{"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Deaf+culture","last":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Deaf+culture\u0026page=1"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":1,"next_page":null,"prev_page":null,"total_pages":1,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":0,"total_count":3,"first_page?":true,"last_page?":true}},"data":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1571","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Emblemi sulla Dottrina Cristiana ad uso de' Sordo-Muti [Emblems on Christian Doctrine for use by the Deaf]","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1571#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Assarotti, Ottavio Giovanni Battista, 1753-1829","label":"Creator"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1571#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1571","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1571","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1571","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1571","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1571.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/191437","title_filing_ssi":"Emblemi sulla Dottrina Cristiana ad uso de' Sordo-Muti [Emblems on Christian Doctrine for use by the Deaf]","title_ssm":["Emblemi sulla Dottrina Cristiana ad uso de' Sordo-Muti [Emblems on Christian Doctrine for use by the Deaf]"],"title_tesim":["Emblemi sulla Dottrina Cristiana ad uso de' Sordo-Muti [Emblems on Christian Doctrine for use by the Deaf]"],"unitdate_ssm":["1824"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1824"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16804","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1571"],"text":["MSS 16804","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1571","Emblemi sulla Dottrina Cristiana ad uso de' Sordo-Muti [Emblems on Christian Doctrine for use by the Deaf]","Deaf culture","Religious education","Church work with the deaf --  Catholic Church","Teachers of the deaf","The collection is open for research use.","Throughout history many churches and priests abandoned the Deaf, believing that without hearing the Word of God, they were doomed to be sinners without absolution. They barred the Deaf from sacraments including marriage and any kind of normal life. Starting with Martin Luther (1483-1546) and various enlightened priests and philanthropists such as Spain's Dom Pedro Ponce de Leon (1520-1584), France's Charles-Michel de L'Épée (1712-1789), Germany's Samuel Heinicke (1727-1790) Roch-Ambroise Cucurron Sicard,and Italy's Ottavio Giovanni Battista Assarotti (1753-1829), schools and churches became available for the Deaf. Providing pupils with comprehensive and inclusive religious instructions facilitated their integration into society.","Dom Pedro Ponce de Leon, O.S.B., (1520–1584) was a Spanish Benedictine monk who is often credited as being \"the first teacher for the Deaf\".\nHe established a school for the Deaf at the San Salvador Monastery in Oña. His work with Deaf children focused on helping them to learn how to speak language audibly. He also instructed children in writing and in simple gestures.He is not known to have developed a working sign language, but there is some indication from the writings of Juan Pablo Bonet—who never credited him for his method—that Ponce de Leon developed a manual alphabet which would allow a student who mastered it to spell out (letter by letter) any word. This alphabet was based, in whole or in part, on the simple hand gestures used by monks living in silence.His work with the Deaf was considered bold by contemporaries, as the prevailing opinion among most Europeans in the 16th century was that the Deaf were incapable of being educated. Many laymen falsely believed that the Deaf were too simple-minded to be eligible for salvation under Christian doctrine. Fortunately this moronic way of thinking has improved although much work still needs to be done in respecting the culture of the Deaf.","Charles-Michel de l'Épée was a philanthropic educator of 18th-century France who has become known as the \"Father of the Deaf\".L'Épée worked for charitable services for the poor, and, on one foray into the slums of Paris, he had a chance encounter with two young Deaf sisters who communicated using a sign language. L'Épée decided to dedicate himself to the education and salvation of the Deaf, and, in 1760, he founded a school for them. L'Épée came to believe that Deaf people were capable of language and concluded that they should be able to receive the sacraments and be absolved of sins. He began to develop a system of instruction of the French language and religion. In the early 1760s, his shelter became the world's first free school for the Deaf, open to the public.Though L'Épée's original interest was in religious education, his public advocacy and development of a kind of \"Signed French\" enabled Deaf people to legally defend themselves in court for the first time.Two years after L'Épée's death, the National Assembly recognised him as a \"Benefactor of Humanity\" and declared that Deaf people had rights according to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.","In 1791, the Institution Nationale des Sourds-Muets à Paris, which L'Épée had founded, began to receive government funding. It was later renamed the Institut St. Jacques and then renamed again to its present name: Institut National de Jeunes Sourds de Paris. His methods of education have spread around the world, and L'Épée is seen today as another one of the founding fathers of Deaf education.","After L'Épée's death, he was succeeded by Roch-Ambroise Cucurron Sicard, (1742-1822) who was a French abbé and instructor of the Deaf.","In 1778 Samuel Heinicke opened the first German public school for the education of the Deaf. He insisted that lipreading was the best training method because it made his students speak and understand the language as it was used in society.","\nIn 1801 Ottavio Giovanni Battista Assarotti (1753-1829) heard of the Abbe Sicard's education of Deaf people in Paris, and resolved to do something similar in Italy. In 1805, Napoleon, hearing of his endeavors, ordered a convent to give him a school-house and funds for supporting twelve scholars, to be taken from the convent revenues.\nThis order was renewed in 1811, and the following year Assarotti, with a considerable number of pupils, took possession of the new school. He continued there until his death in 1829. He introduced a version of methodical signing. Assarotti's school received praise for his religious zeal, humanity, and his understanding that Deaf people who had been previously abandoned by society, are fully competent and indeed capable of the highest intellectual and spiritual attainment.","Sources:","\"Martin Luther\" Wikipedia. Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther","\n\"Dom Pedro Ponce de Leon\" Deaf History-Europe Website. Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://deafhistory.eu/index.php/component/zoo/item/1550-pedro-ponce-de-leon","\"Charles-Michel de L'Épée\" Wikipedia. Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Michel_de_l%27%C3%89p%C3%A9e","\"Samuel Heinicke\" Brittanica. Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://www.britannica.com/biography/Samuel-Heinicke","\"Roch-Ambroise Cucurron Sicard\" Wikipedia. Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roch-Ambroise_Cucurron_Sicard","\"Ottavio Giovanni Battista Assarotti\" Wikipedia. Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottavio_Assarotti","\nFrom Dealer catalog.","Related to MSS 16803 Illustrated Manuscript of Confessions for the Deaf","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Assarotti, Ottavio Giovanni Battista, 1753-1829","Italian"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16804","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1571"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Emblemi sulla Dottrina Cristiana ad uso de' Sordo-Muti [Emblems on Christian Doctrine for use by the Deaf]"],"collection_title_tesim":["Emblemi sulla Dottrina Cristiana ad uso de' Sordo-Muti [Emblems on Christian Doctrine for use by the Deaf]"],"collection_ssim":["Emblemi sulla Dottrina Cristiana ad uso de' Sordo-Muti [Emblems on Christian Doctrine for use by the Deaf]"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Assarotti, Ottavio Giovanni Battista, 1753-1829"],"creator_ssim":["Assarotti, Ottavio Giovanni Battista, 1753-1829"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Assarotti, Ottavio Giovanni Battista, 1753-1829"],"creators_ssim":["Assarotti, Ottavio Giovanni Battista, 1753-1829"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from Musinsky Rare Books by the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 6 April 2023."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Deaf culture","Religious education","Church work with the deaf --  Catholic Church","Teachers of the deaf"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Deaf culture","Religious education","Church work with the deaf --  Catholic Church","Teachers of the deaf"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 letter sized folder"],"extent_tesim":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 letter sized folder"],"date_range_isim":[1824],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThroughout history many churches and priests abandoned the Deaf, believing that without hearing the Word of God, they were doomed to be sinners without absolution. They barred the Deaf from sacraments including marriage and any kind of normal life. Starting with Martin Luther (1483-1546) and various enlightened priests and philanthropists such as Spain's Dom Pedro Ponce de Leon (1520-1584), France's Charles-Michel de L'Épée (1712-1789), Germany's Samuel Heinicke (1727-1790) Roch-Ambroise Cucurron Sicard,and Italy's Ottavio Giovanni Battista Assarotti (1753-1829), schools and churches became available for the Deaf. Providing pupils with comprehensive and inclusive religious instructions facilitated their integration into society.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDom Pedro Ponce de Leon, O.S.B., (1520–1584) was a Spanish Benedictine monk who is often credited as being \"the first teacher for the Deaf\".\nHe established a school for the Deaf at the San Salvador Monastery in Oña. His work with Deaf children focused on helping them to learn how to speak language audibly. He also instructed children in writing and in simple gestures.He is not known to have developed a working sign language, but there is some indication from the writings of Juan Pablo Bonet—who never credited him for his method—that Ponce de Leon developed a manual alphabet which would allow a student who mastered it to spell out (letter by letter) any word. This alphabet was based, in whole or in part, on the simple hand gestures used by monks living in silence.His work with the Deaf was considered bold by contemporaries, as the prevailing opinion among most Europeans in the 16th century was that the Deaf were incapable of being educated. Many laymen falsely believed that the Deaf were too simple-minded to be eligible for salvation under Christian doctrine. Fortunately this moronic way of thinking has improved although much work still needs to be done in respecting the culture of the Deaf.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCharles-Michel de l'Épée was a philanthropic educator of 18th-century France who has become known as the \"Father of the Deaf\".L'Épée worked for charitable services for the poor, and, on one foray into the slums of Paris, he had a chance encounter with two young Deaf sisters who communicated using a sign language. L'Épée decided to dedicate himself to the education and salvation of the Deaf, and, in 1760, he founded a school for them. L'Épée came to believe that Deaf people were capable of language and concluded that they should be able to receive the sacraments and be absolved of sins. He began to develop a system of instruction of the French language and religion. In the early 1760s, his shelter became the world's first free school for the Deaf, open to the public.Though L'Épée's original interest was in religious education, his public advocacy and development of a kind of \"Signed French\" enabled Deaf people to legally defend themselves in court for the first time.Two years after L'Épée's death, the National Assembly recognised him as a \"Benefactor of Humanity\" and declared that Deaf people had rights according to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1791, the Institution Nationale des Sourds-Muets à Paris, which L'Épée had founded, began to receive government funding. It was later renamed the Institut St. Jacques and then renamed again to its present name: Institut National de Jeunes Sourds de Paris. His methods of education have spread around the world, and L'Épée is seen today as another one of the founding fathers of Deaf education.