{"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=India--History--20th+century\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection","last":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=India--History--20th+century\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=1"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":1,"next_page":null,"prev_page":null,"total_pages":1,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":0,"total_count":4,"first_page?":true,"last_page?":true}},"data":[{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_8659","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Charles Mills Sheldon Papers","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_8659#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Sheldon, Charles Mills, 1866-1928","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_8659#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, clippings, photographs, and papers of Charles Mills Sheldon (1866-1928), British illustrator and war correspondent. Letters were written primarily to his wife, Grace, of London, and often contain detailed descriptions of his experiences abroad. Some of the topics discussed in his correspondence include the Sudan (1896), Cuba (1898), the Spanish-American War, Egypt during the opening of the Aswan Dam (1902), the Durbar in India (1903), and Spain (1906) during the royal wedding and attempted assassination of Alfonso XIII of Spain and Princess Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg, niece of Edward VII of Great Britain. Included are a biography of Sheldon, typescripts of his letters. newspaper articles and clippings, and photographs (1896-1913) of assignment areas (particularly Egypt and the Sudan) and Sheldon himself.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_8659#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_8659","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_8659","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_8659","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_8659","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_8659.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Sheldon, Charles Mills, Papers","title_ssm":["Charles Mills Sheldon Papers"],"title_tesim":["Charles Mills Sheldon Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1862, 1895-1928","1895-1928"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1895-1928"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1862, 1895-1928"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Mss. 91 S3","/repositories/2/resources/8659"],"text":["Mss. 91 S3","/repositories/2/resources/8659","Charles Mills Sheldon Papers","Assouan Dam (Egypt)","Cuba--History--20th century","Great Britain--History","India--History--20th century","Journalists","Spanish-American War, 1898","Sudan (Africa)--History--20th century","Correspondence","Photographs","Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","Charles Mills Sheldon (1866-1928) of London, England was an illustrator and war correspondent. His work carried him to the Sudan (1896), Cuba (1898), the Spanish-American War, Egypt (1902) during the opening of the Assouan Dam, Durbar India (1903), and Spain (1906) during the royal wedding and attempted assassination of Edward VII of Great Britian. Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki:  .","Acc. 1991.15: Approximately 40 letters of Charles Mills Sheldon, foreign correspondent in Cuba, Spain, Sudan, Egypt, and India, 1896-1906.  Plus an undetermined number of photographs taken in these places.  Given in memory of his father Charles Mills Sheldon and in memory of their son Capt. Charles Mills Sheldon, class of 1958."," Acc. 1992.64: Items relating to the journalistic career of Charles Sheldon chiefly relating to his Cuban experience including reports on the campaign.  Biographical material on Charles Sheldon."," Acc. 1993.33: Typescript of quotes about journalist Charles Sheldon in books about the Spanish American War; biographical material on Sheldon; \"Recollections of the First Ten Years of My Life\" by Sheldon, 1913.  Original in the possession of Jean Sheldon of \"Recollections\".","Correspondence, clippings, photographs, and papers of Charles Mills Sheldon (1866-1928), British illustrator and war correspondent. Letters were written primarily to his wife, Grace, of London, and often contain detailed descriptions of his experiences abroad. Some of the topics discussed in his correspondence include the Sudan (1896), Cuba (1898), the Spanish-American War, Egypt during the opening of the Aswan Dam (1902), the Durbar in India (1903), and Spain (1906) during the royal wedding and attempted assassination of Alfonso XIII of Spain and Princess Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg, niece of Edward VII of Great Britain. Included are a biography of Sheldon, typescripts of his letters. newspaper articles and clippings, and photographs (1896-1913) of assignment areas (particularly Egypt and the Sudan) and Sheldon himself.","Accounts of Kitchener's first campaign up the Nile to avenge the death of General George Gordon in Khartoum at the hands of the Mahdi. This first phase ended on the capture of Dongola and was completed by a second expedition in 1898.","Scope and Contents From the \"the cruise of the \"Tantallon Castle\" on the occasion of the opening of the Baltic Canal\" with shipboard articles and lists of guests of Sir Donald Currie, K.C., M.G., M.P. for the opening including Charles Sheldon, Esq.","Congratulations on Sheldon's dispatch to South Africa as representative of Black and White magazine; details and terms of Sheldon's contract.","Scope and Contents Explanation of how got telegram to go to Sudan and how got boat for passage, trip on Steamer on the Crocodile River described; natives of the area described; commentary on \"missionary negro\" and untouched negro and work that is done; \"I am, at present, absolutely in the dark as to what is transpiring and shall not learn until I get to Suez. I dare say.\"","Preparations for Sudan mentioned, description of trip up the west coast of Africa, including Beirn, Mozambique, Dar-el-Salaam, Zanzibar, Aden, and his stay in Cairo.","Expressions of how pleased to have received a letter and news of home; details of journey south, with special mention of Lord Athlumney; description of his house and surrounding area in Halfa and a few daily activities.","Some typescripts added from Acc. 1994.13.","First battle with the Dervishes detailed; his predictions of what will happen with the expedition.","Account of what had passed since his last letter; cholera epidemic mentioned; usually bad weather pattern; acquired another corespondence position; news about the death of a friend; references about home.","Scope and Contents Preparations being made to move; horses at camp described; descriptions of view out door of hut; reference made to his sketches; \"partner\", Berman sic. detailed.","Some typescripts added from Acc. 1994.13.","Scope and Contents Mention of storm wiping about 12 miles of railroad and wires and delay of expedition; description of storm and damage; army \"scattered along a line a hundred miles long\" and vulnerable to Dervish attack; hopes of home.","Account of an overnight trip down river to Firket Mountain with Beaman; Commentary on Egyptians; account of climb up mountain; \"We had all thought that there had been Dervishes on the mountain the morning of the fight, but I saw now that this would have been impossible.\"","Arrival at Kerma welcomed by native Berberine population; fighting with Dervishes soon after arrival; account of moving army en route to Dongola.","2 photographs.","Typescripts added from Acc. 1994.40.","Scope and Contents Notice from Black and White magazine that Charles Mills Sheldon is to be their Special Representative \"in the campaign now preceding between America and Spain.\"","Scope and Contents Voucher of authority for Charles Mills Sheldon to act as Special Representative fot Black and White Magazine during the Spanish-American War; sealed with a certificate from the Consulate-General of the United States of America, for Great Britain and Ireland.","Scope and Contents Signed by Rititegel?, Secretary of War and J.D. Miley, 1st Lieut., 5th arty, A.D.C.","Scope and Contents Complaint that there is \"idleness and procrastination\" and \"seems as though the war would never get into progress\"; expedition sailed for Cuba to land near Havana; moving out of hotel to join the fourth regiment in camp.","Scope and Contents Fleet gathered together and underway; \"At least we were commencing a new page in the world's history\"; descriptions of some officers' life on board.","Scope and Contents Personal thoughts; (June 17th) descriptions of traveling at sea with the fleet; (June 22nd?) arrival at Santiago and preparations made for landing; next day description of Santiago and blockade fleets from ship; fort bombarded by American battleships; orders to retreat; (dated June 21st?) fifth in line to land.","Typescripts added from Acc. 1994.40.","Scope and Contents Details of fighting before landing; \"I only succeeded in getting ashore yesterday noon, after the fight in which the \"Rough Riders\" lost about twenty men killed.\"","Description of landing ashore; account of things saw while looking for 4th Infantry; details of life with the army. Ms (no original letter; from a notebook)","Scope and Contents Have been on the move marching for four days; \"I was not in the fight with the \"Rough Riders\" the other day as we were not alowed to land till after that happened.\"","Account of landing on Cuba with Mac Pherson; description of the weather and the area; \"This is about as tough campaigning as any army ever went through.","Complaints that Spanish underestimated, have inadequate supplies and incapable leadership; news of Sampson destroying Spanish fleets; details of fighting; details of eating and sleeping conditions; sketch of map.","Typescripts added from Acc. 1994.40.","Details of conditions; description of the predicament of 15-18 thousand women and children who evacuated Santiago; reports of yellow fever; rumors about Spanish surrenderings.","Details of the surrender of Santiago; description of the city; hopes to go to Tampa and undergo quarentine for yellow fever before going on to Porto Rico; prediction that Spain will make peace before Porto Rico expedition starts.","On board first boat could get out of Santiago, on way to Tampa; people of influence on board such as a Russian prince, a captain from Sweden, and John Jacob Astor; passed the remains of the wrecked ship; to be quarantined midstream in Tampa seven days; news that Porto Rican expedition started.","Medal award letter for involvement \"in the military operations in the Sudan in 1896.\"","9 items. 1 photograph.","Typescripts added from Acc. 1994.13.","Description of passengers on board steamer, comments on the passing of wedding anniversary.","Description of Cairo, accounts of people met that day; sentiments and affections.","Description of Assouan; account of last days in Cairo; visit to dam works; references to news from home; comments on how photographs are turning out.","Sentiments of home life, details of past few days and people acquainted with; (12 Dec.) rehearsal of the dam where spent time with the sidar and his friends; account of actual opening day of the dam; complaints about railroad in Egypt, (rest of letter lost).","Typescripts added from Acc. 1994.13.","Account of reaching ship; description of Duke and Duchess of Marlborough on Board; mention of ships at Fort Said.","Comments on scenery and shipmates on board; references to events at home, commentary on women; reference to meeting old servant from Sudan, Sulieman Taka, now Hadji Sulieman.","Scope and Contents Descriptions of other passengers; details of Duke and Duchess of Marlborough (sketches of both); noted fatigue of traveling at sea; mention of continueing work in India for \"B \u0026 W\" (Black and White magazine.","Nostalgic thoughts of home and personal messages.","Typescripts added from Acc. 1994.13.","Scope and Contents Details of functions attending everyday, such as; the Investment at the Devani Arn ?, dining with the Viceroy, ball at Devani Arn ?, show of old army; mentions of conversation with Colonel Rhodes; govenment furnished him \"with a queer vehicle called a 'tonga'\"; update on work done.","Last function was official departure of viceregal party; excursion taken around ruins of Delhi; finishing up work and preparations to move on to Bombay; advice to send 6 pounds and descriptions to a Mr. Grossman to buy two turquoise necklaces; mention of other places plan to visit.","Experience of Indian hotel life; train rides from Agra to Jeypur; description of Jeypur and natives; references to home.","Typescripts added from Acc. 1994.13.","Description of the destruction from the attempted assassination of King and Queen of Spain on their wedding day.","Scope and Contents Commentary on the \"State Bull Fight\" with some royalty present.","Scope and Contents Robert H. Dole, East Lansing, Michigan, to Charles Mills Sheldon, London, England. Thanks sent for stamps Charles Mills Sheldon sent; description of his house in Michigan and comparison to English houses.","NWS","NWS 12 pp.","Expression of thanks for a drawing done by Charles Mills Sheldon and given to Reginal Wingate who write Mr. Weinthal to thank him and Sheldon for the gift.","Letter from Lipton thanking Sheldon for the gift of the Durgola War Drum and sending wishes for the New Year.","Scope and Contents \"Recollections of the First Ten Years of My Life\" 1866-1876 (10 pages) Chapter 11 \"Boyhood in Des Moines\" (6 pages) Typescripts added from Acc. 1993.33.","Original ms. 8 pp and typescript 3 pp. Addition, from Acc. 1994.13.","Typescripts added from Acc. 1993.33.","4 pp. ALS. Contains reminiscences about the condition of the men during the battles in Santiago, Cuba. Also typescript (2 pp.) Addition, from Acc. 1994.13.","Addition, Acc. 1996.12.","Addition, Acc. 1996.12.","Typescripts of letters with illustrations. One volume of unnumbered pages (over 100 pages). Addition, from Acc. 1998.20.","Typescripts of letters with illustrations. One volume of unnumbered pages (over 100 pages). Addition, from Acc. 1998.20.","Typescripts of letters with illustrations. One volume of unnumbered pages (over 100 pages). Addition, from Acc. 1998.20.","Typescripts of letters with illustrations. One volume of unnumbered pages (over 100 pages). Addition, from Acc. 1998.20.","1994.40","12 photographs","26 photographs.","12 photographs.","31 photographs.","5 photographs.","28 photographs.","6 photographs.","26 photographs.","6 photographs.","Scope and Contents 5\" x 7\", 4\"x6\" , black and white. Additions from Acc. 1994.13.","Scope and Contents U.S. Civil War photograph, 7 5/8\"x 9 5/8\" of officers of the 19th Brigade of the New York National Guard at Sherburne, N.Y. in 1862. Included in the photograph is \"Uncle Frank\" Franklin P. Garland, brother of Fannie (Garland) Fitch of Sherburne, N.Y. who was killed at the Battle of Gettysburg. Includes 1965 letter from National Archives. Addition from Acc. 1994.13.","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","Sheldon, Charles Mills, 1866-1928","English"],"unitid_tesim":["Mss. 91 S3","/repositories/2/resources/8659"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Charles Mills Sheldon Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Charles Mills Sheldon Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Charles Mills Sheldon Papers"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"geogname_ssm":["Assouan Dam (Egypt)"],"geogname_ssim":["Assouan Dam (Egypt)"],"creator_ssm":["Sheldon, Charles Mills, 1866-1928"],"creator_ssim":["Sheldon, Charles Mills, 1866-1928"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Sheldon, Charles Mills, 1866-1928"],"creators_ssim":["Sheldon, Charles Mills, 1866-1928"],"places_ssim":["Assouan Dam (Egypt)"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Gifts received from 1991 to 1998."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Cuba--History--20th century","Great Britain--History","India--History--20th century","Journalists","Spanish-American War, 1898","Sudan (Africa)--History--20th century","Correspondence","Photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Cuba--History--20th century","Great Britain--History","India--History--20th century","Journalists","Spanish-American War, 1898","Sudan (Africa)--History--20th century","Correspondence","Photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1.50 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["1.50 Linear Feet"],"genreform_ssim":["Correspondence","Photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access:"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCharles Mills Sheldon (1866-1928) of London, England was an illustrator and war correspondent. His work carried him to the Sudan (1896), Cuba (1898), the Spanish-American War, Egypt (1902) during the opening of the Assouan Dam, Durbar India (1903), and Spain (1906) during the royal wedding and attempted assassination of Edward VII of Great Britian. Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: \u003cextref href=\"http://scdbwiki.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Charles_Mills_Sheldon\" title=\"Charles Mills Sheldon\"\u003e\u003c/extref\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information:"],"bioghist_tesim":["Charles Mills Sheldon (1866-1928) of London, England was an illustrator and war correspondent. His work carried him to the Sudan (1896), Cuba (1898), the Spanish-American War, Egypt (1902) during the opening of the Assouan Dam, Durbar India (1903), and Spain (1906) during the royal wedding and attempted assassination of Edward VII of Great Britian. Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki:  ."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCharles Mills Sheldon Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Charles Mills Sheldon Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAcc. 1991.15: Approximately 40 letters of Charles Mills Sheldon, foreign correspondent in Cuba, Spain, Sudan, Egypt, and India, 1896-1906.  Plus an undetermined number of photographs taken in these places.  Given in memory of his father Charles Mills Sheldon and in memory of their son Capt. Charles Mills Sheldon, class of 1958.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Acc. 1992.64: Items relating to the journalistic career of Charles Sheldon chiefly relating to his Cuban experience including reports on the campaign.  Biographical material on Charles Sheldon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Acc. 1993.33: Typescript of quotes about journalist Charles Sheldon in books about the Spanish American War; biographical material on Sheldon; \"Recollections of the First Ten Years of My Life\" by Sheldon, 1913.  Original in the possession of Jean Sheldon of \"Recollections\".\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information:"],"processinfo_tesim":["Acc. 1991.15: Approximately 40 letters of Charles Mills Sheldon, foreign correspondent in Cuba, Spain, Sudan, Egypt, and India, 1896-1906.  Plus an undetermined number of photographs taken in these places.  Given in memory of his father Charles Mills Sheldon and in memory of their son Capt. Charles Mills Sheldon, class of 1958."," Acc. 1992.64: Items relating to the journalistic career of Charles Sheldon chiefly relating to his Cuban experience including reports on the campaign.  Biographical material on Charles Sheldon."," Acc. 1993.33: Typescript of quotes about journalist Charles Sheldon in books about the Spanish American War; biographical material on Sheldon; \"Recollections of the First Ten Years of My Life\" by Sheldon, 1913.  Original in the possession of Jean Sheldon of \"Recollections\"."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, clippings, photographs, and papers of Charles Mills Sheldon (1866-1928), British illustrator and war correspondent. Letters were written primarily to his wife, Grace, of London, and often contain detailed descriptions of his experiences abroad. Some of the topics discussed in his correspondence include the Sudan (1896), Cuba (1898), the Spanish-American War, Egypt during the opening of the Aswan Dam (1902), the Durbar in India (1903), and Spain (1906) during the royal wedding and attempted assassination of Alfonso XIII of Spain and Princess Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg, niece of Edward VII of Great Britain. Included are a biography of Sheldon, typescripts of his letters. newspaper articles and clippings, and photographs (1896-1913) of assignment areas (particularly Egypt and the Sudan) and Sheldon himself.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAccounts of Kitchener's first campaign up the Nile to avenge the death of General George Gordon in Khartoum at the hands of the Mahdi. This first phase ended on the capture of Dongola and was completed by a second expedition in 1898.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents From the \"the cruise of the \"Tantallon Castle\" on the occasion of the opening of the Baltic Canal\" with shipboard articles and lists of guests of Sir Donald Currie, K.C., M.G., M.P. for the opening including Charles Sheldon, Esq.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCongratulations on Sheldon's dispatch to South Africa as representative of Black and White magazine; details and terms of Sheldon's contract.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Explanation of how got telegram to go to Sudan and how got boat for passage, trip on Steamer on the Crocodile River described; natives of the area described; commentary on \"missionary negro\" and untouched negro and work that is done; \"I am, at present, absolutely in the dark as to what is transpiring and shall not learn until I get to Suez. I dare say.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePreparations for Sudan mentioned, description of trip up the west coast of Africa, including Beirn, Mozambique, Dar-el-Salaam, Zanzibar, Aden, and his stay in Cairo.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eExpressions of how pleased to have received a letter and news of home; details of journey south, with special mention of Lord Athlumney; description of his house and surrounding area in Halfa and a few daily activities.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSome typescripts added from Acc. 1994.13.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFirst battle with the Dervishes detailed; his predictions of what will happen with the expedition.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAccount of what had passed since his last letter; cholera epidemic mentioned; usually bad weather pattern; acquired another corespondence position; news about the death of a friend; references about home.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Preparations being made to move; horses at camp described; descriptions of view out door of hut; reference made to his sketches; \"partner\", Berman sic. detailed.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSome typescripts added from Acc. 1994.13.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Mention of storm wiping about 12 miles of railroad and wires and delay of expedition; description of storm and damage; army \"scattered along a line a hundred miles long\" and vulnerable to Dervish attack; hopes of home.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAccount of an overnight trip down river to Firket Mountain with Beaman; Commentary on Egyptians; account of climb up mountain; \"We had all thought that there had been Dervishes on the mountain the morning of the fight, but I saw now that this would have been impossible.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eArrival at Kerma welcomed by native Berberine population; fighting with Dervishes soon after arrival; account of moving army en route to Dongola.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e2 photographs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTypescripts added from Acc. 1994.40.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Notice from Black and White magazine that Charles Mills Sheldon is to be their Special Representative \"in the campaign now preceding between America and Spain.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Voucher of authority for Charles Mills Sheldon to act as Special Representative fot Black and White Magazine during the Spanish-American War; sealed with a certificate from the Consulate-General of the United States of America, for Great Britain and Ireland.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Signed by Rititegel?, Secretary of War and J.D. Miley, 1st Lieut., 5th arty, A.D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Complaint that there is \"idleness and procrastination\" and \"seems as though the war would never get into progress\"; expedition sailed for Cuba to land near Havana; moving out of hotel to join the fourth regiment in camp.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Fleet gathered together and underway; \"At least we were commencing a new page in the world's history\"; descriptions of some officers' life on board.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Personal thoughts; (June 17th) descriptions of traveling at sea with the fleet; (June 22nd?) arrival at Santiago and preparations made for landing; next day description of Santiago and blockade fleets from ship; fort bombarded by American battleships; orders to retreat; (dated June 21st?) fifth in line to land.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTypescripts added from Acc. 1994.40.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Details of fighting before landing; \"I only succeeded in getting ashore yesterday noon, after the fight in which the \"Rough Riders\" lost about twenty men killed.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDescription of landing ashore; account of things saw while looking for 4th Infantry; details of life with the army. Ms (no original letter; from a notebook)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Have been on the move marching for four days; \"I was not in the fight with the \"Rough Riders\" the other day as we were not alowed to land till after that happened.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAccount of landing on Cuba with Mac Pherson; description of the weather and the area; \"This is about as tough campaigning as any army ever went through.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eComplaints that Spanish underestimated, have inadequate supplies and incapable leadership; news of Sampson destroying Spanish fleets; details of fighting; details of eating and sleeping conditions; sketch of map.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTypescripts added from Acc. 1994.40.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDetails of conditions; description of the predicament of 15-18 thousand women and children who evacuated Santiago; reports of yellow fever; rumors about Spanish surrenderings.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDetails of the surrender of Santiago; description of the city; hopes to go to Tampa and undergo quarentine for yellow fever before going on to Porto Rico; prediction that Spain will make peace before Porto Rico expedition starts.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOn board first boat could get out of Santiago, on way to Tampa; people of influence on board such as a Russian prince, a captain from Sweden, and John Jacob Astor; passed the remains of the wrecked ship; to be quarantined midstream in Tampa seven days; news that Porto Rican expedition started.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMedal award letter for involvement \"in the military operations in the Sudan in 1896.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e9 items. 1 photograph.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTypescripts added from Acc. 1994.13.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDescription of passengers on board steamer, comments on the passing of wedding anniversary.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDescription of Cairo, accounts of people met that day; sentiments and affections.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDescription of Assouan; account of last days in Cairo; visit to dam works; references to news from home; comments on how photographs are turning out.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSentiments of home life, details of past few days and people acquainted with; (12 Dec.) rehearsal of the dam where spent time with the sidar and his friends; account of actual opening day of the dam; complaints about railroad in Egypt, (rest of letter lost).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTypescripts added from Acc. 1994.13.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAccount of reaching ship; description of Duke and Duchess of Marlborough on Board; mention of ships at Fort Said.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eComments on scenery and shipmates on board; references to events at home, commentary on women; reference to meeting old servant from Sudan, Sulieman Taka, now Hadji Sulieman.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Descriptions of other passengers; details of Duke and Duchess of Marlborough (sketches of both); noted fatigue of traveling at sea; mention of continueing work in India for \"B \u0026amp; W\" (Black and White magazine.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNostalgic thoughts of home and personal messages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTypescripts added from Acc. 1994.13.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Details of functions attending everyday, such as; the Investment at the Devani Arn ?, dining with the Viceroy, ball at Devani Arn ?, show of old army; mentions of conversation with Colonel Rhodes; govenment furnished him \"with a queer vehicle called a 'tonga'\"; update on work done.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLast function was official departure of viceregal party; excursion taken around ruins of Delhi; finishing up work and preparations to move on to Bombay; advice to send 6 pounds and descriptions to a Mr. Grossman to buy two turquoise necklaces; mention of other places plan to visit.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eExperience of Indian hotel life; train rides from Agra to Jeypur; description of Jeypur and natives; references to home.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTypescripts added from Acc. 1994.13.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDescription of the destruction from the attempted assassination of King and Queen of Spain on their wedding day.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Commentary on the \"State Bull Fight\" with some royalty present.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Robert H. Dole, East Lansing, Michigan, to Charles Mills Sheldon, London, England. Thanks sent for stamps Charles Mills Sheldon sent; description of his house in Michigan and comparison to English houses.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNWS\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNWS 12 pp.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eExpression of thanks for a drawing done by Charles Mills Sheldon and given to Reginal Wingate who write Mr. Weinthal to thank him and Sheldon for the gift.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter from Lipton thanking Sheldon for the gift of the Durgola War Drum and sending wishes for the New Year.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents \"Recollections of the First Ten Years of My Life\" 1866-1876 (10 pages) Chapter 11 \"Boyhood in Des Moines\" (6 pages) Typescripts added from Acc. 1993.33.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOriginal ms. 8 pp and typescript 3 pp. Addition, from Acc. 1994.13.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTypescripts added from Acc. 1993.33.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e4 pp. ALS. Contains reminiscences about the condition of the men during the battles in Santiago, Cuba. Also typescript (2 pp.) Addition, from Acc. 1994.13.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAddition, Acc. 1996.12.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAddition, Acc. 1996.12.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTypescripts of letters with illustrations. One volume of unnumbered pages (over 100 pages). Addition, from Acc. 1998.20.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTypescripts of letters with illustrations. One volume of unnumbered pages (over 100 pages). Addition, from Acc. 1998.20.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTypescripts of letters with illustrations. One volume of unnumbered pages (over 100 pages). Addition, from Acc. 1998.20.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTypescripts of letters with illustrations. One volume of unnumbered pages (over 100 pages). Addition, from Acc. 1998.20.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1994.40\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e12 photographs\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e26 photographs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e12 photographs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e31 photographs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e5 photographs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e28 photographs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e6 photographs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e26 photographs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e6 photographs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents 5\" x 7\", 4\"x6\" , black and white. Additions from Acc. 1994.13.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents U.S. Civil War photograph, 7 5/8\"x 9 5/8\" of officers of the 19th Brigade of the New York National Guard at Sherburne, N.Y. in 1862. Included in the photograph is \"Uncle Frank\" Franklin P. Garland, brother of Fannie (Garland) Fitch of Sherburne, N.Y. who was killed at the Battle of Gettysburg. Includes 1965 letter from National Archives. Addition from Acc. 1994.13.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Correspondence, clippings, photographs, and papers of Charles Mills Sheldon (1866-1928), British illustrator and war correspondent. Letters were written primarily to his wife, Grace, of London, and often contain detailed descriptions of his experiences abroad. Some of the topics discussed in his correspondence include the Sudan (1896), Cuba (1898), the Spanish-American War, Egypt during the opening of the Aswan Dam (1902), the Durbar in India (1903), and Spain (1906) during the royal wedding and attempted assassination of Alfonso XIII of Spain and Princess Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg, niece of Edward VII of Great Britain. Included are a biography of Sheldon, typescripts of his letters. newspaper articles and clippings, and photographs (1896-1913) of assignment areas (particularly Egypt and the Sudan) and Sheldon himself.","Accounts of Kitchener's first campaign up the Nile to avenge the death of General George Gordon in Khartoum at the hands of the Mahdi. This first phase ended on the capture of Dongola and was completed by a second expedition in 1898.","Scope and Contents From the \"the cruise of the \"Tantallon Castle\" on the occasion of the opening of the Baltic Canal\" with shipboard articles and lists of guests of Sir Donald Currie, K.C., M.G., M.P. for the opening including Charles Sheldon, Esq.","Congratulations on Sheldon's dispatch to South Africa as representative of Black and White magazine; details and terms of Sheldon's contract.","Scope and Contents Explanation of how got telegram to go to Sudan and how got boat for passage, trip on Steamer on the Crocodile River described; natives of the area described; commentary on \"missionary negro\" and untouched negro and work that is done; \"I am, at present, absolutely in the dark as to what is transpiring and shall not learn until I get to Suez. I dare say.\"","Preparations for Sudan mentioned, description of trip up the west coast of Africa, including Beirn, Mozambique, Dar-el-Salaam, Zanzibar, Aden, and his stay in Cairo.","Expressions of how pleased to have received a letter and news of home; details of journey south, with special mention of Lord Athlumney; description of his house and surrounding area in Halfa and a few daily activities.","Some typescripts added from Acc. 1994.13.","First battle with the Dervishes detailed; his predictions of what will happen with the expedition.","Account of what had passed since his last letter; cholera epidemic mentioned; usually bad weather pattern; acquired another corespondence position; news about the death of a friend; references about home.","Scope and Contents Preparations being made to move; horses at camp described; descriptions of view out door of hut; reference made to his sketches; \"partner\", Berman sic. detailed.","Some typescripts added from Acc. 1994.13.","Scope and Contents Mention of storm wiping about 12 miles of railroad and wires and delay of expedition; description of storm and damage; army \"scattered along a line a hundred miles long\" and vulnerable to Dervish attack; hopes of home.","Account of an overnight trip down river to Firket Mountain with Beaman; Commentary on Egyptians; account of climb up mountain; \"We had all thought that there had been Dervishes on the mountain the morning of the fight, but I saw now that this would have been impossible.\"","Arrival at Kerma welcomed by native Berberine population; fighting with Dervishes soon after arrival; account of moving army en route to Dongola.","2 photographs.","Typescripts added from Acc. 1994.40.","Scope and Contents Notice from Black and White magazine that Charles Mills Sheldon is to be their Special Representative \"in the campaign now preceding between America and Spain.\"","Scope and Contents Voucher of authority for Charles Mills Sheldon to act as Special Representative fot Black and White Magazine during the Spanish-American War; sealed with a certificate from the Consulate-General of the United States of America, for Great Britain and Ireland.","Scope and Contents Signed by Rititegel?, Secretary of War and J.D. Miley, 1st Lieut., 5th arty, A.D.C.","Scope and Contents Complaint that there is \"idleness and procrastination\" and \"seems as though the war would never get into progress\"; expedition sailed for Cuba to land near Havana; moving out of hotel to join the fourth regiment in camp.","Scope and Contents Fleet gathered together and underway; \"At least we were commencing a new page in the world's history\"; descriptions of some officers' life on board.","Scope and Contents Personal thoughts; (June 17th) descriptions of traveling at sea with the fleet; (June 22nd?) arrival at Santiago and preparations made for landing; next day description of Santiago and blockade fleets from ship; fort bombarded by American battleships; orders to retreat; (dated June 21st?) fifth in line to land.","Typescripts added from Acc. 1994.40.","Scope and Contents Details of fighting before landing; \"I only succeeded in getting ashore yesterday noon, after the fight in which the \"Rough Riders\" lost about twenty men killed.