{"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Freedmen\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list","last":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Freedmen\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=1\u0026view=list"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":1,"next_page":null,"prev_page":null,"total_pages":1,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":0,"total_count":3,"first_page?":true,"last_page?":true}},"data":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1170","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Fannie Virginia Casseopia Lawrence carte de visite, 1863","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1170#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains a carte de visite of Fannie Virginia Casseopia Lawrence, a formerly enslaved child. The caption states \"A Redeemed Slave Child, 5 years of Age. Redeemed in Virginia by Catherine S. Lawrence; baptized in Brooklyn, at Plymouth Church by Henry Ward Beecher in May 1963. Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1863, by C. S. Lawrence, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, for the Southern District of New York.\" Photographed by the Kellogg Brothers, Hartford, Connecticut.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1170#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1170","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1170","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1170","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1170","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1170.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/129061","title_filing_ssi":"Lawrence, Fannie Virginia Casseopia, carte de visite","title_ssm":["Fannie Virginia Casseopia Lawrence carte de visite"],"title_tesim":["Fannie Virginia Casseopia Lawrence carte de visite"],"unitdate_ssm":["May 1863"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["May 1863"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1863"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Fannie Virginia Casseopia Lawrence carte de visite, 1863"],"text":["Fannie Virginia Casseopia Lawrence carte de visite, 1863","MSS 16638","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1170","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- African Americans","African Americans -- History -- 1863-1877","Freedmen","Girls","cartes-de-visite (card photographs)","Good","The collection is open for research use.","Fannie Virginia Casseopia Lawrence was born an enslaved child in 1858 in Rectortown, Fauquier County, Virginia. and possibly died in New York sometime before 1895. Fannie's mother was said to be Mary Fletcher, an enslaved person to Fannie's biological father, Charles Rufus Ayres, who was a white lawyer and farmer. Since her appearance was white, she was one of the enslaved children made famous in the new medium of photography in the 1860's and was exploited as a poster child for the abolitionist movement because supporters for abolition thought that white people would be more sympathetic to her if she looked like one of their own children.","William Page Johnson II, who wrote an article about Fannie Lawrence and her birth family for the Historic Fairfax City newsletter in 2015, reported that Rufus Ayres took advantage of enslaved women and had at least three children by Mary Fletcher, Jane Payne, and Ann Gleaves. In November 1859, Ayres was killed by a neighbor (\"Fatal Affair\" in Richmond's Daily Dispatch). After Ayres' death, his will stipulated that the enslaved women and children be free. Unfortunately, because of laws at the time, they would have to leave the state of Virginia to remain free, and they wanted to stay with family members who were still enslaved.","During the Civil War, in 1862, Mary Fletcher, Fannie Lawrence and several other enslaved persons, fled to Union territory. Fannie was adopted by a Civil War military nurse named Catharine Lawrence who was acquainted with the Reverend Henry Ward Beecher, abolitionist brother of Harriett Beecher Stowe, and author of \"Uncle Tom's Cabin.\" Lawrence took Fannie, who was about five years old at the time, to New York. There, she was baptized by Beecher as \"Fannie Virginia Casseopia Lawrence.\" It was at this point that they exploited Fanny as a \"redeemed slave child.\" Johnson wrote that Beecher told his congregation of the terrible fate awaiting Fannie had she not been adopted by Lawrence. Sometime shortly after that, photos of Fannie were taken and widely distributed.","While Johnson doesn't say Fannie was abused or neglected in any way, he describes the tactics Beecher and Lawrence used as \"exploitive.\" There are many facts about her life that are not known. She may have married and had children. Her date of death and burial site are also unknown, although it's believed to be somewhere in New York.","Sources:\nJohnson,William Page II, \"A Sad Story of Redemption\",The Fare Facts Gazette Winter 2015 Volume 12, Issue 1\nhttps://www.historicfairfax.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/HFCI1201-2015.pdf","Mitchell, Mary Niall. \"Rosebloom and Pure White,\" Or So It Seemed.\" John Hopkins University Press Project Muse, American Quarterly 54, no. 3 (2002): 369-410. doi:10.1353/aq.2002.0027.\nhttps://muse.jhu.edu/article/2546/pdf","Ramsey, Suzanne, \"The 'Redeemed Slave Child\" appetite4history National Public Radio November 22, 2016\nhttps://appetite4history.com/2016/11/22/the-redeemed-slave-child/","Reparative note: Photographs were a new medium in the 1860's and were being used to take pictures of enslaved children that looked white to attract the sympathy of white people for support of abolition. Fannie Virginia Casseopia Lawrence was photographed many times for this purpose. According to scholar Mary Niall Mitchell, associate professor of history at the University of New Orleans,","\"They realized that the sympathies that people would have for children who looked white but had been slaves was going to be greater than the sympathy they might have for black-skinned children,\" she says.","William Page Johnson II, board member for the Fairfax County Historical Society wrote an article about Fannie Lawrence pointing out that her adopted mother Catherine Lawrence and her friend Henry Ward Beecher exploited Fannie and her photographs to gain support for abolition.","This collection contains a carte de visite of Fannie Virginia Casseopia Lawrence, a formerly enslaved child. The caption states \"A Redeemed Slave Child, 5 years of Age. Redeemed in Virginia by Catherine S. Lawrence;  baptized in Brooklyn, at Plymouth Church by Henry Ward Beecher in May 1963. Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1863, by C. S. Lawrence, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, for the Southern District of New York.\" Photographed by the Kellogg Brothers, Hartford, Connecticut.","Fannie was widely photographed during this period. Scholar Mary Niall Mitchell, in her article \"Rosebloom and Pure White,\"Or So It Seemed\" notes \"to fully understand the appeal of these portraits and the particular ways in which audiences might have read them, we must look in several directions: to Civil War stories of 'white slaves,' popular representations of white and black children in the nineteenth century and those of girls in particular, to antislavery ideas and white audiences' fantasies about light-skinned enslaved women, to the significance of the new \"truth-telling\" medium of photography, and into the labyrinth of race that both guided and confused white northern sympathies. Although it is difficult to know who saw these images or purchased them, their production at a time when white working-class people were openly opposing the Civil War—most notably during the New York Draft Riots of 1863—suggests that they were aimed at a broad northern audience rather than just limited to middle class viewers. Indeed, the girls' portraits seem to have been, in part, an effort to circumvent issues of class by pressing the argument that southern enslavement threatened the freedoms and privileges of all white people.\"","Mitchell, Mary Niall. \"Rosebloom and Pure White,\" Or So It Seemed.\" American Quarterly 54, no. 3 (2002): 369-410. doi:10.1353/aq.2002.0027.","For more information about the practice of using photographs of enslaved children who looked white to support Abolition, see this piece from National Public Radio:\nhttps://www.npr.org/sections/pictureshow/2012/12/10/166093470/a-black-and-white-1860s-fundraiser","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Lawrence, Fannie Virginia Casseopia","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Fannie Virginia Casseopia Lawrence carte de visite, 1863"],"collection_ssim":["Fannie Virginia Casseopia Lawrence carte de visite, 1863"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16638","Archival Resource 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Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 21 September 2021."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans -- History -- 1863-1877","Freedmen","Girls","cartes-de-visite (card photographs)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans -- History -- 1863-1877","Freedmen","Girls","cartes-de-visite (card photographs)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["Good"],"extent_ssm":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 letter size folder"],"extent_tesim":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 letter size folder"],"physfacet_tesim":["carte de visite"],"genreform_ssim":["cartes-de-visite (card photographs)"],"date_range_isim":[1863],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFannie Virginia Casseopia Lawrence was born an enslaved child in 1858 in Rectortown, Fauquier County, Virginia. and possibly died in New York sometime before 1895. Fannie's mother was said to be Mary Fletcher, an enslaved person to Fannie's biological father, Charles Rufus Ayres, who was a white lawyer and farmer. Since her appearance was white, she was one of the enslaved children made famous in the new medium of photography in the 1860's and was exploited as a poster child for the abolitionist movement because supporters for abolition thought that white people would be more sympathetic to her if she looked like one of their own children.