{"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026page=353\u0026view=compact","prev":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026page=352\u0026view=compact","next":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026page=354\u0026view=compact","last":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026page=380\u0026view=compact"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":353,"next_page":354,"prev_page":352,"total_pages":380,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":3520,"total_count":3799,"first_page?":false,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"viw_viw00276","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Title:: Lina Nancy Potter Papers\t1942-1945","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_viw00276#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Potter, Lina Nancy, 1907-1975 \narrangement\n\t","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_viw00276#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Correspondence, photographs, and military papers concerning the World War II service of 2nd Lt. A.N.C. Lina Nancy Potter (1901-1975) of Narragansett, Rhode Island. Potter enlisted in the United States Armed Forces in 1942 and served as a nurse in a military hospital in India from 1943-1945. This collection consists of 23 letters of her outgoing wartime correspondence to family (her Aunt Harriet E. Weaver and Uncle Charles Weaver of Rhode Island) in the United States, her military papers, and three wartime photographs of Potter and her fellow nurses. Potter's correspondence is of special interest because Potter was allowed to censor her own letters (perhaps because she was an officer) before they were sent to the United States. Thus, Potter's correspondence contains a log of wartime conditions at a hospital near Burma, India. Her letters discuss poor food and housing conditions, status of her work in India, the war in India and China, and aspects relative to women's history during the Second World War.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_viw00276#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viw_viw00276","ead_ssi":"viw_viw00276","_root_":"viw_viw00276","_nest_parent_":"viw_viw00276","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/wm/viw00276.xml","title_ssm":["Title:: Lina Nancy Potter Papers\t1942-1945"],"title_tesim":["Title:: Lina Nancy Potter Papers\t1942-1945"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["01/Mss. Acc. 2007.55"],"text":["01/Mss. Acc. 2007.55","Title:: Lina Nancy Potter Papers\t1942-1945","India--History--20th century.","Medicine, Military--India.","United States--Women--History","World War, 1939-1945--Medical and sanitary affairs.","World War, 1939-1945--Pacific Area","World War, 1939-1945.","Certificates","Correspondence","Photographs","28 items","Collection is open to all researchers.","Collection has been arranged into three series: Series I: Correspondence, Series II: Military Papers, and Series III: Photographs. Correspondence has been arranged chronologically.","Lina Nancy Potter (1901-1975) of Narragansett, Rhode Island, enlisted in the United States Armed Forces in 1942 and served as a 2nd Lt. A.N.C. nurse in a military hospital in India from 1943-1945. Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: \u003ca href=\"http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Lina Nancy Potter\"\u003ehttp://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Lina Nancy Potter\u003c/a\u003e.","Processed by Zachary R. Jones in 2007.","Correspondence, photographs, and military papers concerning the World War II service of 2nd Lt. A.N.C. Lina Nancy Potter (1901-1975) of Narragansett, Rhode Island. Potter enlisted in the United States Armed Forces in 1942 and served as a nurse in a military hospital in India from 1943-1945. This collection consists of 23 letters of her outgoing wartime correspondence to family (her Aunt Harriet E. Weaver and Uncle Charles Weaver of Rhode Island) in the United States, her military papers, and three wartime photographs of Potter and her fellow nurses. Potter's correspondence is of special interest because Potter was allowed to censor her own letters (perhaps because she was an officer) before they were sent to the United States. Thus, Potter's correspondence contains a log of wartime conditions at a hospital near Burma, India. Her letters discuss poor food and housing conditions, status of her work in India, the war in India and China, and aspects relative to women's history during the Second World War.","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Correspondence, photographs, and military papers concerning the World War II service of 2nd Lt. A.N.C. Lina Nancy Potter (1901-1975) of Narragansett, Rhode Island. Potter enlisted in the United States Armed Forces in 1942 and served as a nurse in a military hospital in India from 1943-1945. This collection consists of 23 letters of her outgoing wartime correspondence to family (her Aunt Harriet E. Weaver and Uncle Charles Weaver of Rhode Island) in the United States, her military papers, and three wartime photographs of Potter and her fellow nurses. Potter's correspondence is of special interest because Potter was allowed to censor her own letters (perhaps because she was an officer) before they were sent to the United States. Thus, Potter's correspondence contains a log of wartime conditions at a hospital near Burma, India. Her letters discuss poor food and housing conditions, status of her work in India, the war in India and China, and aspects relative to women's history during the Second World War.","Special Collections Research Center","Potter, Lina Nancy, 1907-1975","\n\t  The papers are in:\n English"],"unitid_tesim":["01/Mss. Acc. 2007.55"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Title:: Lina Nancy Potter Papers\t1942-1945"],"collection_title_tesim":["Title:: Lina Nancy Potter Papers\t1942-1945"],"collection_ssim":["Title:: Lina Nancy Potter Papers\t1942-1945"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"creator_ssm":["Potter, Lina Nancy, 1907-1975 \narrangement\n\t"],"creator_ssim":["Potter, Lina Nancy, 1907-1975 \narrangement\n\t"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Potter, Lina Nancy, 1907-1975"],"creators_ssim":["Potter, Lina Nancy, 1907-1975"],"acqinfo_ssim":["The materials were acquired by Special Collections Research Center from ebay.com on 04/22/2007."],"access_subjects_ssim":["India--History--20th century.","Medicine, Military--India.","United States--Women--History","World War, 1939-1945--Medical and sanitary affairs.","World War, 1939-1945--Pacific Area","World War, 1939-1945.","Certificates","Correspondence","Photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["India--History--20th century.","Medicine, Military--India.","United States--Women--History","World War, 1939-1945--Medical and sanitary affairs.","World War, 1939-1945--Pacific Area","World War, 1939-1945.","Certificates","Correspondence","Photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["28 items"],"extent_ssm":["0.20"],"extent_tesim":["0.20"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection has been arranged into three series: Series I: Correspondence, Series II: Military Papers, and Series III: Photographs. Correspondence has been arranged chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement of Materials"],"arrangement_tesim":["Collection has been arranged into three series: Series I: Correspondence, Series II: Military Papers, and Series III: Photographs. Correspondence has been arranged chronologically."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLina Nancy Potter (1901-1975) of Narragansett, Rhode Island, enlisted in the United States Armed Forces in 1942 and served as a 2nd Lt. A.N.C. nurse in a military hospital in India from 1943-1945. Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: \u0026lt;a href=\"http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Lina Nancy Potter\"\u0026gt;http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Lina Nancy Potter\u0026lt;/a\u0026gt;.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Lina Nancy Potter (1901-1975) of Narragansett, Rhode Island, enlisted in the United States Armed Forces in 1942 and served as a 2nd Lt. A.N.C. nurse in a military hospital in India from 1943-1945. Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: \u003ca href=\"http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Lina Nancy Potter\"\u003ehttp://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Lina Nancy Potter\u003c/a\u003e."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLina Nancy Potter WWII Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Lina Nancy Potter WWII Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessed by Zachary R. Jones in 2007.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processed by Zachary R. Jones in 2007."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, photographs, and military papers concerning the World War II service of 2nd Lt. A.N.C. Lina Nancy Potter (1901-1975) of Narragansett, Rhode Island. Potter enlisted in the United States Armed Forces in 1942 and served as a nurse in a military hospital in India from 1943-1945. This collection consists of 23 letters of her outgoing wartime correspondence to family (her Aunt Harriet E. Weaver and Uncle Charles Weaver of Rhode Island) in the United States, her military papers, and three wartime photographs of Potter and her fellow nurses. Potter's correspondence is of special interest because Potter was allowed to censor her own letters (perhaps because she was an officer) before they were sent to the United States. Thus, Potter's correspondence contains a log of wartime conditions at a hospital near Burma, India. Her letters discuss poor food and housing conditions, status of her work in India, the war in India and China, and aspects relative to women's history during the Second World War.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Correspondence, photographs, and military papers concerning the World War II service of 2nd Lt. A.N.C. Lina Nancy Potter (1901-1975) of Narragansett, Rhode Island. Potter enlisted in the United States Armed Forces in 1942 and served as a nurse in a military hospital in India from 1943-1945. This collection consists of 23 letters of her outgoing wartime correspondence to family (her Aunt Harriet E. Weaver and Uncle Charles Weaver of Rhode Island) in the United States, her military papers, and three wartime photographs of Potter and her fellow nurses. Potter's correspondence is of special interest because Potter was allowed to censor her own letters (perhaps because she was an officer) before they were sent to the United States. Thus, Potter's correspondence contains a log of wartime conditions at a hospital near Burma, India. Her letters discuss poor food and housing conditions, status of her work in India, the war in India and China, and aspects relative to women's history during the Second World War."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract encodinganalog=\"520$a\" label=\"Abstract:\"\u003eCorrespondence, photographs, and military papers concerning the World War II service of 2nd Lt. A.N.C. Lina Nancy Potter (1901-1975) of Narragansett, Rhode Island. Potter enlisted in the United States Armed Forces in 1942 and served as a nurse in a military hospital in India from 1943-1945. This collection consists of 23 letters of her outgoing wartime correspondence to family (her Aunt Harriet E. Weaver and Uncle Charles Weaver of Rhode Island) in the United States, her military papers, and three wartime photographs of Potter and her fellow nurses. Potter's correspondence is of special interest because Potter was allowed to censor her own letters (perhaps because she was an officer) before they were sent to the United States. Thus, Potter's correspondence contains a log of wartime conditions at a hospital near Burma, India. Her letters discuss poor food and housing conditions, status of her work in India, the war in India and China, and aspects relative to women's history during the Second World War.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Correspondence, photographs, and military papers concerning the World War II service of 2nd Lt. A.N.C. Lina Nancy Potter (1901-1975) of Narragansett, Rhode Island. Potter enlisted in the United States Armed Forces in 1942 and served as a nurse in a military hospital in India from 1943-1945. This collection consists of 23 letters of her outgoing wartime correspondence to family (her Aunt Harriet E. Weaver and Uncle Charles Weaver of Rhode Island) in the United States, her military papers, and three wartime photographs of Potter and her fellow nurses. Potter's correspondence is of special interest because Potter was allowed to censor her own letters (perhaps because she was an officer) before they were sent to the United States. Thus, Potter's correspondence contains a log of wartime conditions at a hospital near Burma, India. Her letters discuss poor food and housing conditions, status of her work in India, the war in India and China, and aspects relative to women's history during the Second World War."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Potter, Lina Nancy, 1907-1975"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"persname_ssim":["Potter, Lina Nancy, 1907-1975"],"language_ssim":["\n\t  The papers are in:\n English"],"total_component_count_is":11,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T15:03:58.810Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viw_viw00276","ead_ssi":"viw_viw00276","_root_":"viw_viw00276","_nest_parent_":"viw_viw00276","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/wm/viw00276.xml","title_ssm":["Title:: Lina Nancy Potter Papers\t1942-1945"],"title_tesim":["Title:: Lina Nancy Potter Papers\t1942-1945"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["01/Mss. Acc. 2007.55"],"text":["01/Mss. Acc. 2007.55","Title:: Lina Nancy Potter Papers\t1942-1945","India--History--20th century.","Medicine, Military--India.","United States--Women--History","World War, 1939-1945--Medical and sanitary affairs.","World War, 1939-1945--Pacific Area","World War, 1939-1945.","Certificates","Correspondence","Photographs","28 items","Collection is open to all researchers.","Collection has been arranged into three series: Series I: Correspondence, Series II: Military Papers, and Series III: Photographs. Correspondence has been arranged chronologically.","Lina Nancy Potter (1901-1975) of Narragansett, Rhode Island, enlisted in the United States Armed Forces in 1942 and served as a 2nd Lt. A.N.C. nurse in a military hospital in India from 1943-1945. Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: \u003ca href=\"http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Lina Nancy Potter\"\u003ehttp://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Lina Nancy Potter\u003c/a\u003e.","Processed by Zachary R. Jones in 2007.","Correspondence, photographs, and military papers concerning the World War II service of 2nd Lt. A.N.C. Lina Nancy Potter (1901-1975) of Narragansett, Rhode Island. Potter enlisted in the United States Armed Forces in 1942 and served as a nurse in a military hospital in India from 1943-1945. This collection consists of 23 letters of her outgoing wartime correspondence to family (her Aunt Harriet E. Weaver and Uncle Charles Weaver of Rhode Island) in the United States, her military papers, and three wartime photographs of Potter and her fellow nurses. Potter's correspondence is of special interest because Potter was allowed to censor her own letters (perhaps because she was an officer) before they were sent to the United States. Thus, Potter's correspondence contains a log of wartime conditions at a hospital near Burma, India. Her letters discuss poor food and housing conditions, status of her work in India, the war in India and China, and aspects relative to women's history during the Second World War.","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Correspondence, photographs, and military papers concerning the World War II service of 2nd Lt. A.N.C. Lina Nancy Potter (1901-1975) of Narragansett, Rhode Island. Potter enlisted in the United States Armed Forces in 1942 and served as a nurse in a military hospital in India from 1943-1945. This collection consists of 23 letters of her outgoing wartime correspondence to family (her Aunt Harriet E. Weaver and Uncle Charles Weaver of Rhode Island) in the United States, her military papers, and three wartime photographs of Potter and her fellow nurses. Potter's correspondence is of special interest because Potter was allowed to censor her own letters (perhaps because she was an officer) before they were sent to the United States. Thus, Potter's correspondence contains a log of wartime conditions at a hospital near Burma, India. Her letters discuss poor food and housing conditions, status of her work in India, the war in India and China, and aspects relative to women's history during the Second World War.","Special Collections Research Center","Potter, Lina Nancy, 1907-1975","\n\t  The papers are in:\n English"],"unitid_tesim":["01/Mss. Acc. 2007.55"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Title:: Lina Nancy Potter Papers\t1942-1945"],"collection_title_tesim":["Title:: Lina Nancy Potter Papers\t1942-1945"],"collection_ssim":["Title:: Lina Nancy Potter Papers\t1942-1945"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"creator_ssm":["Potter, Lina Nancy, 1907-1975 \narrangement\n\t"],"creator_ssim":["Potter, Lina Nancy, 1907-1975 \narrangement\n\t"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Potter, Lina Nancy, 1907-1975"],"creators_ssim":["Potter, Lina Nancy, 1907-1975"],"acqinfo_ssim":["The materials were acquired by Special Collections Research Center from ebay.com on 04/22/2007."],"access_subjects_ssim":["India--History--20th century.","Medicine, Military--India.","United States--Women--History","World War, 1939-1945--Medical and sanitary affairs.","World War, 1939-1945--Pacific Area","World War, 1939-1945.","Certificates","Correspondence","Photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["India--History--20th century.","Medicine, Military--India.","United States--Women--History","World War, 1939-1945--Medical and sanitary affairs.","World War, 1939-1945--Pacific Area","World War, 1939-1945.","Certificates","Correspondence","Photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["28 items"],"extent_ssm":["0.20"],"extent_tesim":["0.20"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection has been arranged into three series: Series I: Correspondence, Series II: Military Papers, and Series III: Photographs. Correspondence has been arranged chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement of Materials"],"arrangement_tesim":["Collection has been arranged into three series: Series I: Correspondence, Series II: Military Papers, and Series III: Photographs. Correspondence has been arranged chronologically."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLina Nancy Potter (1901-1975) of Narragansett, Rhode Island, enlisted in the United States Armed Forces in 1942 and served as a 2nd Lt. A.N.C. nurse in a military hospital in India from 1943-1945. Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: \u0026lt;a href=\"http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Lina Nancy Potter\"\u0026gt;http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Lina Nancy Potter\u0026lt;/a\u0026gt;.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Lina Nancy Potter (1901-1975) of Narragansett, Rhode Island, enlisted in the United States Armed Forces in 1942 and served as a 2nd Lt. A.N.C. nurse in a military hospital in India from 1943-1945. Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: \u003ca href=\"http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Lina Nancy Potter\"\u003ehttp://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Lina Nancy Potter\u003c/a\u003e."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLina Nancy Potter WWII Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Lina Nancy Potter WWII Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessed by Zachary R. Jones in 2007.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processed by Zachary R. Jones in 2007."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, photographs, and military papers concerning the World War II service of 2nd Lt. A.N.C. Lina Nancy Potter (1901-1975) of Narragansett, Rhode Island. Potter enlisted in the United States Armed Forces in 1942 and served as a nurse in a military hospital in India from 1943-1945. This collection consists of 23 letters of her outgoing wartime correspondence to family (her Aunt Harriet E. Weaver and Uncle Charles Weaver of Rhode Island) in the United States, her military papers, and three wartime photographs of Potter and her fellow nurses. Potter's correspondence is of special interest because Potter was allowed to censor her own letters (perhaps because she was an officer) before they were sent to the United States. Thus, Potter's correspondence contains a log of wartime conditions at a hospital near Burma, India. Her letters discuss poor food and housing conditions, status of her work in India, the war in India and China, and aspects relative to women's history during the Second World War.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Correspondence, photographs, and military papers concerning the World War II service of 2nd Lt. A.N.C. Lina Nancy Potter (1901-1975) of Narragansett, Rhode Island. Potter enlisted in the United States Armed Forces in 1942 and served as a nurse in a military hospital in India from 1943-1945. This collection consists of 23 letters of her outgoing wartime correspondence to family (her Aunt Harriet E. Weaver and Uncle Charles Weaver of Rhode Island) in the United States, her military papers, and three wartime photographs of Potter and her fellow nurses. Potter's correspondence is of special interest because Potter was allowed to censor her own letters (perhaps because she was an officer) before they were sent to the United States. Thus, Potter's correspondence contains a log of wartime conditions at a hospital near Burma, India. Her letters discuss poor food and housing conditions, status of her work in India, the war in India and China, and aspects relative to women's history during the Second World War."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract encodinganalog=\"520$a\" label=\"Abstract:\"\u003eCorrespondence, photographs, and military papers concerning the World War II service of 2nd Lt. A.N.C. Lina Nancy Potter (1901-1975) of Narragansett, Rhode Island. Potter enlisted in the United States Armed Forces in 1942 and served as a nurse in a military hospital in India from 1943-1945. This collection consists of 23 letters of her outgoing wartime correspondence to family (her Aunt Harriet E. Weaver and Uncle Charles Weaver of Rhode Island) in the United States, her military papers, and three wartime photographs of Potter and her fellow nurses. Potter's correspondence is of special interest because Potter was allowed to censor her own letters (perhaps because she was an officer) before they were sent to the United States. Thus, Potter's correspondence contains a log of wartime conditions at a hospital near Burma, India. Her letters discuss poor food and housing conditions, status of her work in India, the war in India and China, and aspects relative to women's history during the Second World War.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Correspondence, photographs, and military papers concerning the World War II service of 2nd Lt. A.N.C. Lina Nancy Potter (1901-1975) of Narragansett, Rhode Island. Potter enlisted in the United States Armed Forces in 1942 and served as a nurse in a military hospital in India from 1943-1945. This collection consists of 23 letters of her outgoing wartime correspondence to family (her Aunt Harriet E. Weaver and Uncle Charles Weaver of Rhode Island) in the United States, her military papers, and three wartime photographs of Potter and her fellow nurses. Potter's correspondence is of special interest because Potter was allowed to censor her own letters (perhaps because she was an officer) before they were sent to the United States. Thus, Potter's correspondence contains a log of wartime conditions at a hospital near Burma, India. Her letters discuss poor food and housing conditions, status of her work in India, the war in India and China, and aspects relative to women's history during the Second World War."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Potter, Lina Nancy, 1907-1975"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"persname_ssim":["Potter, Lina Nancy, 1907-1975"],"language_ssim":["\n\t  The papers are in:\n English"],"total_component_count_is":11,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T15:03:58.810Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_viw00276"}},{"id":"viw_viw00168","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Title:: Linda Carol Friend Adams Papers\t1998-20082000-2008","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_viw00168#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Adams, Linda Friend, 1943-2008 \narrangement\n\t","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_viw00168#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"The collection includes the genealogical research of Linda Carol Friend Adams. It contains a number of state and county records, family documents, biographical information, emails, message board posts, research notes, and photographs that concern Adams' family history. ","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_viw00168#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viw_viw00168","ead_ssi":"viw_viw00168","_root_":"viw_viw00168","_nest_parent_":"viw_viw00168","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/wm/viw00168.xml","title_ssm":["Title:: Linda Carol Friend Adams Papers\t1998-20082000-2008"],"title_tesim":["Title:: Linda Carol Friend Adams Papers\t1998-20082000-2008"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["01/Mss abcxyz"],"text":["01/Mss abcxyz","Title:: Linda Carol Friend Adams Papers\t1998-20082000-2008","United States--History--Revolution, 1775-1783.","Correspondence","Genealogies","Photocopies","Photographs","Collection is open to all researchers.","The collection is organized into the following series and sub series: Series 1: Genealogy of Linda Carol Friend Adams, 1965-2008; Sub-series 1: Lineage of Carol Friend Adams, 2006; Sub-series 2: Genealogical Reserach, 1999-2008; Sub-series 3: Supplemental Materials, 1965-2008; Series 2: Genealogical and Historical Organizations, 1973-2008; Sub-series 1: Miscellaneous Historical Organizations, 1973-2008; Sub-series 2: United Daughters of the Confederacy, 2005-2008; Sub-series 3: National Society of the United States Daughters of 1812, 2006-2008; Sub-series 4: Descendants of Washington's Army at Valley Forge, 2002-2008; Sub-series 5: National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution, 1999-2008.","Linda Carol Friend Adams was born on March 26, 1943 in Charlestown, West Virginia.  She grew up in the towns of Ivydale and Clay, also in West Virginia, before moving to Williamsburg  in 1960 to be closer to family.  Adams worked as a secretary at the Williamsburg Methodist Church  for six years.  She also became a part-time student at the College of William and Mary, graduating with a B.A. in English in 1973.  In October of 1966, she took the position of Secretary to the Curator of Manuscripts and Receptionist for Special Collections at Swem Library.  She married Raymond Alexander Adams, Jr. in August of 1977.\n","Adams held several positions during her tenure at Swem Library, including Secretary to the Head Librarian, Head of the Reserve Room, and Coordinator of Circulation Services.  She retired in 1998, after 32 years of service.\n","After retiring, Adams extensively researched her family's genealogy.  She became involved with a number of historical organizations.  She joined the Williamsburg chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution, and served as Recording Secretary for one year and Chapter Registrar for four.  Adams also became a member of the Descendants of Washington's Army at Valley Forge, the National Society of United States Daughters of 1812, and the United Daughters of the Confederacy. \n","Linda Friend Adams died on September 6, 2008 in Williamsburg at the age of 65.","The collection includes the genealogical research of Linda Carol Friend Adams.  It contains a number of state and county records, family documents, biographical information, emails, message board posts, research notes, and photographs that concern Adams' family history.  \n","The majority of Adams' ancestors were located in Virginia and West Virginia.  The information included here pertains to the following families (not a complete list): Adams, Allen, Barnett, Blake, Brasfield, Brock, Burns, Chapman, Cutlip, Dawson,  Drake, Friend, Henley, Hill, Long, Mayo, Mosby, McClure, McCune, O'Brian, Parke, Riddle, Rogers, Rose, Semple, Sheetz, Skidmore, Smith, Stevenson, Watson, Williams, Wilson.","This series contains documents, images, correspondence, and research concerning Linda Adams' genealogy.  Most of the information is organized and compiled into a set of 10 three-ring binders.  Additional binders and folders contain further information on her lineage, as well as her research notes.","This sub-series consists of a set of 10 three-ring binders composed and organized by Linda Adams.  Beginning with an Ahnentafel Ancestry Chart, Adams traces her lineage back through 13 generations.  Documents include birth and death certificates, marriage licenses, county and military records, census data, biographical information, and photographs.  The information included pertains to the following families (not a complete list): Adams, Allen, Barnett, Blake, Brasfield, Brock, Burns, Chapman, Cutlip, Dawson,  Drake, Friend, Henley, Hill, Long, Mayo, Mosby, McClure, McCune, O'Brian, Parke, Riddle, Rogers, Rose, Semple, Sheetz, Skidmore, Smith, Stevenson, Watson, Williams, Wilson.","This box contains the first five volumes of Linda Adams' genealogy project.","This box contains the second half of Linda Adams' genealogy project.","This sub-series consists of supplemental genealogical infomation collected by Linda Adams.  The range of documents include birth and death certificates, marriage licenses, county and military records, census data, biographical information, and photographs, as well as extensive research notes.   The information included pertains to the following families (not a complete list): Adams, Allen, Barnett, Blake, Brasfield, Brock, Burns, Chapman, Cutlip, Dawson,  Drake, Friend, Henley, Hill, Long, Mayo, Mosby, McClure, McCune, O'Brian, Parke, Riddle, Rogers, Rose, Semple, Sheetz, Skidmore, Smith, Stevenson, Watson, Williams, Wilson.   There has been an attempt to maintain Adams' organization of these folders and documents as much as possible.","Grey three-ring binder organized by Linda Carol Adams.  Includes research, documents, correspondence, and images concerning the Allen, Drake, Hill, Parke, Riddle, and Smith families.","Black three-ring binder composed and organized by Linda Adams.  Includes research, documents, correspondence, and images pertaining to the Dawson, Rose, and McCune families.","Black three-ring binder composed and organized by Linda Adams.  Includes  research, documents, correspondence, and images concerning the Long, Burkett, Etris, and Whitmore families.","Blue three-ring binder composed and organized by Linda Adams.  Includes  research, documents, correspondence, and images relating to the McCune, Rose, and O'Brian families.","Grey three-ring binder composed and organized by Linda Adams.  Includes  research, documents, correspondence, and images relating to the Williams and Jones families.","Research documents and correspondence compiled by Linda Adams on the Dawson, Mosby, Sheetz, and Barnett families.","Research documents and correspondence compiled by Linda Adams on the Williams and Burns families.","A collection of printed emails between Linda Adams and others concerning a DNA test among geneaologists to prove relationship to the Williams family line.","Research documents and correspondence compiled by Linda Adams on the Brock, Brasfield, and Adams families.","Information and results concerning a DNA test taken by Raymond A. Adams, Linda Adams' husband.","Research documents and correspondence compiled by Linda Adams on the Long and Sheetz families.","Research documents and correspondence compiled by Linda Adams on James Smith of Virginia.","Research documents and correspondence compiled by Linda Adams on the Friend, Blake, Davis, Hill, Smith, Skidmore, McClure, and Cutlip families.","Research documents and correspondence compiled by Linda Adams on the Mayo and Henley families.","This folder contains correspondence and documents exchanged with or connected to Rev. Albert Elswick, a distant cousin of Linda Adams.  Information is included on the following families (not a complete list): Semple, Wilson, Watson, and Stevenson.","This folder contains the contents of an envelope sent to Linda Adams from Rev. Albert Elswick.  Includes information on the Semple and Wilson families from Pennsylvania, as well as a photograph labeled \"Jeremiah Butler's 'tooth puller.'\"","This folder contains the contents of an envelope sent to Linda Adams from Rev. Albert Elswick.  Includes information on the Semple and Stevenson families of Pennsylvania, as well as photographs of a cemetary.","This folder contains information and notes on various families that were not organized within the rest of the collection.","This folder contains a variety of Linda Adams' genealogy research notes.","Black three-ring binder composed and organized by Linda Adams.  Includes  research, documents, correspondence, and images relating to the Friend, Frame, and Harris families.","Blue file composed and organized by Linda Adams.  Includes printed emails, message board posts, and library catalog search results pertaining to research on the Drake, Hill, Smith, and Allen families.","This sub-series includes the various correspondence of Linda Adams, the majority of which consists of printed emails and message board posts with other genealogists.  Photographs of gravestones and historical markers connected to Adams' research are also included.","This folder contains a variety of letters, printed emails, and copies of message board postings relating to Linda Adams interest and research in genealogy.","This folder contains negatives and photographs included with Linda Adams' genealogy research.  Includes photos of gravestones and Fort Donnally.","Contains photocopied excerpts of documents relating to the history of Augusta and Greenbrier Counties in West Virginia.","This folder contains information concerning Linda Adams' research of Ritchie County, West Virginia.","Copied exceprts of the \"Virginia Revolutionary Publick Claims,\" vol. 3 by Janice L. Abercrombie an Richard Slatten.","Exceprts of \"Hampshire County Minute Book Abstracts\" compiled by Vicki Bidinger Horton.","This series contains materials relating to Linda Adams' involvement in a variety of genealogical and historical societies.  Included are files concerning her membership in the United Daughters of the Confederacy, National Society of United States Daughters of 1812, Descendants of Washington's Army at Valley Forge, and the Daughters of the American Revolution.","This sub-series contains information and publications on a variety of historical societies that Linda Adams was a member of or used in her research.","Contains newsletters and journals from the Greenbrier Historical Society of West Virginia.","This sub-series includes information relating to Linda Adams' membership in the United Daughters of the Confederacy.  Her qualifying ancestors are listed as Oliver M. McButler and Richard Williams.","This folder contains application and membership  information, promotional materials, research and correspondence relating to Linda Adams' association with the Daughters of the Confederacy.  Her qualifying ancestor is listed as Oliver M. McButler of Virginia.","Contains research information and documents concerning Linda Adams' ancestor Richard Williams in realtion to her membership in the Daughters of the Confederacy.","This subseries includes information relating to Linda Adams' association with the United States Daughters of 1812.  Her qualifying ancestor is listed as Andrew Skidmore from Virginia.","Contains membership application, genealogical research, newsletters, and correspondence relating to Linda Adams' association with the United States Daughters of 1812.  Her qualifying ancestor is listed as Andrew Skidmore from Virginia.","This sub-series includes information on Linda Adams' membership with the Descendants of Washington's Army at Valley Forge.  Her qualifying ancestor is listed as John McCollum.","Contains application information, correspondence, newsletters, and reserach infomation on Linda Adams' association with the Descendants of Valley Forge.  Her qualifying ancestor is listed as John McCollum from Virginia.","This sub-series includes a range of documents relating to Linda Adams' involvement in the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR).  There has been an attempt to maintain as much of her organization of these folders and documents as possible.","This folder contains correspondence, chapter information, and news clippings concerning Linda Adams' role as a member of the Williamsburg chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution.","Contains research information on Issac Rose, one of Linda Adams' qualifying ancestors for the DAR.","Contains research information on John McCollum, one of Linda Adams qualifying ancestors in the DAR.","Contains research information on Arthur McClure, one of Linda Adams' qualifying ancestors in the DAR.","Contains research information on Jacob Sheetz, one of Linda Adams' qualifying ancestors in the DAR.","Contains research information and other DAR applications in realtion to John Dawson, one of Linda Adams' qualifying ancestors in the DAR.","Contains research information on Jacob Chapman, one of Linda Adams' qualifying ancestors in the DAR.","This folder contains miscellaneous reserach information and documents collected by Linda Adams on four of her qualifying ancestors in the DAR: Maria Magdalena Eschmann Hinkle, John Justus Hinkle, Sr., Agnes Caldwell Skidmore, John Skidmore, and Jacob Chapman.","Contains correspondence and research into the Virginians who fought during the American Revolution.","Contains a membership application and research information from Oma Henricks Mills.  She and Linda Adams both claim George Drake as a qualifying ancestor in the DAR.","Contains the membership application for Harriet Doughman Rosentahl.  She and Linda Adams both claim John Justus Henckel/Hinckel as a qualifying ancestor in the DAR.","Contains membership application and research information for Kathleen Curren Wasem.  She and Linda Adams both claim Joshua B. Allen as a qualifying ancestor in the DAR.","This red binder contains research, correspondence, and membership records relating to three of Linda Adams' qualifying ancestors in the DAR: Aaron Smith, George Drake, and Joshua B. Allen.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","The collection includes the genealogical research of Linda Carol Friend Adams.  It contains a number of state and county records, family documents, biographical information, emails, message board posts, research notes, and photographs that concern Adams' family history.  \n","Special Collections Research Center","College of William and Mary--Swem Library","Adams, Linda Friend, 1943-2008","\n\t  The papers are in:\n English"],"unitid_tesim":["01/Mss abcxyz"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Title:: Linda Carol Friend Adams Papers\t1998-20082000-2008"],"collection_title_tesim":["Title:: Linda Carol Friend Adams Papers\t1998-20082000-2008"],"collection_ssim":["Title:: Linda Carol Friend Adams Papers\t1998-20082000-2008"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"creator_ssm":["Adams, Linda Friend, 1943-2008 \narrangement\n\t"],"creator_ssim":["Adams, Linda Friend, 1943-2008 \narrangement\n\t"],"creator_famname_ssim":["Adams, Linda Friend, 1943-2008"],"creators_ssim":["Adams, Linda Friend, 1943-2008"],"access_subjects_ssim":["United States--History--Revolution, 1775-1783.","Correspondence","Genealogies","Photocopies","Photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["United States--History--Revolution, 1775-1783.","Correspondence","Genealogies","Photocopies","Photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["5.00"],"extent_tesim":["5.00"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is organized into the following series and sub series: Series 1: Genealogy of Linda Carol Friend Adams, 1965-2008; Sub-series 1: Lineage of Carol Friend Adams, 2006; Sub-series 2: Genealogical Reserach, 1999-2008; Sub-series 3: Supplemental Materials, 1965-2008; Series 2: Genealogical and Historical Organizations, 1973-2008; Sub-series 1: Miscellaneous Historical Organizations, 1973-2008; Sub-series 2: United Daughters of the Confederacy, 2005-2008; Sub-series 3: National Society of the United States Daughters of 1812, 2006-2008; Sub-series 4: Descendants of Washington's Army at Valley Forge, 2002-2008; Sub-series 5: National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution, 1999-2008.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement of Materials"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is organized into the following series and sub series: Series 1: Genealogy of Linda Carol Friend Adams, 1965-2008; Sub-series 1: Lineage of Carol Friend Adams, 2006; Sub-series 2: Genealogical Reserach, 1999-2008; Sub-series 3: Supplemental Materials, 1965-2008; Series 2: Genealogical and Historical Organizations, 1973-2008; Sub-series 1: Miscellaneous Historical Organizations, 1973-2008; Sub-series 2: United Daughters of the Confederacy, 2005-2008; Sub-series 3: National Society of the United States Daughters of 1812, 2006-2008; Sub-series 4: Descendants of Washington's Army at Valley Forge, 2002-2008; Sub-series 5: National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution, 1999-2008."