\"","Description of landing ashore; account of things saw while looking for 4th Infantry; details of life with the army. Ms (no original letter; from a notebook)","Scope and Contents Have been on the move marching for four days; \"I was not in the fight with the \"Rough Riders\" the other day as we were not alowed to land till after that happened.\"","Account of landing on Cuba with Mac Pherson; description of the weather and the area; \"This is about as tough campaigning as any army ever went through.","Complaints that Spanish underestimated, have inadequate supplies and incapable leadership; news of Sampson destroying Spanish fleets; details of fighting; details of eating and sleeping conditions; sketch of map.","Typescripts added from Acc. 1994.40.","Details of conditions; description of the predicament of 15-18 thousand women and children who evacuated Santiago; reports of yellow fever; rumors about Spanish surrenderings.","Details of the surrender of Santiago; description of the city; hopes to go to Tampa and undergo quarentine for yellow fever before going on to Porto Rico; prediction that Spain will make peace before Porto Rico expedition starts.","On board first boat could get out of Santiago, on way to Tampa; people of influence on board such as a Russian prince, a captain from Sweden, and John Jacob Astor; passed the remains of the wrecked ship; to be quarantined midstream in Tampa seven days; news that Porto Rican expedition started.","Medal award letter for involvement \"in the military operations in the Sudan in 1896.\"","9 items. 1 photograph.","Typescripts added from Acc. 1994.13.","Description of passengers on board steamer, comments on the passing of wedding anniversary.","Description of Cairo, accounts of people met that day; sentiments and affections.","Description of Assouan; account of last days in Cairo; visit to dam works; references to news from home; comments on how photographs are turning out.","Sentiments of home life, details of past few days and people acquainted with; (12 Dec.) rehearsal of the dam where spent time with the sidar and his friends; account of actual opening day of the dam; complaints about railroad in Egypt, (rest of letter lost).","Typescripts added from Acc. 1994.13.","Account of reaching ship; description of Duke and Duchess of Marlborough on Board; mention of ships at Fort Said.","Comments on scenery and shipmates on board; references to events at home, commentary on women; reference to meeting old servant from Sudan, Sulieman Taka, now Hadji Sulieman.","Scope and Contents Descriptions of other passengers; details of Duke and Duchess of Marlborough (sketches of both); noted fatigue of traveling at sea; mention of continueing work in India for \"B \u0026 W\" (Black and White magazine.","Nostalgic thoughts of home and personal messages.","Typescripts added from Acc. 1994.13.","Scope and Contents Details of functions attending everyday, such as; the Investment at the Devani Arn ?, dining with the Viceroy, ball at Devani Arn ?, show of old army; mentions of conversation with Colonel Rhodes; govenment furnished him \"with a queer vehicle called a 'tonga'\"; update on work done.","Last function was official departure of viceregal party; excursion taken around ruins of Delhi; finishing up work and preparations to move on to Bombay; advice to send 6 pounds and descriptions to a Mr. Grossman to buy two turquoise necklaces; mention of other places plan to visit.","Experience of Indian hotel life; train rides from Agra to Jeypur; description of Jeypur and natives; references to home.","Typescripts added from Acc. 1994.13.","Description of the destruction from the attempted assassination of King and Queen of Spain on their wedding day.","Scope and Contents Commentary on the \"State Bull Fight\" with some royalty present.","Scope and Contents Robert H. Dole, East Lansing, Michigan, to Charles Mills Sheldon, London, England. Thanks sent for stamps Charles Mills Sheldon sent; description of his house in Michigan and comparison to English houses.","NWS","NWS 12 pp.","Expression of thanks for a drawing done by Charles Mills Sheldon and given to Reginal Wingate who write Mr. Weinthal to thank him and Sheldon for the gift.","Letter from Lipton thanking Sheldon for the gift of the Durgola War Drum and sending wishes for the New Year.","Scope and Contents \"Recollections of the First Ten Years of My Life\" 1866-1876 (10 pages) Chapter 11 \"Boyhood in Des Moines\" (6 pages) Typescripts added from Acc. 1993.33.","Original ms. 8 pp and typescript 3 pp. Addition, from Acc. 1994.13.","Typescripts added from Acc. 1993.33.","4 pp. ALS. Contains reminiscences about the condition of the men during the battles in Santiago, Cuba. Also typescript (2 pp.) Addition, from Acc. 1994.13.","Addition, Acc. 1996.12.","Addition, Acc. 1996.12.","Typescripts of letters with illustrations. One volume of unnumbered pages (over 100 pages). Addition, from Acc. 1998.20.","Typescripts of letters with illustrations. One volume of unnumbered pages (over 100 pages). Addition, from Acc. 1998.20.","Typescripts of letters with illustrations. One volume of unnumbered pages (over 100 pages). Addition, from Acc. 1998.20.","Typescripts of letters with illustrations. One volume of unnumbered pages (over 100 pages). Addition, from Acc. 1998.20.","1994.40","12 photographs","26 photographs.","12 photographs.","31 photographs.","5 photographs.","28 photographs.","6 photographs.","26 photographs.","6 photographs.","Scope and Contents 5\" x 7\", 4\"x6\" , black and white. Additions from Acc. 1994.13.","Scope and Contents U.S. Civil War photograph, 7 5/8\"x 9 5/8\" of officers of the 19th Brigade of the New York National Guard at Sherburne, N.Y. in 1862. Included in the photograph is \"Uncle Frank\" Franklin P. Garland, brother of Fannie (Garland) Fitch of Sherburne, N.Y. who was killed at the Battle of Gettysburg. Includes 1965 letter from National Archives. Addition from Acc. 1994.13."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use:"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Sheldon, Charles Mills, 1866-1928"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"persname_ssim":["Sheldon, Charles Mills, 1866-1928"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":87,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T14:11:31.580Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_8659","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_8659","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_8659","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_8659","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_8659.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Sheldon, Charles Mills, Papers","title_ssm":["Charles Mills Sheldon Papers"],"title_tesim":["Charles Mills Sheldon Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1862, 1895-1928","1895-1928"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1895-1928"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1862, 1895-1928"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Mss. 91 S3","/repositories/2/resources/8659"],"text":["Mss. 91 S3","/repositories/2/resources/8659","Charles Mills Sheldon Papers","Assouan Dam (Egypt)","Cuba--History--20th century","Great Britain--History","India--History--20th century","Journalists","Spanish-American War, 1898","Sudan (Africa)--History--20th century","Correspondence","Photographs","Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","Charles Mills Sheldon (1866-1928) of London, England was an illustrator and war correspondent. His work carried him to the Sudan (1896), Cuba (1898), the Spanish-American War, Egypt (1902) during the opening of the Assouan Dam, Durbar India (1903), and Spain (1906) during the royal wedding and attempted assassination of Edward VII of Great Britian. Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki:  .","Acc. 1991.15: Approximately 40 letters of Charles Mills Sheldon, foreign correspondent in Cuba, Spain, Sudan, Egypt, and India, 1896-1906.  Plus an undetermined number of photographs taken in these places.  Given in memory of his father Charles Mills Sheldon and in memory of their son Capt. Charles Mills Sheldon, class of 1958."," Acc. 1992.64: Items relating to the journalistic career of Charles Sheldon chiefly relating to his Cuban experience including reports on the campaign.  Biographical material on Charles Sheldon."," Acc. 1993.33: Typescript of quotes about journalist Charles Sheldon in books about the Spanish American War; biographical material on Sheldon; \"Recollections of the First Ten Years of My Life\" by Sheldon, 1913.  Original in the possession of Jean Sheldon of \"Recollections\".","Correspondence, clippings, photographs, and papers of Charles Mills Sheldon (1866-1928), British illustrator and war correspondent. Letters were written primarily to his wife, Grace, of London, and often contain detailed descriptions of his experiences abroad. Some of the topics discussed in his correspondence include the Sudan (1896), Cuba (1898), the Spanish-American War, Egypt during the opening of the Aswan Dam (1902), the Durbar in India (1903), and Spain (1906) during the royal wedding and attempted assassination of Alfonso XIII of Spain and Princess Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg, niece of Edward VII of Great Britain. Included are a biography of Sheldon, typescripts of his letters. newspaper articles and clippings, and photographs (1896-1913) of assignment areas (particularly Egypt and the Sudan) and Sheldon himself.","Accounts of Kitchener's first campaign up the Nile to avenge the death of General George Gordon in Khartoum at the hands of the Mahdi. This first phase ended on the capture of Dongola and was completed by a second expedition in 1898.","Scope and Contents From the \"the cruise of the \"Tantallon Castle\" on the occasion of the opening of the Baltic Canal\" with shipboard articles and lists of guests of Sir Donald Currie, K.C., M.G., M.P. for the opening including Charles Sheldon, Esq.","Congratulations on Sheldon's dispatch to South Africa as representative of Black and White magazine; details and terms of Sheldon's contract.","Scope and Contents Explanation of how got telegram to go to Sudan and how got boat for passage, trip on Steamer on the Crocodile River described; natives of the area described; commentary on \"missionary negro\" and untouched negro and work that is done; \"I am, at present, absolutely in the dark as to what is transpiring and shall not learn until I get to Suez. I dare say.\"","Preparations for Sudan mentioned, description of trip up the west coast of Africa, including Beirn, Mozambique, Dar-el-Salaam, Zanzibar, Aden, and his stay in Cairo.","Expressions of how pleased to have received a letter and news of home; details of journey south, with special mention of Lord Athlumney; description of his house and surrounding area in Halfa and a few daily activities.","Some typescripts added from Acc. 1994.13.","First battle with the Dervishes detailed; his predictions of what will happen with the expedition.","Account of what had passed since his last letter; cholera epidemic mentioned; usually bad weather pattern; acquired another corespondence position; news about the death of a friend; references about home.","Scope and Contents Preparations being made to move; horses at camp described; descriptions of view out door of hut; reference made to his sketches; \"partner\", Berman sic. detailed.","Some typescripts added from Acc. 1994.13.","Scope and Contents Mention of storm wiping about 12 miles of railroad and wires and delay of expedition; description of storm and damage; army \"scattered along a line a hundred miles long\" and vulnerable to Dervish attack; hopes of home.","Account of an overnight trip down river to Firket Mountain with Beaman; Commentary on Egyptians; account of climb up mountain; \"We had all thought that there had been Dervishes on the mountain the morning of the fight, but I saw now that this would have been impossible.\"","Arrival at Kerma welcomed by native Berberine population; fighting with Dervishes soon after arrival; account of moving army en route to Dongola.","2 photographs.","Typescripts added from Acc. 1994.40.","Scope and Contents Notice from Black and White magazine that Charles Mills Sheldon is to be their Special Representative \"in the campaign now preceding between America and Spain.\"","Scope and Contents Voucher of authority for Charles Mills Sheldon to act as Special Representative fot Black and White Magazine during the Spanish-American War; sealed with a certificate from the Consulate-General of the United States of America, for Great Britain and Ireland.","Scope and Contents Signed by Rititegel?, Secretary of War and J.D. Miley, 1st Lieut., 5th arty, A.D.C.","Scope and Contents Complaint that there is \"idleness and procrastination\" and \"seems as though the war would never get into progress\"; expedition sailed for Cuba to land near Havana; moving out of hotel to join the fourth regiment in camp.","Scope and Contents Fleet gathered together and underway; \"At least we were commencing a new page in the world's history\"; descriptions of some officers' life on board.","Scope and Contents Personal thoughts; (June 17th) descriptions of traveling at sea with the fleet; (June 22nd?) arrival at Santiago and preparations made for landing; next day description of Santiago and blockade fleets from ship; fort bombarded by American battleships; orders to retreat; (dated June 21st?) fifth in line to land.","Typescripts added from Acc. 1994.40.","Scope and Contents Details of fighting before landing; \"I only succeeded in getting ashore yesterday noon, after the fight in which the \"Rough Riders\" lost about twenty men killed.\"","Description of landing ashore; account of things saw while looking for 4th Infantry; details of life with the army. Ms (no original letter; from a notebook)","Scope and Contents Have been on the move marching for four days; \"I was not in the fight with the \"Rough Riders\" the other day as we were not alowed to land till after that happened.\"","Account of landing on Cuba with Mac Pherson; description of the weather and the area; \"This is about as tough campaigning as any army ever went through.","Complaints that Spanish underestimated, have inadequate supplies and incapable leadership; news of Sampson destroying Spanish fleets; details of fighting; details of eating and sleeping conditions; sketch of map.","Typescripts added from Acc. 1994.40.","Details of conditions; description of the predicament of 15-18 thousand women and children who evacuated Santiago; reports of yellow fever; rumors about Spanish surrenderings.","Details of the surrender of Santiago; description of the city; hopes to go to Tampa and undergo quarentine for yellow fever before going on to Porto Rico; prediction that Spain will make peace before Porto Rico expedition starts.","On board first boat could get out of Santiago, on way to Tampa; people of influence on board such as a Russian prince, a captain from Sweden, and John Jacob Astor; passed the remains of the wrecked ship; to be quarantined midstream in Tampa seven days; news that Porto Rican expedition started.","Medal award letter for involvement \"in the military operations in the Sudan in 1896.\"","9 items. 1 photograph.","Typescripts added from Acc. 1994.13.","Description of passengers on board steamer, comments on the passing of wedding anniversary.","Description of Cairo, accounts of people met that day; sentiments and affections.","Description of Assouan; account of last days in Cairo; visit to dam works; references to news from home; comments on how photographs are turning out.","Sentiments of home life, details of past few days and people acquainted with; (12 Dec.) rehearsal of the dam where spent time with the sidar and his friends; account of actual opening day of the dam; complaints about railroad in Egypt, (rest of letter lost).","Typescripts added from Acc. 1994.13.","Account of reaching ship; description of Duke and Duchess of Marlborough on Board; mention of ships at Fort Said.","Comments on scenery and shipmates on board; references to events at home, commentary on women; reference to meeting old servant from Sudan, Sulieman Taka, now Hadji Sulieman.","Scope and Contents Descriptions of other passengers; details of Duke and Duchess of Marlborough (sketches of both); noted fatigue of traveling at sea; mention of continueing work in India for \"B \u0026 W\" (Black and White magazine.","Nostalgic thoughts of home and personal messages.","Typescripts added from Acc. 1994.13.","Scope and Contents Details of functions attending everyday, such as; the Investment at the Devani Arn ?, dining with the Viceroy, ball at Devani Arn ?, show of old army; mentions of conversation with Colonel Rhodes; govenment furnished him \"with a queer vehicle called a 'tonga'\"; update on work done.","Last function was official departure of viceregal party; excursion taken around ruins of Delhi; finishing up work and preparations to move on to Bombay; advice to send 6 pounds and descriptions to a Mr. Grossman to buy two turquoise necklaces; mention of other places plan to visit.","Experience of Indian hotel life; train rides from Agra to Jeypur; description of Jeypur and natives; references to home.","Typescripts added from Acc. 1994.13.","Description of the destruction from the attempted assassination of King and Queen of Spain on their wedding day.","Scope and Contents Commentary on the \"State Bull Fight\" with some royalty present.","Scope and Contents Robert H. Dole, East Lansing, Michigan, to Charles Mills Sheldon, London, England. Thanks sent for stamps Charles Mills Sheldon sent; description of his house in Michigan and comparison to English houses.","NWS","NWS 12 pp.","Expression of thanks for a drawing done by Charles Mills Sheldon and given to Reginal Wingate who write Mr. Weinthal to thank him and Sheldon for the gift.","Letter from Lipton thanking Sheldon for the gift of the Durgola War Drum and sending wishes for the New Year.","Scope and Contents \"Recollections of the First Ten Years of My Life\" 1866-1876 (10 pages) Chapter 11 \"Boyhood in Des Moines\" (6 pages) Typescripts added from Acc. 1993.33.","Original ms. 8 pp and typescript 3 pp. Addition, from Acc. 1994.13.","Typescripts added from Acc. 1993.33.","4 pp. ALS. Contains reminiscences about the condition of the men during the battles in Santiago, Cuba. Also typescript (2 pp.) Addition, from Acc. 1994.13.","Addition, Acc. 1996.12.","Addition, Acc. 1996.12.","Typescripts of letters with illustrations. One volume of unnumbered pages (over 100 pages). Addition, from Acc. 1998.20.","Typescripts of letters with illustrations. One volume of unnumbered pages (over 100 pages). Addition, from Acc. 1998.20.","Typescripts of letters with illustrations. One volume of unnumbered pages (over 100 pages). Addition, from Acc. 1998.20.","Typescripts of letters with illustrations. One volume of unnumbered pages (over 100 pages). Addition, from Acc. 1998.20.","1994.40","12 photographs","26 photographs.","12 photographs.","31 photographs.","5 photographs.","28 photographs.","6 photographs.","26 photographs.","6 photographs.","Scope and Contents 5\" x 7\", 4\"x6\" , black and white. Additions from Acc. 1994.13.","Scope and Contents U.S. Civil War photograph, 7 5/8\"x 9 5/8\" of officers of the 19th Brigade of the New York National Guard at Sherburne, N.Y. in 1862. Included in the photograph is \"Uncle Frank\" Franklin P. Garland, brother of Fannie (Garland) Fitch of Sherburne, N.Y. who was killed at the Battle of Gettysburg. Includes 1965 letter from National Archives. Addition from Acc. 1994.13.","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","Sheldon, Charles Mills, 1866-1928","English"],"unitid_tesim":["Mss. 91 S3","/repositories/2/resources/8659"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Charles Mills Sheldon Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Charles Mills Sheldon Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Charles Mills Sheldon Papers"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"geogname_ssm":["Assouan Dam (Egypt)"],"geogname_ssim":["Assouan Dam (Egypt)"],"creator_ssm":["Sheldon, Charles Mills, 1866-1928"],"creator_ssim":["Sheldon, Charles Mills, 1866-1928"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Sheldon, Charles Mills, 1866-1928"],"creators_ssim":["Sheldon, Charles Mills, 1866-1928"],"places_ssim":["Assouan Dam (Egypt)"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Gifts received from 1991 to 1998."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Cuba--History--20th century","Great Britain--History","India--History--20th century","Journalists","Spanish-American War, 1898","Sudan (Africa)--History--20th century","Correspondence","Photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Cuba--History--20th century","Great Britain--History","India--History--20th century","Journalists","Spanish-American War, 1898","Sudan (Africa)--History--20th century","Correspondence","Photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1.50 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["1.50 Linear Feet"],"genreform_ssim":["Correspondence","Photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access:"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCharles Mills Sheldon (1866-1928) of London, England was an illustrator and war correspondent. His work carried him to the Sudan (1896), Cuba (1898), the Spanish-American War, Egypt (1902) during the opening of the Assouan Dam, Durbar India (1903), and Spain (1906) during the royal wedding and attempted assassination of Edward VII of Great Britian. Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: \u003cextref href=\"http://scdbwiki.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Charles_Mills_Sheldon\" title=\"Charles Mills Sheldon\"\u003e\u003c/extref\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information:"],"bioghist_tesim":["Charles Mills Sheldon (1866-1928) of London, England was an illustrator and war correspondent. His work carried him to the Sudan (1896), Cuba (1898), the Spanish-American War, Egypt (1902) during the opening of the Assouan Dam, Durbar India (1903), and Spain (1906) during the royal wedding and attempted assassination of Edward VII of Great Britian. Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki:  ."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCharles Mills Sheldon Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Charles Mills Sheldon Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAcc. 1991.15: Approximately 40 letters of Charles Mills Sheldon, foreign correspondent in Cuba, Spain, Sudan, Egypt, and India, 1896-1906.  Plus an undetermined number of photographs taken in these places.  Given in memory of his father Charles Mills Sheldon and in memory of their son Capt. Charles Mills Sheldon, class of 1958.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Acc. 1992.64: Items relating to the journalistic career of Charles Sheldon chiefly relating to his Cuban experience including reports on the campaign.  Biographical material on Charles Sheldon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Acc. 1993.33: Typescript of quotes about journalist Charles Sheldon in books about the Spanish American War; biographical material on Sheldon; \"Recollections of the First Ten Years of My Life\" by Sheldon, 1913.  Original in the possession of Jean Sheldon of \"Recollections\".\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information:"],"processinfo_tesim":["Acc. 1991.15: Approximately 40 letters of Charles Mills Sheldon, foreign correspondent in Cuba, Spain, Sudan, Egypt, and India, 1896-1906.  Plus an undetermined number of photographs taken in these places.  Given in memory of his father Charles Mills Sheldon and in memory of their son Capt. Charles Mills Sheldon, class of 1958."," Acc. 1992.64: Items relating to the journalistic career of Charles Sheldon chiefly relating to his Cuban experience including reports on the campaign.  Biographical material on Charles Sheldon."," Acc. 1993.33: Typescript of quotes about journalist Charles Sheldon in books about the Spanish American War; biographical material on Sheldon; \"Recollections of the First Ten Years of My Life\" by Sheldon, 1913.  Original in the possession of Jean Sheldon of \"Recollections\"."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, clippings, photographs, and papers of Charles Mills Sheldon (1866-1928), British illustrator and war correspondent. Letters were written primarily to his wife, Grace, of London, and often contain detailed descriptions of his experiences abroad. Some of the topics discussed in his correspondence include the Sudan (1896), Cuba (1898), the Spanish-American War, Egypt during the opening of the Aswan Dam (1902), the Durbar in India (1903), and Spain (1906) during the royal wedding and attempted assassination of Alfonso XIII of Spain and Princess Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg, niece of Edward VII of Great Britain. Included are a biography of Sheldon, typescripts of his letters. newspaper articles and clippings, and photographs (1896-1913) of assignment areas (particularly Egypt and the Sudan) and Sheldon himself.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAccounts of Kitchener's first campaign up the Nile to avenge the death of General George Gordon in Khartoum at the hands of the Mahdi. This first phase ended on the capture of Dongola and was completed by a second expedition in 1898.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents From the \"the cruise of the \"Tantallon Castle\" on the occasion of the opening of the Baltic Canal\" with shipboard articles and lists of guests of Sir Donald Currie, K.C., M.G., M.P. for the opening including Charles Sheldon, Esq.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCongratulations on Sheldon's dispatch to South Africa as representative of Black and White magazine; details and terms of Sheldon's contract.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Explanation of how got telegram to go to Sudan and how got boat for passage, trip on Steamer on the Crocodile River described; natives of the area described; commentary on \"missionary negro\" and untouched negro and work that is done; \"I am, at present, absolutely in the dark as to what is transpiring and shall not learn until I get to Suez. I dare say.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePreparations for Sudan mentioned, description of trip up the west coast of Africa, including Beirn, Mozambique, Dar-el-Salaam, Zanzibar, Aden, and his stay in Cairo.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eExpressions of how pleased to have received a letter and news of home; details of journey south, with special mention of Lord Athlumney; description of his house and surrounding area in Halfa and a few daily activities.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSome typescripts added from Acc. 1994.13.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFirst battle with the Dervishes detailed; his predictions of what will happen with the expedition.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAccount of what had passed since his last letter; cholera epidemic mentioned; usually bad weather pattern; acquired another corespondence position; news about the death of a friend; references about home.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Preparations being made to move; horses at camp described; descriptions of view out door of hut; reference made to his sketches; \"partner\", Berman sic. detailed.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSome typescripts added from Acc. 1994.13.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Mention of storm wiping about 12 miles of railroad and wires and delay of expedition; description of storm and damage; army \"scattered along a line a hundred miles long\" and vulnerable to Dervish attack; hopes of home.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAccount of an overnight trip down river to Firket Mountain with Beaman; Commentary on Egyptians; account of climb up mountain; \"We had all thought that there had been Dervishes on the mountain the morning of the fight, but I saw now that this would have been impossible.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eArrival at Kerma welcomed by native Berberine population; fighting with Dervishes soon after arrival; account of moving army en route to Dongola.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e2 photographs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTypescripts added from Acc. 1994.40.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Notice from Black and White magazine that Charles Mills Sheldon is to be their Special Representative \"in the campaign now preceding between America and Spain.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Voucher of authority for Charles Mills Sheldon to act as Special Representative fot Black and White Magazine during the Spanish-American War; sealed with a certificate from the Consulate-General of the United States of America, for Great Britain and Ireland.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Signed by Rititegel?, Secretary of War and J.D. Miley, 1st Lieut., 5th arty, A.D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Complaint that there is \"idleness and procrastination\" and \"seems as though the war would never get into progress\"; expedition sailed for Cuba to land near Havana; moving out of hotel to join the fourth regiment in camp.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Fleet gathered together and underway; \"At least we were commencing a new page in the world's history\"; descriptions of some officers' life on board.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Personal thoughts; (June 17th) descriptions of traveling at sea with the fleet; (June 22nd?) arrival at Santiago and preparations made for landing; next day description of Santiago and blockade fleets from ship; fort bombarded by American battleships; orders to retreat; (dated June 21st?) fifth in line to land.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTypescripts added from Acc. 1994.40.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Details of fighting before landing; \"I only succeeded in getting ashore yesterday noon, after the fight in which the \"Rough Riders\" lost about twenty men killed.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDescription of landing ashore; account of things saw while looking for 4th Infantry; details of life with the army. Ms (no original letter; from a notebook)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Have been on the move marching for four days; \"I was not in the fight with the \"Rough Riders\" the other day as we were not alowed to land till after that happened.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAccount of landing on Cuba with Mac Pherson; description of the weather and the area; \"This is about as tough campaigning as any army ever went through.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eComplaints that Spanish underestimated, have inadequate supplies and incapable leadership; news of Sampson destroying Spanish fleets; details of fighting; details of eating and sleeping conditions; sketch of map.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTypescripts added from Acc. 1994.40.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDetails of conditions; description of the predicament of 15-18 thousand women and children who evacuated Santiago; reports of yellow fever; rumors about Spanish surrenderings.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDetails of the surrender of Santiago; description of the city; hopes to go to Tampa and undergo quarentine for yellow fever before going on to Porto Rico; prediction that Spain will make peace before Porto Rico expedition starts.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOn board first boat could get out of Santiago, on way to Tampa; people of influence on board such as a Russian prince, a captain from Sweden, and John Jacob Astor; passed the remains of the wrecked ship; to be quarantined midstream in Tampa seven days; news that Porto Rican expedition started.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMedal award letter for involvement \"in the military operations in the Sudan in 1896.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e9 items. 1 photograph.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTypescripts added from Acc. 1994.13.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDescription of passengers on board steamer, comments on the passing of wedding anniversary.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDescription of Cairo, accounts of people met that day; sentiments and affections.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDescription of Assouan; account of last days in Cairo; visit to dam works; references to news from home; comments on how photographs are turning out.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSentiments of home life, details of past few days and people acquainted with; (12 Dec.) rehearsal of the dam where spent time with the sidar and his friends; account of actual opening day of the dam; complaints about railroad in Egypt, (rest of letter lost).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTypescripts added from Acc. 1994.13.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAccount of reaching ship; description of Duke and Duchess of Marlborough on Board; mention of ships at Fort Said.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eComments on scenery and shipmates on board; references to events at home, commentary on women; reference to meeting old servant from Sudan, Sulieman Taka, now Hadji Sulieman.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Descriptions of other passengers; details of Duke and Duchess of Marlborough (sketches of both); noted fatigue of traveling at sea; mention of continueing work in India for \"B \u0026amp; W\" (Black and White magazine.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNostalgic thoughts of home and personal messages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTypescripts added from Acc. 1994.13.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Details of functions attending everyday, such as; the Investment at the Devani Arn ?, dining with the Viceroy, ball at Devani Arn ?, show of old army; mentions of conversation with Colonel Rhodes; govenment furnished him \"with a queer vehicle called a 'tonga'\"; update on work done.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLast function was official departure of viceregal party; excursion taken around ruins of Delhi; finishing up work and preparations to move on to Bombay; advice to send 6 pounds and descriptions to a Mr. Grossman to buy two turquoise necklaces; mention of other places plan to visit.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eExperience of Indian hotel life; train rides from Agra to Jeypur; description of Jeypur and natives; references to home.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTypescripts added from Acc. 1994.13.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDescription of the destruction from the attempted assassination of King and Queen of Spain on their wedding day.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Commentary on the \"State Bull Fight\" with some royalty present.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Robert H. Dole, East Lansing, Michigan, to Charles Mills Sheldon, London, England. Thanks sent for stamps Charles Mills Sheldon sent; description of his house in Michigan and comparison to English houses.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNWS\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNWS 12 pp.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eExpression of thanks for a drawing done by Charles Mills Sheldon and given to Reginal Wingate who write Mr. Weinthal to thank him and Sheldon for the gift.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter from Lipton thanking Sheldon for the gift of the Durgola War Drum and sending wishes for the New Year.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents \"Recollections of the First Ten Years of My Life\" 1866-1876 (10 pages) Chapter 11 \"Boyhood in Des Moines\" (6 pages) Typescripts added from Acc. 1993.33.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOriginal ms. 8 pp and typescript 3 pp. Addition, from Acc. 1994.13.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTypescripts added from Acc. 1993.33.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e4 pp. ALS. Contains reminiscences about the condition of the men during the battles in Santiago, Cuba. Also typescript (2 pp.) Addition, from Acc. 1994.13.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAddition, Acc. 1996.12.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAddition, Acc. 1996.12.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTypescripts of letters with illustrations. One volume of unnumbered pages (over 100 pages). Addition, from Acc. 1998.20.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTypescripts of letters with illustrations. One volume of unnumbered pages (over 100 pages). Addition, from Acc. 1998.20.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTypescripts of letters with illustrations. One volume of unnumbered pages (over 100 pages). Addition, from Acc. 1998.20.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTypescripts of letters with illustrations. One volume of unnumbered pages (over 100 pages). Addition, from Acc. 1998.20.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1994.40\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e12 photographs\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e26 photographs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e12 photographs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e31 photographs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e5 photographs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e28 photographs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e6 photographs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e26 photographs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e6 photographs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents 5\" x 7\", 4\"x6\" , black and white. Additions from Acc. 1994.13.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents U.S. Civil War photograph, 7 5/8\"x 9 5/8\" of officers of the 19th Brigade of the New York National Guard at Sherburne, N.Y. in 1862. Included in the photograph is \"Uncle Frank\" Franklin P. Garland, brother of Fannie (Garland) Fitch of Sherburne, N.Y. who was killed at the Battle of Gettysburg. Includes 1965 letter from National Archives. Addition from Acc. 1994.13.