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAfter L'Épée's death, he was succeeded by Roch-Ambroise Cucurron Sicard, (1742-1822) who was a French abbé and instructor of the Deaf.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1778 Samuel Heinicke opened the first German public school for the education of the Deaf. He insisted that lipreading was the best training method because it made his students speak and understand the language as it was used in society.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nIn 1801 Ottavio Giovanni Battista Assarotti (1753-1829) heard of the Abbe Sicard's education of Deaf people in Paris, and resolved to do something similar in Italy. In 1805, Napoleon, hearing of his endeavors, ordered a convent to give him a school-house and funds for supporting twelve scholars, to be taken from the convent revenues.\nThis order was renewed in 1811, and the following year Assarotti, with a considerable number of pupils, took possession of the new school. He continued there until his death in 1829. He introduced a version of methodical signing. Assarotti's school received praise for his religious zeal, humanity, and his understanding that Deaf people who had been previously abandoned by society, are fully competent and indeed capable of the highest intellectual and spiritual attainment.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSources:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Martin Luther\" Wikipedia. Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\n\"Dom Pedro Ponce de Leon\" Deaf History-Europe Website. Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://deafhistory.eu/index.php/component/zoo/item/1550-pedro-ponce-de-leon\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Charles-Michel de L'Épée\" Wikipedia. Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Michel_de_l%27%C3%89p%C3%A9e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Samuel Heinicke\" Brittanica. Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://www.britannica.com/biography/Samuel-Heinicke\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Roch-Ambroise Cucurron Sicard\" Wikipedia. Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roch-Ambroise_Cucurron_Sicard\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Ottavio Giovanni Battista Assarotti\" Wikipedia. Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottavio_Assarotti\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nFrom Dealer catalog.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Throughout history many churches and priests abandoned the Deaf, believing that without hearing the Word of God, they were doomed to be sinners without absolution. They barred the Deaf from sacraments including marriage and any kind of normal life. Starting with Martin Luther (1483-1546) and various enlightened priests and philanthropists such as Spain's Dom Pedro Ponce de Leon (1520-1584), France's Charles-Michel de L'Épée (1712-1789), Germany's Samuel Heinicke (1727-1790) Roch-Ambroise Cucurron Sicard,and Italy's Ottavio Giovanni Battista Assarotti (1753-1829), schools and churches became available for the Deaf. Providing pupils with comprehensive and inclusive religious instructions facilitated their integration into society.","Dom Pedro Ponce de Leon, O.S.B., (1520–1584) was a Spanish Benedictine monk who is often credited as being \"the first teacher for the Deaf\".\nHe established a school for the Deaf at the San Salvador Monastery in Oña. His work with Deaf children focused on helping them to learn how to speak language audibly. He also instructed children in writing and in simple gestures.He is not known to have developed a working sign language, but there is some indication from the writings of Juan Pablo Bonet—who never credited him for his method—that Ponce de Leon developed a manual alphabet which would allow a student who mastered it to spell out (letter by letter) any word. This alphabet was based, in whole or in part, on the simple hand gestures used by monks living in silence.His work with the Deaf was considered bold by contemporaries, as the prevailing opinion among most Europeans in the 16th century was that the Deaf were incapable of being educated. Many laymen falsely believed that the Deaf were too simple-minded to be eligible for salvation under Christian doctrine. Fortunately this moronic way of thinking has improved although much work still needs to be done in respecting the culture of the Deaf.","Charles-Michel de l'Épée was a philanthropic educator of 18th-century France who has become known as the \"Father of the Deaf\".L'Épée worked for charitable services for the poor, and, on one foray into the slums of Paris, he had a chance encounter with two young Deaf sisters who communicated using a sign language. L'Épée decided to dedicate himself to the education and salvation of the Deaf, and, in 1760, he founded a school for them. L'Épée came to believe that Deaf people were capable of language and concluded that they should be able to receive the sacraments and be absolved of sins. He began to develop a system of instruction of the French language and religion. In the early 1760s, his shelter became the world's first free school for the Deaf, open to the public.Though L'Épée's original interest was in religious education, his public advocacy and development of a kind of \"Signed French\" enabled Deaf people to legally defend themselves in court for the first time.Two years after L'Épée's death, the National Assembly recognised him as a \"Benefactor of Humanity\" and declared that Deaf people had rights according to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.","In 1791, the Institution Nationale des Sourds-Muets à Paris, which L'Épée had founded, began to receive government funding. It was later renamed the Institut St. Jacques and then renamed again to its present name: Institut National de Jeunes Sourds de Paris. His methods of education have spread around the world, and L'Épée is seen today as another one of the founding fathers of Deaf education.","After L'Épée's death, he was succeeded by Roch-Ambroise Cucurron Sicard, (1742-1822) who was a French abbé and instructor of the Deaf.","In 1778 Samuel Heinicke opened the first German public school for the education of the Deaf. He insisted that lipreading was the best training method because it made his students speak and understand the language as it was used in society.","\nIn 1801 Ottavio Giovanni Battista Assarotti (1753-1829) heard of the Abbe Sicard's education of Deaf people in Paris, and resolved to do something similar in Italy. In 1805, Napoleon, hearing of his endeavors, ordered a convent to give him a school-house and funds for supporting twelve scholars, to be taken from the convent revenues.\nThis order was renewed in 1811, and the following year Assarotti, with a considerable number of pupils, took possession of the new school. He continued there until his death in 1829. He introduced a version of methodical signing. Assarotti's school received praise for his religious zeal, humanity, and his understanding that Deaf people who had been previously abandoned by society, are fully competent and indeed capable of the highest intellectual and spiritual attainment.","Sources:","\"Martin Luther\" Wikipedia. Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther","\n\"Dom Pedro Ponce de Leon\" Deaf History-Europe Website. Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://deafhistory.eu/index.php/component/zoo/item/1550-pedro-ponce-de-leon","\"Charles-Michel de L'Épée\" Wikipedia. Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Michel_de_l%27%C3%89p%C3%A9e","\"Samuel Heinicke\" Brittanica. Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://www.britannica.com/biography/Samuel-Heinicke","\"Roch-Ambroise Cucurron Sicard\" Wikipedia. Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roch-Ambroise_Cucurron_Sicard","\"Ottavio Giovanni Battista Assarotti\" Wikipedia. Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottavio_Assarotti","\nFrom Dealer catalog."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16804, Emblemi sulla Dottrina Cristiana ad uso de' Sordo-Muti [Emblems on Christian Doctrine for use by the Deaf], Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16804, Emblemi sulla Dottrina Cristiana ad uso de' Sordo-Muti [Emblems on Christian Doctrine for use by the Deaf], Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRelated to MSS 16803 Illustrated Manuscript of Confessions for the Deaf\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Related to MSS 16803 Illustrated Manuscript of Confessions for the Deaf"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Assarotti, Ottavio Giovanni Battista, 1753-1829"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"persname_ssim":["Assarotti, Ottavio Giovanni Battista, 1753-1829"],"language_ssim":["Italian"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T14:33:53.584Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1571","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1571","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1571","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1571","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1571.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/191437","title_filing_ssi":"Emblemi sulla Dottrina Cristiana ad uso de' Sordo-Muti [Emblems on Christian Doctrine for use by the Deaf]","title_ssm":["Emblemi sulla Dottrina Cristiana ad uso de' Sordo-Muti [Emblems on Christian Doctrine for use by the Deaf]"],"title_tesim":["Emblemi sulla Dottrina Cristiana ad uso de' Sordo-Muti [Emblems on Christian Doctrine for use by the Deaf]"],"unitdate_ssm":["1824"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1824"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16804","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1571"],"text":["MSS 16804","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1571","Emblemi sulla Dottrina Cristiana ad uso de' Sordo-Muti [Emblems on Christian Doctrine for use by the Deaf]","Deaf culture","Religious education","Church work with the deaf --  Catholic Church","Teachers of the deaf","The collection is open for research use.","Throughout history many churches and priests abandoned the Deaf, believing that without hearing the Word of God, they were doomed to be sinners without absolution. They barred the Deaf from sacraments including marriage and any kind of normal life. Starting with Martin Luther (1483-1546) and various enlightened priests and philanthropists such as Spain's Dom Pedro Ponce de Leon (1520-1584), France's Charles-Michel de L'Épée (1712-1789), Germany's Samuel Heinicke (1727-1790) Roch-Ambroise Cucurron Sicard,and Italy's Ottavio Giovanni Battista Assarotti (1753-1829), schools and churches became available for the Deaf. Providing pupils with comprehensive and inclusive religious instructions facilitated their integration into society.","Dom Pedro Ponce de Leon, O.S.B., (1520–1584) was a Spanish Benedictine monk who is often credited as being \"the first teacher for the Deaf\".