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nWilliam Page Johnson II, who wrote an article about Fannie Lawrence and her birth family for the Historic Fairfax City newsletter in 2015, reported that Rufus Ayres took advantage of enslaved women and had at least three children by Mary Fletcher, Jane Payne, and Ann Gleaves. In November 1859, Ayres was killed by a neighbor (\"Fatal Affair\" in Richmond's Daily Dispatch). After Ayres' death, his will stipulated that the enslaved women and children be free. Unfortunately, because of laws at the time, they would have to leave the state of Virginia to remain free, and they wanted to stay with family members who were still enslaved. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDuring the Civil War, in 1862, Mary Fletcher, Fannie Lawrence and several other enslaved persons, fled to Union territory. Fannie was adopted by a Civil War military nurse named Catharine Lawrence who was acquainted with the Reverend Henry Ward Beecher, abolitionist brother of Harriett Beecher Stowe, and author of \"Uncle Tom's Cabin.\" Lawrence took Fannie, who was about five years old at the time, to New York. There, she was baptized by Beecher as \"Fannie Virginia Casseopia Lawrence.\" It was at this point that they exploited Fanny as a \"redeemed slave child.\" Johnson wrote that Beecher told his congregation of the terrible fate awaiting Fannie had she not been adopted by Lawrence. Sometime shortly after that, photos of Fannie were taken and widely distributed. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWhile Johnson doesn't say Fannie was abused or neglected in any way, he describes the tactics Beecher and Lawrence used as \"exploitive.\" There are many facts about her life that are not known. She may have married and had children. Her date of death and burial site are also unknown, although it's believed to be somewhere in New York.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSources:\nJohnson,William Page II, \"A Sad Story of Redemption\",\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Fare Facts Gazette\u003c/emph\u003e Winter 2015 Volume 12, Issue 1\nhttps://www.historicfairfax.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/HFCI1201-2015.pdf\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMitchell, Mary Niall. \"Rosebloom and Pure White,\" Or So It Seemed.\" John Hopkins University Press Project Muse, American Quarterly 54, no. 3 (2002): 369-410. doi:10.1353/aq.2002.0027.\nhttps://muse.jhu.edu/article/2546/pdf\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nRamsey, Suzanne, \"The 'Redeemed Slave Child\" appetite4history National Public Radio November 22, 2016\nhttps://appetite4history.com/2016/11/22/the-redeemed-slave-child/  \u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Fannie Virginia Casseopia Lawrence was born an enslaved child in 1858 in Rectortown, Fauquier County, Virginia. and possibly died in New York sometime before 1895. Fannie's mother was said to be Mary Fletcher, an enslaved person to Fannie's biological father, Charles Rufus Ayres, who was a white lawyer and farmer. Since her appearance was white, she was one of the enslaved children made famous in the new medium of photography in the 1860's and was exploited as a poster child for the abolitionist movement because supporters for abolition thought that white people would be more sympathetic to her if she looked like one of their own children.","William Page Johnson II, who wrote an article about Fannie Lawrence and her birth family for the Historic Fairfax City newsletter in 2015, reported that Rufus Ayres took advantage of enslaved women and had at least three children by Mary Fletcher, Jane Payne, and Ann Gleaves. In November 1859, Ayres was killed by a neighbor (\"Fatal Affair\" in Richmond's Daily Dispatch). After Ayres' death, his will stipulated that the enslaved women and children be free. Unfortunately, because of laws at the time, they would have to leave the state of Virginia to remain free, and they wanted to stay with family members who were still enslaved.","During the Civil War, in 1862, Mary Fletcher, Fannie Lawrence and several other enslaved persons, fled to Union territory. Fannie was adopted by a Civil War military nurse named Catharine Lawrence who was acquainted with the Reverend Henry Ward Beecher, abolitionist brother of Harriett Beecher Stowe, and author of \"Uncle Tom's Cabin.\" Lawrence took Fannie, who was about five years old at the time, to New York. There, she was baptized by Beecher as \"Fannie Virginia Casseopia Lawrence.\" It was at this point that they exploited Fanny as a \"redeemed slave child.\" Johnson wrote that Beecher told his congregation of the terrible fate awaiting Fannie had she not been adopted by Lawrence. Sometime shortly after that, photos of Fannie were taken and widely distributed.","While Johnson doesn't say Fannie was abused or neglected in any way, he describes the tactics Beecher and Lawrence used as \"exploitive.\" There are many facts about her life that are not known. She may have married and had children. Her date of death and burial site are also unknown, although it's believed to be somewhere in New York.","Sources:\nJohnson,William Page II, \"A Sad Story of Redemption\",The Fare Facts Gazette Winter 2015 Volume 12, Issue 1\nhttps://www.historicfairfax.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/HFCI1201-2015.pdf","Mitchell, Mary Niall. \"Rosebloom and Pure White,\" Or So It Seemed.\" John Hopkins University Press Project Muse, American Quarterly 54, no. 3 (2002): 369-410. doi:10.1353/aq.2002.0027.\nhttps://muse.jhu.edu/article/2546/pdf","Ramsey, Suzanne, \"The 'Redeemed Slave Child\" appetite4history National Public Radio November 22, 2016\nhttps://appetite4history.com/2016/11/22/the-redeemed-slave-child/"],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eReparative note: Photographs were a new medium in the 1860's and were being used to take pictures of enslaved children that looked white to attract the sympathy of white people for support of abolition. Fannie Virginia Casseopia Lawrence was photographed many times for this purpose. According to scholar Mary Niall Mitchell, associate professor of history at the University of New Orleans,\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"They realized that the sympathies that people would have for children who looked white but had been slaves was going to be greater than the sympathy they might have for black-skinned children,\" she says.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam Page Johnson II, board member for the Fairfax County Historical Society wrote an article about Fannie Lawrence pointing out that her adopted mother Catherine Lawrence and her friend Henry Ward Beecher exploited Fannie and her photographs to gain support for abolition.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"odd_heading_ssm":["General"],"odd_tesim":["Reparative note: Photographs were a new medium in the 1860's and were being used to take pictures of enslaved children that looked white to attract the sympathy of white people for support of abolition. Fannie Virginia Casseopia Lawrence was photographed many times for this purpose. According to scholar Mary Niall Mitchell, associate professor of history at the University of New Orleans,","\"They realized that the sympathies that people would have for children who looked white but had been slaves was going to be greater than the sympathy they might have for black-skinned children,\" she says.","William Page Johnson II, board member for the Fairfax County Historical Society wrote an article about Fannie Lawrence pointing out that her adopted mother Catherine Lawrence and her friend Henry Ward Beecher exploited Fannie and her photographs to gain support for abolition."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16638, Fannie Virginia Casseopia Lawrence carte de visite, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16638, Fannie Virginia Casseopia Lawrence carte de visite, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains a carte de visite of Fannie Virginia Casseopia Lawrence, a formerly enslaved child. The caption states \"A Redeemed Slave Child, 5 years of Age. Redeemed in Virginia by Catherine S. Lawrence;  baptized in Brooklyn, at Plymouth Church by Henry Ward Beecher in May 1963. Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1863, by C. S. Lawrence, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, for the Southern District of New York.\" Photographed by the Kellogg Brothers, Hartford, Connecticut.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFannie was widely photographed during this period. Scholar Mary Niall Mitchell, in her article \"Rosebloom and Pure White,\"Or So It Seemed\" notes \"to fully understand the appeal of these portraits and the particular ways in which audiences might have read them, we must look in several directions: to Civil War stories of 'white slaves,' popular representations of white and black children in the nineteenth century and those of girls in particular, to antislavery ideas and white audiences' fantasies about light-skinned enslaved women, to the significance of the new \"truth-telling\" medium of photography, and into the labyrinth of race that both guided and confused white northern sympathies. Although it is difficult to know who saw these images or purchased them, their production at a time when white working-class people were openly opposing the Civil War—most notably during the New York Draft Riots of 1863—suggests that they were aimed at a broad northern audience rather than just limited to middle class viewers. Indeed, the girls' portraits seem to have been, in part, an effort to circumvent issues of class by pressing the argument that southern enslavement threatened the freedoms and privileges of all white people.