{"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Gold\u0026view=list","last":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Gold\u0026page=1\u0026view=list"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":1,"next_page":null,"prev_page":null,"total_pages":1,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":0,"total_count":2,"first_page?":true,"last_page?":true}},"data":[{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_577","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Harry LeRoy Jones papers","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_577#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Jones, Harry Leroy, 1895-1986","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_577#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003e The Harry LeRoy Jones papers is comprised of administrative files that pertain to the Department of Justice Alien Property Division (1934-1959) and contains claims and litigation files including correspondence, memoranda and other materials; numbered opinions of the Division's General Counsel; claims decisions and related correspondence; and numerous drafts proposals and correspondence regarding the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917. Of special interest are the gold cases. \u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_577#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_577","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_577","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_577","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_577","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_4_resources_577.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/106932","title_ssm":["Harry LeRoy Jones papers"],"title_tesim":["Harry LeRoy Jones papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1917-1975","1934-1966"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1934-1966"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1917-1975"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS.85.7","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/577"],"text":["MSS.85.7","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/577","Harry LeRoy Jones papers","Alien property -- United States","Judicial assistance","Gold","Gold clause","Jurisdiction -- United States","Harry LeRoy Jones was born in 1895 in Summitville, Indiana. He took a BA degree from Indiana University in 1916 and immediately enrolled in law school at Northwestern University, but the following year his law study was interrupted when he was commissioned in the US Army. He served first with the cavalry in Europe and then worked for the Judge Advocate General Department, leasing property for use of the Army and adjusting claims brought by French and German civilians. After resigning his commission in 1921, he returned to Northwestern and finished his law degree in 1922. While at Northwestern he met and married a fellow law student, Gladys Moon, and they settled in Chicago where he practiced law and lectured at his alma mater. In 1926 they moved to Washington, DC, where Jones worked as a special attorney in the Bureau of Internal Revenue for three years. He went back into private practice but returned to government work in 1934, taking the post of Chief Attorney in the Justice Department's Alien Property Bureau.","Before World War II Jones was \"responsible for all [the Bureau's] legal work, including litigation, claims, direction of administrative matters requiring legal handling and of the formulation of policy and legislation which involved contact with the other two Departments interested in Alien Property -- the Treasury and State Departments.\" (HLJ to Assistant Attorney General Shea, 30 October 1939, General Interoffice Memoranda, 1933-39, Box 22.) Most of the litigation stemmed from the Bureau's seizure of property during World War I under the guidelines set by the Trading with the Enemy Act (TWEA). In addition Jones was given special assignments on New Deal litigation, such as the gold clause cases.","In early 1942 after the U.S. had entered the war, there was controversy within the executive branch over the handling of alien property, and as a result the bureau in Justice was reorganized. In a speech delivered during the 1950's Jones described this shakeup: \nAs you will remember, enemy property, during World War I, was demanded and seized, under Section 7(c), pursuant to a determination by the President's delegate, the Alien Property Custodian, that it was owned or held for an enemy. \"Enemies\" were defined, in Section 2, largely to be persons, irrespective of nationality, resident within the territory of a nation with which we were at war. A German national, resident outside of Germany, was not an enemy unless he was proclaimed to be such by the President. Section 5, which gave the President certain powers over wartime transactions in foreign exchange, etc. . . . was, again, amended in 1940 by enlarging the powers of currency control, which was delegated to the Treasury Department. \nIn March, 1942, the President established a new, World War II Alien Property Custodian, with a delegation of powers under Section 5(b), which he shared with the Secretary of the Treasury. (Undated speech delivered at \"Fourth Summer Conference -- Cornell University Law School,\" in Speeches by HLJ, Box 51.)","Amid dissension and uncertainty the two Departments proceeded to seize enemy property and funds after the war began.","Jones was appointed first assistant and later chief of the Alien Property Litigation Section, supervising all litigation arising from the TWEA as administered by the Alien Property Custodian and the Secretary of the Treasury. Before the war he had been at work on proposals to revise the TWEA, and in 1942 after Justice's conflict with Treasury, even greater effort was put into changing the law. As soon as the war ended many claims against the government's vesting of enemy property poured in, and Jones was made assistant to the director in charge of foreign operations, i.e. the staff of lawyers sent overseas to do research for the government in these cases. In 1948 Jones was appointed Chief Hearing Examiner for Title Claims, the post he held until he left the Justice Department in 1959. In a 1953 letter to J. D. Bond, President of the Federal Trial Examiners Conference, Jones described the Hearing Examiners' powers and limitations:","Our hearings are of claims under Sections 9(a), 32 and 34 of the Trading with the Enemy Act, as amended. Our Hearing Examiners are not qualified under the Administrative Procedure Act, though you will note from Section 502.13(d) that we are given the hearing powers set forth in Section 7(b) of the Administrative Procedure Act. Adversary hearings were established in 1942, but Hearing Examiners were first appointed in 1947. Claims are docketed solely upon the initiative of the Chief of the Claims Branch, who is the \"defendant\" in each case. Neither the Hearing Examiners nor the claimants have any control of the docketing of claims. (Personal Office Correspondence, 1952-53, Box 51.)","In this letter Jones goes on to explain the inadequacy of the rules governing these hearings. Judicial assistance in international litigation remained the subject of paramount concern to him through the fifties and sixties. Besides writing and speaking on the subject, he served on a number of national and international committees studying the matter. When he left the Justice Department in 1959 he became the Director of the Commission on International Rules of Judicial Procedure established by Congress in 1958 and based at Columbia University. From 1966 to 1968 he served as executive director of the World Association of Judges. After his retirement Jones remained active in organizations concerned with international law.","Gladys, a journalist, sculptor and gardener, and Harry, a painter as well as lawyer, bought one of the oldest houses in Georgetown, 1310 34th Street, when they moved to Washington in the twenties, and that home remains in the family. They had two children, Susan Gouge and Tenley Jones. Gladys Moon Jones died in 1981, and Harry Leroy Jones, in 1986.","Series I (Boxes 1-41): records of the Justice Department period, provide a thorough view of Jones' work in his several assignments during a time of turmoil and transition for the Alien Property Division. There are administrative files -- interoffice memoranda, budget and personnel files, reports, etc. -- showing how the office was run. Because he was chief of the litigation and claims divisions for a long time, there is a great deal of documentation on the cases in which the department was involved.","The case files (Boxes 5-13) vary in their thoroughness. Of special interest are the gold cases (15 folders); the I.G. Chemie case, General Aniline Film v. Markham) and subsequent Interhandel case (Switzerland v. U.S.) (3 folders); the Hackfeld case (Rodiek v. U.S.) (2 folders); Standard Oil v. Markham (7 folders); and Von Clemm v. Smith and International Mortagage and Investment Corp. (3 folders). In addition, there is extensive correspondence about litigation, some of it concerning the administration of cases, much of it case strategy. Boxes 31 and 32 contain litigation correspondence, but discussions of cases are by no means limited to these files. A researcher interested in a particular case should examine other correspondence files, such as interoffice memoranda, the personal office files, legislation material and perhaps administrative files for the appropriate years, in order to do an exhaustive search. Although there is little case material on Rodiek v. U.S., for example, this important and lengthy case is mentioned throughout the Series I files and personal correspondence. In addition, there are numbered opinions of the division's general counsel regarding the vesting of enemy property in the war years (Boxes 33-36), and correspondence and decisions regarding claims brought in the periods before and during the time Jones was Chief Hearing Examiner (Boxes 13-17).","Another large group of files in Series I (Boxes 25-30) concerns legislation which Jones was in charge of drafting. These documents relate almost entirely to the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917, a frequent source of dissatisfaction to the Justice Department. These boxes contain drafts of proposed legislation and related correspondence, as well as a great deal of correspondence and internal memoranda regarding the Justice Department's procedures in the absence of legislative changes. Jones' papers document repeated unsuccessful efforts, into the 1950's, to replace this World War I legislation. Although the TWEA has been amended numerous times, it has not yet been repealed.","Series II (Boxes 42-49) consists of records of the various projects Jones undertook relating to the subject of international judicial assistance, the major one being the directorship of the Commission on International Rules of Judicial Procedure (CIRJP) in the early sixties. These files document the establishment and output of the CIRJP. Jones also worked with other organizations such as the Judicial Conference of the U.S. and several international groups in an effort to promote judicial assistance.","Series III contains the correspondence (Boxes 49-51) Jones earmarked \"personal,\" although it is largely work-related; practically none of it concerns Jones' personal, private life. Occasional correspondents were Homer Cummings, Sherman Minton, Herbert Wechsler, and John H. Wigmore, as well as numerous Justice Department colleagues he kept in touch with through the years. This series also contains material relating to speeches Jones gave and articles he wrote. Box 52 contains clippings dating from the 1930's to the 1970's, primarily about international affairs bearing on his work.","\nThe Harry LeRoy Jones papers is comprised of administrative files that pertain to the Department of Justice Alien Property Division (1934-1959) and contains claims and litigation files including correspondence, memoranda and other materials; numbered opinions of the Division's General Counsel; claims decisions and related correspondence; and numerous drafts proposals and correspondence regarding the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917.  Of special interest are the gold cases. ","The bulk of the collection, Series I, concerns Jones's work in the Justice Department from the late thirties to the early fifties, although his entire career there (1934-1959) is documented. Series II contains the record of Jones's work on international judicial assistance, 1950-1966, with some copies of documents dating from the thirties. Jones kept a \"Personal Correspondence File\" which dates from 1917 through the 1960s, and these files along with newsclippings constitute Series III.","This collection will be useful to scholars interested in US treatment of enemy property during the two world wars, and efforts after the second world war to establish better judicial cooperation among nations. Jones's papers thoroughly document the internal workings of the Justice Department's Alien Property Division over a twenty-five-year period, as well as the struggle between President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Justice and Treasury Departments over control of enemy property. There is no indication that Jones had to leave any of his files behind when he left the Justice Department. Since he had a pivotal position in his division, his records provide an exceptionally detailed and unrestricted view of his time and place in government service.","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[4 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","\\[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[2 folders]","[6 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[3 folders]","[6 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[4 folders]","[7 folders]","[2 folders]","[4 folders]","[4 folders]","[4 folders]","[2 folders]","[7 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[5 folders]","[6 folders]","[2 folders]","[5 folders]","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","United States. Department of Justice","United States. Commission on International Rules of Judicial Procedure","Jones, Harry Leroy, 1895-1986","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS.85.7","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/577"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Harry LeRoy Jones papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Harry LeRoy Jones papers"],"collection_ssim":["Harry LeRoy Jones papers"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Jones, Harry Leroy, 1895-1986"],"creator_ssim":["Jones, Harry Leroy, 1895-1986"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Jones, Harry Leroy, 1895-1986"],"creators_ssim":["Jones, Harry Leroy, 1895-1986"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Harry LeRoy Jones gave his papers to the University of Virginia Law Library in May of 1985."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Alien property -- United States","Judicial assistance","Gold","Gold clause","Jurisdiction -- United States"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Alien property -- United States","Judicial assistance","Gold","Gold clause","Jurisdiction -- United States"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["22.1 Linear Feet 54 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["22.1 Linear Feet 54 boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eHarry LeRoy Jones was born in 1895 in Summitville, Indiana. He took a BA degree from Indiana University in 1916 and immediately enrolled in law school at Northwestern University, but the following year his law study was interrupted when he was commissioned in the US Army. He served first with the cavalry in Europe and then worked for the Judge Advocate General Department, leasing property for use of the Army and adjusting claims brought by French and German civilians. After resigning his commission in 1921, he returned to Northwestern and finished his law degree in 1922. While at Northwestern he met and married a fellow law student, Gladys Moon, and they settled in Chicago where he practiced law and lectured at his alma mater. In 1926 they moved to Washington, DC, where Jones worked as a special attorney in the Bureau of Internal Revenue for three years. He went back into private practice but returned to government work in 1934, taking the post of Chief Attorney in the Justice Department's Alien Property Bureau.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBefore World War II Jones was \"responsible for all [the Bureau's] legal work, including litigation, claims, direction of administrative matters requiring legal handling and of the formulation of policy and legislation which involved contact with the other two Departments interested in Alien Property -- the Treasury and State Departments.\" (HLJ to Assistant Attorney General Shea, 30 October 1939, General Interoffice Memoranda, 1933-39, Box 22.) Most of the litigation stemmed from the Bureau's seizure of property during World War I under the guidelines set by the Trading with the Enemy Act (TWEA). In addition Jones was given special assignments on New Deal litigation, such as the gold clause cases.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn early 1942 after the U.S. had entered the war, there was controversy within the executive branch over the handling of alien property, and as a result the bureau in Justice was reorganized. In a speech delivered during the 1950's Jones described this shakeup: \nAs you will remember, enemy property, during World War I, was demanded and seized, under Section 7(c), pursuant to a determination by the President's delegate, the Alien Property Custodian, that it was owned or held for an enemy. \"Enemies\" were defined, in Section 2, largely to be persons, irrespective of nationality, resident within the territory of a nation with which we were at war. A German national, resident outside of Germany, was not an enemy unless he was proclaimed to be such by the President. Section 5, which gave the President certain powers over wartime transactions in foreign exchange, etc. . . . was, again, amended in 1940 by enlarging the powers of currency control, which was delegated to the Treasury Department. \nIn March, 1942, the President established a new, World War II Alien Property Custodian, with a delegation of powers under Section 5(b), which he shared with the Secretary of the Treasury. (Undated speech delivered at \"Fourth Summer Conference -- Cornell University Law School,\" in Speeches by HLJ, Box 51.)\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAmid dissension and uncertainty the two Departments proceeded to seize enemy property and funds after the war began.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJones was appointed first assistant and later chief of the Alien Property Litigation Section, supervising all litigation arising from the TWEA as administered by the Alien Property Custodian and the Secretary of the Treasury. Before the war he had been at work on proposals to revise the TWEA, and in 1942 after Justice's conflict with Treasury, even greater effort was put into changing the law. As soon as the war ended many claims against the government's vesting of enemy property poured in, and Jones was made assistant to the director in charge of foreign operations, i.e. the staff of lawyers sent overseas to do research for the government in these cases. In 1948 Jones was appointed Chief Hearing Examiner for Title Claims, the post he held until he left the Justice Department in 1959. In a 1953 letter to J. D. Bond, President of the Federal Trial Examiners Conference, Jones described the Hearing Examiners' powers and limitations:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOur hearings are of claims under Sections 9(a), 32 and 34 of the Trading with the Enemy Act, as amended. Our Hearing Examiners are not qualified under the Administrative Procedure Act, though you will note from Section 502.13(d) that we are given the hearing powers set forth in Section 7(b) of the Administrative Procedure Act. Adversary hearings were established in 1942, but Hearing Examiners were first appointed in 1947. Claims are docketed solely upon the initiative of the Chief of the Claims Branch, who is the \"defendant\" in each case. Neither the Hearing Examiners nor the claimants have any control of the docketing of claims. (Personal Office Correspondence, 1952-53, Box 51.)\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn this letter Jones goes on to explain the inadequacy of the rules governing these hearings. Judicial assistance in international litigation remained the subject of paramount concern to him through the fifties and sixties. Besides writing and speaking on the subject, he served on a number of national and international committees studying the matter. When he left the Justice Department in 1959 he became the Director of the Commission on International Rules of Judicial Procedure established by Congress in 1958 and based at Columbia University. From 1966 to 1968 he served as executive director of the World Association of Judges. After his retirement Jones remained active in organizations concerned with international law.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eGladys, a journalist, sculptor and gardener, and Harry, a painter as well as lawyer, bought one of the oldest houses in Georgetown, 1310 34th Street, when they moved to Washington in the twenties, and that home remains in the family. They had two children, Susan Gouge and Tenley Jones. Gladys Moon Jones died in 1981, and Harry Leroy Jones, in 1986.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Harry LeRoy Jones was born in 1895 in Summitville, Indiana. He took a BA degree from Indiana University in 1916 and immediately enrolled in law school at Northwestern University, but the following year his law study was interrupted when he was commissioned in the US Army. He served first with the cavalry in Europe and then worked for the Judge Advocate General Department, leasing property for use of the Army and adjusting claims brought by French and German civilians. After resigning his commission in 1921, he returned to Northwestern and finished his law degree in 1922. While at Northwestern he met and married a fellow law student, Gladys Moon, and they settled in Chicago where he practiced law and lectured at his alma mater. In 1926 they moved to Washington, DC, where Jones worked as a special attorney in the Bureau of Internal Revenue for three years. He went back into private practice but returned to government work in 1934, taking the post of Chief Attorney in the Justice Department's Alien Property Bureau.","Before World War II Jones was \"responsible for all [the Bureau's] legal work, including litigation, claims, direction of administrative matters requiring legal handling and of the formulation of policy and legislation which involved contact with the other two Departments interested in Alien Property -- the Treasury and State Departments.\" (HLJ to Assistant Attorney General Shea, 30 October 1939, General Interoffice Memoranda, 1933-39, Box 22.) Most of the litigation stemmed from the Bureau's seizure of property during World War I under the guidelines set by the Trading with the Enemy Act (TWEA). In addition Jones was given special assignments on New Deal litigation, such as the gold clause cases.","In early 1942 after the U.S. had entered the war, there was controversy within the executive branch over the handling of alien property, and as a result the bureau in Justice was reorganized. In a speech delivered during the 1950's Jones described this shakeup: \nAs you will remember, enemy property, during World War I, was demanded and seized, under Section 7(c), pursuant to a determination by the President's delegate, the Alien Property Custodian, that it was owned or held for an enemy. \"Enemies\" were defined, in Section 2, largely to be persons, irrespective of nationality, resident within the territory of a nation with which we were at war. A German national, resident outside of Germany, was not an enemy unless he was proclaimed to be such by the President. Section 5, which gave the President certain powers over wartime transactions in foreign exchange, etc. . . . was, again, amended in 1940 by enlarging the powers of currency control, which was delegated to the Treasury Department. \nIn March, 1942, the President established a new, World War II Alien Property Custodian, with a delegation of powers under Section 5(b), which he shared with the Secretary of the Treasury. (Undated speech delivered at \"Fourth Summer Conference -- Cornell University Law School,\" in Speeches by HLJ, Box 51.)","Amid dissension and uncertainty the two Departments proceeded to seize enemy property and funds after the war began.","Jones was appointed first assistant and later chief of the Alien Property Litigation Section, supervising all litigation arising from the TWEA as administered by the Alien Property Custodian and the Secretary of the Treasury. Before the war he had been at work on proposals to revise the TWEA, and in 1942 after Justice's conflict with Treasury, even greater effort was put into changing the law. As soon as the war ended many claims against the government's vesting of enemy property poured in, and Jones was made assistant to the director in charge of foreign operations, i.e. the staff of lawyers sent overseas to do research for the government in these cases. In 1948 Jones was appointed Chief Hearing Examiner for Title Claims, the post he held until he left the Justice Department in 1959. In a 1953 letter to J. D. Bond, President of the Federal Trial Examiners Conference, Jones described the Hearing Examiners' powers and limitations:","Our hearings are of claims under Sections 9(a), 32 and 34 of the Trading with the Enemy Act, as amended. Our Hearing Examiners are not qualified under the Administrative Procedure Act, though you will note from Section 502.13(d) that we are given the hearing powers set forth in Section 7(b) of the Administrative Procedure Act. Adversary hearings were established in 1942, but Hearing Examiners were first appointed in 1947. Claims are docketed solely upon the initiative of the Chief of the Claims Branch, who is the \"defendant\" in each case. Neither the Hearing Examiners nor the claimants have any control of the docketing of claims. (Personal Office Correspondence, 1952-53, Box 51.)","In this letter Jones goes on to explain the inadequacy of the rules governing these hearings. Judicial assistance in international litigation remained the subject of paramount concern to him through the fifties and sixties. Besides writing and speaking on the subject, he served on a number of national and international committees studying the matter. When he left the Justice Department in 1959 he became the Director of the Commission on International Rules of Judicial Procedure established by Congress in 1958 and based at Columbia University. From 1966 to 1968 he served as executive director of the World Association of Judges. After his retirement Jones remained active in organizations concerned with international law.","Gladys, a journalist, sculptor and gardener, and Harry, a painter as well as lawyer, bought one of the oldest houses in Georgetown, 1310 34th Street, when they moved to Washington in the twenties, and that home remains in the family. They had two children, Susan Gouge and Tenley Jones. Gladys Moon Jones died in 1981, and Harry Leroy Jones, in 1986."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSeries I (Boxes 1-41): records of the Justice Department period, provide a thorough view of Jones' work in his several assignments during a time of turmoil and transition for the Alien Property Division. There are administrative files -- interoffice memoranda, budget and personnel files, reports, etc. -- showing how the office was run. Because he was chief of the litigation and claims divisions for a long time, there is a great deal of documentation on the cases in which the department was involved.