\nHe established a school for the Deaf at the San Salvador Monastery in Oña. His work with Deaf children focused on helping them to learn how to speak language audibly. He also instructed children in writing and in simple gestures.He is not known to have developed a working sign language, but there is some indication from the writings of Juan Pablo Bonet—who never credited him for his method—that Ponce de Leon developed a manual alphabet which would allow a student who mastered it to spell out (letter by letter) any word. This alphabet was based, in whole or in part, on the simple hand gestures used by monks living in silence.His work with the Deaf was considered bold by contemporaries, as the prevailing opinion among most Europeans in the 16th century was that the Deaf were incapable of being educated. Many laymen falsely believed that the Deaf were too simple-minded to be eligible for salvation under Christian doctrine. Fortunately this moronic way of thinking has improved although much work still needs to be done in respecting the culture of the Deaf.","Charles-Michel de l'Épée was a philanthropic educator of 18th-century France who has become known as the \"Father of the Deaf\".L'Épée worked for charitable services for the poor, and, on one foray into the slums of Paris, he had a chance encounter with two young Deaf sisters who communicated using a sign language. L'Épée decided to dedicate himself to the education and salvation of the Deaf, and, in 1760, he founded a school for them. L'Épée came to believe that Deaf people were capable of language and concluded that they should be able to receive the sacraments and be absolved of sins. He began to develop a system of instruction of the French language and religion. In the early 1760s, his shelter became the world's first free school for the Deaf, open to the public.Though L'Épée's original interest was in religious education, his public advocacy and development of a kind of \"Signed French\" enabled Deaf people to legally defend themselves in court for the first time.Two years after L'Épée's death, the National Assembly recognised him as a \"Benefactor of Humanity\" and declared that Deaf people had rights according to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.","In 1791, the Institution Nationale des Sourds-Muets à Paris, which L'Épée had founded, began to receive government funding. It was later renamed the Institut St. Jacques and then renamed again to its present name: Institut National de Jeunes Sourds de Paris. His methods of education have spread around the world, and L'Épée is seen today as another one of the founding fathers of Deaf education.","After L'Épée's death, he was succeeded by Roch-Ambroise Cucurron Sicard, (1742-1822) who was a French abbé and instructor of the Deaf.","In 1778 Samuel Heinicke opened the first German public school for the education of the Deaf. He insisted that lipreading was the best training method because it made his students speak and understand the language as it was used in society.","\nIn 1801 Ottavio Giovanni Battista Assarotti (1753-1829) heard of the Abbe Sicard's education of Deaf people in Paris, and resolved to do something similar in Italy. In 1805, Napoleon, hearing of his endeavors, ordered a convent to give him a school-house and funds for supporting twelve scholars, to be taken from the convent revenues.\nThis order was renewed in 1811, and the following year Assarotti, with a considerable number of pupils, took possession of the new school. He continued there until his death in 1829. He introduced a version of methodical signing. Assarotti's school received praise for his religious zeal, humanity, and his understanding that Deaf people who had been previously abandoned by society, are fully competent and indeed capable of the highest intellectual and spiritual attainment.","Sources:","\"Martin Luther\" Wikipedia. Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther","\n\"Dom Pedro Ponce de Leon\" Deaf History-Europe Website. Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://deafhistory.eu/index.php/component/zoo/item/1550-pedro-ponce-de-leon","\"Charles-Michel de L'Épée\" Wikipedia. Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Michel_de_l%27%C3%89p%C3%A9e","\"Samuel Heinicke\" Brittanica. Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://www.britannica.com/biography/Samuel-Heinicke","\"Roch-Ambroise Cucurron Sicard\" Wikipedia. Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roch-Ambroise_Cucurron_Sicard","\"Ottavio Giovanni Battista Assarotti\" Wikipedia. Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottavio_Assarotti","\nFrom Dealer catalog.","Related to MSS 16803 Illustrated Manuscript of Confessions for the Deaf","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Assarotti, Ottavio Giovanni Battista, 1753-1829","Italian"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16804","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1571"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Emblemi sulla Dottrina Cristiana ad uso de' Sordo-Muti [Emblems on Christian Doctrine for use by the Deaf]"],"collection_title_tesim":["Emblemi sulla Dottrina Cristiana ad uso de' Sordo-Muti [Emblems on Christian Doctrine for use by the Deaf]"],"collection_ssim":["Emblemi sulla Dottrina Cristiana ad uso de' Sordo-Muti [Emblems on Christian Doctrine for use by the Deaf]"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Assarotti, Ottavio Giovanni Battista, 1753-1829"],"creator_ssim":["Assarotti, Ottavio Giovanni Battista, 1753-1829"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Assarotti, Ottavio Giovanni Battista, 1753-1829"],"creators_ssim":["Assarotti, Ottavio Giovanni Battista, 1753-1829"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from Musinsky Rare Books by the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 6 April 2023."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Deaf culture","Religious education","Church work with the deaf --  Catholic Church","Teachers of the deaf"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Deaf culture","Religious education","Church work with the deaf --  Catholic Church","Teachers of the deaf"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 letter sized folder"],"extent_tesim":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 letter sized folder"],"date_range_isim":[1824],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThroughout history many churches and priests abandoned the Deaf, believing that without hearing the Word of God, they were doomed to be sinners without absolution. They barred the Deaf from sacraments including marriage and any kind of normal life. Starting with Martin Luther (1483-1546) and various enlightened priests and philanthropists such as Spain's Dom Pedro Ponce de Leon (1520-1584), France's Charles-Michel de L'Épée (1712-1789), Germany's Samuel Heinicke (1727-1790) Roch-Ambroise Cucurron Sicard,and Italy's Ottavio Giovanni Battista Assarotti (1753-1829), schools and churches became available for the Deaf. Providing pupils with comprehensive and inclusive religious instructions facilitated their integration into society.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDom Pedro Ponce de Leon, O.S.B., (1520–1584) was a Spanish Benedictine monk who is often credited as being \"the first teacher for the Deaf\".\nHe established a school for the Deaf at the San Salvador Monastery in Oña. His work with Deaf children focused on helping them to learn how to speak language audibly. He also instructed children in writing and in simple gestures.He is not known to have developed a working sign language, but there is some indication from the writings of Juan Pablo Bonet—who never credited him for his method—that Ponce de Leon developed a manual alphabet which would allow a student who mastered it to spell out (letter by letter) any word. This alphabet was based, in whole or in part, on the simple hand gestures used by monks living in silence.His work with the Deaf was considered bold by contemporaries, as the prevailing opinion among most Europeans in the 16th century was that the Deaf were incapable of being educated. Many laymen falsely believed that the Deaf were too simple-minded to be eligible for salvation under Christian doctrine. Fortunately this moronic way of thinking has improved although much work still needs to be done in respecting the culture of the Deaf.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCharles-Michel de l'Épée was a philanthropic educator of 18th-century France who has become known as the \"Father of the Deaf\".L'Épée worked for charitable services for the poor, and, on one foray into the slums of Paris, he had a chance encounter with two young Deaf sisters who communicated using a sign language. L'Épée decided to dedicate himself to the education and salvation of the Deaf, and, in 1760, he founded a school for them. L'Épée came to believe that Deaf people were capable of language and concluded that they should be able to receive the sacraments and be absolved of sins. He began to develop a system of instruction of the French language and religion. In the early 1760s, his shelter became the world's first free school for the Deaf, open to the public.Though L'Épée's original interest was in religious education, his public advocacy and development of a kind of \"Signed French\" enabled Deaf people to legally defend themselves in court for the first time.Two years after L'Épée's death, the National Assembly recognised him as a \"Benefactor of Humanity\" and declared that Deaf people had rights according to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1791, the Institution Nationale des Sourds-Muets à Paris, which L'Épée had founded, began to receive government funding. It was later renamed the Institut St. Jacques and then renamed again to its present name: Institut National de Jeunes Sourds de Paris. His methods of education have spread around the world, and L'Épée is seen today as another one of the founding fathers of Deaf education.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAfter L'Épée's death, he was succeeded by Roch-Ambroise Cucurron Sicard, (1742-1822) who was a French abbé and instructor of the Deaf.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1778 Samuel Heinicke opened the first German public school for the education of the Deaf. He insisted that lipreading was the best training method because it made his students speak and understand the language as it was used in society.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nIn 1801 Ottavio Giovanni Battista Assarotti (1753-1829) heard of the Abbe Sicard's education of Deaf people in Paris, and resolved to do something similar in Italy. In 1805, Napoleon, hearing of his endeavors, ordered a convent to give him a school-house and funds for supporting twelve scholars, to be taken from the convent revenues.\nThis order was renewed in 1811, and the following year Assarotti, with a considerable number of pupils, took possession of the new school. He continued there until his death in 1829. He introduced a version of methodical signing. Assarotti's school received praise for his religious zeal, humanity, and his understanding that Deaf people who had been previously abandoned by society, are fully competent and indeed capable of the highest intellectual and spiritual attainment.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSources:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Martin Luther\" Wikipedia. Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\n\"Dom Pedro Ponce de Leon\" Deaf History-Europe Website. Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://deafhistory.eu/index.php/component/zoo/item/1550-pedro-ponce-de-leon\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Charles-Michel de L'Épée\" Wikipedia. Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Michel_de_l%27%C3%89p%C3%A9e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Samuel Heinicke\" Brittanica. Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://www.britannica.com/biography/Samuel-Heinicke\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Roch-Ambroise Cucurron Sicard\" Wikipedia. Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roch-Ambroise_Cucurron_Sicard\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Ottavio Giovanni Battista Assarotti\" Wikipedia. Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottavio_Assarotti\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nFrom Dealer catalog.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Throughout history many churches and priests abandoned the Deaf, believing that without hearing the Word of God, they were doomed to be sinners without absolution. They barred the Deaf from sacraments including marriage and any kind of normal life. Starting with Martin Luther (1483-1546) and various enlightened priests and philanthropists such as Spain's Dom Pedro Ponce de Leon (1520-1584), France's Charles-Michel de L'Épée (1712-1789), Germany's Samuel Heinicke (1727-1790) Roch-Ambroise Cucurron Sicard,and Italy's Ottavio Giovanni Battista Assarotti (1753-1829), schools and churches became available for the Deaf. Providing pupils with comprehensive and inclusive religious instructions facilitated their integration into society.","Dom Pedro Ponce de Leon, O.S.B., (1520–1584) was a Spanish Benedictine monk who is often credited as being \"the first teacher for the Deaf\".