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLinda Carol Friend Adams was born on March 26, 1943 in Charlestown, West Virginia.  She grew up in the towns of Ivydale and Clay, also in West Virginia, before moving to Williamsburg  in 1960 to be closer to family.  Adams worked as a secretary at the Williamsburg Methodist Church  for six years.  She also became a part-time student at the College of William and Mary, graduating with a B.A. in English in 1973.  In October of 1966, she took the position of Secretary to the Curator of Manuscripts and Receptionist for Special Collections at Swem Library.  She married Raymond Alexander Adams, Jr. in August of 1977.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdams held several positions during her tenure at Swem Library, including Secretary to the Head Librarian, Head of the Reserve Room, and Coordinator of Circulation Services.  She retired in 1998, after 32 years of service.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter retiring, Adams extensively researched her family's genealogy.  She became involved with a number of historical organizations.  She joined the Williamsburg chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution, and served as Recording Secretary for one year and Chapter Registrar for four.  Adams also became a member of the Descendants of Washington's Army at Valley Forge, the National Society of United States Daughters of 1812, and the United Daughters of the Confederacy. \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLinda Friend Adams died on September 6, 2008 in Williamsburg at the age of 65.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Linda Carol Friend Adams was born on March 26, 1943 in Charlestown, West Virginia.  She grew up in the towns of Ivydale and Clay, also in West Virginia, before moving to Williamsburg  in 1960 to be closer to family.  Adams worked as a secretary at the Williamsburg Methodist Church  for six years.  She also became a part-time student at the College of William and Mary, graduating with a B.A. in English in 1973.  In October of 1966, she took the position of Secretary to the Curator of Manuscripts and Receptionist for Special Collections at Swem Library.  She married Raymond Alexander Adams, Jr. in August of 1977.\n","Adams held several positions during her tenure at Swem Library, including Secretary to the Head Librarian, Head of the Reserve Room, and Coordinator of Circulation Services.  She retired in 1998, after 32 years of service.\n","After retiring, Adams extensively researched her family's genealogy.  She became involved with a number of historical organizations.  She joined the Williamsburg chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution, and served as Recording Secretary for one year and Chapter Registrar for four.  Adams also became a member of the Descendants of Washington's Army at Valley Forge, the National Society of United States Daughters of 1812, and the United Daughters of the Confederacy. \n","Linda Friend Adams died on September 6, 2008 in Williamsburg at the age of 65."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLinda Carol Friend Adams Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Linda Carol Friend Adams Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection includes the genealogical research of Linda Carol Friend Adams.  It contains a number of state and county records, family documents, biographical information, emails, message board posts, research notes, and photographs that concern Adams' family history.  \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe majority of Adams' ancestors were located in Virginia and West Virginia.  The information included here pertains to the following families (not a complete list): Adams, Allen, Barnett, Blake, Brasfield, Brock, Burns, Chapman, Cutlip, Dawson,  Drake, Friend, Henley, Hill, Long, Mayo, Mosby, McClure, McCune, O'Brian, Parke, Riddle, Rogers, Rose, Semple, Sheetz, Skidmore, Smith, Stevenson, Watson, Williams, Wilson.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series contains documents, images, correspondence, and research concerning Linda Adams' genealogy.  Most of the information is organized and compiled into a set of 10 three-ring binders.  Additional binders and folders contain further information on her lineage, as well as her research notes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis sub-series consists of a set of 10 three-ring binders composed and organized by Linda Adams.  Beginning with an Ahnentafel Ancestry Chart, Adams traces her lineage back through 13 generations.  Documents include birth and death certificates, marriage licenses, county and military records, census data, biographical information, and photographs.  The information included pertains to the following families (not a complete list): Adams, Allen, Barnett, Blake, Brasfield, Brock, Burns, Chapman, Cutlip, Dawson,  Drake, Friend, Henley, Hill, Long, Mayo, Mosby, McClure, McCune, O'Brian, Parke, Riddle, Rogers, Rose, Semple, Sheetz, Skidmore, Smith, Stevenson, Watson, Williams, Wilson.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis box contains the first five volumes of Linda Adams' genealogy project.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis box contains the second half of Linda Adams' genealogy project.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis sub-series consists of supplemental genealogical infomation collected by Linda Adams.  The range of documents include birth and death certificates, marriage licenses, county and military records, census data, biographical information, and photographs, as well as extensive research notes.   The information included pertains to the following families (not a complete list): Adams, Allen, Barnett, Blake, Brasfield, Brock, Burns, Chapman, Cutlip, Dawson,  Drake, Friend, Henley, Hill, Long, Mayo, Mosby, McClure, McCune, O'Brian, Parke, Riddle, Rogers, Rose, Semple, Sheetz, Skidmore, Smith, Stevenson, Watson, Williams, Wilson.   There has been an attempt to maintain Adams' organization of these folders and documents as much as possible.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGrey three-ring binder organized by Linda Carol Adams.  Includes research, documents, correspondence, and images concerning the Allen, Drake, Hill, Parke, Riddle, and Smith families.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBlack three-ring binder composed and organized by Linda Adams.  Includes research, documents, correspondence, and images pertaining to the Dawson, Rose, and McCune families.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBlack three-ring binder composed and organized by Linda Adams.  Includes  research, documents, correspondence, and images concerning the Long, Burkett, Etris, and Whitmore families.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBlue three-ring binder composed and organized by Linda Adams.  Includes  research, documents, correspondence, and images relating to the McCune, Rose, and O'Brian families.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGrey three-ring binder composed and organized by Linda Adams.  Includes  research, documents, correspondence, and images relating to the Williams and Jones families.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eResearch documents and correspondence compiled by Linda Adams on the Dawson, Mosby, Sheetz, and Barnett families.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eResearch documents and correspondence compiled by Linda Adams on the Williams and Burns families.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA collection of printed emails between Linda Adams and others concerning a DNA test among geneaologists to prove relationship to the Williams family line.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eResearch documents and correspondence compiled by Linda Adams on the Brock, Brasfield, and Adams families.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eInformation and results concerning a DNA test taken by Raymond A. Adams, Linda Adams' husband.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eResearch documents and correspondence compiled by Linda Adams on the Long and Sheetz families.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eResearch documents and correspondence compiled by Linda Adams on James Smith of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eResearch documents and correspondence compiled by Linda Adams on the Friend, Blake, Davis, Hill, Smith, Skidmore, McClure, and Cutlip families.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eResearch documents and correspondence compiled by Linda Adams on the Mayo and Henley families.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains correspondence and documents exchanged with or connected to Rev. Albert Elswick, a distant cousin of Linda Adams.  Information is included on the following families (not a complete list): Semple, Wilson, Watson, and Stevenson.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains the contents of an envelope sent to Linda Adams from Rev. Albert Elswick.  Includes information on the Semple and Wilson families from Pennsylvania, as well as a photograph labeled \"Jeremiah Butler's 'tooth puller.'\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains the contents of an envelope sent to Linda Adams from Rev. Albert Elswick.  Includes information on the Semple and Stevenson families of Pennsylvania, as well as photographs of a cemetary.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains information and notes on various families that were not organized within the rest of the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains a variety of Linda Adams' genealogy research notes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBlack three-ring binder composed and organized by Linda Adams.  Includes  research, documents, correspondence, and images relating to the Friend, Frame, and Harris families.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBlue file composed and organized by Linda Adams.  Includes printed emails, message board posts, and library catalog search results pertaining to research on the Drake, Hill, Smith, and Allen families.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis sub-series includes the various correspondence of Linda Adams, the majority of which consists of printed emails and message board posts with other genealogists.  Photographs of gravestones and historical markers connected to Adams' research are also included.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains a variety of letters, printed emails, and copies of message board postings relating to Linda Adams interest and research in genealogy.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains negatives and photographs included with Linda Adams' genealogy research.  Includes photos of gravestones and Fort Donnally.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains photocopied excerpts of documents relating to the history of Augusta and Greenbrier Counties in West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains information concerning Linda Adams' research of Ritchie County, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCopied exceprts of the \"Virginia Revolutionary Publick Claims,\" vol. 3 by Janice L. Abercrombie an Richard Slatten.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eExceprts of \"Hampshire County Minute Book Abstracts\" compiled by Vicki Bidinger Horton.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series contains materials relating to Linda Adams' involvement in a variety of genealogical and historical societies.  Included are files concerning her membership in the United Daughters of the Confederacy, National Society of United States Daughters of 1812, Descendants of Washington's Army at Valley Forge, and the Daughters of the American Revolution.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis sub-series contains information and publications on a variety of historical societies that Linda Adams was a member of or used in her research.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains newsletters and journals from the Greenbrier Historical Society of West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis sub-series includes information relating to Linda Adams' membership in the United Daughters of the Confederacy.  Her qualifying ancestors are listed as Oliver M. McButler and Richard Williams.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains application and membership  information, promotional materials, research and correspondence relating to Linda Adams' association with the Daughters of the Confederacy.  Her qualifying ancestor is listed as Oliver M. McButler of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains research information and documents concerning Linda Adams' ancestor Richard Williams in realtion to her membership in the Daughters of the Confederacy.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis subseries includes information relating to Linda Adams' association with the United States Daughters of 1812.  Her qualifying ancestor is listed as Andrew Skidmore from Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains membership application, genealogical research, newsletters, and correspondence relating to Linda Adams' association with the United States Daughters of 1812.  Her qualifying ancestor is listed as Andrew Skidmore from Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis sub-series includes information on Linda Adams' membership with the Descendants of Washington's Army at Valley Forge.  Her qualifying ancestor is listed as John McCollum.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains application information, correspondence, newsletters, and reserach infomation on Linda Adams' association with the Descendants of Valley Forge.  Her qualifying ancestor is listed as John McCollum from Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis sub-series includes a range of documents relating to Linda Adams' involvement in the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR).  There has been an attempt to maintain as much of her organization of these folders and documents as possible.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains correspondence, chapter information, and news clippings concerning Linda Adams' role as a member of the Williamsburg chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains research information on Issac Rose, one of Linda Adams' qualifying ancestors for the DAR.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains research information on John McCollum, one of Linda Adams qualifying ancestors in the DAR.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains research information on Arthur McClure, one of Linda Adams' qualifying ancestors in the DAR.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains research information on Jacob Sheetz, one of Linda Adams' qualifying ancestors in the DAR.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains research information and other DAR applications in realtion to John Dawson, one of Linda Adams' qualifying ancestors in the DAR.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains research information on Jacob Chapman, one of Linda Adams' qualifying ancestors in the DAR.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains miscellaneous reserach information and documents collected by Linda Adams on four of her qualifying ancestors in the DAR: Maria Magdalena Eschmann Hinkle, John Justus Hinkle, Sr., Agnes Caldwell Skidmore, John Skidmore, and Jacob Chapman.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains correspondence and research into the Virginians who fought during the American Revolution.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains a membership application and research information from Oma Henricks Mills.  She and Linda Adams both claim George Drake as a qualifying ancestor in the DAR.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains the membership application for Harriet Doughman Rosentahl.  She and Linda Adams both claim John Justus Henckel/Hinckel as a qualifying ancestor in the DAR.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains membership application and research information for Kathleen Curren Wasem.  She and Linda Adams both claim Joshua B. Allen as a qualifying ancestor in the DAR.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis red binder contains research, correspondence, and membership records relating to three of Linda Adams' qualifying ancestors in the DAR: Aaron Smith, George Drake, and Joshua B. Allen.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection includes the genealogical research of Linda Carol Friend Adams.  It contains a number of state and county records, family documents, biographical information, emails, message board posts, research notes, and photographs that concern Adams' family history.  \n","The majority of Adams' ancestors were located in Virginia and West Virginia.  The information included here pertains to the following families (not a complete list): Adams, Allen, Barnett, Blake, Brasfield, Brock, Burns, Chapman, Cutlip, Dawson,  Drake, Friend, Henley, Hill, Long, Mayo, Mosby, McClure, McCune, O'Brian, Parke, Riddle, Rogers, Rose, Semple, Sheetz, Skidmore, Smith, Stevenson, Watson, Williams, Wilson.","This series contains documents, images, correspondence, and research concerning Linda Adams' genealogy.  Most of the information is organized and compiled into a set of 10 three-ring binders.  Additional binders and folders contain further information on her lineage, as well as her research notes.","This sub-series consists of a set of 10 three-ring binders composed and organized by Linda Adams.  Beginning with an Ahnentafel Ancestry Chart, Adams traces her lineage back through 13 generations.  Documents include birth and death certificates, marriage licenses, county and military records, census data, biographical information, and photographs.  The information included pertains to the following families (not a complete list): Adams, Allen, Barnett, Blake, Brasfield, Brock, Burns, Chapman, Cutlip, Dawson,  Drake, Friend, Henley, Hill, Long, Mayo, Mosby, McClure, McCune, O'Brian, Parke, Riddle, Rogers, Rose, Semple, Sheetz, Skidmore, Smith, Stevenson, Watson, Williams, Wilson.","This box contains the first five volumes of Linda Adams' genealogy project.","This box contains the second half of Linda Adams' genealogy project.","This sub-series consists of supplemental genealogical infomation collected by Linda Adams.  The range of documents include birth and death certificates, marriage licenses, county and military records, census data, biographical information, and photographs, as well as extensive research notes.   The information included pertains to the following families (not a complete list): Adams, Allen, Barnett, Blake, Brasfield, Brock, Burns, Chapman, Cutlip, Dawson,  Drake, Friend, Henley, Hill, Long, Mayo, Mosby, McClure, McCune, O'Brian, Parke, Riddle, Rogers, Rose, Semple, Sheetz, Skidmore, Smith, Stevenson, Watson, Williams, Wilson.   There has been an attempt to maintain Adams' organization of these folders and documents as much as possible.","Grey three-ring binder organized by Linda Carol Adams.  Includes research, documents, correspondence, and images concerning the Allen, Drake, Hill, Parke, Riddle, and Smith families.","Black three-ring binder composed and organized by Linda Adams.  Includes research, documents, correspondence, and images pertaining to the Dawson, Rose, and McCune families.","Black three-ring binder composed and organized by Linda Adams.  Includes  research, documents, correspondence, and images concerning the Long, Burkett, Etris, and Whitmore families.","Blue three-ring binder composed and organized by Linda Adams.  Includes  research, documents, correspondence, and images relating to the McCune, Rose, and O'Brian families.","Grey three-ring binder composed and organized by Linda Adams.  Includes  research, documents, correspondence, and images relating to the Williams and Jones families.","Research documents and correspondence compiled by Linda Adams on the Dawson, Mosby, Sheetz, and Barnett families.","Research documents and correspondence compiled by Linda Adams on the Williams and Burns families.","A collection of printed emails between Linda Adams and others concerning a DNA test among geneaologists to prove relationship to the Williams family line.","Research documents and correspondence compiled by Linda Adams on the Brock, Brasfield, and Adams families.","Information and results concerning a DNA test taken by Raymond A. Adams, Linda Adams' husband.","Research documents and correspondence compiled by Linda Adams on the Long and Sheetz families.","Research documents and correspondence compiled by Linda Adams on James Smith of Virginia.","Research documents and correspondence compiled by Linda Adams on the Friend, Blake, Davis, Hill, Smith, Skidmore, McClure, and Cutlip families.","Research documents and correspondence compiled by Linda Adams on the Mayo and Henley families.","This folder contains correspondence and documents exchanged with or connected to Rev. Albert Elswick, a distant cousin of Linda Adams.  Information is included on the following families (not a complete list): Semple, Wilson, Watson, and Stevenson.","This folder contains the contents of an envelope sent to Linda Adams from Rev. Albert Elswick.  Includes information on the Semple and Wilson families from Pennsylvania, as well as a photograph labeled \"Jeremiah Butler's 'tooth puller.'\"","This folder contains the contents of an envelope sent to Linda Adams from Rev. Albert Elswick.  Includes information on the Semple and Stevenson families of Pennsylvania, as well as photographs of a cemetary.","This folder contains information and notes on various families that were not organized within the rest of the collection.","This folder contains a variety of Linda Adams' genealogy research notes.","Black three-ring binder composed and organized by Linda Adams.  Includes  research, documents, correspondence, and images relating to the Friend, Frame, and Harris families.","Blue file composed and organized by Linda Adams.  Includes printed emails, message board posts, and library catalog search results pertaining to research on the Drake, Hill, Smith, and Allen families.","This sub-series includes the various correspondence of Linda Adams, the majority of which consists of printed emails and message board posts with other genealogists.  Photographs of gravestones and historical markers connected to Adams' research are also included.","This folder contains a variety of letters, printed emails, and copies of message board postings relating to Linda Adams interest and research in genealogy.","This folder contains negatives and photographs included with Linda Adams' genealogy research.  Includes photos of gravestones and Fort Donnally.","Contains photocopied excerpts of documents relating to the history of Augusta and Greenbrier Counties in West Virginia.","This folder contains information concerning Linda Adams' research of Ritchie County, West Virginia.","Copied exceprts of the \"Virginia Revolutionary Publick Claims,\" vol. 3 by Janice L. Abercrombie an Richard Slatten.","Exceprts of \"Hampshire County Minute Book Abstracts\" compiled by Vicki Bidinger Horton.","This series contains materials relating to Linda Adams' involvement in a variety of genealogical and historical societies.  Included are files concerning her membership in the United Daughters of the Confederacy, National Society of United States Daughters of 1812, Descendants of Washington's Army at Valley Forge, and the Daughters of the American Revolution.","This sub-series contains information and publications on a variety of historical societies that Linda Adams was a member of or used in her research.","Contains newsletters and journals from the Greenbrier Historical Society of West Virginia.","This sub-series includes information relating to Linda Adams' membership in the United Daughters of the Confederacy.  Her qualifying ancestors are listed as Oliver M. McButler and Richard Williams.","This folder contains application and membership  information, promotional materials, research and correspondence relating to Linda Adams' association with the Daughters of the Confederacy.  Her qualifying ancestor is listed as Oliver M. McButler of Virginia.","Contains research information and documents concerning Linda Adams' ancestor Richard Williams in realtion to her membership in the Daughters of the Confederacy.","This subseries includes information relating to Linda Adams' association with the United States Daughters of 1812.  Her qualifying ancestor is listed as Andrew Skidmore from Virginia.","Contains membership application, genealogical research, newsletters, and correspondence relating to Linda Adams' association with the United States Daughters of 1812.  Her qualifying ancestor is listed as Andrew Skidmore from Virginia.","This sub-series includes information on Linda Adams' membership with the Descendants of Washington's Army at Valley Forge.  Her qualifying ancestor is listed as John McCollum.","Contains application information, correspondence, newsletters, and reserach infomation on Linda Adams' association with the Descendants of Valley Forge.  Her qualifying ancestor is listed as John McCollum from Virginia.","This sub-series includes a range of documents relating to Linda Adams' involvement in the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR).  There has been an attempt to maintain as much of her organization of these folders and documents as possible.","This folder contains correspondence, chapter information, and news clippings concerning Linda Adams' role as a member of the Williamsburg chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution.","Contains research information on Issac Rose, one of Linda Adams' qualifying ancestors for the DAR.","Contains research information on John McCollum, one of Linda Adams qualifying ancestors in the DAR.","Contains research information on Arthur McClure, one of Linda Adams' qualifying ancestors in the DAR.","Contains research information on Jacob Sheetz, one of Linda Adams' qualifying ancestors in the DAR.","Contains research information and other DAR applications in realtion to John Dawson, one of Linda Adams' qualifying ancestors in the DAR.","Contains research information on Jacob Chapman, one of Linda Adams' qualifying ancestors in the DAR.","This folder contains miscellaneous reserach information and documents collected by Linda Adams on four of her qualifying ancestors in the DAR: Maria Magdalena Eschmann Hinkle, John Justus Hinkle, Sr., Agnes Caldwell Skidmore, John Skidmore, and Jacob Chapman.","Contains correspondence and research into the Virginians who fought during the American Revolution.","Contains a membership application and research information from Oma Henricks Mills.  She and Linda Adams both claim George Drake as a qualifying ancestor in the DAR.","Contains the membership application for Harriet Doughman Rosentahl.  She and Linda Adams both claim John Justus Henckel/Hinckel as a qualifying ancestor in the DAR.","Contains membership application and research information for Kathleen Curren Wasem.  She and Linda Adams both claim Joshua B. Allen as a qualifying ancestor in the DAR.","This red binder contains research, correspondence, and membership records relating to three of Linda Adams' qualifying ancestors in the DAR: Aaron Smith, George Drake, and Joshua B. Allen."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract encodinganalog=\"520$a\" label=\"Abstract:\"\u003eThe collection includes the genealogical research of Linda Carol Friend Adams.  It contains a number of state and county records, family documents, biographical information, emails, message board posts, research notes, and photographs that concern Adams' family history.  \n\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The collection includes the genealogical research of Linda Carol Friend Adams.  It contains a number of state and county records, family documents, biographical information, emails, message board posts, research notes, and photographs that concern Adams' family history.  \n"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","College of William and Mary--Swem Library","Adams, Linda Friend, 1943-2008"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","College of William and Mary--Swem Library"],"famname_ssim":["Adams, Linda Friend, 1943-2008"],"language_ssim":["\n\t  The papers are in:\n English"],"total_component_count_is":68,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T15:04:09.071Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viw_viw00168","ead_ssi":"viw_viw00168","_root_":"viw_viw00168","_nest_parent_":"viw_viw00168","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/wm/viw00168.xml","title_ssm":["Title:: Linda Carol Friend Adams Papers\t1998-20082000-2008"],"title_tesim":["Title:: Linda Carol Friend Adams Papers\t1998-20082000-2008"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["01/Mss abcxyz"],"text":["01/Mss abcxyz","Title:: Linda Carol Friend Adams Papers\t1998-20082000-2008","United States--History--Revolution, 1775-1783.","Correspondence","Genealogies","Photocopies","Photographs","Collection is open to all researchers.","The collection is organized into the following series and sub series: Series 1: Genealogy of Linda Carol Friend Adams, 1965-2008; Sub-series 1: Lineage of Carol Friend Adams, 2006; Sub-series 2: Genealogical Reserach, 1999-2008; Sub-series 3: Supplemental Materials, 1965-2008; Series 2: Genealogical and Historical Organizations, 1973-2008; Sub-series 1: Miscellaneous Historical Organizations, 1973-2008; Sub-series 2: United Daughters of the Confederacy, 2005-2008; Sub-series 3: National Society of the United States Daughters of 1812, 2006-2008; Sub-series 4: Descendants of Washington's Army at Valley Forge, 2002-2008; Sub-series 5: National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution, 1999-2008.","Linda Carol Friend Adams was born on March 26, 1943 in Charlestown, West Virginia.  She grew up in the towns of Ivydale and Clay, also in West Virginia, before moving to Williamsburg  in 1960 to be closer to family.  Adams worked as a secretary at the Williamsburg Methodist Church  for six years.  She also became a part-time student at the College of William and Mary, graduating with a B.A. in English in 1973.  In October of 1966, she took the position of Secretary to the Curator of Manuscripts and Receptionist for Special Collections at Swem Library.  She married Raymond Alexander Adams, Jr. in August of 1977.\n","Adams held several positions during her tenure at Swem Library, including Secretary to the Head Librarian, Head of the Reserve Room, and Coordinator of Circulation Services.  She retired in 1998, after 32 years of service.\n","After retiring, Adams extensively researched her family's genealogy.  She became involved with a number of historical organizations.  She joined the Williamsburg chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution, and served as Recording Secretary for one year and Chapter Registrar for four.  Adams also became a member of the Descendants of Washington's Army at Valley Forge, the National Society of United States Daughters of 1812, and the United Daughters of the Confederacy. \n","Linda Friend Adams died on September 6, 2008 in Williamsburg at the age of 65.","The collection includes the genealogical research of Linda Carol Friend Adams.  It contains a number of state and county records, family documents, biographical information, emails, message board posts, research notes, and photographs that concern Adams' family history.  \n","The majority of Adams' ancestors were located in Virginia and West Virginia.  The information included here pertains to the following families (not a complete list): Adams, Allen, Barnett, Blake, Brasfield, Brock, Burns, Chapman, Cutlip, Dawson,  Drake, Friend, Henley, Hill, Long, Mayo, Mosby, McClure, McCune, O'Brian, Parke, Riddle, Rogers, Rose, Semple, Sheetz, Skidmore, Smith, Stevenson, Watson, Williams, Wilson.","This series contains documents, images, correspondence, and research concerning Linda Adams' genealogy.  Most of the information is organized and compiled into a set of 10 three-ring binders.  Additional binders and folders contain further information on her lineage, as well as her research notes.","This sub-series consists of a set of 10 three-ring binders composed and organized by Linda Adams.  Beginning with an Ahnentafel Ancestry Chart, Adams traces her lineage back through 13 generations.  Documents include birth and death certificates, marriage licenses, county and military records, census data, biographical information, and photographs.  The information included pertains to the following families (not a complete list): Adams, Allen, Barnett, Blake, Brasfield, Brock, Burns, Chapman, Cutlip, Dawson,  Drake, Friend, Henley, Hill, Long, Mayo, Mosby, McClure, McCune, O'Brian, Parke, Riddle, Rogers, Rose, Semple, Sheetz, Skidmore, Smith, Stevenson, Watson, Williams, Wilson.","This box contains the first five volumes of Linda Adams' genealogy project.","This box contains the second half of Linda Adams' genealogy project.","This sub-series consists of supplemental genealogical infomation collected by Linda Adams.  The range of documents include birth and death certificates, marriage licenses, county and military records, census data, biographical information, and photographs, as well as extensive research notes.   The information included pertains to the following families (not a complete list): Adams, Allen, Barnett, Blake, Brasfield, Brock, Burns, Chapman, Cutlip, Dawson,  Drake, Friend, Henley, Hill, Long, Mayo, Mosby, McClure, McCune, O'Brian, Parke, Riddle, Rogers, Rose, Semple, Sheetz, Skidmore, Smith, Stevenson, Watson, Williams, Wilson.   There has been an attempt to maintain Adams' organization of these folders and documents as much as possible.","Grey three-ring binder organized by Linda Carol Adams.  Includes research, documents, correspondence, and images concerning the Allen, Drake, Hill, Parke, Riddle, and Smith families.","Black three-ring binder composed and organized by Linda Adams.  Includes research, documents, correspondence, and images pertaining to the Dawson, Rose, and McCune families.","Black three-ring binder composed and organized by Linda Adams.  Includes  research, documents, correspondence, and images concerning the Long, Burkett, Etris, and Whitmore families.","Blue three-ring binder composed and organized by Linda Adams.  Includes  research, documents, correspondence, and images relating to the McCune, Rose, and O'Brian families.","Grey three-ring binder composed and organized by Linda Adams.  Includes  research, documents, correspondence, and images relating to the Williams and Jones families.","Research documents and correspondence compiled by Linda Adams on the Dawson, Mosby, Sheetz, and Barnett families.","Research documents and correspondence compiled by Linda Adams on the Williams and Burns families.","A collection of printed emails between Linda Adams and others concerning a DNA test among geneaologists to prove relationship to the Williams family line.","Research documents and correspondence compiled by Linda Adams on the Brock, Brasfield, and Adams families.","Information and results concerning a DNA test taken by Raymond A. Adams, Linda Adams' husband.","Research documents and correspondence compiled by Linda Adams on the Long and Sheetz families.","Research documents and correspondence compiled by Linda Adams on James Smith of Virginia.","Research documents and correspondence compiled by Linda Adams on the Friend, Blake, Davis, Hill, Smith, Skidmore, McClure, and Cutlip families.","Research documents and correspondence compiled by Linda Adams on the Mayo and Henley families.","This folder contains correspondence and documents exchanged with or connected to Rev. Albert Elswick, a distant cousin of Linda Adams.  Information is included on the following families (not a complete list): Semple, Wilson, Watson, and Stevenson.","This folder contains the contents of an envelope sent to Linda Adams from Rev. Albert Elswick.  Includes information on the Semple and Wilson families from Pennsylvania, as well as a photograph labeled \"Jeremiah Butler's 'tooth puller.'\"","This folder contains the contents of an envelope sent to Linda Adams from Rev. Albert Elswick.  Includes information on the Semple and Stevenson families of Pennsylvania, as well as photographs of a cemetary.","This folder contains information and notes on various families that were not organized within the rest of the collection.","This folder contains a variety of Linda Adams' genealogy research notes.","Black three-ring binder composed and organized by Linda Adams.  Includes  research, documents, correspondence, and images relating to the Friend, Frame, and Harris families.","Blue file composed and organized by Linda Adams.  Includes printed emails, message board posts, and library catalog search results pertaining to research on the Drake, Hill, Smith, and Allen families.","This sub-series includes the various correspondence of Linda Adams, the majority of which consists of printed emails and message board posts with other genealogists.  Photographs of gravestones and historical markers connected to Adams' research are also included.","This folder contains a variety of letters, printed emails, and copies of message board postings relating to Linda Adams interest and research in genealogy.","This folder contains negatives and photographs included with Linda Adams' genealogy research.  Includes photos of gravestones and Fort Donnally.","Contains photocopied excerpts of documents relating to the history of Augusta and Greenbrier Counties in West Virginia.","This folder contains information concerning Linda Adams' research of Ritchie County, West Virginia.","Copied exceprts of the \"Virginia Revolutionary Publick Claims,\" vol. 3 by Janice L. Abercrombie an Richard Slatten.","Exceprts of \"Hampshire County Minute Book Abstracts\" compiled by Vicki Bidinger Horton.","This series contains materials relating to Linda Adams' involvement in a variety of genealogical and historical societies.  Included are files concerning her membership in the United Daughters of the Confederacy, National Society of United States Daughters of 1812, Descendants of Washington's Army at Valley Forge, and the Daughters of the American Revolution.","This sub-series contains information and publications on a variety of historical societies that Linda Adams was a member of or used in her research.","Contains newsletters and journals from the Greenbrier Historical Society of West Virginia.","This sub-series includes information relating to Linda Adams' membership in the United Daughters of the Confederacy.  Her qualifying ancestors are listed as Oliver M. McButler and Richard Williams.","This folder contains application and membership  information, promotional materials, research and correspondence relating to Linda Adams' association with the Daughters of the Confederacy.  Her qualifying ancestor is listed as Oliver M. McButler of Virginia.","Contains research information and documents concerning Linda Adams' ancestor Richard Williams in realtion to her membership in the Daughters of the Confederacy.","This subseries includes information relating to Linda Adams' association with the United States Daughters of 1812.  Her qualifying ancestor is listed as Andrew Skidmore from Virginia.","Contains membership application, genealogical research, newsletters, and correspondence relating to Linda Adams' association with the United States Daughters of 1812.  Her qualifying ancestor is listed as Andrew Skidmore from Virginia.","This sub-series includes information on Linda Adams' membership with the Descendants of Washington's Army at Valley Forge.  Her qualifying ancestor is listed as John McCollum.","Contains application information, correspondence, newsletters, and reserach infomation on Linda Adams' association with the Descendants of Valley Forge.  Her qualifying ancestor is listed as John McCollum from Virginia.","This sub-series includes a range of documents relating to Linda Adams' involvement in the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR).  There has been an attempt to maintain as much of her organization of these folders and documents as possible.","This folder contains correspondence, chapter information, and news clippings concerning Linda Adams' role as a member of the Williamsburg chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution.","Contains research information on Issac Rose, one of Linda Adams' qualifying ancestors for the DAR.","Contains research information on John McCollum, one of Linda Adams qualifying ancestors in the DAR.","Contains research information on Arthur McClure, one of Linda Adams' qualifying ancestors in the DAR.","Contains research information on Jacob Sheetz, one of Linda Adams' qualifying ancestors in the DAR.","Contains research information and other DAR applications in realtion to John Dawson, one of Linda Adams' qualifying ancestors in the DAR.","Contains research information on Jacob Chapman, one of Linda Adams' qualifying ancestors in the DAR.","This folder contains miscellaneous reserach information and documents collected by Linda Adams on four of her qualifying ancestors in the DAR: Maria Magdalena Eschmann Hinkle, John Justus Hinkle, Sr., Agnes Caldwell Skidmore, John Skidmore, and Jacob Chapman.","Contains correspondence and research into the Virginians who fought during the American Revolution.","Contains a membership application and research information from Oma Henricks Mills.  She and Linda Adams both claim George Drake as a qualifying ancestor in the DAR.","Contains the membership application for Harriet Doughman Rosentahl.  She and Linda Adams both claim John Justus Henckel/Hinckel as a qualifying ancestor in the DAR.","Contains membership application and research information for Kathleen Curren Wasem.  She and Linda Adams both claim Joshua B. Allen as a qualifying ancestor in the DAR.","This red binder contains research, correspondence, and membership records relating to three of Linda Adams' qualifying ancestors in the DAR: Aaron Smith, George Drake, and Joshua B. Allen.