 2 (partial container)\nSeries 9. By-Laws; 1867-1953; box 88b, folders 3-4 (partial container)\nSeries 10. Faculty; 1940s-1950s; boxes 89-90 (2 containers)\nSeries 11. Printed Material; 1920s-1950s; boxes 91-92 (2 containers)\nSeries 12. Student Records; 1890s-1950s; boxes 93a-122, 137-138 (35 containers)\nSeries 13. Financial Records; 1867-1956, undated; boxes 123a-136, 139-159, 164-169 (45 containers)\nSeries 14. Miscellaneous; 1884-1950s, undated; boxes 159-162, 175 (4 containers, 1 partial container)\nSeries 15. Newspaper -- Storer Record; 1892-1943; box 163 and microfilm reel (2 containers)\nSeries 16. Scrapbooks; 1870-1941; boxes 170-172b (4 containers)\nSeries 17. Alumni flags; undated; box 173 (partial container)\nSeries 18. Oversize; 1916-1952; box 174 (1 container)","Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center","West Virginia and Regional History Center","Storer College","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","New England Free Will Baptist Association","United States. Veterans Administration","Ball, George H.","Brewster, J.M.","Curtis, Silas, 1804-","Day, George T.","Fessenden, William Pitt, 1806-1869","McDonald, Henry Temple, 1872-1951","Stewart, I.D.","English\n."],"collection_title_tesim":["Storer College Administrative and Operational Records, 1865/1960, bulk 1930/1950"],"collection_ssim":["Storer College Administrative and Operational Records, 1865/1960, bulk 1930/1950"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A\u0026M 1322","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/4566"],"unitid_tesim":["A\u0026M 1322","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/4566"],"repository_ssm":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"geogname_ssm":["Harpers Ferry (W. Va.)","Jefferson County (W. Va.)","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","West Virginia -- Race relations"],"geogname_ssim":["Harpers Ferry (W. Va.)","Jefferson County (W. Va.)","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","West Virginia -- Race relations"],"places_ssim":["Harpers Ferry (W. Va.)","Jefferson County (W. Va.)","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","West Virginia -- Race relations"],"creator_ssm":["Storer College"],"creator_ssim":["Storer College"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Ball, George H.","Brewster, J.M.","Curtis, Silas, 1804-","Day, George T.","Fessenden, William Pitt, 1806-1869","McDonald, Henry Temple, 1872-1951","Stewart, I.D."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Storer College","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","New England Free Will Baptist Association","United States. Veterans Administration"],"creators_ssim":["Ball, George H.","Brewster, J.M.","Curtis, Silas, 1804-","Day, George T.","Fessenden, William Pitt, 1806-1869","McDonald, Henry Temple, 1872-1951","Stewart, I.D.","West Virginia and Regional History Center","Storer College","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","New England Free Will Baptist Association","United States. Veterans Administration"],"access_terms_ssm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Account books","African Americans  -- Education (Higher)","African Americans - Schools for Freedmen.","African Americans -- Segregation -- West Virginia","African Americans  -- Appalachian Region","Brown, John -- Fort-Museum","Builders and contractors.","Baptists","Education","Ephemera.","Freedmen's Schools.","Jefferson County - Schools.","Ledgers.","Missionaries","Newspapers.","Photographs.","Schools - Jefferson County.","Schools. SEE ALSO Academies","Teachers' letters and papers.","Universities and colleges","Women --  Education","Women's history -- 1850-1899","Women's history -- 1900-1929","Women's history -- 1929-1950","Women's history -- 1951-present","World War, 1914-1918 -- Letters","World War, 1939-1945 -- Letters","World War, 1939-1945","World War, 1914-1918"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Account books","African Americans  -- Education (Higher)","African Americans - Schools for Freedmen.","African Americans -- Segregation -- West Virginia","African Americans  -- Appalachian Region","Brown, John -- Fort-Museum","Builders and contractors.","Baptists","Education","Ephemera.","Freedmen's Schools.","Jefferson County - Schools.","Ledgers.","Missionaries","Newspapers.","Photographs.","Schools - Jefferson County.","Schools. SEE ALSO Academies","Teachers' letters and papers.","Universities and colleges","Women --  Education","Women's history -- 1850-1899","Women's history -- 1900-1929","Women's history -- 1929-1950","Women's history -- 1951-present","World War, 1914-1918 -- Letters","World War, 1939-1945 -- Letters","World War, 1939-1945","World War, 1914-1918"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["87.58 Linear Feet (160 document cases, 5 in. each; 28 document cases, 2.5 in. each; 7 record cartons, 15 in. each; 4 notecard boxes, 5 in. each; 2 notecard boxes, 4.5 in. each; 5 large flat storage boxes, 5 in. each; 4 large flat storage boxes, 3.5 in. each; 1.5 large flat storage boxes, 3 in. each; 1 small artifact box, 1.5 in.; 1 oversize folder, 0.25 in.; 1 reel microfilm, 1.75 in.)"],"extent_tesim":["87.58 Linear Feet (160 document cases, 5 in. each; 28 document cases, 2.5 in. each; 7 record cartons, 15 in. each; 4 notecard