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Correspondence, clippings, photographs, and papers of Charles Mills Sheldon (1866-1928), British illustrator and war correspondent. Letters were written primarily to his wife, Grace, of London, and often contain detailed descriptions of his experiences abroad. Some of the topics discussed in his correspondence include the Sudan (1896), Cuba (1898), the Spanish-American War, Egypt during the opening of the Aswan Dam (1902), the Durbar in India (1903), and Spain (1906) during the royal wedding and attempted assassination of Alfonso XIII of Spain and Princess Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg, niece of Edward VII of Great Britain. Included are a biography of Sheldon, typescripts of his letters. newspaper articles and clippings, and photographs (1896-1913) of assignment areas (particularly Egypt and the Sudan) and Sheldon himself.","Accounts of Kitchener's first campaign up the Nile to avenge the death of General George Gordon in Khartoum at the hands of the Mahdi. This first phase ended on the capture of Dongola and was completed by a second expedition in 1898.","Scope and Contents From the \"the cruise of the \"Tantallon Castle\" on the occasion of the opening of the Baltic Canal\" with shipboard articles and lists of guests of Sir Donald Currie, K.C., M.G., M.P. for the opening including Charles Sheldon, Esq.","Congratulations on Sheldon's dispatch to South Africa as representative of Black and White magazine; details and terms of Sheldon's contract.","Scope and Contents Explanation of how got telegram to go to Sudan and how got boat for passage, trip on Steamer on the Crocodile River described; natives of the area described; commentary on \"missionary negro\" and untouched negro and work that is done; \"I am, at present, absolutely in the dark as to what is transpiring and shall not learn until I get to Suez. I dare say.\"","Preparations for Sudan mentioned, description of trip up the west coast of Africa, including Beirn, Mozambique, Dar-el-Salaam, Zanzibar, Aden, and his stay in Cairo.","Expressions of how pleased to have received a letter and news of home; details of journey south, with special mention of Lord Athlumney; description of his house and surrounding area in Halfa and a few daily activities.","Some typescripts added from Acc. 1994.13.","First battle with the Dervishes detailed; his predictions of what will happen with the expedition.","Account of what had passed since his last letter; cholera epidemic mentioned; usually bad weather pattern; acquired another corespondence position; news about the death of a friend; references about home.","Scope and Contents Preparations being made to move; horses at camp described; descriptions of view out door of hut; reference made to his sketches; \"partner\", Berman sic. detailed.","Some typescripts added from Acc. 1994.13.","Scope and Contents Mention of storm wiping about 12 miles of railroad and wires and delay of expedition; description of storm and damage; army \"scattered along a line a hundred miles long\" and vulnerable to Dervish attack; hopes of home.","Account of an overnight trip down river to Firket Mountain with Beaman; Commentary on Egyptians; account of climb up mountain; \"We had all thought that there had been Dervishes on the mountain the morning of the fight, but I saw now that this would have been impossible.\"","Arrival at Kerma welcomed by native Berberine population; fighting with Dervishes soon after arrival; account of moving army en route to Dongola.","2 photographs.","Typescripts added from Acc. 1994.40.","Scope and Contents Notice from Black and White magazine that Charles Mills Sheldon is to be their Special Representative \"in the campaign now preceding between America and Spain.\"","Scope and Contents Voucher of authority for Charles Mills Sheldon to act as Special Representative fot Black and White Magazine during the Spanish-American War; sealed with a certificate from the Consulate-General of the United States of America, for Great Britain and Ireland.","Scope and Contents Signed by Rititegel?, Secretary of War and J.D. Miley, 1st Lieut., 5th arty, A.D.C.","Scope and Contents Complaint that there is \"idleness and procrastination\" and \"seems as though the war would never get into progress\"; expedition sailed for Cuba to land near Havana; moving out of hotel to join the fourth regiment in camp.","Scope and Contents Fleet gathered together and underway; \"At least we were commencing a new page in the world's history\"; descriptions of some officers' life on board.","Scope and Contents Personal thoughts; (June 17th) descriptions of traveling at sea with the fleet; (June 22nd?) arrival at Santiago and preparations made for landing; next day description of Santiago and blockade fleets from ship; fort bombarded by American battleships; orders to retreat; (dated June 21st?) fifth in line to land.","Typescripts added from Acc. 1994.40.","Scope and Contents Details of fighting before landing; \"I only succeeded in getting ashore yesterday noon, after the fight in which the \"Rough Riders\" lost about twenty men killed.\"","Description of landing ashore; account of things saw while looking for 4th Infantry; details of life with the army. Ms (no original letter; from a notebook)","Scope and Contents Have been on the move marching for four days; \"I was not in the fight with the \"Rough Riders\" the other day as we were not alowed to land till after that happened.\"","Account of landing on Cuba with Mac Pherson; description of the weather and the area; \"This is about as tough campaigning as any army ever went through.","Complaints that Spanish underestimated, have inadequate supplies and incapable leadership; news of Sampson destroying Spanish fleets; details of fighting; details of eating and sleeping conditions; sketch of map.","Typescripts added from Acc. 1994.40.","Details of conditions; description of the predicament of 15-18 thousand women and children who evacuated Santiago; reports of yellow fever; rumors about Spanish surrenderings.","Details of the surrender of Santiago; description of the city; hopes to go to Tampa and undergo quarentine for yellow fever before going on to Porto Rico; prediction that Spain will make peace before Porto Rico expedition starts.","On board first boat could get out of Santiago, on way to Tampa; people of influence on board such as a Russian prince, a captain from Sweden, and John Jacob Astor; passed the remains of the wrecked ship; to be quarantined midstream in Tampa seven days; news that Porto Rican expedition started.","Medal award letter for involvement \"in the military operations in the Sudan in 1896.\"","9 items. 1 photograph.","Typescripts added from Acc. 1994.13.","Description of passengers on board steamer, comments on the passing of wedding anniversary.","Description of Cairo, accounts of people met that day; sentiments and affections.","Description of Assouan; account of last days in Cairo; visit to dam works; references to news from home; comments on how photographs are turning out.","Sentiments of home life, details of past few days and people acquainted with; (12 Dec.) rehearsal of the dam where spent time with the sidar and his friends; account of actual opening day of the dam; complaints about railroad in Egypt, (rest of letter lost).","Typescripts added from Acc. 1994.13.","Account of reaching ship; description of Duke and Duchess of Marlborough on Board; mention of ships at Fort Said.","Comments on scenery and shipmates on board; references to events at home, commentary on women; reference to meeting old servant from Sudan, Sulieman Taka, now Hadji Sulieman.","Scope and Contents Descriptions of other passengers; details of Duke and Duchess of Marlborough (sketches of both); noted fatigue of traveling at sea; mention of continueing work in India for \"B \u0026 W\" (Black and White magazine.","Nostalgic thoughts of home and personal messages.","Typescripts added from Acc. 1994.13.","Scope and Contents Details of functions attending everyday, such as; the Investment at the Devani Arn ?, dining with the Viceroy, ball at Devani Arn ?, show of old army; mentions of conversation with Colonel Rhodes; govenment furnished him \"with a queer vehicle called a 'tonga'\"; update on work done.","Last function was official departure of viceregal party; excursion taken around ruins of Delhi; finishing up work and preparations to move on to Bombay; advice to send 6 pounds and descriptions to a Mr. Grossman to buy two turquoise necklaces; mention of other places plan to visit.","Experience of Indian hotel life; train rides from Agra to Jeypur; description of Jeypur and natives; references to home.","Typescripts added from Acc. 1994.13.","Description of the destruction from the attempted assassination of King and Queen of Spain on their wedding day.","Scope and Contents Commentary on the \"State Bull Fight\" with some royalty present.","Scope and Contents Robert H. Dole, East Lansing, Michigan, to Charles Mills Sheldon, London, England. Thanks sent for stamps Charles Mills Sheldon sent; description of his house in Michigan and comparison to English houses.","NWS","NWS 12 pp.","Expression of thanks for a drawing done by Charles Mills Sheldon and given to Reginal Wingate who write Mr. Weinthal to thank him and Sheldon for the gift.","Letter from Lipton thanking Sheldon for the gift of the Durgola War Drum and sending wishes for the New Year.","Scope and Contents \"Recollections of the First Ten Years of My Life\" 1866-1876 (10 pages) Chapter 11 \"Boyhood in Des Moines\" (6 pages) Typescripts added from Acc. 1993.33.","Original ms. 8 pp and typescript 3 pp. Addition, from Acc. 1994.13.","Typescripts added from Acc. 1993.33.","4 pp. ALS. Contains reminiscences about the condition of the men during the battles in Santiago, Cuba. Also typescript (2 pp.) Addition, from Acc. 1994.13.","Addition, Acc. 1996.12.","Addition, Acc. 1996.12.","Typescripts of letters with illustrations. One volume of unnumbered pages (over 100 pages). Addition, from Acc. 1998.20.","Typescripts of letters with illustrations. One volume of unnumbered pages (over 100 pages). Addition, from Acc. 1998.20.","Typescripts of letters with illustrations. One volume of unnumbered pages (over 100 pages). Addition, from Acc. 1998.20.","Typescripts of letters with illustrations. One volume of unnumbered pages (over 100 pages). Addition, from Acc. 1998.20.","1994.40","12 photographs","26 photographs.","12 photographs.","31 photographs.","5 photographs.","28 photographs.","6 photographs.","26 photographs.","6 photographs.","Scope and Contents 5\" x 7\", 4\"x6\" , black and white. Additions from Acc. 1994.13.","Scope and Contents U.S. Civil War photograph, 7 5/8\"x 9 5/8\" of officers of the 19th Brigade of the New York National Guard at Sherburne, N.Y. in 1862. Included in the photograph is \"Uncle Frank\" Franklin P. Garland, brother of Fannie (Garland) Fitch of Sherburne, N.Y. who was killed at the Battle of Gettysburg. Includes 1965 letter from National Archives. Addition from Acc. 1994.13."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use:"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Sheldon, Charles Mills, 1866-1928"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"persname_ssim":["Sheldon, Charles Mills, 1866-1928"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":87,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T14:11:31.580Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_8659"}},{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2068","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Lina Nancy Potter Papers","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_2068#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, photographs, and military papers concerning the World War II service of 2nd Lt. A.N.C. Lina Nancy Potter (1901-1975) of Narragansett, Rhode Island. Potter enlisted in the United States Armed Forces in 1942 and served as a nurse in a military hospital in India from 1943-1945. This collection consists of 23 letters of her outgoing wartime correspondence to family (her Aunt Harriet E. Weaver and Uncle Charles Weaver of Rhode Island) in the United States, her military papers, and three wartime photographs of Potter and her fellow nurses. Potter's correspondence is of special interest because Potter was allowed to censor her own letters (perhaps because she was an officer) before they were sent to the United States. Thus, Potter's correspondence contains a log of wartime conditions at a hospital near Burma, India. Her letters discuss poor food and housing conditions, status of her work in India, the war in India and China, and aspects relative to women's history during the Second World War.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_2068#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2068","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2068","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2068","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2068","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_2068.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Potter, Lina Nancy, Papers","title_ssm":["Lina Nancy Potter Papers"],"title_tesim":["Lina Nancy Potter Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1942-1945"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1942-1945"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 01198","/repositories/2/resources/2068"],"text":["SC 01198","/repositories/2/resources/2068","Lina Nancy Potter Papers","India--History--20th century","Medicine, Military--India.","United States--Women--History","World War, 1939-1945","World War, 1939-1945--Medical and sanitary affairs.","World War, 1939-1945--Pacific Area","Certificates","Correspondence","Photographs","28 items","Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","Collection has been arranged into three series: Series I: Correspondence, Series II: Military Papers, and Series III: Photographs. Correspondence has been arranged chronologically.","Lina Nancy Potter (1901-1975) of Narragansett, Rhode Island, enlisted in the United States Armed Forces in 1942 and served as a 2nd Lt. A.N.C. nurse in a military hospital in India from 1943-1945. Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki:  .","Processed by Zachary R. Jones in 2007.","Correspondence, photographs, and military papers concerning the World War II service of 2nd Lt. A.N.C. Lina Nancy Potter (1901-1975) of Narragansett, Rhode Island. Potter enlisted in the United States Armed Forces in 1942 and served as a nurse in a military hospital in India from 1943-1945. This collection consists of 23 letters of her outgoing wartime correspondence to family (her Aunt Harriet E. Weaver and Uncle Charles Weaver of Rhode Island) in the United States, her military papers, and three wartime photographs of Potter and her fellow nurses. Potter's correspondence is of special interest because Potter was allowed to censor her own letters (perhaps because she was an officer) before they were sent to the United States. Thus, Potter's correspondence contains a log of wartime conditions at a hospital near Burma, India. Her letters discuss poor food and housing conditions, status of her work in India, the war in India and China, and aspects relative to women's history during the Second World War.","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SC 01198","/repositories/2/resources/2068"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Lina Nancy Potter Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Lina Nancy Potter Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Lina Nancy Potter Papers"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchase"],"access_subjects_ssim":["India--History--20th century","Medicine, Military--India.","United States--Women--History","World War, 1939-1945","World War, 1939-1945--Medical and sanitary affairs.","World War, 1939-1945--Pacific Area","Certificates","Correspondence","Photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["India--History--20th century","Medicine, Military--India.","United States--Women--History","World War, 1939-1945","World War, 1939-1945--Medical and sanitary affairs.","World War, 1939-1945--Pacific Area","Certificates","Correspondence","Photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["28 items"],"extent_ssm":["0.1 Linear Foot"],"extent_tesim":["0.1 Linear Foot"],"genreform_ssim":["Certificates","Correspondence","Photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1942,1943,1944,1945],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access:"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection has been arranged into three series: Series I: Correspondence, Series II: Military Papers, and Series III: Photographs. Correspondence has been arranged chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement of Materials:"],"arrangement_tesim":["Collection has been arranged into three series: Series I: Correspondence, Series II: Military Papers, and Series III: Photographs. Correspondence has been arranged chronologically."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLina Nancy Potter (1901-1975) of Narragansett, Rhode Island, enlisted in the United States Armed Forces in 1942 and served as a 2nd Lt. A.N.C. nurse in a military hospital in India from 1943-1945. Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: \u003cextref href=\"http://scdbwiki.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Lina_Nancy_Potter\" title=\"Lina Nancy Potter\"\u003e\u003c/extref\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information:"],"bioghist_tesim":["Lina Nancy Potter (1901-1975) of Narragansett, Rhode Island, enlisted in the United States Armed Forces in 1942 and served as a 2nd Lt. A.N.C. nurse in a military hospital in India from 1943-1945. Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki:  ."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLina Nancy Potter WWII Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Lina Nancy Potter WWII Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessed by Zachary R. Jones in 2007.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information:"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processed by Zachary R. Jones in 2007."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, photographs, and military papers concerning the World War II service of 2nd Lt. A.N.C. Lina Nancy Potter (1901-1975) of Narragansett, Rhode Island. Potter enlisted in the United States Armed Forces in 1942 and served as a nurse in a military hospital in India from 1943-1945. This collection consists of 23 letters of her outgoing wartime correspondence to family (her Aunt Harriet E. Weaver and Uncle Charles Weaver of Rhode Island) in the United States, her military papers, and three wartime photographs of Potter and her fellow nurses. Potter's correspondence is of special interest because Potter was allowed to censor her own letters (perhaps because she was an officer) before they were sent to the United States. Thus, Potter's correspondence contains a log of wartime conditions at a hospital near Burma, India. Her letters discuss poor food and housing conditions, status of her work in India, the war in India and China, and aspects relative to women's history during the Second World War.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Correspondence, photographs, and military papers concerning the World War II service of 2nd Lt. A.N.C. Lina Nancy Potter (1901-1975) of Narragansett, Rhode Island. Potter enlisted in the United States Armed Forces in 1942 and served as a nurse in a military hospital in India from 1943-1945. This collection consists of 23 letters of her outgoing wartime correspondence to family (her Aunt Harriet E. Weaver and Uncle Charles Weaver of Rhode Island) in the United States, her military papers, and three wartime photographs of Potter and her fellow nurses. Potter's correspondence is of special interest because Potter was allowed to censor her own letters (perhaps because she was an officer) before they were sent to the United States. Thus, Potter's correspondence contains a log of wartime conditions at a hospital near Burma, India. Her letters discuss poor food and housing conditions, status of her work in India, the war in India and China, and aspects relative to women's history during the Second World War."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use:"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T11:49:21.834Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2068","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2068","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2068","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2068","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_2068.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Potter, Lina Nancy, Papers","title_ssm":["Lina Nancy Potter Papers"],"title_tesim":["Lina Nancy Potter Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1942-1945"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1942-1945"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 01198","/repositories/2/resources/2068"],"text":["SC 01198","/repositories/2/resources/2068","Lina Nancy Potter Papers","India--History--20th century","Medicine, Military--India.","United States--Women--History","World War, 1939-1945","World War, 1939-1945--Medical and sanitary affairs.","World War, 1939-1945--Pacific Area","Certificates","Correspondence","Photographs","28 items","Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","Collection has been arranged into three series: Series I: Correspondence, Series II: Military Papers, and Series III: Photographs. Correspondence has been arranged chronologically.","Lina Nancy Potter (1901-1975) of Narragansett, Rhode Island, enlisted in the United States Armed Forces in 1942 and served as a 2nd Lt. A.N.C. nurse in a military hospital in India from 1943-1945. Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki:  .","Processed by Zachary R. Jones in 2007.","Correspondence, photographs, and military papers concerning the World War II service of 2nd Lt. A.N.C. Lina Nancy Potter (1901-1975) of Narragansett, Rhode Island. Potter enlisted in the United States Armed Forces in 1942 and served as a nurse in a military hospital in India from 1943-1945. This collection consists of 23 letters of her outgoing wartime correspondence to family (her Aunt Harriet E. Weaver and Uncle Charles Weaver of Rhode Island) in the United States, her military papers, and three wartime photographs of Potter and her fellow nurses. Potter's correspondence is of special interest because Potter was allowed to censor her own letters (perhaps because she was an officer) before they were sent to the United States. Thus, Potter's correspondence contains a log of wartime conditions at a hospital near Burma, India. Her letters discuss poor food and housing conditions, status of her work in India, the war in India and China, and aspects relative to women's history during the Second World War.","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SC 01198","/repositories/2/resources/2068"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Lina Nancy Potter Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Lina Nancy Potter Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Lina Nancy Potter Papers"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchase"],"access_subjects_ssim":["India--History--20th century","Medicine, Military--India.","United States--Women--History","World War, 1939-1945","World War, 1939-1945--Medical and sanitary affairs.","World War, 1939-1945--Pacific Area","Certificates","Correspondence","Photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["India--History--20th century","Medicine, Military--India.","United States--Women--History","World War, 1939-1945","World War, 1939-1945--Medical and sanitary affairs.","World War, 1939-1945--Pacific Area","Certificates","Correspondence","Photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["28 items"],"extent_ssm":["0.1 Linear Foot"],"extent_tesim":["0.1 Linear Foot"],"genreform_ssim":["Certificates","Correspondence","Photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1942,1943,1944,1945],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access:"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection has been arranged into three series: Series I: Correspondence, Series II: Military Papers, and Series III: Photographs. Correspondence has been arranged chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement of Materials:"],"arrangement_tesim":["Collection has been arranged into three series: Series I: Correspondence, Series II: Military Papers, and Series III: Photographs. Correspondence has been arranged chronologically."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLina Nancy Potter (1901-1975) of Narragansett, Rhode Island, enlisted in the United States Armed Forces in 1942 and served as a 2nd Lt. A.N.C. nurse in a military hospital in India from 1943-1945. Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: \u003cextref href=\"http://scdbwiki.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Lina_Nancy_Potter\" title=\"Lina Nancy Potter\"\u003e\u003c/extref\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information:"],"bioghist_tesim":["Lina Nancy Potter (1901-1975) of Narragansett, Rhode Island, enlisted in the United States Armed Forces in 1942 and served as a 2nd Lt. A.N.C. nurse in a military hospital in India from 1943-1945. Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki:  ."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLina Nancy Potter WWII Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Lina Nancy Potter WWII Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessed by Zachary R. Jones in 2007.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information:"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processed by Zachary R. Jones in 2007."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, photographs, and military papers concerning the World War II service of 2nd Lt. A.N.C. Lina Nancy Potter (1901-1975) of Narragansett, Rhode Island. Potter enlisted in the United States Armed Forces in 1942 and served as a nurse in a military hospital in India from 1943-1945. This collection consists of 23 letters of her outgoing wartime correspondence to family (her Aunt Harriet E. Weaver and Uncle Charles Weaver of Rhode Island) in the United States, her military papers, and three wartime photographs of Potter and her fellow nurses. Potter's correspondence is of special interest because Potter was allowed to censor her own letters (perhaps because she was an officer) before they were sent to the United States. Thus, Potter's correspondence contains a log of wartime conditions at a hospital near Burma, India. Her letters discuss poor food and housing conditions, status of her work in India, the war in India and China, and aspects relative to women's history during the Second World War.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Correspondence, photographs, and military papers concerning the World War II service of 2nd Lt. A.N.C. Lina Nancy Potter (1901-1975) of Narragansett, Rhode Island. Potter enlisted in the United States Armed Forces in 1942 and served as a nurse in a military hospital in India from 1943-1945. This collection consists of 23 letters of her outgoing wartime correspondence to family (her Aunt Harriet E. Weaver and Uncle Charles Weaver of Rhode Island) in the United States, her military papers, and three wartime photographs of Potter and her fellow nurses. Potter's correspondence is of special interest because Potter was allowed to censor her own letters (perhaps because she was an officer) before they were sent to the United States. Thus, Potter's correspondence contains a log of wartime conditions at a hospital near Burma, India. Her letters discuss poor food and housing conditions, status of her work in India, the war in India and China, and aspects relative to women's history during the Second World War."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use:"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T11:49:21.834Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_2068"}},{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_997","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Lucian W. Alexander Diary","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_997#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Alexander, Lucian W.","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_997#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eDiary, 1942-1943, of Corporal Lucian W. Alexander while he was stationed in India during World War II. Alexander was member of the 679th Signal Corps of the United States Army. The diary contains 46 handwritten pages, 10 of those are itinerary pages of places he visited, 8 pages contain more descriptive entries, and last section of the diary contains 28 pages of autographs and addresses.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_997#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_997","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_997","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_997","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_997","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_997.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Alexander, Lucian W. Diary","title_ssm":["Lucian W. Alexander Diary"],"title_tesim":["Lucian W. Alexander Diary"],"unitdate_ssm":["1942-1943"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1942-1943"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 01029","/repositories/2/resources/997"],"text":["SC 01029","/repositories/2/resources/997","Lucian W. Alexander Diary","India--Description and travel","India--History--20th century","South Africa--Description and travel","World War, 1939-1945--United States--Regimental Histories","Diaries","Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","This collection is not yet fully arranged and described. Researchers may wish to consult with a staff member for further information in advance of using the collection.","Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: ","Accessioned and minimally described by Steven Bookman, University Archives Specialist, in October 2011. Finding aid description added and additional processing by Jonathan Katora, in July 2013.","Diary, 1942-1943, of Corporal Lucian W. Alexander while he was stationed in India during World War II. Alexander was member of the 679th Signal Corps of the United States Army. The diary contains 46 handwritten pages, 10 of those are itinerary pages of places he visited, 8 pages contain more descriptive entries, and last section of the diary contains 28 pages of autographs and addresses.","Contains the diary of Corporal Lucian Alexander, a World War II army soldier service in the 679th signal corps in Assam India. the back inside cover of the diary says it was purchased November, 16th 1942 in Tezpur, India. The diary contains a chronological description of events that took place during Lucian Alexander's time in India. Entries are back dated from May 1942 documenting Cpl. Alexander's transfer to the 679th and continue to July 1943 and Cpl. Alexander's orders to return to the states. Entries include descriptions of travel from Florida to Assam India, with stops in Bermuda and South Africa, Cpl. Alexander's final reporting to the 679th Signal corps after being lost in his transit up the Brahmaputra river, Cpl. Alexander's rest and relaxation time in India, and day-to-day activities as a soldier in the 679th signal corps. The diary also includes an undated description of Cpl. Alexander's stations while serving in the 679th. Cpl Alexander describes the location of the four major air warning stations his company operated. Also included in the description is work with Gurkha and Indian rifle soldiers, and experiences with native Assam tribes. The diary also contains addresses of 80 additional personnel, each with unique handwriting. Names are presumed to be from other 679th members, with a few entries from Gurkha and 3rd India Rifle battalion personnel.\nExamples of his diary entries:  Oct 9th: Left Karachi by rail\nOct 14th: arrived at Calcutta\nOct 28th: Left Calcutta by river boat mingin. Up the river Brahmaputra\nNov 16th: Port at Jazpur (Jaipur, Assam India). Eat dinner on Barge\nNov 19th: Stop for nite. Went ashore. Bought chicken and eggs. Natives never saw steam boat nor white man before. Thought victrola was a god. They danced on board the steamer Mingin. What dancing\nNov 21st. Sat nite. learned to count to 10 in hindu stoni by acting as coolie boy putting coal on the steamer counting sticks. 1 stick equals 1 mont. counting sticks for pass time. No white women for duration. Wonder what the 4f boys are doing? Aneta\nNov 24th Arrived at Dubijon after traveling for a month. Given up lost by staff can't get our mail. can't even get ashore, company all parts of India. Don't even know where my platoon is. Luck to us. Pulled through after being Give up to be bead I suppose. Luckey 6.\nNov 25th For the mail about 8 or 10 miles and dident even get it. Was I disappointed \u0026 tired. One letter means a lot to a soldier in India. but I am dead the gov thinks. \nNov 26th thanksgiving. working unloading trucks from Borge but thankful to be living but jam india I guess I'll be in japan next. wish I could see anete","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","United States. Army. Signal Corps","Alexander, Lucian W.","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SC 01029","/repositories/2/resources/997"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Lucian W. Alexander Diary"],"collection_title_tesim":["Lucian W. Alexander Diary"],"collection_ssim":["Lucian W. Alexander Diary"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"geogname_ssm":["India--Description and travel"],"geogname_ssim":["India--Description and travel"],"creator_ssm":["Alexander, Lucian W."],"creator_ssim":["Alexander, Lucian W."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Alexander, Lucian W."],"creators_ssim":["Alexander, Lucian W."],"places_ssim":["India--Description and travel"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Acc. 2011.647 was received by the SCRC via USPS on 10/25/2011."],"access_subjects_ssim":["India--History--20th century","South Africa--Description and travel","World War, 1939-1945--United States--Regimental Histories","Diaries"],"access_subjects_ssm":["India--History--20th century","South Africa--Description and travel","World War, 1939-1945--United States--Regimental Histories","Diaries"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.01 Linear Foot"],"extent_tesim":["0.01 Linear Foot"],"genreform_ssim":["Diaries"],"date_range_isim":[1942,1943],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access:"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is not yet fully arranged and described. Researchers may wish to consult with a staff member for further information in advance of using the collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement of Materials:"],"arrangement_tesim":["This collection is not yet fully arranged and described. Researchers may wish to consult with a staff member for further information in advance of using the collection."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFurther information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: \u003cextref actuate=\"onrequest\" audience=\"external\" linktype=\"simple\" show=\"embed\" href=\"http://scdbwiki.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Lucian_W._Alexander\" title=\"Lucian W. Alexander\"\u003e\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information:"],"bioghist_tesim":["Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: "],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLucian W. Alexander Diary, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Lucian W. Alexander Diary, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAccessioned and minimally described by Steven Bookman, University Archives Specialist, in October 2011. Finding aid description added and additional processing by Jonathan Katora, in July 2013.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information:"],"processinfo_tesim":["Accessioned and minimally described by Steven Bookman, University Archives Specialist, in October 2011. Finding aid description added and additional processing by Jonathan Katora, in July 2013."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eDiary, 1942-1943, of Corporal Lucian W. Alexander while he was stationed in India during World War II. Alexander was member of the 679th Signal Corps of the United States Army. The diary contains 46 handwritten pages, 10 of those are itinerary pages of places he visited, 8 pages contain more descriptive entries, and last section of the diary contains 28 pages of autographs and addresses.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains the diary of Corporal Lucian Alexander, a World War II army soldier service in the 679th signal corps in Assam India. the back inside cover of the diary says it was purchased November, 16th 1942 in Tezpur, India. The diary contains a chronological description of events that took place during Lucian Alexander's time in India. Entries are back dated from May 1942 documenting Cpl. Alexander's transfer to the 679th and continue to July 1943 and Cpl. Alexander's orders to return to the states. Entries include descriptions of travel from Florida to Assam India, with stops in Bermuda and South Africa, Cpl. Alexander's final reporting to the 679th Signal corps after being lost in his transit up the Brahmaputra river, Cpl. Alexander's rest and relaxation time in India, and day-to-day activities as a soldier in the 679th signal corps. The diary also includes an undated description of Cpl. Alexander's stations while serving in the 679th. Cpl Alexander describes the location of the four major air warning stations his company operated. Also included in the description is work with Gurkha and Indian rifle soldiers, and experiences with native Assam tribes. The diary also contains addresses of 80 additional personnel, each with unique handwriting. Names are presumed to be from other 679th members, with a few entries from Gurkha and 3rd India Rifle battalion personnel.\nExamples of his diary entries:  Oct 9th: Left Karachi by rail\nOct 14th: arrived at Calcutta\nOct 28th: Left Calcutta by river boat mingin. Up the river Brahmaputra\nNov 16th: Port at Jazpur (Jaipur, Assam India). Eat dinner on Barge\nNov 19th: Stop for nite. Went ashore. Bought chicken and eggs. Natives never saw steam boat nor white man before. Thought victrola was a god. They danced on board the steamer Mingin. What dancing\nNov 21st. Sat nite. learned to count to 10 in hindu stoni by acting as coolie boy putting coal on the steamer counting sticks. 1 stick equals 1 mont. counting sticks for pass time. No white women for duration. Wonder what the 4f boys are doing? Aneta\nNov 24th Arrived at Dubijon after traveling for a month. Given up lost by staff can't get our mail. can't even get ashore, company all parts of India. Don't even know where my platoon is. Luck to us. Pulled through after being Give up to be bead I suppose. Luckey 6.\nNov 25th For the mail about 8 or 10 miles and dident even get it. Was I disappointed \u0026amp; tired. One letter means a lot to a soldier in India. but I am dead the gov thinks. \nNov 26th thanksgiving. working unloading trucks from Borge but thankful to be living but jam india I guess I'll be in japan next. wish I could see anete\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Diary, 1942-1943, of Corporal Lucian W. Alexander while he was stationed in India during World War II. Alexander was member of the 679th Signal Corps of the United States Army. The diary contains 46 handwritten pages, 10 of those are itinerary pages of places he visited, 8 pages contain more descriptive entries, and last section of the diary contains 28 pages of autographs and addresses.","Contains the diary of Corporal Lucian Alexander, a World War II army soldier service in the 679th signal corps in Assam India. the back inside cover of the diary says it was purchased November, 16th 1942 in Tezpur, India. The diary contains a chronological description of events that took place during Lucian Alexander's time in India. Entries are back dated from May 1942 documenting Cpl. Alexander's transfer to the 679th and continue to July 1943 and Cpl. Alexander's orders to return to the states. Entries include descriptions of travel from Florida to Assam India, with stops in Bermuda and South Africa, Cpl. Alexander's final reporting to the 679th Signal corps after being lost in his transit up the Brahmaputra river, Cpl. Alexander's rest and relaxation time in India, and day-to-day activities as a soldier in the 679th signal corps. The diary also includes an undated description of Cpl. Alexander's stations while serving in the 679th. Cpl Alexander describes the location of the four major air warning stations his company operated. Also included in the description is work with Gurkha and Indian rifle soldiers, and experiences with native Assam tribes. The diary also contains addresses of 80 additional personnel, each with unique handwriting. Names are presumed to be from other 679th members, with a few entries from Gurkha and 3rd India Rifle battalion personnel.