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","The collection includes the genealogical research of Linda Carol Friend Adams.  It contains a number of state and county records, family documents, biographical information, emails, message board posts, research notes, and photographs that concern Adams' family history.  \n","Special Collections Research Center","College of William and Mary--Swem Library","Adams, Linda Friend, 1943-2008","\n\t  The papers are in:\n English"],"unitid_tesim":["01/Mss abcxyz"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Title:: Linda Carol Friend Adams Papers\t1998-20082000-2008"],"collection_title_tesim":["Title:: Linda Carol Friend Adams Papers\t1998-20082000-2008"],"collection_ssim":["Title:: Linda Carol Friend Adams Papers\t1998-20082000-2008"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"creator_ssm":["Adams, Linda Friend, 1943-2008 \narrangement\n\t"],"creator_ssim":["Adams, Linda Friend, 1943-2008 \narrangement\n\t"],"creator_famname_ssim":["Adams, Linda Friend, 1943-2008"],"creators_ssim":["Adams, Linda Friend, 1943-2008"],"access_subjects_ssim":["United States--History--Revolution, 1775-1783.","Correspondence","Genealogies","Photocopies","Photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["United States--History--Revolution, 1775-1783.","Correspondence","Genealogies","Photocopies","Photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["5.00"],"extent_tesim":["5.00"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is organized into the following series and sub series: Series 1: Genealogy of Linda Carol Friend Adams, 1965-2008; Sub-series 1: Lineage of Carol Friend Adams, 2006; Sub-series 2: Genealogical Reserach, 1999-2008; Sub-series 3: Supplemental Materials, 1965-2008; Series 2: Genealogical and Historical Organizations, 1973-2008; Sub-series 1: Miscellaneous Historical Organizations, 1973-2008; Sub-series 2: United Daughters of the Confederacy, 2005-2008; Sub-series 3: National Society of the United States Daughters of 1812, 2006-2008; Sub-series 4: Descendants of Washington's Army at Valley Forge, 2002-2008; Sub-series 5: National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution, 1999-2008.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement of Materials"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is organized into the following series and sub series: Series 1: Genealogy of Linda Carol Friend Adams, 1965-2008; Sub-series 1: Lineage of Carol Friend Adams, 2006; Sub-series 2: Genealogical Reserach, 1999-2008; Sub-series 3: Supplemental Materials, 1965-2008; Series 2: Genealogical and Historical Organizations, 1973-2008; Sub-series 1: Miscellaneous Historical Organizations, 1973-2008; Sub-series 2: United Daughters of the Confederacy, 2005-2008; Sub-series 3: National Society of the United States Daughters of 1812, 2006-2008; Sub-series 4: Descendants of Washington's Army at Valley Forge, 2002-2008; Sub-series 5: National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution, 1999-2008."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLinda Carol Friend Adams was born on March 26, 1943 in Charlestown, West Virginia.  She grew up in the towns of Ivydale and Clay, also in West Virginia, before moving to Williamsburg  in 1960 to be closer to family.  Adams worked as a secretary at the Williamsburg Methodist Church  for six years.  She also became a part-time student at the College of William and Mary, graduating with a B.A. in English in 1973.  In October of 1966, she took the position of Secretary to the Curator of Manuscripts and Receptionist for Special Collections at Swem Library.  She married Raymond Alexander Adams, Jr. in August of 1977.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdams held several positions during her tenure at Swem Library, including Secretary to the Head Librarian, Head of the Reserve Room, and Coordinator of Circulation Services.  She retired in 1998, after 32 years of service.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter retiring, Adams extensively researched her family's genealogy.  She became involved with a number of historical organizations.  She joined the Williamsburg chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution, and served as Recording Secretary for one year and Chapter Registrar for four.  Adams also became a member of the Descendants of Washington's Army at Valley Forge, the National Society of United States Daughters of 1812, and the United Daughters of the Confederacy. \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLinda Friend Adams died on September 6, 2008 in Williamsburg at the age of 65.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Linda Carol Friend Adams was born on March 26, 1943 in Charlestown, West Virginia.  She grew up in the towns of Ivydale and Clay, also in West Virginia, before moving to Williamsburg  in 1960 to be closer to family.  Adams worked as a secretary at the Williamsburg Methodist Church  for six years.  She also became a part-time student at the College of William and Mary, graduating with a B.A. in English in 1973.  In October of 1966, she took the position of Secretary to the Curator of Manuscripts and Receptionist for Special Collections at Swem Library.  She married Raymond Alexander Adams, Jr. in August of 1977.\n","Adams held several positions during her tenure at Swem Library, including Secretary to the Head Librarian, Head of the Reserve Room, and Coordinator of Circulation Services.  She retired in 1998, after 32 years of service.\n","After retiring, Adams extensively researched her family's genealogy.  She became involved with a number of historical organizations.  She joined the Williamsburg chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution, and served as Recording Secretary for one year and Chapter Registrar for four.  Adams also became a member of the Descendants of Washington's Army at Valley Forge, the National Society of United States Daughters of 1812, and the United Daughters of the Confederacy. \n","Linda Friend Adams died on September 6, 2008 in Williamsburg at the age of 65."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLinda Carol Friend Adams Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Linda Carol Friend Adams Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection includes the genealogical research of Linda Carol Friend Adams.  It contains a number of state and county records, family documents, biographical information, emails, message board posts, research notes, and photographs that concern Adams' family history.  \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe majority of Adams' ancestors were located in Virginia and West Virginia.  The information included here pertains to the following families (not a complete list): Adams, Allen, Barnett, Blake, Brasfield, Brock, Burns, Chapman, Cutlip, Dawson,  Drake, Friend, Henley, Hill, Long, Mayo, Mosby, McClure, McCune, O'Brian, Parke, Riddle, Rogers, Rose, Semple, Sheetz, Skidmore, Smith, Stevenson, Watson, Williams, Wilson.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series contains documents, images, correspondence, and research concerning Linda Adams' genealogy.  Most of the information is organized and compiled into a set of 10 three-ring binders.  Additional binders and folders contain further information on her lineage, as well as her research notes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis sub-series consists of a set of 10 three-ring binders composed and organized by Linda Adams.  Beginning with an Ahnentafel Ancestry Chart, Adams traces her lineage back through 13 generations.  Documents include birth and death certificates, marriage licenses, county and military records, census data, biographical information, and photographs.  The information included pertains to the following families (not a complete list): Adams, Allen, Barnett, Blake, Brasfield, Brock, Burns, Chapman, Cutlip, Dawson,  Drake, Friend, Henley, Hill, Long, Mayo, Mosby, McClure, McCune, O'Brian, Parke, Riddle, Rogers, Rose, Semple, Sheetz, Skidmore, Smith, Stevenson, Watson, Williams, Wilson.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis box contains the first five volumes of Linda Adams' genealogy project.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis box contains the second half of Linda Adams' genealogy project.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis sub-series consists of supplemental genealogical infomation collected by Linda Adams.  The range of documents include birth and death certificates, marriage licenses, county and military records, census data, biographical information, and photographs, as well as extensive research notes.   The information included pertains to the following families (not a complete list): Adams, Allen, Barnett, Blake, Brasfield, Brock, Burns, Chapman, Cutlip, Dawson,  Drake, Friend, Henley, Hill, Long, Mayo, Mosby, McClure, McCune, O'Brian, Parke, Riddle, Rogers, Rose, Semple, Sheetz, Skidmore, Smith, Stevenson, Watson, Williams, Wilson.   There has been an attempt to maintain Adams' organization of these folders and documents as much as possible.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGrey three-ring binder organized by Linda Carol Adams.  Includes research, documents, correspondence, and images concerning the Allen, Drake, Hill, Parke, Riddle, and Smith families.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBlack three-ring binder composed and organized by Linda Adams.  Includes research, documents, correspondence, and images pertaining to the Dawson, Rose, and McCune families.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBlack three-ring binder composed and organized by Linda Adams.  Includes  research, documents, correspondence, and images concerning the Long, Burkett, Etris, and Whitmore families.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBlue three-ring binder composed and organized by Linda Adams.  Includes  research, documents, correspondence, and images relating to the McCune, Rose, and O'Brian families.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGrey three-ring binder composed and organized by Linda Adams.  Includes  research, documents, correspondence, and images relating to the Williams and Jones families.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eResearch documents and correspondence compiled by Linda Adams on the Dawson, Mosby, Sheetz, and Barnett families.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eResearch documents and correspondence compiled by Linda Adams on the Williams and Burns families.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA collection of printed emails between Linda Adams and others concerning a DNA test among geneaologists to prove relationship to the Williams family line.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eResearch documents and correspondence compiled by Linda Adams on the Brock, Brasfield, and Adams families.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eInformation and results concerning a DNA test taken by Raymond A. Adams, Linda Adams' husband.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eResearch documents and correspondence compiled by Linda Adams on the Long and Sheetz families.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eResearch documents and correspondence compiled by Linda Adams on James Smith of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eResearch documents and correspondence compiled by Linda Adams on the Friend, Blake, Davis, Hill, Smith, Skidmore, McClure, and Cutlip families.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eResearch documents and correspondence compiled by Linda Adams on the Mayo and Henley families.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains correspondence and documents exchanged with or connected to Rev. Albert Elswick, a distant cousin of Linda Adams.  Information is included on the following families (not a complete list): Semple, Wilson, Watson, and Stevenson.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains the contents of an envelope sent to Linda Adams from Rev. Albert Elswick.  Includes information on the Semple and Wilson families from Pennsylvania, as well as a photograph labeled \"Jeremiah Butler's 'tooth puller.'\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains the contents of an envelope sent to Linda Adams from Rev. Albert Elswick.  Includes information on the Semple and Stevenson families of Pennsylvania, as well as photographs of a cemetary.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains information and notes on various families that were not organized within the rest of the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains a variety of Linda Adams' genealogy research notes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBlack three-ring binder composed and organized by Linda Adams.  Includes  research, documents, correspondence, and images relating to the Friend, Frame, and Harris families.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBlue file composed and organized by Linda Adams.  Includes printed emails, message board posts, and library catalog search results pertaining to research on the Drake, Hill, Smith, and Allen families.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis sub-series includes the various correspondence of Linda Adams, the majority of which consists of printed emails and message board posts with other genealogists.  Photographs of gravestones and historical markers connected to Adams' research are also included.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains a variety of letters, printed emails, and copies of message board postings relating to Linda Adams interest and research in genealogy.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains negatives and photographs included with Linda Adams' genealogy research.  Includes photos of gravestones and Fort Donnally.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains photocopied excerpts of documents relating to the history of Augusta and Greenbrier Counties in West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains information concerning Linda Adams' research of Ritchie County, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCopied exceprts of the \"Virginia Revolutionary Publick Claims,\" vol. 3 by Janice L. Abercrombie an Richard Slatten.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eExceprts of \"Hampshire County Minute Book Abstracts\" compiled by Vicki Bidinger Horton.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series contains materials relating to Linda Adams' involvement in a variety of genealogical and historical societies.  Included are files concerning her membership in the United Daughters of the Confederacy, National Society of United States Daughters of 1812, Descendants of Washington's Army at Valley Forge, and the Daughters of the American Revolution.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis sub-series contains information and publications on a variety of historical societies that Linda Adams was a member of or used in her research.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains newsletters and journals from the Greenbrier Historical Society of West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis sub-series includes information relating to Linda Adams' membership in the United Daughters of the Confederacy.  Her qualifying ancestors are listed as Oliver M. McButler and Richard Williams.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains application and membership  information, promotional materials, research and correspondence relating to Linda Adams' association with the Daughters of the Confederacy.  Her qualifying ancestor is listed as Oliver M. McButler of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains research information and documents concerning Linda Adams' ancestor Richard Williams in realtion to her membership in the Daughters of the Confederacy.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis subseries includes information relating to Linda Adams' association with the United States Daughters of 1812.  Her qualifying ancestor is listed as Andrew Skidmore from Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains membership application, genealogical research, newsletters, and correspondence relating to Linda Adams' association with the United States Daughters of 1812.  Her qualifying ancestor is listed as Andrew Skidmore from Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis sub-series includes information on Linda Adams' membership with the Descendants of Washington's Army at Valley Forge.  Her qualifying ancestor is listed as John McCollum.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains application information, correspondence, newsletters, and reserach infomation on Linda Adams' association with the Descendants of Valley Forge.  Her qualifying ancestor is listed as John McCollum from Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis sub-series includes a range of documents relating to Linda Adams' involvement in the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR).  There has been an attempt to maintain as much of her organization of these folders and documents as possible.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains correspondence, chapter information, and news clippings concerning Linda Adams' role as a member of the Williamsburg chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains research information on Issac Rose, one of Linda Adams' qualifying ancestors for the DAR.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains research information on John McCollum, one of Linda Adams qualifying ancestors in the DAR.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains research information on Arthur McClure, one of Linda Adams' qualifying ancestors in the DAR.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains research information on Jacob Sheetz, one of Linda Adams' qualifying ancestors in the DAR.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains research information and other DAR applications in realtion to John Dawson, one of Linda Adams' qualifying ancestors in the DAR.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains research information on Jacob Chapman, one of Linda Adams' qualifying ancestors in the DAR.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains miscellaneous reserach information and documents collected by Linda Adams on four of her qualifying ancestors in the DAR: Maria Magdalena Eschmann Hinkle, John Justus Hinkle, Sr., Agnes Caldwell Skidmore, John Skidmore, and Jacob Chapman.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains correspondence and research into the Virginians who fought during the American Revolution.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains a membership application and research information from Oma Henricks Mills.  She and Linda Adams both claim George Drake as a qualifying ancestor in the DAR.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains the membership application for Harriet Doughman Rosentahl.  She and Linda Adams both claim John Justus Henckel/Hinckel as a qualifying ancestor in the DAR.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains membership application and research information for Kathleen Curren Wasem.  She and Linda Adams both claim Joshua B. Allen as a qualifying ancestor in the DAR.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis red binder contains research, correspondence, and membership records relating to three of Linda Adams' qualifying ancestors in the DAR: Aaron Smith, George Drake, and Joshua B. Allen.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection includes the genealogical research of Linda Carol Friend Adams.  It contains a number of state and county records, family documents, biographical information, emails, message board posts, research notes, and photographs that concern Adams' family history.  \n","The majority of Adams' ancestors were located in Virginia and West Virginia.  The information included here pertains to the following families (not a complete list): Adams, Allen, Barnett, Blake, Brasfield, Brock, Burns, Chapman, Cutlip, Dawson,  Drake, Friend, Henley, Hill, Long, Mayo, Mosby, McClure, McCune, O'Brian, Parke, Riddle, Rogers, Rose, Semple, Sheetz, Skidmore, Smith, Stevenson, Watson, Williams, Wilson.","This series contains documents, images, correspondence, and research concerning Linda Adams' genealogy.  Most of the information is organized and compiled into a set of 10 three-ring binders.  Additional binders and folders contain further information on her lineage, as well as her research notes.","This sub-series consists of a set of 10 three-ring binders composed and organized by Linda Adams.  Beginning with an Ahnentafel Ancestry Chart, Adams traces her lineage back through 13 generations.  Documents include birth and death certificates, marriage licenses, county and military records, census data, biographical information, and photographs.  The information included pertains to the following families (not a complete list): Adams, Allen, Barnett, Blake, Brasfield, Brock, Burns, Chapman, Cutlip, Dawson,  Drake, Friend, Henley, Hill, Long, Mayo, Mosby, McClure, McCune, O'Brian, Parke, Riddle, Rogers, Rose, Semple, Sheetz, Skidmore, Smith, Stevenson, Watson, Williams, Wilson.","This box contains the first five volumes of Linda Adams' genealogy project.","This box contains the second half of Linda Adams' genealogy project.","This sub-series consists of supplemental genealogical infomation collected by Linda Adams.  The range of documents include birth and death certificates, marriage licenses, county and military records, census data, biographical information, and photographs, as well as extensive research notes.   The information included pertains to the following families (not a complete list): Adams, Allen, Barnett, Blake, Brasfield, Brock, Burns, Chapman, Cutlip, Dawson,  Drake, Friend, Henley, Hill, Long, Mayo, Mosby, McClure, McCune, O'Brian, Parke, Riddle, Rogers, Rose, Semple, Sheetz, Skidmore, Smith, Stevenson, Watson, Williams, Wilson.   There has been an attempt to maintain Adams' organization of these folders and documents as much as possible.","Grey three-ring binder organized by Linda Carol Adams.  Includes research, documents, correspondence, and images concerning the Allen, Drake, Hill, Parke, Riddle, and Smith families.","Black three-ring binder composed and organized by Linda Adams.  Includes research, documents, correspondence, and images pertaining to the Dawson, Rose, and McCune families.","Black three-ring binder composed and organized by Linda Adams.  Includes  research, documents, correspondence, and images concerning the Long, Burkett, Etris, and Whitmore families.","Blue three-ring binder composed and organized by Linda Adams.  Includes  research, documents, correspondence, and images relating to the McCune, Rose, and O'Brian families.","Grey three-ring binder composed and organized by Linda Adams.  Includes  research, documents, correspondence, and images relating to the Williams and Jones families.","Research documents and correspondence compiled by Linda Adams on the Dawson, Mosby, Sheetz, and Barnett families.","Research documents and correspondence compiled by Linda Adams on the Williams and Burns families.","A collection of printed emails between Linda Adams and others concerning a DNA test among geneaologists to prove relationship to the Williams family line.","Research documents and correspondence compiled by Linda Adams on the Brock, Brasfield, and Adams families.","Information and results concerning a DNA test taken by Raymond A. Adams, Linda Adams' husband.","Research documents and correspondence compiled by Linda Adams on the Long and Sheetz families.","Research documents and correspondence compiled by Linda Adams on James Smith of Virginia.","Research documents and correspondence compiled by Linda Adams on the Friend, Blake, Davis, Hill, Smith, Skidmore, McClure, and Cutlip families.","Research documents and correspondence compiled by Linda Adams on the Mayo and Henley families.","This folder contains correspondence and documents exchanged with or connected to Rev. Albert Elswick, a distant cousin of Linda Adams.  Information is included on the following families (not a complete list): Semple, Wilson, Watson, and Stevenson.","This folder contains the contents of an envelope sent to Linda Adams from Rev. Albert Elswick.  Includes information on the Semple and Wilson families from Pennsylvania, as well as a photograph labeled \"Jeremiah Butler's 'tooth puller.'\"","This folder contains the contents of an envelope sent to Linda Adams from Rev. Albert Elswick.  Includes information on the Semple and Stevenson families of Pennsylvania, as well as photographs of a cemetary.","This folder contains information and notes on various families that were not organized within the rest of the collection.","This folder contains a variety of Linda Adams' genealogy research notes.","Black three-ring binder composed and organized by Linda Adams.  Includes  research, documents, correspondence, and images relating to the Friend, Frame, and Harris families.","Blue file composed and organized by Linda Adams.  Includes printed emails, message board posts, and library catalog search results pertaining to research on the Drake, Hill, Smith, and Allen families.","This sub-series includes the various correspondence of Linda Adams, the majority of which consists of printed emails and message board posts with other genealogists.  Photographs of gravestones and historical markers connected to Adams' research are also included.","This folder contains a variety of letters, printed emails, and copies of message board postings relating to Linda Adams interest and research in genealogy.","This folder contains negatives and photographs included with Linda Adams' genealogy research.  Includes photos of gravestones and Fort Donnally.","Contains photocopied excerpts of documents relating to the history of Augusta and Greenbrier Counties in West Virginia.","This folder contains information concerning Linda Adams' research of Ritchie County, West Virginia.","Copied exceprts of the \"Virginia Revolutionary Publick Claims,\" vol. 3 by Janice L. Abercrombie an Richard Slatten.","Exceprts of \"Hampshire County Minute Book Abstracts\" compiled by Vicki Bidinger Horton.","This series contains materials relating to Linda Adams' involvement in a variety of genealogical and historical societies.  Included are files concerning her membership in the United Daughters of the Confederacy, National Society of United States Daughters of 1812, Descendants of Washington's Army at Valley Forge, and the Daughters of the American Revolution.","This sub-series contains information and publications on a variety of historical societies that Linda Adams was a member of or used in her research.","Contains newsletters and journals from the Greenbrier Historical Society of West Virginia.","This sub-series includes information relating to Linda Adams' membership in the United Daughters of the Confederacy.  Her qualifying ancestors are listed as Oliver M. McButler and Richard Williams.","This folder contains application and membership  information, promotional materials, research and correspondence relating to Linda Adams' association with the Daughters of the Confederacy.  Her qualifying ancestor is listed as Oliver M. McButler of Virginia.","Contains research information and documents concerning Linda Adams' ancestor Richard Williams in realtion to her membership in the Daughters of the Confederacy.","This subseries includes information relating to Linda Adams' association with the United States Daughters of 1812.  Her qualifying ancestor is listed as Andrew Skidmore from Virginia.","Contains membership application, genealogical research, newsletters, and correspondence relating to Linda Adams' association with the United States Daughters of 1812.  Her qualifying ancestor is listed as Andrew Skidmore from Virginia.","This sub-series includes information on Linda Adams' membership with the Descendants of Washington's Army at Valley Forge.  Her qualifying ancestor is listed as John McCollum.","Contains application information, correspondence, newsletters, and reserach infomation on Linda Adams' association with the Descendants of Valley Forge.  Her qualifying ancestor is listed as John McCollum from Virginia.","This sub-series includes a range of documents relating to Linda Adams' involvement in the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR).  There has been an attempt to maintain as much of her organization of these folders and documents as possible.","This folder contains correspondence, chapter information, and news clippings concerning Linda Adams' role as a member of the Williamsburg chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution.","Contains research information on Issac Rose, one of Linda Adams' qualifying ancestors for the DAR.","Contains research information on John McCollum, one of Linda Adams qualifying ancestors in the DAR.","Contains research information on Arthur McClure, one of Linda Adams' qualifying ancestors in the DAR.","Contains research information on Jacob Sheetz, one of Linda Adams' qualifying ancestors in the DAR.","Contains research information and other DAR applications in realtion to John Dawson, one of Linda Adams' qualifying ancestors in the DAR.","Contains research information on Jacob Chapman, one of Linda Adams' qualifying ancestors in the DAR.","This folder contains miscellaneous reserach information and documents collected by Linda Adams on four of her qualifying ancestors in the DAR: Maria Magdalena Eschmann Hinkle, John Justus Hinkle, Sr., Agnes Caldwell Skidmore, John Skidmore, and Jacob Chapman.","Contains correspondence and research into the Virginians who fought during the American Revolution.","Contains a membership application and research information from Oma Henricks Mills.  She and Linda Adams both claim George Drake as a qualifying ancestor in the DAR.","Contains the membership application for Harriet Doughman Rosentahl.  She and Linda Adams both claim John Justus Henckel/Hinckel as a qualifying ancestor in the DAR.","Contains membership application and research information for Kathleen Curren Wasem.  She and Linda Adams both claim Joshua B. Allen as a qualifying ancestor in the DAR.","This red binder contains research, correspondence, and membership records relating to three of Linda Adams' qualifying ancestors in the DAR: Aaron Smith, George Drake, and Joshua B. Allen."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract encodinganalog=\"520$a\" label=\"Abstract:\"\u003eThe collection includes the genealogical research of Linda Carol Friend Adams.  It contains a number of state and county records, family documents, biographical information, emails, message board posts, research notes, and photographs that concern Adams' family history.  \n\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The collection includes the genealogical research of Linda Carol Friend Adams.  It contains a number of state and county records, family documents, biographical information, emails, message board posts, research notes, and photographs that concern Adams' family history.  \n"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","College of William and Mary--Swem Library","Adams, Linda Friend, 1943-2008"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","College of William and Mary--Swem Library"],"famname_ssim":["Adams, Linda Friend, 1943-2008"],"language_ssim":["\n\t  The papers are in:\n English"],"total_component_count_is":68,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T15:04:09.071Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_viw00168"}},{"id":"viw_viw00147","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Title:: Mary Frances Switzer Papers\n\t\t1941-1945","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_viw00147#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Switzer, Mary Frances Galer, Allen","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_viw00147#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Papers, letters and photographs of Mary Frances Switzer of Florida who served as a WWII Army nurse in France. Letters are from friends and family, but mostly from her sometime beau, Allen Galer, who writes about the ups and downs of their relationship.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_viw00147#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viw_viw00147","ead_ssi":"viw_viw00147","_root_":"viw_viw00147","_nest_parent_":"viw_viw00147","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/wm/viw00147.xml","title_ssm":["Title:: Mary Frances Switzer Papers\n\t\t1941-1945"],"title_tesim":["Title:: Mary Frances Switzer Papers\n\t\t1941-1945"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["01/Mss. Acc. 2006.65"],"text":["01/Mss. Acc. 2006.65","Title:: Mary Frances Switzer Papers\n\t\t1941-1945","World War, 1939-1945--European Front","World War, 1939-1945--Medical and sanitary affairs.","World War, 1939-1945--Women--United States","Correspondence","Photographs","Collection is open to all researchers","Letters are in chronological order. Photographs are divided by identified, unidentified, landscapes and people.","Mary Frances Switzer of Florida served as a World War II  Army nurse in France.","Papers, letters and photographs of Mary Frances Switzer of Florida who served as a WWII  Army nurse in France. Letters are from friends and family, but mostly from her sometime beau, Allen Galer, who writes about the ups and downs of their relationship.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Papers, letters and photographs of Mary Frances Switzer of Florida who served as a WWII  Army nurse in France. Letters are from friends and family, but mostly from her sometime beau, Allen Galer, who writes about the ups and downs of their relationship.","Special Collections Research Center","Galer, Allen","Switzer, Mary Frances","\n\t  The papers are in:\n English"],"unitid_tesim":["01/Mss. Acc. 2006.65"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Title:: Mary Frances Switzer Papers\n\t\t1941-1945"],"collection_title_tesim":["Title:: Mary Frances Switzer Papers\n\t\t1941-1945"],"collection_ssim":["Title:: Mary Frances Switzer Papers\n\t\t1941-1945"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"creator_ssm":["Switzer, Mary Frances Galer, Allen"],"creator_ssim":["Switzer, Mary Frances Galer, Allen"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Switzer, Mary Frances"],"creator_famname_ssim":["Galer, Allen"],"creators_ssim":["Switzer, Mary Frances","Galer, Allen"],"acqinfo_ssim":["The materials were acquired by Special Collections Research Center on 10/21/2006."],"access_subjects_ssim":["World War, 1939-1945--European Front","World War, 1939-1945--Medical and sanitary affairs.","World War, 1939-1945--Women--United States","Correspondence","Photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["World War, 1939-1945--European Front","World War, 1939-1945--Medical and sanitary affairs.","World War, 1939-1945--Women--United States","Correspondence","Photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1.00"],"extent_tesim":["1.00"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLetters are in chronological order. Photographs are divided by identified, unidentified, landscapes and people.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement of Materials"],"arrangement_tesim":["Letters are in chronological order. Photographs are divided by identified, unidentified, landscapes and people."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMary Frances Switzer of Florida served as a World War II  Army nurse in France.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Mary Frances Switzer of Florida served as a World War II  Army nurse in France."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMary Frances Switzer Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Mary Frances Switzer Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePapers, letters and photographs of Mary Frances Switzer of Florida who served as a WWII  Army nurse in France. Letters are from friends and family, but mostly from her sometime beau, Allen Galer, who writes about the ups and downs of their relationship.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Papers, letters and photographs of Mary Frances Switzer of Florida who served as a WWII  Army nurse in France. Letters are from friends and family, but mostly from her sometime beau, Allen Galer, who writes about the ups and downs of their relationship."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract encodinganalog=\"520$a\" label=\"Abstract:\"\u003ePapers, letters and photographs of Mary Frances Switzer of Florida who served as a WWII  Army nurse in France. Letters are from friends and family, but mostly from her sometime beau, Allen Galer, who writes about the ups and downs of their relationship.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Papers, letters and photographs of Mary Frances Switzer of Florida who served as a WWII  Army nurse in France. Letters are from friends and family, but mostly from her sometime beau, Allen Galer, who writes about the ups and downs of their relationship."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Galer, Allen","Switzer, Mary Frances"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"famname_ssim":["Galer, Allen"],"persname_ssim":["Switzer, Mary Frances"],"language_ssim":["\n\t  The papers are in:\n English"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T15:05:49.520Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viw_viw00147","ead_ssi":"viw_viw00147","_root_":"viw_viw00147","_nest_parent_":"viw_viw00147","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/wm/viw00147.xml","title_ssm":["Title:: Mary Frances Switzer Papers\n\t\t1941-1945"],"title_tesim":["Title:: Mary Frances Switzer Papers\n\t\t1941-1945"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["01/Mss. Acc. 2006.65"],"text":["01/Mss. Acc. 2006.65","Title:: Mary Frances Switzer Papers\n\t\t1941-1945","World War, 1939-1945--European Front","World War, 1939-1945--Medical and sanitary affairs.","World War, 1939-1945--Women--United States","Correspondence","Photographs","Collection is open to all researchers","Letters are in chronological order. Photographs are divided by identified, unidentified, landscapes and people.","Mary Frances Switzer of Florida served as a World War II  Army nurse in France.","Papers, letters and photographs of Mary Frances Switzer of Florida who served as a WWII  Army nurse in France. Letters are from friends and family, but mostly from her sometime beau, Allen Galer, who writes about the ups and downs of their relationship.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Papers, letters and photographs of Mary Frances Switzer of Florida who served as a WWII  Army nurse in France. Letters are from friends and family, but mostly from her sometime beau, Allen Galer, who writes about the ups and downs of their relationship.","Special Collections Research Center","Galer, Allen","Switzer, Mary Frances","\n\t  The papers are in:\n English"],"unitid_tesim":["01/Mss. Acc. 2006.65"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Title:: Mary Frances Switzer Papers\n\t\t1941-1945"],"collection_title_tesim":["Title:: Mary Frances Switzer Papers\n\t\t1941-1945"],"collection_ssim":["Title:: Mary Frances Switzer Papers\n\t\t1941-1945"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"creator_ssm":["Switzer, Mary Frances Galer, Allen"],"creator_ssim":["Switzer, Mary Frances Galer, Allen"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Switzer, Mary Frances"],"creator_famname_ssim":["Galer, Allen"],"creators_ssim":["Switzer, Mary Frances","Galer, Allen"],"acqinfo_ssim":["The materials were acquired by Special Collections Research Center on 10/21/2006."],"access_subjects_ssim":["World War, 1939-1945--European Front","World War, 1939-1945--Medical and sanitary affairs.","World War, 1939-1945--Women--United States","Correspondence","Photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["World War, 1939-1945--European Front","World War, 1939-1945--Medical and sanitary affairs.","World War, 1939-1945--Women--United States","Correspondence","Photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1.00"],"extent_tesim":["1.00"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLetters are in chronological order. Photographs are divided by identified, unidentified, landscapes and people.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement of Materials"],"arrangement_tesim":["Letters are in chronological order. Photographs are divided by identified, unidentified, landscapes and people."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMary Frances Switzer of Florida served as a World War II  Army nurse in France.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Mary Frances Switzer of Florida served as a World War II  Army nurse in France."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMary Frances Switzer Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Mary Frances Switzer Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePapers, letters and photographs of Mary Frances Switzer of Florida who served as a WWII  Army nurse in France. Letters are from friends and family, but mostly from her sometime beau, Allen Galer, who writes about the ups and downs of their relationship.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Papers, letters and photographs of Mary Frances Switzer of Florida who served as a WWII  Army nurse in France. Letters are from friends and family, but mostly from her sometime beau, Allen Galer, who writes about the ups and downs of their relationship."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract encodinganalog=\"520$a\" label=\"Abstract:\"\u003ePapers, letters and photographs of Mary Frances Switzer of Florida who served as a WWII  Army nurse in France. Letters are from friends and family, but mostly from her sometime beau, Allen Galer, who writes about the ups and downs of their relationship.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Papers, letters and photographs of Mary Frances Switzer of Florida who served as a WWII  Army nurse in France. Letters are from friends and family, but mostly from her sometime beau, Allen Galer, who writes about the ups and downs of their relationship."