\nHe established a school for the Deaf at the San Salvador Monastery in Oña. His work with Deaf children focused on helping them to learn how to speak language audibly. He also instructed children in writing and in simple gestures.He is not known to have developed a working sign language, but there is some indication from the writings of Juan Pablo Bonet—who never credited him for his method—that Ponce de Leon developed a manual alphabet which would allow a student who mastered it to spell out (letter by letter) any word. This alphabet was based, in whole or in part, on the simple hand gestures used by monks living in silence.His work with the Deaf was considered bold by contemporaries, as the prevailing opinion among most Europeans in the 16th century was that the Deaf were incapable of being educated. Many laymen falsely believed that the Deaf were too simple-minded to be eligible for salvation under Christian doctrine. Fortunately this moronic way of thinking has improved although much work still needs to be done in respecting the culture of the Deaf.","Charles-Michel de l'Épée was a philanthropic educator of 18th-century France who has become known as the \"Father of the Deaf\".L'Épée worked for charitable services for the poor, and, on one foray into the slums of Paris, he had a chance encounter with two young Deaf sisters who communicated using a sign language. L'Épée decided to dedicate himself to the education and salvation of the Deaf, and, in 1760, he founded a school for them. L'Épée came to believe that Deaf people were capable of language and concluded that they should be able to receive the sacraments and be absolved of sins. He began to develop a system of instruction of the French language and religion. In the early 1760s, his shelter became the world's first free school for the Deaf, open to the public.Though L'Épée's original interest was in religious education, his public advocacy and development of a kind of \"Signed French\" enabled Deaf people to legally defend themselves in court for the first time.Two years after L'Épée's death, the National Assembly recognised him as a \"Benefactor of Humanity\" and declared that Deaf people had rights according to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.","In 1791, the Institution Nationale des Sourds-Muets à Paris, which L'Épée had founded, began to receive government funding. It was later renamed the Institut St. Jacques and then renamed again to its present name: Institut National de Jeunes Sourds de Paris. His methods of education have spread around the world, and L'Épée is seen today as another one of the founding fathers of Deaf education.","After L'Épée's death, he was succeeded by Roch-Ambroise Cucurron Sicard, (1742-1822) who was a French abbé and instructor of the Deaf.","In 1778 Samuel Heinicke opened the first German public school for the education of the Deaf. He insisted that lipreading was the best training method because it made his students speak and understand the language as it was used in society.","\nIn 1801 Ottavio Giovanni Battista Assarotti (1753-1829) heard of the Abbe Sicard's education of Deaf people in Paris, and resolved to do something similar in Italy. In 1805, Napoleon, hearing of his endeavors, ordered a convent to give him a school-house and funds for supporting twelve scholars, to be taken from the convent revenues.\nThis order was renewed in 1811, and the following year Assarotti, with a considerable number of pupils, took possession of the new school. He continued there until his death in 1829. He introduced a version of methodical signing. Assarotti's school received praise for his religious zeal, humanity, and his understanding that Deaf people who had been previously abandoned by society, are fully competent and indeed capable of the highest intellectual and spiritual attainment.","Sources:","\"Martin Luther\" Wikipedia. Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther","\n\"Dom Pedro Ponce de Leon\" Deaf History-Europe Website. Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://deafhistory.eu/index.php/component/zoo/item/1550-pedro-ponce-de-leon","\"Charles-Michel de L'Épée\" Wikipedia. Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Michel_de_l%27%C3%89p%C3%A9e","\"Samuel Heinicke\" Brittanica. Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://www.britannica.com/biography/Samuel-Heinicke","\"Roch-Ambroise Cucurron Sicard\" Wikipedia. Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roch-Ambroise_Cucurron_Sicard","\"Ottavio Giovanni Battista Assarotti\" Wikipedia. Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottavio_Assarotti","\nFrom Dealer catalog."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16804, Emblemi sulla Dottrina Cristiana ad uso de' Sordo-Muti [Emblems on Christian Doctrine for use by the Deaf], Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16804, Emblemi sulla Dottrina Cristiana ad uso de' Sordo-Muti [Emblems on Christian Doctrine for use by the Deaf], Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRelated to MSS 16803 Illustrated Manuscript of Confessions for the Deaf\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Related to MSS 16803 Illustrated Manuscript of Confessions for the Deaf"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Assarotti, Ottavio Giovanni Battista, 1753-1829"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"persname_ssim":["Assarotti, Ottavio Giovanni Battista, 1753-1829"],"language_ssim":["Italian"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T14:33:53.584Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1571"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1635","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Everett Nathan \"Silent\" Rattan photograph","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1635#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Langdon Manor Books","label":"Creator"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1635#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1635","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1635","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1635","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1635","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1635.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/196283","title_filing_ssi":"Rattan, Everett Nathan \"Silent\" photograph","title_ssm":["Everett Nathan \"Silent\" Rattan photograph"],"title_tesim":["Everett Nathan \"Silent\" Rattan photograph"],"unitdate_ssm":["c.1931"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["c.1931"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16827","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1635"],"text":["MSS 16827","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1635","Everett Nathan \"Silent\" Rattan photograph","Deaf culture","Athletes with disabilities","The collection is open for research use.","Everett Nathan \"Silent\" Rattan (1907-1981) was a professional wrestler from Kansas, Missouri. He could not speak or hear.He attended the Missouri School for the Deaf, and made his professional wrestling debut in 1923. From 1933 to 1934 he won 109 straight matches, earning him the title of World Junior Middleweight Champ. His career in the ring lasted 24 years. Rattan's manager was also deaf and they would communicate in the ring with gestures. He may have communicated with other people using pen and paper. In 1951 he resided in Los Angeles with his wife, Lenore Kelly, an alumna of the Indiana school for the Deaf. He died in 1981.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Langdon Manor Books","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16827","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1635"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Everett Nathan \"Silent\" Rattan photograph"],"collection_title_tesim":["Everett Nathan \"Silent\" Rattan photograph"],"collection_ssim":["Everett Nathan \"Silent\" Rattan photograph"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Langdon Manor Books"],"creator_ssim":["Langdon Manor Books"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Langdon Manor Books"],"creators_ssim":["Langdon Manor Books"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from Langdon Manor Books by the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on  18 April 2023."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Deaf culture","Athletes with disabilities"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Deaf culture","Athletes with disabilities"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 folder (letter)"],"extent_tesim":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 folder (letter)"],"date_range_isim":[1931],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eEverett Nathan \"Silent\" Rattan (1907-1981) was a professional wrestler from Kansas, Missouri. He could not speak or hear.He attended the Missouri School for the Deaf, and made his professional wrestling debut in 1923. From 1933 to 1934 he won 109 straight matches, earning him the title of World Junior Middleweight Champ. His career in the ring lasted 24 years. Rattan's manager was also deaf and they would communicate in the ring with gestures. He may have communicated with other people using pen and paper. In 1951 he resided in Los Angeles with his wife, Lenore Kelly, an alumna of the Indiana school for the Deaf. He died in 1981.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Everett Nathan \"Silent\" Rattan (1907-1981) was a professional wrestler from Kansas, Missouri. He could not speak or hear.He attended the Missouri School for the Deaf, and made his professional wrestling debut in 1923. From 1933 to 1934 he won 109 straight matches, earning him the title of World Junior Middleweight Champ. His career in the ring lasted 24 years. Rattan's manager was also deaf and they would communicate in the ring with gestures. He may have communicated with other people using pen and paper. In 1951 he resided in Los Angeles with his wife, Lenore Kelly, an alumna of the Indiana school for the Deaf. He died in 1981."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16827, Everett Nathan \"Silent\" Rattan photograph, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16827, Everett Nathan \"Silent\" Rattan photograph, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"names_coll_ssim":["Langdon Manor Books"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Langdon Manor Books"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Langdon Manor Books"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-20T23:43:30.456Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1635","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1635","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1635","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1635","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1635.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/196283","title_filing_ssi":"Rattan, Everett Nathan \"Silent\" photograph","title_ssm":["Everett Nathan \"Silent\" Rattan photograph"],"title_tesim":["Everett Nathan \"Silent\" Rattan photograph"],"unitdate_ssm":["c.1931"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["c.1931"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16827","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1635"],"text":["MSS 16827","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1635","Everett Nathan \"Silent\" Rattan photograph","Deaf culture","Athletes with disabilities","The collection is open for research use.","Everett Nathan \"Silent\" Rattan (1907-1981) was a professional wrestler from Kansas, Missouri. He could not speak or hear.He attended the Missouri School for the Deaf, and made his professional wrestling debut in 1923. From 1933 to 1934 he won 109 straight matches, earning him the title of World Junior Middleweight Champ. His career in the ring lasted 24 years. Rattan's manager was also deaf and they would communicate in the ring with gestures. He may have communicated with other people using pen and paper. In 1951 he resided in Los Angeles with his wife, Lenore Kelly, an alumna of the Indiana school for the Deaf. He died in 1981.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Langdon Manor Books","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16827","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1635"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Everett Nathan \"Silent\" Rattan photograph"],"collection_title_tesim":["Everett Nathan \"Silent\" Rattan photograph"],"collection_ssim":["Everett Nathan \"Silent\" Rattan photograph"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Langdon Manor Books"],"creator_ssim":["Langdon Manor Books"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Langdon Manor Books"],"creators_ssim":["Langdon Manor Books"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from Langdon Manor Books by the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on  18 April 2023."