\nExamples of his diary entries:  Oct 9th: Left Karachi by rail\nOct 14th: arrived at Calcutta\nOct 28th: Left Calcutta by river boat mingin. Up the river Brahmaputra\nNov 16th: Port at Jazpur (Jaipur, Assam India). Eat dinner on Barge\nNov 19th: Stop for nite. Went ashore. Bought chicken and eggs. Natives never saw steam boat nor white man before. Thought victrola was a god. They danced on board the steamer Mingin. What dancing\nNov 21st. Sat nite. learned to count to 10 in hindu stoni by acting as coolie boy putting coal on the steamer counting sticks. 1 stick equals 1 mont. counting sticks for pass time. No white women for duration. Wonder what the 4f boys are doing? Aneta\nNov 24th Arrived at Dubijon after traveling for a month. Given up lost by staff can't get our mail. can't even get ashore, company all parts of India. Don't even know where my platoon is. Luck to us. Pulled through after being Give up to be bead I suppose. Luckey 6.\nNov 25th For the mail about 8 or 10 miles and dident even get it. Was I disappointed \u0026 tired. One letter means a lot to a soldier in India. but I am dead the gov thinks. \nNov 26th thanksgiving. working unloading trucks from Borge but thankful to be living but jam india I guess I'll be in japan next. wish I could see anete"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use:"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"names_coll_ssim":["United States. Army. Signal Corps"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","United States. Army. Signal Corps","Alexander, Lucian W."],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","United States. Army. Signal Corps"],"persname_ssim":["Alexander, Lucian W."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":1,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T07:32:30.607Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_997","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_997","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_997","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_997","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_997.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Alexander, Lucian W. Diary","title_ssm":["Lucian W. Alexander Diary"],"title_tesim":["Lucian W. Alexander Diary"],"unitdate_ssm":["1942-1943"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1942-1943"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 01029","/repositories/2/resources/997"],"text":["SC 01029","/repositories/2/resources/997","Lucian W. Alexander Diary","India--Description and travel","India--History--20th century","South Africa--Description and travel","World War, 1939-1945--United States--Regimental Histories","Diaries","Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","This collection is not yet fully arranged and described. Researchers may wish to consult with a staff member for further information in advance of using the collection.","Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: ","Accessioned and minimally described by Steven Bookman, University Archives Specialist, in October 2011. Finding aid description added and additional processing by Jonathan Katora, in July 2013.","Diary, 1942-1943, of Corporal Lucian W. Alexander while he was stationed in India during World War II. Alexander was member of the 679th Signal Corps of the United States Army. The diary contains 46 handwritten pages, 10 of those are itinerary pages of places he visited, 8 pages contain more descriptive entries, and last section of the diary contains 28 pages of autographs and addresses.","Contains the diary of Corporal Lucian Alexander, a World War II army soldier service in the 679th signal corps in Assam India. the back inside cover of the diary says it was purchased November, 16th 1942 in Tezpur, India. The diary contains a chronological description of events that took place during Lucian Alexander's time in India. Entries are back dated from May 1942 documenting Cpl. Alexander's transfer to the 679th and continue to July 1943 and Cpl. Alexander's orders to return to the states. Entries include descriptions of travel from Florida to Assam India, with stops in Bermuda and South Africa, Cpl. Alexander's final reporting to the 679th Signal corps after being lost in his transit up the Brahmaputra river, Cpl. Alexander's rest and relaxation time in India, and day-to-day activities as a soldier in the 679th signal corps. The diary also includes an undated description of Cpl. Alexander's stations while serving in the 679th. Cpl Alexander describes the location of the four major air warning stations his company operated. Also included in the description is work with Gurkha and Indian rifle soldiers, and experiences with native Assam tribes. The diary also contains addresses of 80 additional personnel, each with unique handwriting. Names are presumed to be from other 679th members, with a few entries from Gurkha and 3rd India Rifle battalion personnel.\nExamples of his diary entries:  Oct 9th: Left Karachi by rail\nOct 14th: arrived at Calcutta\nOct 28th: Left Calcutta by river boat mingin. Up the river Brahmaputra\nNov 16th: Port at Jazpur (Jaipur, Assam India). Eat dinner on Barge\nNov 19th: Stop for nite. Went ashore. Bought chicken and eggs. Natives never saw steam boat nor white man before. Thought victrola was a god. They danced on board the steamer Mingin. What dancing\nNov 21st. Sat nite. learned to count to 10 in hindu stoni by acting as coolie boy putting coal on the steamer counting sticks. 1 stick equals 1 mont. counting sticks for pass time. No white women for duration. Wonder what the 4f boys are doing? Aneta\nNov 24th Arrived at Dubijon after traveling for a month. Given up lost by staff can't get our mail. can't even get ashore, company all parts of India. Don't even know where my platoon is. Luck to us. Pulled through after being Give up to be bead I suppose. Luckey 6.\nNov 25th For the mail about 8 or 10 miles and dident even get it. Was I disappointed \u0026 tired. One letter means a lot to a soldier in India. but I am dead the gov thinks. \nNov 26th thanksgiving. working unloading trucks from Borge but thankful to be living but jam india I guess I'll be in japan next. wish I could see anete","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","United States. Army. Signal Corps","Alexander, Lucian W.","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SC 01029","/repositories/2/resources/997"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Lucian W. Alexander Diary"],"collection_title_tesim":["Lucian W. Alexander Diary"],"collection_ssim":["Lucian W. Alexander Diary"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"geogname_ssm":["India--Description and travel"],"geogname_ssim":["India--Description and travel"],"creator_ssm":["Alexander, Lucian W."],"creator_ssim":["Alexander, Lucian W."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Alexander, Lucian W."],"creators_ssim":["Alexander, Lucian W."],"places_ssim":["India--Description and travel"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Acc. 2011.647 was received by the SCRC via USPS on 10/25/2011."],"access_subjects_ssim":["India--History--20th century","South Africa--Description and travel","World War, 1939-1945--United States--Regimental Histories","Diaries"],"access_subjects_ssm":["India--History--20th century","South Africa--Description and travel","World War, 1939-1945--United States--Regimental Histories","Diaries"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.01 Linear Foot"],"extent_tesim":["0.01 Linear Foot"],"genreform_ssim":["Diaries"],"date_range_isim":[1942,1943],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access:"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is not yet fully arranged and described. Researchers may wish to consult with a staff member for further information in advance of using the collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement of Materials:"],"arrangement_tesim":["This collection is not yet fully arranged and described. Researchers may wish to consult with a staff member for further information in advance of using the collection."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFurther information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: \u003cextref actuate=\"onrequest\" audience=\"external\" linktype=\"simple\" show=\"embed\" href=\"http://scdbwiki.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Lucian_W._Alexander\" title=\"Lucian W. Alexander\"\u003e\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information:"],"bioghist_tesim":["Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: "],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLucian W. Alexander Diary, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Lucian W. Alexander Diary, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAccessioned and minimally described by Steven Bookman, University Archives Specialist, in October 2011. Finding aid description added and additional processing by Jonathan Katora, in July 2013.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information:"],"processinfo_tesim":["Accessioned and minimally described by Steven Bookman, University Archives Specialist, in October 2011. Finding aid description added and additional processing by Jonathan Katora, in July 2013."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eDiary, 1942-1943, of Corporal Lucian W. Alexander while he was stationed in India during World War II. Alexander was member of the 679th Signal Corps of the United States Army. The diary contains 46 handwritten pages, 10 of those are itinerary pages of places he visited, 8 pages contain more descriptive entries, and last section of the diary contains 28 pages of autographs and addresses.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains the diary of Corporal Lucian Alexander, a World War II army soldier service in the 679th signal corps in Assam India. the back inside cover of the diary says it was purchased November, 16th 1942 in Tezpur, India. The diary contains a chronological description of events that took place during Lucian Alexander's time in India. Entries are back dated from May 1942 documenting Cpl. Alexander's transfer to the 679th and continue to July 1943 and Cpl. Alexander's orders to return to the states. Entries include descriptions of travel from Florida to Assam India, with stops in Bermuda and South Africa, Cpl. Alexander's final reporting to the 679th Signal corps after being lost in his transit up the Brahmaputra river, Cpl. Alexander's rest and relaxation time in India, and day-to-day activities as a soldier in the 679th signal corps. The diary also includes an undated description of Cpl. Alexander's stations while serving in the 679th. Cpl Alexander describes the location of the four major air warning stations his company operated. Also included in the description is work with Gurkha and Indian rifle soldiers, and experiences with native Assam tribes. The diary also contains addresses of 80 additional personnel, each with unique handwriting. Names are presumed to be from other 679th members, with a few entries from Gurkha and 3rd India Rifle battalion personnel.\nExamples of his diary entries:  Oct 9th: Left Karachi by rail\nOct 14th: arrived at Calcutta\nOct 28th: Left Calcutta by river boat mingin. Up the river Brahmaputra\nNov 16th: Port at Jazpur (Jaipur, Assam India). Eat dinner on Barge\nNov 19th: Stop for nite. Went ashore. Bought chicken and eggs. Natives never saw steam boat nor white man before. Thought victrola was a god. They danced on board the steamer Mingin. What dancing\nNov 21st. Sat nite. learned to count to 10 in hindu stoni by acting as coolie boy putting coal on the steamer counting sticks. 1 stick equals 1 mont. counting sticks for pass time. No white women for duration. Wonder what the 4f boys are doing? Aneta\nNov 24th Arrived at Dubijon after traveling for a month. Given up lost by staff can't get our mail. can't even get ashore, company all parts of India. Don't even know where my platoon is. Luck to us. Pulled through after being Give up to be bead I suppose. Luckey 6.\nNov 25th For the mail about 8 or 10 miles and dident even get it. Was I disappointed \u0026amp; tired. One letter means a lot to a soldier in India. but I am dead the gov thinks. \nNov 26th thanksgiving. working unloading trucks from Borge but thankful to be living but jam india I guess I'll be in japan next. wish I could see anete\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Diary, 1942-1943, of Corporal Lucian W. Alexander while he was stationed in India during World War II. Alexander was member of the 679th Signal Corps of the United States Army. The diary contains 46 handwritten pages, 10 of those are itinerary pages of places he visited, 8 pages contain more descriptive entries, and last section of the diary contains 28 pages of autographs and addresses.","Contains the diary of Corporal Lucian Alexander, a World War II army soldier service in the 679th signal corps in Assam India. the back inside cover of the diary says it was purchased November, 16th 1942 in Tezpur, India. The diary contains a chronological description of events that took place during Lucian Alexander's time in India. Entries are back dated from May 1942 documenting Cpl. Alexander's transfer to the 679th and continue to July 1943 and Cpl. Alexander's orders to return to the states. Entries include descriptions of travel from Florida to Assam India, with stops in Bermuda and South Africa, Cpl. Alexander's final reporting to the 679th Signal corps after being lost in his transit up the Brahmaputra river, Cpl. Alexander's rest and relaxation time in India, and day-to-day activities as a soldier in the 679th signal corps. The diary also includes an undated description of Cpl. Alexander's stations while serving in the 679th. Cpl Alexander describes the location of the four major air warning stations his company operated. Also included in the description is work with Gurkha and Indian rifle soldiers, and experiences with native Assam tribes. The diary also contains addresses of 80 additional personnel, each with unique handwriting. Names are presumed to be from other 679th members, with a few entries from Gurkha and 3rd India Rifle battalion personnel.\nExamples of his diary entries:  Oct 9th: Left Karachi by rail\nOct 14th: arrived at Calcutta\nOct 28th: Left Calcutta by river boat mingin. Up the river Brahmaputra\nNov 16th: Port at Jazpur (Jaipur, Assam India). Eat dinner on Barge\nNov 19th: Stop for nite. Went ashore. Bought chicken and eggs. Natives never saw steam boat nor white man before. Thought victrola was a god. They danced on board the steamer Mingin. What dancing\nNov 21st. Sat nite. learned to count to 10 in hindu stoni by acting as coolie boy putting coal on the steamer counting sticks. 1 stick equals 1 mont. counting sticks for pass time. No white women for duration. Wonder what the 4f boys are doing? Aneta\nNov 24th Arrived at Dubijon after traveling for a month. Given up lost by staff can't get our mail. can't even get ashore, company all parts of India. Don't even know where my platoon is. Luck to us. Pulled through after being Give up to be bead I suppose. Luckey 6.\nNov 25th For the mail about 8 or 10 miles and dident even get it. Was I disappointed \u0026 tired. One letter means a lot to a soldier in India. but I am dead the gov thinks. \nNov 26th thanksgiving. working unloading trucks from Borge but thankful to be living but jam india I guess I'll be in japan next. wish I could see anete"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use:"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"names_coll_ssim":["United States. Army. Signal Corps"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","United States. Army. Signal Corps","Alexander, Lucian W."],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","United States. Army. Signal Corps"],"persname_ssim":["Alexander, Lucian W."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":1,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T07:32:30.607Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_997"}},{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_7478","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Radha Mohan Lal B.A. Diaries","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_7478#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThe diaries were written between 1915-1922 by Munshi Radha Mohan Lal B.A., a Nazim, a city magistrate in the Princely State of Jaipur, today's state of Rajasthan in northwestern India. There are four diaries in Box 1, each spanning one year, and two short ones in Box 2. They are in good condition and all entries are legible. They are written in English, with very few words, phrases, dates, or notes written in Hindi and Urdu. The latter was one of the co-official languages in the general area. There are entries for every day of the year, with some significant exceptions being the period from January 1917 through March 1918 and from 9 March, 1919 to 30 March, 1919. Some of the front pages contain Nazim's official, professional stamp and the last pages usually contain his random notes in English and Urdu (peoples' names, addresses, quotes, business transactions).\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_7478#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_7478","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_7478","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_7478","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_7478","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_7478.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Lal, Radha Mohan Diaries","title_ssm":["Radha Mohan Lal B.A. Diaries"],"title_tesim":["Radha Mohan Lal B.A. Diaries"],"unitdate_ssm":["1915-1922"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1915-1922"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Mss. Acc. 2011.617","/repositories/2/resources/7478"],"text":["Mss. Acc. 2011.617","/repositories/2/resources/7478","Radha Mohan Lal B.A. Diaries","India--Description and travel","India--History--20th century","Diaries","Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","Chronological","Radha Mohan Lal was approximatey 40-47 years old when he was writing his diaries. He had attended the Jaipur College. Religiously he and his family were Hindus, he knew Urdu, had a living father, wife, and children (two sons: Hargobind and Gobinda, and daughters). He owned land in Jaipur. His son, Hargobind, was married, had children and was part of the 7th Meerut Division, an infantry division of the British Indian Army that saw active service during WWI. Hargobind was sent to the Middle Eastern front in May of 1918 where he headed a hospital and was wounded. He survived and recovered well. He spent most of his time in Egypt. He returned to India in August of 1919.","The hierarchy of the British and native governmental bodies and officials at the time the diaries were written:  • H.M. King Emperor;  • Council of Regency (Eight Members); had a Foreign Dept and a Police Dept. • H.H. the Maharaja of Jaipur/Maharajadhira: Sawai Madho Singh II (1880-1922) • Ministers/Dewans: Chief Minister (Dewan): Amar Nath Atal (1916-1922) • British Resident: Robert Arthur Edward Benn (1915/16-1922).","The diaries were written between 1915-1922 by Munshi Radha Mohan Lal B.A., a Nazim, a city magistrate in the Princely State of Jaipur, today's state of Rajasthan in northwestern India. There are four diaries in Box 1, each spanning one year, and two short ones in Box 2. They are in good condition and all entries are legible. They are written in English, with very few words, phrases, dates, or notes written in Hindi and Urdu. The latter was one of the co-official languages in the general area. There are entries for every day of the year, with some significant exceptions being the period from January 1917 through March 1918 and from 9 March, 1919 to 30 March, 1919. Some of the front pages contain Nazim's official, professional stamp and the last pages usually contain his random notes in English and Urdu (peoples' names, addresses, quotes, business transactions).","The Nazim led very active and intertwined professional, social, and private lives. From 1915 until circa 1917 he served in Sambhar, then through 1922 in Jaipur. He was the official ultimately responsible for the courts in those cities, which were under the authority of the Council of Regency and the Ministers in Jaipur. Thus he tended to have most contact with 'the Minister' and 'the Resident', with the former serving as his \"supervisor\u0026quot;. The Nazim also served on a working committee for the board of civil supplies and a committee to control supplies.","\nThe diaries offer great insight into professional, social, and private lives of native provincial officials in the Princely States of British India, into the relationship between native officials and British officials, into the roles rail and commodities, such as salt and sugar cane, played at the time, British India's experience of WWI, into the Satyagraha movement led by Ghandi, and into everyday life in the Sambhar and Jaipur area of the interwar period (pastimes, habits and traditions, religious ceremonies, ailments and diseases from which people suffered, weather and how it influenced agriculture, prices, etc.).","This diary spans the period of 1 January, 1915 through 31 December, 1915, with no entries between 23 December and 31 December and with a very small minority of them written in, what appears to be, Urdu, one of the coofficial languages in the general area today. It contains a stamp reading: \"Munshi Radha Mohan Lal B.A., Nazim of Sambhar, Jaipur State.\" One learns from it that as the Nazim of Sambhar, the author performed many legal, as well as representative duties, which kept him very busy. He worked during weekends. He wrote correspondence, sent many money orders to magistrates in connection with legal cases, received royalty money from treasuries, worked with his court clerks to record the number of currency notes supplied by the Sall, heard legal cases, was present at inspections of his court and postmortem examinations in the local hospital, made usual arrangements to guard H.E. the Viceroy passing through Sambhar, met with many other officials and administrators, including \"the Resident\" and hosted them in his house on a regular basis. On 15 December, he was photographed during an official presentation of the insignia of Rai Salib to someone.\tThe Nazim appears to be religious. He bathed in sacred streams and on Wednesday, 1 December, 1915, he observed that while the Raj courts were observing a holiday, \"the Salt offices\" were \"working without the last regard to the sanctity of the day.\" \"Salt offices\" most likey referred to the offices administering salt from the Sambhar Lake (the offices of the Commissioner?) or to the last name of the Commissioner mentioned on 13 December, 1915. The Nazim also attended \"the great Jalsa day\" in Sambhar in September of 1915, which most likely referred to some regular day of public parties, festivities (nowadays speakers of Urdu use \"Jalsa\" to mean `procession`, `public rally`, and `public gathering`.)\tOn Saturday, 15 January, a boy named Suresh, who was likely one of Nazim's servants, died of diptheria. The mourning was observed for three days (Saturday, Sunday, and Monday) and the court was closed on Monday.\tOn 6 February there is a mention of the African Theatre of World War I. The Nazim was sent news of an Indian doctor's death, along with the doctor's entire regiment, in the East African Campaign, in which in excess of 200,000 Indian and South African troops fought against the German empire troops between August 1914 and November 1918.","This diary spans the period of 1 January, 1916 to 31 December, 1916, with entries for almost every day of the year, and with certain words, phrases, or dates written in, what appears to be, Urdu, one of the coofficial languages in the general area today. The inside cover has a quote from the Bible and the back pages contain random notes, many of them in Urdu.\tIn the court, Nazim seemed to have worked closely with the Hakim (see, for example, the 20 January, 1916 entry). One of their usual duties was doing Shamlat work, which seems to have been suicide investigation (see, for example, 20 January, 18 June, and 2 December, 1916 entries).\tIn Januray Nazim was busy with marriage arrangements. The ceremonies commenced on Saturday, 12 February, and continued through Monday, when a very large dinner for 1000 persons was given. After the wedding, the Nazim gave away parcels of sweets to the guests, a great example of the gift-giving nature of the Indian culture. Common gifts were shawls, baskets of oranges and melons, and golden watches (The January entries contain prices of gold and rolled gold watches.).\tH.E. the Viceroy visited Jodhpur on 25 February 1916 and the Hakim made the necessary arrangements to guard the railway line. H.E. passed through the area on several other occassions throughout the year and the Nazim helped with the arrangements.\tOn 26 February, the diary relays, H.H. the Maharaja of Jodhpur was invested with full powers by the Viceroy.\tOn 22, 23, and 25 June, as well as 1, 3, 4, and 25 July, the Nazim mentioned \"wife\u0026quot; and \"wife and children\u0026quot;. They lived with his father in Jaiphur, who seemed to have excercised authority over them. From subsequent entries, one finds out that Nazim's wife suffered from problems connected to her reproductive system. According to the 2 December entry, one of the diagnoses was \"derangement in the womb.\" She, the Nazim, and their son were trying to decide on an appropriate doctor under whose care she should be placed.\tAnother glimpse into Nazim's personal family life is offered by the entry from 21 July, in which he mentions the contents of a certificate regarding his son, Hargobind. The certificate reads that Hargobind was the son of \"M. Radha Mohan lal Nazim and magistrate of Sambhar\u0026quot;, that he was a resident of Sherkot, that his family owned much real property and was very respectable. Hargobind was offered a paid position by the Inspector General of Hospitals as surgeon at the Medical College Hospital and accepted it, but stipulated that he was willing to work without remuneration (23 July).\tAt another point in the diary, the Nazim mentioned meeting Hakim Indermul, who lived in Jodhpur at the time, with whom he had attended the Jaipur College.\tOne finds out from this diary how important salt was to this region of India. The treaty between the Jodhpur Princely State and Britain specified regular payments by the Salt Treasury in Sambhar (see 5 June for a list of officers) to the Council in Jodhpur. This points to the Jodhpur State being a larger Princely State in India, as such States had treaties with Britain that specified which rights the princes had. Nazim wrote about salt samples for \"supplying (...) the state\u0026quot; on 6 June, 1916.The Treasury seemed to have been the main source of income for the Council, which regularly sent payment orders to the Treasury via Nazim's court. The Treasury relayed the treaty payment money through Nazim's court, where clerks recorded their currency denominations and their numbers, a requirement by the clerks of the Treasury in Jaipur. Subsequently, the money was personally delivered to Jaipur, very often by the Nazim himself (see 27 and 28 January, 1916). Further, it seems that a portion of Nazim's personal income came from promissory notes bought from the Sambhar Treasury and other sources. On 20 September, Nazim wrote that he \"realized from the Sambhar Treasury 8.4.0. on account of interest on [his] pro note\u0026quot; and on 6 December he \"applied [...] to the Treasury officer [...] to convert [his] 3 1/2 % Pro note for 500- into 4% conversion loan.\"\tNazim mentioned several court cases - a stolen property case, a criminal murder case, a rape case, into which he wanted to inquire in Phalera on 14 July, a Shamlat affair about which he had to see the Minister, and a criminal case of death of Gangla (?) Brahman, a high profile case likely going to be put before His Highness (2 July).\tThere was a cholera outbreak in July and August that affected Jaipur and Sambhar.\tThe 1916 diary, for example, mentions the area's cricket teams, various diseases from which people were suffering and mourning customs.\tHe attended \"the birthday Jalsa\u0026quot; in Sambhar in August, which most likely referred to an ordinary holiday or some regular day of public parties, festivities (nowadays speakers of Urdu use \"Jalsa\u0026quot; to mean `procession`, `public rally`, and `public gathering`.) This Jalsa started at 9:30 pm and finished at 3 am in the morning.\tThe December entries contain no mention of Christmas.","This diary spans the period of 1 April, 1918 through 31 March, 1919, with entries in English for almost every day of the year, and certain words, phrases, or dates in Hindi and, what appears to be, Urdu, one of the coofficial languages in the general area today. Following his eye operation in March, there are no entries for approximaterly three weeks. The back pages have random notes in English and Urdu. In contrast to previous diaries, the entries in this diary are shorter and there are fewer of them.\tDuring the diary's time frame, Radha Mohan Lal was a city magistrate in Jaipur. On 18 September, he mentioned he entered his second year of magistracy. He continued having much contact with the British and native government officials, but most so with \"the Minister\u0026quot;, the Chief Minister (Dewan/Diwan), at the time a position filled by Amar Nath Atal (1916 - 1922).\tThus far, this diary contains the most information regarding WWI. In 1 May, 1918 entry Nazim wrote that \"the Minister went to (...) join the war conference.\" In other May entries, he wrote that his son, Hargobind, was in a regiment that was being sent to the front. After finding out this news, the Nazim searched for a servant to accompany Hargobind to the front. And in the anticipation of Hargobind's deployment, many of the family members came to Bariely where Hargobind was at the time. On 19 May Hargobind left for the front and on 22 May embarked with his regiment from Bombay to the Suez docks (via the Gulf of Aden).\tHargobind was sent to the Middle Eastern theatre of WWI. Initially he was in the city of Suez, then in \"Tilkabir\u0026quot;/\"Telilkibir\u0026quot;/ \"Telilkibit\u0026quot;, which most likely meant Tall all Kebir or Tel-el-Kebir (Arabic) in Lower Egypt (June), an area involved in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign, \"Suez\u0026quot; (July), Palestine and Jerusalem (end of July, August, and September), Alexandria (September and October), Ishmailia (October), Suez and Alexandria again (November \u0026 December 1918, January 1919), and finally Ishmailia and Mansoura (May and June 1919). He departed for India in June of 1919. Throughout his deployment from May 1918 to June 1919 Czar Nicholas of the Russian Empire was shot by the Revolutionaries, the British and the Allies succeeded in the Balkans, the Ottoman Empire surrendered unconditionally and signed an armistice, the Germans also surrendered and signed an armistice, the Kaiser fled for Holland, on 27 of November a Victory Day was celebrated all over India, in 1919 Gandhi's movement started gaining in importance and was causing unrest and the British mobilized for Afghanistan.\tHargobind's rank and role within his regiment is not very clear from this diary, but the diary points to his fulfilling communications and/or medical roles. At the end of July and in August Hargobind was \"on the line of communication\u0026quot; in Palestine (2 Septemeber 1918) where he was wounded. Further, the entry from 10 February 1919 reads that he was \"attached to the 160th Indian Combined Field Ambulance\u0026quot;.\tThe news of Hargobind being wounded came via telegram from Hargobind dated either 20 or 26 of September reading that he had been wounded \"superficially in the side\u0026quot; in Palestine, but that he was doing well and via an official report sent to Nazim by Director General of the hospital reading that he suffered shrapnel wounds to the abdominal wall. Hargobind was admitted to a hospital in Alexandria and at the beginning of October he was discharged as recovered and most probably went back to his regiment.\tWhile Hargobind's rank and role withn his regiment are not clear, we do know that his performance at the front was highly praised. Hargobind's grandfather (Nazim's father) sent a letter to Major General John Shea and received a reply in which the General gave \"(...) very high testimony to Hargobind's work at the front.\" (27 October). The General was a British officer in the Indian Army, who fought in the Chitral Expedition, Second Boer War, and WWI. After the War and until he retired in 1932, he served in India, during which time he was the General Officer Commanding-in-Chief of the Eastern Command of the Indian Army.\tThroughout Hargobind's deployment, the communication between him and his father, grandfather, and other family members took place via EFM (Expeditionary Force Message) telegrams (took up to three days), Defd (Deferred) telegrams, cablegrams, letters, and packages. Hargobind's packages usually contained books, \"picture postcards\u0026quot; (e.g. from Jerusalem or the Suez), albums (e.g. of Jerusalem), photos (e.g. on a camel with his orderly at Cairo near the Pyramids), and artifacts (e.g. an antique vase from Jerusalem), while Nazim's contained medical supplies. Other sources of news about the war and Hargobind were official reports from the front, letters from Hargobind's military superiors or doctors, and newspapers, such as the \"Civil Military Gazette\u0026quot; listing wounded and dead soldiers and the \"Pioneer\u0026quot;.\tIn the letter dated 8 June Hargobind mentioned that several of his letters had been detained by censors \"through some mistake in writing the name of the place and his official designation\u0026quot;, as paraphrased by his father. Mail from India going to the front was also censored.\tThroughout Hargobind's deployment, the Nazim received monthly payments from \"D.D.O. Theerut on account of family allotment (...)\" (August entries). He received these payments through January.\tNazim purchased war bonds from the local post-office and hosted meetings of the War Loan Chowbiri (?) Committe with the Chief MInister, Mr. Atal, as the chair.\tThe Nazim continued to be involved with raw materials and during the time span of this diary was responsible for their relay to His Highness, the Maharaja of Jaipur. One of the materials was sugar cane from Suharanpur. In June of 1918 the Nazim was appointed by the Council to the committee to control supplies comprising eight members of the Council, two Dewans, and him. He was also appointed to a four-member working committee for the board of civil supplies. In this dual capacity he dealt mostly with the grain market, by regulating the prices of grain. For example, on 2 October the Nazim did rounds in the grain markets and induced merchants to sell barley at a lower price, given the high and rising prices at that time.\tThe Nazim reported a death due to Typhoid Fever, and thousands of deaths due to influenza in October and Novemeber. At the height of the epidemic over 300 people a day were dying of flu in Jaipur. On 22 October the Nazim wrote, \"Everything seems to be unhinged (...)\" and on the 23 October, \"Very hard times. The whole town seems to be under difficulties on account of this scourge (...).\"\tThe 9 July entry enumerates Nazim's father's pension and Nazim's pay, specifically his regular pay, his \"conveyance allowance\u0026quot; (might have meant funds for staff to transport guests to and from the train station), and \"pay of 5 men\u0026quot;. All were specified by the Council and approved by H.H. A new source of income for Nazim, on account of war, were War Bonds.\tOn 25 August, the Nazim pronounced judgment in a case sentencing the accused to 10 years of imprisonment and a fine.\tOn the occassion of H.H.'s birthday orders were sent to the Nazim for the release of prisoners. His clerks were responsible for working out the details of the release.\tOn 16 October, Nazim's wife gave birth to a son (Jagdeeshwari Dayal). Two days later Mrs. Madan Muhan had a miscarriage (The Muhans were one of Nazim's closest family friends). Finally, on 17 December, Hargobind's wife gave birth to a son, \"happy news\u0026quot; that the Nazim announced to Hargobind via a telegram listing its cost of 6.12.0. The following day he and the family doctor went to the hospital and \"got a bottle of 3x Rum for Mrs. Hargobind's use\u0026quot;. \"Thanks God she is doing well\u0026quot;, wrote the Nazim (18 December). The son died two days and four hours later of chill caught during night, as explained by the doctor (19 December).\tOn 22 January it was announced that HM King Emperor's youngest son died. The Nazim was ordered to close the court on account of the \"Royal mourning\u0026quot;.\tOn 9 March, Radha had an operation to remove a cataract from his left eye. Following it, he couldn't write in his diary as his eyes were bandaged and after the bandages were removed, his eyes were covered in lotion. He resumed normal functioning on 30 March when he went to see the Minister.\tHis Highness arrived in Jaipur on 28 March.","SUMMARY: This diary spans the period of 1 April, 1919 through 31 March, 1920, with entries for almost every day and with some text written in Urdu, one of the co-official languages in the general area today. The front pages of this diary look different from those in the earlier ones. One page has the calendar for 1919 glued onto it and the other has \"RML Mathur's DIARY 1ST APRIL, 1919 to 31ST MARCH, 1920\u0026quot; ornamentally and colorfully written on it.\tThe significant occurrences of this diary were Nazim's son's return from the front in August of 1919, most probably from the Suez with the 137 Indian Stationery Hospital he was commanding. Besides WWI's end, other significant historical events were the Third Afghan War in the North-West frontier in 1919 and the unrest caused by the Satyagraha movement led by Ghandi. The movement started gaining more and more strength following WWI (1919) and caused much unrest in many areas leading to the institution of martial laws regionally in 1919. The Nazim continued to be stationed in Jaipur as a magistrate without significant changes in his professional life. He continued to have the most professional contact with 'the Minister' and 'the Resident'. There was continuity in his personal life as well - he participated in his family life, attended public religious functions, invested via Promissory Notes and wrote about deaths and other significant events in the life of the Jaipur region.