\" \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMitchell, Mary Niall. \"Rosebloom and Pure White,\" Or So It Seemed.\" American Quarterly 54, no. 3 (2002): 369-410. doi:10.1353/aq.2002.0027.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFor more information about the practice of using photographs of enslaved children who looked white to support Abolition, see this piece from National Public Radio:\nhttps://www.npr.org/sections/pictureshow/2012/12/10/166093470/a-black-and-white-1860s-fundraiser\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains a carte de visite of Fannie Virginia Casseopia Lawrence, a formerly enslaved child. The caption states \"A Redeemed Slave Child, 5 years of Age. Redeemed in Virginia by Catherine S. Lawrence;  baptized in Brooklyn, at Plymouth Church by Henry Ward Beecher in May 1963. Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1863, by C. S. Lawrence, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, for the Southern District of New York.\" Photographed by the Kellogg Brothers, Hartford, Connecticut.","Fannie was widely photographed during this period. Scholar Mary Niall Mitchell, in her article \"Rosebloom and Pure White,\"Or So It Seemed\" notes \"to fully understand the appeal of these portraits and the particular ways in which audiences might have read them, we must look in several directions: to Civil War stories of 'white slaves,' popular representations of white and black children in the nineteenth century and those of girls in particular, to antislavery ideas and white audiences' fantasies about light-skinned enslaved women, to the significance of the new \"truth-telling\" medium of photography, and into the labyrinth of race that both guided and confused white northern sympathies. Although it is difficult to know who saw these images or purchased them, their production at a time when white working-class people were openly opposing the Civil War—most notably during the New York Draft Riots of 1863—suggests that they were aimed at a broad northern audience rather than just limited to middle class viewers. Indeed, the girls' portraits seem to have been, in part, an effort to circumvent issues of class by pressing the argument that southern enslavement threatened the freedoms and privileges of all white people.\"","Mitchell, Mary Niall. \"Rosebloom and Pure White,\" Or So It Seemed.\" American Quarterly 54, no. 3 (2002): 369-410. doi:10.1353/aq.2002.0027.","For more information about the practice of using photographs of enslaved children who looked white to support Abolition, see this piece from National Public Radio:\nhttps://www.npr.org/sections/pictureshow/2012/12/10/166093470/a-black-and-white-1860s-fundraiser"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"persname_ssim":["Lawrence, Fannie Virginia Casseopia"],"names_coll_ssim":["Lawrence, Fannie Virginia Casseopia"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Lawrence, Fannie Virginia Casseopia"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:28:13.060Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1170","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1170","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1170","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1170","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1170.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/129061","title_filing_ssi":"Lawrence, Fannie Virginia Casseopia, carte de visite","title_ssm":["Fannie Virginia Casseopia Lawrence carte de visite"],"title_tesim":["Fannie Virginia Casseopia Lawrence carte de visite"],"unitdate_ssm":["May 1863"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["May 1863"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1863"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Fannie Virginia Casseopia Lawrence carte de visite, 1863"],"text":["Fannie Virginia Casseopia Lawrence carte de visite, 1863","MSS 16638","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1170","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- African Americans","African Americans -- History -- 1863-1877","Freedmen","Girls","cartes-de-visite (card photographs)","Good","The collection is open for research use.","Fannie Virginia Casseopia Lawrence was born an enslaved child in 1858 in Rectortown, Fauquier County, Virginia. and possibly died in New York sometime before 1895. Fannie's mother was said to be Mary Fletcher, an enslaved person to Fannie's biological father, Charles Rufus Ayres, who was a white lawyer and farmer. Since her appearance was white, she was one of the enslaved children made famous in the new medium of photography in the 1860's and was exploited as a poster child for the abolitionist movement because supporters for abolition thought that white people would be more sympathetic to her if she looked like one of their own children.","William Page Johnson II, who wrote an article about Fannie Lawrence and her birth family for the Historic Fairfax City newsletter in 2015, reported that Rufus Ayres took advantage of enslaved women and had at least three children by Mary Fletcher, Jane Payne, and Ann Gleaves. In November 1859, Ayres was killed by a neighbor (\"Fatal Affair\" in Richmond's Daily Dispatch). After Ayres' death, his will stipulated that the enslaved women and children be free. Unfortunately, because of laws at the time, they would have to leave the state of Virginia to remain free, and they wanted to stay with family members who were still enslaved.","During the Civil War, in 1862, Mary Fletcher, Fannie Lawrence and several other enslaved persons, fled to Union territory. Fannie was adopted by a Civil War military nurse named Catharine Lawrence who was acquainted with the Reverend Henry Ward Beecher, abolitionist brother of Harriett Beecher Stowe, and author of \"Uncle Tom's Cabin.\" Lawrence took Fannie, who was about five years old at the time, to New York. There, she was baptized by Beecher as \"Fannie Virginia Casseopia Lawrence.\" It was at this point that they exploited Fanny as a \"redeemed slave child.\" Johnson wrote that Beecher told his congregation of the terrible fate awaiting Fannie had she not been adopted by Lawrence. Sometime shortly after that, photos of Fannie were taken and widely distributed.","While Johnson doesn't say Fannie was abused or neglected in any way, he describes the tactics Beecher and Lawrence used as \"exploitive.\" There are many facts about her life that are not known. She may have married and had children. Her date of death and burial site are also unknown, although it's believed to be somewhere in New York.","Sources:\nJohnson,William Page II, \"A Sad Story of Redemption\",The Fare Facts Gazette Winter 2015 Volume 12, Issue 1\nhttps://www.historicfairfax.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/HFCI1201-2015.pdf","Mitchell, Mary Niall. \"Rosebloom and Pure White,\" Or So It Seemed.\" John Hopkins University Press Project Muse, American Quarterly 54, no. 3 (2002): 369-410. doi:10.1353/aq.2002.0027.\nhttps://muse.jhu.edu/article/2546/pdf","Ramsey, Suzanne, \"The 'Redeemed Slave Child\" appetite4history National Public Radio November 22, 2016\nhttps://appetite4history.com/2016/11/22/the-redeemed-slave-child/","Reparative note: Photographs were a new medium in the 1860's and were being used to take pictures of enslaved children that looked white to attract the sympathy of white people for support of abolition. Fannie Virginia Casseopia Lawrence was photographed many times for this purpose. According to scholar Mary Niall Mitchell, associate professor of history at the University of New Orleans,","\"They realized that the sympathies that people would have for children who looked white but had been slaves was going to be greater than the sympathy they might have for black-skinned children,\" she says.","William Page Johnson II, board member for the Fairfax County Historical Society wrote an article about Fannie Lawrence pointing out that her adopted mother Catherine Lawrence and her friend Henry Ward Beecher exploited Fannie and her photographs to gain support for abolition.","This collection contains a carte de visite of Fannie Virginia Casseopia Lawrence, a formerly enslaved child. The caption states \"A Redeemed Slave Child, 5 years of Age. Redeemed in Virginia by Catherine S. Lawrence;  baptized in Brooklyn, at Plymouth Church by Henry Ward Beecher in May 1963. Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1863, by C. S. Lawrence, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, for the Southern District of New York.\" Photographed by the Kellogg Brothers, Hartford, Connecticut.","Fannie was widely photographed during this period. Scholar Mary Niall Mitchell, in her article \"Rosebloom and Pure White,\"Or So It Seemed\" notes \"to fully understand the appeal of these portraits and the particular ways in which audiences might have read them, we must look in several directions: to Civil War stories of 'white slaves,' popular representations of white and black children in the nineteenth century and those of girls in particular, to antislavery ideas and white audiences' fantasies about light-skinned enslaved women, to the significance of the new \"truth-telling\" medium of photography, and into the labyrinth of race that both guided and confused white northern sympathies. Although it is difficult to know who saw these images or purchased them, their production at a time when white working-class people were openly opposing the Civil War—most notably during the New York Draft Riots of 1863—suggests that they were aimed at a broad northern audience rather than just limited to middle class viewers. Indeed, the girls' portraits seem to have been, in part, an effort to circumvent issues of class by pressing the argument that southern enslavement threatened the freedoms and privileges of all white people.