{"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Suffrage","last":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Suffrage\u0026page=1"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":1,"next_page":null,"prev_page":null,"total_pages":1,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":0,"total_count":2,"first_page?":true,"last_page?":true}},"data":[{"id":"vi_vi01174","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"A Guide to the Powhatan County (Va.) List of Registered Voters,\n1902","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi01174#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003ePowhatan County List of Registered Voters, 1902, records the roll of registered voters in Powhatan County. The volume is divided by precincts: Ballsville, Powhatan Court House, Subletts, Pineville, and Smith's Crossroads, and within each precinct on the basis of color. Information found in the volume includes date of registration; number of registered voter; name of registered voter; date of birth; age; occupation; residence; length of residence in state, county, and precinct; whether exempt from poll tax; if naturalized, and if so, date of papers and by what court issued; if transferred from another precinct, and if so, when and to what precinct. \u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi01174#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vi_vi01174","ead_ssi":"vi_vi01174","_root_":"vi_vi01174","_nest_parent_":"vi_vi01174","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/lva/vi01174.xml","title_ssm":["A Guide to the Powhatan County (Va.) List of Registered Voters,\n1902"],"title_tesim":["A Guide to the Powhatan County (Va.) 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The volume is divided by precincts: Ballsville, Powhatan Court House, Subletts, Pineville, and Smith's Crossroads, and within each precinct on the basis of color. Information found in the volume includes date of registration; number of registered voter; name of registered voter; date of birth; age; occupation; residence; length of residence in state, county, and precinct; whether exempt from poll tax; if naturalized, and if so, date of papers and by what court issued; if transferred from another precinct, and if so, when and to\nwhat precinct.\n","There are no restrictions.\n","Powhatan County (Va.) Circuit Court. ","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["1123717\n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["A Guide to the Powhatan County (Va.) List of Registered Voters,\n1902"],"collection_title_tesim":["A Guide to the Powhatan County (Va.) List of Registered Voters,\n1902"],"collection_ssim":["A Guide to the Powhatan County (Va.) 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List of Registered Voters, 1902. Local government records collection, Powhatan County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia 23219.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Powhatan County (Va.) List of Registered Voters, 1902. Local government records collection, Powhatan County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia 23219.\n"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePowhatan County List of Registered Voters, 1902, records the roll of registered voters in Powhatan County. The volume is divided by precincts: Ballsville, Powhatan Court House, Subletts, Pineville, and Smith's Crossroads, and within each precinct on the basis of color. Information found in the volume includes date of registration; number of registered voter; name of registered voter; date of birth; age; occupation; residence; length of residence in state, county, and precinct; whether exempt from poll tax; if naturalized, and if so, date of papers and by what court issued; if transferred from another precinct, and if so, when and to\nwhat precinct.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Powhatan County List of Registered Voters, 1902, records the roll of registered voters in Powhatan County. The volume is divided by precincts: Ballsville, Powhatan Court House, Subletts, Pineville, and Smith's Crossroads, and within each precinct on the basis of color. Information found in the volume includes date of registration; number of registered voter; name of registered voter; date of birth; age; occupation; residence; length of residence in state, county, and precinct; whether exempt from poll tax; if naturalized, and if so, date of papers and by what court issued; if transferred from another precinct, and if so, when and to\nwhat precinct.\n"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions\n"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions.\n"],"names_ssim":["Powhatan County (Va.) Circuit Court. "],"corpname_ssim":["Powhatan County (Va.) Circuit Court. 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Information found in the volume includes date of registration; number of registered voter; name of registered voter; date of birth; age; occupation; residence; length of residence in state, county, and precinct; whether exempt from poll tax; if naturalized, and if so, date of papers and by what court issued; if transferred from another precinct, and if so, when and to\nwhat precinct.\n","There are no restrictions.