{"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list","next":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=2\u0026view=list","last":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=2\u0026view=list"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":1,"next_page":2,"prev_page":null,"total_pages":2,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":0,"total_count":12,"first_page?":true,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1478","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"African American girl's birthday photograph album, 1960","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1478#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains a photo album containing fifteen original black-and-white photographs from the 1960s of a birthday celebration of a young Black girl and her family.Exceptional depiction of an 11 year old's birthday party with all of it's innocence, happiness and absence of the racial world that lives outside the doors of their grandmother's nice home.The children are wearing cone hats and there is dancing, presents, game playing, a birthday cake, blowing out candles, and an abundance of playfulness.The photographs, 3.25\" x 3.25\", are in plastic sleeves in a contemporary square, spiral-bound, blue leatherette album.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1478#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1478","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1478","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1478","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1478","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1478.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/151450","title_filing_ssi":"African American girl's birthday photograph album","title_ssm":["African American girl's birthday photograph album"],"title_tesim":["African American girl's birthday photograph album"],"unitdate_ssm":["1960s"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1960s"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1960"],"normalized_title_ssm":["African American girl's birthday photograph album, 1960"],"text":["African American girl's birthday photograph album, 1960","MSS 16756","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1478","African American families","Children","African Americans -- Photographs","The collection is open for research use.","This collection contains a photo album containing fifteen original black-and-white photographs from the 1960s of a birthday celebration of a young Black girl and her family.Exceptional depiction of an 11 year old's birthday party with all of it's innocence, happiness and absence of the racial world that lives outside the doors of their grandmother's nice home.The children are wearing cone hats and there is dancing, presents, game playing, a birthday cake, blowing out candles, and an abundance of playfulness.The photographs, 3.25\" x 3.25\", are in plastic sleeves in a contemporary square, spiral-bound, blue leatherette album.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["African American girl's birthday photograph album, 1960"],"collection_ssim":["African American girl's birthday photograph album, 1960"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16756","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1478"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16756","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1478"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"creators_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from Michael Laird Rare Books, LLC. by the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 10 January 2023."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American families","Children","African Americans -- Photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American families","Children","African Americans -- Photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 letter folder"],"extent_tesim":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 letter folder"],"physfacet_tesim":["1 album"],"genreform_ssim":["African Americans -- Photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1960],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16756, African American girl's birthday photograph album, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16756, African American girl's birthday photograph album, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains a photo album containing fifteen original black-and-white photographs from the 1960s of a birthday celebration of a young Black girl and her family.Exceptional depiction of an 11 year old's birthday party with all of it's innocence, happiness and absence of the racial world that lives outside the doors of their grandmother's nice home.The children are wearing cone hats and there is dancing, presents, game playing, a birthday cake, blowing out candles, and an abundance of playfulness.The photographs, 3.25\" x 3.25\", are in plastic sleeves in a contemporary square, spiral-bound, blue leatherette album.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains a photo album containing fifteen original black-and-white photographs from the 1960s of a birthday celebration of a young Black girl and her family.Exceptional depiction of an 11 year old's birthday party with all of it's innocence, happiness and absence of the racial world that lives outside the doors of their grandmother's nice home.The children are wearing cone hats and there is dancing, presents, game playing, a birthday cake, blowing out candles, and an abundance of playfulness.The photographs, 3.25\" x 3.25\", are in plastic sleeves in a contemporary square, spiral-bound, blue leatherette album."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:28:33.807Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1478","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1478","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1478","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1478","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1478.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/151450","title_filing_ssi":"African American girl's birthday photograph album","title_ssm":["African American girl's birthday photograph album"],"title_tesim":["African American girl's birthday photograph album"],"unitdate_ssm":["1960s"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1960s"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1960"],"normalized_title_ssm":["African American girl's birthday photograph album, 1960"],"text":["African American girl's birthday photograph album, 1960","MSS 16756","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1478","African American families","Children","African Americans -- Photographs","The collection is open for research use.","This collection contains a photo album containing fifteen original black-and-white photographs from the 1960s of a birthday celebration of a young Black girl and her family.Exceptional depiction of an 11 year old's birthday party with all of it's innocence, happiness and absence of the racial world that lives outside the doors of their grandmother's nice home.The children are wearing cone hats and there is dancing, presents, game playing, a birthday cake, blowing out candles, and an abundance of playfulness.The photographs, 3.25\" x 3.25\", are in plastic sleeves in a contemporary square, spiral-bound, blue leatherette album.