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Galer, Allen","Switzer, Mary Frances"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"famname_ssim":["Galer, Allen"],"persname_ssim":["Switzer, Mary Frances"],"language_ssim":["\n\t  The papers are in:\n English"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T15:05:49.520Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_viw00147"}},{"id":"viw_viw00262","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Title:: Mary Frances Switzer Papers\t1941-1945","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_viw00262#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Switzer, Mary Frances Galer, Allen \narrangement\n\t","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_viw00262#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Papers, letters and photographs of Mary Frances Switzer of Florida who served as a WWII Army nurse in France. Letters are from friends and family, but mostly from her sometime beau, Allen Galer, who writes about the ups and downs of their relationship.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_viw00262#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viw_viw00262","ead_ssi":"viw_viw00262","_root_":"viw_viw00262","_nest_parent_":"viw_viw00262","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/wm/viw00262.xml","title_ssm":["Title:: Mary Frances Switzer Papers\t1941-1945"],"title_tesim":["Title:: Mary Frances Switzer Papers\t1941-1945"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["01/Mss. Acc. 2006.65"],"text":["01/Mss. Acc. 2006.65","Title:: Mary Frances Switzer Papers\t1941-1945","World War, 1939-1945--European Front","World War, 1939-1945--Medical and sanitary affairs.","World War, 1939-1945--Women--United States","Correspondence","Photographs","Collection is open to all researchers","Letters are in chronological order. Photographs are divided by identified, unidentified, landscapes and people.","Mary Frances Switzer of Florida served as a World War II  Army nurse in France.  Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: \u003ca href=\"http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Mary Frances Switzer\"\u003ehttp://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Mary Frances Switzer\u003c/a\u003e.","Papers, letters and photographs of Mary Frances Switzer of Florida who served as a WWII  Army nurse in France. Letters are from friends and family, but mostly from her sometime beau, Allen Galer, who writes about the ups and downs of their relationship.","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Papers, letters and photographs of Mary Frances Switzer of Florida who served as a WWII  Army nurse in France. Letters are from friends and family, but mostly from her sometime beau, Allen Galer, who writes about the ups and downs of their relationship.","Special Collections Research Center","Galer, Allen","Switzer, Mary Frances","\n\t  The papers are in:\n English"],"unitid_tesim":["01/Mss. Acc. 2006.65"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Title:: Mary Frances Switzer Papers\t1941-1945"],"collection_title_tesim":["Title:: Mary Frances Switzer Papers\t1941-1945"],"collection_ssim":["Title:: Mary Frances Switzer Papers\t1941-1945"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"creator_ssm":["Switzer, Mary Frances Galer, Allen \narrangement\n\t"],"creator_ssim":["Switzer, Mary Frances Galer, Allen \narrangement\n\t"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Switzer, Mary Frances"],"creator_famname_ssim":["Galer, Allen"],"creators_ssim":["Switzer, Mary Frances","Galer, Allen"],"acqinfo_ssim":["The materials were acquired by Special Collections Research Center on 10/21/2006."],"access_subjects_ssim":["World War, 1939-1945--European Front","World War, 1939-1945--Medical and sanitary affairs.","World War, 1939-1945--Women--United States","Correspondence","Photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["World War, 1939-1945--European Front","World War, 1939-1945--Medical and sanitary affairs.","World War, 1939-1945--Women--United States","Correspondence","Photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1.20"],"extent_tesim":["1.20"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLetters are in chronological order. Photographs are divided by identified, unidentified, landscapes and people.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement of Materials"],"arrangement_tesim":["Letters are in chronological order. Photographs are divided by identified, unidentified, landscapes and people."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMary Frances Switzer of Florida served as a World War II  Army nurse in France.  Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: \u0026lt;a href=\"http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Mary Frances Switzer\"\u0026gt;http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Mary Frances Switzer\u0026lt;/a\u0026gt;.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Mary Frances Switzer of Florida served as a World War II  Army nurse in France.  Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: \u003ca href=\"http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Mary Frances Switzer\"\u003ehttp://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Mary Frances Switzer\u003c/a\u003e."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMary Frances Switzer Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Mary Frances Switzer Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePapers, letters and photographs of Mary Frances Switzer of Florida who served as a WWII  Army nurse in France. Letters are from friends and family, but mostly from her sometime beau, Allen Galer, who writes about the ups and downs of their relationship.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Papers, letters and photographs of Mary Frances Switzer of Florida who served as a WWII  Army nurse in France. Letters are from friends and family, but mostly from her sometime beau, Allen Galer, who writes about the ups and downs of their relationship."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract encodinganalog=\"520$a\" label=\"Abstract:\"\u003ePapers, letters and photographs of Mary Frances Switzer of Florida who served as a WWII  Army nurse in France. Letters are from friends and family, but mostly from her sometime beau, Allen Galer, who writes about the ups and downs of their relationship.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Papers, letters and photographs of Mary Frances Switzer of Florida who served as a WWII  Army nurse in France. Letters are from friends and family, but mostly from her sometime beau, Allen Galer, who writes about the ups and downs of their relationship."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Galer, Allen","Switzer, Mary Frances"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"famname_ssim":["Galer, Allen"],"persname_ssim":["Switzer, Mary Frances"],"language_ssim":["\n\t  The papers are in:\n English"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T15:09:05.010Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viw_viw00262","ead_ssi":"viw_viw00262","_root_":"viw_viw00262","_nest_parent_":"viw_viw00262","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/wm/viw00262.xml","title_ssm":["Title:: Mary Frances Switzer Papers\t1941-1945"],"title_tesim":["Title:: Mary Frances Switzer Papers\t1941-1945"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["01/Mss. Acc. 2006.65"],"text":["01/Mss. Acc. 2006.65","Title:: Mary Frances Switzer Papers\t1941-1945","World War, 1939-1945--European Front","World War, 1939-1945--Medical and sanitary affairs.","World War, 1939-1945--Women--United States","Correspondence","Photographs","Collection is open to all researchers","Letters are in chronological order. Photographs are divided by identified, unidentified, landscapes and people.","Mary Frances Switzer of Florida served as a World War II  Army nurse in France.  Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: \u003ca href=\"http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Mary Frances Switzer\"\u003ehttp://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Mary Frances Switzer\u003c/a\u003e.","Papers, letters and photographs of Mary Frances Switzer of Florida who served as a WWII  Army nurse in France. Letters are from friends and family, but mostly from her sometime beau, Allen Galer, who writes about the ups and downs of their relationship.","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Papers, letters and photographs of Mary Frances Switzer of Florida who served as a WWII  Army nurse in France. Letters are from friends and family, but mostly from her sometime beau, Allen Galer, who writes about the ups and downs of their relationship.","Special Collections Research Center","Galer, Allen","Switzer, Mary Frances","\n\t  The papers are in:\n English"],"unitid_tesim":["01/Mss. Acc. 2006.65"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Title:: Mary Frances Switzer Papers\t1941-1945"],"collection_title_tesim":["Title:: Mary Frances Switzer Papers\t1941-1945"],"collection_ssim":["Title:: Mary Frances Switzer Papers\t1941-1945"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"creator_ssm":["Switzer, Mary Frances Galer, Allen \narrangement\n\t"],"creator_ssim":["Switzer, Mary Frances Galer, Allen \narrangement\n\t"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Switzer, Mary Frances"],"creator_famname_ssim":["Galer, Allen"],"creators_ssim":["Switzer, Mary Frances","Galer, Allen"],"acqinfo_ssim":["The materials were acquired by Special Collections Research Center on 10/21/2006."],"access_subjects_ssim":["World War, 1939-1945--European Front","World War, 1939-1945--Medical and sanitary affairs.","World War, 1939-1945--Women--United States","Correspondence","Photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["World War, 1939-1945--European Front","World War, 1939-1945--Medical and sanitary affairs.","World War, 1939-1945--Women--United States","Correspondence","Photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1.20"],"extent_tesim":["1.20"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLetters are in chronological order. Photographs are divided by identified, unidentified, landscapes and people.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement of Materials"],"arrangement_tesim":["Letters are in chronological order. Photographs are divided by identified, unidentified, landscapes and people."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMary Frances Switzer of Florida served as a World War II  Army nurse in France.  Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: \u0026lt;a href=\"http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Mary Frances Switzer\"\u0026gt;http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Mary Frances Switzer\u0026lt;/a\u0026gt;.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Mary Frances Switzer of Florida served as a World War II  Army nurse in France.  Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: \u003ca href=\"http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Mary Frances Switzer\"\u003ehttp://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Mary Frances Switzer\u003c/a\u003e."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMary Frances Switzer Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Mary Frances Switzer Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePapers, letters and photographs of Mary Frances Switzer of Florida who served as a WWII  Army nurse in France. Letters are from friends and family, but mostly from her sometime beau, Allen Galer, who writes about the ups and downs of their relationship.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Papers, letters and photographs of Mary Frances Switzer of Florida who served as a WWII  Army nurse in France. Letters are from friends and family, but mostly from her sometime beau, Allen Galer, who writes about the ups and downs of their relationship."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract encodinganalog=\"520$a\" label=\"Abstract:\"\u003ePapers, letters and photographs of Mary Frances Switzer of Florida who served as a WWII  Army nurse in France. Letters are from friends and family, but mostly from her sometime beau, Allen Galer, who writes about the ups and downs of their relationship.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Papers, letters and photographs of Mary Frances Switzer of Florida who served as a WWII  Army nurse in France. Letters are from friends and family, but mostly from her sometime beau, Allen Galer, who writes about the ups and downs of their relationship."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Galer, Allen","Switzer, Mary Frances"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"famname_ssim":["Galer, Allen"],"persname_ssim":["Switzer, Mary Frances"],"language_ssim":["\n\t  The papers are in:\n English"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T15:09:05.010Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_viw00262"}},{"id":"viw_viw00161","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Title:: Mill Park Wine Company Letterbook\t1885-1888","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_viw00161#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Mill Park Wine Company \narrangement\n\t","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_viw00161#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"The letterpress copybook of the Mill Park Wine Company of Haymarket, Virginia contains about 90 letters written by Christian A. Heineken and Franz Peters regarding business matters of the firm. The correspondence refers to ordering corks, labels, and other business affairs. The collection also includes two original wine labels.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_viw00161#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viw_viw00161","ead_ssi":"viw_viw00161","_root_":"viw_viw00161","_nest_parent_":"viw_viw00161","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/wm/viw00161.xml","title_ssm":["Title:: Mill Park Wine Company Letterbook\t1885-1888"],"title_tesim":["Title:: Mill Park Wine Company Letterbook\t1885-1888"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["01/Mss. Acc. 2003.50"],"text":["01/Mss. Acc. 2003.50","Title:: Mill Park Wine Company Letterbook\t1885-1888","Haymarket (Va.)--History--19th century.","Virginia--Economic History--19th century.","Virginia--Wineries and Vineyards--History--19th century.","Correspondence","Collection is open to all researchers.","Founded in 1869, the Mill Park Wine Company, of Haymarket, Va., was owned and operated by Christian Abraham Heineken where wine was made from the locally 'Batavia' grown grapes. Heineken was also a business partner of Franz Peters, who owned a 200-acre farm called 'Batavia' near Haymarket, Va.","The letterpress copybook of the Mill Park Wine Company of Haymarket, Virginia contains about 90 letters written by Christian A. Heineken and Franz Peters regarding business matters of the firm. The correspondence refers to ordering corks, labels, and other business affairs. The collection also includes two original wine labels.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","The letterpress copybook of the Mill Park Wine Company of Haymarket, Virginia contains about 90 letters written by Christian A. Heineken and Franz Peters regarding business matters of the firm. The correspondence refers to ordering corks, labels, and other business affairs. The collection also includes two original wine labels.","Special Collections Research Center","Mill Park Wine Company","\n\t  The records are in:\n English"],"unitid_tesim":["01/Mss. Acc. 2003.50"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Title:: Mill Park Wine Company Letterbook\t1885-1888"],"collection_title_tesim":["Title:: Mill Park Wine Company Letterbook\t1885-1888"],"collection_ssim":["Title:: Mill Park Wine Company Letterbook\t1885-1888"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"creator_ssm":["Mill Park Wine Company \narrangement\n\t"],"creator_ssim":["Mill Park Wine Company \narrangement\n\t"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Mill Park Wine Company"],"creators_ssim":["Mill Park Wine Company"],"acqinfo_ssim":["The materials were acquired by Special Collections Research Center from Carmen D. Valentino, Rare Books, Philadelphia, PA on 08/29/2003."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Haymarket (Va.)--History--19th century.","Virginia--Economic History--19th century.","Virginia--Wineries and Vineyards--History--19th century.","Correspondence"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Haymarket (Va.)--History--19th century.","Virginia--Economic History--19th century.","Virginia--Wineries and Vineyards--History--19th century.","Correspondence"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["3.00"],"extent_tesim":["3.00"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1869, the Mill Park Wine Company, of Haymarket, Va., was owned and operated by Christian Abraham Heineken where wine was made from the locally 'Batavia' grown grapes. Heineken was also a business partner of Franz Peters, who owned a 200-acre farm called 'Batavia' near Haymarket, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Founded in 1869, the Mill Park Wine Company, of Haymarket, Va., was owned and operated by Christian Abraham Heineken where wine was made from the locally 'Batavia' grown grapes. Heineken was also a business partner of Franz Peters, who owned a 200-acre farm called 'Batavia' near Haymarket, Va."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMill Park Wine Company Letterbook, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Mill Park Wine Company Letterbook, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe letterpress copybook of the Mill Park Wine Company of Haymarket, Virginia contains about 90 letters written by Christian A. Heineken and Franz Peters regarding business matters of the firm. The correspondence refers to ordering corks, labels, and other business affairs. The collection also includes two original wine labels.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The letterpress copybook of the Mill Park Wine Company of Haymarket, Virginia contains about 90 letters written by Christian A. Heineken and Franz Peters regarding business matters of the firm. The correspondence refers to ordering corks, labels, and other business affairs. The collection also includes two original wine labels."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract encodinganalog=\"520$a\" label=\"Abstract:\"\u003eThe letterpress copybook of the Mill Park Wine Company of Haymarket, Virginia contains about 90 letters written by Christian A. Heineken and Franz Peters regarding business matters of the firm. The correspondence refers to ordering corks, labels, and other business affairs. The collection also includes two original wine labels.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The letterpress copybook of the Mill Park Wine Company of Haymarket, Virginia contains about 90 letters written by Christian A. Heineken and Franz Peters regarding business matters of the firm. The correspondence refers to ordering corks, labels, and other business affairs. The collection also includes two original wine labels."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Mill Park Wine Company"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Mill Park Wine Company"],"language_ssim":["\n\t  The records are in:\n English"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T15:07:57.470Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viw_viw00161","ead_ssi":"viw_viw00161","_root_":"viw_viw00161","_nest_parent_":"viw_viw00161","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/wm/viw00161.xml","title_ssm":["Title:: Mill Park Wine Company Letterbook\t1885-1888"],"title_tesim":["Title:: Mill Park Wine Company Letterbook\t1885-1888"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["01/Mss. Acc. 2003.50"],"text":["01/Mss. Acc. 2003.50","Title:: Mill Park Wine Company Letterbook\t1885-1888","Haymarket (Va.)--History--19th century.","Virginia--Economic History--19th century.","Virginia--Wineries and Vineyards--History--19th century.","Correspondence","Collection is open to all researchers.","Founded in 1869, the Mill Park Wine Company, of Haymarket, Va., was owned and operated by Christian Abraham Heineken where wine was made from the locally 'Batavia' grown grapes. Heineken was also a business partner of Franz Peters, who owned a 200-acre farm called 'Batavia' near Haymarket, Va.","The letterpress copybook of the Mill Park Wine Company of Haymarket, Virginia contains about 90 letters written by Christian A. Heineken and Franz Peters regarding business matters of the firm. The correspondence refers to ordering corks, labels, and other business affairs. The collection also includes two original wine labels.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","The letterpress copybook of the Mill Park Wine Company of Haymarket, Virginia contains about 90 letters written by Christian A. Heineken and Franz Peters regarding business matters of the firm. The correspondence refers to ordering corks, labels, and other business affairs. The collection also includes two original wine labels.","Special Collections Research Center","Mill Park Wine Company","\n\t  The records are in:\n English"],"unitid_tesim":["01/Mss. Acc. 2003.50"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Title:: Mill Park Wine Company Letterbook\t1885-1888"],"collection_title_tesim":["Title:: Mill Park Wine Company Letterbook\t1885-1888"],"collection_ssim":["Title:: Mill Park Wine Company Letterbook\t1885-1888"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"creator_ssm":["Mill Park Wine Company \narrangement\n\t"],"creator_ssim":["Mill Park Wine Company \narrangement\n\t"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Mill Park Wine Company"],"creators_ssim":["Mill Park Wine Company"],"acqinfo_ssim":["The materials were acquired by Special Collections Research Center from Carmen D. Valentino, Rare Books, Philadelphia, PA on 08/29/2003."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Haymarket (Va.)--History--19th century.","Virginia--Economic History--19th century.","Virginia--Wineries and Vineyards--History--19th century.","Correspondence"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Haymarket (Va.)--History--19th century.","Virginia--Economic History--19th century.","Virginia--Wineries and Vineyards--History--19th century.","Correspondence"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["3.00"],"extent_tesim":["3.00"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1869, the Mill Park Wine Company, of Haymarket, Va., was owned and operated by Christian Abraham Heineken where wine was made from the locally 'Batavia' grown grapes. Heineken was also a business partner of Franz Peters, who owned a 200-acre farm called 'Batavia' near Haymarket, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Founded in 1869, the Mill Park Wine Company, of Haymarket, Va., was owned and operated by Christian Abraham Heineken where wine was made from the locally 'Batavia' grown grapes. Heineken was also a business partner of Franz Peters, who owned a 200-acre farm called 'Batavia' near Haymarket, Va."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMill Park Wine Company Letterbook, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Mill Park Wine Company Letterbook, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe letterpress copybook of the Mill Park Wine Company of Haymarket, Virginia contains about 90 letters written by Christian A. Heineken and Franz Peters regarding business matters of the firm. The correspondence refers to ordering corks, labels, and other business affairs. The collection also includes two original wine labels.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The letterpress copybook of the Mill Park Wine Company of Haymarket, Virginia contains about 90 letters written by Christian A. Heineken and Franz Peters regarding business matters of the firm. The correspondence refers to ordering corks, labels, and other business affairs. The collection also includes two original wine labels."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract encodinganalog=\"520$a\" label=\"Abstract:\"\u003eThe letterpress copybook of the Mill Park Wine Company of Haymarket, Virginia contains about 90 letters written by Christian A. Heineken and Franz Peters regarding business matters of the firm. The correspondence refers to ordering corks, labels, and other business affairs. The collection also includes two original wine labels.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The letterpress copybook of the Mill Park Wine Company of Haymarket, Virginia contains about 90 letters written by Christian A. Heineken and Franz Peters regarding business matters of the firm. The correspondence refers to ordering corks, labels, and other business affairs. The collection also includes two original wine labels."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Mill Park Wine Company"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Mill Park Wine Company"],"language_ssim":["\n\t  The records are in:\n English"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T15:07:57.470Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_viw00161"}},{"id":"viw_viw00176","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Title:: Mill Park Wine Company Letterbook\t1885-1888","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_viw00176#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Mill Park Wine Company \narrangement\n\t","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_viw00176#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"The letterpress copybook of the Mill Park Wine Company of Haymarket, Virginia contains about 90 letters written by Christian A. Heineken and Franz Peters regarding business matters of the firm. The correspondence refers to ordering corks, labels, and other business affairs. The collection also includes two original wine labels.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_viw00176#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viw_viw00176","ead_ssi":"viw_viw00176","_root_":"viw_viw00176","_nest_parent_":"viw_viw00176","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/wm/viw00176.xml","title_ssm":["Title:: Mill Park Wine Company Letterbook\t1885-1888"],"title_tesim":["Title:: Mill Park Wine Company Letterbook\t1885-1888"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["01/Mss. Acc. 2003.50"],"text":["01/Mss. Acc. 2003.50","Title:: Mill Park Wine Company Letterbook\t1885-1888","Haymarket (Va.)--History--19th century.","Virginia--Economic History--19th century.","Virginia--Wineries and Vineyards--History--19th century.","Correspondence","Collection is open to all researchers.","Founded in 1869, the Mill Park Wine Company, of Haymarket, Va., was owned and operated by Christian Abraham Heineken where wine was made from the locally 'Batavia' grown grapes. Heineken was also a business partner of Franz Peters, who owned a 200-acre farm called 'Batavia' near Haymarket, Va.","The letterpress copybook of the Mill Park Wine Company of Haymarket, Virginia contains about 90 letters written by Christian A. Heineken and Franz Peters regarding business matters of the firm. The correspondence refers to ordering corks, labels, and other business affairs. The collection also includes two original wine labels.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","The letterpress copybook of the Mill Park Wine Company of Haymarket, Virginia contains about 90 letters written by Christian A. Heineken and Franz Peters regarding business matters of the firm. The correspondence refers to ordering corks, labels, and other business affairs. The collection also includes two original wine labels.","Special Collections Research Center","Mill Park Wine Company","\n\t  The records are in:\n English"],"unitid_tesim":["01/Mss. Acc. 2003.50"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Title:: Mill Park Wine Company Letterbook\t1885-1888"],"collection_title_tesim":["Title:: Mill Park Wine Company Letterbook\t1885-1888"],"collection_ssim":["Title:: Mill Park Wine Company Letterbook\t1885-1888"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"creator_ssm":["Mill Park Wine Company \narrangement\n\t"],"creator_ssim":["Mill Park Wine Company \narrangement\n\t"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Mill Park Wine Company"],"creators_ssim":["Mill Park Wine Company"],"acqinfo_ssim":["The materials were acquired by Special Collections Research Center from Carmen D. Valentino, Rare Books, Philadelphia, PA on 08/29/2003."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Haymarket (Va.)--History--19th century.","Virginia--Economic History--19th century.","Virginia--Wineries and Vineyards--History--19th century.","Correspondence"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Haymarket (Va.)--History--19th century.","Virginia--Economic History--19th century.","Virginia--Wineries and Vineyards--History--19th century.","Correspondence"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["3.00"],"extent_tesim":["3.00"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1869, the Mill Park Wine Company, of Haymarket, Va., was owned and operated by Christian Abraham Heineken where wine was made from the locally 'Batavia' grown grapes. Heineken was also a business partner of Franz Peters, who owned a 200-acre farm called 'Batavia' near Haymarket, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Founded in 1869, the Mill Park Wine Company, of Haymarket, Va., was owned and operated by Christian Abraham Heineken where wine was made from the locally 'Batavia' grown grapes. Heineken was also a business partner of Franz Peters, who owned a 200-acre farm called 'Batavia' near Haymarket, Va."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMill Park Wine Company Letterbook, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Mill Park Wine Company Letterbook, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe letterpress copybook of the Mill Park Wine Company of Haymarket, Virginia contains about 90 letters written by Christian A. Heineken and Franz Peters regarding business matters of the firm. The correspondence refers to ordering corks, labels, and other business affairs. The collection also includes two original wine labels.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The letterpress copybook of the Mill Park Wine Company of Haymarket, Virginia contains about 90 letters written by Christian A. Heineken and Franz Peters regarding business matters of the firm. The correspondence refers to ordering corks, labels, and other business affairs. The collection also includes two original wine labels."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract encodinganalog=\"520$a\" label=\"Abstract:\"\u003eThe letterpress copybook of the Mill Park Wine Company of Haymarket, Virginia contains about 90 letters written by Christian A. Heineken and Franz Peters regarding business matters of the firm. The correspondence refers to ordering corks, labels, and other business affairs. The collection also includes two original wine labels.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The letterpress copybook of the Mill Park Wine Company of Haymarket, Virginia contains about 90 letters written by Christian A. Heineken and Franz Peters regarding business matters of the firm. The correspondence refers to ordering corks, labels, and other business affairs. The collection also includes two original wine labels."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Mill Park Wine Company"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Mill Park Wine Company"],"language_ssim":["\n\t  The records are in:\n English"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T15:08:12.298Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viw_viw00176","ead_ssi":"viw_viw00176","_root_":"viw_viw00176","_nest_parent_":"viw_viw00176","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/wm/viw00176.xml","title_ssm":["Title:: Mill Park Wine Company Letterbook\t1885-1888"],"title_tesim":["Title:: Mill Park Wine Company Letterbook\t1885-1888"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["01/Mss. Acc. 2003.50"],"text":["01/Mss. Acc. 2003.50","Title:: Mill Park Wine Company Letterbook\t1885-1888","Haymarket (Va.)--History--19th century.","Virginia--Economic History--19th century.","Virginia--Wineries and Vineyards--History--19th century.","Correspondence","Collection is open to all researchers.","Founded in 1869, the Mill Park Wine Company, of Haymarket, Va., was owned and operated by Christian Abraham Heineken where wine was made from the locally 'Batavia' grown grapes. Heineken was also a business partner of Franz Peters, who owned a 200-acre farm called 'Batavia' near Haymarket, Va.","The letterpress copybook of the Mill Park Wine Company of Haymarket, Virginia contains about 90 letters written by Christian A. Heineken and Franz Peters regarding business matters of the firm. The correspondence refers to ordering corks, labels, and other business affairs. The collection also includes two original wine labels.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","The letterpress copybook of the Mill Park Wine Company of Haymarket, Virginia contains about 90 letters written by Christian A. Heineken and Franz Peters regarding business matters of the firm. The correspondence refers to ordering corks, labels, and other business affairs. The collection also includes two original wine labels.","Special Collections Research Center","Mill Park Wine Company","\n\t  The records are in:\n English"],"unitid_tesim":["01/Mss. Acc. 2003.50"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Title:: Mill Park Wine Company Letterbook\t1885-1888"],"collection_title_tesim":["Title:: Mill Park Wine Company Letterbook\t1885-1888"],"collection_ssim":["Title:: Mill Park Wine Company Letterbook\t1885-1888"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"creator_ssm":["Mill Park Wine Company \narrangement\n\t"],"creator_ssim":["Mill Park Wine Company \narrangement\n\t"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Mill Park Wine Company"],"creators_ssim":["Mill Park Wine Company"],"acqinfo_ssim":["The materials were acquired by Special Collections Research Center from Carmen D. Valentino, Rare Books, Philadelphia, PA on 08/29/2003."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Haymarket (Va.)--History--19th century.","Virginia--Economic History--19th century.","Virginia--Wineries and Vineyards--History--19th century.","Correspondence"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Haymarket (Va.)--History--19th century.","Virginia--Economic History--19th century.","Virginia--Wineries and Vineyards--History--19th century.","Correspondence"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["3.00"],"extent_tesim":["3.00"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1869, the Mill Park Wine Company, of Haymarket, Va., was owned and operated by Christian Abraham Heineken where wine was made from the locally 'Batavia' grown grapes. Heineken was also a business partner of Franz Peters, who owned a 200-acre farm called 'Batavia' near Haymarket, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Founded in 1869, the Mill Park Wine Company, of Haymarket, Va., was owned and operated by Christian Abraham Heineken where wine was made from the locally 'Batavia' grown grapes. Heineken was also a business partner of Franz Peters, who owned a 200-acre farm called 'Batavia' near Haymarket, Va."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMill Park Wine Company Letterbook, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Mill Park Wine Company Letterbook, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe letterpress copybook of the Mill Park Wine Company of Haymarket, Virginia contains about 90 letters written by Christian A. Heineken and Franz Peters regarding business matters of the firm. The correspondence refers to ordering corks, labels, and other business affairs. The collection also includes two original wine labels.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The letterpress copybook of the Mill Park Wine Company of Haymarket, Virginia contains about 90 letters written by Christian A. Heineken and Franz Peters regarding business matters of the firm. The correspondence refers to ordering corks, labels, and other business affairs. The collection also includes two original wine labels."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract encodinganalog=\"520$a\" label=\"Abstract:\"\u003eThe letterpress copybook of the Mill Park Wine Company of Haymarket, Virginia contains about 90 letters written by Christian A. Heineken and Franz Peters regarding business matters of the firm. The correspondence refers to ordering corks, labels, and other business affairs. The collection also includes two original wine labels.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The letterpress copybook of the Mill Park Wine Company of Haymarket, Virginia contains about 90 letters written by Christian A. Heineken and Franz Peters regarding business matters of the firm. The correspondence refers to ordering corks, labels, and other business affairs. The collection also includes two original wine labels."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Mill Park Wine Company"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Mill Park Wine Company"],"language_ssim":["\n\t  The records are in:\n English"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T15:08:12.298Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_viw00176"}},{"id":"viw_viw00205","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Title:: Montclair Intelligence Division Records\t1940-19421940-1942","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_viw00205#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Randle, Thomas \narrangement\n\t","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_viw00205#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"The letters in the collection consist of correspondence between Thomas Randle, the head of the Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council, and various members of the organization dated from September 9, 1940 to August 9, 1942. ","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_viw00205#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viw_viw00205","ead_ssi":"viw_viw00205","_root_":"viw_viw00205","_nest_parent_":"viw_viw00205","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/wm/viw00205.xml","title_ssm":["Title:: Montclair Intelligence Division Records\t1940-19421940-1942"],"title_tesim":["Title:: Montclair Intelligence Division Records\t1940-19421940-1942"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["01/Mss.  Acc. 2007.116"],"text":["01/Mss.  Acc. 2007.116","Title:: Montclair Intelligence Division Records\t1940-19421940-1942","Subversive activities--United States--History--20th century","World War, 1939-1945--Collaborationists","Correspondence","Collection is open to all researchers.","The collection is arranged chronologically.","The letters in the collection consist of correspondence between Thomas Randle, the head of the Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council, and various members of the organization dated from September 9, 1940 to August 9, 1942. \n","Located west of New York City, Montclair, New Jersey had a population of approximately 40,000 in the late 1930s.  At the time, a group of  the citizens of  the New York  suburb,  troubled over potential fifth column activity in their community, formed an intelligence gathering organization to expose perceived subversive activities. The organization eventually became part of the official civil defense apparatus of the town and was referred to as the  Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council. Colonel Dallas Townsend, a New York attorney and Montclair resident, served as the town's Commissioner of Public Safety and the members of the Intelligence Division reported to him. Official recognition was granted to the group by Townsend in the Fall of 1941, giving it work space in the Montclair Municipal Building, where it held regular monthly meetings.   \n","For purposes of their activities, the Intelligence Division partitioned Montclair into fifteen sections, each headed by a \"key man.\"  Ten to fifteen \"thoroughly trustworthy\", \"good substantial Americans\" of unquestioned patriotism were assigned to, or recruited by, each of the key men.  They were from  \"different levels of society and various social groups.\"  In this pyramidal structure, key men did not know the identity of other key men and the lower level informants only knew their own key man.   Members of the Intelligence Division were to report to the next most superior authority on activities they \"construed as subversive or un-American in any way.\"  Correspondence from operatives was addressed to their key man in care of the office at municipal building.  Townsend, the top of the intelligence gathering pyramid, would then turn over information to the FBI if he thought it represented information sympathetic to the Nazi cause.  \n","As of July, 1941, according to the Montclair Times, the intelligence division had been operating for over a year. The newspaper claimed it was remarkably successful in uncovering potential subversive activities and fascist sentiment. Although the FBI never reported back to the intelligence division as to the outcome of information passed to it, the newspaper credited the intelligence division with 43 reports to the FBI resulting \"in several arrest and convictions.\"\n","The term \"fifth column\" is attributed to Nationalist General Emilio de Mola who first used the phrase during the Spanish Civil War.  Mola saw Nationalist sympathizers advancing towards Madrid from four directions and a fifth force ready to arise for the cause.  The forces of this fifth column, having been previously involved in espionage, sabotage and subversion within Madrid, would leave Spain divided, demoralized and unprepared for war.  