{"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Bark+peeling+--+Virginia\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Green+Valley+Auctions%2C+Inc.\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1929","last":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Bark+peeling+--+Virginia\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Green+Valley+Auctions%2C+Inc.\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1929\u0026page=1"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":1,"next_page":null,"prev_page":null,"total_pages":1,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":0,"total_count":1,"first_page?":true,"last_page?":true}},"data":[{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_277","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company Logging Photographs, 1927/1931","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_277#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_277#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Contains 36 B\u0026amp;W photographs of loggers (including African-American and child workers) cutting trees in North Carolina, Virginia, and unspecified locations. Some photos have hand-written or stamped information on the back explaining the techniques being used and identifying them as \"West Virginia Pulp and Paper Co.\"","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_277#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_277","ead_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_277","_root_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_277","_nest_parent_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_277","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/JMU/repositories_4_resources_277.xml","title_ssm":["West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company Logging Photographs"],"title_tesim":["West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company Logging Photographs"],"unitdate_ssm":["1927-1931"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1927-1931"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1927/1931"],"normalized_title_ssm":["West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company Logging Photographs, 1927/1931"],"text":["West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company Logging Photographs, 1927/1931","SC 0130","/repositories/4/resources/277","Logging -- Virginia","Logging -- West Virginia","Logging -- North Carolina","Bark peeling -- Virginia","Bark peeling -- West Virginia","Bark peeling -- North Carolina","Lumbering -- Virginia","Lumbering -- West Virginia","Lumbering -- North Carolina","Forests and forestry -- Virginia -- History -- 20th century","Forests and forestry -- West Virginia -- History -- 20th century","Forests and forestry -- North Carolina  -- History -- 20th century","Forest products industry -- Virginia -- 20th century","Forest products industry -- West Virginia -- 20th century","Forest products industry -- North Carolina  -- 20th century","Agriculture and state -- Virginia -- History -- 20th century","Agriculture and state -- West Virginia -- History -- 20th century","Agriculture and state -- North Carolina  -- History -- 20th century","Photographs","Collection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.","All photographs have been digitized and are available online via JSTOR.","The photographs are housed in one folder.","The West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company was incorporated in 1898 by William Luke and sons. Through the twentieth century it grew into a multinational wood products corporation and changed its name to Westvaco. At the end of the twentieth century it became MeadWestvaco.","In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017. This collection was previously cataloged as SC 3037.","Of the 36 black-and-white photographs in this collection, 25 carry identification on the back that specifies locations in North Carolina (Moravian Falls, Crutchfield, Sanford) and Virginia (Newcastle, Fort Union, Naruna, Rhoadesville, Gordonsville, Burkeville), dates the photos from 1927 to 1931, and explains the techniques of cutting, peeling, and axing out knots of poplar and pine trees for pulpwood that are demonstrated in the photos. In a few cases the comments on the back criticize poor practices, indicating that the photos may have been intended for training purposes. \"West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company, Tyrone, PA\" is stamped on some photos; on the return address of the envelope in which the photos were housed, however, \"Tyrone\" has been crossed out and \"Covington, VA\" written in. Nine photos show African American workers; two show very young workers.","Text on photo (typed): Pulpwood left lying on the ground will take up water, and become mouldy and dirty. It pays to stick wood up on end, or rick it up loosely as soon as it has been peeled. It is then in shape to dry out well so that large loads may be hauled. Freight charges on wet, soggy, or green wood are high. To pay freight on useless water involves a loss for someone to sustain. West Virginia Pulp \u0026 Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.","Text on photo (typed): May pulpwood cutters throw the trees criss-cross to keep them up off the ground. Each tree is peeled thoroughly as soon as felled, and left in full tree lengths until the wood is dry. Then it is sawed up and hauled to the railroad. The wood is handled the least number of times, drys quickly, and is always off the ground. West Virginia Pulp \u0026 Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.","Text on photo (typed): Cutting stumps low saves timber in the biggest part of the tree. Then again, cutting a low stump will often allow you to make an extra stick at the top of the tree. Low stumps make it east to get wagons or trucks thru the woods or cuttings. West Virginia Pulp \u0026 Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone Pa.","Text on photo (typed): Cutting stumps low saves timber in the biggest part of the tree. Then again, cutting a low stump will often allow you to make an extra stick at the top of the tree. Low stumps make it easy to get wagons or trucks thru the woods or cuttings. West Virginia Pulp \u0026 Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.","Text on photo (typed): Both the outer bark and inner skin may be taken off slick and clean during the peeling season. Note the large pieces of bark that have been readily removed. (next sentence crossed out) The trees have been felled \"criss-cross\" up off the ground, for convenience in peeling, as well as to hasten seasoning of the wood. West Virginia Pulp \u0026 Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa. (handwritten) Why work all stooped over? It is usually possible to cross trees well off the ground.","Text on photo (typed): They say, \"Well trimmed is half peeled.\" It is true that much of the discouragement in peeling comes from tools striking knots or limbs that should have been chopped off close to the body of the tree. In fact, the trimmer should strike in with his axe just below the junction of limb and tree, leaving no projecting snags to catch the peeling tool. West Virginia Pulp \u0026 Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.","Text on photo (typed): Whether bark is on a smooth surface, or encased around a knot, it makes dirt in the paper if allowed to remain on pulpwood. It pays to put the wood in first-class shape as the trees are cut, rather than later on, when the knots are dried hard and the bark tight. West Virginia Pulp \u0026 Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.","Text on photo (typed): Both the outer bark and inner skin may be taken off slick and clean during the peeling season. Note the large pieces of bark that have been readily removed. The trees have been felled \"criss-cross\" up off the ground, for convenience in peeling, as well as to hasten seasoning of the wood. West Virginia Pulp \u0026 Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.","Text on photo (handwritten): Max Fleischer job. Gordonsville, Va. 11 July '27.","Text on photo (handwritten): One of Wm Allen's men with \"stripped pine\" near Burkeville, Va., 8 June '31.","Text on photo (handwritten): Near Rhoadesville, Va. 10 Sept. '28. Small trees left for cuttings later.","Text on photo (handwritten): Near Rhoadesville, Va. 10 Sept. '28. Small trees left for cuttings later.","Text on photo (handwritten): On