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["African American girl's birthday photograph album, 1960"],"collection_ssim":["African American girl's birthday photograph album, 1960"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16756","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1478"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16756","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1478"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"creators_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from Michael Laird Rare Books, LLC. by the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 10 January 2023."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American families","Children","African Americans -- Photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American families","Children","African Americans -- Photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 letter folder"],"extent_tesim":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 letter folder"],"physfacet_tesim":["1 album"],"genreform_ssim":["African Americans -- Photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1960],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16756, African American girl's birthday photograph album, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16756, African American girl's birthday photograph album, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains a photo album containing fifteen original black-and-white photographs from the 1960s of a birthday celebration of a young Black girl and her family.Exceptional depiction of an 11 year old's birthday party with all of it's innocence, happiness and absence of the racial world that lives outside the doors of their grandmother's nice home.The children are wearing cone hats and there is dancing, presents, game playing, a birthday cake, blowing out candles, and an abundance of playfulness.The photographs, 3.25\" x 3.25\", are in plastic sleeves in a contemporary square, spiral-bound, blue leatherette album.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains a photo album containing fifteen original black-and-white photographs from the 1960s of a birthday celebration of a young Black girl and her family.Exceptional depiction of an 11 year old's birthday party with all of it's innocence, happiness and absence of the racial world that lives outside the doors of their grandmother's nice home.The children are wearing cone hats and there is dancing, presents, game playing, a birthday cake, blowing out candles, and an abundance of playfulness.The photographs, 3.25\" x 3.25\", are in plastic sleeves in a contemporary square, spiral-bound, blue leatherette album."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:28:33.807Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1478"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1594","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"African-American man photographic crayon enlargement portrait, 1870","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1594#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1594","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1594","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1594","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1594","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1594.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/192463","title_filing_ssi":"African-American man photographic crayon enlargement portrait","title_ssm":["African-American man photographic crayon enlargement portrait"],"title_tesim":["African-American man photographic crayon enlargement portrait"],"unitdate_ssm":["c. 1870s"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["c. 1870s"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1870"],"normalized_title_ssm":["African-American man photographic crayon enlargement portrait, 1870"],"text":["African-American man photographic crayon enlargement portrait, 1870","MSS 16809","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1594","African American young men","African Americans -- Photographs","The collection is open for research use.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["African-American man photographic crayon enlargement portrait, 1870"],"collection_ssim":["African-American man photographic crayon enlargement portrait, 1870"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16809","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1594"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16809","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1594"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"creators_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was a gift from Dorothy C. Kelly to the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 14 March 2019. Kelly purchased this portrait at an auction in Goochland, Virginia, in the fall of 2018."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American young men","African Americans -- Photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American young men","African Americans -- Photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.13 Cubic Feet One large oversized flat folder"],"extent_tesim":["0.13 Cubic Feet One large oversized flat folder"],"genreform_ssim":["African Americans -- Photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1870],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16809, African-American man photographic crayon enlargement portrait, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16809, African-American man photographic crayon enlargement portrait, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:28:33.807Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1594","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1594","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1594","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1594","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1594.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/192463","title_filing_ssi":"African-American man photographic crayon enlargement portrait","title_ssm":["African-American man photographic crayon enlargement portrait"],"title_tesim":["African-American man photographic crayon enlargement portrait"],"unitdate_ssm":["c. 1870s"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["c. 1870s"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1870"],"normalized_title_ssm":["African-American man photographic crayon enlargement portrait, 1870"],"text":["African-American man photographic crayon enlargement portrait, 1870","MSS 16809","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1594","African American young men","African Americans -- Photographs","The collection is open for research use.