\t***\tDETAIL: The Nazim did not hear from Hargobind for an unusually long time, from 3 April to 23 May, and because of that, the Nazim wrote to General Shea, Colonel Lang, and the censor in Bombay complaining and inquiring about the lack of correspondence from Hargobind. On 30 April the Nazim was told that Hargobind might return from the front between 10-14 June. On 1 June, the Nazim wrote that Hargobind was in Mansoura with the 123rd Field Ambulance and on 16 June that Hargobind was with the 121st Ambulance and that he was returning home. However, as of the 22 June cablegram from Hargobind, his return to India was still not settled. Then the 25th and 28th communications from Hargobind read that he would go to Lucknow with the 137 Stationery Hospital, not 121 Ambulance, as formerly announced. His 30 June letter reads that he was in command of the 137 Indian Stationery Hospital and that there were from 6,000 to 7,000 men at Suez awaiting embarkation for India. Later, one also learns that according to the Gazette of India, on 30 June 1918 Hargobind was made Temporary Captain. Hargobind left for India from the Suez docks via the Chikdara ship on 19 August and reached Bombay on 31 August where he was greeted by the Nazim, friends and family.\tThe Nazim also continued receiving pay from the D.D.o. (Deputy Director of Operations or Director of Operations?) of the 7th Meerut Division on account of Hargobind's service. The particular payments in this diary mention service from 1 October 1917 to 30 April 1918 signifying that Hargobind was in the military well prior to being deployed in May of 1918. The correspondence from Hargobind to the Nazim continued being censored by the censor in Bombay \"who still exists to delay letters \u0026 to justify his existence.\" (11 August 1919)\tFollowing Hargobind's return from the war, he continued serving in the military and as such was leading field hospitals in various conflict areas of India. In October of 1919 he was posted with a Hospital to Bannu close to Peshawar on the North-Western frontier, the border area with Afghanistan and asked the Nazim to mail him his revolver (25 October 1919 entry). In light of this, the Nazim kept urging him to resign from the military service in altogether. The Satyagraha movement led by Ghandi, another significant development in this diary, interrupted His Highness's movements. HH arrived in Jaipur on 28 March. On 5 April the Nazim presented him with sugarcanes and Nazar. Later that month he canceled his travels to Brindaban (in today's state of Uttar Pradesh in northeastern India bordered by Rajasthan to the west) due to the social unrest in British India in general, caused by the Satyagraha movement. \"Owing to Satyagraha movement, strikes, hartals, mob-fighting and all sort of nuisance have taken place in many towns in Br India. Military assistance was requisitioned in lots of places to put down this rising movement.\" (15 April, 1919). However, His Highness did reach Brindaban on 20 April. He returned to Jaipur on 25 April. During his stay there, on 22 April, the Nazim mentioned the unrest in India again writing that all \"sorts of conveyances\u0026quot; were stopped and marshal and curfew laws were instituted in several districts.\tIn addition to the domestic unrest, there was unrest on the North-Western frontier of British India, near the border with Afghanistan, near Peshawar and in Waziristan. The Pioneer reported in May of 1919 that due to the unrest in Afghanistan, \"the mobilization of troops [was] being made at the frontier\u0026quot;. The Nazim wrote that \"in fact, the situation rather look[ed] gloomy (8 April 1919). A couple of days later the Nazim wrote that the \"mobilization of the army according to the Pioneer is going on satisfactorily on the frontier\u0026quot; and reported that martial law was declared in Peshawar, the frontier headquarters of British India (11 May 1919). The Nazim reported on 10 August that peace with Afghanistan was signed. However, a couple of months later, the Pioneer reported that the bombing of the villages in that region started prior to the 25 October 1919 (30 October 1919 entry).\tIn April 1919 the Nazim attended a great Pooja/Poojah (or 'Puja'), a prayer ritual performed by Hindus to host, honor and worship one or more deities, or to spiritually celebrate an event. In May his wife and children accompanied by two Sowars, went to Amer (or Amber), a nearby city, to \"Mataji's temple to perform the ceremony of Namie Babu.\" (2 May, 1919).\tThe 10 April 1919 entry lists details of three Promissory Notes (two War Bonds and one War Loan): their rates of return, their numbers, their maturity dates and their redemption values. The Nazim presented them to the Sambhar Treasury for \"realization of interest\u0026quot;, which he received on 13 April. On the same day, the Nazim also reported an engineer die of phthisis, an archaic name for tuberculosis. On 3 May, he wrote that he received 572 from the Treasury as his pay for the months of March and April. On 9 May, the Nazim met the Nazim of Sambhar. In November of 1919 he realized more interest from the Sambhar Treasury.\tOn 28 May, the Nazim received the news of his uncle, Jai Behari lal, having passed away. Nazim's father was very affected by the news. The Nazim and his daughter-in-law with children traveled to Sherkot for the 13th Day Ceremony to take place on 9 June. A 10th Day Ceremony (on 6 June) also took place.\tOn 19 June 1919, the Nazim mentioned that only 19 boys out of 71 sent from a local college successfully passed a matriculation examination to the University of Allahabad (Uttar Pradesh). He was exasperated about the news.\tOn 7 August, he wrote about his land on Residency Road in Jaipur, how it was being cleared and leveled.\tThere was a change in his professional life on 17 August 1919 when he was officially reassigned from the Girai office back to the Fanjdari office. It seems from the diary entries that this reassignment was not without some drama.\tHer Highness Dowager Maharani of Gwahir died in September 1919.\tThe Nazim received consignments of sugar canes, which were then presented to HH (31 October 1919).\tThe Nazim attended events at the Christian mission church outside of Chandpole, Purani Basti in Jaipur (31 October 1919).\tThere was an annual holiday surrounding lunar eclipses and the one in 1919 was on 8 November. The Nazim complained that it took place on the day of the eclipse and not the following day \"as is the case everywhere else and as it should be.\" (8 November 1919)\tThe Nazim mentioned the British Resident, Col. Robert Arthur Edward Benn (1915/16 - 1922), on a frequent basis as he has much professional contact with him, but usually the mentions are simply of meetings with him with no further infomation, for example a mention that the Col. went to the Chief's Conference in Dehli, which took place ~27 October - 8 November, also attended by 'the Minister' and Babu Abinash. However, later there was an unusual mention - namely, the Col. delivered a couple of lectures on his overland journey from India to England. These lectures were \"illustrated by magic lantern slides\u0026quot; and were given at \"the College\" (15 November 1919). They were a hit and had non-English speaking audience, which, the Nazim reported, \"has assembled to visit the College as if they were going to a cinema\u0026quot; (15 November 1919).\tIn November the Nazim discussed Hargobind's career and prospects with Col. Deas.\tDecember is the start of the betrothal and wedding season in the region during which \"feasts take place every day\" (30 November 1919)\tDuring December of 1919 Peace Celebrations took place with four distinct holidays. The Nazim was on the organization committee, which also included the minister and the Resident. As part of it, thousands of poor were fed, garden parties were held, thanksgiving celebrations were held in churches, temples, and mosques, celebratory gun salvoes were fired, fairs were held, and fireworks and illuminations took place.","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","English Hindi Urdu"],"unitid_tesim":["Mss. Acc. 2011.617","/repositories/2/resources/7478"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Radha Mohan Lal B.A. Diaries"],"collection_title_tesim":["Radha Mohan Lal B.A. Diaries"],"collection_ssim":["Radha Mohan Lal B.A. Diaries"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"geogname_ssm":["India--Description and travel"],"geogname_ssim":["India--Description and travel"],"places_ssim":["India--Description and travel"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"access_subjects_ssim":["India--History--20th century","Diaries"],"access_subjects_ssm":["India--History--20th century","Diaries"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.70 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["0.70 Linear Feet"],"physfacet_tesim":["6 volumes."],"genreform_ssim":["Diaries"],"date_range_isim":[1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access:"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eChronological\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement of Materials:"],"arrangement_tesim":["Chronological"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRadha Mohan Lal was approximatey 40-47 years old when he was writing his diaries. He had attended the Jaipur College. Religiously he and his family were Hindus, he knew Urdu, had a living father, wife, and children (two sons: Hargobind and Gobinda, and daughters). He owned land in Jaipur. His son, Hargobind, was married, had children and was part of the 7th Meerut Division, an infantry division of the British Indian Army that saw active service during WWI. Hargobind was sent to the Middle Eastern front in May of 1918 where he headed a hospital and was wounded. He survived and recovered well. He spent most of his time in Egypt. He returned to India in August of 1919.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe hierarchy of the British and native governmental bodies and officials at the time the diaries were written:  • H.M. King Emperor;  • Council of Regency (Eight Members); had a Foreign Dept and a Police Dept. • H.H. the Maharaja of Jaipur/Maharajadhira: Sawai Madho Singh II (1880-1922) • Ministers/Dewans: Chief Minister (Dewan): Amar Nath Atal (1916-1922) • British Resident: Robert Arthur Edward Benn (1915/16-1922).\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical","Administrative History:"],"bioghist_tesim":["Radha Mohan Lal was approximatey 40-47 years old when he was writing his diaries. He had attended the Jaipur College. Religiously he and his family were Hindus, he knew Urdu, had a living father, wife, and children (two sons: Hargobind and Gobinda, and daughters). He owned land in Jaipur. His son, Hargobind, was married, had children and was part of the 7th Meerut Division, an infantry division of the British Indian Army that saw active service during WWI. Hargobind was sent to the Middle Eastern front in May of 1918 where he headed a hospital and was wounded. He survived and recovered well. He spent most of his time in Egypt. He returned to India in August of 1919.","The hierarchy of the British and native governmental bodies and officials at the time the diaries were written:  • H.M. King Emperor;  • Council of Regency (Eight Members); had a Foreign Dept and a Police Dept. • H.H. the Maharaja of Jaipur/Maharajadhira: Sawai Madho Singh II (1880-1922) • Ministers/Dewans: Chief Minister (Dewan): Amar Nath Atal (1916-1922) • British Resident: Robert Arthur Edward Benn (1915/16-1922)."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRadha Mohan Lal Diaries, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Radha Mohan Lal Diaries, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The diaries were written between 1915-1922 by Munshi Radha Mohan Lal B.A., a Nazim, a city magistrate in the Princely State of Jaipur, today's state of Rajasthan in northwestern India. There are four diaries in Box 1, each spanning one year, and two short ones in Box 2. They are in good condition and all entries are legible. They are written in English, with very few words, phrases, dates, or notes written in Hindi and Urdu. The latter was one of the co-official languages in the general area. There are entries for every day of the year, with some significant exceptions being the period from January 1917 through March 1918 and from 9 March, 1919 to 30 March, 1919. Some of the front pages contain Nazim's official, professional stamp and the last pages usually contain his random notes in English and Urdu (peoples' names, addresses, quotes, business transactions).","The Nazim led very active and intertwined professional, social, and private lives. From 1915 until circa 1917 he served in Sambhar, then through 1922 in Jaipur. He was the official ultimately responsible for the courts in those cities, which were under the authority of the Council of Regency and the Ministers in Jaipur. Thus he tended to have most contact with 'the Minister' and 'the Resident', with the former serving as his \"supervisor\u0026quot;. The Nazim also served on a working committee for the board of civil supplies and a committee to control supplies.","\nThe diaries offer great insight into professional, social, and private lives of native provincial officials in the Princely States of British India, into the relationship between native officials and British officials, into the roles rail and commodities, such as salt and sugar cane, played at the time, British India's experience of WWI, into the Satyagraha movement led by Ghandi, and into everyday life in the Sambhar and Jaipur area of the interwar period (pastimes, habits and traditions, religious ceremonies, ailments and diseases from which people suffered, weather and how it influenced agriculture, prices, etc.).","This diary spans the period of 1 January, 1915 through 31 December, 1915, with no entries between 23 December and 31 December and with a very small minority of them written in, what appears to be, Urdu, one of the coofficial languages in the general area today. It contains a stamp reading: \"Munshi Radha Mohan Lal B.A., Nazim of Sambhar, Jaipur State.\" One learns from it that as the Nazim of Sambhar, the author performed many legal, as well as representative duties, which kept him very busy. He worked during weekends. He wrote correspondence, sent many money orders to magistrates in connection with legal cases, received royalty money from treasuries, worked with his court clerks to record the number of currency notes supplied by the Sall, heard legal cases, was present at inspections of his court and postmortem examinations in the local hospital, made usual arrangements to guard H.E. the Viceroy passing through Sambhar, met with many other officials and administrators, including \"the Resident\" and hosted them in his house on a regular basis. On 15 December, he was photographed during an official presentation of the insignia of Rai Salib to someone.\tThe Nazim appears to be religious. He bathed in sacred streams and on Wednesday, 1 December, 1915, he observed that while the Raj courts were observing a holiday, \"the Salt offices\" were \"working without the last regard to the sanctity of the day.\" \"Salt offices\" most likey referred to the offices administering salt from the Sambhar Lake (the offices of the Commissioner?) or to the last name of the Commissioner mentioned on 13 December, 1915. The Nazim also attended \"the great Jalsa day\" in Sambhar in September of 1915, which most likely referred to some regular day of public parties, festivities (nowadays speakers of Urdu use \"Jalsa\" to mean `procession`, `public rally`, and `public gathering`.)\tOn Saturday, 15 January, a boy named Suresh, who was likely one of Nazim's servants, died of diptheria. The mourning was observed for three days (Saturday, Sunday, and Monday) and the court was closed on Monday.\tOn 6 February there is a mention of the African Theatre of World War I. The Nazim was sent news of an Indian doctor's death, along with the doctor's entire regiment, in the East African Campaign, in which in excess of 200,000 Indian and South African troops fought against the German empire troops between August 1914 and November 1918.","This diary spans the period of 1 January, 1916 to 31 December, 1916, with entries for almost every day of the year, and with certain words, phrases, or dates written in, what appears to be, Urdu, one of the coofficial languages in the general area today. The inside cover has a quote from the Bible and the back pages contain random notes, many of them in Urdu.\tIn the court, Nazim seemed to have worked closely with the Hakim (see, for example, the 20 January, 1916 entry). One of their usual duties was doing Shamlat work, which seems to have been suicide investigation (see, for example, 20 January, 18 June, and 2 December, 1916 entries).\tIn Januray Nazim was busy with marriage arrangements. The ceremonies commenced on Saturday, 12 February, and continued through Monday, when a very large dinner for 1000 persons was given. After the wedding, the Nazim gave away parcels of sweets to the guests, a great example of the gift-giving nature of the Indian culture. Common gifts were shawls, baskets of oranges and melons, and golden watches (The January entries contain prices of gold and rolled gold watches.).\tH.E. the Viceroy visited Jodhpur on 25 February 1916 and the Hakim made the necessary arrangements to guard the railway line. H.E. passed through the area on several other occassions throughout the year and the Nazim helped with the arrangements.\tOn 26 February, the diary relays, H.H. the Maharaja of Jodhpur was invested with full powers by the Viceroy.\tOn 22, 23, and 25 June, as well as 1, 3, 4, and 25 July, the Nazim mentioned \"wife\u0026quot; and \"wife and children\u0026quot;. They lived with his father in Jaiphur, who seemed to have excercised authority over them. From subsequent entries, one finds out that Nazim's wife suffered from problems connected to her reproductive system. According to the 2 December entry, one of the diagnoses was \"derangement in the womb.\" She, the Nazim, and their son were trying to decide on an appropriate doctor under whose care she should be placed.\tAnother glimpse into Nazim's personal family life is offered by the entry from 21 July, in which he mentions the contents of a certificate regarding his son, Hargobind. The certificate reads that Hargobind was the son of \"M. Radha Mohan lal Nazim and magistrate of Sambhar\u0026quot;, that he was a resident of Sherkot, that his family owned much real property and was very respectable. Hargobind was offered a paid position by the Inspector General of Hospitals as surgeon at the Medical College Hospital and accepted it, but stipulated that he was willing to work without remuneration (23 July).\tAt another point in the diary, the Nazim mentioned meeting Hakim Indermul, who lived in Jodhpur at the time, with whom he had attended the Jaipur College.\tOne finds out from this diary how important salt was to this region of India. The treaty between the Jodhpur Princely State and Britain specified regular payments by the Salt Treasury in Sambhar (see 5 June for a list of officers) to the Council in Jodhpur. This points to the Jodhpur State being a larger Princely State in India, as such States had treaties with Britain that specified which rights the princes had. Nazim wrote about salt samples for \"supplying (...) the state\u0026quot; on 6 June, 1916.The Treasury seemed to have been the main source of income for the Council, which regularly sent payment orders to the Treasury via Nazim's court. The Treasury relayed the treaty payment money through Nazim's court, where clerks recorded their currency denominations and their numbers, a requirement by the clerks of the Treasury in Jaipur. Subsequently, the money was personally delivered to Jaipur, very often by the Nazim himself (see 27 and 28 January, 1916). Further, it seems that a portion of Nazim's personal income came from promissory notes bought from the Sambhar Treasury and other sources. On 20 September, Nazim wrote that he \"realized from the Sambhar Treasury 8.4.0. on account of interest on [his] pro note\u0026quot; and on 6 December he \"applied [...] to the Treasury officer [...] to convert [his] 3 1/2 % Pro note for 500- into 4% conversion loan.\"\tNazim mentioned several court cases - a stolen property case, a criminal murder case, a rape case, into which he wanted to inquire in Phalera on 14 July, a Shamlat affair about which he had to see the Minister, and a criminal case of death of Gangla (?) Brahman, a high profile case likely going to be put before His Highness (2 July).\tThere was a cholera outbreak in July and August that affected Jaipur and Sambhar.\tThe 1916 diary, for example, mentions the area's cricket teams, various diseases from which people were suffering and mourning customs.\tHe attended \"the birthday Jalsa\u0026quot; in Sambhar in August, which most likely referred to an ordinary holiday or some regular day of public parties, festivities (nowadays speakers of Urdu use \"Jalsa\u0026quot; to mean `procession`, `public rally`, and `public gathering`.) This Jalsa started at 9:30 pm and finished at 3 am in the morning.\tThe December entries contain no mention of Christmas.","This diary spans the period of 1 April, 1918 through 31 March, 1919, with entries in English for almost every day of the year, and certain words, phrases, or dates in Hindi and, what appears to be, Urdu, one of the coofficial languages in the general area today. Following his eye operation in March, there are no entries for approximaterly three weeks. The back pages have random notes in English and Urdu. In contrast to previous diaries, the entries in this diary are shorter and there are fewer of them.\tDuring the diary's time frame, Radha Mohan Lal was a city magistrate in Jaipur. On 18 September, he mentioned he entered his second year of magistracy. He continued having much contact with the British and native government officials, but most so with \"the Minister\u0026quot;, the Chief Minister (Dewan/Diwan), at the time a position filled by Amar Nath Atal (1916 - 1922).\tThus far, this diary contains the most information regarding WWI. In 1 May, 1918 entry Nazim wrote that \"the Minister went to (...) join the war conference.\" In other May entries, he wrote that his son, Hargobind, was in a regiment that was being sent to the front. After finding out this news, the Nazim searched for a servant to accompany Hargobind to the front. And in the anticipation of Hargobind's deployment, many of the family members came to Bariely where Hargobind was at the time. On 19 May Hargobind left for the front and on 22 May embarked with his regiment from Bombay to the Suez docks (via the Gulf of Aden).\tHargobind was sent to the Middle Eastern theatre of WWI. Initially he was in the city of Suez, then in \"Tilkabir\u0026quot;/\"Telilkibir\u0026quot;/ \"Telilkibit\u0026quot;, which most likely meant Tall all Kebir or Tel-el-Kebir (Arabic) in Lower Egypt (June), an area involved in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign, \"Suez\u0026quot; (July), Palestine and Jerusalem (end of July, August, and September), Alexandria (September and October), Ishmailia (October), Suez and Alexandria again (November \u0026 December 1918, January 1919), and finally Ishmailia and Mansoura (May and June 1919). He departed for India in June of 1919. Throughout his deployment from May 1918 to June 1919 Czar Nicholas of the Russian Empire was shot by the Revolutionaries, the British and the Allies succeeded in the Balkans, the Ottoman Empire surrendered unconditionally and signed an armistice, the Germans also surrendered and signed an armistice, the Kaiser fled for Holland, on 27 of November a Victory Day was celebrated all over India, in 1919 Gandhi's movement started gaining in importance and was causing unrest and the British mobilized for Afghanistan.\tHargobind's rank and role within his regiment is not very clear from this diary, but the diary points to his fulfilling communications and/or medical roles. At the end of July and in August Hargobind was \"on the line of communication\u0026quot; in Palestine (2 Septemeber 1918) where he was wounded. Further, the entry from 10 February 1919 reads that he was \"attached to the 160th Indian Combined Field Ambulance\u0026quot;.\tThe news of Hargobind being wounded came via telegram from Hargobind dated either 20 or 26 of September reading that he had been wounded \"superficially in the side\u0026quot; in Palestine, but that he was doing well and via an official report sent to Nazim by Director General of the hospital reading that he suffered shrapnel wounds to the abdominal wall. Hargobind was admitted to a hospital in Alexandria and at the beginning of October he was discharged as recovered and most probably went back to his regiment.\tWhile Hargobind's rank and role withn his regiment are not clear, we do know that his performance at the front was highly praised. Hargobind's grandfather (Nazim's father) sent a letter to Major General John Shea and received a reply in which the General gave \"(...) very high testimony to Hargobind's work at the front.\" (27 October). The General was a British officer in the Indian Army, who fought in the Chitral Expedition, Second Boer War, and WWI. After the War and until he retired in 1932, he served in India, during which time he was the General Officer Commanding-in-Chief of the Eastern Command of the Indian Army.\tThroughout Hargobind's deployment, the communication between him and his father, grandfather, and other family members took place via EFM (Expeditionary Force Message) telegrams (took up to three days), Defd (Deferred) telegrams, cablegrams, letters, and packages. Hargobind's packages usually contained books, \"picture postcards\u0026quot; (e.g. from Jerusalem or the Suez), albums (e.g. of Jerusalem), photos (e.g. on a camel with his orderly at Cairo near the Pyramids), and artifacts (e.g. an antique vase from Jerusalem), while Nazim's contained medical supplies. Other sources of news about the war and Hargobind were official reports from the front, letters from Hargobind's military superiors or doctors, and newspapers, such as the \"Civil Military Gazette\u0026quot; listing wounded and dead soldiers and the \"Pioneer\u0026quot;.\tIn the letter dated 8 June Hargobind mentioned that several of his letters had been detained by censors \"through some mistake in writing the name of the place and his official designation\u0026quot;, as paraphrased by his father. Mail from India going to the front was also censored.\tThroughout Hargobind's deployment, the Nazim received monthly payments from \"D.D.O. Theerut on account of family allotment (...)\" (August entries). He received these payments through January.\tNazim purchased war bonds from the local post-office and hosted meetings of the War Loan Chowbiri (?) Committe with the Chief MInister, Mr. Atal, as the chair.\tThe Nazim continued to be involved with raw materials and during the time span of this diary was responsible for their relay to His Highness, the Maharaja of Jaipur. One of the materials was sugar cane from Suharanpur. In June of 1918 the Nazim was appointed by the Council to the committee to control supplies comprising eight members of the Council, two Dewans, and him. He was also appointed to a four-member working committee for the board of civil supplies. In this dual capacity he dealt mostly with the grain market, by regulating the prices of grain. For example, on 2 October the Nazim did rounds in the grain markets and induced merchants to sell barley at a lower price, given the high and rising prices at that time.\tThe Nazim reported a death due to Typhoid Fever, and thousands of deaths due to influenza in October and Novemeber. At the height of the epidemic over 300 people a day were dying of flu in Jaipur. On 22 October the Nazim wrote, \"Everything seems to be unhinged (...)\" and on the 23 October, \"Very hard times. The whole town seems to be under difficulties on account of this scourge (...).\"\tThe 9 July entry enumerates Nazim's father's pension and Nazim's pay, specifically his regular pay, his \"conveyance allowance\u0026quot; (might have meant funds for staff to transport guests to and from the train station), and \"pay of 5 men\u0026quot;. All were specified by the Council and approved by H.H. A new source of income for Nazim, on account of war, were War Bonds.\tOn 25 August, the Nazim pronounced judgment in a case sentencing the accused to 10 years of imprisonment and a fine.\tOn the occassion of H.H.'s birthday orders were sent to the Nazim for the release of prisoners. His clerks were responsible for working out the details of the release.\tOn 16 October, Nazim's wife gave birth to a son (Jagdeeshwari Dayal). Two days later Mrs. Madan Muhan had a miscarriage (The Muhans were one of Nazim's closest family friends). Finally, on 17 December, Hargobind's wife gave birth to a son, \"happy news\u0026quot; that the Nazim announced to Hargobind via a telegram listing its cost of 6.12.0. The following day he and the family doctor went to the hospital and \"got a bottle of 3x Rum for Mrs. Hargobind's use\u0026quot;. \"Thanks God she is doing well\u0026quot;, wrote the Nazim (18 December). The son died two days and four hours later of chill caught during night, as explained by the doctor (19 December).\tOn 22 January it was announced that HM King Emperor's youngest son died. The Nazim was ordered to close the court on account of the \"Royal mourning\u0026quot;.\tOn 9 March, Radha had an operation to remove a cataract from his left eye. Following it, he couldn't write in his diary as his eyes were bandaged and after the bandages were removed, his eyes were covered in lotion. He resumed normal functioning on 30 March when he went to see the Minister.\tHis Highness arrived in Jaipur on 28 March.","SUMMARY: This diary spans the period of 1 April, 1919 through 31 March, 1920, with entries for almost every day and with some text written in Urdu, one of the co-official languages in the general area today. The front pages of this diary look different from those in the earlier ones. One page has the calendar for 1919 glued onto it and the other has \"RML Mathur's DIARY 1ST APRIL, 1919 to 31ST MARCH, 1920\u0026quot; ornamentally and colorfully written on it.\tThe significant occurrences of this diary were Nazim's son's return from the front in August of 1919, most probably from the Suez with the 137 Indian Stationery Hospital he was commanding. Besides WWI's end, other significant historical events were the Third Afghan War in the North-West frontier in 1919 and the unrest caused by the Satyagraha movement led by Ghandi. The movement started gaining more and more strength following WWI (1919) and caused much unrest in many areas leading to the institution of martial laws regionally in 1919. The Nazim continued to be stationed in Jaipur as a magistrate without significant changes in his professional life. He continued to have the most professional contact with 'the Minister' and 'the Resident'. There was continuity in his personal life as well - he participated in his family life, attended public religious functions, invested via Promissory Notes and wrote about deaths and other significant events in the life of the Jaipur region.\t***\tDETAIL: The Nazim did not hear from Hargobind for an unusually long time, from 3 April to 23 May, and because of that, the Nazim wrote to General Shea, Colonel Lang, and the censor in Bombay complaining and inquiring about the lack of correspondence from Hargobind. On 30 April the Nazim was told that Hargobind might return from the front between 10-14 June. On 1 June, the Nazim wrote that Hargobind was in Mansoura with the 123rd Field Ambulance and on 16 June that Hargobind was with the 121st Ambulance and that he was returning home. However, as of the 22 June cablegram from Hargobind, his return to India was still not settled. Then the 25th and 28th communications from Hargobind read that he would go to Lucknow with the 137 Stationery Hospital, not 121 Ambulance, as formerly announced. His 30 June letter reads that he was in command of the 137 Indian Stationery Hospital and that there were from 6,000 to 7,000 men at Suez awaiting embarkation for India. Later, one also learns that according to the Gazette of India, on 30 June 1918 Hargobind was made Temporary Captain. Hargobind left for India from the Suez docks via the Chikdara ship on 19 August and reached Bombay on 31 August where he was greeted by the Nazim, friends and family.\tThe Nazim also continued receiving pay from the D.D.o. (Deputy Director of Operations or Director of Operations?) of the 7th Meerut Division on account of Hargobind's service. The particular payments in this diary mention service from 1 October 1917 to 30 April 1918 signifying that Hargobind was in the military well prior to being deployed in May of 1918. The correspondence from Hargobind to the Nazim continued being censored by the censor in Bombay \"who still exists to delay letters \u0026 to justify his existence.\" (11 August 1919)\tFollowing Hargobind's return from the war, he continued serving in the military and as such was leading field hospitals in various conflict areas of India. In October of 1919 he was posted with a Hospital to Bannu close to Peshawar on the North-Western frontier, the border area with Afghanistan and asked the Nazim to mail him his revolver (25 October 1919 entry). In light of this, the Nazim kept urging him to resign from the military service in altogether. The Satyagraha movement led by Ghandi, another significant development in this diary, interrupted His Highness's movements. HH arrived in Jaipur on 28 March. On 5 April the Nazim presented him with sugarcanes and Nazar. Later that month he canceled his travels to Brindaban (in today's state of Uttar Pradesh in northeastern India bordered by Rajasthan to the west) due to the social unrest in British India in general, caused by the Satyagraha movement. \"Owing to Satyagraha movement, strikes, hartals, mob-fighting and all sort of nuisance have taken place in many towns in Br India. Military assistance was requisitioned in lots of places to put down this rising movement.\" (15 April, 1919). However, His Highness did reach Brindaban on 20 April. He returned to Jaipur on 25 April. During his stay there, on 22 April, the Nazim mentioned the unrest in India again writing that all \"sorts of conveyances\u0026quot; were stopped and marshal and curfew laws were instituted in several districts.\tIn addition to the domestic unrest, there was unrest on the North-Western frontier of British India, near the border with Afghanistan, near Peshawar and in Waziristan. The Pioneer reported in May of 1919 that due to the unrest in Afghanistan, \"the mobilization of troops [was] being made at the frontier\u0026quot;. The Nazim wrote that \"in fact, the situation rather look[ed] gloomy (8 April 1919). A couple of days later the Nazim wrote that the \"mobilization of the army according to the Pioneer is going on satisfactorily on the frontier\u0026quot; and reported that martial law was declared in Peshawar, the frontier headquarters of British India (11 May 1919). The Nazim reported on 10 August that peace with Afghanistan was signed. However, a couple of months later, the Pioneer reported that the bombing of the villages in that region started prior to the 25 October 1919 (30 October 1919 entry).\tIn April 1919 the Nazim attended a great Pooja/Poojah (or 'Puja'), a prayer ritual performed by Hindus to host, honor and worship one or more deities, or to spiritually celebrate an event. In May his wife and children accompanied by two Sowars, went to Amer (or Amber), a nearby city, to \"Mataji's temple to perform the ceremony of Namie Babu.\" (2 May, 1919).\tThe 10 April 1919 entry lists details of three Promissory Notes (two War Bonds and one War Loan): their rates of return, their numbers, their maturity dates and their redemption values. The Nazim presented them to the Sambhar Treasury for \"realization of interest\u0026quot;, which he received on 13 April. On the same day, the Nazim also reported an engineer die of phthisis, an archaic name for tuberculosis. On 3 May, he wrote that he received 572 from the Treasury as his pay for the months of March and April. On 9 May, the Nazim met the Nazim of Sambhar. In November of 1919 he realized more interest from the Sambhar Treasury.\tOn 28 May, the Nazim received the news of his uncle, Jai Behari lal, having passed away. Nazim's father was very affected by the news. The Nazim and his daughter-in-law with children traveled to Sherkot for the 13th Day Ceremony to take place on 9 June. A 10th Day Ceremony (on 6 June) also took place.\tOn 19 June 1919, the Nazim mentioned that only 19 boys out of 71 sent from a local college successfully passed a matriculation examination to the University of Allahabad (Uttar Pradesh). He was exasperated about the news.\tOn 7 August, he wrote about his land on Residency Road in Jaipur, how it was being cleared and leveled.\tThere was a change in his professional life on 17 August 1919 when he was officially reassigned from the Girai office back to the Fanjdari office. It seems from the diary entries that this reassignment was not without some drama.\tHer Highness Dowager Maharani of Gwahir died in September 1919.\tThe Nazim received consignments of sugar canes, which were then presented to HH (31 October 1919).\tThe Nazim attended events at the Christian mission church outside of Chandpole, Purani Basti in Jaipur (31 October 1919).\tThere was an annual holiday surrounding lunar eclipses and the one in 1919 was on 8 November. The Nazim complained that it took place on the day of the eclipse and not the following day \"as is the case everywhere else and as it should be.\" (8 November 1919)\tThe Nazim mentioned the British Resident, Col. Robert Arthur Edward Benn (1915/16 - 1922), on a frequent basis as he has much professional contact with him, but usually the mentions are simply of meetings with him with no further infomation, for example a mention that the Col. went to the Chief's Conference in Dehli, which took place ~27 October - 8 November, also attended by 'the Minister' and Babu Abinash. However, later there was an unusual mention - namely, the Col. delivered a couple of lectures on his overland journey from India to England. These lectures were \"illustrated by magic lantern slides\u0026quot; and were given at \"the College\" (15 November 1919). They were a hit and had non-English speaking audience, which, the Nazim reported, \"has assembled to visit the College as if they were going to a cinema\u0026quot; (15 November 1919).\tIn November the Nazim discussed Hargobind's career and prospects with Col. Deas.\tDecember is the start of the betrothal and wedding season in the region during which \"feasts take place every day\" (30 November 1919)\tDuring December of 1919 Peace Celebrations took place with four distinct holidays. The Nazim was on the organization committee, which also included the minister and the Resident. As part of it, thousands of poor were fed, garden parties were held, thanksgiving celebrations were held in churches, temples, and mosques, celebratory gun salvoes were fired, fairs were held, and fireworks and illuminations took place."