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe case files (Boxes 5-13) vary in their thoroughness. Of special interest are the gold cases (15 folders); the I.G. Chemie case, General Aniline Film v. Markham) and subsequent Interhandel case (Switzerland v. U.S.) (3 folders); the Hackfeld case (Rodiek v. U.S.) (2 folders); Standard Oil v. Markham (7 folders); and Von Clemm v. Smith and International Mortagage and Investment Corp. (3 folders). In addition, there is extensive correspondence about litigation, some of it concerning the administration of cases, much of it case strategy. Boxes 31 and 32 contain litigation correspondence, but discussions of cases are by no means limited to these files. A researcher interested in a particular case should examine other correspondence files, such as interoffice memoranda, the personal office files, legislation material and perhaps administrative files for the appropriate years, in order to do an exhaustive search. Although there is little case material on Rodiek v. U.S., for example, this important and lengthy case is mentioned throughout the Series I files and personal correspondence. In addition, there are numbered opinions of the division's general counsel regarding the vesting of enemy property in the war years (Boxes 33-36), and correspondence and decisions regarding claims brought in the periods before and during the time Jones was Chief Hearing Examiner (Boxes 13-17).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAnother large group of files in Series I (Boxes 25-30) concerns legislation which Jones was in charge of drafting. These documents relate almost entirely to the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917, a frequent source of dissatisfaction to the Justice Department. These boxes contain drafts of proposed legislation and related correspondence, as well as a great deal of correspondence and internal memoranda regarding the Justice Department's procedures in the absence of legislative changes. Jones' papers document repeated unsuccessful efforts, into the 1950's, to replace this World War I legislation. Although the TWEA has been amended numerous times, it has not yet been repealed.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries II (Boxes 42-49) consists of records of the various projects Jones undertook relating to the subject of international judicial assistance, the major one being the directorship of the Commission on International Rules of Judicial Procedure (CIRJP) in the early sixties. These files document the establishment and output of the CIRJP. Jones also worked with other organizations such as the Judicial Conference of the U.S. and several international groups in an effort to promote judicial assistance.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries III contains the correspondence (Boxes 49-51) Jones earmarked \"personal,\" although it is largely work-related; practically none of it concerns Jones' personal, private life. Occasional correspondents were Homer Cummings, Sherman Minton, Herbert Wechsler, and John H. Wigmore, as well as numerous Justice Department colleagues he kept in touch with through the years. This series also contains material relating to speeches Jones gave and articles he wrote. Box 52 contains clippings dating from the 1930's to the 1970's, primarily about international affairs bearing on his work.\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["General","General","General"],"odd_tesim":["Series I (Boxes 1-41): records of the Justice Department period, provide a thorough view of Jones' work in his several assignments during a time of turmoil and transition for the Alien Property Division. There are administrative files -- interoffice memoranda, budget and personnel files, reports, etc. -- showing how the office was run. Because he was chief of the litigation and claims divisions for a long time, there is a great deal of documentation on the cases in which the department was involved.","The case files (Boxes 5-13) vary in their thoroughness. Of special interest are the gold cases (15 folders); the I.G. Chemie case, General Aniline Film v. Markham) and subsequent Interhandel case (Switzerland v. U.S.) (3 folders); the Hackfeld case (Rodiek v. U.S.) (2 folders); Standard Oil v. Markham (7 folders); and Von Clemm v. Smith and International Mortagage and Investment Corp. (3 folders). In addition, there is extensive correspondence about litigation, some of it concerning the administration of cases, much of it case strategy. Boxes 31 and 32 contain litigation correspondence, but discussions of cases are by no means limited to these files. A researcher interested in a particular case should examine other correspondence files, such as interoffice memoranda, the personal office files, legislation material and perhaps administrative files for the appropriate years, in order to do an exhaustive search. Although there is little case material on Rodiek v. U.S., for example, this important and lengthy case is mentioned throughout the Series I files and personal correspondence. In addition, there are numbered opinions of the division's general counsel regarding the vesting of enemy property in the war years (Boxes 33-36), and correspondence and decisions regarding claims brought in the periods before and during the time Jones was Chief Hearing Examiner (Boxes 13-17).","Another large group of files in Series I (Boxes 25-30) concerns legislation which Jones was in charge of drafting. These documents relate almost entirely to the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917, a frequent source of dissatisfaction to the Justice Department. These boxes contain drafts of proposed legislation and related correspondence, as well as a great deal of correspondence and internal memoranda regarding the Justice Department's procedures in the absence of legislative changes. Jones' papers document repeated unsuccessful efforts, into the 1950's, to replace this World War I legislation. Although the TWEA has been amended numerous times, it has not yet been repealed.","Series II (Boxes 42-49) consists of records of the various projects Jones undertook relating to the subject of international judicial assistance, the major one being the directorship of the Commission on International Rules of Judicial Procedure (CIRJP) in the early sixties. These files document the establishment and output of the CIRJP. Jones also worked with other organizations such as the Judicial Conference of the U.S. and several international groups in an effort to promote judicial assistance.","Series III contains the correspondence (Boxes 49-51) Jones earmarked \"personal,\" although it is largely work-related; practically none of it concerns Jones' personal, private life. Occasional correspondents were Homer Cummings, Sherman Minton, Herbert Wechsler, and John H. Wigmore, as well as numerous Justice Department colleagues he kept in touch with through the years. This series also contains material relating to speeches Jones gave and articles he wrote. Box 52 contains clippings dating from the 1930's to the 1970's, primarily about international affairs bearing on his work."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\nThe Harry LeRoy Jones papers is comprised of administrative files that pertain to the Department of Justice Alien Property Division (1934-1959) and contains claims and litigation files including correspondence, memoranda and other materials; numbered opinions of the Division's General Counsel; claims decisions and related correspondence; and numerous drafts proposals and correspondence regarding the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917.  Of special interest are the gold cases. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe bulk of the collection, Series I, concerns Jones's work in the Justice Department from the late thirties to the early fifties, although his entire career there (1934-1959) is documented. Series II contains the record of Jones's work on international judicial assistance, 1950-1966, with some copies of documents dating from the thirties. Jones kept a \"Personal Correspondence File\" which dates from 1917 through the 1960s, and these files along with newsclippings constitute Series III.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThis collection will be useful to scholars interested in US treatment of enemy property during the two world wars, and efforts after the second world war to establish better judicial cooperation among nations. Jones's papers thoroughly document the internal workings of the Justice Department's Alien Property Division over a twenty-five-year period, as well as the struggle between President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Justice and Treasury Departments over control of enemy property. There is no indication that Jones had to leave any of his files behind when he left the Justice Department. 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Of special interest are the gold cases. ","The bulk of the collection, Series I, concerns Jones's work in the Justice Department from the late thirties to the early fifties, although his entire career there (1934-1959) is documented. Series II contains the record of Jones's work on international judicial assistance, 1950-1966, with some copies of documents dating from the thirties. Jones kept a \"Personal Correspondence File\" which dates from 1917 through the 1960s, and these files along with newsclippings constitute Series III.","This collection will be useful to scholars interested in US treatment of enemy property during the two world wars, and efforts after the second world war to establish better judicial cooperation among nations. Jones's papers thoroughly document the internal workings of the Justice Department's Alien Property Division over a twenty-five-year period, as well as the struggle between President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Justice and Treasury Departments over control of enemy property. There is no indication that Jones had to leave any of his files behind when he left the Justice Department. Since he had a pivotal position in his division, his records provide an exceptionally detailed and unrestricted view of his time and place in government service.","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[4 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","\\[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[2 folders]","[6 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[3 folders]","[6 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[4 folders]","[7 folders]","[2 folders]","[4 folders]","[4 folders]","[4 folders]","[2 folders]","[7 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[5 folders]","[6 folders]","[2 folders]","[5 folders]"],"names_coll_ssim":["United States. Department of Justice","United States. Commission on International Rules of Judicial Procedure","Jones, Harry Leroy, 1895-1986"],"names_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","United States. Department of Justice","United States. Commission on International Rules of Judicial Procedure","Jones, Harry Leroy, 1895-1986"],"corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","United States. Department of Justice","United States. Commission on International Rules of Judicial Procedure"],"persname_ssim":["Jones, Harry Leroy, 1895-1986"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":308,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-24T23:25:11.137Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_577","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_577","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_577","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_577","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_4_resources_577.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/106932","title_ssm":["Harry LeRoy Jones papers"],"title_tesim":["Harry LeRoy Jones papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1917-1975","1934-1966"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1934-1966"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1917-1975"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS.85.7","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/577"],"text":["MSS.85.7","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/577","Harry LeRoy Jones papers","Alien property -- United States","Judicial assistance","Gold","Gold clause","Jurisdiction -- United States","Harry LeRoy Jones was born in 1895 in Summitville, Indiana. He took a BA degree from Indiana University in 1916 and immediately enrolled in law school at Northwestern University, but the following year his law study was interrupted when he was commissioned in the US Army. He served first with the cavalry in Europe and then worked for the Judge Advocate General Department, leasing property for use of the Army and adjusting claims brought by French and German civilians. After resigning his commission in 1921, he returned to Northwestern and finished his law degree in 1922. While at Northwestern he met and married a fellow law student, Gladys Moon, and they settled in Chicago where he practiced law and lectured at his alma mater. In 1926 they moved to Washington, DC, where Jones worked as a special attorney in the Bureau of Internal Revenue for three years. He went back into private practice but returned to government work in 1934, taking the post of Chief Attorney in the Justice Department's Alien Property Bureau.","Before World War II Jones was \"responsible for all [the Bureau's] legal work, including litigation, claims, direction of administrative matters requiring legal handling and of the formulation of policy and legislation which involved contact with the other two Departments interested in Alien Property -- the Treasury and State Departments.\" (HLJ to Assistant Attorney General Shea, 30 October 1939, General Interoffice Memoranda, 1933-39, Box 22.) Most of the litigation stemmed from the Bureau's seizure of property during World War I under the guidelines set by the Trading with the Enemy Act (TWEA). In addition Jones was given special assignments on New Deal litigation, such as the gold clause cases.","In early 1942 after the U.S. had entered the war, there was controversy within the executive branch over the handling of alien property, and as a result the bureau in Justice was reorganized. In a speech delivered during the 1950's Jones described this shakeup: \nAs you will remember, enemy property, during World War I, was demanded and seized, under Section 7(c), pursuant to a determination by the President's delegate, the Alien Property Custodian, that it was owned or held for an enemy. \"Enemies\" were defined, in Section 2, largely to be persons, irrespective of nationality, resident within the territory of a nation with which we were at war. A German national, resident outside of Germany, was not an enemy unless he was proclaimed to be such by the President. Section 5, which gave the President certain powers over wartime transactions in foreign exchange, etc. . . . was, again, amended in 1940 by enlarging the powers of currency control, which was delegated to the Treasury Department. \nIn March, 1942, the President established a new, World War II Alien Property Custodian, with a delegation of powers under Section 5(b), which he shared with the Secretary of the Treasury. (Undated speech delivered at \"Fourth Summer Conference -- Cornell University Law School,\" in Speeches by HLJ, Box 51.)","Amid dissension and uncertainty the two Departments proceeded to seize enemy property and funds after the war began.","Jones was appointed first assistant and later chief of the Alien Property Litigation Section, supervising all litigation arising from the TWEA as administered by the Alien Property Custodian and the Secretary of the Treasury. Before the war he had been at work on proposals to revise the TWEA, and in 1942 after Justice's conflict with Treasury, even greater effort was put into changing the law. As soon as the war ended many claims against the government's vesting of enemy property poured in, and Jones was made assistant to the director in charge of foreign operations, i.e. the staff of lawyers sent overseas to do research for the government in these cases. In 1948 Jones was appointed Chief Hearing Examiner for Title Claims, the post he held until he left the Justice Department in 1959. In a 1953 letter to J. D. Bond, President of the Federal Trial Examiners Conference, Jones described the Hearing Examiners' powers and limitations:","Our hearings are of claims under Sections 9(a), 32 and 34 of the Trading with the Enemy Act, as amended. Our Hearing Examiners are not qualified under the Administrative Procedure Act, though you will note from Section 502.13(d) that we are given the hearing powers set forth in Section 7(b) of the Administrative Procedure Act. Adversary hearings were established in 1942, but Hearing Examiners were first appointed in 1947. Claims are docketed solely upon the initiative of the Chief of the Claims Branch, who is the \"defendant\" in each case. Neither the Hearing Examiners nor the claimants have any control of the docketing of claims. (Personal Office Correspondence, 1952-53, Box 51.)","In this letter Jones goes on to explain the inadequacy of the rules governing these hearings. Judicial assistance in international litigation remained the subject of paramount concern to him through the fifties and sixties. Besides writing and speaking on the subject, he served on a number of national and international committees studying the matter. When he left the Justice Department in 1959 he became the Director of the Commission on International Rules of Judicial Procedure established by Congress in 1958 and based at Columbia University. From 1966 to 1968 he served as executive director of the World Association of Judges. After his retirement Jones remained active in organizations concerned with international law.","Gladys, a journalist, sculptor and gardener, and Harry, a painter as well as lawyer, bought one of the oldest houses in Georgetown, 1310 34th Street, when they moved to Washington in the twenties, and that home remains in the family. They had two children, Susan Gouge and Tenley Jones. Gladys Moon Jones died in 1981, and Harry Leroy Jones, in 1986.","Series I (Boxes 1-41): records of the Justice Department period, provide a thorough view of Jones' work in his several assignments during a time of turmoil and transition for the Alien Property Division. There are administrative files -- interoffice memoranda, budget and personnel files, reports, etc. -- showing how the office was run. Because he was chief of the litigation and claims divisions for a long time, there is a great deal of documentation on the cases in which the department was involved.","The case files (Boxes 5-13) vary in their thoroughness. Of special interest are the gold cases (15 folders); the I.G. Chemie case, General Aniline Film v. Markham) and subsequent Interhandel case (Switzerland v. U.S.) (3 folders); the Hackfeld case (Rodiek v. U.S.) (2 folders); Standard Oil v. Markham (7 folders); and Von Clemm v. Smith and International Mortagage and Investment Corp. (3 folders). In addition, there is extensive correspondence about litigation, some of it concerning the administration of cases, much of it case strategy. Boxes 31 and 32 contain litigation correspondence, but discussions of cases are by no means limited to these files. A researcher interested in a particular case should examine other correspondence files, such as interoffice memoranda, the personal office files, legislation material and perhaps administrative files for the appropriate years, in order to do an exhaustive search. Although there is little case material on Rodiek v. U.S., for example, this important and lengthy case is mentioned throughout the Series I files and personal correspondence. In addition, there are numbered opinions of the division's general counsel regarding the vesting of enemy property in the war years (Boxes 33-36), and correspondence and decisions regarding claims brought in the periods before and during the time Jones was Chief Hearing Examiner (Boxes 13-17).","Another large group of files in Series I (Boxes 25-30) concerns legislation which Jones was in charge of drafting. These documents relate almost entirely to the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917, a frequent source of dissatisfaction to the Justice Department. These boxes contain drafts of proposed legislation and related correspondence, as well as a great deal of correspondence and internal memoranda regarding the Justice Department's procedures in the absence of legislative changes. Jones' papers document repeated unsuccessful efforts, into the 1950's, to replace this World War I legislation. Although the TWEA has been amended numerous times, it has not yet been repealed.","Series II (Boxes 42-49) consists of records of the various projects Jones undertook relating to the subject of international judicial assistance, the major one being the directorship of the Commission on International Rules of Judicial Procedure (CIRJP) in the early sixties. These files document the establishment and output of the CIRJP. Jones also worked with other organizations such as the Judicial Conference of the U.S. and several international groups in an effort to promote judicial assistance.","Series III contains the correspondence (Boxes 49-51) Jones earmarked \"personal,\" although it is largely work-related; practically none of it concerns Jones' personal, private life. Occasional correspondents were Homer Cummings, Sherman Minton, Herbert Wechsler, and John H. Wigmore, as well as numerous Justice Department colleagues he kept in touch with through the years. This series also contains material relating to speeches Jones gave and articles he wrote. Box 52 contains clippings dating from the 1930's to the 1970's, primarily about international affairs bearing on his work.","\nThe Harry LeRoy Jones papers is comprised of administrative files that pertain to the Department of Justice Alien Property Division (1934-1959) and contains claims and litigation files including correspondence, memoranda and other materials; numbered opinions of the Division's General Counsel; claims decisions and related correspondence; and numerous drafts proposals and correspondence regarding the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917.  Of special interest are the gold cases. ","The bulk of the collection, Series I, concerns Jones's work in the Justice Department from the late thirties to the early fifties, although his entire career there (1934-1959) is documented. Series II contains the record of Jones's work on international judicial assistance, 1950-1966, with some copies of documents dating from the thirties. Jones kept a \"Personal Correspondence File\" which dates from 1917 through the 1960s, and these files along with newsclippings constitute Series III.","This collection will be useful to scholars interested in US treatment of enemy property during the two world wars, and efforts after the second world war to establish better judicial cooperation among nations. Jones's papers thoroughly document the internal workings of the Justice Department's Alien Property Division over a twenty-five-year period, as well as the struggle between President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Justice and Treasury Departments over control of enemy property. There is no indication that Jones had to leave any of his files behind when he left the Justice Department. Since he had a pivotal position in his division, his records provide an exceptionally detailed and unrestricted view of his time and place in government service.","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[4 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","\\[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[2 folders]","[6 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[3 folders]","[6 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[4 folders]","[7 folders]","[2 folders]","[4 folders]","[4 folders]","[4 folders]","[2 folders]","[7 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[5 folders]","[6 folders]","[2 folders]","[5 folders]","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","United States. Department of Justice","United States. Commission on International Rules of Judicial Procedure","Jones, Harry Leroy, 1895-1986","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS.85.7","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/577"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Harry LeRoy Jones papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Harry LeRoy Jones papers"],"collection_ssim":["Harry LeRoy Jones papers"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Jones, Harry Leroy, 1895-1986"],"creator_ssim":["Jones, Harry Leroy, 1895-1986"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Jones, Harry Leroy, 1895-1986"],"creators_ssim":["Jones, Harry Leroy, 1895-1986"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Harry LeRoy Jones gave his papers to the University of Virginia Law Library in May of 1985."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Alien property -- United States","Judicial assistance","Gold","Gold clause","Jurisdiction -- United States"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Alien property -- United States","Judicial assistance","Gold","Gold clause","Jurisdiction -- United States"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["22.1 Linear Feet 54 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["22.1 Linear Feet 54 boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eHarry LeRoy Jones was born in 1895 in Summitville, Indiana. He took a BA degree from Indiana University in 1916 and immediately enrolled in law school at Northwestern University, but the following year his law study was interrupted when he was commissioned in the US Army. He served first with the cavalry in Europe and then worked for the Judge Advocate General Department, leasing property for use of the Army and adjusting claims brought by French and German civilians. After resigning his commission in 1921, he returned to Northwestern and finished his law degree in 1922. While at Northwestern he met and married a fellow law student, Gladys Moon, and they settled in Chicago where he practiced law and lectured at his alma mater. In 1926 they moved to Washington, DC, where Jones worked as a special attorney in the Bureau of Internal Revenue for three years. He went back into private practice but returned to government work in 1934, taking the post of Chief Attorney in the Justice Department's Alien Property Bureau.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBefore World War II Jones was \"responsible for all [the Bureau's] legal work, including litigation, claims, direction of administrative matters requiring legal handling and of the formulation of policy and legislation which involved contact with the other two Departments interested in Alien Property -- the Treasury and State Departments.\" (HLJ to Assistant Attorney General Shea, 30 October 1939, General Interoffice Memoranda, 1933-39, Box 22.) Most of the litigation stemmed from the Bureau's seizure of property during World War I under the guidelines set by the Trading with the Enemy Act (TWEA). In addition Jones was given special assignments on New Deal litigation, such as the gold clause cases.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn early 1942 after the U.S. had entered the war, there was controversy within the executive branch over the handling of alien property, and as a result the bureau in Justice was reorganized. In a speech delivered during the 1950's Jones described this shakeup: \nAs you will remember, enemy property, during World War I, was demanded and seized, under Section 7(c), pursuant to a determination by the President's delegate, the Alien Property Custodian, that it was owned or held for an enemy. \"Enemies\" were defined, in Section 2, largely to be persons, irrespective of nationality, resident within the territory of a nation with which we were at war. A German national, resident outside of Germany, was not an enemy unless he was proclaimed to be such by the President. Section 5, which gave the President certain powers over wartime transactions in foreign exchange, etc. . . . was, again, amended in 1940 by enlarging the powers of currency control, which was delegated to the Treasury Department. \nIn March, 1942, the President established a new, World War II Alien Property Custodian, with a delegation of powers under Section 5(b), which he shared with the Secretary of the Treasury. (Undated speech delivered at \"Fourth Summer Conference -- Cornell University Law School,\" in Speeches by HLJ, Box 51.)\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAmid dissension and uncertainty the two Departments proceeded to seize enemy property and funds after the war began.