boxes, 5 in. each; 2 notecard boxes, 4.5 in. each; 5 large flat storage boxes, 5 in. each; 4 large flat storage boxes, 3.5 in. each; 1.5 large flat storage boxes, 3 in. each; 1 small artifact box, 1.5 in.; 1 oversize folder, 0.25 in.; 1 reel microfilm, 1.75 in.)"],"date_range_isim":[1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo special access restriction applies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eResearchers may access digitized materials by visiting the link attached to each item or by requesting to view the materials in person by appointment or remotely by contacting the \u003ca href=\"https://westvirginia.libanswers.com/wvrhc\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eWest Virginia \u0026amp; Regional History Center reference department\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["No special access restriction applies.","Researchers may access digitized materials by visiting the link attached to each item or by requesting to view the materials in person by appointment or remotely by contacting the West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center reference department."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eStorer College of Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, emerged from the aftermath of the Civil War with the purpose of educating former slaves who were now facing the world with few skills and no education. It began in 1865 as a school in the Lockwood House, a private residence, with the support of the Freewill Baptist Home Mission Society of New England under Reverend Nathan Cook Brackett; in 1867 it officially became Storer Normal School, with the mission of training teachers; and in 1938 Storer became a College. The College closed in 1955 due to declining enrollment, financial problems, and the advent of desegregation.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlthough there were dedicated teachers in the beginning, by 1867 there were still only 16 instructors to educate 2,500 students. Reverend Brackett realized the only way to reach all of the students was to train African American teachers, thus necessitating the expansion of the school into a teacher college.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe philanthropist John Storer from Maine came forward and offered a $10,000 grant to the Freewill Baptists to create a teacher college under three conditions: first, the school must eventually become a degree-granting college; second, the school had to be open to all applicants, regardless of race or gender; and finally, the most difficult of the prerequisites, the Freewill Baptist Church had to match his $10,000 donation within a year. After a year-long effort the money was raised, and Storer Normal School opened its doors; and by March 1868 it received its state charter.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nIn the beginning local residents were resistant to a \"colored school\" and tried to shut it down through slander, vandalism, and local politics. One teacher wrote, \"it is unusual for me to go to the Post Office without being hooted at, and twice I have been stoned on the streets at noonday.\" The attitudes of local residents eventually changed, however, so that later in his life Reverend Brackett became a respected citizen of Harpers Ferry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThough Storer remained primarily a teacher college, in time it began adding courses in higher education to its curriculum so that students could graduate with a normal degree for teaching, or an academic degree for going on to college. In 1938, under the leadership of school president Henry T. McDonald, Storer became a college. Its enrollment peaked at around 400, and then dipped lower during World War II. The College survived until 1955 when declining enrollment, financial stress, and court-ordered desegregation combined to close it.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn addition to its progressive role in educating African Americans, the College became associated with other advocates of civil rights, such as Frederick Douglas, who visited Storer Normal School in 1881 to deliver a speech on John Brown, and the Niagra Movement led by William Du Bois, who held a conference at Storer in 1906. The NAACP was later to adopt many of the goals of the Niagra Movement.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[This historical note was sourced from the West Virginia Encyclopedia and Wikipedia.]\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Storer College of Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, emerged from the aftermath of the Civil War with the purpose of educating former slaves who were now facing the world with few skills and no education. It began in 1865 as a school in the Lockwood House, a private residence, with the support of the Freewill Baptist Home Mission Society of New England under Reverend Nathan Cook Brackett; in 1867 it officially became Storer Normal School, with the mission of training teachers; and in 1938 Storer became a College. The College closed in 1955 due to declining enrollment, financial problems, and the advent of desegregation.","Although there were dedicated teachers in the beginning, by 1867 there were still only 16 instructors to educate 2,500 students. Reverend