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["African-American man photographic crayon enlargement portrait, 1870"],"collection_ssim":["African-American man photographic crayon enlargement portrait, 1870"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16809","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1594"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16809","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1594"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"creators_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was a gift from Dorothy C. Kelly to the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 14 March 2019. Kelly purchased this portrait at an auction in Goochland, Virginia, in the fall of 2018."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American young men","African Americans -- Photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American young men","African Americans -- Photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.13 Cubic Feet One large oversized flat folder"],"extent_tesim":["0.13 Cubic Feet One large oversized flat folder"],"genreform_ssim":["African Americans -- Photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1870],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16809, African-American man photographic crayon enlargement portrait, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16809, African-American man photographic crayon enlargement portrait, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:28:33.807Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1594"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1786","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"African American programs and photographs from Roanoke, and Wytheville, Virginia, 1954/1977","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1786#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains four programs and eight photographs documenting mid-twentieth-century African American life in Roanoke and Wytheville, Virginia. Two programs for Debutante Balls hosted by \"The Altruists,\" a club for Black women in Roanoke, are dated 1954 and 1977. The Altruist Club program for 1954 has \"Stella Ednise Miller\" in blue ink on the cover. A 1958 pamphlet for a Virginia Congress Colored P.T.A. annual work conference held at Scott Memorial School in Wytheville discusses \"The P.T.A. Role in Fields of Education and Community.\" A program for the Lucy Addison High School Choir's annual Christmas concert is dated 1964. Eight undated printed photographs range in subject matter. Six photographs that are in color feature children sightseeing, a man seated with two children, a museum visit, a woman standing alongside two children, a boy smiling, and a woman smiling. Two photos in black and white feature four Black men in suits exchanging greetings, and a group of young Black children posed in rows with their names written in ink on the photograph.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1786#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1786","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1786","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1786","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1786","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1786.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/221439","title_filing_ssi":"African American programs and photographs from Roanoke, and Wytheville, Virginia","title_ssm":["African American programs and photographs from Roanoke, and Wytheville, Virginia"],"title_tesim":["African American programs and photographs from Roanoke, and Wytheville, Virginia"],"unitdate_ssm":["1954-1977"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1954-1977"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1954/1977"],"normalized_title_ssm":["African American programs and photographs from Roanoke, and Wytheville, Virginia, 1954/1977"],"text":["African American programs and photographs from Roanoke, and Wytheville, Virginia, 1954/1977","MSS 16901","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1786","African American children","African American families","Debutante balls","programs (documents)","African Americans -- Photographs","This collection is open for research.","This collection contains four programs and eight photographs documenting mid-twentieth-century African American life in Roanoke and Wytheville, Virginia. Two programs for Debutante Balls hosted by \"The Altruists,\" a club for Black women in Roanoke, are dated 1954 and 1977. The Altruist Club program for 1954 has \"Stella Ednise Miller\" in blue ink on the cover.   A 1958 pamphlet for a Virginia Congress Colored P.T.A. annual work conference held at Scott Memorial School in Wytheville discusses \"The P.T.A. Role in Fields of Education and Community.\" A program for the Lucy Addison High School Choir's annual Christmas concert is dated 1964. Eight undated printed photographs range in subject matter. Six photographs that are in color feature children sightseeing, a man seated with two children, a museum visit, a woman standing alongside two children, a boy smiling, and a woman smiling. Two photos in black and white feature four Black men in suits exchanging greetings, and a group of young Black children posed in rows with their names written in ink on the photograph.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Roanoke County (Va.)","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["African American programs and photographs from Roanoke, and Wytheville, Virginia, 1954/1977"],"collection_ssim":["African American programs and photographs from Roanoke, and Wytheville, Virginia, 1954/1977"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16901","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1786"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16901","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1786"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Roanoke County (Va.)"],"creators_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Roanoke County (Va.)"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was a purchase from Caroliniana Rare Books to the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 23 April 2025. Acquired from an estate."