\"","Mitchell, Mary Niall. \"Rosebloom and Pure White,\" Or So It Seemed.\" American Quarterly 54, no. 3 (2002): 369-410. doi:10.1353/aq.2002.0027.","For more information about the practice of using photographs of enslaved children who looked white to support Abolition, see this piece from National Public Radio:\nhttps://www.npr.org/sections/pictureshow/2012/12/10/166093470/a-black-and-white-1860s-fundraiser","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Lawrence, Fannie Virginia Casseopia","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Fannie Virginia Casseopia Lawrence carte de visite, 1863"],"collection_ssim":["Fannie Virginia Casseopia Lawrence carte de visite, 1863"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16638","Archival Resource 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Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1170"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16638","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1170"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- African Americans"],"geogname_ssim":["United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- African Americans"],"places_ssim":["United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- African Americans"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Lawrence, Fannie Virginia Casseopia"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"creators_ssim":["Lawrence, Fannie Virginia Casseopia","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from L \u0026 T Respass Books by the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 21 September 2021."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans -- History -- 1863-1877","Freedmen","Girls","cartes-de-visite (card photographs)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans -- History -- 1863-1877","Freedmen","Girls","cartes-de-visite (card photographs)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["Good"],"extent_ssm":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 letter size folder"],"extent_tesim":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 letter size folder"],"physfacet_tesim":["carte de visite"],"genreform_ssim":["cartes-de-visite (card photographs)"],"date_range_isim":[1863],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFannie Virginia Casseopia Lawrence was born an enslaved child in 1858 in Rectortown, Fauquier County, Virginia. and possibly died in New York sometime before 1895. Fannie's mother was said to be Mary Fletcher, an enslaved person to Fannie's biological father, Charles Rufus Ayres, who was a white lawyer and farmer. Since her appearance was white, she was one of the enslaved children made famous in the new medium of photography in the 1860's and was exploited as a poster child for the abolitionist movement because supporters for abolition thought that white people would be more sympathetic to her if she looked like one of their own children.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nWilliam Page Johnson II, who wrote an article about Fannie Lawrence and her birth family for the Historic Fairfax City newsletter in 2015, reported that Rufus Ayres took advantage of enslaved women and had at least three children by Mary Fletcher, Jane Payne, and Ann Gleaves. In November 1859, Ayres was killed by a neighbor (\"Fatal Affair\" in Richmond's Daily Dispatch). After Ayres' death, his will stipulated that the enslaved women and children be free. Unfortunately, because of laws at the time, they would have to leave the state of Virginia to remain free, and they wanted to stay with family members who were still enslaved. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDuring the Civil War, in 1862, Mary Fletcher, Fannie Lawrence and several other enslaved persons, fled to Union territory. Fannie was adopted by a Civil War military nurse named Catharine Lawrence who was acquainted with the Reverend Henry Ward Beecher, abolitionist brother of Harriett Beecher Stowe, and author of \"Uncle Tom's Cabin.\" Lawrence took Fannie, who was about five years old at the time, to New York. There, she was baptized by Beecher as \"Fannie Virginia Casseopia Lawrence.\" It was at this point that they exploited Fanny as a \"redeemed slave child.\" Johnson wrote that Beecher told his congregation of the terrible fate awaiting Fannie had she not been adopted by Lawrence. Sometime shortly after that, photos of Fannie were taken and widely distributed. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWhile Johnson doesn't say Fannie was abused or neglected in any way, he describes the tactics Beecher and Lawrence used as \"exploitive.\" There are many facts about her life that are not known. She may have married and had children. Her date of death and burial site are also unknown, although it's believed to be somewhere in New York.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSources:\nJohnson,William Page II, \"A Sad Story of Redemption\",\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Fare Facts Gazette\u003c/emph\u003e Winter 2015 Volume 12, Issue 1\nhttps://www.historicfairfax.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/HFCI1201-2015.pdf\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMitchell, Mary Niall. \"Rosebloom and Pure White,\" Or So It Seemed.\" John Hopkins University Press Project Muse, American Quarterly 54, no. 3 (2002): 369-410. doi:10.1353/aq.2002.0027.\nhttps://muse.jhu.edu/article/2546/pdf\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nRamsey, Suzanne, \"The 'Redeemed Slave Child\" appetite4history National Public Radio November 22, 2016\nhttps://appetite4history.com/2016/11/22/the-redeemed-slave-child/  \u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Fannie Virginia Casseopia Lawrence was born an enslaved child in 1858 in Rectortown, Fauquier County, Virginia. and possibly died in New York sometime before 1895. Fannie's mother was said to be Mary Fletcher, an enslaved person to Fannie's biological father, Charles Rufus Ayres, who was a white lawyer and farmer. Since her appearance was white, she was one of the enslaved children made famous in the new medium of photography in the 1860's and was exploited as a poster child for the abolitionist movement because supporters for abolition thought that white people would be more sympathetic to her if she looked like one of their own children.","William Page Johnson II, who wrote an article about Fannie Lawrence and her birth family for the Historic Fairfax City newsletter in 2015, reported that Rufus Ayres took advantage of enslaved women and had at least three children by Mary Fletcher, Jane Payne, and Ann Gleaves. In November 1859, Ayres was killed by a neighbor (\"Fatal Affair\" in Richmond's Daily Dispatch). After Ayres' death, his will stipulated that the enslaved women and children be free. Unfortunately, because of laws at the time, they would have to leave the state of Virginia to remain free, and they wanted to stay with family members who were still enslaved.","During the Civil War, in 1862, Mary Fletcher, Fannie Lawrence and several other enslaved persons, fled to Union territory. Fannie was adopted by a Civil War military nurse named Catharine Lawrence who was acquainted with the Reverend Henry Ward Beecher, abolitionist brother of Harriett Beecher Stowe, and author of \"Uncle Tom's Cabin.\" Lawrence took Fannie, who was about five years old at the time, to New York. There, she was baptized by Beecher as \"Fannie Virginia Casseopia Lawrence.\" It was at this point that they exploited Fanny as a \"redeemed slave child.\" Johnson wrote that Beecher told his congregation of the terrible fate awaiting Fannie had she not been adopted by Lawrence. Sometime shortly after that, photos of Fannie were taken and widely distributed.","While Johnson doesn't say Fannie was abused or neglected in any way, he describes the tactics Beecher and Lawrence used as \"exploitive.\" There are many facts about her life that are not known. She may have married and had children. Her date of death and burial site are also unknown, although it's believed to be somewhere in New York.","Sources:\nJohnson,William Page II, \"A Sad Story of Redemption\",The Fare Facts Gazette Winter 2015 Volume 12, Issue 1\nhttps://www.historicfairfax.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/HFCI1201-2015.pdf","Mitchell, Mary Niall. \"Rosebloom and Pure White,\" Or So It Seemed.\" John Hopkins University Press Project Muse, American Quarterly 54, no. 3 (2002): 369-410. doi:10.1353/aq.2002.0027.\nhttps://muse.jhu.edu/article/2546/pdf","Ramsey, Suzanne, \"The 'Redeemed Slave Child\" appetite4history National Public Radio November 22, 2016\nhttps://appetite4history.com/2016/11/22/the-redeemed-slave-child/"],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eReparative note: Photographs were a new medium in the 1860's and were being used to take pictures of enslaved children that looked white to attract the sympathy of white people for support of abolition. Fannie Virginia Casseopia Lawrence was photographed many times for this purpose. According to scholar Mary Niall Mitchell, associate professor of history at the University of New Orleans,\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"They realized that the sympathies that people would have for children who looked white but had been slaves was going to be greater than the sympathy they might have for black-skinned children,\" she says.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam Page Johnson II, board member for the Fairfax County Historical Society wrote an article about Fannie Lawrence pointing out that her adopted mother Catherine Lawrence and her friend Henry Ward Beecher exploited Fannie and her photographs to gain support for abolition.