W. C. Newman [illegible] job, near Rhoadesville, Va. 10 Sep. '28. Small trees left for cutting later.","Text on photo (handwritten): Stump peeled and then cut high enough to interfere with hauling. J. H. Clarke's place near Naruna, Va. 20 March, 1928.","Text on photo (handwritten): Peterson \u0026 Black Fork Union, Va. 10 June '31.","Text on photo (typed): Pulpwood left lying on the ground will take up water, and become mouldy and dirty. It pays to stick wood up on end, or rick it up loosely as soon as it has been peeled. It is then in shape to dry out well so that large loads may be hauled. Freight charges on wet, soggy, or green wood are high. To pay freight on useless water involves a loss for someone to sustain. West Virginia Pulp \u0026 Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.","Text on photo (typed): Many pulpwood cutters throw the trees criss-cross to keep them up off the ground. Each tree is peeled thoroughly as soon as felled, and left in full tree lengths until the wood is dry. Then it is sawed up and hauled to the railroad. The wood is handled the least number of times, drys quickly, and is always off the ground. West Virginia Pulp \u0026 Paper, Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.","Text on photo (typed): Sticks that must be split will yield most readily to an outfit made up of a ten-pound splitting hammer and three or four iron wedges. If there is much splitting to be done, about $3 invested in the right sort of tools should be well worth while. West Virginia Pulp \u0026 Paper Co. Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.","Text on photo (typed): A good way to peel large poplar is to saw the trees in 5 foot blocks. Then split the bark along one side, stepping on the edge of the bark and tramping it off as the block is rolled down hill. With smaller trees, an ax is used to ring the bark every 5 to 8 feet. Then it is pried off in sections with the ax. West Virginia Pulp \u0026 Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.","Text on photo (typed): A good way to peel poplar is to saw the trees in 5 foot blocks. Then split the bark along one side, stepping on the edge of the bark and tramping it off as the block is rolled down hill. With smaller trees, an ax is used to ring the bark every 5 to 8 feet. Then it is pried off in sections with the ax. West Virginia Pulp \u0026 Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.","Text on photo (handwritten): A. L. Duncan Newcastle, Va. June 1, 1931.","Text on photo (handwritten): R. E. Farmer pine Crutchfield, N. C. 19 July '27.","Text on photo (handwritten): Near Moravian Falls, N. C. 22 Apr. '27.","Text on photo (handwritten): J. W. Gilliam job near Sanford, N. C. 26 Apr. '29.","Text on photo (handwritten): A. L. Duncan Newcastle, Va. June 1, 1931.","The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collection Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).","Contains 36 B\u0026W photographs of loggers (including African-American and child workers) cutting trees in North Carolina, Virginia, and unspecified locations. Some photos have hand-written or stamped information on the back explaining the techniques being used and identifying them as \"West Virginia Pulp and Paper Co.\"","James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company","Green Valley Auctions, Inc.","MeadWestvaco (Firm) -- History","English\n."],"collection_title_tesim":["West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company Logging Photographs, 1927/1931"],"collection_ssim":["West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company Logging Photographs, 1927/1931"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 0130","/repositories/4/resources/277"],"unitid_tesim":["SC 0130","/repositories/4/resources/277"],"repository_ssm":["James Madison University"],"repository_ssim":["James Madison University"],"creator_ssm":["West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company","Green Valley Auctions, Inc."],"creator_ssim":["West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company","Green Valley Auctions, Inc."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company","Green Valley Auctions, Inc.","MeadWestvaco (Firm) -- History"],"creators_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company","Green Valley Auctions, Inc.","MeadWestvaco (Firm) -- History"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collection Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchased from Green Valley Auctions, Inc. in March 2000."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Logging -- Virginia","Logging -- West Virginia","Logging -- North Carolina","Bark peeling -- Virginia","Bark peeling -- West Virginia","Bark peeling -- North Carolina","Lumbering -- Virginia","Lumbering -- West Virginia","Lumbering -- North Carolina","Forests and forestry -- Virginia -- History -- 20th century","Forests and forestry -- West Virginia -- History -- 20th century","Forests and forestry -- North Carolina  -- History -- 20th century","Forest products industry -- Virginia -- 20th century","Forest products industry -- West Virginia -- 20th century","Forest products industry -- North Carolina  -- 20th century","Agriculture and state -- Virginia -- History -- 20th century","Agriculture and state -- West Virginia -- History -- 20th century","Agriculture and state -- North Carolina  -- History -- 20th century","Photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Logging -- Virginia","Logging -- West Virginia","Logging -- North Carolina","Bark peeling -- Virginia","Bark peeling -- West Virginia","Bark peeling -- North Carolina","Lumbering -- Virginia","Lumbering -- West Virginia","Lumbering -- North Carolina","Forests and forestry -- Virginia -- History -- 20th century","Forests and forestry -- West Virginia -- History -- 20th century","Forests and forestry -- North Carolina  -- History -- 20th century","Forest products industry -- Virginia -- 20th century","Forest products industry -- West Virginia -- 20th century","Forest products industry -- North Carolina  -- 20th century","Agriculture and state -- Virginia -- History -- 20th century","Agriculture and state -- West Virginia -- History -- 20th century","Agriculture and state -- North Carolina  -- History -- 20th century","Photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.08 cubic feet 1 folder"],"extent_tesim":["0.08 cubic feet 1 folder"],"genreform_ssim":["Photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1927,1928,1929,1930,1931],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection."],"altformavail_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAll photographs have been digitized and are available online via \u003cextref type=\"simple\" actuate=\"onRequest\" show=\"new\" href=\"https://www.jstor.org/site/jamesmadisonuniversity/jamesmadisonuniversitywestvirginiapulpandpapercompanyloggingphotographs/\"\u003eJSTOR\u003c/extref\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"altformavail_heading_ssm":["Other Formats Available"],"altformavail_tesim":["All photographs have been digitized and are available online via JSTOR."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe photographs are housed in one folder.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The photographs are housed in one folder."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company was incorporated in 1898 by William Luke and sons. Through the twentieth century it grew into a multinational wood products corporation and changed its name to Westvaco. At the end of the twentieth century it became MeadWestvaco.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Administrative History"],"bioghist_tesim":["The West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company was incorporated in 1898 by William Luke and sons. Through the twentieth century it grew into a multinational wood products corporation and changed its name to Westvaco. At the end of the twentieth century it became MeadWestvaco."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[identification of item], [box #, folder #], West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company Logging Photographs, 1927-1931, SC 0130, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA. 22807\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[identification of item], [box #, folder #], West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company Logging Photographs, 1927-1931, SC 0130, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA. 22807"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017. \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eThis collection was previously cataloged as SC 3037.