Brackett realized the only way to reach all of the students was to train African American teachers, thus necessitating the expansion of the school into a teacher college.","The philanthropist John Storer from Maine came forward and offered a $10,000 grant to the Freewill Baptists to create a teacher college under three conditions: first, the school must eventually become a degree-granting college; second, the school had to be open to all applicants, regardless of race or gender; and finally, the most difficult of the prerequisites, the Freewill Baptist Church had to match his $10,000 donation within a year. After a year-long effort the money was raised, and Storer Normal School opened its doors; and by March 1868 it received its state charter.","In the beginning local residents were resistant to a \"colored school\" and tried to shut it down through slander, vandalism, and local politics. One teacher wrote, \"it is unusual for me to go to the Post Office without being hooted at, and twice I have been stoned on the streets at noonday.\" The attitudes of local residents eventually changed, however, so that later in his life Reverend Brackett became a respected citizen of Harpers Ferry.","Though Storer remained primarily a teacher college, in time it began adding courses in higher education to its curriculum so that students could graduate with a normal degree for teaching, or an academic degree for going on to college. In 1938, under the leadership of school president Henry T. McDonald, Storer became a college. Its enrollment peaked at around 400, and then dipped lower during World War II. The College survived until 1955 when declining enrollment, financial stress, and court-ordered desegregation combined to close it.","In addition to its progressive role in educating African Americans, the College became associated with other advocates of civil rights, such as Frederick Douglas, who visited Storer Normal School in 1881 to deliver a speech on John Brown, and the Niagra Movement led by William Du Bois, who held a conference at Storer in 1906. The NAACP was later to adopt many of the goals of the Niagra Movement.","[This historical note was sourced from the West Virginia Encyclopedia and Wikipedia.]"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Storer College Administrative and Operational Records, A\u0026amp;M 1322, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Storer College Administrative and Operational Records, A\u0026M 1322, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e1131, 1168, 1322, 1471, 2621\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related A\u0026M Collections"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["1131, 1168, 1322, 1471, 2621"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRecords of Storer College, West Virginia's first African American institution of higher learning, located in Harpers Ferry. This collection contains mainly administrative and operational records of the college. Types of records include annual reports, publications, memorabilia, artifacts, and other material. This collection includes material regarding John Brown's Fort.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe collection is organized into eighteen series, including:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1. Correspondence; 1865-1953; boxes 1a-61 (73 containers)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 2. Miscellaneous Correspondence; 1892-1957, undated; boxes 62-72 (14 containers)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 3. Individual Correspondence; 1920s-1950s; boxes 73-85b (25 containers)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 4. President's Reports; 1907-1955; box 86a, folders 1a-4 (partial container)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 5. Board of Trustees; 1926-1960; box 86a, folder 5-box 87b, folder 2b (2 containers, 2 partial containers).\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 6. Dean of Women Reports; 1939-1944; box 87b, folder 3 (partial container)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 7. Executive Committee; 1924-1957; box 88a - box 88b, folder 1 (1 container, 1 partial container)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 8. Woman's Commission; 1937-1948; box 88b, folder 2 (partial container)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 9. By-Laws; 1867-1953; box 88b, folders 3-4 (partial container)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 10. Faculty; 1940s-1950s; boxes 89-90 (2 containers)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 11. Printed Material; 1920s-1950s; boxes 91-92 (2 containers)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 12. Student Records; 1890s-1950s; boxes 93a-122, 137-138 (35 containers)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 13. Financial Records; 1867-1956, undated; boxes 123a-136, 139-159, 164-169 (45 containers)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 14. Miscellaneous; 1884-1950s, undated; boxes 159-162, 175 (4 containers, 1 partial container)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 15. Newspaper -- Storer Record; 1892-1943; box 163 and microfilm reel (2 containers)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 16. Scrapbooks; 1870-1941; boxes 170-172b (4 