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"odd_heading_ssm":["General"],"odd_tesim":["Reparative note: Photographs were a new medium in the 1860's and were being used to take pictures of enslaved children that looked white to attract the sympathy of white people for support of abolition. Fannie Virginia Casseopia Lawrence was photographed many times for this purpose. According to scholar Mary Niall Mitchell, associate professor of history at the University of New Orleans,","\"They realized that the sympathies that people would have for children who looked white but had been slaves was going to be greater than the sympathy they might have for black-skinned children,\" she says.","William Page Johnson II, board member for the Fairfax County Historical Society wrote an article about Fannie Lawrence pointing out that her adopted mother Catherine Lawrence and her friend Henry Ward Beecher exploited Fannie and her photographs to gain support for abolition."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16638, Fannie Virginia Casseopia Lawrence carte de visite, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16638, Fannie Virginia Casseopia Lawrence carte de visite, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains a carte de visite of Fannie Virginia Casseopia Lawrence, a formerly enslaved child. The caption states \"A Redeemed Slave Child, 5 years of Age. Redeemed in Virginia by Catherine S. Lawrence;  baptized in Brooklyn, at Plymouth Church by Henry Ward Beecher in May 1963. Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1863, by C. S. Lawrence, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, for the Southern District of New York.\" Photographed by the Kellogg Brothers, Hartford, Connecticut.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFannie was widely photographed during this period. Scholar Mary Niall Mitchell, in her article \"Rosebloom and Pure White,\"Or So It Seemed\" notes \"to fully understand the appeal of these portraits and the particular ways in which audiences might have read them, we must look in several directions: to Civil War stories of 'white slaves,' popular representations of white and black children in the nineteenth century and those of girls in particular, to antislavery ideas and white audiences' fantasies about light-skinned enslaved women, to the significance of the new \"truth-telling\" medium of photography, and into the labyrinth of race that both guided and confused white northern sympathies. Although it is difficult to know who saw these images or purchased them, their production at a time when white working-class people were openly opposing the Civil War—most notably during the New York Draft Riots of 1863—suggests that they were aimed at a broad northern audience rather than just limited to middle class viewers. Indeed, the girls' portraits seem to have been, in part, an effort to circumvent issues of class by pressing the argument that southern enslavement threatened the freedoms and privileges of all white people.\" \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMitchell, Mary Niall. \"Rosebloom and Pure White,\" Or So It Seemed.\" American Quarterly 54, no. 3 (2002): 369-410. doi:10.1353/aq.2002.0027.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFor more information about the practice of using photographs of enslaved children who looked white to support Abolition, see this piece from National Public Radio:\nhttps://www.npr.org/sections/pictureshow/2012/12/10/166093470/a-black-and-white-1860s-fundraiser\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains a carte de visite of Fannie Virginia Casseopia Lawrence, a formerly enslaved child. The caption states \"A Redeemed Slave Child, 5 years of Age. Redeemed in Virginia by Catherine S. Lawrence;  baptized in Brooklyn, at Plymouth Church by Henry Ward Beecher in May 1963. Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1863, by C. S. Lawrence, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, for the Southern District of New York.\" Photographed by the Kellogg Brothers, Hartford, Connecticut.","Fannie was widely photographed during this period. Scholar Mary Niall Mitchell, in her article \"Rosebloom and Pure White,\"Or So It Seemed\" notes \"to fully understand the appeal of these portraits and the particular ways in which audiences might have read them, we must look in several directions: to Civil War stories of 'white slaves,' popular representations of white and black children in the nineteenth century and those of girls in particular, to antislavery ideas and white audiences' fantasies about light-skinned enslaved women, to the significance of the new \"truth-telling\" medium of photography, and into the labyrinth of race that both guided and confused white northern sympathies. Although it is difficult to know who saw these images or purchased them, their production at a time when white working-class people were openly opposing the Civil War—most notably during the New York Draft Riots of 1863—suggests that they were aimed at a broad northern audience rather than just limited to middle class viewers. Indeed, the girls' portraits seem to have been, in part, an effort to circumvent issues of class by pressing the argument that southern enslavement threatened the freedoms and privileges of all white people.\"","Mitchell, Mary Niall. \"Rosebloom and Pure White,\" Or So It Seemed.\" American Quarterly 54, no. 3 (2002): 369-410. doi:10.1353/aq.2002.0027.","For more information about the practice of using photographs of enslaved children who looked white to support Abolition, see this piece from National Public Radio:\nhttps://www.npr.org/sections/pictureshow/2012/12/10/166093470/a-black-and-white-1860s-fundraiser"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"persname_ssim":["Lawrence, Fannie Virginia Casseopia"],"names_coll_ssim":["Lawrence, Fannie Virginia Casseopia"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Lawrence, Fannie Virginia Casseopia"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:28:13.060Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1170"}},{"id":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_981","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Free persons registration for Jerry Scott, 1842","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vilxw_repositories_5_resources_981#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Garland, Spottswood (Alexander Spottswood), 1777-1850","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vilxw_repositories_5_resources_981#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThe collection consists of single legal registration document for Jerry Scott \"a free man of colour (sic)\" in Nelson County, Virginia. The document includes a physical description of Jerry Scott and is signed by Spotswood Garland, the county clerk of Nelson County. It includes the county's seal. Free persons of color were required to be registered as \"free persons\" within their county of residence in Virginia before emancipation. The document notes that Jerry Scott was \"born free.\"\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vilxw_repositories_5_resources_981#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_981","ead_ssi":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_981","_root_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_981","_nest_parent_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_981","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WLU/repositories_5_resources_981.xml","title_ssm":["Free persons registration for Jerry Scott"],"title_tesim":["Free persons registration for Jerry Scott"],"unitdate_ssm":["1842"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1842"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1842"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Free persons registration for Jerry Scott, 1842"],"text":["Free persons registration for Jerry Scott, 1842","WLU.Coll.0692","/repositories/5/resources/981","Virginia -- Nelson County","Slavery","Freedmen -- Civil rights","Freedmen","Freedmen -- Legal status, laws, etc.","Court records","Court records -- U.S. states","Enslaved persons -- Emancipation","The collection is open for research use.","The collection consists of single legal registration document for Jerry Scott \"a free man of colour (sic)\" in Nelson County, Virginia. The document includes a physical description of Jerry Scott and is signed by Spotswood Garland, the county clerk of Nelson County. It includes the county's seal. Free persons of color were required to be registered as \"free persons\" within their county of residence in Virginia before emancipation. The document notes that Jerry Scott was \"born free.\"","The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law.  The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials.  Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.  Permission for publication of this material, in part or in full, must be secured with the Head of Special Collections.","Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","Garland, Spottswood (Alexander Spottswood), 1777-1850","Scott, Jerry","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Free persons registration for Jerry Scott, 1842"],"collection_ssim":["Free persons registration for Jerry Scott, 1842"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["WLU.Coll.0692","/repositories/5/resources/981"],"unitid_tesim":["WLU.Coll.0692","/repositories/5/resources/981"],"repository_ssm":["Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library"],"repository_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library"],"geogname_ssm":["Virginia -- Nelson County"],"geogname_ssim":["Virginia -- Nelson County"],"places_ssim":["Virginia -- Nelson County"],"creator_ssm":["Garland, Spottswood (Alexander Spottswood), 1777-1850"],"creator_ssim":["Garland, Spottswood (Alexander Spottswood), 1777-1850"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Garland, Spottswood (Alexander Spottswood), 1777-1850","Scott, Jerry"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives"],"creators_ssim":["Garland, Spottswood (Alexander Spottswood), 1777-1850","Scott, Jerry","Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives"],"access_terms_ssm":["The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law.  