\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017. This collection was previously cataloged as SC 3037."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOf the 36 black-and-white photographs in this collection, 25 carry identification on the back that specifies locations in North Carolina (Moravian Falls, Crutchfield, Sanford) and Virginia (Newcastle, Fort Union, Naruna, Rhoadesville, Gordonsville, Burkeville), dates the photos from 1927 to 1931, and explains the techniques of cutting, peeling, and axing out knots of poplar and pine trees for pulpwood that are demonstrated in the photos. In a few cases the comments on the back criticize poor practices, indicating that the photos may have been intended for training purposes. \"West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company, Tyrone, PA\" is stamped on some photos; on the return address of the envelope in which the photos were housed, however, \"Tyrone\" has been crossed out and \"Covington, VA\" written in. Nine photos show African American workers; two show very young workers.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eText on photo (typed): Pulpwood left lying on the ground will take up water, and become mouldy and dirty. It pays to stick wood up on end, or rick it up loosely as soon as it has been peeled. It is then in shape to dry out well so that large loads may be hauled. Freight charges on wet, soggy, or green wood are high. To pay freight on useless water involves a loss for someone to sustain. West Virginia Pulp \u0026amp; Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eText on photo (typed): May pulpwood cutters throw the trees criss-cross to keep them up off the ground. Each tree is peeled thoroughly as soon as felled, and left in full tree lengths until the wood is dry. Then it is sawed up and hauled to the railroad. The wood is handled the least number of times, drys quickly, and is always off the ground. West Virginia Pulp \u0026amp; Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eText on photo (typed): Cutting stumps low saves timber in the biggest part of the tree. Then again, cutting a low stump will often allow you to make an extra stick at the top of the tree. Low stumps make it east to get wagons or trucks thru the woods or cuttings. West Virginia Pulp \u0026amp; Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone Pa.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eText on photo (typed): Cutting stumps low saves timber in the biggest part of the tree. Then again, cutting a low stump will often allow you to make an extra stick at the top of the tree. Low stumps make it easy to get wagons or trucks thru the woods or cuttings. West Virginia Pulp \u0026amp; Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eText on photo (typed): Both the outer bark and inner skin may be taken off slick and clean during the peeling season. Note the large pieces of bark that have been readily removed. (next sentence crossed out) The trees have been felled \"criss-cross\" up off the ground, for convenience in peeling, as well as to hasten seasoning of the wood. West Virginia Pulp \u0026amp; Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa. (handwritten) Why work all stooped over? It is usually possible to cross trees well off the ground.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eText on photo (typed): They say, \"Well trimmed is half peeled.\" It is true that much of the discouragement in peeling comes from tools striking knots or limbs that should have been chopped off close to the body of the tree. In fact, the trimmer should strike in with his axe just below the junction of limb and tree, leaving no projecting snags to catch the peeling tool. West Virginia Pulp \u0026amp; Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eText on photo (typed): Whether bark is on a smooth surface, or encased around a knot, it makes dirt in the paper if allowed to remain on pulpwood. It pays to put the wood in first-class shape as the trees are cut, rather than later on, when the knots are dried hard and the bark tight. West Virginia Pulp \u0026amp; Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eText on photo (typed): Both the outer bark and inner skin may be taken off slick and clean during the peeling season. Note the large pieces of bark that have been readily removed. The trees have been felled \"criss-cross\" up off the ground, for convenience in peeling, as well as to hasten seasoning of the wood. West Virginia Pulp \u0026amp; Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eText on photo (handwritten): Max Fleischer job. Gordonsville, Va. 11 July '27.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eText on photo (handwritten): One of Wm Allen's men with \"stripped pine\" near Burkeville, Va., 8 June '31.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eText on photo (handwritten): Near Rhoadesville, Va. 10 Sept. '28. Small trees left for cuttings later.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eText on photo (handwritten): Near Rhoadesville, Va. 10 Sept. '28. Small trees left for cuttings later.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eText on photo (handwritten): On W. C. Newman [illegible] job, near Rhoadesville, Va. 10 Sep. '28. Small trees left for cutting later.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eText on photo (handwritten): Stump peeled and then cut high enough to interfere with hauling. J. H. Clarke's place near Naruna, Va. 20 March, 1928.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eText on photo (handwritten): Peterson \u0026amp; Black Fork Union, Va. 10 June '31.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eText on photo (typed): Pulpwood left lying on the ground will take up water, and become mouldy and dirty. It pays to stick wood up on end, or rick it up loosely as soon as it has been peeled. It is then in shape to dry out well so that large loads may be hauled. Freight charges on wet, soggy, or green wood are high. To pay freight on useless water involves a loss for someone to sustain. West Virginia Pulp \u0026amp; Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eText on photo (typed): Many pulpwood cutters throw the trees criss-cross to keep them up off the ground. Each tree is peeled thoroughly as soon as felled, and left in full tree lengths until the wood is dry. Then it is sawed up and hauled to the railroad. The wood is handled the least number of times, drys quickly, and is always off the ground. West Virginia Pulp \u0026amp; Paper, Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eText on photo (typed): Sticks that must be split will yield most readily to an outfit made up of a ten-pound splitting hammer and three or four iron wedges. If there is much splitting to be done, about $3 invested in the right sort of tools should be well worth while. West Virginia Pulp \u0026amp; Paper Co. Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eText on photo (typed): A good way to peel large poplar is to saw the trees in 5 foot blocks. Then split the bark along one side, stepping on the edge of the bark and tramping it off as the block is rolled down hill. With smaller trees, an ax is used to ring the bark every 5 to 8 feet. Then it is pried off in sections with the ax. West Virginia Pulp \u0026amp; Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eText on photo (typed): A good way to peel poplar is to saw the trees in 5 foot blocks. Then split the bark along one side, stepping on the edge of the bark and tramping it off as the block is rolled down hill. With smaller trees, an ax is used to ring the bark every 5 to 8 feet. Then it is pried off in sections with the ax. West Virginia Pulp \u0026amp; Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eText on photo (handwritten): A. L. Duncan Newcastle, Va. June 1, 1931.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eText on photo (handwritten): R. E. Farmer pine Crutchfield, N. C. 19 July '27.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eText on photo (handwritten): Near Moravian Falls, N. C. 22 Apr. '27.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eText on photo (handwritten): J. W. Gilliam job near Sanford, N. C. 26 Apr. '29.