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use:"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"language_ssim":["English Hindi Urdu"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":6,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-20T22:44:18.559Z","scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe diaries were written between 1915-1922 by Munshi Radha Mohan Lal B.A., a Nazim, a city magistrate in the Princely State of Jaipur, today's state of Rajasthan in northwestern India. There are four diaries in Box 1, each spanning one year, and two short ones in Box 2. They are in good condition and all entries are legible. They are written in English, with very few words, phrases, dates, or notes written in Hindi and Urdu. The latter was one of the co-official languages in the general area. There are entries for every day of the year, with some significant exceptions being the period from January 1917 through March 1918 and from 9 March, 1919 to 30 March, 1919. Some of the front pages contain Nazim's official, professional stamp and the last pages usually contain his random notes in English and Urdu (peoples' names, addresses, quotes, business transactions).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Nazim led very active and intertwined professional, social, and private lives. From 1915 until circa 1917 he served in Sambhar, then through 1922 in Jaipur. He was the official ultimately responsible for the courts in those cities, which were under the authority of the Council of Regency and the Ministers in Jaipur. Thus he tended to have most contact with 'the Minister' and 'the Resident', with the former serving as his \"supervisor\u0026amp;quot;. The Nazim also served on a working committee for the board of civil supplies and a committee to control supplies.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nThe diaries offer great insight into professional, social, and private lives of native provincial officials in the Princely States of British India, into the relationship between native officials and British officials, into the roles rail and commodities, such as salt and sugar cane, played at the time, British India's experience of WWI, into the Satyagraha movement led by Ghandi, and into everyday life in the Sambhar and Jaipur area of the interwar period (pastimes, habits and traditions, religious ceremonies, ailments and diseases from which people suffered, weather and how it influenced agriculture, prices, etc.).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis diary spans the period of 1 January, 1915 through 31 December, 1915, with no entries between 23 December and 31 December and with a very small minority of them written in, what appears to be, Urdu, one of the coofficial languages in the general area today. It contains a stamp reading: \"Munshi Radha Mohan Lal B.A., Nazim of Sambhar, Jaipur State.\" One learns from it that as the Nazim of Sambhar, the author performed many legal, as well as representative duties, which kept him very busy. He worked during weekends. He wrote correspondence, sent many money orders to magistrates in connection with legal cases, received royalty money from treasuries, worked with his court clerks to record the number of currency notes supplied by the Sall, heard legal cases, was present at inspections of his court and postmortem examinations in the local hospital, made usual arrangements to guard H.E. the Viceroy passing through Sambhar, met with many other officials and administrators, including \"the Resident\" and hosted them in his house on a regular basis. On 15 December, he was photographed during an official presentation of the insignia of Rai Salib to someone.\tThe Nazim appears to be religious. He bathed in sacred streams and on Wednesday, 1 December, 1915, he observed that while the Raj courts were observing a holiday, \"the Salt offices\" were \"working without the last regard to the sanctity of the day.\" \"Salt offices\" most likey referred to the offices administering salt from the Sambhar Lake (the offices of the Commissioner?) or to the last name of the Commissioner mentioned on 13 December, 1915. The Nazim also attended \"the great Jalsa day\" in Sambhar in September of 1915, which most likely referred to some regular day of public parties, festivities (nowadays speakers of Urdu use \"Jalsa\" to mean `procession`, `public rally`, and `public gathering`.)\tOn Saturday, 15 January, a boy named Suresh, who was likely one of Nazim's servants, died of diptheria. The mourning was observed for three days (Saturday, Sunday, and Monday) and the court was closed on Monday.\tOn 6 February there is a mention of the African Theatre of World War I. The Nazim was sent news of an Indian doctor's death, along with the doctor's entire regiment, in the East African Campaign, in which in excess of 200,000 Indian and South African troops fought against the German empire troops between August 1914 and November 1918.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis diary spans the period of 1 January, 1916 to 31 December, 1916, with entries for almost every day of the year, and with certain words, phrases, or dates written in, what appears to be, Urdu, one of the coofficial languages in the general area today. The inside cover has a quote from the Bible and the back pages contain random notes, many of them in Urdu.\tIn the court, Nazim seemed to have worked closely with the Hakim (see, for example, the 20 January, 1916 entry). One of their usual duties was doing Shamlat work, which seems to have been suicide investigation (see, for example, 20 January, 18 June, and 2 December, 1916 entries).\tIn Januray Nazim was busy with marriage arrangements. The ceremonies commenced on Saturday, 12 February, and continued through Monday, when a very large dinner for 1000 persons was given. After the wedding, the Nazim gave away parcels of sweets to the guests, a great example of the gift-giving nature of the Indian culture. Common gifts were shawls, baskets of oranges and melons, and golden watches (The January entries contain prices of gold and rolled gold watches.).\tH.E. the Viceroy visited Jodhpur on 25 February 1916 and the Hakim made the necessary arrangements to guard the railway line. H.E. passed through the area on several other occassions throughout the year and the Nazim helped with the arrangements.\tOn 26 February, the diary relays, H.H. the Maharaja of Jodhpur was invested with full powers by the Viceroy.\tOn 22, 23, and 25 June, as well as 1, 3, 4, and 25 July, the Nazim mentioned \"wife\u0026amp;quot; and \"wife and children\u0026amp;quot;. They lived with his father in Jaiphur, who seemed to have excercised authority over them. From subsequent entries, one finds out that Nazim's wife suffered from problems connected to her reproductive system. According to the 2 December entry, one of the diagnoses was \"derangement in the womb.\" She, the Nazim, and their son were trying to decide on an appropriate doctor under whose care she should be placed.\tAnother glimpse into Nazim's personal family life is offered by the entry from 21 July, in which he mentions the contents of a certificate regarding his son, Hargobind. The certificate reads that Hargobind was the son of \"M. Radha Mohan lal Nazim and magistrate of Sambhar\u0026amp;quot;, that he was a resident of Sherkot, that his family owned much real property and was very respectable. Hargobind was offered a paid position by the Inspector General of Hospitals as surgeon at the Medical College Hospital and accepted it, but stipulated that he was willing to work without remuneration (23 July).\tAt another point in the diary, the Nazim mentioned meeting Hakim Indermul, who lived in Jodhpur at the time, with whom he had attended the Jaipur College.\tOne finds out from this diary how important salt was to this region of India. The treaty between the Jodhpur Princely State and Britain specified regular payments by the Salt Treasury in Sambhar (see 5 June for a list of officers) to the Council in Jodhpur. This points to the Jodhpur State being a larger Princely State in India, as such States had treaties with Britain that specified which rights the princes had. Nazim wrote about salt samples for \"supplying (...) the state\u0026amp;quot; on 6 June, 1916.The Treasury seemed to have been the main source of income for the Council, which regularly sent payment orders to the Treasury via Nazim's court. The Treasury relayed the treaty payment money through Nazim's court, where clerks recorded their currency denominations and their numbers, a requirement by the clerks of the Treasury in Jaipur. Subsequently, the money was personally delivered to Jaipur, very often by the Nazim himself (see 27 and 28 January, 1916). Further, it seems that a portion of Nazim's personal income came from promissory notes bought from the Sambhar Treasury and other sources. On 20 September, Nazim wrote that he \"realized from the Sambhar Treasury 8.4.0. on account of interest on [his] pro note\u0026amp;quot; and on 6 December he \"applied [...] to the Treasury officer [...] to convert [his] 3 1/2 % Pro note for 500- into 4% conversion loan.\"\tNazim mentioned several court cases - a stolen property case, a criminal murder case, a rape case, into which he wanted to inquire in Phalera on 14 July, a Shamlat affair about which he had to see the Minister, and a criminal case of death of Gangla (?) Brahman, a high profile case likely going to be put before His Highness (2 July).\tThere was a cholera outbreak in July and August that affected Jaipur and Sambhar.\tThe 1916 diary, for example, mentions the area's cricket teams, various diseases from which people were suffering and mourning customs.\tHe attended \"the birthday Jalsa\u0026amp;quot; in Sambhar in August, which most likely referred to an ordinary holiday or some regular day of public parties, festivities (nowadays speakers of Urdu use \"Jalsa\u0026amp;quot; to mean `procession`, `public rally`, and `public gathering`.) This Jalsa started at 9:30 pm and finished at 3 am in the morning.\tThe December entries contain no mention of Christmas.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis diary spans the period of 1 April, 1918 through 31 March, 1919, with entries in English for almost every day of the year, and certain words, phrases, or dates in Hindi and, what appears to be, Urdu, one of the coofficial languages in the general area today. Following his eye operation in March, there are no entries for approximaterly three weeks. The back pages have random notes in English and Urdu. In contrast to previous diaries, the entries in this diary are shorter and there are fewer of them.\tDuring the diary's time frame, Radha Mohan Lal was a city magistrate in Jaipur. On 18 September, he mentioned he entered his second year of magistracy. He continued having much contact with the British and native government officials, but most so with \"the Minister\u0026amp;quot;, the Chief Minister (Dewan/Diwan), at the time a position filled by Amar Nath Atal (1916 - 1922).\tThus far, this diary contains the most information regarding WWI. In 1 May, 1918 entry Nazim wrote that \"the Minister went to (...) join the war conference.\" In other May entries, he wrote that his son, Hargobind, was in a regiment that was being sent to the front. After finding out this news, the Nazim searched for a servant to accompany Hargobind to the front. And in the anticipation of Hargobind's deployment, many of the family members came to Bariely where Hargobind was at the time. On 19 May Hargobind left for the front and on 22 May embarked with his regiment from Bombay to the Suez docks (via the Gulf of Aden).\tHargobind was sent to the Middle Eastern theatre of WWI. Initially he was in the city of Suez, then in \"Tilkabir\u0026amp;quot;/\"Telilkibir\u0026amp;quot;/ \"Telilkibit\u0026amp;quot;, which most likely meant Tall all Kebir or Tel-el-Kebir (Arabic) in Lower Egypt (June), an area involved in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign, \"Suez\u0026amp;quot; (July), Palestine and Jerusalem (end of July, August, and September), Alexandria (September and October), Ishmailia (October), Suez and Alexandria again (November \u0026amp; December 1918, January 1919), and finally Ishmailia and Mansoura (May and June 1919). He departed for India in June of 1919. Throughout his deployment from May 1918 to June 1919 Czar Nicholas of the Russian Empire was shot by the Revolutionaries, the British and the Allies succeeded in the Balkans, the Ottoman Empire surrendered unconditionally and signed an armistice, the Germans also surrendered and signed an armistice, the Kaiser fled for Holland, on 27 of November a Victory Day was celebrated all over India, in 1919 Gandhi's movement started gaining in importance and was causing unrest and the British mobilized for Afghanistan.\tHargobind's rank and role within his regiment is not very clear from this diary, but the diary points to his fulfilling communications and/or medical roles. At the end of July and in August Hargobind was \"on the line of communication\u0026amp;quot; in Palestine (2 Septemeber 1918) where he was wounded. Further, the entry from 10 February 1919 reads that he was \"attached to the 160th Indian Combined Field Ambulance\u0026amp;quot;.\tThe news of Hargobind being wounded came via telegram from Hargobind dated either 20 or 26 of September reading that he had been wounded \"superficially in the side\u0026amp;quot; in Palestine, but that he was doing well and via an official report sent to Nazim by Director General of the hospital reading that he suffered shrapnel wounds to the abdominal wall. Hargobind was admitted to a hospital in Alexandria and at the beginning of October he was discharged as recovered and most probably went back to his regiment.\tWhile Hargobind's rank and role withn his regiment are not clear, we do know that his performance at the front was highly praised. Hargobind's grandfather (Nazim's father) sent a letter to Major General John Shea and received a reply in which the General gave \"(...) very high testimony to Hargobind's work at the front.\" (27 October). The General was a British officer in the Indian Army, who fought in the Chitral Expedition, Second Boer War, and WWI. After the War and until he retired in 1932, he served in India, during which time he was the General Officer Commanding-in-Chief of the Eastern Command of the Indian Army.\tThroughout Hargobind's deployment, the communication between him and his father, grandfather, and other family members took place via EFM (Expeditionary Force Message) telegrams (took up to three days), Defd (Deferred) telegrams, cablegrams, letters, and packages. Hargobind's packages usually contained books, \"picture postcards\u0026amp;quot; (e.g. from Jerusalem or the Suez), albums (e.g. of Jerusalem), photos (e.g. on a camel with his orderly at Cairo near the Pyramids), and artifacts (e.g. an antique vase from Jerusalem), while Nazim's contained medical supplies. Other sources of news about the war and Hargobind were official reports from the front, letters from Hargobind's military superiors or doctors, and newspapers, such as the \"Civil Military Gazette\u0026amp;quot; listing wounded and dead soldiers and the \"Pioneer\u0026amp;quot;.\tIn the letter dated 8 June Hargobind mentioned that several of his letters had been detained by censors \"through some mistake in writing the name of the place and his official designation\u0026amp;quot;, as paraphrased by his father. Mail from India going to the front was also censored.\tThroughout Hargobind's deployment, the Nazim received monthly payments from \"D.D.O. Theerut on account of family allotment (...)\" (August entries). He received these payments through January.\tNazim purchased war bonds from the local post-office and hosted meetings of the War Loan Chowbiri (?) Committe with the Chief MInister, Mr. Atal, as the chair.\tThe Nazim continued to be involved with raw materials and during the time span of this diary was responsible for their relay to His Highness, the Maharaja of Jaipur. One of the materials was sugar cane from Suharanpur. In June of 1918 the Nazim was appointed by the Council to the committee to control supplies comprising eight members of the Council, two Dewans, and him. He was also appointed to a four-member working committee for the board of civil supplies. In this dual capacity he dealt mostly with the grain market, by regulating the prices of grain. For example, on 2 October the Nazim did rounds in the grain markets and induced merchants to sell barley at a lower price, given the high and rising prices at that time.\tThe Nazim reported a death due to Typhoid Fever, and thousands of deaths due to influenza in October and Novemeber. At the height of the epidemic over 300 people a day were dying of flu in Jaipur. On 22 October the Nazim wrote, \"Everything seems to be unhinged (...)\" and on the 23 October, \"Very hard times. The whole town seems to be under difficulties on account of this scourge (...).\"\tThe 9 July entry enumerates Nazim's father's pension and Nazim's pay, specifically his regular pay, his \"conveyance allowance\u0026amp;quot; (might have meant funds for staff to transport guests to and from the train station), and \"pay of 5 men\u0026amp;quot;. All were specified by the Council and approved by H.H. A new source of income for Nazim, on account of war, were War Bonds.\tOn 25 August, the Nazim pronounced judgment in a case sentencing the accused to 10 years of imprisonment and a fine.\tOn the occassion of H.H.'s birthday orders were sent to the Nazim for the release of prisoners. His clerks were responsible for working out the details of the release.\tOn 16 October, Nazim's wife gave birth to a son (Jagdeeshwari Dayal). Two days later Mrs. Madan Muhan had a miscarriage (The Muhans were one of Nazim's closest family friends). Finally, on 17 December, Hargobind's wife gave birth to a son, \"happy news\u0026amp;quot; that the Nazim announced to Hargobind via a telegram listing its cost of 6.12.0. The following day he and the family doctor went to the hospital and \"got a bottle of 3x Rum for Mrs. Hargobind's use\u0026amp;quot;. \"Thanks God she is doing well\u0026amp;quot;, wrote the Nazim (18 December). The son died two days and four hours later of chill caught during night, as explained by the doctor (19 December).\tOn 22 January it was announced that HM King Emperor's youngest son died. The Nazim was ordered to close the court on account of the \"Royal mourning\u0026amp;quot;.\tOn 9 March, Radha had an operation to remove a cataract from his left eye. Following it, he couldn't write in his diary as his eyes were bandaged and after the bandages were removed, his eyes were covered in lotion. He resumed normal functioning on 30 March when he went to see the Minister.\tHis Highness arrived in Jaipur on 28 March.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSUMMARY: This diary spans the period of 1 April, 1919 through 31 March, 1920, with entries for almost every day and with some text written in Urdu, one of the co-official languages in the general area today. The front pages of this diary look different from those in the earlier ones. One page has the calendar for 1919 glued onto it and the other has \"RML Mathur's DIARY 1ST APRIL, 1919 to 31ST MARCH, 1920\u0026amp;quot; ornamentally and colorfully written on it.\tThe significant occurrences of this diary were Nazim's son's return from the front in August of 1919, most probably from the Suez with the 137 Indian Stationery Hospital he was commanding. Besides WWI's end, other significant historical events were the Third Afghan War in the North-West frontier in 1919 and the unrest caused by the Satyagraha movement led by Ghandi. The movement started gaining more and more strength following WWI (1919) and caused much unrest in many areas leading to the institution of martial laws regionally in 1919. The Nazim continued to be stationed in Jaipur as a magistrate without significant changes in his professional life. He continued to have the most professional contact with 'the Minister' and 'the Resident'. There was continuity in his personal life as well - he participated in his family life, attended public religious functions, invested via Promissory Notes and wrote about deaths and other significant events in the life of the Jaipur region.\t***\tDETAIL: The Nazim did not hear from Hargobind for an unusually long time, from 3 April to 23 May, and because of that, the Nazim wrote to General Shea, Colonel Lang, and the censor in Bombay complaining and inquiring about the lack of correspondence from Hargobind. On 30 April the Nazim was told that Hargobind might return from the front between 10-14 June. On 1 June, the Nazim wrote that Hargobind was in Mansoura with the 123rd Field Ambulance and on 16 June that Hargobind was with the 121st Ambulance and that he was returning home. However, as of the 22 June cablegram from Hargobind, his return to India was still not settled. Then the 25th and 28th communications from Hargobind read that he would go to Lucknow with the 137 Stationery Hospital, not 121 Ambulance, as formerly announced. His 30 June letter reads that he was in command of the 137 Indian Stationery Hospital and that there were from 6,000 to 7,000 men at Suez awaiting embarkation for India. Later, one also learns that according to the Gazette of India, on 30 June 1918 Hargobind was made Temporary Captain. Hargobind left for India from the Suez docks via the Chikdara ship on 19 August and reached Bombay on 31 August where he was greeted by the Nazim, friends and family.\tThe Nazim also continued receiving pay from the D.D.o. (Deputy Director of Operations or Director of Operations?) of the 7th Meerut Division on account of Hargobind's service. The particular payments in this diary mention service from 1 October 1917 to 30 April 1918 signifying that Hargobind was in the military well prior to being deployed in May of 1918. The correspondence from Hargobind to the Nazim continued being censored by the censor in Bombay \"who still exists to delay letters \u0026amp; to justify his existence.\" (11 August 1919)\tFollowing Hargobind's return from the war, he continued serving in the military and as such was leading field hospitals in various conflict areas of India. In October of 1919 he was posted with a Hospital to Bannu close to Peshawar on the North-Western frontier, the border area with Afghanistan and asked the Nazim to mail him his revolver (25 October 1919 entry). In light of this, the Nazim kept urging him to resign from the military service in altogether. The Satyagraha movement led by Ghandi, another significant development in this diary, interrupted His Highness's movements. HH arrived in Jaipur on 28 March. On 5 April the Nazim presented him with sugarcanes and Nazar. Later that month he canceled his travels to Brindaban (in today's state of Uttar Pradesh in northeastern India bordered by Rajasthan to the west) due to the social unrest in British India in general, caused by the Satyagraha movement. \"Owing to Satyagraha movement, strikes, hartals, mob-fighting and all sort of nuisance have taken place in many towns in Br India. Military assistance was requisitioned in lots of places to put down this rising movement.\" (15 April, 1919). However, His Highness did reach Brindaban on 20 April. He returned to Jaipur on 25 April. During his stay there, on 22 April, the Nazim mentioned the unrest in India again writing that all \"sorts of conveyances\u0026amp;quot; were stopped and marshal and curfew laws were instituted in several districts.\tIn addition to the domestic unrest, there was unrest on the North-Western frontier of British India, near the border with Afghanistan, near Peshawar and in Waziristan. The Pioneer reported in May of 1919 that due to the unrest in Afghanistan, \"the mobilization of troops [was] being made at the frontier\u0026amp;quot;. The Nazim wrote that \"in fact, the situation rather look[ed] gloomy (8 April 1919). A couple of days later the Nazim wrote that the \"mobilization of the army according to the Pioneer is going on satisfactorily on the frontier\u0026amp;quot; and reported that martial law was declared in Peshawar, the frontier headquarters of British India (11 May 1919). The Nazim reported on 10 August that peace with Afghanistan was signed. However, a couple of months later, the Pioneer reported that the bombing of the villages in that region started prior to the 25 October 1919 (30 October 1919 entry).\tIn April 1919 the Nazim attended a great Pooja/Poojah (or 'Puja'), a prayer ritual performed by Hindus to host, honor and worship one or more deities, or to spiritually celebrate an event. In May his wife and children accompanied by two Sowars, went to Amer (or Amber), a nearby city, to \"Mataji's temple to perform the ceremony of Namie Babu.\" (2 May, 1919).\tThe 10 April 1919 entry lists details of three Promissory Notes (two War Bonds and one War Loan): their rates of return, their numbers, their maturity dates and their redemption values. The Nazim presented them to the Sambhar Treasury for \"realization of interest\u0026amp;quot;, which he received on 13 April. On the same day, the Nazim also reported an engineer die of phthisis, an archaic name for tuberculosis. On 3 May, he wrote that he received 572 from the Treasury as his pay for the months of March and April. On 9 May, the Nazim met the Nazim of Sambhar. In November of 1919 he realized more interest from the Sambhar Treasury.\tOn 28 May, the Nazim received the news of his uncle, Jai Behari lal, having passed away. Nazim's father was very affected by the news. The Nazim and his daughter-in-law with children traveled to Sherkot for the 13th Day Ceremony to take place on 9 June. A 10th Day Ceremony (on 6 June) also took place.\tOn 19 June 1919, the Nazim mentioned that only 19 boys out of 71 sent from a local college successfully passed a matriculation examination to the University of Allahabad (Uttar Pradesh). He was exasperated about the news.\tOn 7 August, he wrote about his land on Residency Road in Jaipur, how it was being cleared and leveled.\tThere was a change in his professional life on 17 August 1919 when he was officially reassigned from the Girai office back to the Fanjdari office. It seems from the diary entries that this reassignment was not without some drama.\tHer Highness Dowager Maharani of Gwahir died in September 1919.\tThe Nazim received consignments of sugar canes, which were then presented to HH (31 October 1919).\tThe Nazim attended events at the Christian mission church outside of Chandpole, Purani Basti in Jaipur (31 October 1919).\tThere was an annual holiday surrounding lunar eclipses and the one in 1919 was on 8 November. The Nazim complained that it took place on the day of the eclipse and not the following day \"as is the case everywhere else and as it should be.\" (8 November 1919)\tThe Nazim mentioned the British Resident, Col. Robert Arthur Edward Benn (1915/16 - 1922), on a frequent basis as he has much professional contact with him, but usually the mentions are simply of meetings with him with no further infomation, for example a mention that the Col. went to the Chief's Conference in Dehli, which took place ~27 October - 8 November, also attended by 'the Minister' and Babu Abinash. However, later there was an unusual mention - namely, the Col. delivered a couple of lectures on his overland journey from India to England. These lectures were \"illustrated by magic lantern slides\u0026amp;quot; and were given at \"the College\" (15 November 1919). They were a hit and had non-English speaking audience, which, the Nazim reported, \"has assembled to visit the College as if they were going to a cinema\u0026amp;quot; (15 November 1919).\tIn November the Nazim discussed Hargobind's career and prospects with Col. Deas.\tDecember is the start of the betrothal and wedding season in the region during which \"feasts take place every day\" (30 November 1919)\tDuring December of 1919 Peace Celebrations took place with four distinct holidays. The Nazim was on the organization committee, which also included the minister and the Resident. As part of it, thousands of poor were fed, garden parties were held, thanksgiving celebrations were held in churches, temples, and mosques, celebratory gun salvoes were fired, fairs were held, and fireworks and illuminations took place.\u003c/p\u003e"],"collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_7478","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_7478","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_7478","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_7478","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_7478.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Lal, Radha Mohan Diaries","title_ssm":["Radha Mohan Lal B.A. Diaries"],"title_tesim":["Radha Mohan Lal B.A. Diaries"],"unitdate_ssm":["1915-1922"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1915-1922"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Mss. Acc. 2011.617","/repositories/2/resources/7478"],"text":["Mss. Acc. 2011.617","/repositories/2/resources/7478","Radha Mohan Lal B.A. Diaries","India--Description and travel","India--History--20th century","Diaries","Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","Chronological","Radha Mohan Lal was approximatey 40-47 years old when he was writing his diaries. He had attended the Jaipur College. Religiously he and his family were Hindus, he knew Urdu, had a living father, wife, and children (two sons: Hargobind and Gobinda, and daughters). He owned land in Jaipur. His son, Hargobind, was married, had children and was part of the 7th Meerut Division, an infantry division of the British Indian Army that saw active service during WWI. Hargobind was sent to the Middle Eastern front in May of 1918 where he headed a hospital and was wounded. He survived and recovered well. He spent most of his time in Egypt. He returned to India in August of 1919.","The hierarchy of the British and native governmental bodies and officials at the time the diaries were written:  • H.M. King Emperor;  • Council of Regency (Eight Members); had a Foreign Dept and a Police Dept. • H.H. the Maharaja of Jaipur/Maharajadhira: Sawai Madho Singh II (1880-1922) • Ministers/Dewans: Chief Minister (Dewan): Amar Nath Atal (1916-1922) • British Resident: Robert Arthur Edward Benn (1915/16-1922).","The diaries were written between 1915-1922 by Munshi Radha Mohan Lal B.A., a Nazim, a city magistrate in the Princely State of Jaipur, today's state of Rajasthan in northwestern India. There are four diaries in Box 1, each spanning one year, and two short ones in Box 2. They are in good condition and all entries are legible. They are written in English, with very few words, phrases, dates, or notes written in Hindi and Urdu. The latter was one of the co-official languages in the general area. There are entries for every day of the year, with some significant exceptions being the period from January 1917 through March 1918 and from 9 March, 1919 to 30 March, 1919. Some of the front pages contain Nazim's official, professional stamp and the last pages usually contain his random notes in English and Urdu (peoples' names, addresses, quotes, business transactions).","The Nazim led very active and intertwined professional, social, and private lives. From 1915 until circa 1917 he served in Sambhar, then through 1922 in Jaipur. He was the official ultimately responsible for the courts in those cities, which were under the authority of the Council of Regency and the Ministers in Jaipur. Thus he tended to have most contact with 'the Minister' and 'the Resident', with the former serving as his \"supervisor\u0026quot;. The Nazim also served on a working committee for the board of civil supplies and a committee to control supplies.","\nThe diaries offer great insight into professional, social, and private lives of native provincial officials in the Princely States of British India, into the relationship between native officials and British officials, into the roles rail and commodities, such as salt and sugar cane, played at the time, British India's experience of WWI, into the Satyagraha movement led by Ghandi, and into everyday life in the Sambhar and Jaipur area of the interwar period (pastimes, habits and traditions, religious ceremonies, ailments and diseases from which people suffered, weather and how it influenced agriculture, prices, etc.).","This diary spans the period of 1 January, 1915 through 31 December, 1915, with no entries between 23 December and 31 December and with a very small minority of them written in, what appears to be, Urdu, one of the coofficial languages in the general area today. It contains a stamp reading: \"Munshi Radha Mohan Lal B.A., Nazim of Sambhar, Jaipur State.\" One learns from it that as the Nazim of Sambhar, the author performed many legal, as well as representative duties, which kept him very busy. He worked during weekends. He wrote correspondence, sent many money orders to magistrates in connection with legal cases, received royalty money from treasuries, worked with his court clerks to record the number of currency notes supplied by the Sall, heard legal cases, was present at inspections of his court and postmortem examinations in the local hospital, made usual arrangements to guard H.E. the Viceroy passing through Sambhar, met with many other officials and administrators, including \"the Resident\" and hosted them in his house on a regular basis. On 15 December, he was photographed during an official presentation of the insignia of Rai Salib to someone.\tThe Nazim appears to be religious. He bathed in sacred streams and on Wednesday, 1 December, 1915, he observed that while the Raj courts were observing a holiday, \"the Salt offices\" were \"working without the last regard to the sanctity of the day.\" \"Salt offices\" most likey referred to the offices administering salt from the Sambhar Lake (the offices of the Commissioner?) or to the last name of the Commissioner mentioned on 13 December, 1915. The Nazim also attended \"the great Jalsa day\" in Sambhar in September of 1915, which most likely referred to some regular day of public parties, festivities (nowadays speakers of Urdu use \"Jalsa\" to mean `procession`, `public rally`, and `public gathering`.)\tOn Saturday, 15 January, a boy named Suresh, who was likely one of Nazim's servants, died of diptheria. The mourning was observed for three days (Saturday, Sunday, and Monday) and the court was closed on Monday.\tOn 6 February there is a mention of the African Theatre of World War I. The Nazim was sent news of an Indian doctor's death, along with the doctor's entire regiment, in the East African Campaign, in which in excess of 200,000 Indian and South African troops fought against the German empire troops between August 1914 and November 1918.","This diary spans the period of 1 January, 1916 to 31 December, 1916, with entries for almost every day of the year, and with certain words, phrases, or dates written in, what appears to be, Urdu, one of the coofficial languages in the general area today. The inside cover has a quote from the Bible and the back pages contain random notes, many of them in Urdu.\tIn the court, Nazim seemed to have worked closely with the Hakim (see, for example, the 20 January, 1916 entry). One of their usual duties was doing Shamlat work, which seems to have been suicide investigation (see, for example, 20 January, 18 June, and 2 December, 1916 entries).\tIn Januray Nazim was busy with marriage arrangements. The ceremonies commenced on Saturday, 12 February, and continued through Monday, when a very large dinner for 1000 persons was given. After the wedding, the Nazim gave away parcels of sweets to the guests, a great example of the gift-giving nature of the Indian culture. Common gifts were shawls, baskets of oranges and melons, and golden watches (The January entries contain prices of gold and rolled gold watches.).\tH.E. the Viceroy visited Jodhpur on 25 February 1916 and the Hakim made the necessary arrangements to guard the railway line. H.E. passed through the area on several other occassions throughout the year and the Nazim helped with the arrangements.\tOn 26 February, the diary relays, H.H. the Maharaja of Jodhpur was invested with full powers by the Viceroy.\tOn 22, 23, and 25 June, as well as 1, 3, 4, and 25 July, the Nazim mentioned \"wife\u0026quot; and \"wife and children\u0026quot;. They lived with his father in Jaiphur, who seemed to have excercised authority over them. From subsequent entries, one finds out that Nazim's wife suffered from problems connected to her reproductive system. According to the 2 December entry, one of the diagnoses was \"derangement in the womb.\" She, the Nazim, and their son were trying to decide on an appropriate doctor under whose care she should be placed.\tAnother glimpse into Nazim's personal family life is offered by the entry from 21 July, in which he mentions the contents of a certificate regarding his son, Hargobind. The certificate reads that Hargobind was the son of \"M. Radha Mohan lal Nazim and magistrate of Sambhar\u0026quot;, that he was a resident of Sherkot, that his family owned much real property and was very respectable. Hargobind was offered a paid position by the Inspector General of Hospitals as surgeon at the Medical College Hospital and accepted it, but stipulated that he was willing to work without remuneration (23 July).\tAt another point in the diary, the Nazim mentioned meeting Hakim Indermul, who lived in Jodhpur at the time, with whom he had attended the Jaipur College.\tOne finds out from this diary how important salt was to this region of India. The treaty between the Jodhpur Princely State and Britain specified regular payments by the Salt Treasury in Sambhar (see 5 June for a list of officers) to the Council in Jodhpur. This points to the Jodhpur State being a larger Princely State in India, as such States had treaties with Britain that specified which rights the princes had. Nazim wrote about salt samples for \"supplying (...) the state\u0026quot; on 6 June, 1916.The Treasury seemed to have been the main source of income for the Council, which regularly sent payment orders to the Treasury via Nazim's court. The Treasury relayed the treaty payment money through Nazim's court, where clerks recorded their currency denominations and their numbers, a requirement by the clerks of the Treasury in Jaipur. Subsequently, the money was personally delivered to Jaipur, very often by the Nazim himself (see 27 and 28 January, 1916). Further, it seems that a portion of Nazim's personal income came from promissory notes bought from the Sambhar Treasury and other sources. On 20 September, Nazim wrote that he \"realized from the Sambhar Treasury 8.4.0. on account of interest on [his] pro note\u0026quot; and on 6 December he \"applied [...] to the Treasury officer [...] to convert [his] 3 1/2 % Pro note for 500- into 4% conversion loan.\"\tNazim mentioned several court cases - a stolen property case, a criminal murder case, a rape case, into which he wanted to inquire in Phalera on 14 July, a Shamlat affair about which he had to see the Minister, and a criminal case of death of Gangla (?) Brahman, a high profile case likely going to be put before His Highness (2 July).\tThere was a cholera outbreak in July and August that affected Jaipur and Sambhar.\tThe 1916 diary, for example, mentions the area's cricket teams, various diseases from which people were suffering and mourning customs.\tHe attended \"the birthday Jalsa\u0026quot; in Sambhar in August, which most likely referred to an ordinary holiday or some regular day of public parties, festivities (nowadays speakers of Urdu use \"Jalsa\u0026quot; to mean `procession`, `public rally`, and `public gathering`.) This Jalsa started at 9:30 pm and finished at 3 am in the morning.