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Deaf culture","Athletes with disabilities"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Deaf culture","Athletes with disabilities"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 folder (letter)"],"extent_tesim":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 folder (letter)"],"date_range_isim":[1931],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eEverett Nathan \"Silent\" Rattan (1907-1981) was a professional wrestler from Kansas, Missouri. He could not speak or hear.He attended the Missouri School for the Deaf, and made his professional wrestling debut in 1923. From 1933 to 1934 he won 109 straight matches, earning him the title of World Junior Middleweight Champ. His career in the ring lasted 24 years. Rattan's manager was also deaf and they would communicate in the ring with gestures. He may have communicated with other people using pen and paper. In 1951 he resided in Los Angeles with his wife, Lenore Kelly, an alumna of the Indiana school for the Deaf. He died in 1981.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Everett Nathan \"Silent\" Rattan (1907-1981) was a professional wrestler from Kansas, Missouri. He could not speak or hear.He attended the Missouri School for the Deaf, and made his professional wrestling debut in 1923. From 1933 to 1934 he won 109 straight matches, earning him the title of World Junior Middleweight Champ. His career in the ring lasted 24 years. Rattan's manager was also deaf and they would communicate in the ring with gestures. He may have communicated with other people using pen and paper. In 1951 he resided in Los Angeles with his wife, Lenore Kelly, an alumna of the Indiana school for the Deaf. He died in 1981."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16827, Everett Nathan \"Silent\" Rattan photograph, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16827, Everett Nathan \"Silent\" Rattan photograph, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"names_coll_ssim":["Langdon Manor Books"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Langdon Manor Books"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Langdon Manor Books"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-20T23:43:30.456Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1635"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1570","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Illustrated Manuscript Confessory for  Deaf People","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1570#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"W.S. Cotter Rare Books","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1570#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains a single leather-bound illustrated manuscript for Deaf persons to confess their sins. They could identify their sins by the illustrations and ask to be absolved. Called a Confessory, it was made in Flanders or the Netherlands roughly between 1770 and 1790.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1570#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1570","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1570","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1570","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1570","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1570.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/191436","title_filing_ssi":"Illustrated Manuscript of Confessions for the Deaf","title_ssm":["Illustrated Manuscript Confessory for  Deaf People"],"title_tesim":["Illustrated Manuscript Confessory for  Deaf People"],"unitdate_ssm":["c.1770-1790"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["c.1770-1790"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16803","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1570"],"text":["MSS 16803","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1570","Illustrated Manuscript Confessory for  Deaf People","Religious education","Church work with the deaf --  Catholic Church","Deaf culture","Fair. The vellum cover has contracted over time and is rigid and difficult to close.","The collection is open for research use.","Throughout the days of the early church and into the Middle Ages, the Deaf and hearing impaired were thought doomed to Hell, since it was believed they could not receive the uttered Word of God and related sacraments, including confession, confirmation, and the Eucharist. ","Around 1520, Martin Luther, although he showed controversial views on this subject, argued that the Deaf were also God's children. He said, \"the physical defect of hearing was no barrier to the Word of God; nor was infancy any barrier. All were spiritually 'deaf' until God's Spirit spoke to them; but \"to the Word of God nothing is deaf\" if only the inward 'ears' are willing to hear.\" In 1571 an edict was issued, at the Council of Besancon, that allowed Deaf people access to the essential sacraments.","Even then, deeply rooted local beliefs backed by regional coutumiers still held sway, and sacramental equality for the Deaf was still elusive. Deaf people have faced discrimination and marginalization throughout much of human history. For many years, people viewed them as intellectually and socially inferior to their hearing counterparts, and subjected them to cruel and inhumane treatment.","St Paul's maxim that 'faith comes by hearing' was a constant refrain of preachers, particularly those who saw sermons as 'the ordinary means of salvation' and who worried about people who would not properly listen to sermons, whether through wilfulness, ignorance or 'dullness' of spirit. There was a popular belief in early modern Europe that Paul's maxim effectively damned deaf people. As one contemporary put it: 'If faith comes by hearing … there can be no saving knowledge' for deaf people, and 'the consequence is undeniable, since no man can be saved without faith'. ","As a result, deafness and hearing loss were often presented as the most crippling of physical impairments. Preaching in Elizabethan England, Henry Smith argued that while blindness or muteness was a divine punishment, deafness came from the devil. These assumptions have fed into histories of deafness, with one historian arguing that Paul's maxim was 'disastrous' for deaf people in pre-modern Europe. ","The seventeenth-century Dutch writer Anton Deusing attacked Paul's assertion that 'faith comes by hearing', writing that 'this is indeed a very hard saying that dismays the soul … [since] those that are born deaf are no more guilty of neglecting their salvation than infants'.","Deusing's views were shared by many, prompting clergy from different confessions across Europe to explore how to accommodate prelingually deaf people in collective worship. The question of how deaf people could be saved was, however, a particularly urgent problem in Reformed Churches, which put sermons at the heart of worship, including the Church of England. As a result, English preachers in the pulpit used standardized rhetorical gestures of the hands, body and sometimes face, to make their sermons more accessible and more effective. Not only did this help people with hearing loss to follow the sermon; it also promoted manual sign language as an articulate form of communication.","In the 1670's the Franciscan divine Christopher Leutbrewer designed a confessory book of 700 printed sins allowing a Deaf person to communicate their sin to a confessor.","Charles-Michel de L'Epee, and Henri Daniel Guyot (founders of the earliest schools for Deaf children) advocated for the hearing impaired and inspired a new type of biblio-confessory which comprised of narrative illustrations of sins. These were always manuscripts and no printed exemplars have survived.","Today, Deaf culture is a vibrant and diverse community that spans the globe. Deaf people have their own unique language, customs, and traditions, and are proud of their identity and heritage. From Deaf artists and musicians to Deaf athletes and entrepreneurs, Deaf individuals continue to make important contributions to society and to shape the world around them. ","Despite these gains, however, there is still much work to be done to fully recognize and honor the contributions of the Deaf community. Deaf History Month, which is celebrated every March, provides an important opportunity to raise awareness and educate the public about the history, culture, and achievements of the Deaf community.  ","Sources:\nIndependent Living Institute website.Promoting the self-determination of people with disabilities  Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://www.independentliving.org/docs7/miles2005b.html","Oates, Rosamund. \"Speaking in Hands: Early Modern Preaching and Signed Languages for the Deaf.\" Past and Present. Oxford Academic.Volume 256, Issue 1, August 2022, Pages 49–85 Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://academic.oup.com/past/article/256/1/49/6414569","Community Services for the Deaf website. Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://www.csd.org/stories/rich-heritage-of-deaf-people/","This collection is related ViU-2023-0078 Emblemi sulla Dottrina Cristiana ad uso de' Sordo-Muti [Emblems on Christian Doctrine for use by Deaf-Mutes]","This collection contains a single leather-bound illustrated manuscript for Deaf persons to confess their sins. They could identify their sins by the illustrations and ask to be absolved. Called a Confessory, it was made in Flanders or the Netherlands roughly between 1770 and 1790.","No title or author is present on the binding or internal board pages. The book is composed of ninety-two leaves, with ten leaves left blank. It appears to be a model book, with two sets of drawings made by different hands. ","The first set contains thirty-six drawings featuring simple scenes, with a young man as the subject, completed in pen and ink, with pale washes of black and grey. Latin captions are underneath each image.","The second series has forty-six drawings, with a woman as the subject, in iron-gall ink and colored with gouache and watercolor. Most of the images have captions in Dutch. ","These manuscript books were for the Deaf community. Sins represented in this book include gambling, drinking, \"muttering\" to one's parents, being distracted in church, petty theft, fighting, being late to service, missing confession, inappropriate libido, and wishing one's parents dead. Deaf students would have used this book to make and bind their own copies, most likely at a school for the Deaf in Flanders or the Netherlands. ","The survival of manuscripts like this one is a testament to the devotional challenges faced by Deaf persons and the efforts to include them in the Church. It is valuable to have a manuscript that relates to Deaf persons as they have been marginalized thorughout history.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","W.S. Cotter Rare Books","Latin Dutch; Flemish"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16803","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1570"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Illustrated Manuscript Confessory for  Deaf People"],"collection_title_tesim":["Illustrated Manuscript Confessory for  Deaf People"],"collection_ssim":["Illustrated Manuscript Confessory for  Deaf People"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["W.S. Cotter Rare Books"],"creator_ssim":["W.S. Cotter Rare Books"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["W.S. Cotter Rare Books"],"creators_ssim":["W.S. Cotter Rare Books"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from W. S. Cotter Rare Books from Daniela Kromp of Munich, who acquired the manuscript from Libraire-Katz-Moorthammers of Paris for the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 6 April 2023."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Religious education","Church work with the deaf --  Catholic Church","Deaf culture"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Religious education","Church work with the deaf --  Catholic Church","Deaf culture"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"digital_objects_ssm":["{\"label\":\"Illustrated Manuscript of Confessions for the Deaf, c.1770-1790\",\"href\":\"https://iiifman.lib.virginia.edu/pid/tsb:107590\"}"],"physdesc_tesim":["Fair. The vellum cover has contracted over time and is rigid and difficult to close."],"extent_ssm":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 folder (letter)"],"extent_tesim":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 folder (letter)"],"date_range_isim":[1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThroughout the days of the early church and into the Middle Ages, the Deaf and hearing impaired were thought doomed to Hell, since it was believed they could not receive the uttered Word of God and related sacraments, including confession, confirmation, and the Eucharist. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAround 1520, Martin Luther, although he showed controversial views on this subject, argued that the Deaf were also God's children. He said, \"the physical defect of hearing was no barrier to the Word of God; nor was infancy any barrier. All were spiritually 'deaf' until God's Spirit spoke to them; but \"to the Word of God nothing is deaf\" if only the inward 'ears' are willing to hear.\" In 1571 an edict was issued, at the Council of Besancon, that allowed Deaf people access to the essential sacraments.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eEven then, deeply rooted local beliefs backed by regional coutumiers still held sway, and sacramental equality for the Deaf was still elusive. Deaf people have faced discrimination and marginalization throughout much of human history. For many years, people viewed them as intellectually and socially inferior to their hearing counterparts, and subjected them to cruel and inhumane treatment.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSt Paul's maxim that 'faith comes by hearing' was a constant refrain of preachers, particularly those who saw sermons as 'the ordinary means of salvation' and who worried about people who would not properly listen to sermons, whether through wilfulness, ignorance or 'dullness' of spirit. There was a popular belief in early modern Europe that Paul's maxim effectively damned deaf people. As one contemporary put it: 'If faith comes by hearing … there can be no saving knowledge' for deaf people, and 'the consequence is undeniable, since no man can be saved without faith'. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAs a result, deafness and hearing loss were often presented as the most crippling of physical impairments. Preaching in Elizabethan England, Henry Smith argued that while blindness or muteness was a divine punishment, deafness came from the devil. These assumptions have fed into histories of deafness, with one historian arguing that Paul's maxim was 'disastrous' for deaf people in pre-modern Europe. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe seventeenth-century Dutch writer Anton Deusing attacked Paul's assertion that 'faith comes by hearing', writing that 'this is indeed a very hard saying that dismays the soul … [since] those that are born deaf are no more guilty of neglecting their salvation than infants'.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDeusing's views were shared by many, prompting clergy from different confessions across Europe to explore how to accommodate prelingually deaf people in collective worship. The question of how deaf people could be saved was, however, a particularly urgent problem in Reformed Churches, which put sermons at the heart of worship, including the Church of England. As a result, English preachers in the pulpit used standardized rhetorical gestures of the hands, body and sometimes face, to make their sermons more accessible and more effective. Not only did this help people with hearing loss to follow the sermon; it also promoted manual sign language as an articulate form of communication.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn the 1670's the Franciscan divine Christopher Leutbrewer designed a confessory book of 700 printed sins allowing a Deaf person to communicate their sin to a confessor.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCharles-Michel de L'Epee, and Henri Daniel Guyot (founders of the earliest schools for Deaf children) advocated for the hearing impaired and inspired a new type of biblio-confessory which comprised of narrative illustrations of sins. These were always manuscripts and no printed exemplars have survived.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eToday, Deaf culture is a vibrant and diverse community that spans the globe. Deaf people have their own unique language, customs, and traditions, and are proud of their identity and heritage. From Deaf artists and musicians to Deaf athletes and entrepreneurs, Deaf individuals continue to make important contributions to society and to shape the world around them. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDespite these gains, however, there is still much work to be done to fully recognize and honor the contributions of the Deaf community. Deaf History Month, which is celebrated every March, provides an important opportunity to raise awareness and educate the public about the history, culture, and achievements of the Deaf community.  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSources:\nIndependent Living Institute website.Promoting the self-determination of people with disabilities  Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://www.independentliving.org/docs7/miles2005b.html\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOates, Rosamund. \"Speaking in Hands: Early Modern Preaching and Signed Languages for the Deaf.\" Past and Present. Oxford Academic.Volume 256, Issue 1, August 2022, Pages 49–85 Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://academic.oup.com/past/article/256/1/49/6414569\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCommunity Services for the Deaf website. Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://www.csd.org/stories/rich-heritage-of-deaf-people/\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Throughout the days of the early church and into the Middle Ages, the Deaf and hearing impaired were thought doomed to Hell, since it was believed they could not receive the uttered Word of God and related sacraments, including confession, confirmation, and the Eucharist. ","Around 1520, Martin Luther, although he showed controversial views on this subject, argued that the Deaf were also God's children. He said, \"the physical defect of hearing was no barrier to the Word of God; nor was infancy any barrier. All were spiritually 'deaf' until God's Spirit spoke to them; but \"to the Word of God nothing is deaf\" if only the inward 'ears' are willing to hear.\" In 1571 an edict was issued, at the Council of Besancon, that allowed Deaf people access to the essential sacraments.","Even then, deeply rooted local beliefs backed by regional coutumiers still held sway, and sacramental equality for the Deaf was still elusive. Deaf people have faced discrimination and marginalization throughout much of human history. For many years, people viewed them as intellectually and socially inferior to their hearing counterparts, and subjected them to cruel and inhumane treatment.","St Paul's maxim that 'faith comes by hearing' was a constant refrain of preachers, particularly those who saw sermons as 'the ordinary means of salvation' and who worried about people who would not properly listen to sermons, whether through wilfulness, ignorance or 'dullness' of spirit. There was a popular belief in early modern Europe that Paul's maxim effectively damned deaf people. As one contemporary put it: 'If faith comes by hearing … there can be no saving knowledge' for deaf people, and 'the consequence is undeniable, since no man can be saved without faith'. ","As a result, deafness and hearing loss were often presented as the most crippling of physical impairments. Preaching in Elizabethan England, Henry Smith argued that while blindness or muteness was a divine punishment, deafness came from the devil. These assumptions have fed into histories of deafness, with one historian arguing that Paul's maxim was 'disastrous' for deaf people in pre-modern Europe. ","The seventeenth-century Dutch writer Anton Deusing attacked Paul's assertion that 'faith comes by hearing', writing that 'this is indeed a very hard saying that dismays the soul … [since] those that are born deaf are no more guilty of neglecting their salvation than infants'.","Deusing's views were shared by many, prompting clergy from different confessions across Europe to explore how to accommodate prelingually deaf people in collective worship. The question of how deaf people could be saved was, however, a particularly urgent problem in Reformed Churches, which put sermons at the heart of worship, including the Church of England. As a result, English preachers in the pulpit used standardized rhetorical gestures of the hands, body and sometimes face, to make their sermons more accessible and more effective. Not only did this help people with hearing loss to follow the sermon; it also promoted manual sign language as an articulate form of communication.","In the 1670's the Franciscan divine Christopher Leutbrewer designed a confessory book of 700 printed sins allowing a Deaf person to communicate their sin to a confessor.","Charles-Michel de L'Epee, and Henri Daniel Guyot (founders of the earliest schools for Deaf children) advocated for the hearing impaired and inspired a new type of biblio-confessory which comprised of narrative illustrations of sins. These were always manuscripts and no printed exemplars have survived.","Today, Deaf culture is a vibrant and diverse community that spans the globe. Deaf people have their own unique language, customs, and traditions, and are proud of their identity and heritage. From Deaf artists and musicians to Deaf athletes and entrepreneurs, Deaf individuals continue to make important contributions to society and to shape the world around them. ","Despite these gains, however, there is still much work to be done to fully recognize and honor the contributions of the Deaf community. Deaf History Month, which is celebrated every March, provides an important opportunity to raise awareness and educate the public about the history, culture, and achievements of the Deaf community.  ","Sources:\nIndependent Living Institute website.Promoting the self-determination of people with disabilities  Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://www.independentliving.org/docs7/miles2005b.html","Oates, Rosamund. \"Speaking in Hands: Early Modern Preaching and Signed Languages for the Deaf.\" Past and Present. Oxford Academic.Volume 256, Issue 1, August 2022, Pages 49–85 Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://academic.oup.com/past/article/256/1/49/6414569","Community Services for the Deaf website. Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://www.csd.org/stories/rich-heritage-of-deaf-people/"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16803, Illustrated Manuscript of Confessions for the Deaf, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16803, Illustrated Manuscript of Confessions for the Deaf, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is related ViU-2023-0078 Emblemi sulla Dottrina Cristiana ad uso de' Sordo-Muti [Emblems on Christian Doctrine for use by Deaf-Mutes]\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["This collection is related ViU-2023-0078 Emblemi sulla Dottrina Cristiana ad uso de' Sordo-Muti [Emblems on Christian Doctrine for use by Deaf-Mutes]"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains a single leather-bound illustrated manuscript for Deaf persons to confess their sins. They could identify their sins by the illustrations and ask to be absolved. Called a Confessory, it was made in Flanders or the Netherlands roughly between 1770 and 1790.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNo title or author is present on the binding or internal board pages. The book is composed of ninety-two leaves, with ten leaves left blank. It appears to be a model book, with two sets of drawings made by different hands. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe first set contains thirty-six drawings featuring simple scenes, with a young man as the subject, completed in pen and ink, with pale washes of black and grey. Latin captions are underneath each image.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe second series has forty-six drawings, with a woman as the subject, in iron-gall ink and colored with gouache and watercolor. Most of the images have captions in Dutch. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThese manuscript books were for the Deaf community. Sins represented in this book include gambling, drinking, \"muttering\" to one's parents, being distracted in church, petty theft, fighting, being late to service, missing confession, inappropriate libido, and wishing one's parents dead. Deaf students would have used this book to make and bind their own copies, most likely at a school for the Deaf in Flanders or the Netherlands. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe survival of manuscripts like this one is a testament to the devotional challenges faced by Deaf persons and the efforts to include them in the Church. It is valuable to have a manuscript that relates to Deaf persons as they have been marginalized thorughout history.