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJones was appointed first assistant and later chief of the Alien Property Litigation Section, supervising all litigation arising from the TWEA as administered by the Alien Property Custodian and the Secretary of the Treasury. Before the war he had been at work on proposals to revise the TWEA, and in 1942 after Justice's conflict with Treasury, even greater effort was put into changing the law. As soon as the war ended many claims against the government's vesting of enemy property poured in, and Jones was made assistant to the director in charge of foreign operations, i.e. the staff of lawyers sent overseas to do research for the government in these cases. In 1948 Jones was appointed Chief Hearing Examiner for Title Claims, the post he held until he left the Justice Department in 1959. In a 1953 letter to J. D. Bond, President of the Federal Trial Examiners Conference, Jones described the Hearing Examiners' powers and limitations:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOur hearings are of claims under Sections 9(a), 32 and 34 of the Trading with the Enemy Act, as amended. Our Hearing Examiners are not qualified under the Administrative Procedure Act, though you will note from Section 502.13(d) that we are given the hearing powers set forth in Section 7(b) of the Administrative Procedure Act. Adversary hearings were established in 1942, but Hearing Examiners were first appointed in 1947. Claims are docketed solely upon the initiative of the Chief of the Claims Branch, who is the \"defendant\" in each case. Neither the Hearing Examiners nor the claimants have any control of the docketing of claims. (Personal Office Correspondence, 1952-53, Box 51.)\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn this letter Jones goes on to explain the inadequacy of the rules governing these hearings. Judicial assistance in international litigation remained the subject of paramount concern to him through the fifties and sixties. Besides writing and speaking on the subject, he served on a number of national and international committees studying the matter. When he left the Justice Department in 1959 he became the Director of the Commission on International Rules of Judicial Procedure established by Congress in 1958 and based at Columbia University. From 1966 to 1968 he served as executive director of the World Association of Judges. After his retirement Jones remained active in organizations concerned with international law.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eGladys, a journalist, sculptor and gardener, and Harry, a painter as well as lawyer, bought one of the oldest houses in Georgetown, 1310 34th Street, when they moved to Washington in the twenties, and that home remains in the family. They had two children, Susan Gouge and Tenley Jones. Gladys Moon Jones died in 1981, and Harry Leroy Jones, in 1986.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Harry LeRoy Jones was born in 1895 in Summitville, Indiana. He took a BA degree from Indiana University in 1916 and immediately enrolled in law school at Northwestern University, but the following year his law study was interrupted when he was commissioned in the US Army. He served first with the cavalry in Europe and then worked for the Judge Advocate General Department, leasing property for use of the Army and adjusting claims brought by French and German civilians. After resigning his commission in 1921, he returned to Northwestern and finished his law degree in 1922. While at Northwestern he met and married a fellow law student, Gladys Moon, and they settled in Chicago where he practiced law and lectured at his alma mater. In 1926 they moved to Washington, DC, where Jones worked as a special attorney in the Bureau of Internal Revenue for three years. He went back into private practice but returned to government work in 1934, taking the post of Chief Attorney in the Justice Department's Alien Property Bureau.","Before World War II Jones was \"responsible for all [the Bureau's] legal work, including litigation, claims, direction of administrative matters requiring legal handling and of the formulation of policy and legislation which involved contact with the other two Departments interested in Alien Property -- the Treasury and State Departments.\" (HLJ to Assistant Attorney General Shea, 30 October 1939, General Interoffice Memoranda, 1933-39, Box 22.) Most of the litigation stemmed from the Bureau's seizure of property during World War I under the guidelines set by the Trading with the Enemy Act (TWEA). In addition Jones was given special assignments on New Deal litigation, such as the gold clause cases.","In early 1942 after the U.S. had entered the war, there was controversy within the executive branch over the handling of alien property, and as a result the bureau in Justice was reorganized. In a speech delivered during the 1950's Jones described this shakeup: \nAs you will remember, enemy property, during World War I, was demanded and seized, under Section 7(c), pursuant to a determination by the President's delegate, the Alien Property Custodian, that it was owned or held for an enemy. \"Enemies\" were defined, in Section 2, largely to be persons, irrespective of nationality, resident within the territory of a nation with which we were at war. A German national, resident outside of Germany, was not an enemy unless he was proclaimed to be such by the President. Section 5, which gave the President certain powers over wartime transactions in foreign exchange, etc. . . . was, again, amended in 1940 by enlarging the powers of currency control, which was delegated to the Treasury Department. \nIn March, 1942, the President established a new, World War II Alien Property Custodian, with a delegation of powers under Section 5(b), which he shared with the Secretary of the Treasury. (Undated speech delivered at \"Fourth Summer Conference -- Cornell University Law School,\" in Speeches by HLJ, Box 51.)","Amid dissension and uncertainty the two Departments proceeded to seize enemy property and funds after the war began.","Jones was appointed first assistant and later chief of the Alien Property Litigation Section, supervising all litigation arising from the TWEA as administered by the Alien Property Custodian and the Secretary of the Treasury. Before the war he had been at work on proposals to revise the TWEA, and in 1942 after Justice's conflict with Treasury, even greater effort was put into changing the law. As soon as the war ended many claims against the government's vesting of enemy property poured in, and Jones was made assistant to the director in charge of foreign operations, i.e. the staff of lawyers sent overseas to do research for the government in these cases. In 1948 Jones was appointed Chief Hearing Examiner for Title Claims, the post he held until he left the Justice Department in 1959. In a 1953 letter to J. D. Bond, President of the Federal Trial Examiners Conference, Jones described the Hearing Examiners' powers and limitations:","Our hearings are of claims under Sections 9(a), 32 and 34 of the Trading with the Enemy Act, as amended. Our Hearing Examiners are not qualified under the Administrative Procedure Act, though you will note from Section 502.13(d) that we are given the hearing powers set forth in Section 7(b) of the Administrative Procedure Act. Adversary hearings were established in 1942, but Hearing Examiners were first appointed in 1947. Claims are docketed solely upon the initiative of the Chief of the Claims Branch, who is the \"defendant\" in each case. Neither the Hearing Examiners nor the claimants have any control of the docketing of claims. (Personal Office Correspondence, 1952-53, Box 51.)","In this letter Jones goes on to explain the inadequacy of the rules governing these hearings. Judicial assistance in international litigation remained the subject of paramount concern to him through the fifties and sixties. Besides writing and speaking on the subject, he served on a number of national and international committees studying the matter. When he left the Justice Department in 1959 he became the Director of the Commission on International Rules of Judicial Procedure established by Congress in 1958 and based at Columbia University. From 1966 to 1968 he served as executive director of the World Association of Judges. After his retirement Jones remained active in organizations concerned with international law.","Gladys, a journalist, sculptor and gardener, and Harry, a painter as well as lawyer, bought one of the oldest houses in Georgetown, 1310 34th Street, when they moved to Washington in the twenties, and that home remains in the family. They had two children, Susan Gouge and Tenley Jones. Gladys Moon Jones died in 1981, and Harry Leroy Jones, in 1986."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSeries I (Boxes 1-41): records of the Justice Department period, provide a thorough view of Jones' work in his several assignments during a time of turmoil and transition for the Alien Property Division. There are administrative files -- interoffice memoranda, budget and personnel files, reports, etc. -- showing how the office was run. Because he was chief of the litigation and claims divisions for a long time, there is a great deal of documentation on the cases in which the department was involved.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe case files (Boxes 5-13) vary in their thoroughness. Of special interest are the gold cases (15 folders); the I.G. Chemie case, General Aniline Film v. Markham) and subsequent Interhandel case (Switzerland v. U.S.) (3 folders); the Hackfeld case (Rodiek v. U.S.) (2 folders); Standard Oil v. Markham (7 folders); and Von Clemm v. Smith and International Mortagage and Investment Corp. (3 folders). In addition, there is extensive correspondence about litigation, some of it concerning the administration of cases, much of it case strategy. Boxes 31 and 32 contain litigation correspondence, but discussions of cases are by no means limited to these files. A researcher interested in a particular case should examine other correspondence files, such as interoffice memoranda, the personal office files, legislation material and perhaps administrative files for the appropriate years, in order to do an exhaustive search. Although there is little case material on Rodiek v. U.S., for example, this important and lengthy case is mentioned throughout the Series I files and personal correspondence. In addition, there are numbered opinions of the division's general counsel regarding the vesting of enemy property in the war years (Boxes 33-36), and correspondence and decisions regarding claims brought in the periods before and during the time Jones was Chief Hearing Examiner (Boxes 13-17).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAnother large group of files in Series I (Boxes 25-30) concerns legislation which Jones was in charge of drafting. These documents relate almost entirely to the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917, a frequent source of dissatisfaction to the Justice Department. These boxes contain drafts of proposed legislation and related correspondence, as well as a great deal of correspondence and internal memoranda regarding the Justice Department's procedures in the absence of legislative changes. Jones' papers document repeated unsuccessful efforts, into the 1950's, to replace this World War I legislation. Although the TWEA has been amended numerous times, it has not yet been repealed.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries II (Boxes 42-49) consists of records of the various projects Jones undertook relating to the subject of international judicial assistance, the major one being the directorship of the Commission on International Rules of Judicial Procedure (CIRJP) in the early sixties. These files document the establishment and output of the CIRJP. Jones also worked with other organizations such as the Judicial Conference of the U.S. and several international groups in an effort to promote judicial assistance.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries III contains the correspondence (Boxes 49-51) Jones earmarked \"personal,\" although it is largely work-related; practically none of it concerns Jones' personal, private life. Occasional correspondents were Homer Cummings, Sherman Minton, Herbert Wechsler, and John H. Wigmore, as well as numerous Justice Department colleagues he kept in touch with through the years. This series also contains material relating to speeches Jones gave and articles he wrote. Box 52 contains clippings dating from the 1930's to the 1970's, primarily about international affairs bearing on his work.\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["General","General","General"],"odd_tesim":["Series I (Boxes 1-41): records of the Justice Department period, provide a thorough view of Jones' work in his several assignments during a time of turmoil and transition for the Alien Property Division. There are administrative files -- interoffice memoranda, budget and personnel files, reports, etc. -- showing how the office was run. Because he was chief of the litigation and claims divisions for a long time, there is a great deal of documentation on the cases in which the department was involved.","The case files (Boxes 5-13) vary in their thoroughness. Of special interest are the gold cases (15 folders); the I.G. Chemie case, General Aniline Film v. Markham) and subsequent Interhandel case (Switzerland v. U.S.) (3 folders); the Hackfeld case (Rodiek v. U.S.) (2 folders); Standard Oil v. Markham (7 folders); and Von Clemm v. Smith and International Mortagage and Investment Corp. (3 folders). In addition, there is extensive correspondence about litigation, some of it concerning the administration of cases, much of it case strategy. Boxes 31 and 32 contain litigation correspondence, but discussions of cases are by no means limited to these files. A researcher interested in a particular case should examine other correspondence files, such as interoffice memoranda, the personal office files, legislation material and perhaps administrative files for the appropriate years, in order to do an exhaustive search. Although there is little case material on Rodiek v. U.S., for example, this important and lengthy case is mentioned throughout the Series I files and personal correspondence. In addition, there are numbered opinions of the division's general counsel regarding the vesting of enemy property in the war years (Boxes 33-36), and correspondence and decisions regarding claims brought in the periods before and during the time Jones was Chief Hearing Examiner (Boxes 13-17).","Another large group of files in Series I (Boxes 25-30) concerns legislation which Jones was in charge of drafting. These documents relate almost entirely to the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917, a frequent source of dissatisfaction to the Justice Department. These boxes contain drafts of proposed legislation and related correspondence, as well as a great deal of correspondence and internal memoranda regarding the Justice Department's procedures in the absence of legislative changes. Jones' papers document repeated unsuccessful efforts, into the 1950's, to replace this World War I legislation. Although the TWEA has been amended numerous times, it has not yet been repealed.","Series II (Boxes 42-49) consists of records of the various projects Jones undertook relating to the subject of international judicial assistance, the major one being the directorship of the Commission on International Rules of Judicial Procedure (CIRJP) in the early sixties. These files document the establishment and output of the CIRJP. Jones also worked with other organizations such as the Judicial Conference of the U.S. and several international groups in an effort to promote judicial assistance.","Series III contains the correspondence (Boxes 49-51) Jones earmarked \"personal,\" although it is largely work-related; practically none of it concerns Jones' personal, private life. Occasional correspondents were Homer Cummings, Sherman Minton, Herbert Wechsler, and John H. Wigmore, as well as numerous Justice Department colleagues he kept in touch with through the years. This series also contains material relating to speeches Jones gave and articles he wrote. Box 52 contains clippings dating from the 1930's to the 1970's, primarily about international affairs bearing on his work."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\nThe Harry LeRoy Jones papers is comprised of administrative files that pertain to the Department of Justice Alien Property Division (1934-1959) and contains claims and litigation files including correspondence, memoranda and other materials; numbered opinions of the Division's General Counsel; claims decisions and related correspondence; and numerous drafts proposals and correspondence regarding the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917.  Of special interest are the gold cases. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe bulk of the collection, Series I, concerns Jones's work in the Justice Department from the late thirties to the early fifties, although his entire career there (1934-1959) is documented. Series II contains the record of Jones's work on international judicial assistance, 1950-1966, with some copies of documents dating from the thirties. Jones kept a \"Personal Correspondence File\" which dates from 1917 through the 1960s, and these files along with newsclippings constitute Series III.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThis collection will be useful to scholars interested in US treatment of enemy property during the two world wars, and efforts after the second world war to establish better judicial cooperation among nations. Jones's papers thoroughly document the internal workings of the Justice Department's Alien Property Division over a twenty-five-year period, as well as the struggle between President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Justice and Treasury Departments over control of enemy property. There is no indication that Jones had to leave any of his files behind when he left the Justice Department. Since he had a pivotal position in his division, his records provide an exceptionally detailed and unrestricted view of his time and place in government service.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[2 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[2 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[2 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[2 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[2 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[2 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[4 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[2 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[3 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[2 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[3 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[2 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[3 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[2 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[3 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\\[2 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[2 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[3 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[2 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[6 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[2 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[2 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[3 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[3 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[6 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[2 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[2 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[3 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[2 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[2 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[2 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[4 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[7 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[2 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[4 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[4 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[4 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[2 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[7 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[2 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[2 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[2 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[3 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[2 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[2 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[2 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[2 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[3 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[2 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[3 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[5 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[6 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[2 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[5 folders]\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["\nThe Harry LeRoy Jones papers is comprised of administrative files that pertain to the Department of Justice Alien Property Division (1934-1959) and contains claims and litigation files including correspondence, memoranda and other materials; numbered opinions of the Division's General Counsel; claims decisions and related correspondence; and numerous drafts proposals and correspondence regarding the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917.  Of special interest are the gold cases. ","The bulk of the collection, Series I, concerns Jones's work in the Justice Department from the late thirties to the early fifties, although his entire career there (1934-1959) is documented. Series II contains the record of Jones's work on international judicial assistance, 1950-1966, with some copies of documents dating from the thirties. Jones kept a \"Personal Correspondence File\" which dates from 1917 through the 1960s, and these files along with newsclippings constitute Series III.","This collection will be useful to scholars interested in US treatment of enemy property during the two world wars, and efforts after the second world war to establish better judicial cooperation among nations. Jones's papers thoroughly document the internal workings of the Justice Department's Alien Property Division over a twenty-five-year period, as well as the struggle between President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Justice and Treasury Departments over control of enemy property. There is no indication that Jones had to leave any of his files behind when he left the Justice Department. Since he had a pivotal position in his division, his records provide an exceptionally detailed and unrestricted view of his time and place in government service.","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[4 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","\\[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[2 folders]","[6 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[3 folders]","[6 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[4 folders]","[7 folders]","[2 folders]","[4 folders]","[4 folders]","[4 folders]","[2 folders]","[7 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[5 folders]","[6 folders]","[2 folders]","[5 folders]"],"names_coll_ssim":["United States. Department of Justice","United States. Commission on International Rules of Judicial Procedure","Jones, Harry Leroy, 1895-1986"],"names_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","United States. Department of Justice","United States. Commission on International Rules of Judicial Procedure","Jones, Harry Leroy, 1895-1986"],"corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","United States. Department of Justice","United States. Commission on International Rules of Judicial Procedure"],"persname_ssim":["Jones, Harry Leroy, 1895-1986"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":308,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-24T23:25:11.137Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_577"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1028","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Thomas Nelson Berkeley Noland papers","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1028#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Noland, Thomas Nelson Berkeley , 1846-1913","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1028#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection documents Thomas Nelson Berkeley Noland's time in Peru, and contains his journal, a typed transcript of the journal by Mary Noland Young, photographs (chiefly albumen prints) of items, places, and peoples in the Amazon, correspondence (including drafts and translations), and legal documents. \u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1028#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1028","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1028","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1028","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1028","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1028.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/120844","title_filing_ssi":"Noland, Thomas Nelson Berkeley, papers","title_ssm":["Thomas Nelson Berkeley Noland papers"],"title_tesim":["Thomas Nelson Berkeley Noland papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1872-2020","1872-1906, 1964, 2020"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1872-1906, 1964, 2020"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1872-2020"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS .16476","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1028"],"text":["MSS .16476","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1028","Thomas Nelson Berkeley Noland papers","Peru","Ashaninca","Campa del Pichis","Cashibo indigenous group","Conibo indigenous group","Aguaruna indigenous group","racism -- 1870-1880","South American Description and Travel","Indigenous peoples -- Peru","Amazon River Region","Rivers--Peru","Gold","gold mines and mining","diaries","Fair to good","This collection is open for research use.","Thomas Nelson Berkeley Noland (1846-1913) was born in Hanover County, Virginia, the son of Colonel Callender St. George Noland (1816-1875) and Mary Edmonia Berkeley (1823-1901). ","Noland was a student at the Virginia Military Institute, from 1863-1864 and 1867-1870, where he served as a private in Company C, participating in the Battle of New Market during the Civil War. ","He was employed both as a civil engineer and a farmer. Noland was employed as a civil engineer by the Peruvian Hydraulic Commission 1873-1874. Noland and Elizabeth M. Mayo (1850-1883) were married in 1883.","This material contains offensive or harmful language based on race and religion. Also present are a few descriptions of violence against Black, Indigenous, and people of color.","The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials. For archival materials, more specific information about these materials may be available in the finding aid. ","This collection documents Thomas Nelson Berkeley Noland's time in Peru, and contains his journal, a typed transcript of the journal by Mary Noland Young, photographs (chiefly albumen prints) of items, places, and peoples in the Amazon, correspondence (including drafts and translations), and legal documents. ","Also present are oversize blueprint maps of the Peruvian Amazon region drawn by Noland, a \"Map of a Section of South America - Peru, a Vertical Cross Section of the Continent about the 2nd Degree South Latitude,\" and two spear points. ","Noland's journal records his travels on the Peruvian tributaries of the Amazon from 1873 to 1874. The journal documents his work, describing his travels, the geography, flora and fauna of the area, and his observations and interactions with the various indigenous peoples of the Peruvian Amazon. It includes hand drawn illustrations.","The contract was between Noland, Civil Engineer, and J.R. Tucker, President of the Amazon Hydrographic Commission of Peru (April 10, 1872). Also present is a letter of thanks for services rendered to the steam launch \"Mayro\" during the voyage to Iquitos, Peru (August 11, 1873), and a final letter of thanks from the Peruvian government for the successful completion of the mission (December 4, 1874). ","There is a letter from Senator Thomas S. Martin describing his efforts through the State Department to secure payment from the Peruvian government for the \"claim of the Hydrographic Commission of the Amazon\" (March 12, 1896)."," A packet of typed letters translated and bound together with the notation \"C\" on the back include the following correspondents and topics: \n \nManuel Santillan wrote Alexander W. Thornely about the opportunities for mining the riches of the area of the Marañon River region of Peru, including gold dust, rubber trees, and chocolate (February 6, 1899)."," Abraham Madina wrote to Manuel Santillan about the danger from indigenous peoples in the region creating difficulties in harvesting all the riches of the area but also emphasizing the richness and health of the region (February 4, 1899). \n \nMaximiliano Kabsch to Otoniel Melena, describes the situation along the River Napo, mentioning both \"civilized\" indigenous peoples accustomed to working with foreigners and other indigenous peoples, not used to working with foreigners but who were peaceful. He also mentioned the requirements for successful navigation of the river and other financial opportunities in nearby Ecuador (February 1, 1899).","Otoniel Melena to Alexander W. Thornely, described an expedition to the upper Marañon River region, the source of much gold, but  also containing rapids and a large whirlpool. The whirlpool resulted in loss of life to San Ramon and several indigenous laborers on the expedition, when he disregarded their advice to avoid it. ","During another expedition in 1890 led by an American, Mr. Walf, and a German naturalist, above the Pongo de Mainique (a water gap or canyon) of the Urubamba River, a group was visited by members of the \"Nautipus\" people who invited them to stay in their village for a few days (February 4, 1899). They brought twelve of the indigenous people with them back to San Antonio, Peru, including a chief named Wamba.","Melena also shared what he has heard about the headwaters of the River Napo and its prospects for mining. He suggests that Noland come to Peru accompanied by a naturalist and mining expert by way of Colón, Panama, then Guayaquil, Ecuador, to Quito, Ecuador. Once in Quito, he should visit Dr. Mestanza and get additional information about the voyage down the Napo River to Iquitos, Peru, Borja, Peru, and the upper Marañon region. (February 4, 1899).","Also present at the back of the group letters is a copy of an undated account of one of the expeditions in search of the historical gold mines of Morillo or Cerro Angaisa by Jose del Carmen Vasquez. This expedition began on August 1, 1882, when he left Moyobamba for the upper Amazon, taking with him fourteen well-armed men. He secured the services of several villagers from Aripari and interpreters for the languages of the \"wild tribes.