They would then join the advancing armies in the fight against the Second Spanish Republic.\n","Subsequently, the term fifth column was more closely applied to, and has been identified with, the activities of the Nazis prior to and during World War II although Japan, Italy and the Soviet Union used the technique also. An analogy is made between subversives forming a fifth column to the Greek soldiers at the siege of Troy who infiltrated the city from the belly of a great wooden horse, the Trojan Horse.\n","Pre-war England and Europe were obsessed with spy hysteria. Given the closeness of the Nazi threat, it was reasonable to assume the presence of a covert domestic destructive force.   Because of the large number of Fascist sympathizers in Latin America, concerns over the presence of a fifth column and the potential impact could also be understood.\n","A case for the fears and panic that arose in the United States concerning a Trojan Horse in America can also made.  The notion that  Hitler would use fifth column tactics in United States was fostered by German activities in the United States prior to World War I.  In 1917,  German spies and saboteurs engaged in disruptions at defense plants in the United States.  Incendiary devices were found aboard merchant ships and assumed to be planted by German agents or sympathizers. With the rise of the Nazi movement in Germany, the activities of the German American Bund and various other fascist groups in America began to arouse suspicion over loyalties.  In the 1930s,  government inquiries, conducted largely by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, broke several German spy rings, exposed clumsy Nazi propaganda efforts and thwarted several sabotage missions.  In 1938, the FBI uncovered a German spy ring operating in New York City proving Hitler operatives were active. The breaking of the Duquesne spy ring received national coverage and increased public awareness of the presence of German operatives and resulted, after a lengthy investigation, in the conviction on espionage charges of 33 Nazi agents.\n","The panic escalated throughout 1939 and 1940 as Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium and France fell to the Nazis.  In 1940, a Gallup Poll indicated that 48% of Americans were convinced that their communities had been infiltrated elements of a \"fifth column\"  and another 26% could not be sure.  The intensification of the panic can be measured by the number of complaints relating to potential  fifth column activity submitted to the FBI.  In the period between 1933 and 1938, the FBI received, on average, 35 potential cases per year.  The number grew to 250 cases  in 1938, 1,615 in the year 1939 and on one day in May, 1940 the FBI received 2,871 reports of suspected cases of espionage submitted mainly by sincere citizens troubled by events they perceived to be evidence of subversion. Newspaper articles, magazine features, personal memoirs, novels, comic books, radio programs  promoted the idea of a covert subversive force.  The media gave extensive coverage to stories of German espionage, sabotage, and subversion in legitimate stories of actual cases of \"fifth column\" activity uncovered by American intelligence.  Released in 1939, the popular Warner Brothers motion picture, \"Confessions of a Nazi Spy\"  is a prime example the movie industry encouraging fear among the public. \n","There was a gap, however, between the perception of a Trojan Horse activity in the United States and the reality of its magnitude and effectiveness.  In hindsight, and partially through the admission of Hitler himself, fifth column activity in the United States was of a low priority to the Nazis.  The espionage, sabotage and subversion in the America was modest and almost uniformly unsuccessful.  But  officials of the United States government did not discourage the media from promoting the belief of the  high level of the threat of German subversion and did little to calm public fears. In fact, the government encouraged the mania. \n","The White House, Congress and the FBI all proclaimed it as an ominous threat to national security,  and had reason to overstate its scope. Those in the Roosevelt administration, and Roosevelt himself, favoring intervention in Europe used it as an argument against the policy of isolation pointing out that the threat was already present and using subversive tactics in America.  The Congress, and in particular the House Un-American Activities Committee, chaired by Martin Dies, used the threat of a Nazi \"fifth column\" to bolster its investigations into a Soviet \"fifth column\" and to criticize the isolationalists in the administration.  The FBI promoted the idea that agents of the fifth column had penetrated every aspect of American life.  J. Edgar Hoover spoke of the threat in alarming terms. At the time the FBI was a small organization given the enormously difficult task of domestic counterespionage.  Hoover depended on public vigilance and cooperation and he made sure the nation took the threat seriously.  He was able to receive the funding and manpower to fight the fifth column by overemphasizing the severity of the problem.\n","The panic reached a new level after December 7, 1941 with America's formal entry into the war against the Axis powers.\n","Beginning in the Fall of 1942, the fear declined sharply as Allies forces moved on the offensive.  No major wartime spy ring emerged and governmental warnings of a threat subsided although anecdotal stories of a Nazi \"fifth column\" persisted.  \n"," Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the  Special Collections Research Center Wiki","The letters in the collection consist of correspondence between Thomas Randle, the head of the Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council, and various members of the organization dated from September 9, 1940 to August 9, 1942. \n","The letters in the collection of the Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council are dated September 9, 1940 to August 9, 1942. They contain information pertaining to the organization of the division, prospective recruits and reports on potential subversive activity.  \n","The tone of the letters change somewhat with America's entrance into World War II.  In a letter, dated December 8, 1941, Randle asks his recruits to take stronger steps to stop subversive activities, indicating Montclair to be in a part of the country \"riddled with foreign agents.\"  He asks them to report any un-American activity to the division and to do so without arousing suspicion.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","The letters in the collection consist of correspondence between Thomas Randle, the head of the Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council, and various members of the organization dated from September 9, 1940 to August 9, 1942. \n","Special Collections Research Center","Randle, Thomas","\n\t  The papers are in:\n English"],"unitid_tesim":["01/Mss.  Acc. 2007.116"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Title:: Montclair Intelligence Division Records\t1940-19421940-1942"],"collection_title_tesim":["Title:: Montclair Intelligence Division Records\t1940-19421940-1942"],"collection_ssim":["Title:: Montclair Intelligence Division Records\t1940-19421940-1942"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"creator_ssm":["Randle, Thomas \narrangement\n\t"],"creator_ssim":["Randle, Thomas \narrangement\n\t"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Randle, Thomas"],"creators_ssim":["Randle, Thomas"],"acqinfo_ssim":["The materials were acquired by Special Collections Research Center on 12/27/2007."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Subversive activities--United States--History--20th century","World War, 1939-1945--Collaborationists","Correspondence"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Subversive activities--United States--History--20th century","World War, 1939-1945--Collaborationists","Correspondence"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.25"],"extent_tesim":["0.25"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement of Materials"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged chronologically."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe letters in the collection consist of correspondence between Thomas Randle, the head of the Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council, and various members of the organization dated from September 9, 1940 to August 9, 1942. \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLocated west of New York City, Montclair, New Jersey had a population of approximately 40,000 in the late 1930s.  At the time, a group of  the citizens of  the New York  suburb,  troubled over potential fifth column activity in their community, formed an intelligence gathering organization to expose perceived subversive activities. The organization eventually became part of the official civil defense apparatus of the town and was referred to as the  Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council. Colonel Dallas Townsend, a New York attorney and Montclair resident, served as the town's Commissioner of Public Safety and the members of the Intelligence Division reported to him. Official recognition was granted to the group by Townsend in the Fall of 1941, giving it work space in the Montclair Municipal Building, where it held regular monthly meetings.   \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFor purposes of their activities, the Intelligence Division partitioned Montclair into fifteen sections, each headed by a \"key man.\"  Ten to fifteen \"thoroughly trustworthy\", \"good substantial Americans\" of unquestioned patriotism were assigned to, or recruited by, each of the key men.  They were from  \"different levels of society and various social groups.\"  In this pyramidal structure, key men did not know the identity of other key men and the lower level informants only knew their own key man.   Members of the Intelligence Division were to report to the next most superior authority on activities they \"construed as subversive or un-American in any way.\"  Correspondence from operatives was addressed to their key man in care of the office at municipal building.  Townsend, the top of the intelligence gathering pyramid, would then turn over information to the FBI if he thought it represented information sympathetic to the Nazi cause.  \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs of July, 1941, according to the Montclair Times, the intelligence division had been operating for over a year. The newspaper claimed it was remarkably successful in uncovering potential subversive activities and fascist sentiment. Although the FBI never reported back to the intelligence division as to the outcome of information passed to it, the newspaper credited the intelligence division with 43 reports to the FBI resulting \"in several arrest and convictions.\"\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe term \"fifth column\" is attributed to Nationalist General Emilio de Mola who first used the phrase during the Spanish Civil War.  Mola saw Nationalist sympathizers advancing towards Madrid from four directions and a fifth force ready to arise for the cause.  The forces of this fifth column, having been previously involved in espionage, sabotage and subversion within Madrid, would leave Spain divided, demoralized and unprepared for war.  They would then join the advancing armies in the fight against the Second Spanish Republic.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubsequently, the term fifth column was more closely applied to, and has been identified with, the activities of the Nazis prior to and during World War II although Japan, Italy and the Soviet Union used the technique also. An analogy is made between subversives forming a fifth column to the Greek soldiers at the siege of Troy who infiltrated the city from the belly of a great wooden horse, the Trojan Horse.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePre-war England and Europe were obsessed with spy hysteria. Given the closeness of the Nazi threat, it was reasonable to assume the presence of a covert domestic destructive force.   Because of the large number of Fascist sympathizers in Latin America, concerns over the presence of a fifth column and the potential impact could also be understood.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA case for the fears and panic that arose in the United States concerning a Trojan Horse in America can also made.  The notion that  Hitler would use fifth column tactics in United States was fostered by German activities in the United States prior to World War I.  In 1917,  German spies and saboteurs engaged in disruptions at defense plants in the United States.  Incendiary devices were found aboard merchant ships and assumed to be planted by German agents or sympathizers. With the rise of the Nazi movement in Germany, the activities of the German American Bund and various other fascist groups in America began to arouse suspicion over loyalties.  In the 1930s,  government inquiries, conducted largely by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, broke several German spy rings, exposed clumsy Nazi propaganda efforts and thwarted several sabotage missions.  In 1938, the FBI uncovered a German spy ring operating in New York City proving Hitler operatives were active. The breaking of the Duquesne spy ring received national coverage and increased public awareness of the presence of German operatives and resulted, after a lengthy investigation, in the conviction on espionage charges of 33 Nazi agents.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe panic escalated throughout 1939 and 1940 as Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium and France fell to the Nazis.  In 1940, a Gallup Poll indicated that 48% of Americans were convinced that their communities had been infiltrated elements of a \"fifth column\"  and another 26% could not be sure.  The intensification of the panic can be measured by the number of complaints relating to potential  fifth column activity submitted to the FBI.  In the period between 1933 and 1938, the FBI received, on average, 35 potential cases per year.  The number grew to 250 cases  in 1938, 1,615 in the year 1939 and on one day in May, 1940 the FBI received 2,871 reports of suspected cases of espionage submitted mainly by sincere citizens troubled by events they perceived to be evidence of subversion. Newspaper articles, magazine features, personal memoirs, novels, comic books, radio programs  promoted the idea of a covert subversive force.  The media gave extensive coverage to stories of German espionage, sabotage, and subversion in legitimate stories of actual cases of \"fifth column\" activity uncovered by American intelligence.  Released in 1939, the popular Warner Brothers motion picture, \"Confessions of a Nazi Spy\"  is a prime example the movie industry encouraging fear among the public. \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere was a gap, however, between the perception of a Trojan Horse activity in the United States and the reality of its magnitude and effectiveness.  In hindsight, and partially through the admission of Hitler himself, fifth column activity in the United States was of a low priority to the Nazis.  The espionage, sabotage and subversion in the America was modest and almost uniformly unsuccessful.  But  officials of the United States government did not discourage the media from promoting the belief of the  high level of the threat of German subversion and did little to calm public fears. In fact, the government encouraged the mania. \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe White House, Congress and the FBI all proclaimed it as an ominous threat to national security,  and had reason to overstate its scope. Those in the Roosevelt administration, and Roosevelt himself, favoring intervention in Europe used it as an argument against the policy of isolation pointing out that the threat was already present and using subversive tactics in America.  The Congress, and in particular the House Un-American Activities Committee, chaired by Martin Dies, used the threat of a Nazi \"fifth column\" to bolster its investigations into a Soviet \"fifth column\" and to criticize the isolationalists in the administration.  The FBI promoted the idea that agents of the fifth column had penetrated every aspect of American life.  J. Edgar Hoover spoke of the threat in alarming terms. At the time the FBI was a small organization given the enormously difficult task of domestic counterespionage.  Hoover depended on public vigilance and cooperation and he made sure the nation took the threat seriously.  He was able to receive the funding and manpower to fight the fifth column by overemphasizing the severity of the problem.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe panic reached a new level after December 7, 1941 with America's formal entry into the war against the Axis powers.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBeginning in the Fall of 1942, the fear declined sharply as Allies forces moved on the offensive.  No major wartime spy ring emerged and governmental warnings of a threat subsided although anecdotal stories of a Nazi \"fifth column\" persisted.  \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eSpecial Collections Research Center Wiki\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["The letters in the collection consist of correspondence between Thomas Randle, the head of the Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council, and various members of the organization dated from September 9, 1940 to August 9, 1942. \n","Located west of New York City, Montclair, New Jersey had a population of approximately 40,000 in the late 1930s.  At the time, a group of  the citizens of  the New York  suburb,  troubled over potential fifth column activity in their community, formed an intelligence gathering organization to expose perceived subversive activities. The organization eventually became part of the official civil defense apparatus of the town and was referred to as the  Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council. Colonel Dallas Townsend, a New York attorney and Montclair resident, served as the town's Commissioner of Public Safety and the members of the Intelligence Division reported to him. Official recognition was granted to the group by Townsend in the Fall of 1941, giving it work space in the Montclair Municipal Building, where it held regular monthly meetings.   \n","For purposes of their activities, the Intelligence Division partitioned Montclair into fifteen sections, each headed by a \"key man.\"  Ten to fifteen \"thoroughly trustworthy\", \"good substantial Americans\" of unquestioned patriotism were assigned to, or recruited by, each of the key men.  They were from  \"different levels of society and various social groups.\"  In this pyramidal structure, key men did not know the identity of other key men and the lower level informants only knew their own key man.   Members of the Intelligence Division were to report to the next most superior authority on activities they \"construed as subversive or un-American in any way.\"  Correspondence from operatives was addressed to their key man in care of the office at municipal building.  Townsend, the top of the intelligence gathering pyramid, would then turn over information to the FBI if he thought it represented information sympathetic to the Nazi cause.  \n","As of July, 1941, according to the Montclair Times, the intelligence division had been operating for over a year. The newspaper claimed it was remarkably successful in uncovering potential subversive activities and fascist sentiment. Although the FBI never reported back to the intelligence division as to the outcome of information passed to it, the newspaper credited the intelligence division with 43 reports to the FBI resulting \"in several arrest and convictions.\"\n","The term \"fifth column\" is attributed to Nationalist General Emilio de Mola who first used the phrase during the Spanish Civil War.  Mola saw Nationalist sympathizers advancing towards Madrid from four directions and a fifth force ready to arise for the cause.  The forces of this fifth column, having been previously involved in espionage, sabotage and subversion within Madrid, would leave Spain divided, demoralized and unprepared for war.  They would then join the advancing armies in the fight against the Second Spanish Republic.\n","Subsequently, the term fifth column was more closely applied to, and has been identified with, the activities of the Nazis prior to and during World War II although Japan, Italy and the Soviet Union used the technique also. An analogy is made between subversives forming a fifth column to the Greek soldiers at the siege of Troy who infiltrated the city from the belly of a great wooden horse, the Trojan Horse.\n","Pre-war England and Europe were obsessed with spy hysteria. Given the closeness of the Nazi threat, it was reasonable to assume the presence of a covert domestic destructive force.   Because of the large number of Fascist sympathizers in Latin America, concerns over the presence of a fifth column and the potential impact could also be understood.\n","A case for the fears and panic that arose in the United States concerning a Trojan Horse in America can also made.  The notion that  Hitler would use fifth column tactics in United States was fostered by German activities in the United States prior to World War I.  In 1917,  German spies and saboteurs engaged in disruptions at defense plants in the United States.  Incendiary devices were found aboard merchant ships and assumed to be planted by German agents or sympathizers. With the rise of the Nazi movement in Germany, the activities of the German American Bund and various other fascist groups in America began to arouse suspicion over loyalties.  In the 1930s,  government inquiries, conducted largely by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, broke several German spy rings, exposed clumsy Nazi propaganda efforts and thwarted several sabotage missions.  In 1938, the FBI uncovered a German spy ring operating in New York City proving Hitler operatives were active. The breaking of the Duquesne spy ring received national coverage and increased public awareness of the presence of German operatives and resulted, after a lengthy investigation, in the conviction on espionage charges of 33 Nazi agents.\n","The panic escalated throughout 1939 and 1940 as Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium and France fell to the Nazis.  In 1940, a Gallup Poll indicated that 48% of Americans were convinced that their communities had been infiltrated elements of a \"fifth column\"  and another 26% could not be sure.  The intensification of the panic can be measured by the number of complaints relating to potential  fifth column activity submitted to the FBI.  In the period between 1933 and 1938, the FBI received, on average, 35 potential cases per year.  The number grew to 250 cases  in 1938, 1,615 in the year 1939 and on one day in May, 1940 the FBI received 2,871 reports of suspected cases of espionage submitted mainly by sincere citizens troubled by events they perceived to be evidence of subversion. Newspaper articles, magazine features, personal memoirs, novels, comic books, radio programs  promoted the idea of a covert subversive force.  The media gave extensive coverage to stories of German espionage, sabotage, and subversion in legitimate stories of actual cases of \"fifth column\" activity uncovered by American intelligence.  Released in 1939, the popular Warner Brothers motion picture, \"Confessions of a Nazi Spy\"  is a prime example the movie industry encouraging fear among the public. \n","There was a gap, however, between the perception of a Trojan Horse activity in the United States and the reality of its magnitude and effectiveness.  In hindsight, and partially through the admission of Hitler himself, fifth column activity in the United States was of a low priority to the Nazis.  The espionage, sabotage and subversion in the America was modest and almost uniformly unsuccessful.  But  officials of the United States government did not discourage the media from promoting the belief of the  high level of the threat of German subversion and did little to calm public fears. In fact, the government encouraged the mania. \n","The White House, Congress and the FBI all proclaimed it as an ominous threat to national security,  and had reason to overstate its scope. Those in the Roosevelt administration, and Roosevelt himself, favoring intervention in Europe used it as an argument against the policy of isolation pointing out that the threat was already present and using subversive tactics in America.  The Congress, and in particular the House Un-American Activities Committee, chaired by Martin Dies, used the threat of a Nazi \"fifth column\" to bolster its investigations into a Soviet \"fifth column\" and to criticize the isolationalists in the administration.  The FBI promoted the idea that agents of the fifth column had penetrated every aspect of American life.  J. Edgar Hoover spoke of the threat in alarming terms. At the time the FBI was a small organization given the enormously difficult task of domestic counterespionage.  Hoover depended on public vigilance and cooperation and he made sure the nation took the threat seriously.  He was able to receive the funding and manpower to fight the fifth column by overemphasizing the severity of the problem.\n","The panic reached a new level after December 7, 1941 with America's formal entry into the war against the Axis powers.\n","Beginning in the Fall of 1942, the fear declined sharply as Allies forces moved on the offensive.  No major wartime spy ring emerged and governmental warnings of a threat subsided although anecdotal stories of a Nazi \"fifth column\" persisted.  \n"," Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the  Special Collections Research Center Wiki"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMontclair Intelligence Division Records, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Montclair Intelligence Division Records, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe letters in the collection consist of correspondence between Thomas Randle, the head of the Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council, and various members of the organization dated from September 9, 1940 to August 9, 1942. \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe letters in the collection of the Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council are dated September 9, 1940 to August 9, 1942. They contain information pertaining to the organization of the division, prospective recruits and reports on potential subversive activity.  \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe tone of the letters change somewhat with America's entrance into World War II.  In a letter, dated December 8, 1941, Randle asks his recruits to take stronger steps to stop subversive activities, indicating Montclair to be in a part of the country \"riddled with foreign agents.\"  He asks them to report any un-American activity to the division and to do so without arousing suspicion.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The letters in the collection consist of correspondence between Thomas Randle, the head of the Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council, and various members of the organization dated from September 9, 1940 to August 9, 1942. \n","The letters in the collection of the Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council are dated September 9, 1940 to August 9, 1942. They contain information pertaining to the organization of the division, prospective recruits and reports on potential subversive activity.  \n","The tone of the letters change somewhat with America's entrance into World War II.  In a letter, dated December 8, 1941, Randle asks his recruits to take stronger steps to stop subversive activities, indicating Montclair to be in a part of the country \"riddled with foreign agents.\"  He asks them to report any un-American activity to the division and to do so without arousing suspicion."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract encodinganalog=\"520$a\" label=\"Abstract:\"\u003eThe letters in the collection consist of correspondence between Thomas Randle, the head of the Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council, and various members of the organization dated from September 9, 1940 to August 9, 1942. \n\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The letters in the collection consist of correspondence between Thomas Randle, the head of the Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council, and various members of the organization dated from September 9, 1940 to August 9, 1942. \n"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Randle, Thomas"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"persname_ssim":["Randle, Thomas"],"language_ssim":["\n\t  The papers are in:\n English"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T15:04:13.050Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viw_viw00205","ead_ssi":"viw_viw00205","_root_":"viw_viw00205","_nest_parent_":"viw_viw00205","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/wm/viw00205.xml","title_ssm":["Title:: Montclair Intelligence Division Records\t1940-19421940-1942"],"title_tesim":["Title:: Montclair Intelligence Division Records\t1940-19421940-1942"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["01/Mss.  Acc. 2007.116"],"text":["01/Mss.  Acc. 2007.116","Title:: Montclair Intelligence Division Records\t1940-19421940-1942","Subversive activities--United States--History--20th century","World War, 1939-1945--Collaborationists","Correspondence","Collection is open to all researchers.","The collection is arranged chronologically.","The letters in the collection consist of correspondence between Thomas Randle, the head of the Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council, and various members of the organization dated from September 9, 1940 to August 9, 1942. \n","Located west of New York City, Montclair, New Jersey had a population of approximately 40,000 in the late 1930s.  At the time, a group of  the citizens of  the New York  suburb,  troubled over potential fifth column activity in their community, formed an intelligence gathering organization to expose perceived subversive activities. The organization eventually became part of the official civil defense apparatus of the town and was referred to as the  Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council. Colonel Dallas Townsend, a New York attorney and Montclair resident, served as the town's Commissioner of Public Safety and the members of the Intelligence Division reported to him. Official recognition was granted to the group by Townsend in the Fall of 1941, giving it work space in the Montclair Municipal Building, where it held regular monthly meetings.   \n","For purposes of their activities, the Intelligence Division partitioned Montclair into fifteen sections, each headed by a \"key man.\"  Ten to fifteen \"thoroughly trustworthy\", \"good substantial Americans\" of unquestioned patriotism were assigned to, or recruited by, each of the key men.  They were from  \"different levels of society and various social groups.\"  In this pyramidal structure, key men did not know the identity of other key men and the lower level informants only knew their own key man.   Members of the Intelligence Division were to report to the next most superior authority on activities they \"construed as subversive or un-American in any way.\"  Correspondence from operatives was addressed to their key man in care of the office at municipal building.  Townsend, the top of the intelligence gathering pyramid, would then turn over information to the FBI if he thought it represented information sympathetic to the Nazi cause.  \n","As of July, 1941, according to the Montclair Times, the intelligence division had been operating for over a year. The newspaper claimed it was remarkably successful in uncovering potential subversive activities and fascist sentiment. Although the FBI never reported back to the intelligence division as to the outcome of information passed to it, the newspaper credited the intelligence division with 43 reports to the FBI resulting \"in several arrest and convictions.\"\n","The term \"fifth column\" is attributed to Nationalist General Emilio de Mola who first used the phrase during the Spanish Civil War.  Mola saw Nationalist sympathizers advancing towards Madrid from four directions and a fifth force ready to arise for the cause.  The forces of this fifth column, having been previously involved in espionage, sabotage and subversion within Madrid, would leave Spain divided, demoralized and unprepared for war.  They would then join the advancing armies in the fight against the Second Spanish Republic.\n","Subsequently, the term fifth column was more closely applied to, and has been identified with, the activities of the Nazis prior to and during World War II although Japan, Italy and the Soviet Union used the technique also. An analogy is made between subversives forming a fifth column to the Greek soldiers at the siege of Troy who infiltrated the city from the belly of a great wooden horse, the Trojan Horse.\n","Pre-war England and Europe were obsessed with spy hysteria. Given the closeness of the Nazi threat, it was reasonable to assume the presence of a covert domestic destructive force.   Because of the large number of Fascist sympathizers in Latin America, concerns over the presence of a fifth column and the potential impact could also be understood.\n","A case for the fears and panic that arose in the United States concerning a Trojan Horse in America can also made.  The notion that  Hitler would use fifth column tactics in United States was fostered by German activities in the United States prior to World War I.  In 1917,  German spies and saboteurs engaged in disruptions at defense plants in the United States.  Incendiary devices were found aboard merchant ships and assumed to be planted by German agents or sympathizers. With the rise of the Nazi movement in Germany, the activities of the German American Bund and various other fascist groups in America began to arouse suspicion over loyalties.  In the 1930s,  government inquiries, conducted largely by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, broke several German spy rings, exposed clumsy Nazi propaganda efforts and thwarted several sabotage missions.  In 1938, the FBI uncovered a German spy ring operating in New York City proving Hitler operatives were active. The breaking of the Duquesne spy ring received national coverage and increased public awareness of the presence of German operatives and resulted, after a lengthy investigation, in the conviction on espionage charges of 33 Nazi agents.\n","The panic escalated throughout 1939 and 1940 as Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium and France fell to the Nazis.  In 1940, a Gallup Poll indicated that 48% of Americans were convinced that their communities had been infiltrated elements of a \"fifth column\"  and another 26% could not be sure.  The intensification of the panic can be measured by the number of complaints relating to potential  fifth column activity submitted to the FBI.  In the period between 1933 and 1938, the FBI received, on average, 35 potential cases per year.  The number grew to 250 cases  in 1938, 1,615 in the year 1939 and on one day in May, 1940 the FBI received 2,871 reports of suspected cases of espionage submitted mainly by sincere citizens troubled by events they perceived to be evidence of subversion. Newspaper articles, magazine features, personal memoirs, novels, comic books, radio programs  promoted the idea of a covert subversive force.  The media gave extensive coverage to stories of German espionage, sabotage, and subversion in legitimate stories of actual cases of \"fifth column\" activity uncovered by American intelligence.  Released in 1939, the popular Warner Brothers motion picture, \"Confessions of a Nazi Spy\"  is a prime example the movie industry encouraging fear among the public. \n","There was a gap, however, between the perception of a Trojan Horse activity in the United States and the reality of its magnitude and effectiveness.  In hindsight, and partially through the admission of Hitler himself, fifth column activity in the United States was of a low priority to the Nazis.  The espionage, sabotage and subversion in the America was modest and almost uniformly unsuccessful.  But  officials of the United States government did not discourage the media from promoting the belief of the  high level of the threat of German subversion and did little to calm public fears. In fact, the government encouraged the mania. \n","The White House, Congress and the FBI all proclaimed it as an ominous threat to national security,  and had reason to overstate its scope. Those in the Roosevelt administration, and Roosevelt himself, favoring intervention in Europe used it as an argument against the policy of isolation pointing out that the threat was already present and using subversive tactics in America.  The Congress, and in particular the House Un-American Activities Committee, chaired by Martin Dies, used the threat of a Nazi \"fifth column\" to bolster its investigations into a Soviet \"fifth column\" and to criticize the isolationalists in the administration.  The FBI promoted the idea that agents of the fifth column had penetrated every aspect of American life.  J. Edgar Hoover spoke of the threat in alarming terms. At the time the FBI was a small organization given the enormously difficult task of domestic counterespionage.  Hoover depended on public vigilance and cooperation and he made sure the nation took the threat seriously.  He was able to receive the funding and manpower to fight the fifth column by overemphasizing the severity of the problem.\n","The panic reached a new level after December 7, 1941 with America's formal entry into the war against the Axis powers.\n","Beginning in the Fall of 1942, the fear declined sharply as Allies forces moved on the offensive.  No major wartime spy ring emerged and governmental warnings of a threat subsided although anecdotal stories of a Nazi \"fifth column\" persisted.  \n"," Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the  Special Collections Research Center Wiki","The letters in the collection consist of correspondence between Thomas Randle, the head of the Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council, and various members of the organization dated from September 9, 1940 to August 9, 1942. \n","The letters in the collection of the Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council are dated September 9, 1940 to August 9, 1942. They contain information pertaining to the organization of the division, prospective recruits and reports on potential subversive activity.  \n","The tone of the letters change somewhat with America's entrance into World War II.  In a letter, dated December 8, 1941, Randle asks his recruits to take stronger steps to stop subversive activities, indicating Montclair to be in a part of the country \"riddled with foreign agents.\"  He asks them to report any un-American activity to the division and to do so without arousing suspicion.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","The letters in the collection consist of correspondence between Thomas Randle, the head of the Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council, and various members of the organization dated from September 9, 1940 to August 9, 1942. \n","Special Collections Research Center","Randle, Thomas","\n\t  The papers are in:\n English"],"unitid_tesim":["01/Mss.  Acc. 2007.116"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Title:: Montclair Intelligence Division Records\t1940-19421940-1942"],"collection_title_tesim":["Title:: Montclair Intelligence Division Records\t1940-19421940-1942"],"collection_ssim":["Title:: Montclair Intelligence Division Records\t1940-19421940-1942"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"creator_ssm":["Randle, Thomas \narrangement\n\t"],"creator_ssim":["Randle, Thomas \narrangement\n\t"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Randle, Thomas"],"creators_ssim":["Randle, Thomas"],"acqinfo_ssim":["The materials were acquired by Special Collections Research Center on 12/27/2007."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Subversive activities--United States--History--20th century","World War, 1939-1945--Collaborationists","Correspondence"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Subversive activities--United States--History--20th century","World War, 1939-1945--Collaborationists","Correspondence"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.25"],"extent_tesim":["0.25"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement of Materials"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged chronologically."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe letters in the collection consist of correspondence between Thomas Randle, the head of the Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council, and various members of the organization dated from September 9, 1940 to August 9, 1942. \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLocated west of New York City, Montclair, New Jersey had a population of approximately 40,000 in the late 1930s.  At the time, a group of  the citizens of  the New York  suburb,  troubled over potential fifth column activity in their community, formed an intelligence gathering organization to expose perceived subversive activities. The organization eventually became part of the official civil defense apparatus of the town and was referred to as the  Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council. Colonel Dallas Townsend, a New York attorney and Montclair resident, served as the town's Commissioner of Public Safety and the members of the Intelligence Division reported to him. Official recognition was granted to the group by Townsend in the Fall of 1941, giving it work space in the Montclair Municipal Building, where it held regular monthly meetings.   \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFor purposes of their activities, the Intelligence Division partitioned Montclair into fifteen sections, each headed by a \"key man.\"  Ten to fifteen \"thoroughly trustworthy\", \"good substantial Americans\" of unquestioned patriotism were assigned to, or recruited by, each of the key men.  They were from  \"different levels of society and various social groups.\"  In this pyramidal structure, key men did not know the identity of other key men and the lower level informants only knew their own key man.   Members of the Intelligence Division were to report to the next most superior authority on activities they \"construed as subversive or un-American in any way.\"  Correspondence from operatives was addressed to their key man in care of the office at municipal building.  Townsend, the top of the intelligence gathering pyramid, would then turn over information to the FBI if he thought it represented information sympathetic to the Nazi cause.  \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs of July, 1941, according to the Montclair Times, the intelligence division had been operating for over a year. The newspaper claimed it was remarkably successful in uncovering potential subversive activities and fascist sentiment. Although the FBI never reported back to the intelligence division as to the outcome of information passed to it, the newspaper credited the intelligence division with 43 reports to the FBI resulting \"in several arrest and convictions.\"\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe term \"fifth column\" is attributed to Nationalist General Emilio de Mola who first used the phrase during the Spanish Civil War.  Mola saw Nationalist sympathizers advancing towards Madrid from four directions and a fifth force ready to arise for the cause.  The forces of this fifth column, having been previously involved in espionage, sabotage and subversion within Madrid, would leave Spain divided, demoralized and unprepared for war.  They would then join the advancing armies in the fight against the Second Spanish Republic.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubsequently, the term fifth column was more closely applied to, and has been identified with, the activities of the Nazis prior to and during World War II although Japan, Italy and the Soviet Union used the technique also. An analogy is made between subversives forming a fifth column to the Greek soldiers at the siege of Troy who infiltrated the city from the belly of a great wooden horse, the Trojan Horse.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePre-war England and Europe were obsessed with spy hysteria. Given the closeness of the Nazi threat, it was reasonable to assume the presence of a covert domestic destructive force.   Because of the large number of Fascist sympathizers in Latin America, concerns over the presence of a fifth column and the potential impact could also be understood.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA case for the fears and panic that arose in the United States concerning a Trojan Horse in America can also made.  The notion that  Hitler would use fifth column tactics in United States was fostered by German activities in the United States prior to World War I.  In 1917,  German spies and saboteurs engaged in disruptions at defense plants in the United States.  Incendiary devices were found aboard merchant ships and assumed to be planted by German agents or sympathizers. With the rise of the Nazi movement in Germany, the activities of the German American Bund and various other fascist groups in America began to arouse suspicion over loyalties.  In the 1930s,  government inquiries, conducted largely by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, broke several German spy rings, exposed clumsy Nazi propaganda efforts and thwarted several sabotage missions.  In 1938, the FBI uncovered a German spy ring operating in New York City proving Hitler operatives were active. The breaking of the Duquesne spy ring received national coverage and increased public awareness of the presence of German operatives and resulted, after a lengthy investigation, in the conviction on espionage charges of 33 Nazi agents.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe panic escalated throughout 1939 and 1940 as Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium and France fell to the Nazis.  In 1940, a Gallup Poll indicated that 48% of Americans were convinced that their communities had been infiltrated elements of a \"fifth column\"  and another 26% could not be sure.  The intensification of the panic can be measured by the number of complaints relating to potential  fifth column activity submitted to the FBI.  In the period between 1933 and 1938, the FBI received, on average, 35 potential cases per year.  The number grew to 250 cases  in 1938, 1,615 in the year 1939 and on one day in May, 1940 the FBI received 2,871 reports of suspected cases of espionage submitted mainly by sincere citizens troubled by events they perceived to be evidence of subversion. Newspaper articles, magazine features, personal memoirs, novels, comic books, radio programs  promoted the idea of a covert subversive force.  The media gave extensive coverage to stories of German espionage, sabotage, and subversion in legitimate stories of actual cases of \"fifth column\" activity uncovered by American intelligence.  Released in 1939, the popular Warner Brothers motion picture, \"Confessions of a Nazi Spy\"  is a prime example the movie industry encouraging fear among the public. \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere was a gap, however, between the perception of a Trojan Horse activity in the United States and the reality of its magnitude and effectiveness.  In hindsight, and partially through the admission of Hitler himself, fifth column activity in the United States was of a low priority to the Nazis.  The espionage, sabotage and subversion in the America was modest and almost uniformly unsuccessful.  But  officials of the United States government did not discourage the media from promoting the belief of the  high level of the threat of German subversion and did little to calm public fears. In fact, the government encouraged the mania. \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe White House, Congress and the FBI all proclaimed it as an ominous threat to national security,  and had reason to overstate its scope. Those in the Roosevelt administration, and Roosevelt himself, favoring intervention in Europe used it as an argument against the policy of isolation pointing out that the threat was already present and using subversive tactics in America.  The Congress, and in particular the House Un-American Activities Committee, chaired by Martin Dies, used the threat of a Nazi \"fifth column\" to bolster its investigations into a Soviet \"fifth column\" and to criticize the isolationalists in the administration.  The FBI promoted the idea that agents of the fifth column had penetrated every aspect of American life.  J. Edgar Hoover spoke of the threat in alarming terms. At the time the FBI was a small organization given the enormously difficult task of domestic counterespionage.  Hoover depended on public vigilance and cooperation and he made sure the nation took the threat seriously.  He was able to receive the funding and manpower to fight the fifth column by overemphasizing the severity of the problem.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe panic reached a new level after December 7, 1941 with America's formal entry into the war against the Axis powers.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBeginning in the Fall of 1942, the fear declined sharply as Allies forces moved on the offensive.  No major wartime spy ring emerged and governmental warnings of a threat subsided although anecdotal stories of a Nazi \"fifth column\" persisted.  \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eSpecial Collections Research Center Wiki\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["The letters in the collection consist of correspondence between Thomas Randle, the head of the Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council, and various members of the organization dated from September 9, 1940 to August 9, 1942. \n","Located west of New York City, Montclair, New Jersey had a population of approximately 40,000 in the late 1930s.  At the time, a group of  the citizens of  the New York  suburb,  troubled over potential fifth column activity in their community, formed an intelligence gathering organization to expose perceived subversive activities. The organization eventually became part of the official civil defense apparatus of the town and was referred to as the  Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council. Colonel Dallas Townsend, a New York attorney and Montclair resident, served as the town's Commissioner of Public Safety and the members of the Intelligence Division reported to him. Official recognition was granted to the group by Townsend in the Fall of 1941, giving it work space in the Montclair Municipal Building, where it held regular monthly meetings.   \n","For purposes of their activities, the Intelligence Division partitioned Montclair into fifteen sections, each headed by a \"key man.\"  Ten to fifteen \"thoroughly trustworthy\", \"good substantial Americans\" of unquestioned patriotism were assigned to, or recruited by, each of the key men.  They were from  \"different levels of society and various social groups.\"  In this pyramidal structure, key men did not know the identity of other key men and the lower level informants only knew their own key man.   Members of the Intelligence Division were to report to the next most superior authority on activities they \"construed as subversive or un-American in any way.\"  Correspondence from operatives was addressed to their key man in care of the office at municipal building.  Townsend, the top of the intelligence gathering pyramid, would then turn over information to the FBI if he thought it represented information sympathetic to the Nazi cause.  \n","As of July, 1941, according to the Montclair Times, the intelligence division had been operating for over a year. The newspaper claimed it was remarkably successful in uncovering potential subversive activities and fascist sentiment. Although the FBI never reported back to the intelligence division as to the outcome of information passed to it, the newspaper credited the intelligence division with 43 reports to the FBI resulting \"in several arrest and convictions.\"\n","The term \"fifth column\" is attributed to Nationalist General Emilio de Mola who first used the phrase during the Spanish Civil War.  Mola saw Nationalist sympathizers advancing towards Madrid from four directions and a fifth force ready to arise for the cause.  The forces of this fifth column, having been previously involved in espionage, sabotage and subversion within Madrid, would leave Spain divided, demoralized and unprepared for war.  They would then join the advancing armies in the fight against the Second Spanish Republic.\n","Subsequently, the term fifth column was more closely applied to, and has been identified with, the activities of the Nazis prior to and during World War II although Japan, Italy and the Soviet Union used the technique also. An analogy is made between subversives forming a fifth column to the Greek soldiers at the siege of Troy who infiltrated the city from the belly of a great wooden horse, the Trojan Horse.\n","Pre-war England and Europe were obsessed with spy hysteria. Given the closeness of the Nazi threat, it was reasonable to assume the presence of a covert domestic destructive force.   Because of the large number of Fascist sympathizers in Latin America, concerns over the presence of a fifth column and the potential impact could also be understood.\n","A case for the fears and panic that arose in the United States concerning a Trojan Horse in America can also made.  The notion that  Hitler would use fifth column tactics in United States was fostered by German activities in the United States prior to World War I.  In 1917,  German spies and saboteurs engaged in disruptions at defense plants in the United States.  Incendiary devices were found aboard merchant ships and assumed to be planted by German agents or sympathizers. With the rise of the Nazi movement in Germany, the activities of the German American Bund and various other fascist groups in America began to arouse suspicion over loyalties.  In the 1930s,  government inquiries, conducted largely by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, broke several German spy rings, exposed clumsy Nazi propaganda efforts and thwarted several sabotage missions.  In 1938, the FBI uncovered a German spy ring operating in New York City proving Hitler operatives were active. The breaking of the Duquesne spy ring received national coverage and increased public awareness of the presence of German operatives and resulted, after a lengthy investigation, in the conviction on espionage charges of 33 Nazi agents.\n","The panic escalated throughout 1939 and 1940 as Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium and France fell to the Nazis.  In 1940, a Gallup Poll indicated that 48% of Americans were convinced that their communities had been infiltrated elements of a \"fifth column\"  and another 26% could not be sure.  The intensification of the panic can be measured by the number of complaints relating to potential  fifth column activity submitted to the FBI.  In the period between 1933 and 1938, the FBI received, on average, 35 potential cases per year.  The number grew to 250 cases  in 1938, 1,615 in the year 1939 and on one day in May, 1940 the FBI received 2,871 reports of suspected cases of espionage submitted mainly by sincere citizens troubled by events they perceived to be evidence of subversion. Newspaper articles, magazine features, personal memoirs, novels, comic books, radio programs  promoted the idea of a covert subversive force.  The media gave extensive coverage to stories of German espionage, sabotage, and subversion in legitimate stories of actual cases of \"fifth column\" activity uncovered by American intelligence.  Released in 1939, the popular Warner Brothers motion picture, \"Confessions of a Nazi Spy\"  is a prime example the movie industry encouraging fear among the public. \n","There was a gap, however, between the perception of a Trojan Horse activity in the United States and the reality of its magnitude and effectiveness.  In hindsight, and partially through the admission of Hitler himself, fifth column activity in the United States was of a low priority to the Nazis.  The espionage, sabotage and subversion in the America was modest and almost uniformly unsuccessful.  But  officials of the United States government did not discourage the media from promoting the belief of the  high level of the threat of German subversion and did little to calm public fears. In fact, the government encouraged the mania. \n","The White House, Congress and the FBI all proclaimed it as an ominous threat to national security,  and had reason to overstate its scope. Those in the Roosevelt administration, and Roosevelt himself, favoring intervention in Europe used it as an argument against the policy of isolation pointing out that the threat was already present and using subversive tactics in America.  The Congress, and in particular the House Un-American Activities Committee, chaired by Martin Dies, used the threat of a Nazi \"fifth column\" to bolster its investigations into a Soviet \"fifth column\" and to criticize the isolationalists in the administration.  The FBI promoted the idea that agents of the fifth column had penetrated every aspect of American life.  J. Edgar Hoover spoke of the threat in alarming terms. At the time the FBI was a small organization given the enormously difficult task of domestic counterespionage.  Hoover depended on public vigilance and cooperation and he made sure the nation took the threat seriously.  He was able to receive the funding and manpower to fight the fifth column by overemphasizing the severity of the problem.\n","The panic reached a new level after December 7, 1941 with America's formal entry into the war against the Axis powers.\n","Beginning in the Fall of 1942, the fear declined sharply as Allies forces moved on the offensive.  No major wartime spy ring emerged and governmental warnings of a threat subsided although anecdotal stories of a Nazi \"fifth column\" persisted.  \n"," Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the  Special Collections Research Center Wiki"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMontclair Intelligence Division Records, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Montclair Intelligence Division Records, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe letters in the collection consist of correspondence between Thomas Randle, the head of the Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council, and various members of the organization dated from September 9, 1940 to August 9, 1942. \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe letters in the collection of the Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council are dated September 9, 1940 to August 9, 1942. They contain information pertaining to the organization of the division, prospective recruits and reports on potential subversive activity.  \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe tone of the letters change somewhat with America's entrance into World War II.  In a letter, dated December 8, 1941, Randle asks his recruits to take stronger steps to stop subversive activities, indicating Montclair to be in a part of the country \"riddled with foreign agents.\"  He asks them to report any un-American activity to the division and to do so without arousing suspicion.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The letters in the collection consist of correspondence between Thomas Randle, the head of the Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council, and various members of the organization dated from September 9, 1940 to August 9, 1942. \n","The letters in the collection of the Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council are dated September 9, 1940 to August 9, 1942. They contain information pertaining to the organization of the division, prospective recruits and reports on potential subversive activity.  \n","The tone of the letters change somewhat with America's entrance into World War II.  In a letter, dated December 8, 1941, Randle asks his recruits to take stronger steps to stop subversive activities, indicating Montclair to be in a part of the country \"riddled with foreign agents.\"  He asks them to report any un-American activity to the division and to do so without arousing suspicion."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract encodinganalog=\"520$a\" label=\"Abstract:\"\u003eThe letters in the collection consist of correspondence between Thomas Randle, the head of the Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council, and various members of the organization dated from September 9, 1940 to August 9, 1942. \n\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The letters in the collection consist of correspondence between Thomas Randle, the head of the Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council, and various members of the organization dated from September 9, 1940 to August 9, 1942. \n"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Randle, Thomas"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"persname_ssim":["Randle, Thomas"],"language_ssim":["\n\t  The papers are in:\n English"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T15:04:13.050Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_viw00205"}},{"id":"viw_viw00266","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Title:: Montclair Intelligence Division Records\t1940-19421940-1942","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_viw00266#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Randle, Thomas \narrangement\n\t","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_viw00266#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThe letters in the collection consist of correspondence between Thomas Randle, the head of the Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council, and various members of the organization dated from September 9, 1940 to August 9, 1942. The letters in the collection of the Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council are dated September 9, 1940 to August 9, 1942. They contain information pertaining to the organization of the division, prospective recruits and reports on potential subversive activity. The tone of the letters change somewhat with America's entrance into World War II. In a letter, dated December 8, 1941, Randle asks his recruits to take stronger steps to stop subversive activities, indicating Montclair to be in a part of the country \"riddled with foreign agents.\" He asks them to report any un-American activity to the division and to do so without arousing suspicion.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_viw00266#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viw_viw00266","ead_ssi":"viw_viw00266","_root_":"viw_viw00266","_nest_parent_":"viw_viw00266","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/wm/viw00266.xml","title_ssm":["Title:: Montclair Intelligence Division Records\t1940-19421940-1942"],"title_tesim":["Title:: Montclair Intelligence Division Records\t1940-19421940-1942"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["01/Mss.  Acc. 2007.116"],"text":["01/Mss.  Acc. 2007.116","Title:: Montclair Intelligence Division Records\t1940-19421940-1942","Subversive activities--United States--History--20th century.","World War, 1939-1945--Collaborationists","Correspondence","Collection is open to all researchers.","The collection is arranged chronologically.","The letters in the collection consist of correspondence between Thomas Randle, the head of the Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council, and various members of the organization dated from September 9, 1940 to August 9, 1942. Located west of New York City, Montclair, New Jersey had a population of approximately 40,000 in the late 1930s.  At the time, a group of  the citizens of  the New York  suburb,  troubled over potential fifth column activity in their community, formed an intelligence gathering organization to expose perceived subversive activities. The organization eventually became part of the official civil defense apparatus of the town and was referred to as the  Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council. Colonel Dallas Townsend, a New York attorney and Montclair resident, served as the town's Commissioner of Public Safety and the members of the Intelligence Division reported to him. Official recognition was granted to the group by Townsend in the Fall of 1941, giving it work space in the Montclair Municipal Building, where it held regular monthly meetings.   For purposes of their activities, the Intelligence Division partitioned Montclair into fifteen sections, each headed by a \"key man.\"  Ten to fifteen \"thoroughly trustworthy\", \"good substantial Americans\" of unquestioned patriotism were assigned to, or recruited by, each of the key men.  They were from  \"different levels of society and various social groups.\"  In this pyramidal structure, key men did not know the identity of other key men and the lower level informants only knew their own key man.   Members of the Intelligence Division were to report to the next most superior authority on activities they \"construed as subversive or un-American in any way.\"  Correspondence from operatives was addressed to their key man in care of the office at municipal building.  Townsend, the top of the intelligence gathering pyramid, would then turn over information to the FBI if he thought it represented information sympathetic to the Nazi cause.  As of July, 1941, according to the Montclair Times, the intelligence division had been operating for over a year. The newspaper claimed it was remarkably successful in uncovering potential subversive activities and fascist sentiment. Although the FBI never reported back to the intelligence division as to the outcome of information passed to it, the newspaper credited the intelligence division with 43 reports to the FBI resulting \"in several arrest and convictions.\"The term \"fifth column\" is attributed to Nationalist General Emilio de Mola who first used the phrase during the Spanish Civil War.  Mola saw Nationalist sympathizers advancing towards Madrid from four directions and a fifth force ready to arise for the cause.  The forces of this fifth column, having been previously involved in espionage, sabotage and subversion within Madrid, would leave Spain divided, demoralized and unprepared for war.  They would then join the advancing armies in the fight against the Second Spanish Republic.Subsequently, the term fifth column was more closely applied to, and has been identified with, the activities of the Nazis prior to and during World War II although Japan, Italy and the Soviet Union used the technique also. An analogy is made between subversives forming a fifth column to the Greek soldiers at the siege of Troy who infiltrated the city from the belly of a great wooden horse, the Trojan Horse.Pre-war England and Europe were obsessed with spy hysteria. Given the closeness of the Nazi threat, it was reasonable to assume the presence of a covert domestic destructive force.   Because of the large number of Fascist sympathizers in Latin America, concerns over the presence of a fifth column and the potential impact could also be understood.A case for the fears and panic that arose in the United States concerning a Trojan Horse in America can also made.  The notion that  Hitler would use fifth column tactics in United States was fostered by German activities in the United States prior to World War I.  In 1917,  German spies and saboteurs engaged in disruptions at defense plants in the United States.  Incendiary devices were found aboard merchant ships and assumed to be planted by German agents or sympathizers. With the rise of the Nazi movement in Germany, the activities of the German American Bund and various other fascist groups in America began to arouse suspicion over loyalties.  In the 1930s,  government inquiries, conducted largely by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, broke several German spy rings, exposed clumsy Nazi propaganda efforts and thwarted several sabotage missions.  In 1938, the FBI uncovered a German spy ring operating in New York City proving Hitler operatives were active. The breaking of the Duquesne spy ring received national coverage and increased public awareness of the presence of German operatives and resulted, after a lengthy investigation, in the conviction on espionage charges of 33 Nazi agents.The panic escalated throughout 1939 and 1940 as Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium and France fell to the Nazis.  In 1940, a Gallup Poll indicated that 48% of Americans were convinced that their communities had been infiltrated elements of a \"fifth column\"  and another 26% could not be sure.  The intensification of the panic can be measured by the number of complaints relating to potential  fifth column activity submitted to the FBI.  In the period between 1933 and 1938, the FBI received, on average, 35 potential cases per year.  The number grew to 250 cases  in 1938, 1,615 in the year 1939 and on one day in May, 1940 the FBI received 2,871 reports of suspected cases of espionage submitted mainly by sincere citizens troubled by events they perceived to be evidence of subversion. Newspaper articles, magazine features, personal memoirs, novels, comic books, radio programs  promoted the idea of a covert subversive force.  The media gave extensive coverage to stories of German espionage, sabotage, and subversion in legitimate stories of actual cases of \"fifth column\" activity uncovered by American intelligence.  Released in 1939, the popular Warner Brothers motion picture, \"Confessions of a Nazi Spy\"  is a prime example the movie industry encouraging fear among the public. There was a gap, however, between the perception of a Trojan Horse activity in the United States and the reality of its magnitude and effectiveness.  In hindsight, and partially through the admission of Hitler himself, fifth column activity in the United States was of a low priority to the Nazis.  The espionage, sabotage and subversion in the America was modest and almost uniformly unsuccessful.  But  officials of the United States government did not discourage the media from promoting the belief of the  high level of the threat of German subversion and did little to calm public fears. In fact, the government encouraged the mania. The White House, Congress and the FBI all proclaimed it as an ominous threat to national security,  and had reason to overstate its scope. Those in the Roosevelt administration, and Roosevelt himself, favoring intervention in Europe used it as an argument against the policy of isolation pointing out that the threat was already present and using subversive tactics in America.  The Congress, and in particular the House Un-American Activities Committee, chaired by Martin Dies, used the threat of a Nazi \"fifth column\" to bolster its investigations into a Soviet \"fifth column\" and to criticize the isolationalists in the administration.  The FBI promoted the idea that agents of the fifth column had penetrated every aspect of American life.  J. Edgar Hoover spoke of the threat in alarming terms. At the time the FBI was a small organization given the enormously difficult task of domestic counterespionage.  Hoover depended on public vigilance and cooperation and he made sure the nation took the threat seriously.  He was able to receive the funding and manpower to fight the fifth column by overemphasizing the severity of the problem.The panic reached a new level after December 7, 1941 with America's formal entry into the war against the Axis powers.Beginning in the Fall of 1942, the fear declined sharply as Allies forces moved on the offensive.  No major wartime spy ring emerged and governmental warnings of a threat subsided although anecdotal stories of a Nazi \"fifth column\" persisted.   Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: \u003ca href=\"http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Thomas Randle\"\u003ehttp://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Thomas Randle\u003c/a\u003e.","The letters in the collection consist of correspondence between Thomas Randle, the head of the Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council, and various members of the organization dated from September 9, 1940 to August 9, 1942. The letters in the collection of the Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council are dated September 9, 1940 to August 9, 1942. They contain information pertaining to the organization of the division, prospective recruits and reports on potential subversive activity.  The tone of the letters change somewhat with America's entrance into World War II.  In a letter, dated December 8, 1941, Randle asks his recruits to take stronger steps to stop subversive activities, indicating Montclair to be in a part of the country \"riddled with foreign agents.\"  He asks them to report any un-American activity to the division and to do so without arousing suspicion.","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","Randle, Thomas","\n\t  The papers are in:\n English"],"unitid_tesim":["01/Mss.  Acc. 2007.116"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Title:: Montclair Intelligence Division Records\t1940-19421940-1942"],"collection_title_tesim":["Title:: Montclair Intelligence Division Records\t1940-19421940-1942"],"collection_ssim":["Title:: Montclair Intelligence Division Records\t1940-19421940-1942"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"creator_ssm":["Randle, Thomas \narrangement\n\t"],"creator_ssim":["Randle, Thomas \narrangement\n\t"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Randle, Thomas"],"creators_ssim":["Randle, Thomas"],"acqinfo_ssim":["The materials were acquired by Special Collections Research Center on 10/05/2007."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Subversive activities--United States--History--20th century.","World War, 1939-1945--Collaborationists","Correspondence"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Subversive activities--United States--History--20th century.","World War, 1939-1945--Collaborationists","Correspondence"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.25"],"extent_tesim":["0.25"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement of Materials"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged chronologically."],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["The letters in the collection consist of correspondence between Thomas Randle, the head of the Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council, and various members of the organization dated from September 9, 1940 to August 9, 1942. Located west of New York City, Montclair, New Jersey had a population of approximately 40,000 in the late 1930s.  At the time, a group of  the citizens of  the New York  suburb,  troubled over potential fifth column activity in their community, formed an intelligence gathering organization to expose perceived subversive activities. The organization eventually became part of the official civil defense apparatus of the town and was referred to as the  Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council. Colonel Dallas Townsend, a New York attorney and Montclair resident, served as the town's Commissioner of Public Safety and the members of the Intelligence Division reported to him. Official recognition was granted to the group by Townsend in the Fall of 1941, giving it work space in the Montclair Municipal Building, where it held regular monthly meetings.   For purposes of their activities, the Intelligence Division partitioned Montclair into fifteen sections, each headed by a \"key man.\"  Ten to fifteen \"thoroughly trustworthy\", \"good substantial Americans\" of unquestioned patriotism were assigned to, or recruited by, each of the key men.  They were from  \"different levels of society and various social groups.\"  In this pyramidal structure, key men did not know the identity of other key men and the lower level informants only knew their own key man.   Members of the Intelligence Division were to report to the next most superior authority on activities they \"construed as subversive or un-American in any way.\"  Correspondence from operatives was addressed to their key man in care of the office at municipal building.  Townsend, the top of the intelligence gathering pyramid, would then turn over information to the FBI if he thought it represented information sympathetic to the Nazi cause.  As of July, 1941, according to the Montclair Times, the intelligence division had been operating for over a year. The newspaper claimed it was remarkably successful in uncovering potential subversive activities and fascist sentiment. Although the FBI never reported back to the intelligence division as to the outcome of information passed to it, the newspaper credited the intelligence division with 43 reports to the FBI resulting \"in several arrest and convictions.\"The term \"fifth column\" is attributed to Nationalist General Emilio de Mola who first used the phrase during the Spanish Civil War.  Mola saw Nationalist sympathizers advancing towards Madrid from four directions and a fifth force ready to arise for the cause.  The forces of this fifth column, having been previously involved in espionage, sabotage and subversion within Madrid, would leave Spain divided, demoralized and unprepared for war.  They would then join the advancing armies in the fight against the Second Spanish Republic.Subsequently, the term fifth column was more closely applied to, and has been identified with, the activities of the Nazis prior to and during World War II although Japan, Italy and the Soviet Union used the technique also. An analogy is made between subversives forming a fifth column to the Greek soldiers at the siege of Troy who infiltrated the city from the belly of a great wooden horse, the Trojan Horse.Pre-war England and Europe were obsessed with spy hysteria. Given the closeness of the Nazi threat, it was reasonable to assume the presence of a covert domestic destructive force.   Because of the large number of Fascist sympathizers in Latin America, concerns over the presence of a fifth column and the potential impact could also be understood.A case for the fears and panic that arose in the United States concerning a Trojan Horse in America can also made.  The notion that  Hitler would use fifth column tactics in United States was fostered by German activities in the United States prior to World War I.  In 1917,  German spies and saboteurs engaged in disruptions at defense plants in the United States.  Incendiary devices were found aboard merchant ships and assumed to be planted by German agents or sympathizers. With the rise of the Nazi movement in Germany, the activities of the German American Bund and various other fascist groups in America began to arouse suspicion over loyalties.  In the 1930s,  government inquiries, conducted largely by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, broke several German spy rings, exposed clumsy Nazi propaganda efforts and thwarted several sabotage missions.  In 1938, the FBI uncovered a German spy ring operating in New York City proving Hitler operatives were active. The breaking of the Duquesne spy ring received national coverage and increased public awareness of the presence of German operatives and resulted, after a lengthy investigation, in the conviction on espionage charges of 33 Nazi agents.The panic escalated throughout 1939 and 1940 as Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium and France fell to the Nazis.  In 1940, a Gallup Poll indicated that 48% of Americans were convinced that their communities had been infiltrated elements of a \"fifth column\"  and another 26% could not be sure.  The intensification of the panic can be measured by the number of complaints relating to potential  fifth column activity submitted to the FBI.  In the period between 1933 and 1938, the FBI received, on average, 35 potential cases per year.  The number grew to 250 cases  in 1938, 1,615 in the year 1939 and on one day in May, 1940 the FBI received 2,871 reports of suspected cases of espionage submitted mainly by sincere citizens troubled by events they perceived to be evidence of subversion. Newspaper articles, magazine features, personal memoirs, novels, comic books, radio programs  promoted the idea of a covert subversive force.  The media gave extensive coverage to stories of German espionage, sabotage, and subversion in legitimate stories of actual cases of \"fifth column\" activity uncovered by American intelligence.  Released in 1939, the popular Warner Brothers motion picture, \"Confessions of a Nazi Spy\"  is a prime example the movie industry encouraging fear among the public. There was a gap, however, between the perception of a Trojan Horse activity in the United States and the reality of its magnitude and effectiveness.  In hindsight, and partially through the admission of Hitler himself, fifth column activity in the United States was of a low priority to the Nazis.  The espionage, sabotage and subversion in the America was modest and almost uniformly unsuccessful.  But  officials of the United States government did not discourage the media from promoting the belief of the  high level of the threat of German subversion and did little to calm public fears. In fact, the government encouraged the mania. The White House, Congress and the FBI all proclaimed it as an ominous threat to national security,  and had reason to overstate its scope. Those in the Roosevelt administration, and Roosevelt himself, favoring intervention in Europe used it as an argument against the policy of isolation pointing out that the threat was already present and using subversive tactics in America.  The Congress, and in particular the House Un-American Activities Committee, chaired by Martin Dies, used the threat of a Nazi \"fifth column\" to bolster its investigations into a Soviet \"fifth column\" and to criticize the isolationalists in the administration.  The FBI promoted the idea that agents of the fifth column had penetrated every aspect of American life.  J. Edgar Hoover spoke of the threat in alarming terms. At the time the FBI was a small organization given the enormously difficult task of domestic counterespionage.  Hoover depended on public vigilance and cooperation and he made sure the nation took the threat seriously.  He was able to receive the funding and manpower to fight the fifth column by overemphasizing the severity of the problem.The panic reached a new level after December 7, 1941 with America's formal entry into the war against the Axis powers.Beginning in the Fall of 1942, the fear declined sharply as Allies forces moved on the offensive.  No major wartime spy ring emerged and governmental warnings of a threat subsided although anecdotal stories of a Nazi \"fifth column\" persisted.   Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: \u003ca href=\"http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Thomas Randle\"\u003ehttp://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Thomas Randle\u003c/a\u003e."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMontclair Intelligence Division Records, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Montclair Intelligence Division Records, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe letters in the collection consist of correspondence between Thomas Randle, the head of the Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council, and various members of the organization dated from September 9, 1940 to August 9, 1942. The letters in the collection of the Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council are dated September 9, 1940 to August 9, 1942. They contain information pertaining to the organization of the division, prospective recruits and reports on potential subversive activity.  