The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials.  Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.  Permission for publication of this material, in part or in full, must be secured with the Head of Special Collections."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Slavery","Freedmen -- Civil rights","Freedmen","Freedmen -- Legal status, laws, etc.","Court records","Court records -- U.S. states","Enslaved persons -- Emancipation"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Slavery","Freedmen -- Civil rights","Freedmen","Freedmen -- Legal status, laws, etc.","Court records","Court records -- U.S. states","Enslaved persons -- Emancipation"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1 Files"],"extent_tesim":["1 Files"],"date_range_isim":[1842],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Affidavit of Freedom for Jerry Scott, WLU Coll. 0692, Special Collections and Archives, James G. Leyburn Library, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Affidavit of Freedom for Jerry Scott, WLU Coll. 0692, Special Collections and Archives, James G. Leyburn Library, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection consists of single legal registration document for Jerry Scott \"a free man of colour (sic)\" in Nelson County, Virginia. The document includes a physical description of Jerry Scott and is signed by Spotswood Garland, the county clerk of Nelson County. It includes the county's seal. Free persons of color were required to be registered as \"free persons\" within their county of residence in Virginia before emancipation. The document notes that Jerry Scott was \"born free.\"\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection consists of single legal registration document for Jerry Scott \"a free man of colour (sic)\" in Nelson County, Virginia. The document includes a physical description of Jerry Scott and is signed by Spotswood Garland, the county clerk of Nelson County. It includes the county's seal. Free persons of color were required to be registered as \"free persons\" within their county of residence in Virginia before emancipation. The document notes that Jerry Scott was \"born free.\""],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law.  The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials.  Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.  Permission for publication of this material, in part or in full, must be secured with the Head of Special Collections.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law.  The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials.  Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.  Permission for publication of this material, in part or in full, must be secured with the Head of Special Collections."],"corpname_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives"],"persname_ssim":["Garland, Spottswood (Alexander Spottswood), 1777-1850","Scott, Jerry"],"names_coll_ssim":["Scott, Jerry"],"names_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","Garland, Spottswood (Alexander Spottswood), 1777-1850","Scott, Jerry"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:02:14.389Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_981","ead_ssi":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_981","_root_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_981","_nest_parent_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_981","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WLU/repositories_5_resources_981.xml","title_ssm":["Free persons registration for Jerry Scott"],"title_tesim":["Free persons registration for Jerry Scott"],"unitdate_ssm":["1842"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1842"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1842"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Free persons registration for Jerry Scott, 1842"],"text":["Free persons registration for Jerry Scott, 1842","WLU.Coll.0692","/repositories/5/resources/981","Virginia -- Nelson County","Slavery","Freedmen -- Civil rights","Freedmen","Freedmen -- Legal status, laws, etc.","Court records","Court records -- U.S. states","Enslaved persons -- Emancipation","The collection is open for research use.","The collection consists of single legal registration document for Jerry Scott \"a free man of colour (sic)\" in Nelson County, Virginia. The document includes a physical description of Jerry Scott and is signed by Spotswood Garland, the county clerk of Nelson County. It includes the county's seal. Free persons of color were required to be registered as \"free persons\" within their county of residence in Virginia before emancipation. The document notes that Jerry Scott was \"born free.\"","The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law.  The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials.  Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.  Permission for publication of this material, in part or in full, must be secured with the Head of Special Collections.","Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","Garland, Spottswood (Alexander Spottswood), 1777-1850","Scott, Jerry","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Free persons registration for Jerry Scott, 1842"],"collection_ssim":["Free persons registration for Jerry Scott, 1842"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["WLU.Coll.0692","/repositories/5/resources/981"],"unitid_tesim":["WLU.Coll.0692","/repositories/5/resources/981"],"repository_ssm":["Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library"],"repository_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library"],"geogname_ssm":["Virginia -- Nelson County"],"geogname_ssim":["Virginia -- Nelson County"],"places_ssim":["Virginia -- Nelson County"],"creator_ssm":["Garland, Spottswood (Alexander Spottswood), 1777-1850"],"creator_ssim":["Garland, Spottswood (Alexander Spottswood), 1777-1850"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Garland, Spottswood (Alexander Spottswood), 1777-1850","Scott, Jerry"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives"],"creators_ssim":["Garland, Spottswood (Alexander Spottswood), 1777-1850","Scott, Jerry","Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives"],"access_terms_ssm":["The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law.  The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials.  Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.  Permission for publication of this material, in part or in full, must be secured with the Head of Special Collections."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Slavery","Freedmen -- Civil rights","Freedmen","Freedmen -- Legal status, laws, etc.","Court records","Court records -- U.S. states","Enslaved persons -- Emancipation"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Slavery","Freedmen -- Civil rights","Freedmen","Freedmen -- Legal status, laws, etc.","Court records","Court records -- U.S. states","Enslaved persons -- Emancipation"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1 Files"],"extent_tesim":["1 Files"],"date_range_isim":[1842],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Affidavit of Freedom for Jerry Scott, WLU Coll. 0692, Special Collections and Archives, James G. 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The document notes that Jerry Scott was \"born free.\"\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection consists of single legal registration document for Jerry Scott \"a free man of colour (sic)\" in Nelson County, Virginia. The document includes a physical description of Jerry Scott and is signed by Spotswood Garland, the county clerk of Nelson County. It includes the county's seal. Free persons of color were required to be registered as \"free persons\" within their county of residence in Virginia before emancipation. The document notes that Jerry Scott was \"born free.\""],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law.  The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials.  Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.  Permission for publication of this material, in part or in full, must be secured with the Head of Special Collections.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law.  The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials.  Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.  Permission for publication of this material, in part or in full, must be secured with the Head of Special Collections."],"corpname_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives"],"persname_ssim":["Garland, Spottswood (Alexander Spottswood), 1777-1850","Scott, Jerry"],"names_coll_ssim":["Scott, Jerry"],"names_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","Garland, Spottswood (Alexander Spottswood), 1777-1850","Scott, Jerry"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:02:14.389Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vilxw_repositories_5_resources_981"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_969","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"James Shop papers, 1780","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_969#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of two documents related to John Shop, a freedman from Connecticut who served in the Continental Army. One item is a Connecticut pay-table committee document authorizing payment to Shop for his army service. This was signed by James Hart on December 15, 1870 in Hartford, Connecticut. The other is a one page letter certifying Shop's service in the 2nd Regiment of the Connecticut line of the Continental Army. In the letter he is identified as a freedman from the town of Woodbury. Marked with Mr. Shop's \"X\" dated September 25, 1780.