containers)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 17. Alumni flags; undated; box 173 (partial container)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 18. Oversize; 1916-1952; box 174 (1 container)\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Records of Storer College, West Virginia's first African American institution of higher learning, located in Harpers Ferry. This collection contains mainly administrative and operational records of the college. Types of records include annual reports, publications, memorabilia, artifacts, and other material. This collection includes material regarding John Brown's Fort.","The collection is organized into eighteen series, including:","Series 1. Correspondence; 1865-1953; boxes 1a-61 (73 containers)\nSeries 2. Miscellaneous Correspondence; 1892-1957, undated; boxes 62-72 (14 containers)\nSeries 3. Individual Correspondence; 1920s-1950s; boxes 73-85b (25 containers)\nSeries 4. President's Reports; 1907-1955; box 86a, folders 1a-4 (partial container)\nSeries 5. Board of Trustees; 1926-1960; box 86a, folder 5-box 87b, folder 2b (2 containers, 2 partial containers).\nSeries 6. Dean of Women Reports; 1939-1944; box 87b, folder 3 (partial container)\nSeries 7. Executive Committee; 1924-1957; box 88a - box 88b, folder 1 (1 container, 1 partial container)\nSeries 8. Woman's Commission; 1937-1948; box 88b, folder 2 (partial container)\nSeries 9. By-Laws; 1867-1953; box 88b, folders 3-4 (partial container)\nSeries 10. Faculty; 1940s-1950s; boxes 89-90 (2 containers)\nSeries 11. Printed Material; 1920s-1950s; boxes 91-92 (2 containers)\nSeries 12. Student Records; 1890s-1950s; boxes 93a-122, 137-138 (35 containers)\nSeries 13. Financial Records; 1867-1956, undated; boxes 123a-136, 139-159, 164-169 (45 containers)\nSeries 14. Miscellaneous; 1884-1950s, undated; boxes 159-162, 175 (4 containers, 1 partial container)\nSeries 15. Newspaper -- Storer Record; 1892-1943; box 163 and microfilm reel (2 containers)\nSeries 16. Scrapbooks; 1870-1941; boxes 170-172b (4 containers)\nSeries 17. Alumni flags; undated; box 173 (partial container)\nSeries 18. Oversize; 1916-1952; box 174 (1 container)"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_5c340650e135ba41d647d77be84aba99\"\u003eWest Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/\"\u003eWest Virginia \u0026amp; Regional History Center\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/physloc\u003e\n    "],"physloc_tesim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center"],"corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Storer College","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","New England Free Will Baptist Association","United States. Veterans Administration"],"names_coll_ssim":["National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","New England Free Will Baptist Association","Storer College","United States. Veterans Administration","Ball, George H.","Brewster, J.M.","Curtis, Silas, 1804-","Day, George T.","Fessenden, William Pitt, 1806-1869","McDonald, Henry Temple, 1872-1951","Stewart, I.D."],"persname_ssim":["Ball, George H.","Brewster, J.M.","Curtis, Silas, 1804-","Day, George T.","Fessenden, William Pitt, 1806-1869","McDonald, Henry Temple, 1872-1951","Stewart, I.D."],"names_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Storer College","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","New England Free Will Baptist Association","United States. 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Guy Tetrick and his son Willis G. Tetrick, Jr. The Tetricks were from Harrison County and the material in the collection mainly regards families of Harrison County and north central West Virginia. The collection contains mostly original genealogical compilations and family histories. 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Guy Tetrick (3 January 1883-15 July 1956) was a native of Harrison County, West Virginia. As a young man, he moved to Clarksburg, serving as deputy county clerk, then later as county clerk and in various other civil positions. Tetrick was one of the founders, and later the manager, of the local newspaper the \"Clarksburg Exponent\". He was also involved in a number of other local businesses. Tetrick maintained a lifetime interest in genealogy and local history, the result of which was this collection, perhaps the most comprehensive private family history collection ever compiled for West Virginia. Tetrick was also a founding member of the George Rogers Clark chapter of the Sons of the American Revolution.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\n Willis Guy Tetrick, Jr. (23 August 1911-30 December 1995) was the oldest of W. Guy Tetrick's four children. He attended West Virginia University, graduating in 1934. He was a retired lieutenant colonel from the Army Corps of Engineers and was owner and operator of Mineral Property Management. He shared his father's interest in history and genealogy.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\n A dedication ceremony for the collection was held on 20 September 1997. Copies of the program from this ceremony can be found in the Subject Series, box 6, folder 8C.