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eText on photo (handwritten): A. L. Duncan Newcastle, Va. June 1, 1931.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Of the 36 black-and-white photographs in this collection, 25 carry identification on the back that specifies locations in North Carolina (Moravian Falls, Crutchfield, Sanford) and Virginia (Newcastle, Fort Union, Naruna, Rhoadesville, Gordonsville, Burkeville), dates the photos from 1927 to 1931, and explains the techniques of cutting, peeling, and axing out knots of poplar and pine trees for pulpwood that are demonstrated in the photos. In a few cases the comments on the back criticize poor practices, indicating that the photos may have been intended for training purposes. \"West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company, Tyrone, PA\" is stamped on some photos; on the return address of the envelope in which the photos were housed, however, \"Tyrone\" has been crossed out and \"Covington, VA\" written in. Nine photos show African American workers; two show very young workers.","Text on photo (typed): Pulpwood left lying on the ground will take up water, and become mouldy and dirty. It pays to stick wood up on end, or rick it up loosely as soon as it has been peeled. It is then in shape to dry out well so that large loads may be hauled. Freight charges on wet, soggy, or green wood are high. To pay freight on useless water involves a loss for someone to sustain. West Virginia Pulp \u0026 Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.","Text on photo (typed): May pulpwood cutters throw the trees criss-cross to keep them up off the ground. Each tree is peeled thoroughly as soon as felled, and left in full tree lengths until the wood is dry. Then it is sawed up and hauled to the railroad. The wood is handled the least number of times, drys quickly, and is always off the ground. West Virginia Pulp \u0026 Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.","Text on photo (typed): Cutting stumps low saves timber in the biggest part of the tree. Then again, cutting a low stump will often allow you to make an extra stick at the top of the tree. Low stumps make it east to get wagons or trucks thru the woods or cuttings. West Virginia Pulp \u0026 Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone Pa.","Text on photo (typed): Cutting stumps low saves timber in the biggest part of the tree. Then again, cutting a low stump will often allow you to make an extra stick at the top of the tree. Low stumps make it easy to get wagons or trucks thru the woods or cuttings. West Virginia Pulp \u0026 Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.","Text on photo (typed): Both the outer bark and inner skin may be taken off slick and clean during the peeling season. Note the large pieces of bark that have been readily removed. (next sentence crossed out) The trees have been felled \"criss-cross\" up off the ground, for convenience in peeling, as well as to hasten seasoning of the wood. West Virginia Pulp \u0026 Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa. (handwritten) Why work all stooped over? It is usually possible to cross trees well off the ground.","Text on photo (typed): They say, \"Well trimmed is half peeled.\" It is true that much of the discouragement in peeling comes from tools striking knots or limbs that should have been chopped off close to the body of the tree. In fact, the trimmer should strike in with his axe just below the junction of limb and tree, leaving no projecting snags to catch the peeling tool. West Virginia Pulp \u0026 Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.","Text on photo (typed): Whether bark is on a smooth surface, or encased around a knot, it makes dirt in the paper if allowed to remain on pulpwood. It pays to put the wood in first-class shape as the trees are cut, rather than later on, when the knots are dried hard and the bark tight. West Virginia Pulp \u0026 Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.","Text on photo (typed): Both the outer bark and inner skin may be taken off slick and clean during the peeling season. Note the large pieces of bark that have been readily removed. The trees have been felled \"criss-cross\" up off the ground, for convenience in peeling, as well as to hasten seasoning of the wood. West Virginia Pulp \u0026 Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.","Text on photo (handwritten): Max Fleischer job. Gordonsville, Va. 11 July '27.","Text on photo (handwritten): One of Wm Allen's men with \"stripped pine\" near Burkeville, Va., 8 June '31.","Text on photo (handwritten): Near Rhoadesville, Va. 10 Sept. '28. Small trees left for cuttings later.","Text on photo (handwritten): Near Rhoadesville, Va. 10 Sept. '28. Small trees left for cuttings later.","Text on photo (handwritten): On W. C. Newman [illegible] job, near Rhoadesville, Va. 10 Sep. '28. Small trees left for cutting later.","Text on photo (handwritten): Stump peeled and then cut high enough to interfere with hauling. J. H. Clarke's place near Naruna, Va. 20 March, 1928.","Text on photo (handwritten): Peterson \u0026 Black Fork Union, Va. 10 June '31.","Text on photo (typed): Pulpwood left lying on the ground will take up water, and become mouldy and dirty. It pays to stick wood up on end, or rick it up loosely as soon as it has been peeled. It is then in shape to dry out well so that large loads may be hauled. Freight charges on wet, soggy, or green wood are high. To pay freight on useless water involves a loss for someone to sustain. West Virginia Pulp \u0026 Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.","Text on photo (typed): Many pulpwood cutters throw the trees criss-cross to keep them up off the ground. Each tree is peeled thoroughly as soon as felled, and left in full tree lengths until the wood is dry. Then it is sawed up and hauled to the railroad. The wood is handled the least number of times, drys quickly, and is always off the ground. West Virginia Pulp \u0026 Paper, Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.","Text on photo (typed): Sticks that must be split will yield most readily to an outfit made up of a ten-pound splitting hammer and three or four iron wedges. If there is much splitting to be done, about $3 invested in the right sort of tools should be well worth while. West Virginia Pulp \u0026 Paper Co. Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.","Text on photo (typed): A good way to peel large poplar is to saw the trees in 5 foot blocks. Then split the bark along one side, stepping on the edge of the bark and tramping it off as the block is rolled down hill. With smaller trees, an ax is used to ring the bark every 5 to 8 feet. Then it is pried off in sections with the ax. West Virginia Pulp \u0026 Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.","Text on photo (typed): A good way to peel poplar is to saw the trees in 5 foot blocks. Then split the bark along one side, stepping on the edge of the bark and tramping it off as the block is rolled down hill. With smaller trees, an ax is used to ring the bark every 5 to 8 feet. Then it is pried off in sections with the ax. West Virginia Pulp \u0026 Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.","Text on photo (handwritten): A. L. Duncan Newcastle, Va. June 1, 1931.","Text on photo (handwritten): R. E. Farmer pine Crutchfield, N. C. 19 July '27.","Text on photo (handwritten): Near Moravian Falls, N. C. 22 Apr. '27.","Text on photo (handwritten): J. W. Gilliam job near Sanford, N. C. 26 Apr. '29.","Text on photo (handwritten): A. L. Duncan Newcastle, Va. June 1, 1931."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collection Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collection Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_5884a89deb59186c9af7317d327e8d3d\"\u003eContains 36 B\u0026amp;W photographs of loggers (including African-American and child workers) cutting trees in North Carolina, Virginia, and unspecified locations. Some photos have hand-written or stamped information on the back explaining the techniques being used and identifying them as \"West Virginia Pulp and Paper Co.\"\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["Contains 36 B\u0026W photographs of loggers (including African-American and child workers) cutting trees in North Carolina, Virginia, and unspecified locations. Some photos have hand-written or stamped information on the back explaining the techniques being used and identifying them as \"West Virginia Pulp and Paper Co.