\" ","He described their first encounter with the \"Chunchos\" indigenous people, a Peruvian Spanish word for the Asháninka people, who occupy the upper region of the Potro River. He sent interpreters to the tribe to ask them to supply canoes for the journey. ","They traveled in the canoes to the Asháninka village where they prepared food for the trip, chiefly sweet potatoes, and he insisted the Moyobambinos with him make clothing for the tribe as they typically wore no clothing. Vasquez and his group stayed with the Asháninka people for eleven days. ","He mentioned one of the Asháninka by name, Huapi, who indicated that gold could be found in a distant canyon, but no one else in the expedition was willing to continue at that time. Vasquez and his men had been traveling for seventy-nine days on this first expedition. He briefly described three additional trips which provided more information about the area, but no gold.","Translations of two letters (4 copies):","Manuel Santillan to Mr. A.W. Thornely, April 16, 1899, reporting that the port of Iquitos had recently seen its first American Man of War, the gunboat \"Wilmington,\" believed to be in the area to investigate the reports of the wealth of the products of the upper Amazon. He also mentioned Mr. Bruner and a company of Americans exploring the placer mines of the River Napo.","Colonel Fisher, former American representative to Chile, on behalf of Thomas Nelson Berkeley Noland, to Don Alvares Calderon, Minister Plenipotentiary of Peru, August 1900, wrote concerning the possibility of opening up the mining district of the upper Amazon by a Special Concession to a company in the United States associated with Noland for hydraulic mining of gold to make it easier to raise capital for the venture.","Also in this folder is a draft undated memorandum of agreement between Carl H. Nolting, Louisa County, Virginia, and Noland, and a letter from J.F. Spofford to Noland about the rates of passage to Peru, October 9, 1900.","Contains a print copy in Spanish and hand-written English translation of the transfer of an agreement of The Inca Gold Development Corporation of Peru, Limited, with the government of Peru for the right to dredge the Inambari River, Province of Carabaya, April 29, 1904. ","Other correspondents writing about the project or furnishing letters of introduction March 22-23, 1906) include A.J. Montague, E.B. Thomason, Nelson B. Noland, Irving B. Dudley, Z.A. Loredo. The folder also contained a letter from Mary Bleecker Miller Noland (1889-1985) to the National Geographic Society offering Noland's papers as a gift, June 20, 1964. ","The journal kept by Thomas Nelson Berkeley Noland describes his travels and adventures as a member of the Hydraulic Commission of Peru in the upper Amazon region while making accurate navigational charts for the tributaries of the Amazon.  The Commission began their mission by leaving Iquitos, Peru, with two boats, the launch \"Mairo\" and the steamer, the \"Tambo, with Noland being aboard the \"Mairo\" as the civil engineer.","The handwritten journal also contains some drawings, photographs, and news clippings. Apparently some photographs had been removed by Noland, possibly by relatives or for use as illustrations for some articles he wrote for \"Appleton's Journal\" in 1875. ","The \"Mairo\" first explored the River Nanay from September 17, 1873 until its return to Iquitos, Peru, on October 3, 1873. On October 27, 1873, still aboard the \"Mairo,\" Noland and his group left Iquitos to explore the Morona, Potro, Pastaza and Tigre rivers. They returned on December 4, 1873, to Iquitos from those explorations. ","2) Noland described an indigenous settlement at Courahualie, where the people, with heavily painted faces, came to see them off the next day, speaking the Incan language and with the girls carrying monkeys upon their heads (February 23-24, 1873). ","Later he described a canoe which was made from a single tree and propelled by ten indigenous men on the Ucayali River. The \"Mairo\" passed it but later heard the same group of indigenous men during the night coming into Puca-Cura, playing music and singing \"a wild kind of melody, as they paddled, very sweet\" (March 6, 1873). ","The next morning, they saw one of the men, tattooed on his face and hands, being lashed by a man named Martinez (?) who owned the farmhouse, land, and the canoe (March 7, 1873). ","3) Anchored at Sara-Yuca, they saw several aboriginal canoes who came along side and offered them masato to drink. One of the individuals, with a \"musical instrument made of pieces of reed of different sizes and lengths,\" played the same song Noland had heard earlier down the river (March 9, 1873) in \"the Incan tongue.\" ","He also described the Old Church and other buildings constructed by the Jesuits who founded it two hundred years ago (March 10, 1873). ","He saw other indigenous people at the Bepuano chacara who he said were \"the wildest I have seen and have their war clubs, bows and arrows arranged in their houses ready for use\" (March 11, 1873).","4) Noland met a boy who had been captured by the Conibo ethnic group from the Cashibo ethnic group. The Cashibos along the River Pachitea were rumored to be cannibals (March 14, 1873). ","He also met an older monk, at the Cashaboya station of the Order of St. Francis, trying to arrange three indigenous languages into some kind of form and prepare a dictionary for the Incan language (March 16, 1873). ","They purchased plantains, ground peas and a monkey from some of the indigenous people as they left their anchor site about fifty miles from Calleria. When they anchored for the night at a Conibo settlement two miles from the mouth of the Pachitea River, they also purchased some wild hogs (wangana) and more plantains (March 25-26, 1873). ","Noland wrote about being on the border of cannibal country and recounts the story of two Peruvian officers who were killed and eaten about twelve miles above them some time ago (March 26, 1873). ","5) Noland described the Commission's arrangement with \"Old Clemente\" who had his warriors cut wood with axes for use as fuel in the \"Tambo\" and deliver it in the indigenous canoes. ","This production of wood was interrupted when the warriors went on a war expedition against the Cashibos \"to steal their women and children.\" Noland also described their beliefs about burning the house of any member of the group who dies, cut up his canoe, kill his enslaved persons and destroy all their belongings out of fear of being bewitched. ","On page 10, he has also drawn a picture of the Conibo knife carried by each man.  (March 31-April 2, 1873).","6) Noland furnished additional information about the indigenous warriors, their preparations, an aside about the production of \"masato de yuca\" by the older indigenous women, and the failure of the mission of the warriors due to thesuperior numbers of the Cashibos (April 3 and 8, 1873). He described one of the Conibo houses and how it was arranged (May 1, 1873). ","Noland also wrote of being lost deep in the forest on the border between the Conibos and the Cashibos while hunting with a guide and how difficult it was to get back to the river (May 10, 1873).  Noland's entry for May 12th says that the chief of the local indigenous group predicted the \"Tambo\" was coming up the river and would arrive soon because of the waterfowl which was disturbed by the steamer's advance and flew in advance of it on the upper Ucayali River.","7) On May 14, 1873, the \"Tambo\" had finally arrived to join Noland's group (on the advance launch \"Mairo\") near the mouth of the Pachitea River, apparently full of animal and bird species both alive and mounted as specimens. ","The arrival of the \"Tambo\" was so late in the season that it was unsafe for either vessel to proceed up the Pachitea River to do the survey, so the Hydraulic Commission purchased six canoes from the Conibo indigenous group to carry the members of the commission and their provisions for five to six weeks up the Pachitea River, two to three hundred miles.","Noland went on to describe the Conibo canoes, their dimensions, stability, construction, arrangement of the indigenous crew in the canoe, and the distribution of the Commission members and soldiers among the crafts (May 15-19, 1873). ","Some indigenous Cashibos, who had been captured and enslaved by Pedro, the brother of Clemente (both being members of the Conibo group) also joined the expedition (May 20-21, 1873). ","8) Noland also described the Conibos' fear of being in the territory of their neighbors, the Cashibos, reported to be cannibals and related a story involving a Peruvian gunboat who landed on a small island (Chouta Isla) and whose captain and 2nd commander were killed by the Cashibos. Both were reported as eaten by the group of Cashibos (May 21, 1873). He described an attack by the Cashibos upon the pilot canoe, during the daylight hours (May 24, 1873).","9) He described the canoes passing under cliffs of colored lava, where some bore a type of \"hieroglyphic\" writing, possibly the most eastern trace of the Incas yet known (May 26, 1873) and exchanging presents with some of the Cashibos along the banks (May 30, 1873). This \"gift exchange\" turned into an armed altercation shortly thereafter. They arrived at the mouth of the Pichis River and began its exploration (June 4-6, 1873). ","A desertion by eight of their men was caused by fear of the Campas indigenous people, known as \"the most fierce of all the Indians of Peru\" according to Noland (June 7-11, 1873). They continued on further into the territory of the Campas and he related stories and information about them and the local flora and fauna in his journal (June 12-16, 1873).","10) While headed back towards the steamers, they ran across a larger than normal war party of Conibos about to attack the Cashibos (June 27, 1873) who would be either killed or enslaved by them, and then sold to the whites of Iquitos, Peru, although this was against the law. ","Noland mentioned the trafficking of shrunken heads made from captives taken in war by interior indigenous peoples, also against Peruvian law. The Conibo expedition was later  reported to be unsuccessful (October 28, 1873).","An account was attached after page 27, describing the story about the shrunken head of Tibi, the fearsome chief of the \"Antipas\" ethnic group, defeated by the indigenous group, the \"Aguaruna.\" ","11) On June 28, 1873, the group reached the steamers, still anchored within the mouth of the Pachitea, after being aboard the canoes for forty-one days. ","Following this entry, Noland began a long paragraph with his own observations about the indigenous people in the region they had been exploring. On July 1,1873, the Hydraulic Commission began traveling up the Ucayali River, stopping at Sara-Yacu on July 9, where he purchased a young \"tiger\" and employed the local umbrella, a palm thatch, during a severe thunderstorm. ","On August 24, 1873, they arrived back at Iquitos, where the boats were greeted by the entire village.  Noland then began a lengthy description of the inhabitants of Iquitos, Peru, and their customs. He also mentions meeting James Orton (1830-1877) author of \"Andes and Amazon.\"","12) On September 17, 1873, the group began the second series of explorations, beginning at the River Nanay. The local indigenous people were called the Iquitos (September 23, 1873).","Noland described the multi-ethnic composition of the crew of his launch, some of their more interesting meals, and the great number of butterflies they had seen on the Nanay River (September 26, 1873). ","Upon their arrival back in Iquitos, the entire crew was ill, probably due to malaria (October 1, 1873). On October 13-15, they conducted a short exploration of the River Itaya, which is important only because the river enters the Amazon at Iquitos, Peru.","In October, both the \"Tambo\" and the steamer \"Alceste\" arrived with provisions. Unfortunately, the \"Alceste\" also carried smallpox to Iquitos. Noland described the fear of smallpox by the indigenous people who were known to desert their villages until the disease departed (October 24, 1873). ","13) They began their exploration up the River Potro which emptied into the River Marañon (October 26, 1873).  Noland mentioned a story about the death of an indigenous man who was known as a good pilot for the upper waters during an attack by the \"Mouratos\" people (November 5-7, 1873). ","He described Borja as being situated at the head of the Marañon River in a rich gold region. The Spanish had garrisoned two hundred soldiers there to force the indigenous people to bring in gold. Upon the independence of Peru and the withdrawal of the soldiers, the local population destroyed the town, killed the inhabitants, and forced the governor to drink liquid gold according to local legend. Borja had never been successfully rebuilt. ","14) After about a month spent exploring the four tributaries of the Upper Marañon, they arrived back in Iquitos, Peru (December 7, 1873). Noland comments on the mixture of backgrounds and races of the persons in the villages of the Amazon, which include indigenous, \"Negro,\" Spanish and Portuguese.","He also refered to the prevalence of smallpox in the town and described the harmonious and beautiful music of the local indigenous people (December 13, 1873). Noland also recorded his disparaging thoughts on the results of \"the combination of races\" in Brazil and Peru (end of section for January 4, 1874).","15) Noland and Mr. Sparrow decided to leave Iquitos behind for the duration of the Carnival celebrations and avoid some of its excesses (February 20, 1874). On March 21, 1874, Sparrow and Noland sailed on the steamer \"Pastaza\" to finish the survey of the Marañon River and returned to Borja (March 22-April 5, 1874). He described the town of Iquitos as a kind of Peruvian Botany Bay for offending officers and Peru as weak country with a poor government (April 27, 1874).","16) The finances of Peru were in such bad shape that there was no money for the members of the Commission to be paid or to get home. They were forced to personally borrow money to settle their accounts in the office of the commissary. The steamer \"Morona\" arrived late and in a damaged condition. They left on the \"Morona\" still hoping to make the connection with the Brazilian boat in time to get home by October.  ","On the next day, the steamer \"Morona\" ran aground on a playa along the river. Although the Peruvian boat, the \"Pastaza\" came along shortly afterwards, the captain prevented them from boarding his boat and left them stranded in the falling river levels (August 22-September 23, 1874). ","17) Noland and the others remain stuck on the playa from September 23 until October 12, 1874, when they managed to get the \"Morona\" off the playa and back into the river. In this section of the journal, he made several disparaging remarks about the efficiency of the Peruvian navy and the \"Latin\" temperament. ","By October 20th, Noland's group arrived at the Brazilian frontier fort, \"Tabatinga\" which he described. He also continued to share his negative opinions about the mixture of races in South America, using an African American Padre as an example (October 23, 1874). ","After a six day stay in Manaos, Brazil, they left on the boat \"Marajo\" (October 26, 1874), and reached Obidos, Brazil, on October 28, the head of tide water on the Amazon and five hundred miles from the mouth of the river. Noland mentioned that there was an American colony there of former Confederates. ","18) Noland and Sparrow decide to take the schooner \"Charles E. Moody\" bound for New York and led by Captain Collamore, a New Englander with early Yankee ancestors who merit Noland's approval. ","He makes much of the crew being white and the captain a Yankee, as opposed to the crews and captains of most of the boats in Peru and Brazil (October 31-December 1, 1874). By November 29, 1874, the schooner was near Cape Henry, Virginia, and on December 1, 1874, the ship made it to a pier in New York City on the East River.","Consists of the framed original map and 4 copies of the map which was hand drawn by Thomas Nelson Berkeley Noland. The map has a list of both rivers and places in the area covered. Three copies are on blueprint paper.","Reports include A \"Some Facts About the Peruvian Amazon,B \"Recapitulated and Condensed,\" and \"Something about Gold Fields, know to exist, but not now definitely located, in Rich Peru.\" Noland wrote these to interest investors and raise money to find and mine gold in the Peruvian Amazon region.","The two spear points were identified by the Peabody Museum, New Haven, Connecticut as a Red Brown Chert and a Red Brown Chert Tang.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Noland, Thomas Nelson Berkeley , 1846-1913","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS .16476","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1028"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Thomas Nelson Berkeley Noland papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Thomas Nelson Berkeley Noland papers"],"collection_ssim":["Thomas Nelson Berkeley Noland papers"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["Peru","Ashaninca","Campa del Pichis","Cashibo indigenous group","Conibo indigenous group","Aguaruna indigenous group","racism -- 1870-1880","South American Description and Travel"],"geogname_ssim":["Peru","Ashaninca","Campa del Pichis","Cashibo indigenous group","Conibo indigenous group","Aguaruna indigenous group","racism -- 1870-1880","South American Description and Travel"],"creator_ssm":["Noland, Thomas Nelson Berkeley , 1846-1913"],"creator_ssim":["Noland, Thomas Nelson Berkeley , 1846-1913"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Noland, Thomas Nelson Berkeley , 1846-1913"],"creators_ssim":["Noland, Thomas Nelson Berkeley , 1846-1913"],"places_ssim":["Peru","Ashaninca","Campa del Pichis","Cashibo indigenous group","Conibo indigenous group","Aguaruna indigenous group","racism -- 1870-1880","South American Description and Travel"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was given to the University of Virginia Special Collections Library on November 12, 2021, by Mary Noland Young and Lucy Burwell Young."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Indigenous peoples -- Peru","Amazon River Region","Rivers--Peru","Gold","gold mines and mining","diaries"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Indigenous peoples -- Peru","Amazon River Region","Rivers--Peru","Gold","gold mines and mining","diaries"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["Fair to good"],"extent_ssm":[".75  Cubic Feet 1 legal document box, 1 small artifact box, and one flat file folder (2 x 3 feet)"],"extent_tesim":[".75  Cubic Feet 1 legal document box, 1 small artifact box, and one flat file folder (2 x 3 feet)"],"genreform_ssim":["diaries"],"date_range_isim":[1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research use."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThomas Nelson Berkeley Noland (1846-1913) was born in Hanover County, Virginia, the son of Colonel Callender St. George Noland (1816-1875) and Mary Edmonia Berkeley (1823-1901). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNoland was a student at the Virginia Military Institute, from 1863-1864 and 1867-1870, where he served as a private in Company C, participating in the Battle of New Market during the Civil War. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHe was employed both as a civil engineer and a farmer. Noland was employed as a civil engineer by the Peruvian Hydraulic Commission 1873-1874. Noland and Elizabeth M. Mayo (1850-1883) were married in 1883.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Thomas Nelson Berkeley Noland (1846-1913) was born in Hanover County, Virginia, the son of Colonel Callender St. George Noland (1816-1875) and Mary Edmonia Berkeley (1823-1901). ","Noland was a student at the Virginia Military Institute, from 1863-1864 and 1867-1870, where he served as a private in Company C, participating in the Battle of New Market during the Civil War. ","He was employed both as a civil engineer and a farmer. Noland was employed as a civil engineer by the Peruvian Hydraulic Commission 1873-1874. Noland and Elizabeth M. Mayo (1850-1883) were married in 1883."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis material contains offensive or harmful language based on race and religion. Also present are a few descriptions of violence against Black, Indigenous, and people of color.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials. For archival materials, more specific information about these materials may be available in the finding aid. \u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Content Warning"],"odd_tesim":["This material contains offensive or harmful language based on race and religion. Also present are a few descriptions of violence against Black, Indigenous, and people of color.","The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials. For archival materials, more specific information about these materials may be available in the finding aid. "],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThomas Nelson Berkeley Noland papers, MSS 16476, 1872-1806, 1964, 2020, Special Collections, University of Virginia Library, Charlottesville, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Thomas Nelson Berkeley Noland papers, MSS 16476, 1872-1806, 1964, 2020, Special Collections, University of Virginia Library, Charlottesville, Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection documents Thomas Nelson Berkeley Noland's time in Peru, and contains his journal, a typed transcript of the journal by Mary Noland Young, photographs (chiefly albumen prints) of items, places, and peoples in the Amazon, correspondence (including drafts and translations), and legal documents. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAlso present are oversize blueprint maps of the Peruvian Amazon region drawn by Noland, a \"Map of a Section of South America - Peru, a Vertical Cross Section of the Continent about the 2nd Degree South Latitude,\" and two spear points. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNoland's journal records his travels on the Peruvian tributaries of the Amazon from 1873 to 1874. The journal documents his work, describing his travels, the geography, flora and fauna of the area, and his observations and interactions with the various indigenous peoples of the Peruvian Amazon. It includes hand drawn illustrations.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe contract was between Noland, Civil Engineer, and J.R. Tucker, President of the Amazon Hydrographic Commission of Peru (April 10, 1872). Also present is a letter of thanks for services rendered to the steam launch \"Mayro\" during the voyage to Iquitos, Peru (August 11, 1873), and a final letter of thanks from the Peruvian government for the successful completion of the mission (December 4, 1874). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThere is a letter from Senator Thomas S. Martin describing his efforts through the State Department to secure payment from the Peruvian government for the \"claim of the Hydrographic Commission of the Amazon\" (March 12, 1896).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e A packet of typed letters translated and bound together with the notation \"C\" on the back include the following correspondents and topics: \n \nManuel Santillan wrote Alexander W. Thornely about the opportunities for mining the riches of the area of the Marañon River region of Peru, including gold dust, rubber trees, and chocolate (February 6, 1899).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Abraham Madina wrote to Manuel Santillan about the danger from indigenous peoples in the region creating difficulties in harvesting all the riches of the area but also emphasizing the richness and health of the region (February 4, 1899). \n \nMaximiliano Kabsch to Otoniel Melena, describes the situation along the River Napo, mentioning both \"civilized\" indigenous peoples accustomed to working with foreigners and other indigenous peoples, not used to working with foreigners but who were peaceful. He also mentioned the requirements for successful navigation of the river and other financial opportunities in nearby Ecuador (February 1, 1899).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOtoniel Melena to Alexander W. Thornely, described an expedition to the upper Marañon River region, the source of much gold, but  also containing rapids and a large whirlpool. The whirlpool resulted in loss of life to San Ramon and several indigenous laborers on the expedition, when he disregarded their advice to avoid it. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDuring another expedition in 1890 led by an American, Mr. Walf, and a German naturalist, above the Pongo de Mainique (a water gap or canyon) of the Urubamba River, a group was visited by members of the \"Nautipus\" people who invited them to stay in their village for a few days (February 4, 1899). They brought twelve of the indigenous people with them back to San Antonio, Peru, including a chief named Wamba.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMelena also shared what he has heard about the headwaters of the River Napo and its prospects for mining. He suggests that Noland come to Peru accompanied by a naturalist and mining expert by way of Colón, Panama, then Guayaquil, Ecuador, to Quito, Ecuador. Once in Quito, he should visit Dr. Mestanza and get additional information about the voyage down the Napo River to Iquitos, Peru, Borja, Peru, and the upper Marañon region. (February 4, 1899).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAlso present at the back of the group letters is a copy of an undated account of one of the expeditions in search of the historical gold mines of Morillo or Cerro Angaisa by Jose del Carmen Vasquez. This expedition began on August 1, 1882, when he left Moyobamba for the upper Amazon, taking with him fourteen well-armed men. He secured the services of several villagers from Aripari and interpreters for the languages of the \"wild tribes.