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["W. Guy Tetrick (3 January 1883-15 July 1956) was a native of Harrison County, West Virginia. As a young man, he moved to Clarksburg, serving as deputy county clerk, then later as county clerk and in various other civil positions. Tetrick was one of the founders, and later the manager, of the local newspaper the \"Clarksburg Exponent\". He was also involved in a number of other local businesses. Tetrick maintained a lifetime interest in genealogy and local history, the result of which was this collection, perhaps the most comprehensive private family history collection ever compiled for West Virginia. Tetrick was also a founding member of the George Rogers Clark chapter of the Sons of the American Revolution.","Willis Guy Tetrick, Jr. (23 August 1911-30 December 1995) was the oldest of W. Guy Tetrick's four children. He attended West Virginia University, graduating in 1934. He was a retired lieutenant colonel from the Army Corps of Engineers and was owner and operator of Mineral Property Management. He shared his father's interest in history and genealogy.","A dedication ceremony for the collection was held on 20 September 1997. Copies of the program from this ceremony can be found in the Subject Series, box 6, folder 8C."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Willis Guy Tetrick, Jr. Genealogy Research Papers, A\u0026amp;M 3230, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Willis Guy Tetrick, Jr. Genealogy Research Papers, A\u0026M 3230, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eGenealogy research papers compiled by W. Guy Tetrick and his son Willis G. Tetrick, Jr. The Tetricks were from Harrison County and the material in the collection mainly regards families of Harrison County and north central West Virginia. The collection contains mostly original genealogical compilations and family histories. It also contains personal and business correspondence; financial records; publications regarding local and state history; newspapers and news clippings; obituaries, cemetery records; records of the Sons of the American Revolution; and other material.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Genealogy research papers compiled by W. Guy Tetrick and his son Willis G. Tetrick, Jr. The Tetricks were from Harrison County and the material in the collection mainly regards families of Harrison County and north central West Virginia. The collection contains mostly original genealogical compilations and family histories. It also contains personal and business correspondence; financial records; publications regarding local and state history; newspapers and news clippings; obituaries, cemetery records; records of the Sons of the American Revolution; and other material."],"separatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Tetrick collection included numerous books and journals, and about 1,800 of them were added to the Libraries' collections. The vast majority of them were about genealogy, family history, and local history of West Virginia and neighboring states. In the WVU Libraries instance of WorldCat, a keyword search on \"Tetrick\" limited by location to \"West Virginia \u0026amp; Regional History Center\" will retrieve titles from his Collection that were placed in the Rare Book Room, as well as works he authored. Other separated titles can be found by examining a list located in the Subject series, located in box 6, folders 8B-8C. A special bookplate was attached in all volumes from the Tetrick collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\n  Unboxed item nos. 275-291 (Maryland Historical Magazine vol. XX no. 2 and vol. XXI nos. 1-4, 8-10, 12-20) were forwarded to the rare book librarian in August 2004 and are currently available in the West Virginia Collection under call number 975.2 M368.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"separatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Separated Materials"],"separatedmaterial_tesim":["The Tetrick collection included numerous books and journals, and about 1,800 of them were added to the Libraries' collections. The vast majority of them were about genealogy, family history, and local history of West Virginia and neighboring states. In the WVU Libraries instance of WorldCat, a keyword search on \"Tetrick\" limited by location to \"West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center\" will retrieve titles from his Collection that were placed in the Rare Book Room, as well as works he authored. Other separated titles can be found by examining a list located in the Subject series, located in box 6, folders 8B-8C. A special bookplate was attached in all volumes from the Tetrick collection.","Unboxed item nos. 275-291 (Maryland Historical Magazine vol. XX no. 2 and vol. XXI nos. 1-4, 8-10, 12-20) were forwarded to the rare book librarian in August 2004 and are currently available in the West Virginia Collection under call number 975.2 M368."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. 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Guy Tetrick (3 January 1883-15 July 1956) was a native of Harrison County, West Virginia. As a young man, he moved to Clarksburg, serving as deputy county clerk, then later as county clerk and in various other civil positions. Tetrick was one of the founders, and later the manager, of the local newspaper the \"Clarksburg Exponent\". He was also involved in a number of other local businesses. Tetrick maintained a lifetime interest in genealogy and local history, the result of which was this collection, perhaps the most comprehensive private family history collection ever compiled for West Virginia. Tetrick was also a founding member of the George Rogers Clark chapter of the Sons of the American Revolution.