\""],"corpname_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company","Green Valley Auctions, Inc.","MeadWestvaco (Firm) -- History"],"names_coll_ssim":["Green Valley Auctions, Inc.","MeadWestvaco (Firm) -- History"],"names_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company","Green Valley Auctions, Inc.","MeadWestvaco (Firm) -- History"],"language_ssim":["English\n."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":37,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T06:57:34.491Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_277","ead_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_277","_root_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_277","_nest_parent_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_277","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/JMU/repositories_4_resources_277.xml","title_ssm":["West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company Logging Photographs"],"title_tesim":["West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company Logging Photographs"],"unitdate_ssm":["1927-1931"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1927-1931"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1927/1931"],"normalized_title_ssm":["West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company Logging Photographs, 1927/1931"],"text":["West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company Logging Photographs, 1927/1931","SC 0130","/repositories/4/resources/277","Logging -- Virginia","Logging -- West Virginia","Logging -- North Carolina","Bark peeling -- Virginia","Bark peeling -- West Virginia","Bark peeling -- North Carolina","Lumbering -- Virginia","Lumbering -- West Virginia","Lumbering -- North Carolina","Forests and forestry -- Virginia -- History -- 20th century","Forests and forestry -- West Virginia -- History -- 20th century","Forests and forestry -- North Carolina  -- History -- 20th century","Forest products industry -- Virginia -- 20th century","Forest products industry -- West Virginia -- 20th century","Forest products industry -- North Carolina  -- 20th century","Agriculture and state -- Virginia -- History -- 20th century","Agriculture and state -- West Virginia -- History -- 20th century","Agriculture and state -- North Carolina  -- History -- 20th century","Photographs","Collection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.","All photographs have been digitized and are available online via JSTOR.","The photographs are housed in one folder.","The West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company was incorporated in 1898 by William Luke and sons. Through the twentieth century it grew into a multinational wood products corporation and changed its name to Westvaco. At the end of the twentieth century it became MeadWestvaco.","In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017. This collection was previously cataloged as SC 3037.","Of the 36 black-and-white photographs in this collection, 25 carry identification on the back that specifies locations in North Carolina (Moravian Falls, Crutchfield, Sanford) and Virginia (Newcastle, Fort Union, Naruna, Rhoadesville, Gordonsville, Burkeville), dates the photos from 1927 to 1931, and explains the techniques of cutting, peeling, and axing out knots of poplar and pine trees for pulpwood that are demonstrated in the photos. In a few cases the comments on the back criticize poor practices, indicating that the photos may have been intended for training purposes. \"West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company, Tyrone, PA\" is stamped on some photos; on the return address of the envelope in which the photos were housed, however, \"Tyrone\" has been crossed out and \"Covington, VA\" written in. Nine photos show African American workers; two show very young workers.","Text on photo (typed): Pulpwood left lying on the ground will take up water, and become mouldy and dirty. It pays to stick wood up on end, or rick it up loosely as soon as it has been peeled. It is then in shape to dry out well so that large loads may be hauled. Freight charges on wet, soggy, or green wood are high. To pay freight on useless water involves a loss for someone to sustain. West Virginia Pulp \u0026 Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.","Text on photo (typed): May pulpwood cutters throw the trees criss-cross to keep them up off the ground. Each tree is peeled thoroughly as soon as felled, and left in full tree lengths until the wood is dry. Then it is sawed up and hauled to the railroad. The wood is handled the least number of times, drys quickly, and is always off the ground. West Virginia Pulp \u0026 Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.","Text on photo (typed): Cutting stumps low saves timber in the biggest part of the tree. Then again, cutting a low stump will often allow you to make an extra stick at the top of the tree. Low stumps make it east to get wagons or trucks thru the woods or cuttings. West Virginia Pulp \u0026 Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone Pa.","Text on photo (typed): Cutting stumps low saves timber in the biggest part of the tree. Then again, cutting a low stump will often allow you to make an extra stick at the top of the tree. Low stumps make it easy to get wagons or trucks thru the woods or cuttings. West Virginia Pulp \u0026 Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.","Text on photo (typed): Both the outer bark and inner skin may be taken off slick and clean during the peeling season. Note the large pieces of bark that have been readily removed. (next sentence crossed out) The trees have been felled \"criss-cross\" up off the ground, for convenience in peeling, as well as to hasten seasoning of the wood. West Virginia Pulp \u0026 Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa. (handwritten) Why work all stooped over? It is usually possible to cross trees well off the ground.","Text on photo (typed): They say, \"Well trimmed is half peeled.\" It is true that much of the discouragement in peeling comes from tools striking knots or limbs that should have been chopped off close to the body of the tree. In fact, the trimmer should strike in with his axe just below the junction of limb and tree, leaving no projecting snags to catch the peeling tool. West Virginia Pulp \u0026 Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.","Text on photo (typed): Whether bark is on a smooth surface, or encased around a knot, it makes dirt in the paper if allowed to remain on pulpwood. It pays to put the wood in first-class shape as the trees are cut, rather than later on, when the knots are dried hard and the bark tight. West Virginia Pulp \u0026 Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.","Text on photo (typed): Both the outer bark and inner skin may be taken off slick and clean during the peeling season. Note the large pieces of bark that have been readily removed. The trees have been felled \"criss-cross\" up off the ground, for convenience in peeling, as well as to hasten seasoning of the wood. West Virginia Pulp \u0026 Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.","Text on photo (handwritten): Max Fleischer job. Gordonsville, Va. 11 July '27.","Text on photo (handwritten): One of Wm Allen's men with \"stripped pine\" near Burkeville, Va., 8 June '31.","Text on photo (handwritten): Near Rhoadesville, Va. 10 Sept. '28. Small trees left for cuttings later.","Text on photo (handwritten): Near Rhoadesville, Va. 10 Sept. '28. Small trees left for cuttings later.","Text on photo (handwritten): On W. C. Newman [illegible] job, near Rhoadesville, Va. 10 Sep. '28. Small trees left for cutting later.","Text on photo (handwritten): Stump peeled and then cut high enough to interfere with hauling. J. H. Clarke's place near Naruna, Va. 20 March, 1928.","Text on photo (handwritten): Peterson \u0026 Black Fork Union, Va. 10 June '31.","Text on photo (typed): Pulpwood left lying on the ground will take up water, and become mouldy and dirty. It pays to stick wood up on end, or rick it up loosely as soon as it has been peeled. It is then in shape to dry out well so that large loads may be hauled. Freight charges on wet, soggy, or green wood are high. To pay freight on useless water involves a loss for someone to sustain. West Virginia Pulp \u0026 Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.","Text on photo (typed): Many pulpwood cutters throw the trees criss-cross to keep them up off the ground. Each tree is peeled thoroughly as soon as felled, and left in full tree lengths until the wood is dry. Then it is sawed up and hauled to the railroad. The wood is handled the least number of times, drys quickly, and is always off the ground. West Virginia Pulp \u0026 Paper, Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.","Text on photo (typed): Sticks that must be split will yield most readily to an outfit made up of a ten-pound splitting hammer and three or four iron wedges. If there is much splitting to be done, about $3 invested in the right sort of tools should be well worth while. West Virginia Pulp \u0026 Paper Co. Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.","Text on photo (typed): A good way to peel large poplar is to saw the trees in 5 foot blocks. Then split the bark along one side, stepping on the edge of the bark and tramping it off as the block is rolled down hill. With smaller trees, an ax is used to ring the bark every 5 to 8 feet. Then it is pried off in sections with the ax. West Virginia Pulp \u0026 Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.","Text on photo (typed): A good way to peel poplar is to saw the trees in 5 foot blocks. Then split the bark along one side, stepping on the edge of the bark and tramping it off as the block is rolled down hill. With smaller trees, an ax is used to ring the bark every 5 to 8 feet. Then it is pried off in sections with the ax. West Virginia Pulp \u0026 Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.","Text on photo (handwritten): A. L. Duncan Newcastle, Va. June 1, 1931.","Text on photo (handwritten): R. E. Farmer pine Crutchfield, N. C. 19 July '27.","Text on photo (handwritten): Near Moravian Falls, N. C. 22 Apr. '27.","Text on photo (handwritten): J. W. Gilliam job near Sanford, N. C. 26 Apr. '29.","Text on photo (handwritten): A. L. Duncan Newcastle, Va. June 1, 1931.","The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collection Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).","Contains 36 B\u0026W photographs of loggers (including African-American and child workers) cutting trees in North Carolina, Virginia, and unspecified locations. Some photos have hand-written or stamped information on the back explaining the techniques being used and identifying them as \"West Virginia Pulp and Paper Co.\"","James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company","Green Valley Auctions, Inc.","MeadWestvaco (Firm) -- History","English\n."],"collection_title_tesim":["West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company Logging Photographs, 1927/1931"],"collection_ssim":["West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company Logging Photographs, 1927/1931"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 0130","/repositories/4/resources/277"],"unitid_tesim":["SC 0130","/repositories/4/resources/277"],"repository_ssm":["James Madison University"],"repository_ssim":["James Madison University"],"creator_ssm":["West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company","Green Valley Auctions, Inc."],"creator_ssim":["West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company","Green Valley Auctions, Inc."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company","Green Valley Auctions, Inc.","MeadWestvaco (Firm) -- History"],"creators_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company","Green Valley Auctions, Inc.","MeadWestvaco (Firm) -- History"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collection Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchased from Green Valley Auctions, Inc. in March 2000."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Logging -- Virginia","Logging -- West Virginia","Logging -- North Carolina","Bark peeling -- Virginia","Bark peeling -- West Virginia","Bark peeling -- North Carolina","Lumbering -- Virginia","Lumbering -- West Virginia","Lumbering -- North Carolina","Forests and forestry -- Virginia -- History -- 20th century","Forests and forestry -- West Virginia -- History -- 20th century","Forests and forestry -- North Carolina  -- History -- 20th century","Forest products industry -- Virginia -- 20th century","Forest products industry -- West Virginia -- 20th century","Forest products industry -- North Carolina  -- 20th century","Agriculture and state -- Virginia -- History -- 20th century","Agriculture and state -- West Virginia -- History -- 20th century","Agriculture and state -- North Carolina  -- History -- 20th century","Photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Logging -- Virginia","Logging -- West Virginia","Logging -- North Carolina","Bark peeling -- Virginia","Bark peeling -- West Virginia","Bark peeling -- North Carolina","Lumbering -- Virginia","Lumbering -- West Virginia","Lumbering -- North Carolina","Forests and forestry -- Virginia -- History -- 20th century","Forests and forestry -- West Virginia -- History -- 20th century","Forests and forestry -- North Carolina  -- History -- 20th century","Forest products industry -- Virginia -- 20th century","Forest products industry -- West Virginia -- 20th century","Forest products industry -- North Carolina  -- 20th century","Agriculture and state -- Virginia -- History -- 20th century","Agriculture and state -- West Virginia -- History -- 20th century","Agriculture and state -- North Carolina  -- History -- 20th century","Photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.08 cubic feet 1 folder"],"extent_tesim":["0.08 cubic feet 1 folder"],"genreform_ssim":["Photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1927,1928,1929,1930,1931],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection."],"altformavail_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAll photographs have been digitized and are available online via \u003cextref type=\"simple\" actuate=\"onRequest\" show=\"new\" href=\"https://www.jstor.org/site/jamesmadisonuniversity/jamesmadisonuniversitywestvirginiapulpandpapercompanyloggingphotographs/\"\u003eJSTOR\u003c/extref\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"altformavail_heading_ssm":["Other Formats Available"],"altformavail_tesim":["All photographs have been digitized and are available online via JSTOR."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe photographs are housed in one folder.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The photographs are housed in one folder."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company was incorporated in 1898 by William Luke and sons. Through the twentieth century it grew into a multinational wood products corporation and changed its name to Westvaco. At the end of the twentieth century it became MeadWestvaco.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Administrative History"],"bioghist_tesim":["The West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company was incorporated in 1898 by William Luke and sons. Through the twentieth century it grew into a multinational wood products corporation and changed its name to Westvaco. At the end of the twentieth century it became MeadWestvaco."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[identification of item], [box #, folder #], West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company Logging Photographs, 1927-1931, SC 0130, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA. 22807\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[identification of item], [box #, folder #], West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company Logging Photographs, 1927-1931, SC 0130, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA. 22807"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017. \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eThis collection was previously cataloged as SC 3037.\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017. This collection was previously cataloged as SC 3037."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOf the 36 black-and-white photographs in this collection, 25 carry identification on the back that specifies locations in North Carolina (Moravian Falls, Crutchfield, Sanford) and Virginia (Newcastle, Fort Union, Naruna, Rhoadesville, Gordonsville, Burkeville), dates the photos from 1927 to 1931, and explains the techniques of cutting, peeling, and axing out knots of poplar and pine trees for pulpwood that are demonstrated in the photos. In a few cases the comments on the back criticize poor practices, indicating that the photos may have been intended for training purposes. \"West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company, Tyrone, PA\" is stamped on some photos; on the return address of the envelope in which the photos were housed, however, \"Tyrone\" has been crossed out and \"Covington, VA\" written in. Nine photos show African American workers; two show very young workers.