The tone of the letters change somewhat with America's entrance into World War II.  In a letter, dated December 8, 1941, Randle asks his recruits to take stronger steps to stop subversive activities, indicating Montclair to be in a part of the country \"riddled with foreign agents.\"  He asks them to report any un-American activity to the division and to do so without arousing suspicion.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The letters in the collection consist of correspondence between Thomas Randle, the head of the Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council, and various members of the organization dated from September 9, 1940 to August 9, 1942. The letters in the collection of the Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council are dated September 9, 1940 to August 9, 1942. They contain information pertaining to the organization of the division, prospective recruits and reports on potential subversive activity.  The tone of the letters change somewhat with America's entrance into World War II.  In a letter, dated December 8, 1941, Randle asks his recruits to take stronger steps to stop subversive activities, indicating Montclair to be in a part of the country \"riddled with foreign agents.\"  He asks them to report any un-American activity to the division and to do so without arousing suspicion."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Randle, Thomas"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"persname_ssim":["Randle, Thomas"],"language_ssim":["\n\t  The papers are in:\n English"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T15:08:18.991Z","bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe letters in the collection consist of correspondence between Thomas Randle, the head of the Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council, and various members of the organization dated from September 9, 1940 to August 9, 1942. Located west of New York City, Montclair, New Jersey had a population of approximately 40,000 in the late 1930s.  At the time, a group of  the citizens of  the New York  suburb,  troubled over potential fifth column activity in their community, formed an intelligence gathering organization to expose perceived subversive activities. The organization eventually became part of the official civil defense apparatus of the town and was referred to as the  Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council. Colonel Dallas Townsend, a New York attorney and Montclair resident, served as the town's Commissioner of Public Safety and the members of the Intelligence Division reported to him. Official recognition was granted to the group by Townsend in the Fall of 1941, giving it work space in the Montclair Municipal Building, where it held regular monthly meetings.   For purposes of their activities, the Intelligence Division partitioned Montclair into fifteen sections, each headed by a \"key man.\"  Ten to fifteen \"thoroughly trustworthy\", \"good substantial Americans\" of unquestioned patriotism were assigned to, or recruited by, each of the key men.  They were from  \"different levels of society and various social groups.\"  In this pyramidal structure, key men did not know the identity of other key men and the lower level informants only knew their own key man.   Members of the Intelligence Division were to report to the next most superior authority on activities they \"construed as subversive or un-American in any way.\"  Correspondence from operatives was addressed to their key man in care of the office at municipal building.  Townsend, the top of the intelligence gathering pyramid, would then turn over information to the FBI if he thought it represented information sympathetic to the Nazi cause.  As of July, 1941, according to the Montclair Times, the intelligence division had been operating for over a year. The newspaper claimed it was remarkably successful in uncovering potential subversive activities and fascist sentiment. Although the FBI never reported back to the intelligence division as to the outcome of information passed to it, the newspaper credited the intelligence division with 43 reports to the FBI resulting \"in several arrest and convictions.\"The term \"fifth column\" is attributed to Nationalist General Emilio de Mola who first used the phrase during the Spanish Civil War.  Mola saw Nationalist sympathizers advancing towards Madrid from four directions and a fifth force ready to arise for the cause.  The forces of this fifth column, having been previously involved in espionage, sabotage and subversion within Madrid, would leave Spain divided, demoralized and unprepared for war.  They would then join the advancing armies in the fight against the Second Spanish Republic.Subsequently, the term fifth column was more closely applied to, and has been identified with, the activities of the Nazis prior to and during World War II although Japan, Italy and the Soviet Union used the technique also. An analogy is made between subversives forming a fifth column to the Greek soldiers at the siege of Troy who infiltrated the city from the belly of a great wooden horse, the Trojan Horse.Pre-war England and Europe were obsessed with spy hysteria. Given the closeness of the Nazi threat, it was reasonable to assume the presence of a covert domestic destructive force.   Because of the large number of Fascist sympathizers in Latin America, concerns over the presence of a fifth column and the potential impact could also be understood.A case for the fears and panic that arose in the United States concerning a Trojan Horse in America can also made.  The notion that  Hitler would use fifth column tactics in United States was fostered by German activities in the United States prior to World War I.  In 1917,  German spies and saboteurs engaged in disruptions at defense plants in the United States.  Incendiary devices were found aboard merchant ships and assumed to be planted by German agents or sympathizers. With the rise of the Nazi movement in Germany, the activities of the German American Bund and various other fascist groups in America began to arouse suspicion over loyalties.  In the 1930s,  government inquiries, conducted largely by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, broke several German spy rings, exposed clumsy Nazi propaganda efforts and thwarted several sabotage missions.  In 1938, the FBI uncovered a German spy ring operating in New York City proving Hitler operatives were active. The breaking of the Duquesne spy ring received national coverage and increased public awareness of the presence of German operatives and resulted, after a lengthy investigation, in the conviction on espionage charges of 33 Nazi agents.The panic escalated throughout 1939 and 1940 as Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium and France fell to the Nazis.  In 1940, a Gallup Poll indicated that 48% of Americans were convinced that their communities had been infiltrated elements of a \"fifth column\"  and another 26% could not be sure.  The intensification of the panic can be measured by the number of complaints relating to potential  fifth column activity submitted to the FBI.  In the period between 1933 and 1938, the FBI received, on average, 35 potential cases per year.  The number grew to 250 cases  in 1938, 1,615 in the year 1939 and on one day in May, 1940 the FBI received 2,871 reports of suspected cases of espionage submitted mainly by sincere citizens troubled by events they perceived to be evidence of subversion. Newspaper articles, magazine features, personal memoirs, novels, comic books, radio programs  promoted the idea of a covert subversive force.  The media gave extensive coverage to stories of German espionage, sabotage, and subversion in legitimate stories of actual cases of \"fifth column\" activity uncovered by American intelligence.  Released in 1939, the popular Warner Brothers motion picture, \"Confessions of a Nazi Spy\"  is a prime example the movie industry encouraging fear among the public. There was a gap, however, between the perception of a Trojan Horse activity in the United States and the reality of its magnitude and effectiveness.  In hindsight, and partially through the admission of Hitler himself, fifth column activity in the United States was of a low priority to the Nazis.  The espionage, sabotage and subversion in the America was modest and almost uniformly unsuccessful.  But  officials of the United States government did not discourage the media from promoting the belief of the  high level of the threat of German subversion and did little to calm public fears. In fact, the government encouraged the mania. The White House, Congress and the FBI all proclaimed it as an ominous threat to national security,  and had reason to overstate its scope. Those in the Roosevelt administration, and Roosevelt himself, favoring intervention in Europe used it as an argument against the policy of isolation pointing out that the threat was already present and using subversive tactics in America.  The Congress, and in particular the House Un-American Activities Committee, chaired by Martin Dies, used the threat of a Nazi \"fifth column\" to bolster its investigations into a Soviet \"fifth column\" and to criticize the isolationalists in the administration.  The FBI promoted the idea that agents of the fifth column had penetrated every aspect of American life.  J. Edgar Hoover spoke of the threat in alarming terms. At the time the FBI was a small organization given the enormously difficult task of domestic counterespionage.  Hoover depended on public vigilance and cooperation and he made sure the nation took the threat seriously.  He was able to receive the funding and manpower to fight the fifth column by overemphasizing the severity of the problem.The panic reached a new level after December 7, 1941 with America's formal entry into the war against the Axis powers.Beginning in the Fall of 1942, the fear declined sharply as Allies forces moved on the offensive.  No major wartime spy ring emerged and governmental warnings of a threat subsided although anecdotal stories of a Nazi \"fifth column\" persisted.   Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: \u0026lt;a href=\"http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Thomas Randle\"\u0026gt;http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Thomas Randle\u0026lt;/a\u0026gt;.\u003c/p\u003e"],"collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viw_viw00266","ead_ssi":"viw_viw00266","_root_":"viw_viw00266","_nest_parent_":"viw_viw00266","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/wm/viw00266.xml","title_ssm":["Title:: Montclair Intelligence Division Records\t1940-19421940-1942"],"title_tesim":["Title:: Montclair Intelligence Division Records\t1940-19421940-1942"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["01/Mss.  Acc. 2007.116"],"text":["01/Mss.  Acc. 2007.116","Title:: Montclair Intelligence Division Records\t1940-19421940-1942","Subversive activities--United States--History--20th century.","World War, 1939-1945--Collaborationists","Correspondence","Collection is open to all researchers.","The collection is arranged chronologically.","The letters in the collection consist of correspondence between Thomas Randle, the head of the Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council, and various members of the organization dated from September 9, 1940 to August 9, 1942. Located west of New York City, Montclair, New Jersey had a population of approximately 40,000 in the late 1930s.  At the time, a group of  the citizens of  the New York  suburb,  troubled over potential fifth column activity in their community, formed an intelligence gathering organization to expose perceived subversive activities. The organization eventually became part of the official civil defense apparatus of the town and was referred to as the  Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council. Colonel Dallas Townsend, a New York attorney and Montclair resident, served as the town's Commissioner of Public Safety and the members of the Intelligence Division reported to him. Official recognition was granted to the group by Townsend in the Fall of 1941, giving it work space in the Montclair Municipal Building, where it held regular monthly meetings.   For purposes of their activities, the Intelligence Division partitioned Montclair into fifteen sections, each headed by a \"key man.\"  Ten to fifteen \"thoroughly trustworthy\", \"good substantial Americans\" of unquestioned patriotism were assigned to, or recruited by, each of the key men.  They were from  \"different levels of society and various social groups.\"  In this pyramidal structure, key men did not know the identity of other key men and the lower level informants only knew their own key man.   Members of the Intelligence Division were to report to the next most superior authority on activities they \"construed as subversive or un-American in any way.\"  Correspondence from operatives was addressed to their key man in care of the office at municipal building.  Townsend, the top of the intelligence gathering pyramid, would then turn over information to the FBI if he thought it represented information sympathetic to the Nazi cause.  As of July, 1941, according to the Montclair Times, the intelligence division had been operating for over a year. The newspaper claimed it was remarkably successful in uncovering potential subversive activities and fascist sentiment. Although the FBI never reported back to the intelligence division as to the outcome of information passed to it, the newspaper credited the intelligence division with 43 reports to the FBI resulting \"in several arrest and convictions.\"The term \"fifth column\" is attributed to Nationalist General Emilio de Mola who first used the phrase during the Spanish Civil War.  Mola saw Nationalist sympathizers advancing towards Madrid from four directions and a fifth force ready to arise for the cause.  The forces of this fifth column, having been previously involved in espionage, sabotage and subversion within Madrid, would leave Spain divided, demoralized and unprepared for war.  They would then join the advancing armies in the fight against the Second Spanish Republic.Subsequently, the term fifth column was more closely applied to, and has been identified with, the activities of the Nazis prior to and during World War II although Japan, Italy and the Soviet Union used the technique also. An analogy is made between subversives forming a fifth column to the Greek soldiers at the siege of Troy who infiltrated the city from the belly of a great wooden horse, the Trojan Horse.Pre-war England and Europe were obsessed with spy hysteria. Given the closeness of the Nazi threat, it was reasonable to assume the presence of a covert domestic destructive force.   Because of the large number of Fascist sympathizers in Latin America, concerns over the presence of a fifth column and the potential impact could also be understood.A case for the fears and panic that arose in the United States concerning a Trojan Horse in America can also made.  The notion that  Hitler would use fifth column tactics in United States was fostered by German activities in the United States prior to World War I.  In 1917,  German spies and saboteurs engaged in disruptions at defense plants in the United States.  Incendiary devices were found aboard merchant ships and assumed to be planted by German agents or sympathizers. With the rise of the Nazi movement in Germany, the activities of the German American Bund and various other fascist groups in America began to arouse suspicion over loyalties.  In the 1930s,  government inquiries, conducted largely by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, broke several German spy rings, exposed clumsy Nazi propaganda efforts and thwarted several sabotage missions.  In 1938, the FBI uncovered a German spy ring operating in New York City proving Hitler operatives were active. The breaking of the Duquesne spy ring received national coverage and increased public awareness of the presence of German operatives and resulted, after a lengthy investigation, in the conviction on espionage charges of 33 Nazi agents.The panic escalated throughout 1939 and 1940 as Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium and France fell to the Nazis.  In 1940, a Gallup Poll indicated that 48% of Americans were convinced that their communities had been infiltrated elements of a \"fifth column\"  and another 26% could not be sure.  The intensification of the panic can be measured by the number of complaints relating to potential  fifth column activity submitted to the FBI.  In the period between 1933 and 1938, the FBI received, on average, 35 potential cases per year.  The number grew to 250 cases  in 1938, 1,615 in the year 1939 and on one day in May, 1940 the FBI received 2,871 reports of suspected cases of espionage submitted mainly by sincere citizens troubled by events they perceived to be evidence of subversion. Newspaper articles, magazine features, personal memoirs, novels, comic books, radio programs  promoted the idea of a covert subversive force.  The media gave extensive coverage to stories of German espionage, sabotage, and subversion in legitimate stories of actual cases of \"fifth column\" activity uncovered by American intelligence.  Released in 1939, the popular Warner Brothers motion picture, \"Confessions of a Nazi Spy\"  is a prime example the movie industry encouraging fear among the public. There was a gap, however, between the perception of a Trojan Horse activity in the United States and the reality of its magnitude and effectiveness.  In hindsight, and partially through the admission of Hitler himself, fifth column activity in the United States was of a low priority to the Nazis.  The espionage, sabotage and subversion in the America was modest and almost uniformly unsuccessful.  But  officials of the United States government did not discourage the media from promoting the belief of the  high level of the threat of German subversion and did little to calm public fears. In fact, the government encouraged the mania. The White House, Congress and the FBI all proclaimed it as an ominous threat to national security,  and had reason to overstate its scope. Those in the Roosevelt administration, and Roosevelt himself, favoring intervention in Europe used it as an argument against the policy of isolation pointing out that the threat was already present and using subversive tactics in America.  The Congress, and in particular the House Un-American Activities Committee, chaired by Martin Dies, used the threat of a Nazi \"fifth column\" to bolster its investigations into a Soviet \"fifth column\" and to criticize the isolationalists in the administration.  The FBI promoted the idea that agents of the fifth column had penetrated every aspect of American life.  J. Edgar Hoover spoke of the threat in alarming terms. At the time the FBI was a small organization given the enormously difficult task of domestic counterespionage.  Hoover depended on public vigilance and cooperation and he made sure the nation took the threat seriously.  He was able to receive the funding and manpower to fight the fifth column by overemphasizing the severity of the problem.The panic reached a new level after December 7, 1941 with America's formal entry into the war against the Axis powers.Beginning in the Fall of 1942, the fear declined sharply as Allies forces moved on the offensive.  No major wartime spy ring emerged and governmental warnings of a threat subsided although anecdotal stories of a Nazi \"fifth column\" persisted.   Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: \u003ca href=\"http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Thomas Randle\"\u003ehttp://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Thomas Randle\u003c/a\u003e.","The letters in the collection consist of correspondence between Thomas Randle, the head of the Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council, and various members of the organization dated from September 9, 1940 to August 9, 1942. The letters in the collection of the Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council are dated September 9, 1940 to August 9, 1942. They contain information pertaining to the organization of the division, prospective recruits and reports on potential subversive activity.  The tone of the letters change somewhat with America's entrance into World War II.  In a letter, dated December 8, 1941, Randle asks his recruits to take stronger steps to stop subversive activities, indicating Montclair to be in a part of the country \"riddled with foreign agents.\"  He asks them to report any un-American activity to the division and to do so without arousing suspicion.","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","Randle, Thomas","\n\t  The papers are in:\n English"],"unitid_tesim":["01/Mss.  Acc. 2007.116"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Title:: Montclair Intelligence Division Records\t1940-19421940-1942"],"collection_title_tesim":["Title:: Montclair Intelligence Division Records\t1940-19421940-1942"],"collection_ssim":["Title:: Montclair Intelligence Division Records\t1940-19421940-1942"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"creator_ssm":["Randle, Thomas \narrangement\n\t"],"creator_ssim":["Randle, Thomas \narrangement\n\t"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Randle, Thomas"],"creators_ssim":["Randle, Thomas"],"acqinfo_ssim":["The materials were acquired by Special Collections Research Center on 10/05/2007."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Subversive activities--United States--History--20th century.","World War, 1939-1945--Collaborationists","Correspondence"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Subversive activities--United States--History--20th century.","World War, 1939-1945--Collaborationists","Correspondence"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.25"],"extent_tesim":["0.25"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement of Materials"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged chronologically."],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["The letters in the collection consist of correspondence between Thomas Randle, the head of the Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council, and various members of the organization dated from September 9, 1940 to August 9, 1942. Located west of New York City, Montclair, New Jersey had a population of approximately 40,000 in the late 1930s.  At the time, a group of  the citizens of  the New York  suburb,  troubled over potential fifth column activity in their community, formed an intelligence gathering organization to expose perceived subversive activities. The organization eventually became part of the official civil defense apparatus of the town and was referred to as the  Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council. Colonel Dallas Townsend, a New York attorney and Montclair resident, served as the town's Commissioner of Public Safety and the members of the Intelligence Division reported to him. Official recognition was granted to the group by Townsend in the Fall of 1941, giving it work space in the Montclair Municipal Building, where it held regular monthly meetings.   For purposes of their activities, the Intelligence Division partitioned Montclair into fifteen sections, each headed by a \"key man.\"  Ten to fifteen \"thoroughly trustworthy\", \"good substantial Americans\" of unquestioned patriotism were assigned to, or recruited by, each of the key men.  They were from  \"different levels of society and various social groups.\"  In this pyramidal structure, key men did not know the identity of other key men and the lower level informants only knew their own key man.   Members of the Intelligence Division were to report to the next most superior authority on activities they \"construed as subversive or un-American in any way.\"  Correspondence from operatives was addressed to their key man in care of the office at municipal building.  Townsend, the top of the intelligence gathering pyramid, would then turn over information to the FBI if he thought it represented information sympathetic to the Nazi cause.  As of July, 1941, according to the Montclair Times, the intelligence division had been operating for over a year. The newspaper claimed it was remarkably successful in uncovering potential subversive activities and fascist sentiment. Although the FBI never reported back to the intelligence division as to the outcome of information passed to it, the newspaper credited the intelligence division with 43 reports to the FBI resulting \"in several arrest and convictions.\"The term \"fifth column\" is attributed to Nationalist General Emilio de Mola who first used the phrase during the Spanish Civil War.  Mola saw Nationalist sympathizers advancing towards Madrid from four directions and a fifth force ready to arise for the cause.  The forces of this fifth column, having been previously involved in espionage, sabotage and subversion within Madrid, would leave Spain divided, demoralized and unprepared for war.  They would then join the advancing armies in the fight against the Second Spanish Republic.Subsequently, the term fifth column was more closely applied to, and has been identified with, the activities of the Nazis prior to and during World War II although Japan, Italy and the Soviet Union used the technique also. An analogy is made between subversives forming a fifth column to the Greek soldiers at the siege of Troy who infiltrated the city from the belly of a great wooden horse, the Trojan Horse.Pre-war England and Europe were obsessed with spy hysteria. Given the closeness of the Nazi threat, it was reasonable to assume the presence of a covert domestic destructive force.   Because of the large number of Fascist sympathizers in Latin America, concerns over the presence of a fifth column and the potential impact could also be understood.A case for the fears and panic that arose in the United States concerning a Trojan Horse in America can also made.  The notion that  Hitler would use fifth column tactics in United States was fostered by German activities in the United States prior to World War I.  In 1917,  German spies and saboteurs engaged in disruptions at defense plants in the United States.  Incendiary devices were found aboard merchant ships and assumed to be planted by German agents or sympathizers. With the rise of the Nazi movement in Germany, the activities of the German American Bund and various other fascist groups in America began to arouse suspicion over loyalties.  In the 1930s,  government inquiries, conducted largely by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, broke several German spy rings, exposed clumsy Nazi propaganda efforts and thwarted several sabotage missions.  In 1938, the FBI uncovered a German spy ring operating in New York City proving Hitler operatives were active. The breaking of the Duquesne spy ring received national coverage and increased public awareness of the presence of German operatives and resulted, after a lengthy investigation, in the conviction on espionage charges of 33 Nazi agents.The panic escalated throughout 1939 and 1940 as Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium and France fell to the Nazis.  In 1940, a Gallup Poll indicated that 48% of Americans were convinced that their communities had been infiltrated elements of a \"fifth column\"  and another 26% could not be sure.  The intensification of the panic can be measured by the number of complaints relating to potential  fifth column activity submitted to the FBI.  In the period between 1933 and 1938, the FBI received, on average, 35 potential cases per year.  The number grew to 250 cases  in 1938, 1,615 in the year 1939 and on one day in May, 1940 the FBI received 2,871 reports of suspected cases of espionage submitted mainly by sincere citizens troubled by events they perceived to be evidence of subversion. Newspaper articles, magazine features, personal memoirs, novels, comic books, radio programs  promoted the idea of a covert subversive force.  The media gave extensive coverage to stories of German espionage, sabotage, and subversion in legitimate stories of actual cases of \"fifth column\" activity uncovered by American intelligence.  Released in 1939, the popular Warner Brothers motion picture, \"Confessions of a Nazi Spy\"  is a prime example the movie industry encouraging fear among the public. There was a gap, however, between the perception of a Trojan Horse activity in the United States and the reality of its magnitude and effectiveness.  In hindsight, and partially through the admission of Hitler himself, fifth column activity in the United States was of a low priority to the Nazis.  The espionage, sabotage and subversion in the America was modest and almost uniformly unsuccessful.  But  officials of the United States government did not discourage the media from promoting the belief of the  high level of the threat of German subversion and did little to calm public fears. In fact, the government encouraged the mania. The White House, Congress and the FBI all proclaimed it as an ominous threat to national security,  and had reason to overstate its scope. Those in the Roosevelt administration, and Roosevelt himself, favoring intervention in Europe used it as an argument against the policy of isolation pointing out that the threat was already present and using subversive tactics in America.  The Congress, and in particular the House Un-American Activities Committee, chaired by Martin Dies, used the threat of a Nazi \"fifth column\" to bolster its investigations into a Soviet \"fifth column\" and to criticize the isolationalists in the administration.  The FBI promoted the idea that agents of the fifth column had penetrated every aspect of American life.  J. Edgar Hoover spoke of the threat in alarming terms. At the time the FBI was a small organization given the enormously difficult task of domestic counterespionage.  Hoover depended on public vigilance and cooperation and he made sure the nation took the threat seriously.  He was able to receive the funding and manpower to fight the fifth column by overemphasizing the severity of the problem.The panic reached a new level after December 7, 1941 with America's formal entry into the war against the Axis powers.Beginning in the Fall of 1942, the fear declined sharply as Allies forces moved on the offensive.  No major wartime spy ring emerged and governmental warnings of a threat subsided although anecdotal stories of a Nazi \"fifth column\" persisted.   Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: \u003ca href=\"http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Thomas Randle\"\u003ehttp://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Thomas Randle\u003c/a\u003e."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMontclair Intelligence Division Records, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Montclair Intelligence Division Records, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe letters in the collection consist of correspondence between Thomas Randle, the head of the Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council, and various members of the organization dated from September 9, 1940 to August 9, 1942. The letters in the collection of the Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council are dated September 9, 1940 to August 9, 1942. They contain information pertaining to the organization of the division, prospective recruits and reports on potential subversive activity.  The tone of the letters change somewhat with America's entrance into World War II.  In a letter, dated December 8, 1941, Randle asks his recruits to take stronger steps to stop subversive activities, indicating Montclair to be in a part of the country \"riddled with foreign agents.\"  He asks them to report any un-American activity to the division and to do so without arousing suspicion.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The letters in the collection consist of correspondence between Thomas Randle, the head of the Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council, and various members of the organization dated from September 9, 1940 to August 9, 1942. The letters in the collection of the Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council are dated September 9, 1940 to August 9, 1942. They contain information pertaining to the organization of the division, prospective recruits and reports on potential subversive activity.  The tone of the letters change somewhat with America's entrance into World War II.  In a letter, dated December 8, 1941, Randle asks his recruits to take stronger steps to stop subversive activities, indicating Montclair to be in a part of the country \"riddled with foreign agents.\"  He asks them to report any un-American activity to the division and to do so without arousing suspicion."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Randle, Thomas"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"persname_ssim":["Randle, Thomas"],"language_ssim":["\n\t  The papers are in:\n English"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T15:08:18.991Z","bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe letters in the collection consist of correspondence between Thomas Randle, the head of the Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council, and various members of the organization dated from September 9, 1940 to August 9, 1942. Located west of New York City, Montclair, New Jersey had a population of approximately 40,000 in the late 1930s.  At the time, a group of  the citizens of  the New York  suburb,  troubled over potential fifth column activity in their community, formed an intelligence gathering organization to expose perceived subversive activities. The organization eventually became part of the official civil defense apparatus of the town and was referred to as the  Intelligence Division of the Montclair Security Council. Colonel Dallas Townsend, a New York attorney and Montclair resident, served as the town's Commissioner of Public Safety and the members of the Intelligence Division reported to him. Official recognition was granted to the group by Townsend in the Fall of 1941, giving it work space in the Montclair Municipal Building, where it held regular monthly meetings.   For purposes of their activities, the Intelligence Division partitioned Montclair into fifteen sections, each headed by a \"key man.\"  Ten to fifteen \"thoroughly trustworthy\", \"good substantial Americans\" of unquestioned patriotism were assigned to, or recruited by, each of the key men.  They were from  \"different levels of society and various social groups.\"  In this pyramidal structure, key men did not know the identity of other key men and the lower level informants only knew their own key man.   Members of the Intelligence Division were to report to the next most superior authority on activities they \"construed as subversive or un-American in any way.\"  Correspondence from operatives was addressed to their key man in care of the office at municipal building.  Townsend, the top of the intelligence gathering pyramid, would then turn over information to the FBI if he thought it represented information sympathetic to the Nazi cause.  As of July, 1941, according to the Montclair Times, the intelligence division had been operating for over a year. The newspaper claimed it was remarkably successful in uncovering potential subversive activities and fascist sentiment. Although the FBI never reported back to the intelligence division as to the outcome of information passed to it, the newspaper credited the intelligence division with 43 reports to the FBI resulting \"in several arrest and convictions.\"The term \"fifth column\" is attributed to Nationalist General Emilio de Mola who first used the phrase during the Spanish Civil War.  Mola saw Nationalist sympathizers advancing towards Madrid from four directions and a fifth force ready to arise for the cause.  The forces of this fifth column, having been previously involved in espionage, sabotage and subversion within Madrid, would leave Spain divided, demoralized and unprepared for war.  They would then join the advancing armies in the fight against the Second Spanish Republic.Subsequently, the term fifth column was more closely applied to, and has been identified with, the activities of the Nazis prior to and during World War II although Japan, Italy and the Soviet Union used the technique also. An analogy is made between subversives forming a fifth column to the Greek soldiers at the siege of Troy who infiltrated the city from the belly of a great wooden horse, the Trojan Horse.Pre-war England and Europe were obsessed with spy hysteria. Given the closeness of the Nazi threat, it was reasonable to assume the presence of a covert domestic destructive force.   Because of the large number of Fascist sympathizers in Latin America, concerns over the presence of a fifth column and the potential impact could also be understood.A case for the fears and panic that arose in the United States concerning a Trojan Horse in America can also made.  The notion that  Hitler would use fifth column tactics in United States was fostered by German activities in the United States prior to World War I.  In 1917,  German spies and saboteurs engaged in disruptions at defense plants in the United States.  Incendiary devices were found aboard merchant ships and assumed to be planted by German agents or sympathizers. With the rise of the Nazi movement in Germany, the activities of the German American Bund and various other fascist groups in America began to arouse suspicion over loyalties.  In the 1930s,  government inquiries, conducted largely by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, broke several German spy rings, exposed clumsy Nazi propaganda efforts and thwarted several sabotage missions.  In 1938, the FBI uncovered a German spy ring operating in New York City proving Hitler operatives were active. The breaking of the Duquesne spy ring received national coverage and increased public awareness of the presence of German operatives and resulted, after a lengthy investigation, in the conviction on espionage charges of 33 Nazi agents.The panic escalated throughout 1939 and 1940 as Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium and France fell to the Nazis.  In 1940, a Gallup Poll indicated that 48% of Americans were convinced that their communities had been infiltrated elements of a \"fifth column\"  and another 26% could not be sure.  The intensification of the panic can be measured by the number of complaints relating to potential  fifth column activity submitted to the FBI.  In the period between 1933 and 1938, the FBI received, on average, 35 potential cases per year.  The number grew to 250 cases  in 1938, 1,615 in the year 1939 and on one day in May, 1940 the FBI received 2,871 reports of suspected cases of espionage submitted mainly by sincere citizens troubled by events they perceived to be evidence of subversion. Newspaper articles, magazine features, personal memoirs, novels, comic books, radio programs  promoted the idea of a covert subversive force.  The media gave extensive coverage to stories of German espionage, sabotage, and subversion in legitimate stories of actual cases of \"fifth column\" activity uncovered by American intelligence.  Released in 1939, the popular Warner Brothers motion picture, \"Confessions of a Nazi Spy\"  is a prime example the movie industry encouraging fear among the public. There was a gap, however, between the perception of a Trojan Horse activity in the United States and the reality of its magnitude and effectiveness.  In hindsight, and partially through the admission of Hitler himself, fifth column activity in the United States was of a low priority to the Nazis.  The espionage, sabotage and subversion in the America was modest and almost uniformly unsuccessful.  But  officials of the United States government did not discourage the media from promoting the belief of the  high level of the threat of German subversion and did little to calm public fears. In fact, the government encouraged the mania. The White House, Congress and the FBI all proclaimed it as an ominous threat to national security,  and had reason to overstate its scope. Those in the Roosevelt administration, and Roosevelt himself, favoring intervention in Europe used it as an argument against the policy of isolation pointing out that the threat was already present and using subversive tactics in America.  The Congress, and in particular the House Un-American Activities Committee, chaired by Martin Dies, used the threat of a Nazi \"fifth column\" to bolster its investigations into a Soviet \"fifth column\" and to criticize the isolationalists in the administration.  The FBI promoted the idea that agents of the fifth column had penetrated every aspect of American life.  J. Edgar Hoover spoke of the threat in alarming terms. At the time the FBI was a small organization given the enormously difficult task of domestic counterespionage.  Hoover depended on public vigilance and cooperation and he made sure the nation took the threat seriously.  He was able to receive the funding and manpower to fight the fifth column by overemphasizing the severity of the problem.The panic reached a new level after December 7, 1941 with America's formal entry into the war against the Axis powers.Beginning in the Fall of 1942, the fear declined sharply as Allies forces moved on the offensive.  No major wartime spy ring emerged and governmental warnings of a threat subsided although anecdotal stories of a Nazi \"fifth column\" persisted.   Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: \u0026lt;a href=\"http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Thomas Randle\"\u0026gt;http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Thomas Randle\u0026lt;/a\u0026gt;.