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\n Willis Guy Tetrick, Jr. (23 August 1911-30 December 1995) was the oldest of W. Guy Tetrick's four children. He attended West Virginia University, graduating in 1934. He was a retired lieutenant colonel from the Army Corps of Engineers and was owner and operator of Mineral Property Management. He shared his father's interest in history and genealogy.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\n A dedication ceremony for the collection was held on 20 September 1997. Copies of the program from this ceremony can be found in the Subject Series, box 6, folder 8C.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["W. Guy Tetrick (3 January 1883-15 July 1956) was a native of Harrison County, West Virginia. As a young man, he moved to Clarksburg, serving as deputy county clerk, then later as county clerk and in various other civil positions. Tetrick was one of the founders, and later the manager, of the local newspaper the \"Clarksburg Exponent\". He was also involved in a number of other local businesses. 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Copies of the program from this ceremony can be found in the Subject Series, box 6, folder 8C."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Willis Guy Tetrick, Jr. Genealogy Research Papers, A\u0026amp;M 3230, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Willis Guy Tetrick, Jr. Genealogy Research Papers, A\u0026M 3230, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eGenealogy research papers compiled by W. Guy Tetrick and his son Willis G. Tetrick, Jr. The Tetricks were from Harrison County and the material in the collection mainly regards families of Harrison County and north central West Virginia. The collection contains mostly original genealogical compilations and family histories. It also contains personal and business correspondence; financial records; publications regarding local and state history; newspapers and news clippings; obituaries, cemetery records; records of the Sons of the American Revolution; and other material.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Genealogy research papers compiled by W. Guy Tetrick and his son Willis G. Tetrick, Jr. The Tetricks were from Harrison County and the material in the collection mainly regards families of Harrison County and north central West Virginia. The collection contains mostly original genealogical compilations and family histories. It also contains personal and business correspondence; financial records; publications regarding local and state history; newspapers and news clippings; obituaries, cemetery records; records of the Sons of the American Revolution; and other material."],"separatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Tetrick collection included numerous books and journals, and about 1,800 of them were added to the Libraries' collections. The vast majority of them were about genealogy, family history, and local history of West Virginia and neighboring states. In the WVU Libraries instance of WorldCat, a keyword search on \"Tetrick\" limited by location to \"West Virginia \u0026amp; Regional History Center\" will retrieve titles from his Collection that were placed in the Rare Book Room, as well as works he authored. Other separated titles can be found by examining a list located in the Subject series, located in box 6, folders 8B-8C. A special bookplate was attached in all volumes from the Tetrick collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\n  Unboxed item nos. 275-291 (Maryland Historical Magazine vol. XX no. 2 and vol. XXI nos. 1-4, 8-10, 12-20) were forwarded to the rare book librarian in August 2004 and are currently available in the West Virginia Collection under call number 975.2 M368.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"separatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Separated Materials"],"separatedmaterial_tesim":["The Tetrick collection included numerous books and journals, and about 1,800 of them were added to the Libraries' collections. The vast majority of them were about genealogy, family history, and local history of West Virginia and neighboring states. In the WVU Libraries instance of WorldCat, a keyword search on \"Tetrick\" limited by location to \"West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center\" will retrieve titles from his Collection that were placed in the Rare Book Room, as well as works he authored. Other separated titles can be found by examining a list located in the Subject series, located in box 6, folders 8B-8C. A special bookplate was attached in all volumes from the Tetrick collection.","Unboxed item nos. 275-291 (Maryland Historical Magazine vol. XX no. 2 and vol. XXI nos. 1-4, 8-10, 12-20) were forwarded to the rare book librarian in August 2004 and are currently available in the West Virginia Collection under call number 975.2 M368."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. 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