\n","Powhatan County (Va.) Circuit Court. ","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["1123717\n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["A Guide to the Powhatan County (Va.) List of Registered Voters,\n1902"],"collection_title_tesim":["A Guide to the Powhatan County (Va.) List of Registered Voters,\n1902"],"collection_ssim":["A Guide to the Powhatan County (Va.) 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(148 p.)"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions\n"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions.\n"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe 1902 voter registration books were created following the passage of the 1902 Virginia state constitution. The purpose of the 1902 state constitiution was to maintain white suffrage while eliminating African-American voters by means of literacy tests as well as property and poll tax requirements.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["The 1902 voter registration books were created following the passage of the 1902 Virginia state constitution. The purpose of the 1902 state constitiution was to maintain white suffrage while eliminating African-American voters by means of literacy tests as well as property and poll tax requirements.\n"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePowhatan County (Va.) 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Information found in the volume includes date of registration; number of registered voter; name of registered voter; date of birth; age; occupation; residence; length of residence in state, county, and precinct; whether exempt from poll tax; if naturalized, and if so, date of papers and by what court issued; if transferred from another precinct, and if so, when and to\nwhat precinct.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Powhatan County List of Registered Voters, 1902, records the roll of registered voters in Powhatan County. The volume is divided by precincts: Ballsville, Powhatan Court House, Subletts, Pineville, and Smith's Crossroads, and within each precinct on the basis of color. Information found in the volume includes date of registration; number of registered voter; name of registered voter; date of birth; age; occupation; residence; length of residence in state, county, and precinct; whether exempt from poll tax; if naturalized, and if so, date of papers and by what court issued; if transferred from another precinct, and if so, when and to\nwhat precinct.\n"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions\n"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions.\n"],"names_ssim":["Powhatan County (Va.) Circuit Court. "],"corpname_ssim":["Powhatan County (Va.) Circuit Court. 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The Convention, which met from December 3, 1867 until April 17, 1868, set the stage for enfranchising freedmen, and Virginia's readmission to Congress. ","Black men in Virginia voted for the first time in Virginia's first post Civil War election on October 1867, on whether to hold a convention to rewrite the state's constitution as required by Congress after the Civil War. They also voted for delegates to that convention and were eligible to serve as delegates themselves. Virginia's government was then under supervison of the United States Army, which oversaw the election. ","Captain Toy and Edward K. Snead were elected as Republicans to represent Northampton and neighboring Accomac County at the Virginia Constitutional Convention.  The convention was necessary because Virginia's Constitution adopted in 1850 explicitly allowed slavery, and few Virginians considered the convention held during the Union occupation in the Civil War valid. Although certain provisions restricting civil rights of former Confederates were controversial and not adopted in 1869, the constitution drafted by Snead, Toy and their fellow delegates was ratified by Virginia voters and the Commonwealth was allowed to rejoin the Union. ","After 1866, according to the Radical Reconstruction Acts of Congress, a rebelling state which had vacated its delegation in the U.S. Congress was required to constitutionally incorporate the 14th Amendment which guarantees that all persons born in the United States are citizens both of the United States and of their state. Concerned by multiple reports of Southern white officals and plantation owners abuse of Black freedman, Republicans in Congress took control of Reconstruction policies after the election of 1866. The Radical Congressional Reconstruction legislation required the suffrage for Black men."," Radical Republicans included most ex-enslaved freedmen, and organized to advocate full political and social equality for Blacks, but also wanted to exclude ex-Confederates from political participation either in government or at the ballot box. Moderate Unionists (including many pre-war Whigs), sought political equality for Blacks, but believed that ex-Confederates had to be included in the political community because of the terms of surrender as well as majority among the white population. Conservatives wanted to ensure white control of the state. Allowed to vote, African Americans elected about 100 black representatives to the Virginia General Assembly between 1869 and 1890. Most were members of Abraham Lincoln's Republican Party, which had championed the end of enslavery.\n \nJames Toy was a 1st lieutenant of the 2nd Regiment Cavalry in the United States Colored Troops at Fort Monroe in Virginia,in company H and later rising to the rank of captain and leading Company D.","Sources:\n\"Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1868\" Wikipedia. Accessed 4/4/24\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Constitutional_Convention_of_1868","\"James C. Toy\" Wikipedia. Accessed 4/4/24.