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains a single leather-bound illustrated manuscript for Deaf persons to confess their sins. They could identify their sins by the illustrations and ask to be absolved. Called a Confessory, it was made in Flanders or the Netherlands roughly between 1770 and 1790.","No title or author is present on the binding or internal board pages. The book is composed of ninety-two leaves, with ten leaves left blank. It appears to be a model book, with two sets of drawings made by different hands. ","The first set contains thirty-six drawings featuring simple scenes, with a young man as the subject, completed in pen and ink, with pale washes of black and grey. Latin captions are underneath each image.","The second series has forty-six drawings, with a woman as the subject, in iron-gall ink and colored with gouache and watercolor. Most of the images have captions in Dutch. ","These manuscript books were for the Deaf community. Sins represented in this book include gambling, drinking, \"muttering\" to one's parents, being distracted in church, petty theft, fighting, being late to service, missing confession, inappropriate libido, and wishing one's parents dead. Deaf students would have used this book to make and bind their own copies, most likely at a school for the Deaf in Flanders or the Netherlands. ","The survival of manuscripts like this one is a testament to the devotional challenges faced by Deaf persons and the efforts to include them in the Church. It is valuable to have a manuscript that relates to Deaf persons as they have been marginalized thorughout history."],"names_coll_ssim":["W.S. Cotter Rare Books"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","W.S. Cotter Rare Books"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","W.S. Cotter Rare Books"],"language_ssim":["Latin Dutch; Flemish"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":1,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-20T23:57:17.807Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1570","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1570","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1570","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1570","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1570.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/191436","title_filing_ssi":"Illustrated Manuscript of Confessions for the Deaf","title_ssm":["Illustrated Manuscript Confessory for  Deaf People"],"title_tesim":["Illustrated Manuscript Confessory for  Deaf People"],"unitdate_ssm":["c.1770-1790"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["c.1770-1790"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16803","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1570"],"text":["MSS 16803","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1570","Illustrated Manuscript Confessory for  Deaf People","Religious education","Church work with the deaf --  Catholic Church","Deaf culture","Fair. The vellum cover has contracted over time and is rigid and difficult to close.","The collection is open for research use.","Throughout the days of the early church and into the Middle Ages, the Deaf and hearing impaired were thought doomed to Hell, since it was believed they could not receive the uttered Word of God and related sacraments, including confession, confirmation, and the Eucharist. ","Around 1520, Martin Luther, although he showed controversial views on this subject, argued that the Deaf were also God's children. He said, \"the physical defect of hearing was no barrier to the Word of God; nor was infancy any barrier. All were spiritually 'deaf' until God's Spirit spoke to them; but \"to the Word of God nothing is deaf\" if only the inward 'ears' are willing to hear.\" In 1571 an edict was issued, at the Council of Besancon, that allowed Deaf people access to the essential sacraments.","Even then, deeply rooted local beliefs backed by regional coutumiers still held sway, and sacramental equality for the Deaf was still elusive. Deaf people have faced discrimination and marginalization throughout much of human history. For many years, people viewed them as intellectually and socially inferior to their hearing counterparts, and subjected them to cruel and inhumane treatment.","St Paul's maxim that 'faith comes by hearing' was a constant refrain of preachers, particularly those who saw sermons as 'the ordinary means of salvation' and who worried about people who would not properly listen to sermons, whether through wilfulness, ignorance or 'dullness' of spirit. There was a popular belief in early modern Europe that Paul's maxim effectively damned deaf people. As one contemporary put it: 'If faith comes by hearing … there can be no saving knowledge' for deaf people, and 'the consequence is undeniable, since no man can be saved without faith'. ","As a result, deafness and hearing loss were often presented as the most crippling of physical impairments. Preaching in Elizabethan England, Henry Smith argued that while blindness or muteness was a divine punishment, deafness came from the devil. These assumptions have fed into histories of deafness, with one historian arguing that Paul's maxim was 'disastrous' for deaf people in pre-modern Europe. ","The seventeenth-century Dutch writer Anton Deusing attacked Paul's assertion that 'faith comes by hearing', writing that 'this is indeed a very hard saying that dismays the soul … [since] those that are born deaf are no more guilty of neglecting their salvation than infants'.","Deusing's views were shared by many, prompting clergy from different confessions across Europe to explore how to accommodate prelingually deaf people in collective worship. The question of how deaf people could be saved was, however, a particularly urgent problem in Reformed Churches, which put sermons at the heart of worship, including the Church of England. As a result, English preachers in the pulpit used standardized rhetorical gestures of the hands, body and sometimes face, to make their sermons more accessible and more effective. Not only did this help people with hearing loss to follow the sermon; it also promoted manual sign language as an articulate form of communication.","In the 1670's the Franciscan divine Christopher Leutbrewer designed a confessory book of 700 printed sins allowing a Deaf person to communicate their sin to a confessor.","Charles-Michel de L'Epee, and Henri Daniel Guyot (founders of the earliest schools for Deaf children) advocated for the hearing impaired and inspired a new type of biblio-confessory which comprised of narrative illustrations of sins. These were always manuscripts and no printed exemplars have survived.","Today, Deaf culture is a vibrant and diverse community that spans the globe. Deaf people have their own unique language, customs, and traditions, and are proud of their identity and heritage. From Deaf artists and musicians to Deaf athletes and entrepreneurs, Deaf individuals continue to make important contributions to society and to shape the world around them. ","Despite these gains, however, there is still much work to be done to fully recognize and honor the contributions of the Deaf community. Deaf History Month, which is celebrated every March, provides an important opportunity to raise awareness and educate the public about the history, culture, and achievements of the Deaf community.  ","Sources:\nIndependent Living Institute website.Promoting the self-determination of people with disabilities  Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://www.independentliving.org/docs7/miles2005b.html","Oates, Rosamund. \"Speaking in Hands: Early Modern Preaching and Signed Languages for the Deaf.\" Past and Present. Oxford Academic.Volume 256, Issue 1, August 2022, Pages 49–85 Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://academic.oup.com/past/article/256/1/49/6414569","Community Services for the Deaf website. Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://www.csd.org/stories/rich-heritage-of-deaf-people/","This collection is related ViU-2023-0078 Emblemi sulla Dottrina Cristiana ad uso de' Sordo-Muti [Emblems on Christian Doctrine for use by Deaf-Mutes]","This collection contains a single leather-bound illustrated manuscript for Deaf persons to confess their sins. They could identify their sins by the illustrations and ask to be absolved. Called a Confessory, it was made in Flanders or the Netherlands roughly between 1770 and 1790.","No title or author is present on the binding or internal board pages. The book is composed of ninety-two leaves, with ten leaves left blank. It appears to be a model book, with two sets of drawings made by different hands. ","The first set contains thirty-six drawings featuring simple scenes, with a young man as the subject, completed in pen and ink, with pale washes of black and grey. Latin captions are underneath each image.","The second series has forty-six drawings, with a woman as the subject, in iron-gall ink and colored with gouache and watercolor. Most of the images have captions in Dutch. ","These manuscript books were for the Deaf community. Sins represented in this book include gambling, drinking, \"muttering\" to one's parents, being distracted in church, petty theft, fighting, being late to service, missing confession, inappropriate libido, and wishing one's parents dead. Deaf students would have used this book to make and bind their own copies, most likely at a school for the Deaf in Flanders or the Netherlands. ","The survival of manuscripts like this one is a testament to the devotional challenges faced by Deaf persons and the efforts to include them in the Church. It is valuable to have a manuscript that relates to Deaf persons as they have been marginalized thorughout history.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","W.S. Cotter Rare Books","Latin Dutch; Flemish"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16803","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1570"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Illustrated Manuscript Confessory for  Deaf People"],"collection_title_tesim":["Illustrated Manuscript Confessory for  Deaf People"],"collection_ssim":["Illustrated Manuscript Confessory for  Deaf People"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["W.S. Cotter Rare Books"],"creator_ssim":["W.S. Cotter Rare Books"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["W.S. Cotter Rare Books"],"creators_ssim":["W.S. Cotter Rare Books"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from W. S. Cotter Rare Books from Daniela Kromp of Munich, who acquired the manuscript from Libraire-Katz-Moorthammers of Paris for the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 6 April 2023."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Religious education","Church work with the deaf --  Catholic Church","Deaf culture"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Religious education","Church work with the deaf --  Catholic Church","Deaf culture"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"digital_objects_ssm":["{\"label\":\"Illustrated Manuscript of Confessions for the Deaf, c.1770-1790\",\"href\":\"https://iiifman.lib.virginia.edu/pid/tsb:107590\"}"],"physdesc_tesim":["Fair. The vellum cover has contracted over time and is rigid and difficult to close."],"extent_ssm":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 folder (letter)"],"extent_tesim":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 folder (letter)"],"date_range_isim":[1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThroughout the days of the early church and into the Middle Ages, the Deaf and hearing impaired were thought doomed to Hell, since it was believed they could not receive the uttered Word of God and related sacraments, including confession, confirmation, and the Eucharist. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAround 1520, Martin Luther, although he showed controversial views on this subject, argued that the Deaf were also God's children. He said, \"the physical defect of hearing was no barrier to the Word of God; nor was infancy any barrier. All were spiritually 'deaf' until God's Spirit spoke to them; but \"to the Word of God nothing is deaf\" if only the inward 'ears' are willing to hear.\" In 1571 an edict was issued, at the Council of Besancon, that allowed Deaf people access to the essential sacraments.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eEven then, deeply rooted local beliefs backed by regional coutumiers still held sway, and sacramental equality for the Deaf was still elusive. Deaf people have faced discrimination and marginalization throughout much of human history. For many years, people viewed them as intellectually and socially inferior to their hearing counterparts, and subjected them to cruel and inhumane treatment.