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHe described their first encounter with the \"Chunchos\" indigenous people, a Peruvian Spanish word for the Asháninka people, who occupy the upper region of the Potro River. He sent interpreters to the tribe to ask them to supply canoes for the journey. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThey traveled in the canoes to the Asháninka village where they prepared food for the trip, chiefly sweet potatoes, and he insisted the Moyobambinos with him make clothing for the tribe as they typically wore no clothing. Vasquez and his group stayed with the Asháninka people for eleven days. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHe mentioned one of the Asháninka by name, Huapi, who indicated that gold could be found in a distant canyon, but no one else in the expedition was willing to continue at that time. Vasquez and his men had been traveling for seventy-nine days on this first expedition. He briefly described three additional trips which provided more information about the area, but no gold.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTranslations of two letters (4 copies):\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eManuel Santillan to Mr. A.W. Thornely, April 16, 1899, reporting that the port of Iquitos had recently seen its first American Man of War, the gunboat \"Wilmington,\" believed to be in the area to investigate the reports of the wealth of the products of the upper Amazon. He also mentioned Mr. Bruner and a company of Americans exploring the placer mines of the River Napo.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eColonel Fisher, former American representative to Chile, on behalf of Thomas Nelson Berkeley Noland, to Don Alvares Calderon, Minister Plenipotentiary of Peru, August 1900, wrote concerning the possibility of opening up the mining district of the upper Amazon by a Special Concession to a company in the United States associated with Noland for hydraulic mining of gold to make it easier to raise capital for the venture.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAlso in this folder is a draft undated memorandum of agreement between Carl H. Nolting, Louisa County, Virginia, and Noland, and a letter from J.F. Spofford to Noland about the rates of passage to Peru, October 9, 1900.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains a print copy in Spanish and hand-written English translation of the transfer of an agreement of The Inca Gold Development Corporation of Peru, Limited, with the government of Peru for the right to dredge the Inambari River, Province of Carabaya, April 29, 1904. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOther correspondents writing about the project or furnishing letters of introduction March 22-23, 1906) include A.J. Montague, E.B. Thomason, Nelson B. Noland, Irving B. Dudley, Z.A. Loredo. The folder also contained a letter from Mary Bleecker Miller Noland (1889-1985) to the National Geographic Society offering Noland's papers as a gift, June 20, 1964. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe journal kept by Thomas Nelson Berkeley Noland describes his travels and adventures as a member of the Hydraulic Commission of Peru in the upper Amazon region while making accurate navigational charts for the tributaries of the Amazon.  The Commission began their mission by leaving Iquitos, Peru, with two boats, the launch \"Mairo\" and the steamer, the \"Tambo, with Noland being aboard the \"Mairo\" as the civil engineer.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe handwritten journal also contains some drawings, photographs, and news clippings. Apparently some photographs had been removed by Noland, possibly by relatives or for use as illustrations for some articles he wrote for \"Appleton's Journal\" in 1875. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe \"Mairo\" first explored the River Nanay from September 17, 1873 until its return to Iquitos, Peru, on October 3, 1873. On October 27, 1873, still aboard the \"Mairo,\" Noland and his group left Iquitos to explore the Morona, Potro, Pastaza and Tigre rivers. They returned on December 4, 1873, to Iquitos from those explorations. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e2) Noland described an indigenous settlement at Courahualie, where the people, with heavily painted faces, came to see them off the next day, speaking the Incan language and with the girls carrying monkeys upon their heads (February 23-24, 1873). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eLater he described a canoe which was made from a single tree and propelled by ten indigenous men on the Ucayali River. The \"Mairo\" passed it but later heard the same group of indigenous men during the night coming into Puca-Cura, playing music and singing \"a wild kind of melody, as they paddled, very sweet\" (March 6, 1873). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe next morning, they saw one of the men, tattooed on his face and hands, being lashed by a man named Martinez (?) who owned the farmhouse, land, and the canoe (March 7, 1873). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e3) Anchored at Sara-Yuca, they saw several aboriginal canoes who came along side and offered them masato to drink. One of the individuals, with a \"musical instrument made of pieces of reed of different sizes and lengths,\" played the same song Noland had heard earlier down the river (March 9, 1873) in \"the Incan tongue.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHe also described the Old Church and other buildings constructed by the Jesuits who founded it two hundred years ago (March 10, 1873). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHe saw other indigenous people at the Bepuano chacara who he said were \"the wildest I have seen and have their war clubs, bows and arrows arranged in their houses ready for use\" (March 11, 1873).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e4) Noland met a boy who had been captured by the Conibo ethnic group from the Cashibo ethnic group. The Cashibos along the River Pachitea were rumored to be cannibals (March 14, 1873). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHe also met an older monk, at the Cashaboya station of the Order of St. Francis, trying to arrange three indigenous languages into some kind of form and prepare a dictionary for the Incan language (March 16, 1873). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThey purchased plantains, ground peas and a monkey from some of the indigenous people as they left their anchor site about fifty miles from Calleria. When they anchored for the night at a Conibo settlement two miles from the mouth of the Pachitea River, they also purchased some wild hogs (wangana) and more plantains (March 25-26, 1873). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNoland wrote about being on the border of cannibal country and recounts the story of two Peruvian officers who were killed and eaten about twelve miles above them some time ago (March 26, 1873). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e5) Noland described the Commission's arrangement with \"Old Clemente\" who had his warriors cut wood with axes for use as fuel in the \"Tambo\" and deliver it in the indigenous canoes. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThis production of wood was interrupted when the warriors went on a war expedition against the Cashibos \"to steal their women and children.\" Noland also described their beliefs about burning the house of any member of the group who dies, cut up his canoe, kill his enslaved persons and destroy all their belongings out of fear of being bewitched. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOn page 10, he has also drawn a picture of the Conibo knife carried by each man.  (March 31-April 2, 1873).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e6) Noland furnished additional information about the indigenous warriors, their preparations, an aside about the production of \"masato de yuca\" by the older indigenous women, and the failure of the mission of the warriors due to thesuperior numbers of the Cashibos (April 3 and 8, 1873). He described one of the Conibo houses and how it was arranged (May 1, 1873). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNoland also wrote of being lost deep in the forest on the border between the Conibos and the Cashibos while hunting with a guide and how difficult it was to get back to the river (May 10, 1873).  Noland's entry for May 12th says that the chief of the local indigenous group predicted the \"Tambo\" was coming up the river and would arrive soon because of the waterfowl which was disturbed by the steamer's advance and flew in advance of it on the upper Ucayali River.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e7) On May 14, 1873, the \"Tambo\" had finally arrived to join Noland's group (on the advance launch \"Mairo\") near the mouth of the Pachitea River, apparently full of animal and bird species both alive and mounted as specimens. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe arrival of the \"Tambo\" was so late in the season that it was unsafe for either vessel to proceed up the Pachitea River to do the survey, so the Hydraulic Commission purchased six canoes from the Conibo indigenous group to carry the members of the commission and their provisions for five to six weeks up the Pachitea River, two to three hundred miles.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNoland went on to describe the Conibo canoes, their dimensions, stability, construction, arrangement of the indigenous crew in the canoe, and the distribution of the Commission members and soldiers among the crafts (May 15-19, 1873). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSome indigenous Cashibos, who had been captured and enslaved by Pedro, the brother of Clemente (both being members of the Conibo group) also joined the expedition (May 20-21, 1873). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e8) Noland also described the Conibos' fear of being in the territory of their neighbors, the Cashibos, reported to be cannibals and related a story involving a Peruvian gunboat who landed on a small island (Chouta Isla) and whose captain and 2nd commander were killed by the Cashibos. Both were reported as eaten by the group of Cashibos (May 21, 1873). He described an attack by the Cashibos upon the pilot canoe, during the daylight hours (May 24, 1873).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e9) He described the canoes passing under cliffs of colored lava, where some bore a type of \"hieroglyphic\" writing, possibly the most eastern trace of the Incas yet known (May 26, 1873) and exchanging presents with some of the Cashibos along the banks (May 30, 1873). This \"gift exchange\" turned into an armed altercation shortly thereafter. They arrived at the mouth of the Pichis River and began its exploration (June 4-6, 1873). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eA desertion by eight of their men was caused by fear of the Campas indigenous people, known as \"the most fierce of all the Indians of Peru\" according to Noland (June 7-11, 1873). They continued on further into the territory of the Campas and he related stories and information about them and the local flora and fauna in his journal (June 12-16, 1873).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e10) While headed back towards the steamers, they ran across a larger than normal war party of Conibos about to attack the Cashibos (June 27, 1873) who would be either killed or enslaved by them, and then sold to the whites of Iquitos, Peru, although this was against the law. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNoland mentioned the trafficking of shrunken heads made from captives taken in war by interior indigenous peoples, also against Peruvian law. The Conibo expedition was later  reported to be unsuccessful (October 28, 1873).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAn account was attached after page 27, describing the story about the shrunken head of Tibi, the fearsome chief of the \"Antipas\" ethnic group, defeated by the indigenous group, the \"Aguaruna.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e11) On June 28, 1873, the group reached the steamers, still anchored within the mouth of the Pachitea, after being aboard the canoes for forty-one days. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFollowing this entry, Noland began a long paragraph with his own observations about the indigenous people in the region they had been exploring. On July 1,1873, the Hydraulic Commission began traveling up the Ucayali River, stopping at Sara-Yacu on July 9, where he purchased a young \"tiger\" and employed the local umbrella, a palm thatch, during a severe thunderstorm. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOn August 24, 1873, they arrived back at Iquitos, where the boats were greeted by the entire village.  Noland then began a lengthy description of the inhabitants of Iquitos, Peru, and their customs. He also mentions meeting James Orton (1830-1877) author of \"Andes and Amazon.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e12) On September 17, 1873, the group began the second series of explorations, beginning at the River Nanay. The local indigenous people were called the Iquitos (September 23, 1873).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNoland described the multi-ethnic composition of the crew of his launch, some of their more interesting meals, and the great number of butterflies they had seen on the Nanay River (September 26, 1873). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eUpon their arrival back in Iquitos, the entire crew was ill, probably due to malaria (October 1, 1873). On October 13-15, they conducted a short exploration of the River Itaya, which is important only because the river enters the Amazon at Iquitos, Peru.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn October, both the \"Tambo\" and the steamer \"Alceste\" arrived with provisions. Unfortunately, the \"Alceste\" also carried smallpox to Iquitos. Noland described the fear of smallpox by the indigenous people who were known to desert their villages until the disease departed (October 24, 1873). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e13) They began their exploration up the River Potro which emptied into the River Marañon (October 26, 1873).  Noland mentioned a story about the death of an indigenous man who was known as a good pilot for the upper waters during an attack by the \"Mouratos\" people (November 5-7, 1873). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHe described Borja as being situated at the head of the Marañon River in a rich gold region. The Spanish had garrisoned two hundred soldiers there to force the indigenous people to bring in gold. Upon the independence of Peru and the withdrawal of the soldiers, the local population destroyed the town, killed the inhabitants, and forced the governor to drink liquid gold according to local legend. Borja had never been successfully rebuilt. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e14) After about a month spent exploring the four tributaries of the Upper Marañon, they arrived back in Iquitos, Peru (December 7, 1873). Noland comments on the mixture of backgrounds and races of the persons in the villages of the Amazon, which include indigenous, \"Negro,\" Spanish and Portuguese.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHe also refered to the prevalence of smallpox in the town and described the harmonious and beautiful music of the local indigenous people (December 13, 1873). Noland also recorded his disparaging thoughts on the results of \"the combination of races\" in Brazil and Peru (end of section for January 4, 1874).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e15) Noland and Mr. Sparrow decided to leave Iquitos behind for the duration of the Carnival celebrations and avoid some of its excesses (February 20, 1874). On March 21, 1874, Sparrow and Noland sailed on the steamer \"Pastaza\" to finish the survey of the Marañon River and returned to Borja (March 22-April 5, 1874). He described the town of Iquitos as a kind of Peruvian Botany Bay for offending officers and Peru as weak country with a poor government (April 27, 1874).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e16) The finances of Peru were in such bad shape that there was no money for the members of the Commission to be paid or to get home. They were forced to personally borrow money to settle their accounts in the office of the commissary. The steamer \"Morona\" arrived late and in a damaged condition. They left on the \"Morona\" still hoping to make the connection with the Brazilian boat in time to get home by October.  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOn the next day, the steamer \"Morona\" ran aground on a playa along the river. Although the Peruvian boat, the \"Pastaza\" came along shortly afterwards, the captain prevented them from boarding his boat and left them stranded in the falling river levels (August 22-September 23, 1874). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e17) Noland and the others remain stuck on the playa from September 23 until October 12, 1874, when they managed to get the \"Morona\" off the playa and back into the river. In this section of the journal, he made several disparaging remarks about the efficiency of the Peruvian navy and the \"Latin\" temperament. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBy October 20th, Noland's group arrived at the Brazilian frontier fort, \"Tabatinga\" which he described. He also continued to share his negative opinions about the mixture of races in South America, using an African American Padre as an example (October 23, 1874). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAfter a six day stay in Manaos, Brazil, they left on the boat \"Marajo\" (October 26, 1874), and reached Obidos, Brazil, on October 28, the head of tide water on the Amazon and five hundred miles from the mouth of the river. Noland mentioned that there was an American colony there of former Confederates. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e18) Noland and Sparrow decide to take the schooner \"Charles E. Moody\" bound for New York and led by Captain Collamore, a New Englander with early Yankee ancestors who merit Noland's approval. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHe makes much of the crew being white and the captain a Yankee, as opposed to the crews and captains of most of the boats in Peru and Brazil (October 31-December 1, 1874). By November 29, 1874, the schooner was near Cape Henry, Virginia, and on December 1, 1874, the ship made it to a pier in New York City on the East River.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eConsists of the framed original map and 4 copies of the map which was hand drawn by Thomas Nelson Berkeley Noland. The map has a list of both rivers and places in the area covered. Three copies are on blueprint paper.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReports include A \"Some Facts About the Peruvian Amazon,B \"Recapitulated and Condensed,\" and \"Something about Gold Fields, know to exist, but not now definitely located, in Rich Peru.\" Noland wrote these to interest investors and raise money to find and mine gold in the Peruvian Amazon region.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe two spear points were identified by the Peabody Museum, New Haven, Connecticut as a Red Brown Chert and a Red Brown Chert Tang.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Journal","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection documents Thomas Nelson Berkeley Noland's time in Peru, and contains his journal, a typed transcript of the journal by Mary Noland Young, photographs (chiefly albumen prints) of items, places, and peoples in the Amazon, correspondence (including drafts and translations), and legal documents. ","Also present are oversize blueprint maps of the Peruvian Amazon region drawn by Noland, a \"Map of a Section of South America - Peru, a Vertical Cross Section of the Continent about the 2nd Degree South Latitude,\" and two spear points. ","Noland's journal records his travels on the Peruvian tributaries of the Amazon from 1873 to 1874. The journal documents his work, describing his travels, the geography, flora and fauna of the area, and his observations and interactions with the various indigenous peoples of the Peruvian Amazon. It includes hand drawn illustrations.","The contract was between Noland, Civil Engineer, and J.R. Tucker, President of the Amazon Hydrographic Commission of Peru (April 10, 1872). Also present is a letter of thanks for services rendered to the steam launch \"Mayro\" during the voyage to Iquitos, Peru (August 11, 1873), and a final letter of thanks from the Peruvian government for the successful completion of the mission (December 4, 1874). ","There is a letter from Senator Thomas S. Martin describing his efforts through the State Department to secure payment from the Peruvian government for the \"claim of the Hydrographic Commission of the Amazon\" (March 12, 1896)."," A packet of typed letters translated and bound together with the notation \"C\" on the back include the following correspondents and topics: \n \nManuel Santillan wrote Alexander W. Thornely about the opportunities for mining the riches of the area of the Marañon River region of Peru, including gold dust, rubber trees, and chocolate (February 6, 1899)."," Abraham Madina wrote to Manuel Santillan about the danger from indigenous peoples in the region creating difficulties in harvesting all the riches of the area but also emphasizing the richness and health of the region (February 4, 1899). \n \nMaximiliano Kabsch to Otoniel Melena, describes the situation along the River Napo, mentioning both \"civilized\" indigenous peoples accustomed to working with foreigners and other indigenous peoples, not used to working with foreigners but who were peaceful. He also mentioned the requirements for successful navigation of the river and other financial opportunities in nearby Ecuador (February 1, 1899).","Otoniel Melena to Alexander W. Thornely, described an expedition to the upper Marañon River region, the source of much gold, but  also containing rapids and a large whirlpool. The whirlpool resulted in loss of life to San Ramon and several indigenous laborers on the expedition, when he disregarded their advice to avoid it. ","During another expedition in 1890 led by an American, Mr. Walf, and a German naturalist, above the Pongo de Mainique (a water gap or canyon) of the Urubamba River, a group was visited by members of the \"Nautipus\" people who invited them to stay in their village for a few days (February 4, 1899). They brought twelve of the indigenous people with them back to San Antonio, Peru, including a chief named Wamba.","Melena also shared what he has heard about the headwaters of the River Napo and its prospects for mining. He suggests that Noland come to Peru accompanied by a naturalist and mining expert by way of Colón, Panama, then Guayaquil, Ecuador, to Quito, Ecuador. Once in Quito, he should visit Dr. Mestanza and get additional information about the voyage down the Napo River to Iquitos, Peru, Borja, Peru, and the upper Marañon region. (February 4, 1899).","Also present at the back of the group letters is a copy of an undated account of one of the expeditions in search of the historical gold mines of Morillo or Cerro Angaisa by Jose del Carmen Vasquez. This expedition began on August 1, 1882, when he left Moyobamba for the upper Amazon, taking with him fourteen well-armed men. He secured the services of several villagers from Aripari and interpreters for the languages of the \"wild tribes.\" ","He described their first encounter with the \"Chunchos\" indigenous people, a Peruvian Spanish word for the Asháninka people, who occupy the upper region of the Potro River. He sent interpreters to the tribe to ask them to supply canoes for the journey. ","They traveled in the canoes to the Asháninka village where they prepared food for the trip, chiefly sweet potatoes, and he insisted the Moyobambinos with him make clothing for the tribe as they typically wore no clothing. Vasquez and his group stayed with the Asháninka people for eleven days. ","He mentioned one of the Asháninka by name, Huapi, who indicated that gold could be found in a distant canyon, but no one else in the expedition was willing to continue at that time. Vasquez and his men had been traveling for seventy-nine days on this first expedition. He briefly described three additional trips which provided more information about the area, but no gold.","Translations of two letters (4 copies):","Manuel Santillan to Mr. A.W. Thornely, April 16, 1899, reporting that the port of Iquitos had recently seen its first American Man of War, the gunboat \"Wilmington,\" believed to be in the area to investigate the reports of the wealth of the products of the upper Amazon. He also mentioned Mr. Bruner and a company of Americans exploring the placer mines of the River Napo.","Colonel Fisher, former American representative to Chile, on behalf of Thomas Nelson Berkeley Noland, to Don Alvares Calderon, Minister Plenipotentiary of Peru, August 1900, wrote concerning the possibility of opening up the mining district of the upper Amazon by a Special Concession to a company in the United States associated with Noland for hydraulic mining of gold to make it easier to raise capital for the venture.","Also in this folder is a draft undated memorandum of agreement between Carl H. Nolting, Louisa County, Virginia, and Noland, and a letter from J.F. Spofford to Noland about the rates of passage to Peru, October 9, 1900.","Contains a print copy in Spanish and hand-written English translation of the transfer of an agreement of The Inca Gold Development Corporation of Peru, Limited, with the government of Peru for the right to dredge the Inambari River, Province of Carabaya, April 29, 1904. ","Other correspondents writing about the project or furnishing letters of introduction March 22-23, 1906) include A.J. Montague, E.B. Thomason, Nelson B. Noland, Irving B. Dudley, Z.A. Loredo. The folder also contained a letter from Mary Bleecker Miller Noland (1889-1985) to the National Geographic Society offering Noland's papers as a gift, June 20, 1964. ","The journal kept by Thomas Nelson Berkeley Noland describes his travels and adventures as a member of the Hydraulic Commission of Peru in the upper Amazon region while making accurate navigational charts for the tributaries of the Amazon.  The Commission began their mission by leaving Iquitos, Peru, with two boats, the launch \"Mairo\" and the steamer, the \"Tambo, with Noland being aboard the \"Mairo\" as the civil engineer.","The handwritten journal also contains some drawings, photographs, and news clippings. Apparently some photographs had been removed by Noland, possibly by relatives or for use as illustrations for some articles he wrote for \"Appleton's Journal\" in 1875. ","The \"Mairo\" first explored the River Nanay from September 17, 1873 until its return to Iquitos, Peru, on October 3, 1873. On October 27, 1873, still aboard the \"Mairo,\" Noland and his group left Iquitos to explore the Morona, Potro, Pastaza and Tigre rivers. They returned on December 4, 1873, to Iquitos from those explorations. ","2) Noland described an indigenous settlement at Courahualie, where the people, with heavily painted faces, came to see them off the next day, speaking the Incan language and with the girls carrying monkeys upon their heads (February 23-24, 1873). ","Later he described a canoe which was made from a single tree and propelled by ten indigenous men on the Ucayali River. The \"Mairo\" passed it but later heard the same group of indigenous men during the night coming into Puca-Cura, playing music and singing \"a wild kind of melody, as they paddled, very sweet\" (March 6, 1873). ","The next morning, they saw one of the men, tattooed on his face and hands, being lashed by a man named Martinez (?) who owned the farmhouse, land, and the canoe (March 7, 1873). ","3) Anchored at Sara-Yuca, they saw several aboriginal canoes who came along side and offered them masato to drink. One of the individuals, with a \"musical instrument made of pieces of reed of different sizes and lengths,\" played the same song Noland had heard earlier down the river (March 9, 1873) in \"the Incan tongue.