\tThe December entries contain no mention of Christmas.","This diary spans the period of 1 April, 1918 through 31 March, 1919, with entries in English for almost every day of the year, and certain words, phrases, or dates in Hindi and, what appears to be, Urdu, one of the coofficial languages in the general area today. Following his eye operation in March, there are no entries for approximaterly three weeks. The back pages have random notes in English and Urdu. In contrast to previous diaries, the entries in this diary are shorter and there are fewer of them.\tDuring the diary's time frame, Radha Mohan Lal was a city magistrate in Jaipur. On 18 September, he mentioned he entered his second year of magistracy. He continued having much contact with the British and native government officials, but most so with \"the Minister\u0026quot;, the Chief Minister (Dewan/Diwan), at the time a position filled by Amar Nath Atal (1916 - 1922).\tThus far, this diary contains the most information regarding WWI. In 1 May, 1918 entry Nazim wrote that \"the Minister went to (...) join the war conference.\" In other May entries, he wrote that his son, Hargobind, was in a regiment that was being sent to the front. After finding out this news, the Nazim searched for a servant to accompany Hargobind to the front. And in the anticipation of Hargobind's deployment, many of the family members came to Bariely where Hargobind was at the time. On 19 May Hargobind left for the front and on 22 May embarked with his regiment from Bombay to the Suez docks (via the Gulf of Aden).\tHargobind was sent to the Middle Eastern theatre of WWI. Initially he was in the city of Suez, then in \"Tilkabir\u0026quot;/\"Telilkibir\u0026quot;/ \"Telilkibit\u0026quot;, which most likely meant Tall all Kebir or Tel-el-Kebir (Arabic) in Lower Egypt (June), an area involved in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign, \"Suez\u0026quot; (July), Palestine and Jerusalem (end of July, August, and September), Alexandria (September and October), Ishmailia (October), Suez and Alexandria again (November \u0026 December 1918, January 1919), and finally Ishmailia and Mansoura (May and June 1919). He departed for India in June of 1919. Throughout his deployment from May 1918 to June 1919 Czar Nicholas of the Russian Empire was shot by the Revolutionaries, the British and the Allies succeeded in the Balkans, the Ottoman Empire surrendered unconditionally and signed an armistice, the Germans also surrendered and signed an armistice, the Kaiser fled for Holland, on 27 of November a Victory Day was celebrated all over India, in 1919 Gandhi's movement started gaining in importance and was causing unrest and the British mobilized for Afghanistan.\tHargobind's rank and role within his regiment is not very clear from this diary, but the diary points to his fulfilling communications and/or medical roles. At the end of July and in August Hargobind was \"on the line of communication\u0026quot; in Palestine (2 Septemeber 1918) where he was wounded. Further, the entry from 10 February 1919 reads that he was \"attached to the 160th Indian Combined Field Ambulance\u0026quot;.\tThe news of Hargobind being wounded came via telegram from Hargobind dated either 20 or 26 of September reading that he had been wounded \"superficially in the side\u0026quot; in Palestine, but that he was doing well and via an official report sent to Nazim by Director General of the hospital reading that he suffered shrapnel wounds to the abdominal wall. Hargobind was admitted to a hospital in Alexandria and at the beginning of October he was discharged as recovered and most probably went back to his regiment.\tWhile Hargobind's rank and role withn his regiment are not clear, we do know that his performance at the front was highly praised. Hargobind's grandfather (Nazim's father) sent a letter to Major General John Shea and received a reply in which the General gave \"(...) very high testimony to Hargobind's work at the front.\" (27 October). The General was a British officer in the Indian Army, who fought in the Chitral Expedition, Second Boer War, and WWI. After the War and until he retired in 1932, he served in India, during which time he was the General Officer Commanding-in-Chief of the Eastern Command of the Indian Army.\tThroughout Hargobind's deployment, the communication between him and his father, grandfather, and other family members took place via EFM (Expeditionary Force Message) telegrams (took up to three days), Defd (Deferred) telegrams, cablegrams, letters, and packages. Hargobind's packages usually contained books, \"picture postcards\u0026quot; (e.g. from Jerusalem or the Suez), albums (e.g. of Jerusalem), photos (e.g. on a camel with his orderly at Cairo near the Pyramids), and artifacts (e.g. an antique vase from Jerusalem), while Nazim's contained medical supplies. Other sources of news about the war and Hargobind were official reports from the front, letters from Hargobind's military superiors or doctors, and newspapers, such as the \"Civil Military Gazette\u0026quot; listing wounded and dead soldiers and the \"Pioneer\u0026quot;.\tIn the letter dated 8 June Hargobind mentioned that several of his letters had been detained by censors \"through some mistake in writing the name of the place and his official designation\u0026quot;, as paraphrased by his father. Mail from India going to the front was also censored.\tThroughout Hargobind's deployment, the Nazim received monthly payments from \"D.D.O. Theerut on account of family allotment (...)\" (August entries). He received these payments through January.\tNazim purchased war bonds from the local post-office and hosted meetings of the War Loan Chowbiri (?) Committe with the Chief MInister, Mr. Atal, as the chair.\tThe Nazim continued to be involved with raw materials and during the time span of this diary was responsible for their relay to His Highness, the Maharaja of Jaipur. One of the materials was sugar cane from Suharanpur. In June of 1918 the Nazim was appointed by the Council to the committee to control supplies comprising eight members of the Council, two Dewans, and him. He was also appointed to a four-member working committee for the board of civil supplies. In this dual capacity he dealt mostly with the grain market, by regulating the prices of grain. For example, on 2 October the Nazim did rounds in the grain markets and induced merchants to sell barley at a lower price, given the high and rising prices at that time.\tThe Nazim reported a death due to Typhoid Fever, and thousands of deaths due to influenza in October and Novemeber. At the height of the epidemic over 300 people a day were dying of flu in Jaipur. On 22 October the Nazim wrote, \"Everything seems to be unhinged (...)\" and on the 23 October, \"Very hard times. The whole town seems to be under difficulties on account of this scourge (...).\"\tThe 9 July entry enumerates Nazim's father's pension and Nazim's pay, specifically his regular pay, his \"conveyance allowance\u0026quot; (might have meant funds for staff to transport guests to and from the train station), and \"pay of 5 men\u0026quot;. All were specified by the Council and approved by H.H. A new source of income for Nazim, on account of war, were War Bonds.\tOn 25 August, the Nazim pronounced judgment in a case sentencing the accused to 10 years of imprisonment and a fine.\tOn the occassion of H.H.'s birthday orders were sent to the Nazim for the release of prisoners. His clerks were responsible for working out the details of the release.\tOn 16 October, Nazim's wife gave birth to a son (Jagdeeshwari Dayal). Two days later Mrs. Madan Muhan had a miscarriage (The Muhans were one of Nazim's closest family friends). Finally, on 17 December, Hargobind's wife gave birth to a son, \"happy news\u0026quot; that the Nazim announced to Hargobind via a telegram listing its cost of 6.12.0. The following day he and the family doctor went to the hospital and \"got a bottle of 3x Rum for Mrs. Hargobind's use\u0026quot;. \"Thanks God she is doing well\u0026quot;, wrote the Nazim (18 December). The son died two days and four hours later of chill caught during night, as explained by the doctor (19 December).\tOn 22 January it was announced that HM King Emperor's youngest son died. The Nazim was ordered to close the court on account of the \"Royal mourning\u0026quot;.\tOn 9 March, Radha had an operation to remove a cataract from his left eye. Following it, he couldn't write in his diary as his eyes were bandaged and after the bandages were removed, his eyes were covered in lotion. He resumed normal functioning on 30 March when he went to see the Minister.\tHis Highness arrived in Jaipur on 28 March.","SUMMARY: This diary spans the period of 1 April, 1919 through 31 March, 1920, with entries for almost every day and with some text written in Urdu, one of the co-official languages in the general area today. The front pages of this diary look different from those in the earlier ones. One page has the calendar for 1919 glued onto it and the other has \"RML Mathur's DIARY 1ST APRIL, 1919 to 31ST MARCH, 1920\u0026quot; ornamentally and colorfully written on it.\tThe significant occurrences of this diary were Nazim's son's return from the front in August of 1919, most probably from the Suez with the 137 Indian Stationery Hospital he was commanding. Besides WWI's end, other significant historical events were the Third Afghan War in the North-West frontier in 1919 and the unrest caused by the Satyagraha movement led by Ghandi. The movement started gaining more and more strength following WWI (1919) and caused much unrest in many areas leading to the institution of martial laws regionally in 1919. The Nazim continued to be stationed in Jaipur as a magistrate without significant changes in his professional life. He continued to have the most professional contact with 'the Minister' and 'the Resident'. There was continuity in his personal life as well - he participated in his family life, attended public religious functions, invested via Promissory Notes and wrote about deaths and other significant events in the life of the Jaipur region.\t***\tDETAIL: The Nazim did not hear from Hargobind for an unusually long time, from 3 April to 23 May, and because of that, the Nazim wrote to General Shea, Colonel Lang, and the censor in Bombay complaining and inquiring about the lack of correspondence from Hargobind. On 30 April the Nazim was told that Hargobind might return from the front between 10-14 June. On 1 June, the Nazim wrote that Hargobind was in Mansoura with the 123rd Field Ambulance and on 16 June that Hargobind was with the 121st Ambulance and that he was returning home. However, as of the 22 June cablegram from Hargobind, his return to India was still not settled. Then the 25th and 28th communications from Hargobind read that he would go to Lucknow with the 137 Stationery Hospital, not 121 Ambulance, as formerly announced. His 30 June letter reads that he was in command of the 137 Indian Stationery Hospital and that there were from 6,000 to 7,000 men at Suez awaiting embarkation for India. Later, one also learns that according to the Gazette of India, on 30 June 1918 Hargobind was made Temporary Captain. Hargobind left for India from the Suez docks via the Chikdara ship on 19 August and reached Bombay on 31 August where he was greeted by the Nazim, friends and family.\tThe Nazim also continued receiving pay from the D.D.o. (Deputy Director of Operations or Director of Operations?) of the 7th Meerut Division on account of Hargobind's service. The particular payments in this diary mention service from 1 October 1917 to 30 April 1918 signifying that Hargobind was in the military well prior to being deployed in May of 1918. The correspondence from Hargobind to the Nazim continued being censored by the censor in Bombay \"who still exists to delay letters \u0026 to justify his existence.\" (11 August 1919)\tFollowing Hargobind's return from the war, he continued serving in the military and as such was leading field hospitals in various conflict areas of India. In October of 1919 he was posted with a Hospital to Bannu close to Peshawar on the North-Western frontier, the border area with Afghanistan and asked the Nazim to mail him his revolver (25 October 1919 entry). In light of this, the Nazim kept urging him to resign from the military service in altogether. The Satyagraha movement led by Ghandi, another significant development in this diary, interrupted His Highness's movements. HH arrived in Jaipur on 28 March. On 5 April the Nazim presented him with sugarcanes and Nazar. Later that month he canceled his travels to Brindaban (in today's state of Uttar Pradesh in northeastern India bordered by Rajasthan to the west) due to the social unrest in British India in general, caused by the Satyagraha movement. \"Owing to Satyagraha movement, strikes, hartals, mob-fighting and all sort of nuisance have taken place in many towns in Br India. Military assistance was requisitioned in lots of places to put down this rising movement.\" (15 April, 1919). However, His Highness did reach Brindaban on 20 April. He returned to Jaipur on 25 April. During his stay there, on 22 April, the Nazim mentioned the unrest in India again writing that all \"sorts of conveyances\u0026quot; were stopped and marshal and curfew laws were instituted in several districts.\tIn addition to the domestic unrest, there was unrest on the North-Western frontier of British India, near the border with Afghanistan, near Peshawar and in Waziristan. The Pioneer reported in May of 1919 that due to the unrest in Afghanistan, \"the mobilization of troops [was] being made at the frontier\u0026quot;. The Nazim wrote that \"in fact, the situation rather look[ed] gloomy (8 April 1919). A couple of days later the Nazim wrote that the \"mobilization of the army according to the Pioneer is going on satisfactorily on the frontier\u0026quot; and reported that martial law was declared in Peshawar, the frontier headquarters of British India (11 May 1919). The Nazim reported on 10 August that peace with Afghanistan was signed. However, a couple of months later, the Pioneer reported that the bombing of the villages in that region started prior to the 25 October 1919 (30 October 1919 entry).\tIn April 1919 the Nazim attended a great Pooja/Poojah (or 'Puja'), a prayer ritual performed by Hindus to host, honor and worship one or more deities, or to spiritually celebrate an event. In May his wife and children accompanied by two Sowars, went to Amer (or Amber), a nearby city, to \"Mataji's temple to perform the ceremony of Namie Babu.\" (2 May, 1919).\tThe 10 April 1919 entry lists details of three Promissory Notes (two War Bonds and one War Loan): their rates of return, their numbers, their maturity dates and their redemption values. The Nazim presented them to the Sambhar Treasury for \"realization of interest\u0026quot;, which he received on 13 April. On the same day, the Nazim also reported an engineer die of phthisis, an archaic name for tuberculosis. On 3 May, he wrote that he received 572 from the Treasury as his pay for the months of March and April. On 9 May, the Nazim met the Nazim of Sambhar. In November of 1919 he realized more interest from the Sambhar Treasury.\tOn 28 May, the Nazim received the news of his uncle, Jai Behari lal, having passed away. Nazim's father was very affected by the news. The Nazim and his daughter-in-law with children traveled to Sherkot for the 13th Day Ceremony to take place on 9 June. A 10th Day Ceremony (on 6 June) also took place.\tOn 19 June 1919, the Nazim mentioned that only 19 boys out of 71 sent from a local college successfully passed a matriculation examination to the University of Allahabad (Uttar Pradesh). He was exasperated about the news.\tOn 7 August, he wrote about his land on Residency Road in Jaipur, how it was being cleared and leveled.\tThere was a change in his professional life on 17 August 1919 when he was officially reassigned from the Girai office back to the Fanjdari office. It seems from the diary entries that this reassignment was not without some drama.\tHer Highness Dowager Maharani of Gwahir died in September 1919.\tThe Nazim received consignments of sugar canes, which were then presented to HH (31 October 1919).\tThe Nazim attended events at the Christian mission church outside of Chandpole, Purani Basti in Jaipur (31 October 1919).\tThere was an annual holiday surrounding lunar eclipses and the one in 1919 was on 8 November. The Nazim complained that it took place on the day of the eclipse and not the following day \"as is the case everywhere else and as it should be.\" (8 November 1919)\tThe Nazim mentioned the British Resident, Col. Robert Arthur Edward Benn (1915/16 - 1922), on a frequent basis as he has much professional contact with him, but usually the mentions are simply of meetings with him with no further infomation, for example a mention that the Col. went to the Chief's Conference in Dehli, which took place ~27 October - 8 November, also attended by 'the Minister' and Babu Abinash. However, later there was an unusual mention - namely, the Col. delivered a couple of lectures on his overland journey from India to England. These lectures were \"illustrated by magic lantern slides\u0026quot; and were given at \"the College\" (15 November 1919). They were a hit and had non-English speaking audience, which, the Nazim reported, \"has assembled to visit the College as if they were going to a cinema\u0026quot; (15 November 1919).\tIn November the Nazim discussed Hargobind's career and prospects with Col. Deas.\tDecember is the start of the betrothal and wedding season in the region during which \"feasts take place every day\" (30 November 1919)\tDuring December of 1919 Peace Celebrations took place with four distinct holidays. The Nazim was on the organization committee, which also included the minister and the Resident. As part of it, thousands of poor were fed, garden parties were held, thanksgiving celebrations were held in churches, temples, and mosques, celebratory gun salvoes were fired, fairs were held, and fireworks and illuminations took place.","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","English Hindi Urdu"],"unitid_tesim":["Mss. Acc. 2011.617","/repositories/2/resources/7478"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Radha Mohan Lal B.A. Diaries"],"collection_title_tesim":["Radha Mohan Lal B.A. Diaries"],"collection_ssim":["Radha Mohan Lal B.A. Diaries"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"geogname_ssm":["India--Description and travel"],"geogname_ssim":["India--Description and travel"],"places_ssim":["India--Description and travel"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"access_subjects_ssim":["India--History--20th century","Diaries"],"access_subjects_ssm":["India--History--20th century","Diaries"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.70 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["0.70 Linear Feet"],"physfacet_tesim":["6 volumes."],"genreform_ssim":["Diaries"],"date_range_isim":[1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access:"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eChronological\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement of Materials:"],"arrangement_tesim":["Chronological"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRadha Mohan Lal was approximatey 40-47 years old when he was writing his diaries. He had attended the Jaipur College. Religiously he and his family were Hindus, he knew Urdu, had a living father, wife, and children (two sons: Hargobind and Gobinda, and daughters). He owned land in Jaipur. His son, Hargobind, was married, had children and was part of the 7th Meerut Division, an infantry division of the British Indian Army that saw active service during WWI. Hargobind was sent to the Middle Eastern front in May of 1918 where he headed a hospital and was wounded. He survived and recovered well. He spent most of his time in Egypt. He returned to India in August of 1919.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe hierarchy of the British and native governmental bodies and officials at the time the diaries were written:  • H.M. King Emperor;  • Council of Regency (Eight Members); had a Foreign Dept and a Police Dept. • H.H. the Maharaja of Jaipur/Maharajadhira: Sawai Madho Singh II (1880-1922) • Ministers/Dewans: Chief Minister (Dewan): Amar Nath Atal (1916-1922) • British Resident: Robert Arthur Edward Benn (1915/16-1922).\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical","Administrative History:"],"bioghist_tesim":["Radha Mohan Lal was approximatey 40-47 years old when he was writing his diaries. He had attended the Jaipur College. Religiously he and his family were Hindus, he knew Urdu, had a living father, wife, and children (two sons: Hargobind and Gobinda, and daughters). He owned land in Jaipur. His son, Hargobind, was married, had children and was part of the 7th Meerut Division, an infantry division of the British Indian Army that saw active service during WWI. Hargobind was sent to the Middle Eastern front in May of 1918 where he headed a hospital and was wounded. He survived and recovered well. He spent most of his time in Egypt. He returned to India in August of 1919.","The hierarchy of the British and native governmental bodies and officials at the time the diaries were written:  • H.M. King Emperor;  • Council of Regency (Eight Members); had a Foreign Dept and a Police Dept. • H.H. the Maharaja of Jaipur/Maharajadhira: Sawai Madho Singh II (1880-1922) • Ministers/Dewans: Chief Minister (Dewan): Amar Nath Atal (1916-1922) • British Resident: Robert Arthur Edward Benn (1915/16-1922)."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRadha Mohan Lal Diaries, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Radha Mohan Lal Diaries, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The diaries were written between 1915-1922 by Munshi Radha Mohan Lal B.A., a Nazim, a city magistrate in the Princely State of Jaipur, today's state of Rajasthan in northwestern India. There are four diaries in Box 1, each spanning one year, and two short ones in Box 2. They are in good condition and all entries are legible. They are written in English, with very few words, phrases, dates, or notes written in Hindi and Urdu. The latter was one of the co-official languages in the general area. There are entries for every day of the year, with some significant exceptions being the period from January 1917 through March 1918 and from 9 March, 1919 to 30 March, 1919. Some of the front pages contain Nazim's official, professional stamp and the last pages usually contain his random notes in English and Urdu (peoples' names, addresses, quotes, business transactions).","The Nazim led very active and intertwined professional, social, and private lives. From 1915 until circa 1917 he served in Sambhar, then through 1922 in Jaipur. He was the official ultimately responsible for the courts in those cities, which were under the authority of the Council of Regency and the Ministers in Jaipur. Thus he tended to have most contact with 'the Minister' and 'the Resident', with the former serving as his \"supervisor\u0026quot;. The Nazim also served on a working committee for the board of civil supplies and a committee to control supplies.","\nThe diaries offer great insight into professional, social, and private lives of native provincial officials in the Princely States of British India, into the relationship between native officials and British officials, into the roles rail and commodities, such as salt and sugar cane, played at the time, British India's experience of WWI, into the Satyagraha movement led by Ghandi, and into everyday life in the Sambhar and Jaipur area of the interwar period (pastimes, habits and traditions, religious ceremonies, ailments and diseases from which people suffered, weather and how it influenced agriculture, prices, etc.).","This diary spans the period of 1 January, 1915 through 31 December, 1915, with no entries between 23 December and 31 December and with a very small minority of them written in, what appears to be, Urdu, one of the coofficial languages in the general area today. It contains a stamp reading: \"Munshi Radha Mohan Lal B.A., Nazim of Sambhar, Jaipur State.\" One learns from it that as the Nazim of Sambhar, the author performed many legal, as well as representative duties, which kept him very busy. He worked during weekends. He wrote correspondence, sent many money orders to magistrates in connection with legal cases, received royalty money from treasuries, worked with his court clerks to record the number of currency notes supplied by the Sall, heard legal cases, was present at inspections of his court and postmortem examinations in the local hospital, made usual arrangements to guard H.E. the Viceroy passing through Sambhar, met with many other officials and administrators, including \"the Resident\" and hosted them in his house on a regular basis. On 15 December, he was photographed during an official presentation of the insignia of Rai Salib to someone.\tThe Nazim appears to be religious. He bathed in sacred streams and on Wednesday, 1 December, 1915, he observed that while the Raj courts were observing a holiday, \"the Salt offices\" were \"working without the last regard to the sanctity of the day.\" \"Salt offices\" most likey referred to the offices administering salt from the Sambhar Lake (the offices of the Commissioner?) or to the last name of the Commissioner mentioned on 13 December, 1915. The Nazim also attended \"the great Jalsa day\" in Sambhar in September of 1915, which most likely referred to some regular day of public parties, festivities (nowadays speakers of Urdu use \"Jalsa\" to mean `procession`, `public rally`, and `public gathering`.)\tOn Saturday, 15 January, a boy named Suresh, who was likely one of Nazim's servants, died of diptheria. The mourning was observed for three days (Saturday, Sunday, and Monday) and the court was closed on Monday.\tOn 6 February there is a mention of the African Theatre of World War I. The Nazim was sent news of an Indian doctor's death, along with the doctor's entire regiment, in the East African Campaign, in which in excess of 200,000 Indian and South African troops fought against the German empire troops between August 1914 and November 1918.","This diary spans the period of 1 January, 1916 to 31 December, 1916, with entries for almost every day of the year, and with certain words, phrases, or dates written in, what appears to be, Urdu, one of the coofficial languages in the general area today. The inside cover has a quote from the Bible and the back pages contain random notes, many of them in Urdu.\tIn the court, Nazim seemed to have worked closely with the Hakim (see, for example, the 20 January, 1916 entry). One of their usual duties was doing Shamlat work, which seems to have been suicide investigation (see, for example, 20 January, 18 June, and 2 December, 1916 entries).\tIn Januray Nazim was busy with marriage arrangements. The ceremonies commenced on Saturday, 12 February, and continued through Monday, when a very large dinner for 1000 persons was given. After the wedding, the Nazim gave away parcels of sweets to the guests, a great example of the gift-giving nature of the Indian culture. Common gifts were shawls, baskets of oranges and melons, and golden watches (The January entries contain prices of gold and rolled gold watches.).\tH.E. the Viceroy visited Jodhpur on 25 February 1916 and the Hakim made the necessary arrangements to guard the railway line. H.E. passed through the area on several other occassions throughout the year and the Nazim helped with the arrangements.\tOn 26 February, the diary relays, H.H. the Maharaja of Jodhpur was invested with full powers by the Viceroy.\tOn 22, 23, and 25 June, as well as 1, 3, 4, and 25 July, the Nazim mentioned \"wife\u0026quot; and \"wife and children\u0026quot;. They lived with his father in Jaiphur, who seemed to have excercised authority over them. From subsequent entries, one finds out that Nazim's wife suffered from problems connected to her reproductive system. According to the 2 December entry, one of the diagnoses was \"derangement in the womb.\" She, the Nazim, and their son were trying to decide on an appropriate doctor under whose care she should be placed.\tAnother glimpse into Nazim's personal family life is offered by the entry from 21 July, in which he mentions the contents of a certificate regarding his son, Hargobind. The certificate reads that Hargobind was the son of \"M. Radha Mohan lal Nazim and magistrate of Sambhar\u0026quot;, that he was a resident of Sherkot, that his family owned much real property and was very respectable. Hargobind was offered a paid position by the Inspector General of Hospitals as surgeon at the Medical College Hospital and accepted it, but stipulated that he was willing to work without remuneration (23 July).\tAt another point in the diary, the Nazim mentioned meeting Hakim Indermul, who lived in Jodhpur at the time, with whom he had attended the Jaipur College.\tOne finds out from this diary how important salt was to this region of India. The treaty between the Jodhpur Princely State and Britain specified regular payments by the Salt Treasury in Sambhar (see 5 June for a list of officers) to the Council in Jodhpur. This points to the Jodhpur State being a larger Princely State in India, as such States had treaties with Britain that specified which rights the princes had. Nazim wrote about salt samples for \"supplying (...) the state\u0026quot; on 6 June, 1916.The Treasury seemed to have been the main source of income for the Council, which regularly sent payment orders to the Treasury via Nazim's court. The Treasury relayed the treaty payment money through Nazim's court, where clerks recorded their currency denominations and their numbers, a requirement by the clerks of the Treasury in Jaipur. Subsequently, the money was personally delivered to Jaipur, very often by the Nazim himself (see 27 and 28 January, 1916). Further, it seems that a portion of Nazim's personal income came from promissory notes bought from the Sambhar Treasury and other sources. On 20 September, Nazim wrote that he \"realized from the Sambhar Treasury 8.4.0. on account of interest on [his] pro note\u0026quot; and on 6 December he \"applied [...] to the Treasury officer [...] to convert [his] 3 1/2 % Pro note for 500- into 4% conversion loan.\"\tNazim mentioned several court cases - a stolen property case, a criminal murder case, a rape case, into which he wanted to inquire in Phalera on 14 July, a Shamlat affair about which he had to see the Minister, and a criminal case of death of Gangla (?) Brahman, a high profile case likely going to be put before His Highness (2 July).\tThere was a cholera outbreak in July and August that affected Jaipur and Sambhar.\tThe 1916 diary, for example, mentions the area's cricket teams, various diseases from which people were suffering and mourning customs.\tHe attended \"the birthday Jalsa\u0026quot; in Sambhar in August, which most likely referred to an ordinary holiday or some regular day of public parties, festivities (nowadays speakers of Urdu use \"Jalsa\u0026quot; to mean `procession`, `public rally`, and `public gathering`.) This Jalsa started at 9:30 pm and finished at 3 am in the morning.\tThe December entries contain no mention of Christmas.","This diary spans the period of 1 April, 1918 through 31 March, 1919, with entries in English for almost every day of the year, and certain words, phrases, or dates in Hindi and, what appears to be, Urdu, one of the coofficial languages in the general area today. Following his eye operation in March, there are no entries for approximaterly three weeks. The back pages have random notes in English and Urdu. In contrast to previous diaries, the entries in this diary are shorter and there are fewer of them.\tDuring the diary's time frame, Radha Mohan Lal was a city magistrate in Jaipur. On 18 September, he mentioned he entered his second year of magistracy. He continued having much contact with the British and native government officials, but most so with \"the Minister\u0026quot;, the Chief Minister (Dewan/Diwan), at the time a position filled by Amar Nath Atal (1916 - 1922).\tThus far, this diary contains the most information regarding WWI. In 1 May, 1918 entry Nazim wrote that \"the Minister went to (...) join the war conference.\" In other May entries, he wrote that his son, Hargobind, was in a regiment that was being sent to the front. After finding out this news, the Nazim searched for a servant to accompany Hargobind to the front. And in the anticipation of Hargobind's deployment, many of the family members came to Bariely where Hargobind was at the time. On 19 May Hargobind left for the front and on 22 May embarked with his regiment from Bombay to the Suez docks (via the Gulf of Aden).\tHargobind was sent to the Middle Eastern theatre of WWI. Initially he was in the city of Suez, then in \"Tilkabir\u0026quot;/\"Telilkibir\u0026quot;/ \"Telilkibit\u0026quot;, which most likely meant Tall all Kebir or Tel-el-Kebir (Arabic) in Lower Egypt (June), an area involved in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign, \"Suez\u0026quot; (July), Palestine and Jerusalem (end of July, August, and September), Alexandria (September and October), Ishmailia (October), Suez and Alexandria again (November \u0026 December 1918, January 1919), and finally Ishmailia and Mansoura (May and June 1919). He departed for India in June of 1919. Throughout his deployment from May 1918 to June 1919 Czar Nicholas of the Russian Empire was shot by the Revolutionaries, the British and the Allies succeeded in the Balkans, the Ottoman Empire surrendered unconditionally and signed an armistice, the Germans also surrendered and signed an armistice, the Kaiser fled for Holland, on 27 of November a Victory Day was celebrated all over India, in 1919 Gandhi's movement started gaining in importance and was causing unrest and the British mobilized for Afghanistan.\tHargobind's rank and role within his regiment is not very clear from this diary, but the diary points to his fulfilling communications and/or medical roles. At the end of July and in August Hargobind was \"on the line of communication\u0026quot; in Palestine (2 Septemeber 1918) where he was wounded. Further, the entry from 10 February 1919 reads that he was \"attached to the 160th Indian Combined Field Ambulance\u0026quot;.\tThe news of Hargobind being wounded came via telegram from Hargobind dated either 20 or 26 of September reading that he had been wounded \"superficially in the side\u0026quot; in Palestine, but that he was doing well and via an official report sent to Nazim by Director General of the hospital reading that he suffered shrapnel wounds to the abdominal wall. Hargobind was admitted to a hospital in Alexandria and at the beginning of October he was discharged as recovered and most probably went back to his regiment.\tWhile Hargobind's rank and role withn his regiment are not clear, we do know that his performance at the front was highly praised. Hargobind's grandfather (Nazim's father) sent a letter to Major General John Shea and received a reply in which the General gave \"(...) very high testimony to Hargobind's work at the front.\" (27 October). The General was a British officer in the Indian Army, who fought in the Chitral Expedition, Second Boer War, and WWI. After the War and until he retired in 1932, he served in India, during which time he was the General Officer Commanding-in-Chief of the Eastern Command of the Indian Army.\tThroughout Hargobind's deployment, the communication between him and his father, grandfather, and other family members took place via EFM (Expeditionary Force Message) telegrams (took up to three days), Defd (Deferred) telegrams, cablegrams, letters, and packages. Hargobind's packages usually contained books, \"picture postcards\u0026quot; (e.g. from Jerusalem or the Suez), albums (e.g. of Jerusalem), photos (e.g. on a camel with his orderly at Cairo near the Pyramids), and artifacts (e.g. an antique vase from Jerusalem), while Nazim's contained medical supplies. Other sources of news about the war and Hargobind were official reports from the front, letters from Hargobind's military superiors or doctors, and newspapers, such as the \"Civil Military Gazette\u0026quot; listing wounded and dead soldiers and the \"Pioneer\u0026quot;.\tIn the letter dated 8 June Hargobind mentioned that several of his letters had been detained by censors \"through some mistake in writing the name of the place and his official designation\u0026quot;, as paraphrased by his father. Mail from India going to the front was also censored.\tThroughout Hargobind's deployment, the Nazim received monthly payments from \"D.D.O. Theerut on account of family allotment (...)\" (August entries). He received these payments through January.\tNazim purchased war bonds from the local post-office and hosted meetings of the War Loan Chowbiri (?) Committe with the Chief MInister, Mr. Atal, as the chair.\tThe Nazim continued to be involved with raw materials and during the time span of this diary was responsible for their relay to His Highness, the Maharaja of Jaipur. One of the materials was sugar cane from Suharanpur. In June of 1918 the Nazim was appointed by the Council to the committee to control supplies comprising eight members of the Council, two Dewans, and him. He was also appointed to a four-member working committee for the board of civil supplies. In this dual capacity he dealt mostly with the grain market, by regulating the prices of grain. For example, on 2 October the Nazim did rounds in the grain markets and induced merchants to sell barley at a lower price, given the high and rising prices at that time.\tThe Nazim reported a death due to Typhoid Fever, and thousands of deaths due to influenza in October and Novemeber. At the height of the epidemic over 300 people a day were dying of flu in Jaipur. On 22 October the Nazim wrote, \"Everything seems to be unhinged (...)\" and on the 23 October, \"Very hard times. The whole town seems to be under difficulties on account of this scourge (...).\"\tThe 9 July entry enumerates Nazim's father's pension and Nazim's pay, specifically his regular pay, his \"conveyance allowance\u0026quot; (might have meant funds for staff to transport guests to and from the train station), and \"pay of 5 men\u0026quot;. All were specified by the Council and approved by H.H. A new source of income for Nazim, on account of war, were War Bonds.\tOn 25 August, the Nazim pronounced judgment in a case sentencing the accused to 10 years of imprisonment and a fine.\tOn the occassion of H.H.'s birthday orders were sent to the Nazim for the release of prisoners. His clerks were responsible for working out the details of the release.\tOn 16 October, Nazim's wife gave birth to a son (Jagdeeshwari Dayal). Two days later Mrs. Madan Muhan had a miscarriage (The Muhans were one of Nazim's closest family friends). Finally, on 17 December, Hargobind's wife gave birth to a son, \"happy news\u0026quot; that the Nazim announced to Hargobind via a telegram listing its cost of 6.12.0. The following day he and the family doctor went to the hospital and \"got a bottle of 3x Rum for Mrs. Hargobind's use\u0026quot;. \"Thanks God she is doing well\u0026quot;, wrote the Nazim (18 December). The son died two days and four hours later of chill caught during night, as explained by the doctor (19 December).\tOn 22 January it was announced that HM King Emperor's youngest son died. The Nazim was ordered to close the court on account of the \"Royal mourning\u0026quot;.