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eText on photo (typed): Pulpwood left lying on the ground will take up water, and become mouldy and dirty. It pays to stick wood up on end, or rick it up loosely as soon as it has been peeled. It is then in shape to dry out well so that large loads may be hauled. Freight charges on wet, soggy, or green wood are high. To pay freight on useless water involves a loss for someone to sustain. West Virginia Pulp \u0026amp; Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eText on photo (typed): May pulpwood cutters throw the trees criss-cross to keep them up off the ground. Each tree is peeled thoroughly as soon as felled, and left in full tree lengths until the wood is dry. Then it is sawed up and hauled to the railroad. The wood is handled the least number of times, drys quickly, and is always off the ground. West Virginia Pulp \u0026amp; Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eText on photo (typed): Cutting stumps low saves timber in the biggest part of the tree. Then again, cutting a low stump will often allow you to make an extra stick at the top of the tree. Low stumps make it east to get wagons or trucks thru the woods or cuttings. West Virginia Pulp \u0026amp; Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone Pa.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eText on photo (typed): Cutting stumps low saves timber in the biggest part of the tree. Then again, cutting a low stump will often allow you to make an extra stick at the top of the tree. Low stumps make it easy to get wagons or trucks thru the woods or cuttings. West Virginia Pulp \u0026amp; Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eText on photo (typed): Both the outer bark and inner skin may be taken off slick and clean during the peeling season. Note the large pieces of bark that have been readily removed. (next sentence crossed out) The trees have been felled \"criss-cross\" up off the ground, for convenience in peeling, as well as to hasten seasoning of the wood. West Virginia Pulp \u0026amp; Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa. (handwritten) Why work all stooped over? It is usually possible to cross trees well off the ground.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eText on photo (typed): They say, \"Well trimmed is half peeled.\" It is true that much of the discouragement in peeling comes from tools striking knots or limbs that should have been chopped off close to the body of the tree. In fact, the trimmer should strike in with his axe just below the junction of limb and tree, leaving no projecting snags to catch the peeling tool. West Virginia Pulp \u0026amp; Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eText on photo (typed): Whether bark is on a smooth surface, or encased around a knot, it makes dirt in the paper if allowed to remain on pulpwood. It pays to put the wood in first-class shape as the trees are cut, rather than later on, when the knots are dried hard and the bark tight. West Virginia Pulp \u0026amp; Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eText on photo (typed): Both the outer bark and inner skin may be taken off slick and clean during the peeling season. Note the large pieces of bark that have been readily removed. The trees have been felled \"criss-cross\" up off the ground, for convenience in peeling, as well as to hasten seasoning of the wood. West Virginia Pulp \u0026amp; Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eText on photo (handwritten): Max Fleischer job. Gordonsville, Va. 11 July '27.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eText on photo (handwritten): One of Wm Allen's men with \"stripped pine\" near Burkeville, Va., 8 June '31.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eText on photo (handwritten): Near Rhoadesville, Va. 10 Sept. '28. Small trees left for cuttings later.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eText on photo (handwritten): Near Rhoadesville, Va. 10 Sept. '28. Small trees left for cuttings later.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eText on photo (handwritten): On W. C. Newman [illegible] job, near Rhoadesville, Va. 10 Sep. '28. Small trees left for cutting later.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eText on photo (handwritten): Stump peeled and then cut high enough to interfere with hauling. J. H. Clarke's place near Naruna, Va. 20 March, 1928.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eText on photo (handwritten): Peterson \u0026amp; Black Fork Union, Va. 10 June '31.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eText on photo (typed): Pulpwood left lying on the ground will take up water, and become mouldy and dirty. It pays to stick wood up on end, or rick it up loosely as soon as it has been peeled. It is then in shape to dry out well so that large loads may be hauled. Freight charges on wet, soggy, or green wood are high. To pay freight on useless water involves a loss for someone to sustain. West Virginia Pulp \u0026amp; Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eText on photo (typed): Many pulpwood cutters throw the trees criss-cross to keep them up off the ground. Each tree is peeled thoroughly as soon as felled, and left in full tree lengths until the wood is dry. Then it is sawed up and hauled to the railroad. The wood is handled the least number of times, drys quickly, and is always off the ground. West Virginia Pulp \u0026amp; Paper, Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eText on photo (typed): Sticks that must be split will yield most readily to an outfit made up of a ten-pound splitting hammer and three or four iron wedges. If there is much splitting to be done, about $3 invested in the right sort of tools should be well worth while. West Virginia Pulp \u0026amp; Paper Co. Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eText on photo (typed): A good way to peel large poplar is to saw the trees in 5 foot blocks. Then split the bark along one side, stepping on the edge of the bark and tramping it off as the block is rolled down hill. With smaller trees, an ax is used to ring the bark every 5 to 8 feet. Then it is pried off in sections with the ax. West Virginia Pulp \u0026amp; Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eText on photo (typed): A good way to peel poplar is to saw the trees in 5 foot blocks. Then split the bark along one side, stepping on the edge of the bark and tramping it off as the block is rolled down hill. With smaller trees, an ax is used to ring the bark every 5 to 8 feet. Then it is pried off in sections with the ax. West Virginia Pulp \u0026amp; Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eText on photo (handwritten): A. L. Duncan Newcastle, Va. June 1, 1931.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eText on photo (handwritten): R. E. Farmer pine Crutchfield, N. C. 19 July '27.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eText on photo (handwritten): Near Moravian Falls, N. C. 22 Apr. '27.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eText on photo (handwritten): J. W. Gilliam job near Sanford, N. C. 26 Apr. '29.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eText on photo (handwritten): A. L. Duncan Newcastle, Va. June 1, 1931.