\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_C._Toy","\"Edward K. Snead\" Wikipedia. Accessed 4/4/24\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_K._Snead","\"1861-1876 Reconstruction\" Virginia Museum of History and Culture. Accessed 4/4/24\nhttps://virginiahistory.org/learn/story-of-virginia/chapter/reconstruction","This collection contains a certificate of a local Virginia election in the first district of Accomack County on October 22, 1867, preliminary voting for delegates for the upcoming Constitutional Convention, marking the first time African-Americans voted in the state. ","The October 22 election took place under Army supervision. Written entirely in manuscript ink on a sheet of lined paper folded to 4 unnumbered pages.  Pages [2]-[4] are blank. ","The document certifies that: \"Two hundred and thirty two (232) qualified white Electors, and four (4) qualified Colored Electors voted for Edward P. Pitts as a delegate to the convention.","Two hundred and thirty one (231) qualified white Electors and four (4) qualified Colored Electors voted for John R. Read as a delegate to the convention.","and that qualified white Electors and three hundred and twenty (320) qualified Colored Electors voted for Edward K. Snead as a delegate to the convention and [blank] white Electors ","Three hundred and twenty (320) qualified Colored Electors voted for James C. Toy as a delegate to the convention.\"","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Auger Down Books","Accomack County (Va.)","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16832","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1640"],"normalized_title_ssm":["First District of Accomack County (VA) voting certificate including African Americans"],"collection_title_tesim":["First District of Accomack County (VA) voting certificate including African Americans"],"collection_ssim":["First District of Accomack County (VA) voting certificate including African Americans"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Auger Down Books"],"creator_ssim":["Auger Down Books"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Auger Down Books"],"creators_ssim":["Auger Down Books"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from Auger Down Books by the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 27 October 2023."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans -- Virginia","African Americans -- Suffrage"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans -- Virginia","African Americans -- Suffrage"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".04 Cubic Feet 1 folder (legal)"],"extent_tesim":[".04 Cubic Feet 1 folder (legal)"],"date_range_isim":[1867],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1868, was an assembly of delegates elected by the voters to establish the fundamental law of Virginia following the American Civil War and the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Convention, which met from December 3, 1867 until April 17, 1868, set the stage for enfranchising freedmen, and Virginia's readmission to Congress. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBlack men in Virginia voted for the first time in Virginia's first post Civil War election on October 1867, on whether to hold a convention to rewrite the state's constitution as required by Congress after the Civil War. They also voted for delegates to that convention and were eligible to serve as delegates themselves. Virginia's government was then under supervison of the United States Army, which oversaw the election. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCaptain Toy and Edward K. Snead were elected as Republicans to represent Northampton and neighboring Accomac County at the Virginia Constitutional Convention.  The convention was necessary because Virginia's Constitution adopted in 1850 explicitly allowed slavery, and few Virginians considered the convention held during the Union occupation in the Civil War valid. Although certain provisions restricting civil rights of former Confederates were controversial and not adopted in 1869, the constitution drafted by Snead, Toy and their fellow delegates was ratified by Virginia voters and the Commonwealth was allowed to rejoin the Union. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAfter 1866, according to the Radical Reconstruction Acts of Congress, a rebelling state which had vacated its delegation in the U.S. Congress was required to constitutionally incorporate the 14th Amendment which guarantees that all persons born in the United States are citizens both of the United States and of their state. Concerned by multiple reports of Southern white officals and plantation owners abuse of Black freedman, Republicans in Congress took control of Reconstruction policies after the election of 1866. The Radical Congressional Reconstruction legislation required the suffrage for Black men.