\" ","He also described the Old Church and other buildings constructed by the Jesuits who founded it two hundred years ago (March 10, 1873). ","He saw other indigenous people at the Bepuano chacara who he said were \"the wildest I have seen and have their war clubs, bows and arrows arranged in their houses ready for use\" (March 11, 1873).","4) Noland met a boy who had been captured by the Conibo ethnic group from the Cashibo ethnic group. The Cashibos along the River Pachitea were rumored to be cannibals (March 14, 1873). ","He also met an older monk, at the Cashaboya station of the Order of St. Francis, trying to arrange three indigenous languages into some kind of form and prepare a dictionary for the Incan language (March 16, 1873). ","They purchased plantains, ground peas and a monkey from some of the indigenous people as they left their anchor site about fifty miles from Calleria. When they anchored for the night at a Conibo settlement two miles from the mouth of the Pachitea River, they also purchased some wild hogs (wangana) and more plantains (March 25-26, 1873). ","Noland wrote about being on the border of cannibal country and recounts the story of two Peruvian officers who were killed and eaten about twelve miles above them some time ago (March 26, 1873). ","5) Noland described the Commission's arrangement with \"Old Clemente\" who had his warriors cut wood with axes for use as fuel in the \"Tambo\" and deliver it in the indigenous canoes. ","This production of wood was interrupted when the warriors went on a war expedition against the Cashibos \"to steal their women and children.\" Noland also described their beliefs about burning the house of any member of the group who dies, cut up his canoe, kill his enslaved persons and destroy all their belongings out of fear of being bewitched. ","On page 10, he has also drawn a picture of the Conibo knife carried by each man.  (March 31-April 2, 1873).","6) Noland furnished additional information about the indigenous warriors, their preparations, an aside about the production of \"masato de yuca\" by the older indigenous women, and the failure of the mission of the warriors due to thesuperior numbers of the Cashibos (April 3 and 8, 1873). He described one of the Conibo houses and how it was arranged (May 1, 1873). ","Noland also wrote of being lost deep in the forest on the border between the Conibos and the Cashibos while hunting with a guide and how difficult it was to get back to the river (May 10, 1873).  Noland's entry for May 12th says that the chief of the local indigenous group predicted the \"Tambo\" was coming up the river and would arrive soon because of the waterfowl which was disturbed by the steamer's advance and flew in advance of it on the upper Ucayali River.","7) On May 14, 1873, the \"Tambo\" had finally arrived to join Noland's group (on the advance launch \"Mairo\") near the mouth of the Pachitea River, apparently full of animal and bird species both alive and mounted as specimens. ","The arrival of the \"Tambo\" was so late in the season that it was unsafe for either vessel to proceed up the Pachitea River to do the survey, so the Hydraulic Commission purchased six canoes from the Conibo indigenous group to carry the members of the commission and their provisions for five to six weeks up the Pachitea River, two to three hundred miles.","Noland went on to describe the Conibo canoes, their dimensions, stability, construction, arrangement of the indigenous crew in the canoe, and the distribution of the Commission members and soldiers among the crafts (May 15-19, 1873). ","Some indigenous Cashibos, who had been captured and enslaved by Pedro, the brother of Clemente (both being members of the Conibo group) also joined the expedition (May 20-21, 1873). ","8) Noland also described the Conibos' fear of being in the territory of their neighbors, the Cashibos, reported to be cannibals and related a story involving a Peruvian gunboat who landed on a small island (Chouta Isla) and whose captain and 2nd commander were killed by the Cashibos. Both were reported as eaten by the group of Cashibos (May 21, 1873). He described an attack by the Cashibos upon the pilot canoe, during the daylight hours (May 24, 1873).","9) He described the canoes passing under cliffs of colored lava, where some bore a type of \"hieroglyphic\" writing, possibly the most eastern trace of the Incas yet known (May 26, 1873) and exchanging presents with some of the Cashibos along the banks (May 30, 1873). This \"gift exchange\" turned into an armed altercation shortly thereafter. They arrived at the mouth of the Pichis River and began its exploration (June 4-6, 1873). ","A desertion by eight of their men was caused by fear of the Campas indigenous people, known as \"the most fierce of all the Indians of Peru\" according to Noland (June 7-11, 1873). They continued on further into the territory of the Campas and he related stories and information about them and the local flora and fauna in his journal (June 12-16, 1873).","10) While headed back towards the steamers, they ran across a larger than normal war party of Conibos about to attack the Cashibos (June 27, 1873) who would be either killed or enslaved by them, and then sold to the whites of Iquitos, Peru, although this was against the law. ","Noland mentioned the trafficking of shrunken heads made from captives taken in war by interior indigenous peoples, also against Peruvian law. The Conibo expedition was later  reported to be unsuccessful (October 28, 1873).","An account was attached after page 27, describing the story about the shrunken head of Tibi, the fearsome chief of the \"Antipas\" ethnic group, defeated by the indigenous group, the \"Aguaruna.\" ","11) On June 28, 1873, the group reached the steamers, still anchored within the mouth of the Pachitea, after being aboard the canoes for forty-one days. ","Following this entry, Noland began a long paragraph with his own observations about the indigenous people in the region they had been exploring. On July 1,1873, the Hydraulic Commission began traveling up the Ucayali River, stopping at Sara-Yacu on July 9, where he purchased a young \"tiger\" and employed the local umbrella, a palm thatch, during a severe thunderstorm. ","On August 24, 1873, they arrived back at Iquitos, where the boats were greeted by the entire village.  Noland then began a lengthy description of the inhabitants of Iquitos, Peru, and their customs. He also mentions meeting James Orton (1830-1877) author of \"Andes and Amazon.\"","12) On September 17, 1873, the group began the second series of explorations, beginning at the River Nanay. The local indigenous people were called the Iquitos (September 23, 1873).","Noland described the multi-ethnic composition of the crew of his launch, some of their more interesting meals, and the great number of butterflies they had seen on the Nanay River (September 26, 1873). ","Upon their arrival back in Iquitos, the entire crew was ill, probably due to malaria (October 1, 1873). On October 13-15, they conducted a short exploration of the River Itaya, which is important only because the river enters the Amazon at Iquitos, Peru.","In October, both the \"Tambo\" and the steamer \"Alceste\" arrived with provisions. Unfortunately, the \"Alceste\" also carried smallpox to Iquitos. Noland described the fear of smallpox by the indigenous people who were known to desert their villages until the disease departed (October 24, 1873). ","13) They began their exploration up the River Potro which emptied into the River Marañon (October 26, 1873).  Noland mentioned a story about the death of an indigenous man who was known as a good pilot for the upper waters during an attack by the \"Mouratos\" people (November 5-7, 1873). ","He described Borja as being situated at the head of the Marañon River in a rich gold region. The Spanish had garrisoned two hundred soldiers there to force the indigenous people to bring in gold. Upon the independence of Peru and the withdrawal of the soldiers, the local population destroyed the town, killed the inhabitants, and forced the governor to drink liquid gold according to local legend. Borja had never been successfully rebuilt. ","14) After about a month spent exploring the four tributaries of the Upper Marañon, they arrived back in Iquitos, Peru (December 7, 1873). Noland comments on the mixture of backgrounds and races of the persons in the villages of the Amazon, which include indigenous, \"Negro,\" Spanish and Portuguese.","He also refered to the prevalence of smallpox in the town and described the harmonious and beautiful music of the local indigenous people (December 13, 1873). Noland also recorded his disparaging thoughts on the results of \"the combination of races\" in Brazil and Peru (end of section for January 4, 1874).","15) Noland and Mr. Sparrow decided to leave Iquitos behind for the duration of the Carnival celebrations and avoid some of its excesses (February 20, 1874). On March 21, 1874, Sparrow and Noland sailed on the steamer \"Pastaza\" to finish the survey of the Marañon River and returned to Borja (March 22-April 5, 1874). He described the town of Iquitos as a kind of Peruvian Botany Bay for offending officers and Peru as weak country with a poor government (April 27, 1874).","16) The finances of Peru were in such bad shape that there was no money for the members of the Commission to be paid or to get home. They were forced to personally borrow money to settle their accounts in the office of the commissary. The steamer \"Morona\" arrived late and in a damaged condition. They left on the \"Morona\" still hoping to make the connection with the Brazilian boat in time to get home by October.  ","On the next day, the steamer \"Morona\" ran aground on a playa along the river. Although the Peruvian boat, the \"Pastaza\" came along shortly afterwards, the captain prevented them from boarding his boat and left them stranded in the falling river levels (August 22-September 23, 1874). ","17) Noland and the others remain stuck on the playa from September 23 until October 12, 1874, when they managed to get the \"Morona\" off the playa and back into the river. In this section of the journal, he made several disparaging remarks about the efficiency of the Peruvian navy and the \"Latin\" temperament. ","By October 20th, Noland's group arrived at the Brazilian frontier fort, \"Tabatinga\" which he described. He also continued to share his negative opinions about the mixture of races in South America, using an African American Padre as an example (October 23, 1874). ","After a six day stay in Manaos, Brazil, they left on the boat \"Marajo\" (October 26, 1874), and reached Obidos, Brazil, on October 28, the head of tide water on the Amazon and five hundred miles from the mouth of the river. Noland mentioned that there was an American colony there of former Confederates. ","18) Noland and Sparrow decide to take the schooner \"Charles E. Moody\" bound for New York and led by Captain Collamore, a New Englander with early Yankee ancestors who merit Noland's approval. ","He makes much of the crew being white and the captain a Yankee, as opposed to the crews and captains of most of the boats in Peru and Brazil (October 31-December 1, 1874). By November 29, 1874, the schooner was near Cape Henry, Virginia, and on December 1, 1874, the ship made it to a pier in New York City on the East River.","Consists of the framed original map and 4 copies of the map which was hand drawn by Thomas Nelson Berkeley Noland. The map has a list of both rivers and places in the area covered. Three copies are on blueprint paper.","Reports include A \"Some Facts About the Peruvian Amazon,B \"Recapitulated and Condensed,\" and \"Something about Gold Fields, know to exist, but not now definitely located, in Rich Peru.\" Noland wrote these to interest investors and raise money to find and mine gold in the Peruvian Amazon region.","The two spear points were identified by the Peabody Museum, New Haven, Connecticut as a Red Brown Chert and a Red Brown Chert Tang."],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Noland, Thomas Nelson Berkeley , 1846-1913"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"persname_ssim":["Noland, Thomas Nelson Berkeley , 1846-1913"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":9,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-20T23:48:36.769Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1028","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1028","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1028","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1028","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1028.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/120844","title_filing_ssi":"Noland, Thomas Nelson Berkeley, papers","title_ssm":["Thomas Nelson Berkeley Noland papers"],"title_tesim":["Thomas Nelson Berkeley Noland papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1872-2020","1872-1906, 1964, 2020"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1872-1906, 1964, 2020"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1872-2020"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS .16476","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1028"],"text":["MSS .16476","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1028","Thomas Nelson Berkeley Noland papers","Peru","Ashaninca","Campa del Pichis","Cashibo indigenous group","Conibo indigenous group","Aguaruna indigenous group","racism -- 1870-1880","South American Description and Travel","Indigenous peoples -- Peru","Amazon River Region","Rivers--Peru","Gold","gold mines and mining","diaries","Fair to good","This collection is open for research use.","Thomas Nelson Berkeley Noland (1846-1913) was born in Hanover County, Virginia, the son of Colonel Callender St. George Noland (1816-1875) and Mary Edmonia Berkeley (1823-1901). ","Noland was a student at the Virginia Military Institute, from 1863-1864 and 1867-1870, where he served as a private in Company C, participating in the Battle of New Market during the Civil War. ","He was employed both as a civil engineer and a farmer. Noland was employed as a civil engineer by the Peruvian Hydraulic Commission 1873-1874. Noland and Elizabeth M. Mayo (1850-1883) were married in 1883.","This material contains offensive or harmful language based on race and religion. Also present are a few descriptions of violence against Black, Indigenous, and people of color.","The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials. For archival materials, more specific information about these materials may be available in the finding aid. ","This collection documents Thomas Nelson Berkeley Noland's time in Peru, and contains his journal, a typed transcript of the journal by Mary Noland Young, photographs (chiefly albumen prints) of items, places, and peoples in the Amazon, correspondence (including drafts and translations), and legal documents. ","Also present are oversize blueprint maps of the Peruvian Amazon region drawn by Noland, a \"Map of a Section of South America - Peru, a Vertical Cross Section of the Continent about the 2nd Degree South Latitude,\" and two spear points. ","Noland's journal records his travels on the Peruvian tributaries of the Amazon from 1873 to 1874. The journal documents his work, describing his travels, the geography, flora and fauna of the area, and his observations and interactions with the various indigenous peoples of the Peruvian Amazon. It includes hand drawn illustrations.","The contract was between Noland, Civil Engineer, and J.R. Tucker, President of the Amazon Hydrographic Commission of Peru (April 10, 1872). Also present is a letter of thanks for services rendered to the steam launch \"Mayro\" during the voyage to Iquitos, Peru (August 11, 1873), and a final letter of thanks from the Peruvian government for the successful completion of the mission (December 4, 1874). ","There is a letter from Senator Thomas S. Martin describing his efforts through the State Department to secure payment from the Peruvian government for the \"claim of the Hydrographic Commission of the Amazon\" (March 12, 1896)."," A packet of typed letters translated and bound together with the notation \"C\" on the back include the following correspondents and topics: \n \nManuel Santillan wrote Alexander W. Thornely about the opportunities for mining the riches of the area of the Marañon River region of Peru, including gold dust, rubber trees, and chocolate (February 6, 1899)."," Abraham Madina wrote to Manuel Santillan about the danger from indigenous peoples in the region creating difficulties in harvesting all the riches of the area but also emphasizing the richness and health of the region (February 4, 1899). \n \nMaximiliano Kabsch to Otoniel Melena, describes the situation along the River Napo, mentioning both \"civilized\" indigenous peoples accustomed to working with foreigners and other indigenous peoples, not used to working with foreigners but who were peaceful. He also mentioned the requirements for successful navigation of the river and other financial opportunities in nearby Ecuador (February 1, 1899).","Otoniel Melena to Alexander W. Thornely, described an expedition to the upper Marañon River region, the source of much gold, but  also containing rapids and a large whirlpool. The whirlpool resulted in loss of life to San Ramon and several indigenous laborers on the expedition, when he disregarded their advice to avoid it. ","During another expedition in 1890 led by an American, Mr. Walf, and a German naturalist, above the Pongo de Mainique (a water gap or canyon) of the Urubamba River, a group was visited by members of the \"Nautipus\" people who invited them to stay in their village for a few days (February 4, 1899). They brought twelve of the indigenous people with them back to San Antonio, Peru, including a chief named Wamba.","Melena also shared what he has heard about the headwaters of the River Napo and its prospects for mining. He suggests that Noland come to Peru accompanied by a naturalist and mining expert by way of Colón, Panama, then Guayaquil, Ecuador, to Quito, Ecuador. Once in Quito, he should visit Dr. Mestanza and get additional information about the voyage down the Napo River to Iquitos, Peru, Borja, Peru, and the upper Marañon region. (February 4, 1899).","Also present at the back of the group letters is a copy of an undated account of one of the expeditions in search of the historical gold mines of Morillo or Cerro Angaisa by Jose del Carmen Vasquez. This expedition began on August 1, 1882, when he left Moyobamba for the upper Amazon, taking with him fourteen well-armed men. He secured the services of several villagers from Aripari and interpreters for the languages of the \"wild tribes.\" ","He described their first encounter with the \"Chunchos\" indigenous people, a Peruvian Spanish word for the Asháninka people, who occupy the upper region of the Potro River. He sent interpreters to the tribe to ask them to supply canoes for the journey. ","They traveled in the canoes to the Asháninka village where they prepared food for the trip, chiefly sweet potatoes, and he insisted the Moyobambinos with him make clothing for the tribe as they typically wore no clothing. Vasquez and his group stayed with the Asháninka people for eleven days. ","He mentioned one of the Asháninka by name, Huapi, who indicated that gold could be found in a distant canyon, but no one else in the expedition was willing to continue at that time. Vasquez and his men had been traveling for seventy-nine days on this first expedition. He briefly described three additional trips which provided more information about the area, but no gold.","Translations of two letters (4 copies):","Manuel Santillan to Mr. A.W. Thornely, April 16, 1899, reporting that the port of Iquitos had recently seen its first American Man of War, the gunboat \"Wilmington,\" believed to be in the area to investigate the reports of the wealth of the products of the upper Amazon. He also mentioned Mr. Bruner and a company of Americans exploring the placer mines of the River Napo.","Colonel Fisher, former American representative to Chile, on behalf of Thomas Nelson Berkeley Noland, to Don Alvares Calderon, Minister Plenipotentiary of Peru, August 1900, wrote concerning the possibility of opening up the mining district of the upper Amazon by a Special Concession to a company in the United States associated with Noland for hydraulic mining of gold to make it easier to raise capital for the venture.","Also in this folder is a draft undated memorandum of agreement between Carl H. Nolting, Louisa County, Virginia, and Noland, and a letter from J.F. Spofford to Noland about the rates of passage to Peru, October 9, 1900.","Contains a print copy in Spanish and hand-written English translation of the transfer of an agreement of The Inca Gold Development Corporation of Peru, Limited, with the government of Peru for the right to dredge the Inambari River, Province of Carabaya, April 29, 1904. ","Other correspondents writing about the project or furnishing letters of introduction March 22-23, 1906) include A.J. Montague, E.B. Thomason, Nelson B. Noland, Irving B. Dudley, Z.A. Loredo. The folder also contained a letter from Mary Bleecker Miller Noland (1889-1985) to the National Geographic Society offering Noland's papers as a gift, June 20, 1964. ","The journal kept by Thomas Nelson Berkeley Noland describes his travels and adventures as a member of the Hydraulic Commission of Peru in the upper Amazon region while making accurate navigational charts for the tributaries of the Amazon.  The Commission began their mission by leaving Iquitos, Peru, with two boats, the launch \"Mairo\" and the steamer, the \"Tambo, with Noland being aboard the \"Mairo\" as the civil engineer.","The handwritten journal also contains some drawings, photographs, and news clippings. Apparently some photographs had been removed by Noland, possibly by relatives or for use as illustrations for some articles he wrote for \"Appleton's Journal\" in 1875. ","The \"Mairo\" first explored the River Nanay from September 17, 1873 until its return to Iquitos, Peru, on October 3, 1873. On October 27, 1873, still aboard the \"Mairo,\" Noland and his group left Iquitos to explore the Morona, Potro, Pastaza and Tigre rivers. They returned on December 4, 1873, to Iquitos from those explorations. ","2) Noland described an indigenous settlement at Courahualie, where the people, with heavily painted faces, came to see them off the next day, speaking the Incan language and with the girls carrying monkeys upon their heads (February 23-24, 1873). ","Later he described a canoe which was made from a single tree and propelled by ten indigenous men on the Ucayali River. The \"Mairo\" passed it but later heard the same group of indigenous men during the night coming into Puca-Cura, playing music and singing \"a wild kind of melody, as they paddled, very sweet\" (March 6, 1873). ","The next morning, they saw one of the men, tattooed on his face and hands, being lashed by a man named Martinez (?) who owned the farmhouse, land, and the canoe (March 7, 1873). ","3) Anchored at Sara-Yuca, they saw several aboriginal canoes who came along side and offered them masato to drink. One of the individuals, with a \"musical instrument made of pieces of reed of different sizes and lengths,\" played the same song Noland had heard earlier down the river (March 9, 1873) in \"the Incan tongue.\" ","He also described the Old Church and other buildings constructed by the Jesuits who founded it two hundred years ago (March 10, 1873). ","He saw other indigenous people at the Bepuano chacara who he said were \"the wildest I have seen and have their war clubs, bows and arrows arranged in their houses ready for use\" (March 11, 1873).","4) Noland met a boy who had been captured by the Conibo ethnic group from the Cashibo ethnic group. The Cashibos along the River Pachitea were rumored to be cannibals (March 14, 1873). ","He also met an older monk, at the Cashaboya station of the Order of St. Francis, trying to arrange three indigenous languages into some kind of form and prepare a dictionary for the Incan language (March 16, 1873). ","They purchased plantains, ground peas and a monkey from some of the indigenous people as they left their anchor site about fifty miles from Calleria. When they anchored for the night at a Conibo settlement two miles from the mouth of the Pachitea River, they also purchased some wild hogs (wangana) and more plantains (March 25-26, 1873). ","Noland wrote about being on the border of cannibal country and recounts the story of two Peruvian officers who were killed and eaten about twelve miles above them some time ago (March 26, 1873). ","5) Noland described the Commission's arrangement with \"Old Clemente\" who had his warriors cut wood with axes for use as fuel in the \"Tambo\" and deliver it in the indigenous canoes. ","This production of wood was interrupted when the warriors went on a war expedition against the Cashibos \"to steal their women and children.\" Noland also described their beliefs about burning the house of any member of the group who dies, cut up his canoe, kill his enslaved persons and destroy all their belongings out of fear of being bewitched. ","On page 10, he has also drawn a picture of the Conibo knife carried by each man.  (March 31-April 2, 1873).","6) Noland furnished additional information about the indigenous warriors, their preparations, an aside about the production of \"masato de yuca\" by the older indigenous women, and the failure of the mission of the warriors due to thesuperior numbers of the Cashibos (April 3 and 8, 1873). He described one of the Conibo houses and how it was arranged (May 1, 1873). ","Noland also wrote of being lost deep in the forest on the border between the Conibos and the Cashibos while hunting with a guide and how difficult it was to get back to the river (May 10, 1873).  Noland's entry for May 12th says that the chief of the local indigenous group predicted the \"Tambo\" was coming up the river and would arrive soon because of the waterfowl which was disturbed by the steamer's advance and flew in advance of it on the upper Ucayali River.","7) On May 14, 1873, the \"Tambo\" had finally arrived to join Noland's group (on the advance launch \"Mairo\") near the mouth of the Pachitea River, apparently full of animal and bird species both alive and mounted as specimens. ","The arrival of the \"Tambo\" was so late in the season that it was unsafe for either vessel to proceed up the Pachitea River to do the survey, so the Hydraulic Commission purchased six canoes from the Conibo indigenous group to carry the members of the commission and their provisions for five to six weeks up the Pachitea River, two to three hundred miles.","Noland went on to describe the Conibo canoes, their dimensions, stability, construction, arrangement of the indigenous crew in the canoe, and the distribution of the Commission members and soldiers among the crafts (May 15-19, 1873). ","Some indigenous Cashibos, who had been captured and enslaved by Pedro, the brother of Clemente (both being members of the Conibo group) also joined the expedition (May 20-21, 1873). ","8) Noland also described the Conibos' fear of being in the territory of their neighbors, the Cashibos, reported to be cannibals and related a story involving a Peruvian gunboat who landed on a small island (Chouta Isla) and whose captain and 2nd commander were killed by the Cashibos. Both were reported as eaten by the group of Cashibos (May 21, 1873). He described an attack by the Cashibos upon the pilot canoe, during the daylight hours (May 24, 1873).","9) He described the canoes passing under cliffs of colored lava, where some bore a type of \"hieroglyphic\" writing, possibly the most eastern trace of the Incas yet known (May 26, 1873) and exchanging presents with some of the Cashibos along the banks (May 30, 1873). This \"gift exchange\" turned into an armed altercation shortly thereafter. They arrived at the mouth of the Pichis River and began its exploration (June 4-6, 1873). ","A desertion by eight of their men was caused by fear of the Campas indigenous people, known as \"the most fierce of all the Indians of Peru\" according to Noland (June 7-11, 1873). They continued on further into the territory of the Campas and he related stories and information about them and the local flora and fauna in his journal (June 12-16, 1873).","10) While headed back towards the steamers, they ran across a larger than normal war party of Conibos about to attack the Cashibos (June 27, 1873) who would be either killed or enslaved by them, and then sold to the whites of Iquitos, Peru, although this was against the law. ","Noland mentioned the trafficking of shrunken heads made from captives taken in war by interior indigenous peoples, also against Peruvian law. The Conibo expedition was later  reported to be unsuccessful (October 28, 1873).","An account was attached after page 27, describing the story about the shrunken head of Tibi, the fearsome chief of the \"Antipas\" ethnic group, defeated by the indigenous group, the \"Aguaruna.