\tOn 9 March, Radha had an operation to remove a cataract from his left eye. Following it, he couldn't write in his diary as his eyes were bandaged and after the bandages were removed, his eyes were covered in lotion. He resumed normal functioning on 30 March when he went to see the Minister.\tHis Highness arrived in Jaipur on 28 March.","SUMMARY: This diary spans the period of 1 April, 1919 through 31 March, 1920, with entries for almost every day and with some text written in Urdu, one of the co-official languages in the general area today. The front pages of this diary look different from those in the earlier ones. One page has the calendar for 1919 glued onto it and the other has \"RML Mathur's DIARY 1ST APRIL, 1919 to 31ST MARCH, 1920\u0026quot; ornamentally and colorfully written on it.\tThe significant occurrences of this diary were Nazim's son's return from the front in August of 1919, most probably from the Suez with the 137 Indian Stationery Hospital he was commanding. Besides WWI's end, other significant historical events were the Third Afghan War in the North-West frontier in 1919 and the unrest caused by the Satyagraha movement led by Ghandi. The movement started gaining more and more strength following WWI (1919) and caused much unrest in many areas leading to the institution of martial laws regionally in 1919. The Nazim continued to be stationed in Jaipur as a magistrate without significant changes in his professional life. He continued to have the most professional contact with 'the Minister' and 'the Resident'. There was continuity in his personal life as well - he participated in his family life, attended public religious functions, invested via Promissory Notes and wrote about deaths and other significant events in the life of the Jaipur region.\t***\tDETAIL: The Nazim did not hear from Hargobind for an unusually long time, from 3 April to 23 May, and because of that, the Nazim wrote to General Shea, Colonel Lang, and the censor in Bombay complaining and inquiring about the lack of correspondence from Hargobind. On 30 April the Nazim was told that Hargobind might return from the front between 10-14 June. On 1 June, the Nazim wrote that Hargobind was in Mansoura with the 123rd Field Ambulance and on 16 June that Hargobind was with the 121st Ambulance and that he was returning home. However, as of the 22 June cablegram from Hargobind, his return to India was still not settled. Then the 25th and 28th communications from Hargobind read that he would go to Lucknow with the 137 Stationery Hospital, not 121 Ambulance, as formerly announced. His 30 June letter reads that he was in command of the 137 Indian Stationery Hospital and that there were from 6,000 to 7,000 men at Suez awaiting embarkation for India. Later, one also learns that according to the Gazette of India, on 30 June 1918 Hargobind was made Temporary Captain. Hargobind left for India from the Suez docks via the Chikdara ship on 19 August and reached Bombay on 31 August where he was greeted by the Nazim, friends and family.\tThe Nazim also continued receiving pay from the D.D.o. (Deputy Director of Operations or Director of Operations?) of the 7th Meerut Division on account of Hargobind's service. The particular payments in this diary mention service from 1 October 1917 to 30 April 1918 signifying that Hargobind was in the military well prior to being deployed in May of 1918. The correspondence from Hargobind to the Nazim continued being censored by the censor in Bombay \"who still exists to delay letters \u0026 to justify his existence.\" (11 August 1919)\tFollowing Hargobind's return from the war, he continued serving in the military and as such was leading field hospitals in various conflict areas of India. In October of 1919 he was posted with a Hospital to Bannu close to Peshawar on the North-Western frontier, the border area with Afghanistan and asked the Nazim to mail him his revolver (25 October 1919 entry). In light of this, the Nazim kept urging him to resign from the military service in altogether. The Satyagraha movement led by Ghandi, another significant development in this diary, interrupted His Highness's movements. HH arrived in Jaipur on 28 March. On 5 April the Nazim presented him with sugarcanes and Nazar. Later that month he canceled his travels to Brindaban (in today's state of Uttar Pradesh in northeastern India bordered by Rajasthan to the west) due to the social unrest in British India in general, caused by the Satyagraha movement. \"Owing to Satyagraha movement, strikes, hartals, mob-fighting and all sort of nuisance have taken place in many towns in Br India. Military assistance was requisitioned in lots of places to put down this rising movement.\" (15 April, 1919). However, His Highness did reach Brindaban on 20 April. He returned to Jaipur on 25 April. During his stay there, on 22 April, the Nazim mentioned the unrest in India again writing that all \"sorts of conveyances\u0026quot; were stopped and marshal and curfew laws were instituted in several districts.\tIn addition to the domestic unrest, there was unrest on the North-Western frontier of British India, near the border with Afghanistan, near Peshawar and in Waziristan. The Pioneer reported in May of 1919 that due to the unrest in Afghanistan, \"the mobilization of troops [was] being made at the frontier\u0026quot;. The Nazim wrote that \"in fact, the situation rather look[ed] gloomy (8 April 1919). A couple of days later the Nazim wrote that the \"mobilization of the army according to the Pioneer is going on satisfactorily on the frontier\u0026quot; and reported that martial law was declared in Peshawar, the frontier headquarters of British India (11 May 1919). The Nazim reported on 10 August that peace with Afghanistan was signed. However, a couple of months later, the Pioneer reported that the bombing of the villages in that region started prior to the 25 October 1919 (30 October 1919 entry).\tIn April 1919 the Nazim attended a great Pooja/Poojah (or 'Puja'), a prayer ritual performed by Hindus to host, honor and worship one or more deities, or to spiritually celebrate an event. In May his wife and children accompanied by two Sowars, went to Amer (or Amber), a nearby city, to \"Mataji's temple to perform the ceremony of Namie Babu.\" (2 May, 1919).\tThe 10 April 1919 entry lists details of three Promissory Notes (two War Bonds and one War Loan): their rates of return, their numbers, their maturity dates and their redemption values. The Nazim presented them to the Sambhar Treasury for \"realization of interest\u0026quot;, which he received on 13 April. On the same day, the Nazim also reported an engineer die of phthisis, an archaic name for tuberculosis. On 3 May, he wrote that he received 572 from the Treasury as his pay for the months of March and April. On 9 May, the Nazim met the Nazim of Sambhar. In November of 1919 he realized more interest from the Sambhar Treasury.\tOn 28 May, the Nazim received the news of his uncle, Jai Behari lal, having passed away. Nazim's father was very affected by the news. The Nazim and his daughter-in-law with children traveled to Sherkot for the 13th Day Ceremony to take place on 9 June. A 10th Day Ceremony (on 6 June) also took place.\tOn 19 June 1919, the Nazim mentioned that only 19 boys out of 71 sent from a local college successfully passed a matriculation examination to the University of Allahabad (Uttar Pradesh). He was exasperated about the news.\tOn 7 August, he wrote about his land on Residency Road in Jaipur, how it was being cleared and leveled.\tThere was a change in his professional life on 17 August 1919 when he was officially reassigned from the Girai office back to the Fanjdari office. It seems from the diary entries that this reassignment was not without some drama.\tHer Highness Dowager Maharani of Gwahir died in September 1919.\tThe Nazim received consignments of sugar canes, which were then presented to HH (31 October 1919).\tThe Nazim attended events at the Christian mission church outside of Chandpole, Purani Basti in Jaipur (31 October 1919).\tThere was an annual holiday surrounding lunar eclipses and the one in 1919 was on 8 November. The Nazim complained that it took place on the day of the eclipse and not the following day \"as is the case everywhere else and as it should be.\" (8 November 1919)\tThe Nazim mentioned the British Resident, Col. Robert Arthur Edward Benn (1915/16 - 1922), on a frequent basis as he has much professional contact with him, but usually the mentions are simply of meetings with him with no further infomation, for example a mention that the Col. went to the Chief's Conference in Dehli, which took place ~27 October - 8 November, also attended by 'the Minister' and Babu Abinash. However, later there was an unusual mention - namely, the Col. delivered a couple of lectures on his overland journey from India to England. These lectures were \"illustrated by magic lantern slides\u0026quot; and were given at \"the College\" (15 November 1919). They were a hit and had non-English speaking audience, which, the Nazim reported, \"has assembled to visit the College as if they were going to a cinema\u0026quot; (15 November 1919).\tIn November the Nazim discussed Hargobind's career and prospects with Col. Deas.\tDecember is the start of the betrothal and wedding season in the region during which \"feasts take place every day\" (30 November 1919)\tDuring December of 1919 Peace Celebrations took place with four distinct holidays. The Nazim was on the organization committee, which also included the minister and the Resident. As part of it, thousands of poor were fed, garden parties were held, thanksgiving celebrations were held in churches, temples, and mosques, celebratory gun salvoes were fired, fairs were held, and fireworks and illuminations took place."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use:"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"language_ssim":["English Hindi Urdu"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":6,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-20T22:44:18.559Z","scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe diaries were written between 1915-1922 by Munshi Radha Mohan Lal B.A., a Nazim, a city magistrate in the Princely State of Jaipur, today's state of Rajasthan in northwestern India. There are four diaries in Box 1, each spanning one year, and two short ones in Box 2. They are in good condition and all entries are legible. They are written in English, with very few words, phrases, dates, or notes written in Hindi and Urdu. The latter was one of the co-official languages in the general area. There are entries for every day of the year, with some significant exceptions being the period from January 1917 through March 1918 and from 9 March, 1919 to 30 March, 1919. Some of the front pages contain Nazim's official, professional stamp and the last pages usually contain his random notes in English and Urdu (peoples' names, addresses, quotes, business transactions).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Nazim led very active and intertwined professional, social, and private lives. From 1915 until circa 1917 he served in Sambhar, then through 1922 in Jaipur. He was the official ultimately responsible for the courts in those cities, which were under the authority of the Council of Regency and the Ministers in Jaipur. Thus he tended to have most contact with 'the Minister' and 'the Resident', with the former serving as his \"supervisor\u0026amp;quot;. The Nazim also served on a working committee for the board of civil supplies and a committee to control supplies.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nThe diaries offer great insight into professional, social, and private lives of native provincial officials in the Princely States of British India, into the relationship between native officials and British officials, into the roles rail and commodities, such as salt and sugar cane, played at the time, British India's experience of WWI, into the Satyagraha movement led by Ghandi, and into everyday life in the Sambhar and Jaipur area of the interwar period (pastimes, habits and traditions, religious ceremonies, ailments and diseases from which people suffered, weather and how it influenced agriculture, prices, etc.).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis diary spans the period of 1 January, 1915 through 31 December, 1915, with no entries between 23 December and 31 December and with a very small minority of them written in, what appears to be, Urdu, one of the coofficial languages in the general area today. It contains a stamp reading: \"Munshi Radha Mohan Lal B.A., Nazim of Sambhar, Jaipur State.\" One learns from it that as the Nazim of Sambhar, the author performed many legal, as well as representative duties, which kept him very busy. He worked during weekends. He wrote correspondence, sent many money orders to magistrates in connection with legal cases, received royalty money from treasuries, worked with his court clerks to record the number of currency notes supplied by the Sall, heard legal cases, was present at inspections of his court and postmortem examinations in the local hospital, made usual arrangements to guard H.E. the Viceroy passing through Sambhar, met with many other officials and administrators, including \"the Resident\" and hosted them in his house on a regular basis. On 15 December, he was photographed during an official presentation of the insignia of Rai Salib to someone.\tThe Nazim appears to be religious. He bathed in sacred streams and on Wednesday, 1 December, 1915, he observed that while the Raj courts were observing a holiday, \"the Salt offices\" were \"working without the last regard to the sanctity of the day.\" \"Salt offices\" most likey referred to the offices administering salt from the Sambhar Lake (the offices of the Commissioner?) or to the last name of the Commissioner mentioned on 13 December, 1915. The Nazim also attended \"the great Jalsa day\" in Sambhar in September of 1915, which most likely referred to some regular day of public parties, festivities (nowadays speakers of Urdu use \"Jalsa\" to mean `procession`, `public rally`, and `public gathering`.)\tOn Saturday, 15 January, a boy named Suresh, who was likely one of Nazim's servants, died of diptheria. The mourning was observed for three days (Saturday, Sunday, and Monday) and the court was closed on Monday.\tOn 6 February there is a mention of the African Theatre of World War I. The Nazim was sent news of an Indian doctor's death, along with the doctor's entire regiment, in the East African Campaign, in which in excess of 200,000 Indian and South African troops fought against the German empire troops between August 1914 and November 1918.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis diary spans the period of 1 January, 1916 to 31 December, 1916, with entries for almost every day of the year, and with certain words, phrases, or dates written in, what appears to be, Urdu, one of the coofficial languages in the general area today. The inside cover has a quote from the Bible and the back pages contain random notes, many of them in Urdu.\tIn the court, Nazim seemed to have worked closely with the Hakim (see, for example, the 20 January, 1916 entry). One of their usual duties was doing Shamlat work, which seems to have been suicide investigation (see, for example, 20 January, 18 June, and 2 December, 1916 entries).\tIn Januray Nazim was busy with marriage arrangements. The ceremonies commenced on Saturday, 12 February, and continued through Monday, when a very large dinner for 1000 persons was given. After the wedding, the Nazim gave away parcels of sweets to the guests, a great example of the gift-giving nature of the Indian culture. Common gifts were shawls, baskets of oranges and melons, and golden watches (The January entries contain prices of gold and rolled gold watches.).\tH.E. the Viceroy visited Jodhpur on 25 February 1916 and the Hakim made the necessary arrangements to guard the railway line. H.E. passed through the area on several other occassions throughout the year and the Nazim helped with the arrangements.\tOn 26 February, the diary relays, H.H. the Maharaja of Jodhpur was invested with full powers by the Viceroy.\tOn 22, 23, and 25 June, as well as 1, 3, 4, and 25 July, the Nazim mentioned \"wife\u0026amp;quot; and \"wife and children\u0026amp;quot;. They lived with his father in Jaiphur, who seemed to have excercised authority over them. From subsequent entries, one finds out that Nazim's wife suffered from problems connected to her reproductive system. According to the 2 December entry, one of the diagnoses was \"derangement in the womb.\" She, the Nazim, and their son were trying to decide on an appropriate doctor under whose care she should be placed.\tAnother glimpse into Nazim's personal family life is offered by the entry from 21 July, in which he mentions the contents of a certificate regarding his son, Hargobind. The certificate reads that Hargobind was the son of \"M. Radha Mohan lal Nazim and magistrate of Sambhar\u0026amp;quot;, that he was a resident of Sherkot, that his family owned much real property and was very respectable. Hargobind was offered a paid position by the Inspector General of Hospitals as surgeon at the Medical College Hospital and accepted it, but stipulated that he was willing to work without remuneration (23 July).\tAt another point in the diary, the Nazim mentioned meeting Hakim Indermul, who lived in Jodhpur at the time, with whom he had attended the Jaipur College.\tOne finds out from this diary how important salt was to this region of India. The treaty between the Jodhpur Princely State and Britain specified regular payments by the Salt Treasury in Sambhar (see 5 June for a list of officers) to the Council in Jodhpur. This points to the Jodhpur State being a larger Princely State in India, as such States had treaties with Britain that specified which rights the princes had. Nazim wrote about salt samples for \"supplying (...) the state\u0026amp;quot; on 6 June, 1916.The Treasury seemed to have been the main source of income for the Council, which regularly sent payment orders to the Treasury via Nazim's court. The Treasury relayed the treaty payment money through Nazim's court, where clerks recorded their currency denominations and their numbers, a requirement by the clerks of the Treasury in Jaipur. Subsequently, the money was personally delivered to Jaipur, very often by the Nazim himself (see 27 and 28 January, 1916). Further, it seems that a portion of Nazim's personal income came from promissory notes bought from the Sambhar Treasury and other sources. On 20 September, Nazim wrote that he \"realized from the Sambhar Treasury 8.4.0. on account of interest on [his] pro note\u0026amp;quot; and on 6 December he \"applied [...] to the Treasury officer [...] to convert [his] 3 1/2 % Pro note for 500- into 4% conversion loan.\"\tNazim mentioned several court cases - a stolen property case, a criminal murder case, a rape case, into which he wanted to inquire in Phalera on 14 July, a Shamlat affair about which he had to see the Minister, and a criminal case of death of Gangla (?) Brahman, a high profile case likely going to be put before His Highness (2 July).\tThere was a cholera outbreak in July and August that affected Jaipur and Sambhar.\tThe 1916 diary, for example, mentions the area's cricket teams, various diseases from which people were suffering and mourning customs.\tHe attended \"the birthday Jalsa\u0026amp;quot; in Sambhar in August, which most likely referred to an ordinary holiday or some regular day of public parties, festivities (nowadays speakers of Urdu use \"Jalsa\u0026amp;quot; to mean `procession`, `public rally`, and `public gathering`.) This Jalsa started at 9:30 pm and finished at 3 am in the morning.\tThe December entries contain no mention of Christmas.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis diary spans the period of 1 April, 1918 through 31 March, 1919, with entries in English for almost every day of the year, and certain words, phrases, or dates in Hindi and, what appears to be, Urdu, one of the coofficial languages in the general area today. Following his eye operation in March, there are no entries for approximaterly three weeks. The back pages have random notes in English and Urdu. In contrast to previous diaries, the entries in this diary are shorter and there are fewer of them.\tDuring the diary's time frame, Radha Mohan Lal was a city magistrate in Jaipur. On 18 September, he mentioned he entered his second year of magistracy. He continued having much contact with the British and native government officials, but most so with \"the Minister\u0026amp;quot;, the Chief Minister (Dewan/Diwan), at the time a position filled by Amar Nath Atal (1916 - 1922).\tThus far, this diary contains the most information regarding WWI. In 1 May, 1918 entry Nazim wrote that \"the Minister went to (...) join the war conference.\" In other May entries, he wrote that his son, Hargobind, was in a regiment that was being sent to the front. After finding out this news, the Nazim searched for a servant to accompany Hargobind to the front. And in the anticipation of Hargobind's deployment, many of the family members came to Bariely where Hargobind was at the time. On 19 May Hargobind left for the front and on 22 May embarked with his regiment from Bombay to the Suez docks (via the Gulf of Aden).\tHargobind was sent to the Middle Eastern theatre of WWI. Initially he was in the city of Suez, then in \"Tilkabir\u0026amp;quot;/\"Telilkibir\u0026amp;quot;/ \"Telilkibit\u0026amp;quot;, which most likely meant Tall all Kebir or Tel-el-Kebir (Arabic) in Lower Egypt (June), an area involved in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign, \"Suez\u0026amp;quot; (July), Palestine and Jerusalem (end of July, August, and September), Alexandria (September and October), Ishmailia (October), Suez and Alexandria again (November \u0026amp; December 1918, January 1919), and finally Ishmailia and Mansoura (May and June 1919). He departed for India in June of 1919. Throughout his deployment from May 1918 to June 1919 Czar Nicholas of the Russian Empire was shot by the Revolutionaries, the British and the Allies succeeded in the Balkans, the Ottoman Empire surrendered unconditionally and signed an armistice, the Germans also surrendered and signed an armistice, the Kaiser fled for Holland, on 27 of November a Victory Day was celebrated all over India, in 1919 Gandhi's movement started gaining in importance and was causing unrest and the British mobilized for Afghanistan.\tHargobind's rank and role within his regiment is not very clear from this diary, but the diary points to his fulfilling communications and/or medical roles. At the end of July and in August Hargobind was \"on the line of communication\u0026amp;quot; in Palestine (2 Septemeber 1918) where he was wounded. Further, the entry from 10 February 1919 reads that he was \"attached to the 160th Indian Combined Field Ambulance\u0026amp;quot;.\tThe news of Hargobind being wounded came via telegram from Hargobind dated either 20 or 26 of September reading that he had been wounded \"superficially in the side\u0026amp;quot; in Palestine, but that he was doing well and via an official report sent to Nazim by Director General of the hospital reading that he suffered shrapnel wounds to the abdominal wall. Hargobind was admitted to a hospital in Alexandria and at the beginning of October he was discharged as recovered and most probably went back to his regiment.\tWhile Hargobind's rank and role withn his regiment are not clear, we do know that his performance at the front was highly praised. Hargobind's grandfather (Nazim's father) sent a letter to Major General John Shea and received a reply in which the General gave \"(...) very high testimony to Hargobind's work at the front.\" (27 October). The General was a British officer in the Indian Army, who fought in the Chitral Expedition, Second Boer War, and WWI. After the War and until he retired in 1932, he served in India, during which time he was the General Officer Commanding-in-Chief of the Eastern Command of the Indian Army.\tThroughout Hargobind's deployment, the communication between him and his father, grandfather, and other family members took place via EFM (Expeditionary Force Message) telegrams (took up to three days), Defd (Deferred) telegrams, cablegrams, letters, and packages. Hargobind's packages usually contained books, \"picture postcards\u0026amp;quot; (e.g. from Jerusalem or the Suez), albums (e.g. of Jerusalem), photos (e.g. on a camel with his orderly at Cairo near the Pyramids), and artifacts (e.g. an antique vase from Jerusalem), while Nazim's contained medical supplies. Other sources of news about the war and Hargobind were official reports from the front, letters from Hargobind's military superiors or doctors, and newspapers, such as the \"Civil Military Gazette\u0026amp;quot; listing wounded and dead soldiers and the \"Pioneer\u0026amp;quot;.\tIn the letter dated 8 June Hargobind mentioned that several of his letters had been detained by censors \"through some mistake in writing the name of the place and his official designation\u0026amp;quot;, as paraphrased by his father. Mail from India going to the front was also censored.\tThroughout Hargobind's deployment, the Nazim received monthly payments from \"D.D.O. Theerut on account of family allotment (...)\" (August entries). He received these payments through January.\tNazim purchased war bonds from the local post-office and hosted meetings of the War Loan Chowbiri (?) Committe with the Chief MInister, Mr. Atal, as the chair.\tThe Nazim continued to be involved with raw materials and during the time span of this diary was responsible for their relay to His Highness, the Maharaja of Jaipur. One of the materials was sugar cane from Suharanpur. In June of 1918 the Nazim was appointed by the Council to the committee to control supplies comprising eight members of the Council, two Dewans, and him. He was also appointed to a four-member working committee for the board of civil supplies. In this dual capacity he dealt mostly with the grain market, by regulating the prices of grain. For example, on 2 October the Nazim did rounds in the grain markets and induced merchants to sell barley at a lower price, given the high and rising prices at that time.\tThe Nazim reported a death due to Typhoid Fever, and thousands of deaths due to influenza in October and Novemeber. At the height of the epidemic over 300 people a day were dying of flu in Jaipur. On 22 October the Nazim wrote, \"Everything seems to be unhinged (...)\" and on the 23 October, \"Very hard times. The whole town seems to be under difficulties on account of this scourge (...).\"\tThe 9 July entry enumerates Nazim's father's pension and Nazim's pay, specifically his regular pay, his \"conveyance allowance\u0026amp;quot; (might have meant funds for staff to transport guests to and from the train station), and \"pay of 5 men\u0026amp;quot;. All were specified by the Council and approved by H.H. A new source of income for Nazim, on account of war, were War Bonds.\tOn 25 August, the Nazim pronounced judgment in a case sentencing the accused to 10 years of imprisonment and a fine.\tOn the occassion of H.H.'s birthday orders were sent to the Nazim for the release of prisoners. His clerks were responsible for working out the details of the release.\tOn 16 October, Nazim's wife gave birth to a son (Jagdeeshwari Dayal). Two days later Mrs. Madan Muhan had a miscarriage (The Muhans were one of Nazim's closest family friends). Finally, on 17 December, Hargobind's wife gave birth to a son, \"happy news\u0026amp;quot; that the Nazim announced to Hargobind via a telegram listing its cost of 6.12.0. The following day he and the family doctor went to the hospital and \"got a bottle of 3x Rum for Mrs. Hargobind's use\u0026amp;quot;. \"Thanks God she is doing well\u0026amp;quot;, wrote the Nazim (18 December). The son died two days and four hours later of chill caught during night, as explained by the doctor (19 December).\tOn 22 January it was announced that HM King Emperor's youngest son died. The Nazim was ordered to close the court on account of the \"Royal mourning\u0026amp;quot;.\tOn 9 March, Radha had an operation to remove a cataract from his left eye. Following it, he couldn't write in his diary as his eyes were bandaged and after the bandages were removed, his eyes were covered in lotion. He resumed normal functioning on 30 March when he went to see the Minister.\tHis Highness arrived in Jaipur on 28 March.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSUMMARY: This diary spans the period of 1 April, 1919 through 31 March, 1920, with entries for almost every day and with some text written in Urdu, one of the co-official languages in the general area today. The front pages of this diary look different from those in the earlier ones. One page has the calendar for 1919 glued onto it and the other has \"RML Mathur's DIARY 1ST APRIL, 1919 to 31ST MARCH, 1920\u0026amp;quot; ornamentally and colorfully written on it.\tThe significant occurrences of this diary were Nazim's son's return from the front in August of 1919, most probably from the Suez with the 137 Indian Stationery Hospital he was commanding. Besides WWI's end, other significant historical events were the Third Afghan War in the North-West frontier in 1919 and the unrest caused by the Satyagraha movement led by Ghandi. The movement started gaining more and more strength following WWI (1919) and caused much unrest in many areas leading to the institution of martial laws regionally in 1919. The Nazim continued to be stationed in Jaipur as a magistrate without significant changes in his professional life. He continued to have the most professional contact with 'the Minister' and 'the Resident'. There was continuity in his personal life as well - he participated in his family life, attended public religious functions, invested via Promissory Notes and wrote about deaths and other significant events in the life of the Jaipur region.\t***\tDETAIL: The Nazim did not hear from Hargobind for an unusually long time, from 3 April to 23 May, and because of that, the Nazim wrote to General Shea, Colonel Lang, and the censor in Bombay complaining and inquiring about the lack of correspondence from Hargobind. On 30 April the Nazim was told that Hargobind might return from the front between 10-14 June. On 1 June, the Nazim wrote that Hargobind was in Mansoura with the 123rd Field Ambulance and on 16 June that Hargobind was with the 121st Ambulance and that he was returning home. However, as of the 22 June cablegram from Hargobind, his return to India was still not settled. Then the 25th and 28th communications from Hargobind read that he would go to Lucknow with the 137 Stationery Hospital, not 121 Ambulance, as formerly announced. His 30 June letter reads that he was in command of the 137 Indian Stationery Hospital and that there were from 6,000 to 7,000 men at Suez awaiting embarkation for India. Later, one also learns that according to the Gazette of India, on 30 June 1918 Hargobind was made Temporary Captain. Hargobind left for India from the Suez docks via the Chikdara ship on 19 August and reached Bombay on 31 August where he was greeted by the Nazim, friends and family.\tThe Nazim also continued receiving pay from the D.D.o. (Deputy Director of Operations or Director of Operations?) of the 7th Meerut Division on account of Hargobind's service. The particular payments in this diary mention service from 1 October 1917 to 30 April 1918 signifying that Hargobind was in the military well prior to being deployed in May of 1918. The correspondence from Hargobind to the Nazim continued being censored by the censor in Bombay \"who still exists to delay letters \u0026amp; to justify his existence.\" (11 August 1919)\tFollowing Hargobind's return from the war, he continued serving in the military and as such was leading field hospitals in various conflict areas of India. In October of 1919 he was posted with a Hospital to Bannu close to Peshawar on the North-Western frontier, the border area with Afghanistan and asked the Nazim to mail him his revolver (25 October 1919 entry). In light of this, the Nazim kept urging him to resign from the military service in altogether. The Satyagraha movement led by Ghandi, another significant development in this diary, interrupted His Highness's movements. HH arrived in Jaipur on 28 March. On 5 April the Nazim presented him with sugarcanes and Nazar. Later that month he canceled his travels to Brindaban (in today's state of Uttar Pradesh in northeastern India bordered by Rajasthan to the west) due to the social unrest in British India in general, caused by the Satyagraha movement. \"Owing to Satyagraha movement, strikes, hartals, mob-fighting and all sort of nuisance have taken place in many towns in Br India. Military assistance was requisitioned in lots of places to put down this rising movement.\" (15 April, 1919). However, His Highness did reach Brindaban on 20 April. He returned to Jaipur on 25 April. During his stay there, on 22 April, the Nazim mentioned the unrest in India again writing that all \"sorts of conveyances\u0026amp;quot; were stopped and marshal and curfew laws were instituted in several districts.\tIn addition to the domestic unrest, there was unrest on the North-Western frontier of British India, near the border with Afghanistan, near Peshawar and in Waziristan. The Pioneer reported in May of 1919 that due to the unrest in Afghanistan, \"the mobilization of troops [was] being made at the frontier\u0026amp;quot;. The Nazim wrote that \"in fact, the situation rather look[ed] gloomy (8 April 1919). A couple of days later the Nazim wrote that the \"mobilization of the army according to the Pioneer is going on satisfactorily on the frontier\u0026amp;quot; and reported that martial law was declared in Peshawar, the frontier headquarters of British India (11 May 1919). The Nazim reported on 10 August that peace with Afghanistan was signed. However, a couple of months later, the Pioneer reported that the bombing of the villages in that region started prior to the 25 October 1919 (30 October 1919 entry).\tIn April 1919 the Nazim attended a great Pooja/Poojah (or 'Puja'), a prayer ritual performed by Hindus to host, honor and worship one or more deities, or to spiritually celebrate an event. In May his wife and children accompanied by two Sowars, went to Amer (or Amber), a nearby city, to \"Mataji's temple to perform the ceremony of Namie Babu.\" (2 May, 1919).\tThe 10 April 1919 entry lists details of three Promissory Notes (two War Bonds and one War Loan): their rates of return, their numbers, their maturity dates and their redemption values. The Nazim presented them to the Sambhar Treasury for \"realization of interest\u0026amp;quot;, which he received on 13 April. On the same day, the Nazim also reported an engineer die of phthisis, an archaic name for tuberculosis. On 3 May, he wrote that he received 572 from the Treasury as his pay for the months of March and April. On 9 May, the Nazim met the Nazim of Sambhar. In November of 1919 he realized more interest from the Sambhar Treasury.\tOn 28 May, the Nazim received the news of his uncle, Jai Behari lal, having passed away. Nazim's father was very affected by the news. The Nazim and his daughter-in-law with children traveled to Sherkot for the 13th Day Ceremony to take place on 9 June. A 10th Day Ceremony (on 6 June) also took place.\tOn 19 June 1919, the Nazim mentioned that only 19 boys out of 71 sent from a local college successfully passed a matriculation examination to the University of Allahabad (Uttar Pradesh). He was exasperated about the news.\tOn 7 August, he wrote about his land on Residency Road in Jaipur, how it was being cleared and leveled.\tThere was a change in his professional life on 17 August 1919 when he was officially reassigned from the Girai office back to the Fanjdari office. It seems from the diary entries that this reassignment was not without some drama.\tHer Highness Dowager Maharani of Gwahir died in September 1919.\tThe Nazim received consignments of sugar canes, which were then presented to HH (31 October 1919).\tThe Nazim attended events at the Christian mission church outside of Chandpole, Purani Basti in Jaipur (31 October 1919).\tThere was an annual holiday surrounding lunar eclipses and the one in 1919 was on 8 November. The Nazim complained that it took place on the day of the eclipse and not the following day \"as is the case everywhere else and as it should be.\" (8 November 1919)\tThe Nazim mentioned the British Resident, Col. Robert Arthur Edward Benn (1915/16 - 1922), on a frequent basis as he has much professional contact with him, but usually the mentions are simply of meetings with him with no further infomation, for example a mention that the Col. went to the Chief's Conference in Dehli, which took place ~27 October - 8 November, also attended by 'the Minister' and Babu Abinash. However, later there was an unusual mention - namely, the Col. delivered a couple of lectures on his overland journey from India to England. These lectures were \"illustrated by magic lantern slides\u0026amp;quot; and were given at \"the College\" (15 November 1919). They were a hit and had non-English speaking audience, which, the Nazim reported, \"has assembled to visit the College as if they were going to a cinema\u0026amp;quot; (15 November 1919).\tIn November the Nazim discussed Hargobind's career and prospects with Col. Deas.\tDecember is the start of the betrothal and wedding season in the region during which \"feasts take place every day\" (30 November 1919)\tDuring December of 1919 Peace Celebrations took place with four distinct holidays. The Nazim was on the organization committee, which also included the minister and the Resident. As part of it, thousands of poor were fed, garden parties were held, thanksgiving celebrations were held in churches, temples, and mosques, celebratory gun salvoes were fired, fairs were held, and fireworks and illuminations took place.\u003c/p\u003e"]}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_7478"}}],"included":[{"type":"facet","id":"repository_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Repository","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"College of William and Mary","value":"College of William and Mary","hits":4},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=India--History--20th+century\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=College+of+William+and+Mary"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/repository_ssim.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=India--History--20th+century\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"type":"facet","id":"collection_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Collection","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Charles Mills Sheldon Papers","value":"Charles Mills Sheldon Papers","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=India--History--20th+century\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Charles+Mills+Sheldon+Papers\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Lina Nancy Potter Papers","value":"Lina Nancy Potter Papers","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=India--History--20th+century\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Lina+Nancy+Potter+Papers\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Lucian W. 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