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSt Paul's maxim that 'faith comes by hearing' was a constant refrain of preachers, particularly those who saw sermons as 'the ordinary means of salvation' and who worried about people who would not properly listen to sermons, whether through wilfulness, ignorance or 'dullness' of spirit. There was a popular belief in early modern Europe that Paul's maxim effectively damned deaf people. As one contemporary put it: 'If faith comes by hearing … there can be no saving knowledge' for deaf people, and 'the consequence is undeniable, since no man can be saved without faith'. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAs a result, deafness and hearing loss were often presented as the most crippling of physical impairments. Preaching in Elizabethan England, Henry Smith argued that while blindness or muteness was a divine punishment, deafness came from the devil. These assumptions have fed into histories of deafness, with one historian arguing that Paul's maxim was 'disastrous' for deaf people in pre-modern Europe. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe seventeenth-century Dutch writer Anton Deusing attacked Paul's assertion that 'faith comes by hearing', writing that 'this is indeed a very hard saying that dismays the soul … [since] those that are born deaf are no more guilty of neglecting their salvation than infants'.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDeusing's views were shared by many, prompting clergy from different confessions across Europe to explore how to accommodate prelingually deaf people in collective worship. The question of how deaf people could be saved was, however, a particularly urgent problem in Reformed Churches, which put sermons at the heart of worship, including the Church of England. As a result, English preachers in the pulpit used standardized rhetorical gestures of the hands, body and sometimes face, to make their sermons more accessible and more effective. Not only did this help people with hearing loss to follow the sermon; it also promoted manual sign language as an articulate form of communication.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn the 1670's the Franciscan divine Christopher Leutbrewer designed a confessory book of 700 printed sins allowing a Deaf person to communicate their sin to a confessor.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCharles-Michel de L'Epee, and Henri Daniel Guyot (founders of the earliest schools for Deaf children) advocated for the hearing impaired and inspired a new type of biblio-confessory which comprised of narrative illustrations of sins. These were always manuscripts and no printed exemplars have survived.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eToday, Deaf culture is a vibrant and diverse community that spans the globe. Deaf people have their own unique language, customs, and traditions, and are proud of their identity and heritage. From Deaf artists and musicians to Deaf athletes and entrepreneurs, Deaf individuals continue to make important contributions to society and to shape the world around them. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDespite these gains, however, there is still much work to be done to fully recognize and honor the contributions of the Deaf community. Deaf History Month, which is celebrated every March, provides an important opportunity to raise awareness and educate the public about the history, culture, and achievements of the Deaf community.  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSources:\nIndependent Living Institute website.Promoting the self-determination of people with disabilities  Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://www.independentliving.org/docs7/miles2005b.html\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOates, Rosamund. \"Speaking in Hands: Early Modern Preaching and Signed Languages for the Deaf.\" Past and Present. Oxford Academic.Volume 256, Issue 1, August 2022, Pages 49–85 Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://academic.oup.com/past/article/256/1/49/6414569\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCommunity Services for the Deaf website. Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://www.csd.org/stories/rich-heritage-of-deaf-people/\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Throughout the days of the early church and into the Middle Ages, the Deaf and hearing impaired were thought doomed to Hell, since it was believed they could not receive the uttered Word of God and related sacraments, including confession, confirmation, and the Eucharist. ","Around 1520, Martin Luther, although he showed controversial views on this subject, argued that the Deaf were also God's children. He said, \"the physical defect of hearing was no barrier to the Word of God; nor was infancy any barrier. All were spiritually 'deaf' until God's Spirit spoke to them; but \"to the Word of God nothing is deaf\" if only the inward 'ears' are willing to hear.\" In 1571 an edict was issued, at the Council of Besancon, that allowed Deaf people access to the essential sacraments.","Even then, deeply rooted local beliefs backed by regional coutumiers still held sway, and sacramental equality for the Deaf was still elusive. Deaf people have faced discrimination and marginalization throughout much of human history. For many years, people viewed them as intellectually and socially inferior to their hearing counterparts, and subjected them to cruel and inhumane treatment.","St Paul's maxim that 'faith comes by hearing' was a constant refrain of preachers, particularly those who saw sermons as 'the ordinary means of salvation' and who worried about people who would not properly listen to sermons, whether through wilfulness, ignorance or 'dullness' of spirit. There was a popular belief in early modern Europe that Paul's maxim effectively damned deaf people. As one contemporary put it: 'If faith comes by hearing … there can be no saving knowledge' for deaf people, and 'the consequence is undeniable, since no man can be saved without faith'. ","As a result, deafness and hearing loss were often presented as the most crippling of physical impairments. Preaching in Elizabethan England, Henry Smith argued that while blindness or muteness was a divine punishment, deafness came from the devil. These assumptions have fed into histories of deafness, with one historian arguing that Paul's maxim was 'disastrous' for deaf people in pre-modern Europe. ","The seventeenth-century Dutch writer Anton Deusing attacked Paul's assertion that 'faith comes by hearing', writing that 'this is indeed a very hard saying that dismays the soul … [since] those that are born deaf are no more guilty of neglecting their salvation than infants'.","Deusing's views were shared by many, prompting clergy from different confessions across Europe to explore how to accommodate prelingually deaf people in collective worship. The question of how deaf people could be saved was, however, a particularly urgent problem in Reformed Churches, which put sermons at the heart of worship, including the Church of England. As a result, English preachers in the pulpit used standardized rhetorical gestures of the hands, body and sometimes face, to make their sermons more accessible and more effective. Not only did this help people with hearing loss to follow the sermon; it also promoted manual sign language as an articulate form of communication.","In the 1670's the Franciscan divine Christopher Leutbrewer designed a confessory book of 700 printed sins allowing a Deaf person to communicate their sin to a confessor.","Charles-Michel de L'Epee, and Henri Daniel Guyot (founders of the earliest schools for Deaf children) advocated for the hearing impaired and inspired a new type of biblio-confessory which comprised of narrative illustrations of sins. These were always manuscripts and no printed exemplars have survived.","Today, Deaf culture is a vibrant and diverse community that spans the globe. Deaf people have their own unique language, customs, and traditions, and are proud of their identity and heritage. From Deaf artists and musicians to Deaf athletes and entrepreneurs, Deaf individuals continue to make important contributions to society and to shape the world around them. ","Despite these gains, however, there is still much work to be done to fully recognize and honor the contributions of the Deaf community. Deaf History Month, which is celebrated every March, provides an important opportunity to raise awareness and educate the public about the history, culture, and achievements of the Deaf community.  ","Sources:\nIndependent Living Institute website.Promoting the self-determination of people with disabilities  Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://www.independentliving.org/docs7/miles2005b.html","Oates, Rosamund. \"Speaking in Hands: Early Modern Preaching and Signed Languages for the Deaf.\" Past and Present. Oxford Academic.Volume 256, Issue 1, August 2022, Pages 49–85 Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://academic.oup.com/past/article/256/1/49/6414569","Community Services for the Deaf website. Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://www.csd.org/stories/rich-heritage-of-deaf-people/"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16803, Illustrated Manuscript of Confessions for the Deaf, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16803, Illustrated Manuscript of Confessions for the Deaf, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is related ViU-2023-0078 Emblemi sulla Dottrina Cristiana ad uso de' Sordo-Muti [Emblems on Christian Doctrine for use by Deaf-Mutes]\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["This collection is related ViU-2023-0078 Emblemi sulla Dottrina Cristiana ad uso de' Sordo-Muti [Emblems on Christian Doctrine for use by Deaf-Mutes]"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains a single leather-bound illustrated manuscript for Deaf persons to confess their sins. 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Sins represented in this book include gambling, drinking, \"muttering\" to one's parents, being distracted in church, petty theft, fighting, being late to service, missing confession, inappropriate libido, and wishing one's parents dead. Deaf students would have used this book to make and bind their own copies, most likely at a school for the Deaf in Flanders or the Netherlands. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe survival of manuscripts like this one is a testament to the devotional challenges faced by Deaf persons and the efforts to include them in the Church. It is valuable to have a manuscript that relates to Deaf persons as they have been marginalized thorughout history.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains a single leather-bound illustrated manuscript for Deaf persons to confess their sins. They could identify their sins by the illustrations and ask to be absolved. Called a Confessory, it was made in Flanders or the Netherlands roughly between 1770 and 1790.","No title or author is present on the binding or internal board pages. The book is composed of ninety-two leaves, with ten leaves left blank. It appears to be a model book, with two sets of drawings made by different hands. ","The first set contains thirty-six drawings featuring simple scenes, with a young man as the subject, completed in pen and ink, with pale washes of black and grey. Latin captions are underneath each image.","The second series has forty-six drawings, with a woman as the subject, in iron-gall ink and colored with gouache and watercolor. Most of the images have captions in Dutch. ","These manuscript books were for the Deaf community. Sins represented in this book include gambling, drinking, \"muttering\" to one's parents, being distracted in church, petty theft, fighting, being late to service, missing confession, inappropriate libido, and wishing one's parents dead. Deaf students would have used this book to make and bind their own copies, most likely at a school for the Deaf in Flanders or the Netherlands. ","The survival of manuscripts like this one is a testament to the devotional challenges faced by Deaf persons and the efforts to include them in the Church. It is valuable to have a manuscript that relates to Deaf persons as they have been marginalized thorughout history."],"names_coll_ssim":["W.S. Cotter Rare Books"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","W.S. Cotter Rare Books"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","W.S. 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