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_969#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_969","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_969","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_969","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_969","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_969.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/126737","title_filing_ssi":"Shop, James, papers","title_ssm":["James Shop papers"],"title_tesim":["James Shop papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1780"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1780"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1780"],"normalized_title_ssm":["James Shop papers, 1780"],"text":["James Shop papers, 1780","MSS.16473","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/969","United States --  History  -- Revolution, 1775-1783","Freedmen","Good","This collection is open for research.","James Shop was a freedman in the Connecticut line of the Continental Army.","\"By 1777, as much as 10 to 15 percent of the Continental \t\tArmy was made up of black soldiers. The vast majority of black soldiers served in fighting units comprised primarily of white men. Not only were they in the regiments of New England and the Mid-Atlantic states, but they also fought beside white fellow soldiers in Southern states. Hardly any military action between 1775 and 1781 did not involve black soldiers. Their presence is recorded at Lexington, Concord, Ticonderoga, Bunker Hill, Long Island, White Plains, Trenton, Princeton, Bennington, Brandywine, Stillwater, Saratoga, Red Banks, Monmouth, Rhode Island, Savannah, Stony Point, Fort Griswold, and Yorktown.\"1\n    \n\"Only 50 years after the defeat of the British at Yorktown, most Americans had already forgotten the extensive role black people had played on both sides during the War for Independence. At the 1876 Centennial Celebration of the Revolution in Philadelphia, not a single speaker acknowledged the contributions of African Americans in establishing the nation. Yet by 1783, thousands of black Americans had become involved in the war. Many were active participants, some won their freedom and others were victims, but throughout the struggle blacks refused to be mere bystanders and gave their loyalty to the side that seemed to offer the best prospect for freedom.\"2","\"By 1775 more than a half-million African Americans, most of them enslaved, were living in the 13 colonies. Early in the 18th century a few New England ministers and conscientious Quakers, such as George Keith and John Woolman, had questioned the morality of slavery but they were largely ignored. By the 1760s, however, as the colonists began to speak out against British tyranny, more Americans pointed out the obvious contradiction between advocating liberty and owning slaves. In 1774 Abigail Adams wrote, \"it always appeared a most iniquitious scheme to me to fight ourselves for what we are daily robbing and plundering from those who have as good a right to freedom as we have.\"2","Widespread talk of liberty gave thousands of slaves high expectations, and many were ready to fight for a democratic revolution that might offer them freedom. In 1775 at least 10 to 15 black soldiers, including some slaves, fought against the British at the battles of Lexington and Bunker Hill. Two of these men, Salem Poor and Peter Salem, earned special distinction for their bravery. By 1776, however, it had become clear that the revolutionary rhetoric of the founding fathers did not include enslaved blacks. The Declaration of Independence promised liberty for all men but failed to put an end to slavery; and although they had proved themselves in battle, the Continental Congress adopted a policy of excluding black soldiers from the army.\"2","1 \"Black Courage: African-American Soldiers in the War for Independence\". American Philatelic Society. February 18, 2020.\nhttps://stamps.org/news/c/collecting-insights/cat/stamps-in-history/post/black-courage-african-american-soldiers-in-the-war-for-independence","2.  Ayers, Edward. \"African Americans and the American Revolution\", American Revolution Museum at Yorktown. Cineva Web Agency. Accessed 1/28/22\nhttps://jyfmuseums.org/learn/learning-center/colonial-america-american-revolution-learning-resources/american-revolution-essays-timelines-images/african-americans-and-the-american-revolution/","This collection consists of two documents related to John Shop, a freedman from Connecticut who served in the Continental Army. One item is a Connecticut pay-table committee document authorizing payment to Shop for his army service. This was signed by James Hart on December 15, 1870 in Hartford, Connecticut. The other is a one page letter certifying Shop's service in the 2nd Regiment of the Connecticut line of the Continental Army. In the letter he is identified as a freedman from the town of Woodbury.  Marked with Mr. Shop's \"X\" dated September 25, 1780.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["James Shop papers, 1780"],"collection_ssim":["James Shop papers, 1780"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS.16473","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/969"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS.16473","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/969"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["United States --  History  -- Revolution, 1775-1783"],"geogname_ssim":["United States --  History  -- Revolution, 1775-1783"],"places_ssim":["United States --  History  -- Revolution, 1775-1783"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"creators_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Freedmen"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Freedmen"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["Good"],"extent_ssm":["0.04 Cubic Feet 1 legal sized folder"],"extent_tesim":["0.04 Cubic Feet 1 legal sized folder"],"date_range_isim":[1780],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJames Shop was a freedman in the Connecticut line of the Continental Army. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\n\"By 1777, as much as 10 to 15 percent of the Continental \t\tArmy was made up of black soldiers. The vast majority of black soldiers served in fighting units comprised primarily of white men. Not only were they in the regiments of New England and the Mid-Atlantic states, but they also fought beside white fellow soldiers in Southern states. Hardly any military action between 1775 and 1781 did not involve black soldiers. Their presence is recorded at Lexington, Concord, Ticonderoga, Bunker Hill, Long Island, White Plains, Trenton, Princeton, Bennington, Brandywine, Stillwater, Saratoga, Red Banks, Monmouth, Rhode Island, Savannah, Stony Point, Fort Griswold, and Yorktown.\"1\n    \n\"Only 50 years after the defeat of the British at Yorktown, most Americans had already forgotten the extensive role black people had played on both sides during the War for Independence. At the 1876 Centennial Celebration of the Revolution in Philadelphia, not a single speaker acknowledged the contributions of African Americans in establishing the nation. Yet by 1783, thousands of black Americans had become involved in the war. Many were active participants, some won their freedom and others were victims, but throughout the struggle blacks refused to be mere bystanders and gave their loyalty to the side that seemed to offer the best prospect for freedom.\"2\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"By 1775 more than a half-million African Americans, most of them enslaved, were living in the 13 colonies. Early in the 18th century a few New England ministers and conscientious Quakers, such as George Keith and John Woolman, had questioned the morality of slavery but they were largely ignored. By the 1760s, however, as the colonists began to speak out against British tyranny, more Americans pointed out the obvious contradiction between advocating liberty and owning slaves. In 1774 Abigail Adams wrote, \"it always appeared a most iniquitious scheme to me to fight ourselves for what we are daily robbing and plundering from those who have as good a right to freedom as we have.\"2\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWidespread talk of liberty gave thousands of slaves high expectations, and many were ready to fight for a democratic revolution that might offer them freedom. In 1775 at least 10 to 15 black soldiers, including some slaves, fought against the British at the battles of Lexington and Bunker Hill. Two of these men, Salem Poor and Peter Salem, earned special distinction for their bravery. By 1776, however, it had become clear that the revolutionary rhetoric of the founding fathers did not include enslaved blacks. The Declaration of Independence promised liberty for all men but failed to put an end to slavery; and although they had proved themselves in battle, the Continental Congress adopted a policy of excluding black soldiers from the army.\"2\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\n1 \"Black Courage: African-American Soldiers in the War for Independence\". American Philatelic Society. February 18, 2020.\nhttps://stamps.org/news/c/collecting-insights/cat/stamps-in-history/post/black-courage-african-american-soldiers-in-the-war-for-independence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e2.  