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Radical Republicans included most ex-enslaved freedmen, and organized to advocate full political and social equality for Blacks, but also wanted to exclude ex-Confederates from political participation either in government or at the ballot box. Moderate Unionists (including many pre-war Whigs), sought political equality for Blacks, but believed that ex-Confederates had to be included in the political community because of the terms of surrender as well as majority among the white population. Conservatives wanted to ensure white control of the state. Allowed to vote, African Americans elected about 100 black representatives to the Virginia General Assembly between 1869 and 1890. Most were members of Abraham Lincoln's Republican Party, which had championed the end of enslavery.\n \nJames Toy was a 1st lieutenant of the 2nd Regiment Cavalry in the United States Colored Troops at Fort Monroe in Virginia,in company H and later rising to the rank of captain and leading Company D.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSources:\n\"Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1868\" Wikipedia. Accessed 4/4/24\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Constitutional_Convention_of_1868\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"James C. Toy\" Wikipedia. Accessed 4/4/24.\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_C._Toy\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Edward K. Snead\" Wikipedia. Accessed 4/4/24\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_K._Snead\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"1861-1876 Reconstruction\" Virginia Museum of History and Culture. Accessed 4/4/24\nhttps://virginiahistory.org/learn/story-of-virginia/chapter/reconstruction\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1868, was an assembly of delegates elected by the voters to establish the fundamental law of Virginia following the American Civil War and the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Convention, which met from December 3, 1867 until April 17, 1868, set the stage for enfranchising freedmen, and Virginia's readmission to Congress. ","Black men in Virginia voted for the first time in Virginia's first post Civil War election on October 1867, on whether to hold a convention to rewrite the state's constitution as required by Congress after the Civil War. They also voted for delegates to that convention and were eligible to serve as delegates themselves. Virginia's government was then under supervison of the United States Army, which oversaw the election. ","Captain Toy and Edward K. Snead were elected as Republicans to represent Northampton and neighboring Accomac County at the Virginia Constitutional Convention.  The convention was necessary because Virginia's Constitution adopted in 1850 explicitly allowed slavery, and few Virginians considered the convention held during the Union occupation in the Civil War valid. Although certain provisions restricting civil rights of former Confederates were controversial and not adopted in 1869, the constitution drafted by Snead, Toy and their fellow delegates was ratified by Virginia voters and the Commonwealth was allowed to rejoin the Union. ","After 1866, according to the Radical Reconstruction Acts of Congress, a rebelling state which had vacated its delegation in the U.S. Congress was required to constitutionally incorporate the 14th Amendment which guarantees that all persons born in the United States are citizens both of the United States and of their state. Concerned by multiple reports of Southern white officals and plantation owners abuse of Black freedman, Republicans in Congress took control of Reconstruction policies after the election of 1866. The Radical Congressional Reconstruction legislation required the suffrage for Black men."," Radical Republicans included most ex-enslaved freedmen, and organized to advocate full political and social equality for Blacks, but also wanted to exclude ex-Confederates from political participation either in government or at the ballot box. Moderate Unionists (including many pre-war Whigs), sought political equality for Blacks, but believed that ex-Confederates had to be included in the political community because of the terms of surrender as well as majority among the white population. Conservatives wanted to ensure white control of the state. Allowed to vote, African Americans elected about 100 black representatives to the Virginia General Assembly between 1869 and 1890. Most were members of Abraham Lincoln's Republican Party, which had championed the end of enslavery.\n \nJames Toy was a 1st lieutenant of the 2nd Regiment Cavalry in the United States Colored Troops at Fort Monroe in Virginia,in company H and later rising to the rank of captain and leading Company D.","Sources:\n\"Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1868\" Wikipedia. Accessed 4/4/24\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Constitutional_Convention_of_1868","\"James C. Toy\" Wikipedia. Accessed 4/4/24.\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_C._Toy","\"Edward K. Snead\" Wikipedia. Accessed 4/4/24\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_K._Snead","\"1861-1876 Reconstruction\" Virginia Museum of History and Culture. Accessed 4/4/24\nhttps://virginiahistory.org/learn/story-of-virginia/chapter/reconstruction"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16832, Voting Certificate for the First District of Accomack County, Va., including African Americans, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMSS 16832, First District of Accomack County (VA) voting certificate including African Americans, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16832, Voting Certificate for the First District of Accomack County, Va., including African Americans, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.","MSS 16832, First District of Accomack County (VA) voting certificate including African Americans, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains a certificate of a local Virginia election in the first district of Accomack County on October 22, 1867, preliminary voting for delegates for the upcoming Constitutional Convention, marking the first time African-Americans voted in the state. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe October 22 election took place under Army supervision. Written entirely in manuscript ink on a sheet of lined paper folded to 4 unnumbered pages.  Pages [2]-[4] are blank. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe document certifies that: \"Two hundred and thirty two (232) qualified white Electors, and four (4) qualified Colored Electors voted for Edward P. Pitts as a delegate to the convention.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTwo hundred and thirty one (231) qualified white Electors and four (4) qualified Colored Electors voted for John R. Read as a delegate to the convention.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eand that qualified white Electors and three hundred and twenty (320) qualified Colored Electors voted for Edward K. Snead as a delegate to the convention and [blank] white Electors \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThree hundred and twenty (320) qualified Colored Electors voted for James C. 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The Convention, which met from December 3, 1867 until April 17, 1868, set the stage for enfranchising freedmen, and Virginia's readmission to Congress. ","Black men in Virginia voted for the first time in Virginia's first post Civil War election on October 1867, on whether to hold a convention to rewrite the state's constitution as required by Congress after the Civil War. They also voted for delegates to that convention and were eligible to serve as delegates themselves. Virginia's government was then under supervison of the United States Army, which oversaw the election. ","Captain Toy and Edward K. Snead were elected as Republicans to represent Northampton and neighboring Accomac County at the Virginia Constitutional Convention.  The convention was necessary because Virginia's Constitution adopted in 1850 explicitly allowed slavery, and few Virginians considered the convention held during the Union occupation in the Civil War valid. Although certain provisions restricting civil rights of former Confederates were controversial and not adopted in 1869, the constitution drafted by Snead, Toy and their fellow delegates was ratified by Virginia voters and the Commonwealth was allowed to rejoin the Union. ","After 1866, according to the Radical Reconstruction Acts of Congress, a rebelling state which had vacated its delegation in the U.S. Congress was required to constitutionally incorporate the 14th Amendment which guarantees that all persons born in the United States are citizens both of the United States and of their state. Concerned by multiple reports of Southern white officals and plantation owners abuse of Black freedman, Republicans in Congress took control of Reconstruction policies after the election of 1866. The Radical Congressional Reconstruction legislation required the suffrage for Black men."," Radical Republicans included most ex-enslaved freedmen, and organized to advocate full political and social equality for Blacks, but also wanted to exclude ex-Confederates from political participation either in government or at the ballot box. Moderate Unionists (including many pre-war Whigs), sought political equality for Blacks, but believed that ex-Confederates had to be included in the political community because of the terms of surrender as well as majority among the white population. Conservatives wanted to ensure white control of the state. Allowed to vote, African Americans elected about 100 black representatives to the Virginia General Assembly between 1869 and 1890. Most were members of Abraham Lincoln's Republican Party, which had championed the end of enslavery.\n \nJames Toy was a 1st lieutenant of the 2nd Regiment Cavalry in the United States Colored Troops at Fort Monroe in Virginia,in company H and later rising to the rank of captain and leading Company D.","Sources:\n\"Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1868\" Wikipedia. Accessed 4/4/24\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Constitutional_Convention_of_1868","\"James C. Toy\" Wikipedia. Accessed 4/4/24.\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_C._Toy","\"Edward K. Snead\" Wikipedia. Accessed 4/4/24\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_K._Snead","\"1861-1876 Reconstruction\" Virginia Museum of History and Culture. 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Read as a delegate to the convention.","and that qualified white Electors and three hundred and twenty (320) qualified Colored Electors voted for Edward K. Snead as a delegate to the convention and [blank] white Electors ","Three hundred and twenty (320) qualified Colored Electors voted for James C. 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The Convention, which met from December 3, 1867 until April 17, 1868, set the stage for enfranchising freedmen, and Virginia's readmission to Congress. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBlack men in Virginia voted for the first time in Virginia's first post Civil War election on October 1867, on whether to hold a convention to rewrite the state's constitution as required by Congress after the Civil War. They also voted for delegates to that convention and were eligible to serve as delegates themselves. Virginia's government was then under supervison of the United States Army, which oversaw the election. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCaptain Toy and Edward K. Snead were elected as Republicans to represent Northampton and neighboring Accomac County at the Virginia Constitutional Convention.  The convention was necessary because Virginia's Constitution adopted in 1850 explicitly allowed slavery, and few Virginians considered the convention held during the Union occupation in the Civil War valid. Although certain provisions restricting civil rights of former Confederates were controversial and not adopted in 1869, the constitution drafted by Snead, Toy and their fellow delegates was ratified by Virginia voters and the Commonwealth was allowed to rejoin the Union. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAfter 1866, according to the Radical Reconstruction Acts of Congress, a rebelling state which had vacated its delegation in the U.S. Congress was required to constitutionally incorporate the 14th Amendment which guarantees that all persons born in the United States are citizens both of the United States and of their state. Concerned by multiple reports of Southern white officals and plantation owners abuse of Black freedman, Republicans in Congress took control of Reconstruction policies after the election of 1866. The Radical Congressional Reconstruction legislation required the suffrage for Black men.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Radical Republicans included most ex-enslaved freedmen, and organized to advocate full political and social equality for Blacks, but also wanted to exclude ex-Confederates from political participation either in government or at the ballot box. Moderate Unionists (including many pre-war Whigs), sought political equality for Blacks, but believed that ex-Confederates had to be included in the political community because of the terms of surrender as well as majority among the white population. Conservatives wanted to ensure white control of the state. Allowed to vote, African Americans elected about 100 black representatives to the Virginia General Assembly between 1869 and 1890. Most were members of Abraham Lincoln's Republican Party, which had championed the end of enslavery.\n \nJames Toy was a 1st lieutenant of the 2nd Regiment Cavalry in the United States Colored Troops at Fort Monroe in Virginia,in company H and later rising to the rank of captain and leading Company D.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSources:\n\"Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1868\" Wikipedia. Accessed 4/4/24\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Constitutional_Convention_of_1868\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"James C. Toy\" Wikipedia. Accessed 4/4/24.\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_C._Toy\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Edward K. Snead\" Wikipedia. Accessed 4/4/24\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_K._Snead\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"1861-1876 Reconstruction\" Virginia Museum of History and Culture. Accessed 4/4/24\nhttps://virginiahistory.org/learn/story-of-virginia/chapter/reconstruction\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1868, was an assembly of delegates elected by the voters to establish the fundamental law of Virginia following the American Civil War and the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Convention, which met from December 3, 1867 until April 17, 1868, set the stage for enfranchising freedmen, and Virginia's readmission to Congress. ","Black men in Virginia voted for the first time in Virginia's first post Civil War election on October 1867, on whether to hold a convention to rewrite the state's constitution as required by Congress after the Civil War. They also voted for delegates to that convention and were eligible to serve as delegates themselves. 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Moderate Unionists (including many pre-war Whigs), sought political equality for Blacks, but believed that ex-Confederates had to be included in the political community because of the terms of surrender as well as majority among the white population. Conservatives wanted to ensure white control of the state. Allowed to vote, African Americans elected about 100 black representatives to the Virginia General Assembly between 1869 and 1890. Most were members of Abraham Lincoln's Republican Party, which had championed the end of enslavery.\n \nJames Toy was a 1st lieutenant of the 2nd Regiment Cavalry in the United States Colored Troops at Fort Monroe in Virginia,in company H and later rising to the rank of captain and leading Company D.","Sources:\n\"Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1868\" Wikipedia. Accessed 4/4/24\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Constitutional_Convention_of_1868","\"James C. Toy\" Wikipedia. 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