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Of the 36 black-and-white photographs in this collection, 25 carry identification on the back that specifies locations in North Carolina (Moravian Falls, Crutchfield, Sanford) and Virginia (Newcastle, Fort Union, Naruna, Rhoadesville, Gordonsville, Burkeville), dates the photos from 1927 to 1931, and explains the techniques of cutting, peeling, and axing out knots of poplar and pine trees for pulpwood that are demonstrated in the photos. In a few cases the comments on the back criticize poor practices, indicating that the photos may have been intended for training purposes. \"West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company, Tyrone, PA\" is stamped on some photos; on the return address of the envelope in which the photos were housed, however, \"Tyrone\" has been crossed out and \"Covington, VA\" written in. Nine photos show African American workers; two show very young workers.","Text on photo (typed): Pulpwood left lying on the ground will take up water, and become mouldy and dirty. It pays to stick wood up on end, or rick it up loosely as soon as it has been peeled. It is then in shape to dry out well so that large loads may be hauled. Freight charges on wet, soggy, or green wood are high. To pay freight on useless water involves a loss for someone to sustain. West Virginia Pulp \u0026 Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.","Text on photo (typed): May pulpwood cutters throw the trees criss-cross to keep them up off the ground. Each tree is peeled thoroughly as soon as felled, and left in full tree lengths until the wood is dry. Then it is sawed up and hauled to the railroad. The wood is handled the least number of times, drys quickly, and is always off the ground. West Virginia Pulp \u0026 Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.","Text on photo (typed): Cutting stumps low saves timber in the biggest part of the tree. Then again, cutting a low stump will often allow you to make an extra stick at the top of the tree. Low stumps make it east to get wagons or trucks thru the woods or cuttings. West Virginia Pulp \u0026 Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone Pa.","Text on photo (typed): Cutting stumps low saves timber in the biggest part of the tree. Then again, cutting a low stump will often allow you to make an extra stick at the top of the tree. Low stumps make it easy to get wagons or trucks thru the woods or cuttings. West Virginia Pulp \u0026 Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.","Text on photo (typed): Both the outer bark and inner skin may be taken off slick and clean during the peeling season. Note the large pieces of bark that have been readily removed. (next sentence crossed out) The trees have been felled \"criss-cross\" up off the ground, for convenience in peeling, as well as to hasten seasoning of the wood. West Virginia Pulp \u0026 Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa. (handwritten) Why work all stooped over? It is usually possible to cross trees well off the ground.","Text on photo (typed): They say, \"Well trimmed is half peeled.\" It is true that much of the discouragement in peeling comes from tools striking knots or limbs that should have been chopped off close to the body of the tree. In fact, the trimmer should strike in with his axe just below the junction of limb and tree, leaving no projecting snags to catch the peeling tool. West Virginia Pulp \u0026 Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.","Text on photo (typed): Whether bark is on a smooth surface, or encased around a knot, it makes dirt in the paper if allowed to remain on pulpwood. It pays to put the wood in first-class shape as the trees are cut, rather than later on, when the knots are dried hard and the bark tight. West Virginia Pulp \u0026 Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.","Text on photo (typed): Both the outer bark and inner skin may be taken off slick and clean during the peeling season. Note the large pieces of bark that have been readily removed. The trees have been felled \"criss-cross\" up off the ground, for convenience in peeling, as well as to hasten seasoning of the wood. West Virginia Pulp \u0026 Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.","Text on photo (handwritten): Max Fleischer job. Gordonsville, Va. 11 July '27.","Text on photo (handwritten): One of Wm Allen's men with \"stripped pine\" near Burkeville, Va., 8 June '31.","Text on photo (handwritten): Near Rhoadesville, Va. 10 Sept. '28. Small trees left for cuttings later.","Text on photo (handwritten): Near Rhoadesville, Va. 10 Sept. '28. Small trees left for cuttings later.","Text on photo (handwritten): On W. C. Newman [illegible] job, near Rhoadesville, Va. 10 Sep. '28. Small trees left for cutting later.","Text on photo (handwritten): Stump peeled and then cut high enough to interfere with hauling. J. H. Clarke's place near Naruna, Va. 20 March, 1928.","Text on photo (handwritten): Peterson \u0026 Black Fork Union, Va. 10 June '31.","Text on photo (typed): Pulpwood left lying on the ground will take up water, and become mouldy and dirty. It pays to stick wood up on end, or rick it up loosely as soon as it has been peeled. It is then in shape to dry out well so that large loads may be hauled. Freight charges on wet, soggy, or green wood are high. To pay freight on useless water involves a loss for someone to sustain. West Virginia Pulp \u0026 Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.","Text on photo (typed): Many pulpwood cutters throw the trees criss-cross to keep them up off the ground. Each tree is peeled thoroughly as soon as felled, and left in full tree lengths until the wood is dry. Then it is sawed up and hauled to the railroad. The wood is handled the least number of times, drys quickly, and is always off the ground. West Virginia Pulp \u0026 Paper, Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.","Text on photo (typed): Sticks that must be split will yield most readily to an outfit made up of a ten-pound splitting hammer and three or four iron wedges. If there is much splitting to be done, about $3 invested in the right sort of tools should be well worth while. West Virginia Pulp \u0026 Paper Co. Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.","Text on photo (typed): A good way to peel large poplar is to saw the trees in 5 foot blocks. Then split the bark along one side, stepping on the edge of the bark and tramping it off as the block is rolled down hill. With smaller trees, an ax is used to ring the bark every 5 to 8 feet. Then it is pried off in sections with the ax. West Virginia Pulp \u0026 Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.","Text on photo (typed): A good way to peel poplar is to saw the trees in 5 foot blocks. Then split the bark along one side, stepping on the edge of the bark and tramping it off as the block is rolled down hill. With smaller trees, an ax is used to ring the bark every 5 to 8 feet. Then it is pried off in sections with the ax. West Virginia Pulp \u0026 Paper Co., Wood Dept., Tyrone, Pa.","Text on photo (handwritten): A. L. Duncan Newcastle, Va. June 1, 1931.","Text on photo (handwritten): R. E. Farmer pine Crutchfield, N. C. 19 July '27.","Text on photo (handwritten): Near Moravian Falls, N. C. 22 Apr. '27.","Text on photo (handwritten): J. W. Gilliam job near Sanford, N. C. 26 Apr. '29.","Text on photo (handwritten): A. L. Duncan Newcastle, Va. June 1, 1931."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collection Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collection Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_5884a89deb59186c9af7317d327e8d3d\"\u003eContains 36 B\u0026amp;W photographs of loggers (including African-American and child workers) cutting trees in North Carolina, Virginia, and unspecified locations. Some photos have hand-written or stamped information on the back explaining the techniques being used and identifying them as \"West Virginia Pulp and Paper Co.\"\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["Contains 36 B\u0026W photographs of loggers (including African-American and child workers) cutting trees in North Carolina, Virginia, and unspecified locations. Some photos have hand-written or stamped information on the back explaining the techniques being used and identifying them as \"West Virginia Pulp and Paper Co.\""],"corpname_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company","Green Valley Auctions, Inc.","MeadWestvaco (Firm) -- History"],"names_coll_ssim":["Green Valley Auctions, Inc.","MeadWestvaco (Firm) -- History"],"names_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company","Green Valley Auctions, Inc.","MeadWestvaco (Firm) -- History"],"language_ssim":["English\n."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":37,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T06:57:34.491Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_277"}}],"included":[{"type":"facet","id":"repository_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Repository","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"James Madison University","value":"James Madison 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