\" ","11) On June 28, 1873, the group reached the steamers, still anchored within the mouth of the Pachitea, after being aboard the canoes for forty-one days. ","Following this entry, Noland began a long paragraph with his own observations about the indigenous people in the region they had been exploring. On July 1,1873, the Hydraulic Commission began traveling up the Ucayali River, stopping at Sara-Yacu on July 9, where he purchased a young \"tiger\" and employed the local umbrella, a palm thatch, during a severe thunderstorm. ","On August 24, 1873, they arrived back at Iquitos, where the boats were greeted by the entire village.  Noland then began a lengthy description of the inhabitants of Iquitos, Peru, and their customs. He also mentions meeting James Orton (1830-1877) author of \"Andes and Amazon.\"","12) On September 17, 1873, the group began the second series of explorations, beginning at the River Nanay. The local indigenous people were called the Iquitos (September 23, 1873).","Noland described the multi-ethnic composition of the crew of his launch, some of their more interesting meals, and the great number of butterflies they had seen on the Nanay River (September 26, 1873). ","Upon their arrival back in Iquitos, the entire crew was ill, probably due to malaria (October 1, 1873). On October 13-15, they conducted a short exploration of the River Itaya, which is important only because the river enters the Amazon at Iquitos, Peru.","In October, both the \"Tambo\" and the steamer \"Alceste\" arrived with provisions. Unfortunately, the \"Alceste\" also carried smallpox to Iquitos. Noland described the fear of smallpox by the indigenous people who were known to desert their villages until the disease departed (October 24, 1873). ","13) They began their exploration up the River Potro which emptied into the River Marañon (October 26, 1873).  Noland mentioned a story about the death of an indigenous man who was known as a good pilot for the upper waters during an attack by the \"Mouratos\" people (November 5-7, 1873). ","He described Borja as being situated at the head of the Marañon River in a rich gold region. The Spanish had garrisoned two hundred soldiers there to force the indigenous people to bring in gold. Upon the independence of Peru and the withdrawal of the soldiers, the local population destroyed the town, killed the inhabitants, and forced the governor to drink liquid gold according to local legend. Borja had never been successfully rebuilt. ","14) After about a month spent exploring the four tributaries of the Upper Marañon, they arrived back in Iquitos, Peru (December 7, 1873). Noland comments on the mixture of backgrounds and races of the persons in the villages of the Amazon, which include indigenous, \"Negro,\" Spanish and Portuguese.","He also refered to the prevalence of smallpox in the town and described the harmonious and beautiful music of the local indigenous people (December 13, 1873). Noland also recorded his disparaging thoughts on the results of \"the combination of races\" in Brazil and Peru (end of section for January 4, 1874).","15) Noland and Mr. Sparrow decided to leave Iquitos behind for the duration of the Carnival celebrations and avoid some of its excesses (February 20, 1874). On March 21, 1874, Sparrow and Noland sailed on the steamer \"Pastaza\" to finish the survey of the Marañon River and returned to Borja (March 22-April 5, 1874). He described the town of Iquitos as a kind of Peruvian Botany Bay for offending officers and Peru as weak country with a poor government (April 27, 1874).","16) The finances of Peru were in such bad shape that there was no money for the members of the Commission to be paid or to get home. They were forced to personally borrow money to settle their accounts in the office of the commissary. The steamer \"Morona\" arrived late and in a damaged condition. They left on the \"Morona\" still hoping to make the connection with the Brazilian boat in time to get home by October.  ","On the next day, the steamer \"Morona\" ran aground on a playa along the river. Although the Peruvian boat, the \"Pastaza\" came along shortly afterwards, the captain prevented them from boarding his boat and left them stranded in the falling river levels (August 22-September 23, 1874). ","17) Noland and the others remain stuck on the playa from September 23 until October 12, 1874, when they managed to get the \"Morona\" off the playa and back into the river. In this section of the journal, he made several disparaging remarks about the efficiency of the Peruvian navy and the \"Latin\" temperament. ","By October 20th, Noland's group arrived at the Brazilian frontier fort, \"Tabatinga\" which he described. He also continued to share his negative opinions about the mixture of races in South America, using an African American Padre as an example (October 23, 1874). ","After a six day stay in Manaos, Brazil, they left on the boat \"Marajo\" (October 26, 1874), and reached Obidos, Brazil, on October 28, the head of tide water on the Amazon and five hundred miles from the mouth of the river. Noland mentioned that there was an American colony there of former Confederates. ","18) Noland and Sparrow decide to take the schooner \"Charles E. Moody\" bound for New York and led by Captain Collamore, a New Englander with early Yankee ancestors who merit Noland's approval. ","He makes much of the crew being white and the captain a Yankee, as opposed to the crews and captains of most of the boats in Peru and Brazil (October 31-December 1, 1874). By November 29, 1874, the schooner was near Cape Henry, Virginia, and on December 1, 1874, the ship made it to a pier in New York City on the East River.","Consists of the framed original map and 4 copies of the map which was hand drawn by Thomas Nelson Berkeley Noland. The map has a list of both rivers and places in the area covered. Three copies are on blueprint paper.","Reports include A \"Some Facts About the Peruvian Amazon,B \"Recapitulated and Condensed,\" and \"Something about Gold Fields, know to exist, but not now definitely located, in Rich Peru.\" Noland wrote these to interest investors and raise money to find and mine gold in the Peruvian Amazon region.","The two spear points were identified by the Peabody Museum, New Haven, Connecticut as a Red Brown Chert and a Red Brown Chert Tang.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Noland, Thomas Nelson Berkeley , 1846-1913","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS .16476","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1028"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Thomas Nelson Berkeley Noland papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Thomas Nelson Berkeley Noland papers"],"collection_ssim":["Thomas Nelson Berkeley Noland papers"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["Peru","Ashaninca","Campa del Pichis","Cashibo indigenous group","Conibo indigenous group","Aguaruna indigenous group","racism -- 1870-1880","South American Description and Travel"],"geogname_ssim":["Peru","Ashaninca","Campa del Pichis","Cashibo indigenous group","Conibo indigenous group","Aguaruna indigenous group","racism -- 1870-1880","South American Description and Travel"],"creator_ssm":["Noland, Thomas Nelson Berkeley , 1846-1913"],"creator_ssim":["Noland, Thomas Nelson Berkeley , 1846-1913"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Noland, Thomas Nelson Berkeley , 1846-1913"],"creators_ssim":["Noland, Thomas Nelson Berkeley , 1846-1913"],"places_ssim":["Peru","Ashaninca","Campa del Pichis","Cashibo indigenous group","Conibo indigenous group","Aguaruna indigenous group","racism -- 1870-1880","South American Description and Travel"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was given to the University of Virginia Special Collections Library on November 12, 2021, by Mary Noland Young and Lucy Burwell Young."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Indigenous peoples -- Peru","Amazon River Region","Rivers--Peru","Gold","gold mines and mining","diaries"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Indigenous peoples -- Peru","Amazon River Region","Rivers--Peru","Gold","gold mines and mining","diaries"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["Fair to good"],"extent_ssm":[".75  Cubic Feet 1 legal document box, 1 small artifact box, and one flat file folder (2 x 3 feet)"],"extent_tesim":[".75  Cubic Feet 1 legal document box, 1 small artifact box, and one flat file folder (2 x 3 feet)"],"genreform_ssim":["diaries"],"date_range_isim":[1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research use."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThomas Nelson Berkeley Noland (1846-1913) was born in Hanover County, Virginia, the son of Colonel Callender St. George Noland (1816-1875) and Mary Edmonia Berkeley (1823-1901). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNoland was a student at the Virginia Military Institute, from 1863-1864 and 1867-1870, where he served as a private in Company C, participating in the Battle of New Market during the Civil War. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHe was employed both as a civil engineer and a farmer. Noland was employed as a civil engineer by the Peruvian Hydraulic Commission 1873-1874. Noland and Elizabeth M. Mayo (1850-1883) were married in 1883.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Thomas Nelson Berkeley Noland (1846-1913) was born in Hanover County, Virginia, the son of Colonel Callender St. George Noland (1816-1875) and Mary Edmonia Berkeley (1823-1901). ","Noland was a student at the Virginia Military Institute, from 1863-1864 and 1867-1870, where he served as a private in Company C, participating in the Battle of New Market during the Civil War. ","He was employed both as a civil engineer and a farmer. Noland was employed as a civil engineer by the Peruvian Hydraulic Commission 1873-1874. Noland and Elizabeth M. Mayo (1850-1883) were married in 1883."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis material contains offensive or harmful language based on race and religion. Also present are a few descriptions of violence against Black, Indigenous, and people of color.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials. For archival materials, more specific information about these materials may be available in the finding aid. \u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Content Warning"],"odd_tesim":["This material contains offensive or harmful language based on race and religion. Also present are a few descriptions of violence against Black, Indigenous, and people of color.","The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials. For archival materials, more specific information about these materials may be available in the finding aid. "],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThomas Nelson Berkeley Noland papers, MSS 16476, 1872-1806, 1964, 2020, Special Collections, University of Virginia Library, Charlottesville, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Thomas Nelson Berkeley Noland papers, MSS 16476, 1872-1806, 1964, 2020, Special Collections, University of Virginia Library, Charlottesville, Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection documents Thomas Nelson Berkeley Noland's time in Peru, and contains his journal, a typed transcript of the journal by Mary Noland Young, photographs (chiefly albumen prints) of items, places, and peoples in the Amazon, correspondence (including drafts and translations), and legal documents. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAlso present are oversize blueprint maps of the Peruvian Amazon region drawn by Noland, a \"Map of a Section of South America - Peru, a Vertical Cross Section of the Continent about the 2nd Degree South Latitude,\" and two spear points. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNoland's journal records his travels on the Peruvian tributaries of the Amazon from 1873 to 1874. The journal documents his work, describing his travels, the geography, flora and fauna of the area, and his observations and interactions with the various indigenous peoples of the Peruvian Amazon. It includes hand drawn illustrations.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe contract was between Noland, Civil Engineer, and J.R. Tucker, President of the Amazon Hydrographic Commission of Peru (April 10, 1872). Also present is a letter of thanks for services rendered to the steam launch \"Mayro\" during the voyage to Iquitos, Peru (August 11, 1873), and a final letter of thanks from the Peruvian government for the successful completion of the mission (December 4, 1874). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThere is a letter from Senator Thomas S. Martin describing his efforts through the State Department to secure payment from the Peruvian government for the \"claim of the Hydrographic Commission of the Amazon\" (March 12, 1896).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e A packet of typed letters translated and bound together with the notation \"C\" on the back include the following correspondents and topics: \n \nManuel Santillan wrote Alexander W. Thornely about the opportunities for mining the riches of the area of the Marañon River region of Peru, including gold dust, rubber trees, and chocolate (February 6, 1899).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Abraham Madina wrote to Manuel Santillan about the danger from indigenous peoples in the region creating difficulties in harvesting all the riches of the area but also emphasizing the richness and health of the region (February 4, 1899). \n \nMaximiliano Kabsch to Otoniel Melena, describes the situation along the River Napo, mentioning both \"civilized\" indigenous peoples accustomed to working with foreigners and other indigenous peoples, not used to working with foreigners but who were peaceful. He also mentioned the requirements for successful navigation of the river and other financial opportunities in nearby Ecuador (February 1, 1899).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOtoniel Melena to Alexander W. Thornely, described an expedition to the upper Marañon River region, the source of much gold, but  also containing rapids and a large whirlpool. The whirlpool resulted in loss of life to San Ramon and several indigenous laborers on the expedition, when he disregarded their advice to avoid it. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDuring another expedition in 1890 led by an American, Mr. Walf, and a German naturalist, above the Pongo de Mainique (a water gap or canyon) of the Urubamba River, a group was visited by members of the \"Nautipus\" people who invited them to stay in their village for a few days (February 4, 1899). They brought twelve of the indigenous people with them back to San Antonio, Peru, including a chief named Wamba.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMelena also shared what he has heard about the headwaters of the River Napo and its prospects for mining. He suggests that Noland come to Peru accompanied by a naturalist and mining expert by way of Colón, Panama, then Guayaquil, Ecuador, to Quito, Ecuador. Once in Quito, he should visit Dr. Mestanza and get additional information about the voyage down the Napo River to Iquitos, Peru, Borja, Peru, and the upper Marañon region. (February 4, 1899).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAlso present at the back of the group letters is a copy of an undated account of one of the expeditions in search of the historical gold mines of Morillo or Cerro Angaisa by Jose del Carmen Vasquez. This expedition began on August 1, 1882, when he left Moyobamba for the upper Amazon, taking with him fourteen well-armed men. He secured the services of several villagers from Aripari and interpreters for the languages of the \"wild tribes.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHe described their first encounter with the \"Chunchos\" indigenous people, a Peruvian Spanish word for the Asháninka people, who occupy the upper region of the Potro River. He sent interpreters to the tribe to ask them to supply canoes for the journey. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThey traveled in the canoes to the Asháninka village where they prepared food for the trip, chiefly sweet potatoes, and he insisted the Moyobambinos with him make clothing for the tribe as they typically wore no clothing. Vasquez and his group stayed with the Asháninka people for eleven days. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHe mentioned one of the Asháninka by name, Huapi, who indicated that gold could be found in a distant canyon, but no one else in the expedition was willing to continue at that time. Vasquez and his men had been traveling for seventy-nine days on this first expedition. He briefly described three additional trips which provided more information about the area, but no gold.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTranslations of two letters (4 copies):\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eManuel Santillan to Mr. A.W. Thornely, April 16, 1899, reporting that the port of Iquitos had recently seen its first American Man of War, the gunboat \"Wilmington,\" believed to be in the area to investigate the reports of the wealth of the products of the upper Amazon. He also mentioned Mr. Bruner and a company of Americans exploring the placer mines of the River Napo.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eColonel Fisher, former American representative to Chile, on behalf of Thomas Nelson Berkeley Noland, to Don Alvares Calderon, Minister Plenipotentiary of Peru, August 1900, wrote concerning the possibility of opening up the mining district of the upper Amazon by a Special Concession to a company in the United States associated with Noland for hydraulic mining of gold to make it easier to raise capital for the venture.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAlso in this folder is a draft undated memorandum of agreement between Carl H. Nolting, Louisa County, Virginia, and Noland, and a letter from J.F. Spofford to Noland about the rates of passage to Peru, October 9, 1900.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains a print copy in Spanish and hand-written English translation of the transfer of an agreement of The Inca Gold Development Corporation of Peru, Limited, with the government of Peru for the right to dredge the Inambari River, Province of Carabaya, April 29, 1904. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOther correspondents writing about the project or furnishing letters of introduction March 22-23, 1906) include A.J. Montague, E.B. Thomason, Nelson B. Noland, Irving B. Dudley, Z.A. Loredo. The folder also contained a letter from Mary Bleecker Miller Noland (1889-1985) to the National Geographic Society offering Noland's papers as a gift, June 20, 1964. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe journal kept by Thomas Nelson Berkeley Noland describes his travels and adventures as a member of the Hydraulic Commission of Peru in the upper Amazon region while making accurate navigational charts for the tributaries of the Amazon.  The Commission began their mission by leaving Iquitos, Peru, with two boats, the launch \"Mairo\" and the steamer, the \"Tambo, with Noland being aboard the \"Mairo\" as the civil engineer.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe handwritten journal also contains some drawings, photographs, and news clippings. Apparently some photographs had been removed by Noland, possibly by relatives or for use as illustrations for some articles he wrote for \"Appleton's Journal\" in 1875. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe \"Mairo\" first explored the River Nanay from September 17, 1873 until its return to Iquitos, Peru, on October 3, 1873. On October 27, 1873, still aboard the \"Mairo,\" Noland and his group left Iquitos to explore the Morona, Potro, Pastaza and Tigre rivers. They returned on December 4, 1873, to Iquitos from those explorations. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e2) Noland described an indigenous settlement at Courahualie, where the people, with heavily painted faces, came to see them off the next day, speaking the Incan language and with the girls carrying monkeys upon their heads (February 23-24, 1873). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eLater he described a canoe which was made from a single tree and propelled by ten indigenous men on the Ucayali River. The \"Mairo\" passed it but later heard the same group of indigenous men during the night coming into Puca-Cura, playing music and singing \"a wild kind of melody, as they paddled, very sweet\" (March 6, 1873). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe next morning, they saw one of the men, tattooed on his face and hands, being lashed by a man named Martinez (?) who owned the farmhouse, land, and the canoe (March 7, 1873). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e3) Anchored at Sara-Yuca, they saw several aboriginal canoes who came along side and offered them masato to drink. One of the individuals, with a \"musical instrument made of pieces of reed of different sizes and lengths,\" played the same song Noland had heard earlier down the river (March 9, 1873) in \"the Incan tongue.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHe also described the Old Church and other buildings constructed by the Jesuits who founded it two hundred years ago (March 10, 1873). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHe saw other indigenous people at the Bepuano chacara who he said were \"the wildest I have seen and have their war clubs, bows and arrows arranged in their houses ready for use\" (March 11, 1873).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e4) Noland met a boy who had been captured by the Conibo ethnic group from the Cashibo ethnic group. The Cashibos along the River Pachitea were rumored to be cannibals (March 14, 1873). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHe also met an older monk, at the Cashaboya station of the Order of St. Francis, trying to arrange three indigenous languages into some kind of form and prepare a dictionary for the Incan language (March 16, 1873). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThey purchased plantains, ground peas and a monkey from some of the indigenous people as they left their anchor site about fifty miles from Calleria. When they anchored for the night at a Conibo settlement two miles from the mouth of the Pachitea River, they also purchased some wild hogs (wangana) and more plantains (March 25-26, 1873). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNoland wrote about being on the border of cannibal country and recounts the story of two Peruvian officers who were killed and eaten about twelve miles above them some time ago (March 26, 1873). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e5) Noland described the Commission's arrangement with \"Old Clemente\" who had his warriors cut wood with axes for use as fuel in the \"Tambo\" and deliver it in the indigenous canoes. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThis production of wood was interrupted when the warriors went on a war expedition against the Cashibos \"to steal their women and children.\" Noland also described their beliefs about burning the house of any member of the group who dies, cut up his canoe, kill his enslaved persons and destroy all their belongings out of fear of being bewitched. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOn page 10, he has also drawn a picture of the Conibo knife carried by each man.  (March 31-April 2, 1873).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e6) Noland furnished additional information about the indigenous warriors, their preparations, an aside about the production of \"masato de yuca\" by the older indigenous women, and the failure of the mission of the warriors due to thesuperior numbers of the Cashibos (April 3 and 8, 1873). He described one of the Conibo houses and how it was arranged (May 1, 1873). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNoland also wrote of being lost deep in the forest on the border between the Conibos and the Cashibos while hunting with a guide and how difficult it was to get back to the river (May 10, 1873).  Noland's entry for May 12th says that the chief of the local indigenous group predicted the \"Tambo\" was coming up the river and would arrive soon because of the waterfowl which was disturbed by the steamer's advance and flew in advance of it on the upper Ucayali River.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e7) On May 14, 1873, the \"Tambo\" had finally arrived to join Noland's group (on the advance launch \"Mairo\") near the mouth of the Pachitea River, apparently full of animal and bird species both alive and mounted as specimens. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe arrival of the \"Tambo\" was so late in the season that it was unsafe for either vessel to proceed up the Pachitea River to do the survey, so the Hydraulic Commission purchased six canoes from the Conibo indigenous group to carry the members of the commission and their provisions for five to six weeks up the Pachitea River, two to three hundred miles.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNoland went on to describe the Conibo canoes, their dimensions, stability, construction, arrangement of the indigenous crew in the canoe, and the distribution of the Commission members and soldiers among the crafts (May 15-19, 1873). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSome indigenous Cashibos, who had been captured and enslaved by Pedro, the brother of Clemente (both being members of the Conibo group) also joined the expedition (May 20-21, 1873). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e8) Noland also described the Conibos' fear of being in the territory of their neighbors, the Cashibos, reported to be cannibals and related a story involving a Peruvian gunboat who landed on a small island (Chouta Isla) and whose captain and 2nd commander were killed by the Cashibos. Both were reported as eaten by the group of Cashibos (May 21, 1873). He described an attack by the Cashibos upon the pilot canoe, during the daylight hours (May 24, 1873).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e9) He described the canoes passing under cliffs of colored lava, where some bore a type of \"hieroglyphic\" writing, possibly the most eastern trace of the Incas yet known (May 26, 1873) and exchanging presents with some of the Cashibos along the banks (May 30, 1873). This \"gift exchange\" turned into an armed altercation shortly thereafter. They arrived at the mouth of the Pichis River and began its exploration (June 4-6, 1873). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eA desertion by eight of their men was caused by fear of the Campas indigenous people, known as \"the most fierce of all the Indians of Peru\" according to Noland (June 7-11, 1873). They continued on further into the territory of the Campas and he related stories and information about them and the local flora and fauna in his journal (June 12-16, 1873).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e10) While headed back towards the steamers, they ran across a larger than normal war party of Conibos about to attack the Cashibos (June 27, 1873) who would be either killed or enslaved by them, and then sold to the whites of Iquitos, Peru, although this was against the law. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNoland mentioned the trafficking of shrunken heads made from captives taken in war by interior indigenous peoples, also against Peruvian law. The Conibo expedition was later  reported to be unsuccessful (October 28, 1873).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAn account was attached after page 27, describing the story about the shrunken head of Tibi, the fearsome chief of the \"Antipas\" ethnic group, defeated by the indigenous group, the \"Aguaruna.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e11) On June 28, 1873, the group reached the steamers, still anchored within the mouth of the Pachitea, after being aboard the canoes for forty-one days. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFollowing this entry, Noland began a long paragraph with his own observations about the indigenous people in the region they had been exploring. On July 1,1873, the Hydraulic Commission began traveling up the Ucayali River, stopping at Sara-Yacu on July 9, where he purchased a young \"tiger\" and employed the local umbrella, a palm thatch, during a severe thunderstorm. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOn August 24, 1873, they arrived back at Iquitos, where the boats were greeted by the entire village.  