Ayers, Edward. \"African Americans and the American Revolution\", American Revolution Museum at Yorktown. Cineva Web Agency. Accessed 1/28/22\nhttps://jyfmuseums.org/learn/learning-center/colonial-america-american-revolution-learning-resources/american-revolution-essays-timelines-images/african-americans-and-the-american-revolution/\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["James Shop was a freedman in the Connecticut line of the Continental Army.","\"By 1777, as much as 10 to 15 percent of the Continental \t\tArmy was made up of black soldiers. The vast majority of black soldiers served in fighting units comprised primarily of white men. Not only were they in the regiments of New England and the Mid-Atlantic states, but they also fought beside white fellow soldiers in Southern states. Hardly any military action between 1775 and 1781 did not involve black soldiers. Their presence is recorded at Lexington, Concord, Ticonderoga, Bunker Hill, Long Island, White Plains, Trenton, Princeton, Bennington, Brandywine, Stillwater, Saratoga, Red Banks, Monmouth, Rhode Island, Savannah, Stony Point, Fort Griswold, and Yorktown.\"1\n    \n\"Only 50 years after the defeat of the British at Yorktown, most Americans had already forgotten the extensive role black people had played on both sides during the War for Independence. At the 1876 Centennial Celebration of the Revolution in Philadelphia, not a single speaker acknowledged the contributions of African Americans in establishing the nation. Yet by 1783, thousands of black Americans had become involved in the war. Many were active participants, some won their freedom and others were victims, but throughout the struggle blacks refused to be mere bystanders and gave their loyalty to the side that seemed to offer the best prospect for freedom.\"2","\"By 1775 more than a half-million African Americans, most of them enslaved, were living in the 13 colonies. Early in the 18th century a few New England ministers and conscientious Quakers, such as George Keith and John Woolman, had questioned the morality of slavery but they were largely ignored. By the 1760s, however, as the colonists began to speak out against British tyranny, more Americans pointed out the obvious contradiction between advocating liberty and owning slaves. In 1774 Abigail Adams wrote, \"it always appeared a most iniquitious scheme to me to fight ourselves for what we are daily robbing and plundering from those who have as good a right to freedom as we have.\"2","Widespread talk of liberty gave thousands of slaves high expectations, and many were ready to fight for a democratic revolution that might offer them freedom. In 1775 at least 10 to 15 black soldiers, including some slaves, fought against the British at the battles of Lexington and Bunker Hill. Two of these men, Salem Poor and Peter Salem, earned special distinction for their bravery. By 1776, however, it had become clear that the revolutionary rhetoric of the founding fathers did not include enslaved blacks. The Declaration of Independence promised liberty for all men but failed to put an end to slavery; and although they had proved themselves in battle, the Continental Congress adopted a policy of excluding black soldiers from the army.\"2","1 \"Black Courage: African-American Soldiers in the War for Independence\". American Philatelic Society. February 18, 2020.\nhttps://stamps.org/news/c/collecting-insights/cat/stamps-in-history/post/black-courage-african-american-soldiers-in-the-war-for-independence","2.  Ayers, Edward. \"African Americans and the American Revolution\", American Revolution Museum at Yorktown. Cineva Web Agency. Accessed 1/28/22\nhttps://jyfmuseums.org/learn/learning-center/colonial-america-american-revolution-learning-resources/american-revolution-essays-timelines-images/african-americans-and-the-american-revolution/"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16473, James Shop papers, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16473, James Shop papers, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of two documents related to John Shop, a freedman from Connecticut who served in the Continental Army. One item is a Connecticut pay-table committee document authorizing payment to Shop for his army service. This was signed by James Hart on December 15, 1870 in Hartford, Connecticut. The other is a one page letter certifying Shop's service in the 2nd Regiment of the Connecticut line of the Continental Army. In the letter he is identified as a freedman from the town of Woodbury.  Marked with Mr. Shop's \"X\" dated September 25, 1780.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection consists of two documents related to John Shop, a freedman from Connecticut who served in the Continental Army. One item is a Connecticut pay-table committee document authorizing payment to Shop for his army service. This was signed by James Hart on December 15, 1870 in Hartford, Connecticut. The other is a one page letter certifying Shop's service in the 2nd Regiment of the Connecticut line of the Continental Army. In the letter he is identified as a freedman from the town of Woodbury.  Marked with Mr. Shop's \"X\" dated September 25, 1780."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:30:00.774Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_969","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_969","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_969","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_969","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_969.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/126737","title_filing_ssi":"Shop, James, papers","title_ssm":["James Shop papers"],"title_tesim":["James Shop papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1780"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1780"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1780"],"normalized_title_ssm":["James Shop papers, 1780"],"text":["James Shop papers, 1780","MSS.16473","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/969","United States --  History  -- Revolution, 1775-1783","Freedmen","Good","This collection is open for research.","James Shop was a freedman in the Connecticut line of the Continental Army.","\"By 1777, as much as 10 to 15 percent of the Continental \t\tArmy was made up of black soldiers. The vast majority of black soldiers served in fighting units comprised primarily of white men. Not only were they in the regiments of New England and the Mid-Atlantic states, but they also fought beside white fellow soldiers in Southern states. Hardly any military action between 1775 and 1781 did not involve black soldiers. Their presence is recorded at Lexington, Concord, Ticonderoga, Bunker Hill, Long Island, White Plains, Trenton, Princeton, Bennington, Brandywine, Stillwater, Saratoga, Red Banks, Monmouth, Rhode Island, Savannah, Stony Point, Fort Griswold, and Yorktown.\"1\n    \n\"Only 50 years after the defeat of the British at Yorktown, most Americans had already forgotten the extensive role black people had played on both sides during the War for Independence. At the 1876 Centennial Celebration of the Revolution in Philadelphia, not a single speaker acknowledged the contributions of African Americans in establishing the nation. Yet by 1783, thousands of black Americans had become involved in the war. Many were active participants, some won their freedom and others were victims, but throughout the struggle blacks refused to be mere bystanders and gave their loyalty to the side that seemed to offer the best prospect for freedom.\"2","\"By 1775 more than a half-million African Americans, most of them enslaved, were living in the 13 colonies. Early in the 18th century a few New England ministers and conscientious Quakers, such as George Keith and John Woolman, had questioned the morality of slavery but they were largely ignored. By the 1760s, however, as the colonists began to speak out against British tyranny, more Americans pointed out the obvious contradiction between advocating liberty and owning slaves. In 1774 Abigail Adams wrote, \"it always appeared a most iniquitious scheme to me to fight ourselves for what we are daily robbing and plundering from those who have as good a right to freedom as we have.\"2","Widespread talk of liberty gave thousands of slaves high expectations, and many were ready to fight for a democratic revolution that might offer them freedom. In 1775 at least 10 to 15 black soldiers, including some slaves, fought against the British at the battles of Lexington and Bunker Hill. Two of these men, Salem Poor and Peter Salem, earned special distinction for their bravery. By 1776, however, it had become clear that the revolutionary rhetoric of the founding fathers did not include enslaved blacks. The Declaration of Independence promised liberty for all men but failed to put an end to slavery; and although they had proved themselves in battle, the Continental Congress adopted a policy of excluding black soldiers from the army.\"2","1 \"Black Courage: African-American Soldiers in the War for Independence\". American Philatelic Society. February 18, 2020.\nhttps://stamps.org/news/c/collecting-insights/cat/stamps-in-history/post/black-courage-african-american-soldiers-in-the-war-for-independence","2.  Ayers, Edward. \"African Americans and the American Revolution\", American Revolution Museum at Yorktown. Cineva Web Agency. Accessed 1/28/22\nhttps://jyfmuseums.org/learn/learning-center/colonial-america-american-revolution-learning-resources/american-revolution-essays-timelines-images/african-americans-and-the-american-revolution/","This collection consists of two documents related to John Shop, a freedman from Connecticut who served in the Continental Army. One item is a Connecticut pay-table committee document authorizing payment to Shop for his army service. This was signed by James Hart on December 15, 1870 in Hartford, Connecticut. The other is a one page letter certifying Shop's service in the 2nd Regiment of the Connecticut line of the Continental Army. In the letter he is identified as a freedman from the town of Woodbury.  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