\u003c/p\u003e"]}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_viw00266"}},{"id":"viw_viw00268","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Title:: Mrs. Henry Cassidy Papers\tcirca 1903-19351920-1930","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_viw00268#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Cassidy, Mrs. Henry \narrangement\n\t","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_viw00268#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Helen Saw Telle Cassidy Conley worked as a teacher at \"The Spruces,\" a long-term care facility for children with emotional problems located in Staatsburg-on-Hudson, N.Y. \"The Spruces\" was founded by Dr. Victor Vance Anderson in 1928. These letters describe Mrs. Henry Cassidy's time at the Spruces as a teacher, giving vivid descriptions of the children's behavior and problems. One letter mentions going to a horse race where many famous people attended.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_viw00268#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viw_viw00268","ead_ssi":"viw_viw00268","_root_":"viw_viw00268","_nest_parent_":"viw_viw00268","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/wm/viw00268.xml","title_ssm":["Title:: Mrs. Henry Cassidy Papers\tcirca 1903-19351920-1930"],"title_tesim":["Title:: Mrs. Henry Cassidy Papers\tcirca 1903-19351920-1930"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["01/Mss. Acc. 2007.36"],"text":["01/Mss. Acc. 2007.36","Title:: Mrs. Henry Cassidy Papers\tcirca 1903-19351920-1930","Children with disabilities--Education.","Special education--United States--History--20th century.","Correspondence","60 items","Collection is open to all researchers.","x Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: \u003ca href=\"http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Mrs. Henry Cassidy \"\u003ehttp://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Mrs. Henry Cassidy \u003c/a\u003e.","Helen Saw Telle Cassidy Conley worked as a teacher at \"The Spruces,\" a long-term care facility for children with emotional problems located in Staatsburg-on-Hudson, N.Y.  \"The Spruces\" was founded by Dr. Victor Vance Anderson in 1928.  These letters describe Mrs. Henry Cassidy's time at the Spruces as a teacher, giving vivid descriptions of the children's behavior and problems.  One letter mentions going to a horse race where many famous people attended.","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Helen Saw Telle Cassidy Conley worked as a teacher at \"The Spruces,\" a long-term care facility for children with emotional problems located in Staatsburg-on-Hudson, N.Y.  \"The Spruces\" was founded by Dr. Victor Vance Anderson in 1928.  These letters describe Mrs. Henry Cassidy's time at the Spruces as a teacher, giving vivid descriptions of the children's behavior and problems.  One letter mentions going to a horse race where many famous people attended.","Special Collections Research Center","American Orthopsychiatric Association","The Spruces (Staatsburg-on-Hudson, N.Y.)","Cassidy, Mrs. Henry","\n\t  The papers are in:\n English"],"unitid_tesim":["01/Mss. Acc. 2007.36"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Title:: Mrs. Henry Cassidy Papers\tcirca 1903-19351920-1930"],"collection_title_tesim":["Title:: Mrs. Henry Cassidy Papers\tcirca 1903-19351920-1930"],"collection_ssim":["Title:: Mrs. Henry Cassidy Papers\tcirca 1903-19351920-1930"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"creator_ssm":["Cassidy, Mrs. Henry \narrangement\n\t"],"creator_ssim":["Cassidy, Mrs. Henry \narrangement\n\t"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Cassidy, Mrs. Henry"],"creators_ssim":["Cassidy, Mrs. Henry"],"acqinfo_ssim":["The materials were acquired by Special Collections Research Center from Ebay on 04/26/2007."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Children with disabilities--Education.","Special education--United States--History--20th century.","Correspondence"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Children with disabilities--Education.","Special education--United States--History--20th century.","Correspondence"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["60 items"],"extent_ssm":["0.50"],"extent_tesim":["0.50"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ex Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: \u0026lt;a href=\"http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Mrs. Henry Cassidy \"\u0026gt;http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Mrs. Henry Cassidy \u0026lt;/a\u0026gt;.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["x Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: \u003ca href=\"http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Mrs. Henry Cassidy \"\u003ehttp://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Mrs. Henry Cassidy \u003c/a\u003e."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMrs. Henry Cassidy Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Earl Gregg Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Mrs. Henry Cassidy Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Earl Gregg Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eHelen Saw Telle Cassidy Conley worked as a teacher at \"The Spruces,\" a long-term care facility for children with emotional problems located in Staatsburg-on-Hudson, N.Y.  \"The Spruces\" was founded by Dr. Victor Vance Anderson in 1928.  These letters describe Mrs. Henry Cassidy's time at the Spruces as a teacher, giving vivid descriptions of the children's behavior and problems.  One letter mentions going to a horse race where many famous people attended.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Helen Saw Telle Cassidy Conley worked as a teacher at \"The Spruces,\" a long-term care facility for children with emotional problems located in Staatsburg-on-Hudson, N.Y.  \"The Spruces\" was founded by Dr. Victor Vance Anderson in 1928.  These letters describe Mrs. Henry Cassidy's time at the Spruces as a teacher, giving vivid descriptions of the children's behavior and problems.  One letter mentions going to a horse race where many famous people attended."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract encodinganalog=\"520$a\" label=\"Abstract:\"\u003eHelen Saw Telle Cassidy Conley worked as a teacher at \"The Spruces,\" a long-term care facility for children with emotional problems located in Staatsburg-on-Hudson, N.Y.  \"The Spruces\" was founded by Dr. Victor Vance Anderson in 1928.  These letters describe Mrs. Henry Cassidy's time at the Spruces as a teacher, giving vivid descriptions of the children's behavior and problems.  One letter mentions going to a horse race where many famous people attended.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Helen Saw Telle Cassidy Conley worked as a teacher at \"The Spruces,\" a long-term care facility for children with emotional problems located in Staatsburg-on-Hudson, N.Y.  \"The Spruces\" was founded by Dr. Victor Vance Anderson in 1928.  These letters describe Mrs. Henry Cassidy's time at the Spruces as a teacher, giving vivid descriptions of the children's behavior and problems.  One letter mentions going to a horse race where many famous people attended."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","American Orthopsychiatric Association","The Spruces (Staatsburg-on-Hudson, N.Y.)","Cassidy, Mrs. Henry"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","American Orthopsychiatric Association","The Spruces (Staatsburg-on-Hudson, N.Y.)"],"persname_ssim":["Cassidy, Mrs. Henry"],"language_ssim":["\n\t  The papers are in:\n English"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T15:06:24.717Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viw_viw00268","ead_ssi":"viw_viw00268","_root_":"viw_viw00268","_nest_parent_":"viw_viw00268","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/wm/viw00268.xml","title_ssm":["Title:: Mrs. Henry Cassidy Papers\tcirca 1903-19351920-1930"],"title_tesim":["Title:: Mrs. Henry Cassidy Papers\tcirca 1903-19351920-1930"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["01/Mss. Acc. 2007.36"],"text":["01/Mss. Acc. 2007.36","Title:: Mrs. Henry Cassidy Papers\tcirca 1903-19351920-1930","Children with disabilities--Education.","Special education--United States--History--20th century.","Correspondence","60 items","Collection is open to all researchers.","x Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: \u003ca href=\"http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Mrs. Henry Cassidy \"\u003ehttp://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Mrs. Henry Cassidy \u003c/a\u003e.","Helen Saw Telle Cassidy Conley worked as a teacher at \"The Spruces,\" a long-term care facility for children with emotional problems located in Staatsburg-on-Hudson, N.Y.  \"The Spruces\" was founded by Dr. Victor Vance Anderson in 1928.  These letters describe Mrs. Henry Cassidy's time at the Spruces as a teacher, giving vivid descriptions of the children's behavior and problems.  One letter mentions going to a horse race where many famous people attended.","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Helen Saw Telle Cassidy Conley worked as a teacher at \"The Spruces,\" a long-term care facility for children with emotional problems located in Staatsburg-on-Hudson, N.Y.  \"The Spruces\" was founded by Dr. Victor Vance Anderson in 1928.  These letters describe Mrs. Henry Cassidy's time at the Spruces as a teacher, giving vivid descriptions of the children's behavior and problems.  One letter mentions going to a horse race where many famous people attended.","Special Collections Research Center","American Orthopsychiatric Association","The Spruces (Staatsburg-on-Hudson, N.Y.)","Cassidy, Mrs. Henry","\n\t  The papers are in:\n English"],"unitid_tesim":["01/Mss. Acc. 2007.36"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Title:: Mrs. Henry Cassidy Papers\tcirca 1903-19351920-1930"],"collection_title_tesim":["Title:: Mrs. Henry Cassidy Papers\tcirca 1903-19351920-1930"],"collection_ssim":["Title:: Mrs. Henry Cassidy Papers\tcirca 1903-19351920-1930"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"creator_ssm":["Cassidy, Mrs. Henry \narrangement\n\t"],"creator_ssim":["Cassidy, Mrs. Henry \narrangement\n\t"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Cassidy, Mrs. Henry"],"creators_ssim":["Cassidy, Mrs. Henry"],"acqinfo_ssim":["The materials were acquired by Special Collections Research Center from Ebay on 04/26/2007."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Children with disabilities--Education.","Special education--United States--History--20th century.","Correspondence"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Children with disabilities--Education.","Special education--United States--History--20th century.","Correspondence"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["60 items"],"extent_ssm":["0.50"],"extent_tesim":["0.50"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ex Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: \u0026lt;a href=\"http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Mrs. Henry Cassidy \"\u0026gt;http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Mrs. Henry Cassidy \u0026lt;/a\u0026gt;.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["x Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: \u003ca href=\"http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Mrs. Henry Cassidy \"\u003ehttp://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Mrs. Henry Cassidy \u003c/a\u003e."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMrs. Henry Cassidy Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Earl Gregg Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Mrs. Henry Cassidy Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Earl Gregg Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eHelen Saw Telle Cassidy Conley worked as a teacher at \"The Spruces,\" a long-term care facility for children with emotional problems located in Staatsburg-on-Hudson, N.Y.  \"The Spruces\" was founded by Dr. Victor Vance Anderson in 1928.  These letters describe Mrs. Henry Cassidy's time at the Spruces as a teacher, giving vivid descriptions of the children's behavior and problems.  One letter mentions going to a horse race where many famous people attended.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Helen Saw Telle Cassidy Conley worked as a teacher at \"The Spruces,\" a long-term care facility for children with emotional problems located in Staatsburg-on-Hudson, N.Y.  \"The Spruces\" was founded by Dr. Victor Vance Anderson in 1928.  These letters describe Mrs. Henry Cassidy's time at the Spruces as a teacher, giving vivid descriptions of the children's behavior and problems.  One letter mentions going to a horse race where many famous people attended."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract encodinganalog=\"520$a\" label=\"Abstract:\"\u003eHelen Saw Telle Cassidy Conley worked as a teacher at \"The Spruces,\" a long-term care facility for children with emotional problems located in Staatsburg-on-Hudson, N.Y.  \"The Spruces\" was founded by Dr. Victor Vance Anderson in 1928.  These letters describe Mrs. Henry Cassidy's time at the Spruces as a teacher, giving vivid descriptions of the children's behavior and problems.  One letter mentions going to a horse race where many famous people attended.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Helen Saw Telle Cassidy Conley worked as a teacher at \"The Spruces,\" a long-term care facility for children with emotional problems located in Staatsburg-on-Hudson, N.Y.  \"The Spruces\" was founded by Dr. Victor Vance Anderson in 1928.  These letters describe Mrs. Henry Cassidy's time at the Spruces as a teacher, giving vivid descriptions of the children's behavior and problems.  One letter mentions going to a horse race where many famous people attended."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","American Orthopsychiatric Association","The Spruces (Staatsburg-on-Hudson, N.Y.)","Cassidy, Mrs. Henry"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","American Orthopsychiatric Association","The Spruces (Staatsburg-on-Hudson, N.Y.)"],"persname_ssim":["Cassidy, Mrs. Henry"],"language_ssim":["\n\t  The papers are in:\n English"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T15:06:24.717Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_viw00268"}},{"id":"viw_viw00208","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Title:: Mrs. Henry Cassidy Papers\tcirca 1903-19351920-1930","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_viw00208#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Cassidy, Mrs. Henry \narrangement\n\t","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_viw00208#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Letters describing Mrs. Henry Cassidy's time at the Spruces as a teacher.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_viw00208#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viw_viw00208","ead_ssi":"viw_viw00208","_root_":"viw_viw00208","_nest_parent_":"viw_viw00208","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/wm/viw00208.xml","title_ssm":["Title:: Mrs. Henry Cassidy Papers\tcirca 1903-19351920-1930"],"title_tesim":["Title:: Mrs. Henry Cassidy Papers\tcirca 1903-19351920-1930"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["01/Mss. Acc. 2007.36"],"text":["01/Mss. Acc. 2007.36","Title:: Mrs. Henry Cassidy Papers\tcirca 1903-19351920-1930","Correspondence","Collection is open to all researchers.","x Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the  Special Collections Research Center Wiki","Letters describing Mrs. Henry Cassidy's time at the Spruces as a teacher.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Letters describing Mrs. Henry Cassidy's time at the Spruces as a teacher.","Special Collections Research Center","American Orthopsychiatric Association","Cassidy, Mrs. Henry","\n\t  The papers are in:\n English"],"unitid_tesim":["01/Mss. Acc. 2007.36"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Title:: Mrs. Henry Cassidy Papers\tcirca 1903-19351920-1930"],"collection_title_tesim":["Title:: Mrs. Henry Cassidy Papers\tcirca 1903-19351920-1930"],"collection_ssim":["Title:: Mrs. Henry Cassidy Papers\tcirca 1903-19351920-1930"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"creator_ssm":["Cassidy, Mrs. Henry \narrangement\n\t"],"creator_ssim":["Cassidy, Mrs. Henry \narrangement\n\t"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Cassidy, Mrs. Henry"],"creators_ssim":["Cassidy, Mrs. Henry"],"acqinfo_ssim":["The materials were acquired by Special Collections Research Center from Ebay on 04/26/2007."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Correspondence"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Correspondence"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["60.00"],"extent_tesim":["60.00"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ex Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eSpecial Collections Research Center Wiki\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["x Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the  Special Collections Research Center Wiki"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMrs. Henry Cassidy Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Earl Gregg Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Mrs. Henry Cassidy Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Earl Gregg Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLetters describing Mrs. Henry Cassidy's time at the Spruces as a teacher.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Letters describing Mrs. Henry Cassidy's time at the Spruces as a teacher."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract encodinganalog=\"520$a\" label=\"Abstract:\"\u003eLetters describing Mrs. Henry Cassidy's time at the Spruces as a teacher.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Letters describing Mrs. Henry Cassidy's time at the Spruces as a teacher."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","American Orthopsychiatric Association","Cassidy, Mrs. Henry"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","American Orthopsychiatric Association"],"persname_ssim":["Cassidy, Mrs. Henry"],"language_ssim":["\n\t  The papers are in:\n English"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T15:09:14.756Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viw_viw00208","ead_ssi":"viw_viw00208","_root_":"viw_viw00208","_nest_parent_":"viw_viw00208","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/wm/viw00208.xml","title_ssm":["Title:: Mrs. Henry Cassidy Papers\tcirca 1903-19351920-1930"],"title_tesim":["Title:: Mrs. Henry Cassidy Papers\tcirca 1903-19351920-1930"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["01/Mss. Acc. 2007.36"],"text":["01/Mss. Acc. 2007.36","Title:: Mrs. Henry Cassidy Papers\tcirca 1903-19351920-1930","Correspondence","Collection is open to all researchers.","x Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the  Special Collections Research Center Wiki","Letters describing Mrs. Henry Cassidy's time at the Spruces as a teacher.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Letters describing Mrs. Henry Cassidy's time at the Spruces as a teacher.","Special Collections Research Center","American Orthopsychiatric Association","Cassidy, Mrs. Henry","\n\t  The papers are in:\n English"],"unitid_tesim":["01/Mss. Acc. 2007.36"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Title:: Mrs. Henry Cassidy Papers\tcirca 1903-19351920-1930"],"collection_title_tesim":["Title:: Mrs. Henry Cassidy Papers\tcirca 1903-19351920-1930"],"collection_ssim":["Title:: Mrs. Henry Cassidy Papers\tcirca 1903-19351920-1930"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"creator_ssm":["Cassidy, Mrs. Henry \narrangement\n\t"],"creator_ssim":["Cassidy, Mrs. Henry \narrangement\n\t"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Cassidy, Mrs. Henry"],"creators_ssim":["Cassidy, Mrs. Henry"],"acqinfo_ssim":["The materials were acquired by Special Collections Research Center from Ebay on 04/26/2007."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Correspondence"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Correspondence"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["60.00"],"extent_tesim":["60.00"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ex Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eSpecial Collections Research Center Wiki\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["x Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the  Special Collections Research Center Wiki"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMrs. Henry Cassidy Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Earl Gregg Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Mrs. Henry Cassidy Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Earl Gregg Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLetters describing Mrs. Henry Cassidy's time at the Spruces as a teacher.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Letters describing Mrs. Henry Cassidy's time at the Spruces as a teacher."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract encodinganalog=\"520$a\" label=\"Abstract:\"\u003eLetters describing Mrs. Henry Cassidy's time at the Spruces as a teacher.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Letters describing Mrs. Henry Cassidy's time at the Spruces as a teacher."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","American Orthopsychiatric Association","Cassidy, Mrs. Henry"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","American Orthopsychiatric Association"],"persname_ssim":["Cassidy, Mrs. Henry"],"language_ssim":["\n\t  The papers are in:\n English"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T15:09:14.756Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_viw00208"}}],"included":[{"type":"facet","id":"repository_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Repository","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Alexandria Library","value":"Alexandria Library","hits":4},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Alexandria+Library\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"College of William and Mary","value":"College of William and Mary","hits":1035},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=College+of+William+and+Mary\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"George Mason University","value":"George Mason University","hits":92},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Hampden-Sydney College","value":"Hampden-Sydney College","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Hampden-Sydney+College\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon","value":"The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon","hits":854},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=The+George+Washington+Presidential+Library+at+Mount+Vernon\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept.","value":"University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept.","hits":17},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept.\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library","value":"Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library","hits":4},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Virginia+Commonwealth+University%2C+Cabell+Library\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Virginia Military Institute Archives","value":"Virginia Military Institute Archives","hits":1358},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Virginia+Military+Institute+Archives\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University","value":"Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University","hits":93},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Virginia+Polytechnic+Institute+and+State+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library","value":"Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library","hits":340},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Washington+and+Lee+University%2C+Leyburn+Library\u0026view=compact"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/repository_ssim.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026view=compact"}},{"type":"facet","id":"collection_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Collection","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"\"Brother Rat\" collection","value":"\"Brother Rat\" collection","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=%22Brother+Rat%22+collection\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1st New York Mounted Rifles letter","value":"1st New York Mounted Rifles letter","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=1st+New+York+Mounted+Rifles+letter\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"A. Eliza Crane letter","value":"A. Eliza Crane letter","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=A.+Eliza+Crane+letter\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"A. Franklin Kibler papers","value":"A. Franklin Kibler papers","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=A.+Franklin+Kibler+papers\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"A. H. Hand Papers","value":"A. H. Hand Papers","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=A.+H.+Hand+Papers\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"A. K. Leake Papers","value":"A. K. Leake Papers","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=A.+K.+Leake+Papers\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"A. L. McLeod Papers","value":"A. L. McLeod Papers","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=A.+L.+McLeod+Papers\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"A. Willis Robertson Papers","value":"A. Willis Robertson Papers","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=A.+Willis+Robertson+Papers\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Abner Johnson Leavenworth Papers","value":"Abner Johnson Leavenworth Papers","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Abner+Johnson+Leavenworth+Papers\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Abolitionist Movement Collection","value":"Abolitionist Movement Collection","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Abolitionist+Movement+Collection\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Abraham Anson papers","value":"Abraham Anson papers","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Abraham+Anson+papers\u0026view=compact"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/collection_ssim.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026view=compact"}},{"type":"facet","id":"date_range_isim","attributes":{"label":"Date range","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"1500","value":"1500","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1500\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1501","value":"1501","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1501\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1502","value":"1502","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1502\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1503","value":"1503","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1503\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1504","value":"1504","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1504\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1505","value":"1505","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1505\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1506","value":"1506","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1506\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1507","value":"1507","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1507\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1508","value":"1508","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1508\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1509","value":"1509","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1509\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1510","value":"1510","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1510\u0026view=compact"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/date_range_isim.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026view=compact"}},{"type":"facet","id":"creator_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Creator","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"\narrangement\n\t","value":"\narrangement\n\t","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=%0Aarrangement%0A%09\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":" Caruthers, William Alexander","value":" Caruthers, William Alexander","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=+Caruthers%2C+William+Alexander\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":" Scott, Ann Norvell Otey","value":" Scott, Ann Norvell Otey","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=+Scott%2C+Ann+Norvell+Otey\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"A. Eliza Crane","value":"A. Eliza Crane","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=A.+Eliza+Crane\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Aaron, Reid S. (Reid Stanley), 1918-1944","value":"Aaron, Reid S. (Reid Stanley), 1918-1944","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Aaron%2C+Reid+S.+%28Reid+Stanley%29%2C+1918-1944\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Acheson, Hannah","value":"Acheson, Hannah","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Acheson%2C+Hannah\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Achord, M. H.","value":"Achord, M. H.","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Achord%2C+M.+H.\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Adams family","value":"Adams family","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Adams+family\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Adams, Abigail, 1744-1818","value":"Adams, Abigail, 1744-1818","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Adams%2C+Abigail%2C+1744-1818\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Adams, Edith","value":"Adams, Edith","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Adams%2C+Edith\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Adams, Herbert Baxter, 1850-1901","value":"Adams, Herbert Baxter, 1850-1901","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Adams%2C+Herbert+Baxter%2C+1850-1901\u0026view=compact"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/creator_ssim.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026view=compact"}},{"type":"facet","id":"names_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Names","items":[{"attributes":{"label":" Caruthers, William Alexander","value":" Caruthers, William Alexander","hits":3},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=+Caruthers%2C+William+Alexander\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":" Scott, Ann Norvell Otey","value":" Scott, Ann Norvell Otey","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=+Scott%2C+Ann+Norvell+Otey\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"\"House Divided\" speech","value":"\"House Divided\" speech","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=%22House+Divided%22+speech\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"A. Eliza Crane","value":"A. Eliza Crane","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=A.+Eliza+Crane\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"A. N. Miller","value":"A. N. Miller","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=A.+N.+Miller\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"A.G. Spalding \u0026 Bros","value":"A.G. Spalding \u0026 Bros","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=A.G.+Spalding+%26+Bros\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Aaron, Reid S. (Reid Stanley), 1918-1944","value":"Aaron, Reid S. (Reid Stanley), 1918-1944","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Aaron%2C+Reid+S.+%28Reid+Stanley%29%2C+1918-1944\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Abbott, W. R.","value":"Abbott, W. R.","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Abbott%2C+W.+R.\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Abercrombie \u0026 Fitch","value":"Abercrombie \u0026 Fitch","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Abercrombie+%26+Fitch\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Aberdeen Academy (King and Queen County, Va.)","value":"Aberdeen Academy (King and Queen County, Va.)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Aberdeen+Academy+%28King+and+Queen+County%2C+Va.%29\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Abner, Wilson","value":"Abner, Wilson","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Abner%2C+Wilson\u0026view=compact"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/names_ssim.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026view=compact"}},{"type":"facet","id":"geogname_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Places","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Accomack County (Va.)--History","value":"Accomack County (Va.)--History","hits":3},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Accomack+County+%28Va.%29--History\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Acton (Eng. : Estate)","value":"Acton (Eng. : Estate)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Acton+%28Eng.+%3A+Estate%29\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Africa","value":"Africa","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Africa\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Africa, West","value":"Africa, West","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Africa%2C+West\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"African American Women Authors","value":"African American Women Authors","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=African+American+Women+Authors\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Alabama--History","value":"Alabama--History","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Alabama--History\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Alabama--History--19th century","value":"Alabama--History--19th century","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Alabama--History--19th+century\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Alamance County (N.C.)--History--19th century","value":"Alamance County (N.C.)--History--19th century","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Alamance+County+%28N.C.%29--History--19th+century\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Alaska--Description and travel--19th century","value":"Alaska--Description and travel--19th century","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Alaska--Description+and+travel--19th+century\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Albemarle County (Va.)","value":"Albemarle County (Va.)","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Albemarle+County+%28Va.%29\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Albemarle County (Va.)--History","value":"Albemarle County (Va.)--History","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Albemarle+County+%28Va.%29--History\u0026view=compact"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/geogname_ssim.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026view=compact"}},{"type":"facet","id":"access_subjects_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Subjects","items":[{"attributes":{"label":" Indians of North America—Government relations—1869-1934","value":" Indians of North America—Government relations—1869-1934","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=+Indians+of+North+America%E2%80%94Government+relations%E2%80%941869-1934\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":" New Market, Battle of, New Market, Va., 1864—Anniversaries","value":" New Market, Battle of, New Market, Va., 1864—Anniversaries","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=+New+Market%2C+Battle+of%2C+New+Market%2C+Va.%2C+1864%E2%80%94Anniversaries\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":" Presidents—Inauguration","value":" Presidents—Inauguration","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=+Presidents%E2%80%94Inauguration\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":" United States—History—War of 1812—Personal narratives","value":" United States—History—War of 1812—Personal narratives","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=+United+States%E2%80%94History%E2%80%94War+of+1812%E2%80%94Personal+narratives\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"AIDS (Disease)--Research--United States","value":"AIDS (Disease)--Research--United States","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=AIDS+%28Disease%29--Research--United+States\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Abolitionist","value":"Abolitionist","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Abolitionist\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Abolitionists","value":"Abolitionists","hits":3},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Abolitionists\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Academic libraries","value":"Academic libraries","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Academic+libraries\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Academic records","value":"Academic records","hits":9},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Academic+records\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Account Books","value":"Account Books","hits":7},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Account+Books\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Account books","value":"Account books","hits":65},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Account+books\u0026view=compact"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/access_subjects_ssim.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026view=compact"}},{"type":"facet","id":"level_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Level","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Collection","value":"Collection","hits":1748},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"File","value":"File","hits":73},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=File\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Item","value":"Item","hits":1970},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Record Group","value":"Record Group","hits":4},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Record+Group\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Series","value":"Series","hits":15},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Series\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Subgroup","value":"Subgroup","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Subgroup\u0026view=compact"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/level_ssim.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026view=compact"}},{"type":"facet","id":"access","attributes":{"label":"Access","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Online access","value":"online","hits":56},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess%5D%5B%5D=online\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026view=compact"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/access.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026view=compact"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"all_fields","attributes":{"label":"All Fields"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026page=353\u0026search_field=all_fields\u0026view=compact"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"keyword","attributes":{"label":"Keyword"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026page=353\u0026search_field=keyword\u0026view=compact"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"name","attributes":{"label":"Name"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026page=353\u0026search_field=name\u0026view=compact"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"place","attributes":{"label":"Place"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026page=353\u0026search_field=place\u0026view=compact"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"subject","attributes":{"label":"Subject"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026page=353\u0026search_field=subject\u0026view=compact"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"title","attributes":{"label":"Title"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026page=353\u0026search_field=title\u0026view=compact"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"container","attributes":{"label":"Container"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026page=353\u0026search_field=container\u0026view=compact"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"identifier","attributes":{"label":"Identifier"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026page=353\u0026search_field=identifier\u0026view=compact"}},{"type":"sort","id":"score desc, title_sort asc","attributes":{"label":"relevance"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026page=353\u0026sort=score+desc%2C+title_sort+asc\u0026view=compact"}},{"type":"sort","id":"date_sort asc","attributes":{"label":"date (ascending)"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026page=353\u0026sort=date_sort+asc\u0026view=compact"}},{"type":"sort","id":"date_sort desc","attributes":{"label":"date (descending)"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026page=353\u0026sort=date_sort+desc\u0026view=compact"}},{"type":"sort","id":"creator_sort asc","attributes":{"label":"creator (A-Z)"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026page=353\u0026sort=creator_sort+asc\u0026view=compact"}},{"type":"sort","id":"creator_sort desc","attributes":{"label":"creator (Z-A)"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026page=353\u0026sort=creator_sort+desc\u0026view=compact"}},{"type":"sort","id":"title_sort asc","attributes":{"label":"title (A-Z)"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026page=353\u0026sort=title_sort+asc\u0026view=compact"}},{"type":"sort","id":"title_sort desc","attributes":{"label":"title (Z-A)"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Correspondence\u0026page=353\u0026sort=title_sort+desc\u0026view=compact"}}]}