Noland then began a lengthy description of the inhabitants of Iquitos, Peru, and their customs. He also mentions meeting James Orton (1830-1877) author of \"Andes and Amazon.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e12) On September 17, 1873, the group began the second series of explorations, beginning at the River Nanay. The local indigenous people were called the Iquitos (September 23, 1873).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNoland described the multi-ethnic composition of the crew of his launch, some of their more interesting meals, and the great number of butterflies they had seen on the Nanay River (September 26, 1873). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eUpon their arrival back in Iquitos, the entire crew was ill, probably due to malaria (October 1, 1873). On October 13-15, they conducted a short exploration of the River Itaya, which is important only because the river enters the Amazon at Iquitos, Peru.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn October, both the \"Tambo\" and the steamer \"Alceste\" arrived with provisions. Unfortunately, the \"Alceste\" also carried smallpox to Iquitos. Noland described the fear of smallpox by the indigenous people who were known to desert their villages until the disease departed (October 24, 1873). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e13) They began their exploration up the River Potro which emptied into the River Marañon (October 26, 1873).  Noland mentioned a story about the death of an indigenous man who was known as a good pilot for the upper waters during an attack by the \"Mouratos\" people (November 5-7, 1873). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHe described Borja as being situated at the head of the Marañon River in a rich gold region. The Spanish had garrisoned two hundred soldiers there to force the indigenous people to bring in gold. Upon the independence of Peru and the withdrawal of the soldiers, the local population destroyed the town, killed the inhabitants, and forced the governor to drink liquid gold according to local legend. Borja had never been successfully rebuilt. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e14) After about a month spent exploring the four tributaries of the Upper Marañon, they arrived back in Iquitos, Peru (December 7, 1873). Noland comments on the mixture of backgrounds and races of the persons in the villages of the Amazon, which include indigenous, \"Negro,\" Spanish and Portuguese.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHe also refered to the prevalence of smallpox in the town and described the harmonious and beautiful music of the local indigenous people (December 13, 1873). Noland also recorded his disparaging thoughts on the results of \"the combination of races\" in Brazil and Peru (end of section for January 4, 1874).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e15) Noland and Mr. Sparrow decided to leave Iquitos behind for the duration of the Carnival celebrations and avoid some of its excesses (February 20, 1874). On March 21, 1874, Sparrow and Noland sailed on the steamer \"Pastaza\" to finish the survey of the Marañon River and returned to Borja (March 22-April 5, 1874). He described the town of Iquitos as a kind of Peruvian Botany Bay for offending officers and Peru as weak country with a poor government (April 27, 1874).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e16) The finances of Peru were in such bad shape that there was no money for the members of the Commission to be paid or to get home. They were forced to personally borrow money to settle their accounts in the office of the commissary. The steamer \"Morona\" arrived late and in a damaged condition. They left on the \"Morona\" still hoping to make the connection with the Brazilian boat in time to get home by October.  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOn the next day, the steamer \"Morona\" ran aground on a playa along the river. Although the Peruvian boat, the \"Pastaza\" came along shortly afterwards, the captain prevented them from boarding his boat and left them stranded in the falling river levels (August 22-September 23, 1874). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e17) Noland and the others remain stuck on the playa from September 23 until October 12, 1874, when they managed to get the \"Morona\" off the playa and back into the river. In this section of the journal, he made several disparaging remarks about the efficiency of the Peruvian navy and the \"Latin\" temperament. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBy October 20th, Noland's group arrived at the Brazilian frontier fort, \"Tabatinga\" which he described. He also continued to share his negative opinions about the mixture of races in South America, using an African American Padre as an example (October 23, 1874). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAfter a six day stay in Manaos, Brazil, they left on the boat \"Marajo\" (October 26, 1874), and reached Obidos, Brazil, on October 28, the head of tide water on the Amazon and five hundred miles from the mouth of the river. Noland mentioned that there was an American colony there of former Confederates. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e18) Noland and Sparrow decide to take the schooner \"Charles E. Moody\" bound for New York and led by Captain Collamore, a New Englander with early Yankee ancestors who merit Noland's approval. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHe makes much of the crew being white and the captain a Yankee, as opposed to the crews and captains of most of the boats in Peru and Brazil (October 31-December 1, 1874). By November 29, 1874, the schooner was near Cape Henry, Virginia, and on December 1, 1874, the ship made it to a pier in New York City on the East River.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eConsists of the framed original map and 4 copies of the map which was hand drawn by Thomas Nelson Berkeley Noland. The map has a list of both rivers and places in the area covered. Three copies are on blueprint paper.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReports include A \"Some Facts About the Peruvian Amazon,B \"Recapitulated and Condensed,\" and \"Something about Gold Fields, know to exist, but not now definitely located, in Rich Peru.\" Noland wrote these to interest investors and raise money to find and mine gold in the Peruvian Amazon region.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe two spear points were identified by the Peabody Museum, New Haven, Connecticut as a Red Brown Chert and a Red Brown Chert Tang.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Journal","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection documents Thomas Nelson Berkeley Noland's time in Peru, and contains his journal, a typed transcript of the journal by Mary Noland Young, photographs (chiefly albumen prints) of items, places, and peoples in the Amazon, correspondence (including drafts and translations), and legal documents. ","Also present are oversize blueprint maps of the Peruvian Amazon region drawn by Noland, a \"Map of a Section of South America - Peru, a Vertical Cross Section of the Continent about the 2nd Degree South Latitude,\" and two spear points. ","Noland's journal records his travels on the Peruvian tributaries of the Amazon from 1873 to 1874. The journal documents his work, describing his travels, the geography, flora and fauna of the area, and his observations and interactions with the various indigenous peoples of the Peruvian Amazon. It includes hand drawn illustrations.","The contract was between Noland, Civil Engineer, and J.R. Tucker, President of the Amazon Hydrographic Commission of Peru (April 10, 1872). Also present is a letter of thanks for services rendered to the steam launch \"Mayro\" during the voyage to Iquitos, Peru (August 11, 1873), and a final letter of thanks from the Peruvian government for the successful completion of the mission (December 4, 1874). ","There is a letter from Senator Thomas S. Martin describing his efforts through the State Department to secure payment from the Peruvian government for the \"claim of the Hydrographic Commission of the Amazon\" (March 12, 1896)."," A packet of typed letters translated and bound together with the notation \"C\" on the back include the following correspondents and topics: \n \nManuel Santillan wrote Alexander W. Thornely about the opportunities for mining the riches of the area of the Marañon River region of Peru, including gold dust, rubber trees, and chocolate (February 6, 1899)."," Abraham Madina wrote to Manuel Santillan about the danger from indigenous peoples in the region creating difficulties in harvesting all the riches of the area but also emphasizing the richness and health of the region (February 4, 1899). \n \nMaximiliano Kabsch to Otoniel Melena, describes the situation along the River Napo, mentioning both \"civilized\" indigenous peoples accustomed to working with foreigners and other indigenous peoples, not used to working with foreigners but who were peaceful. He also mentioned the requirements for successful navigation of the river and other financial opportunities in nearby Ecuador (February 1, 1899).","Otoniel Melena to Alexander W. Thornely, described an expedition to the upper Marañon River region, the source of much gold, but  also containing rapids and a large whirlpool. The whirlpool resulted in loss of life to San Ramon and several indigenous laborers on the expedition, when he disregarded their advice to avoid it. ","During another expedition in 1890 led by an American, Mr. Walf, and a German naturalist, above the Pongo de Mainique (a water gap or canyon) of the Urubamba River, a group was visited by members of the \"Nautipus\" people who invited them to stay in their village for a few days (February 4, 1899). They brought twelve of the indigenous people with them back to San Antonio, Peru, including a chief named Wamba.","Melena also shared what he has heard about the headwaters of the River Napo and its prospects for mining. He suggests that Noland come to Peru accompanied by a naturalist and mining expert by way of Colón, Panama, then Guayaquil, Ecuador, to Quito, Ecuador. Once in Quito, he should visit Dr. Mestanza and get additional information about the voyage down the Napo River to Iquitos, Peru, Borja, Peru, and the upper Marañon region. (February 4, 1899).","Also present at the back of the group letters is a copy of an undated account of one of the expeditions in search of the historical gold mines of Morillo or Cerro Angaisa by Jose del Carmen Vasquez. This expedition began on August 1, 1882, when he left Moyobamba for the upper Amazon, taking with him fourteen well-armed men. He secured the services of several villagers from Aripari and interpreters for the languages of the \"wild tribes.\" ","He described their first encounter with the \"Chunchos\" indigenous people, a Peruvian Spanish word for the Asháninka people, who occupy the upper region of the Potro River. He sent interpreters to the tribe to ask them to supply canoes for the journey. ","They traveled in the canoes to the Asháninka village where they prepared food for the trip, chiefly sweet potatoes, and he insisted the Moyobambinos with him make clothing for the tribe as they typically wore no clothing. Vasquez and his group stayed with the Asháninka people for eleven days. ","He mentioned one of the Asháninka by name, Huapi, who indicated that gold could be found in a distant canyon, but no one else in the expedition was willing to continue at that time. Vasquez and his men had been traveling for seventy-nine days on this first expedition. He briefly described three additional trips which provided more information about the area, but no gold.","Translations of two letters (4 copies):","Manuel Santillan to Mr. A.W. Thornely, April 16, 1899, reporting that the port of Iquitos had recently seen its first American Man of War, the gunboat \"Wilmington,\" believed to be in the area to investigate the reports of the wealth of the products of the upper Amazon. He also mentioned Mr. Bruner and a company of Americans exploring the placer mines of the River Napo.","Colonel Fisher, former American representative to Chile, on behalf of Thomas Nelson Berkeley Noland, to Don Alvares Calderon, Minister Plenipotentiary of Peru, August 1900, wrote concerning the possibility of opening up the mining district of the upper Amazon by a Special Concession to a company in the United States associated with Noland for hydraulic mining of gold to make it easier to raise capital for the venture.","Also in this folder is a draft undated memorandum of agreement between Carl H. Nolting, Louisa County, Virginia, and Noland, and a letter from J.F. Spofford to Noland about the rates of passage to Peru, October 9, 1900.","Contains a print copy in Spanish and hand-written English translation of the transfer of an agreement of The Inca Gold Development Corporation of Peru, Limited, with the government of Peru for the right to dredge the Inambari River, Province of Carabaya, April 29, 1904. ","Other correspondents writing about the project or furnishing letters of introduction March 22-23, 1906) include A.J. Montague, E.B. Thomason, Nelson B. Noland, Irving B. Dudley, Z.A. Loredo. The folder also contained a letter from Mary Bleecker Miller Noland (1889-1985) to the National Geographic Society offering Noland's papers as a gift, June 20, 1964. ","The journal kept by Thomas Nelson Berkeley Noland describes his travels and adventures as a member of the Hydraulic Commission of Peru in the upper Amazon region while making accurate navigational charts for the tributaries of the Amazon.  The Commission began their mission by leaving Iquitos, Peru, with two boats, the launch \"Mairo\" and the steamer, the \"Tambo, with Noland being aboard the \"Mairo\" as the civil engineer.","The handwritten journal also contains some drawings, photographs, and news clippings. Apparently some photographs had been removed by Noland, possibly by relatives or for use as illustrations for some articles he wrote for \"Appleton's Journal\" in 1875. ","The \"Mairo\" first explored the River Nanay from September 17, 1873 until its return to Iquitos, Peru, on October 3, 1873. On October 27, 1873, still aboard the \"Mairo,\" Noland and his group left Iquitos to explore the Morona, Potro, Pastaza and Tigre rivers. They returned on December 4, 1873, to Iquitos from those explorations. ","2) Noland described an indigenous settlement at Courahualie, where the people, with heavily painted faces, came to see them off the next day, speaking the Incan language and with the girls carrying monkeys upon their heads (February 23-24, 1873). ","Later he described a canoe which was made from a single tree and propelled by ten indigenous men on the Ucayali River. The \"Mairo\" passed it but later heard the same group of indigenous men during the night coming into Puca-Cura, playing music and singing \"a wild kind of melody, as they paddled, very sweet\" (March 6, 1873). ","The next morning, they saw one of the men, tattooed on his face and hands, being lashed by a man named Martinez (?) who owned the farmhouse, land, and the canoe (March 7, 1873). ","3) Anchored at Sara-Yuca, they saw several aboriginal canoes who came along side and offered them masato to drink. One of the individuals, with a \"musical instrument made of pieces of reed of different sizes and lengths,\" played the same song Noland had heard earlier down the river (March 9, 1873) in \"the Incan tongue.\" ","He also described the Old Church and other buildings constructed by the Jesuits who founded it two hundred years ago (March 10, 1873). ","He saw other indigenous people at the Bepuano chacara who he said were \"the wildest I have seen and have their war clubs, bows and arrows arranged in their houses ready for use\" (March 11, 1873).","4) Noland met a boy who had been captured by the Conibo ethnic group from the Cashibo ethnic group. The Cashibos along the River Pachitea were rumored to be cannibals (March 14, 1873). ","He also met an older monk, at the Cashaboya station of the Order of St. Francis, trying to arrange three indigenous languages into some kind of form and prepare a dictionary for the Incan language (March 16, 1873). ","They purchased plantains, ground peas and a monkey from some of the indigenous people as they left their anchor site about fifty miles from Calleria. When they anchored for the night at a Conibo settlement two miles from the mouth of the Pachitea River, they also purchased some wild hogs (wangana) and more plantains (March 25-26, 1873). ","Noland wrote about being on the border of cannibal country and recounts the story of two Peruvian officers who were killed and eaten about twelve miles above them some time ago (March 26, 1873). ","5) Noland described the Commission's arrangement with \"Old Clemente\" who had his warriors cut wood with axes for use as fuel in the \"Tambo\" and deliver it in the indigenous canoes. ","This production of wood was interrupted when the warriors went on a war expedition against the Cashibos \"to steal their women and children.\" Noland also described their beliefs about burning the house of any member of the group who dies, cut up his canoe, kill his enslaved persons and destroy all their belongings out of fear of being bewitched. ","On page 10, he has also drawn a picture of the Conibo knife carried by each man.  (March 31-April 2, 1873).","6) Noland furnished additional information about the indigenous warriors, their preparations, an aside about the production of \"masato de yuca\" by the older indigenous women, and the failure of the mission of the warriors due to thesuperior numbers of the Cashibos (April 3 and 8, 1873). He described one of the Conibo houses and how it was arranged (May 1, 1873). ","Noland also wrote of being lost deep in the forest on the border between the Conibos and the Cashibos while hunting with a guide and how difficult it was to get back to the river (May 10, 1873).  Noland's entry for May 12th says that the chief of the local indigenous group predicted the \"Tambo\" was coming up the river and would arrive soon because of the waterfowl which was disturbed by the steamer's advance and flew in advance of it on the upper Ucayali River.","7) On May 14, 1873, the \"Tambo\" had finally arrived to join Noland's group (on the advance launch \"Mairo\") near the mouth of the Pachitea River, apparently full of animal and bird species both alive and mounted as specimens. ","The arrival of the \"Tambo\" was so late in the season that it was unsafe for either vessel to proceed up the Pachitea River to do the survey, so the Hydraulic Commission purchased six canoes from the Conibo indigenous group to carry the members of the commission and their provisions for five to six weeks up the Pachitea River, two to three hundred miles.","Noland went on to describe the Conibo canoes, their dimensions, stability, construction, arrangement of the indigenous crew in the canoe, and the distribution of the Commission members and soldiers among the crafts (May 15-19, 1873). ","Some indigenous Cashibos, who had been captured and enslaved by Pedro, the brother of Clemente (both being members of the Conibo group) also joined the expedition (May 20-21, 1873). ","8) Noland also described the Conibos' fear of being in the territory of their neighbors, the Cashibos, reported to be cannibals and related a story involving a Peruvian gunboat who landed on a small island (Chouta Isla) and whose captain and 2nd commander were killed by the Cashibos. Both were reported as eaten by the group of Cashibos (May 21, 1873). He described an attack by the Cashibos upon the pilot canoe, during the daylight hours (May 24, 1873).","9) He described the canoes passing under cliffs of colored lava, where some bore a type of \"hieroglyphic\" writing, possibly the most eastern trace of the Incas yet known (May 26, 1873) and exchanging presents with some of the Cashibos along the banks (May 30, 1873). This \"gift exchange\" turned into an armed altercation shortly thereafter. They arrived at the mouth of the Pichis River and began its exploration (June 4-6, 1873). ","A desertion by eight of their men was caused by fear of the Campas indigenous people, known as \"the most fierce of all the Indians of Peru\" according to Noland (June 7-11, 1873). They continued on further into the territory of the Campas and he related stories and information about them and the local flora and fauna in his journal (June 12-16, 1873).","10) While headed back towards the steamers, they ran across a larger than normal war party of Conibos about to attack the Cashibos (June 27, 1873) who would be either killed or enslaved by them, and then sold to the whites of Iquitos, Peru, although this was against the law. ","Noland mentioned the trafficking of shrunken heads made from captives taken in war by interior indigenous peoples, also against Peruvian law. The Conibo expedition was later  reported to be unsuccessful (October 28, 1873).","An account was attached after page 27, describing the story about the shrunken head of Tibi, the fearsome chief of the \"Antipas\" ethnic group, defeated by the indigenous group, the \"Aguaruna.\" ","11) On June 28, 1873, the group reached the steamers, still anchored within the mouth of the Pachitea, after being aboard the canoes for forty-one days. ","Following this entry, Noland began a long paragraph with his own observations about the indigenous people in the region they had been exploring. On July 1,1873, the Hydraulic Commission began traveling up the Ucayali River, stopping at Sara-Yacu on July 9, where he purchased a young \"tiger\" and employed the local umbrella, a palm thatch, during a severe thunderstorm. ","On August 24, 1873, they arrived back at Iquitos, where the boats were greeted by the entire village.  Noland then began a lengthy description of the inhabitants of Iquitos, Peru, and their customs. He also mentions meeting James Orton (1830-1877) author of \"Andes and Amazon.\"","12) On September 17, 1873, the group began the second series of explorations, beginning at the River Nanay. The local indigenous people were called the Iquitos (September 23, 1873).","Noland described the multi-ethnic composition of the crew of his launch, some of their more interesting meals, and the great number of butterflies they had seen on the Nanay River (September 26, 1873). ","Upon their arrival back in Iquitos, the entire crew was ill, probably due to malaria (October 1, 1873). On October 13-15, they conducted a short exploration of the River Itaya, which is important only because the river enters the Amazon at Iquitos, Peru.","In October, both the \"Tambo\" and the steamer \"Alceste\" arrived with provisions. Unfortunately, the \"Alceste\" also carried smallpox to Iquitos. Noland described the fear of smallpox by the indigenous people who were known to desert their villages until the disease departed (October 24, 1873). ","13) They began their exploration up the River Potro which emptied into the River Marañon (October 26, 1873).  Noland mentioned a story about the death of an indigenous man who was known as a good pilot for the upper waters during an attack by the \"Mouratos\" people (November 5-7, 1873). ","He described Borja as being situated at the head of the Marañon River in a rich gold region. The Spanish had garrisoned two hundred soldiers there to force the indigenous people to bring in gold. Upon the independence of Peru and the withdrawal of the soldiers, the local population destroyed the town, killed the inhabitants, and forced the governor to drink liquid gold according to local legend. Borja had never been successfully rebuilt. ","14) After about a month spent exploring the four tributaries of the Upper Marañon, they arrived back in Iquitos, Peru (December 7, 1873). Noland comments on the mixture of backgrounds and races of the persons in the villages of the Amazon, which include indigenous, \"Negro,\" Spanish and Portuguese.","He also refered to the prevalence of smallpox in the town and described the harmonious and beautiful music of the local indigenous people (December 13, 1873). Noland also recorded his disparaging thoughts on the results of \"the combination of races\" in Brazil and Peru (end of section for January 4, 1874).","15) Noland and Mr. Sparrow decided to leave Iquitos behind for the duration of the Carnival celebrations and avoid some of its excesses (February 20, 1874). On March 21, 1874, Sparrow and Noland sailed on the steamer \"Pastaza\" to finish the survey of the Marañon River and returned to Borja (March 22-April 5, 1874). He described the town of Iquitos as a kind of Peruvian Botany Bay for offending officers and Peru as weak country with a poor government (April 27, 1874).","16) The finances of Peru were in such bad shape that there was no money for the members of the Commission to be paid or to get home. They were forced to personally borrow money to settle their accounts in the office of the commissary. The steamer \"Morona\" arrived late and in a damaged condition. They left on the \"Morona\" still hoping to make the connection with the Brazilian boat in time to get home by October.  ","On the next day, the steamer \"Morona\" ran aground on a playa along the river. Although the Peruvian boat, the \"Pastaza\" came along shortly afterwards, the captain prevented them from boarding his boat and left them stranded in the falling river levels (August 22-September 23, 1874). ","17) Noland and the others remain stuck on the playa from September 23 until October 12, 1874, when they managed to get the \"Morona\" off the playa and back into the river. In this section of the journal, he made several disparaging remarks about the efficiency of the Peruvian navy and the \"Latin\" temperament. ","By October 20th, Noland's group arrived at the Brazilian frontier fort, \"Tabatinga\" which he described. He also continued to share his negative opinions about the mixture of races in South America, using an African American Padre as an example (October 23, 1874). ","After a six day stay in Manaos, Brazil, they left on the boat \"Marajo\" (October 26, 1874), and reached Obidos, Brazil, on October 28, the head of tide water on the Amazon and five hundred miles from the mouth of the river. Noland mentioned that there was an American colony there of former Confederates. ","18) Noland and Sparrow decide to take the schooner \"Charles E. Moody\" bound for New York and led by Captain Collamore, a New Englander with early Yankee ancestors who merit Noland's approval. ","He makes much of the crew being white and the captain a Yankee, as opposed to the crews and captains of most of the boats in Peru and Brazil (October 31-December 1, 1874). By November 29, 1874, the schooner was near Cape Henry, Virginia, and on December 1, 1874, the ship made it to a pier in New York City on the East River.","Consists of the framed original map and 4 copies of the map which was hand drawn by Thomas Nelson Berkeley Noland. The map has a list of both rivers and places in the area covered. Three copies are on blueprint paper.","Reports include A \"Some Facts About the Peruvian Amazon,B \"Recapitulated and Condensed,\" and \"Something about Gold Fields, know to exist, but not now definitely located, in Rich Peru.\" Noland wrote these to interest investors and raise money to find and mine gold in the Peruvian Amazon region.","The two spear points were identified by the Peabody Museum, New Haven, Connecticut as a Red Brown Chert and a Red Brown Chert Tang."],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Noland, Thomas Nelson Berkeley , 1846-1913"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"persname_ssim":["Noland, Thomas Nelson Berkeley , 1846-1913"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":9,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-20T23:48:36.769Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1028"}}],"included":[{"type":"facet","id":"repository_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Repository","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept.","value":"University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept.","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Gold\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept.\u0026view=list"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/repository_ssim.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Gold\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"facet","id":"collection_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Collection","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Harry LeRoy Jones papers","value":"Harry 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