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American children","African American families","Debutante balls","programs (documents)","African Americans -- Photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American children","African American families","Debutante balls","programs (documents)","African Americans -- Photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.03 Cubic Feet One letter-size file folder"],"extent_tesim":["0.03 Cubic Feet One letter-size file folder"],"genreform_ssim":["programs (documents)","African Americans -- Photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16901, African American programs and photographs from Roanoke, and Wytheville, Virginia, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16901, African American programs and photographs from Roanoke, and Wytheville, Virginia, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains four programs and eight photographs documenting mid-twentieth-century African American life in Roanoke and Wytheville, Virginia. Two programs for Debutante Balls hosted by \"The Altruists,\" a club for Black women in Roanoke, are dated 1954 and 1977. The Altruist Club program for 1954 has \"Stella Ednise Miller\" in blue ink on the cover.   A 1958 pamphlet for a Virginia Congress Colored P.T.A. annual work conference held at Scott Memorial School in Wytheville discusses \"The P.T.A. Role in Fields of Education and Community.\" A program for the Lucy Addison High School Choir's annual Christmas concert is dated 1964. Eight undated printed photographs range in subject matter. Six photographs that are in color feature children sightseeing, a man seated with two children, a museum visit, a woman standing alongside two children, a boy smiling, and a woman smiling. Two photos in black and white feature four Black men in suits exchanging greetings, and a group of young Black children posed in rows with their names written in ink on the photograph.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains four programs and eight photographs documenting mid-twentieth-century African American life in Roanoke and Wytheville, Virginia. Two programs for Debutante Balls hosted by \"The Altruists,\" a club for Black women in Roanoke, are dated 1954 and 1977. The Altruist Club program for 1954 has \"Stella Ednise Miller\" in blue ink on the cover.   A 1958 pamphlet for a Virginia Congress Colored P.T.A. annual work conference held at Scott Memorial School in Wytheville discusses \"The P.T.A. Role in Fields of Education and Community.\" A program for the Lucy Addison High School Choir's annual Christmas concert is dated 1964. Eight undated printed photographs range in subject matter. Six photographs that are in color feature children sightseeing, a man seated with two children, a museum visit, a woman standing alongside two children, a boy smiling, and a woman smiling. Two photos in black and white feature four Black men in suits exchanging greetings, and a group of young Black children posed in rows with their names written in ink on the photograph."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Roanoke County (Va.)"],"names_coll_ssim":["Roanoke County (Va.)"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Roanoke County (Va.)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:28:43.518Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1786","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1786","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1786","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1786","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1786.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/221439","title_filing_ssi":"African American programs and photographs from Roanoke, and Wytheville, Virginia","title_ssm":["African American programs and photographs from Roanoke, and Wytheville, Virginia"],"title_tesim":["African American programs and photographs from Roanoke, and Wytheville, Virginia"],"unitdate_ssm":["1954-1977"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1954-1977"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1954/1977"],"normalized_title_ssm":["African American programs and photographs from Roanoke, and Wytheville, Virginia, 1954/1977"],"text":["African American programs and photographs from Roanoke, and Wytheville, Virginia, 1954/1977","MSS 16901","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1786","African American children","African American families","Debutante balls","programs (documents)","African Americans -- Photographs","This collection is open for research.","This collection contains four programs and eight photographs documenting mid-twentieth-century African American life in Roanoke and Wytheville, Virginia. Two programs for Debutante Balls hosted by \"The Altruists,\" a club for Black women in Roanoke, are dated 1954 and 1977. The Altruist Club program for 1954 has \"Stella Ednise Miller\" in blue ink on the cover.   A 1958 pamphlet for a Virginia Congress Colored P.T.A. annual work conference held at Scott Memorial School in Wytheville discusses \"The P.T.A. Role in Fields of Education and Community.\" A program for the Lucy Addison High School Choir's annual Christmas concert is dated 1964. Eight undated printed photographs range in subject matter. Six photographs that are in color feature children sightseeing, a man seated with two children, a museum visit, a woman standing alongside two children, a boy smiling, and a woman smiling. Two photos in black and white feature four Black men in suits exchanging greetings, and a group of young Black children posed in rows with their names written in ink on the photograph.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Roanoke County (Va.)","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["African American programs and photographs from Roanoke, and Wytheville, Virginia, 1954/1977"],"collection_ssim":["African American programs and photographs from Roanoke, and Wytheville, Virginia, 1954/1977"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16901","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1786"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16901","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1786"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Roanoke County (Va.)"],"creators_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Roanoke County (Va.)"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was a purchase from Caroliniana Rare Books to the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 23 April 2025. Acquired from an estate."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American children","African American families","Debutante balls","programs (documents)","African Americans -- Photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American children","African American families","Debutante balls","programs (documents)","African Americans -- Photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.03 Cubic Feet One letter-size file folder"],"extent_tesim":["0.03 Cubic Feet One letter-size file folder"],"genreform_ssim":["programs (documents)","African Americans -- Photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16901, African American programs and photographs from Roanoke, and Wytheville, Virginia, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16901, African American programs and photographs from Roanoke, and Wytheville, Virginia, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains four programs and eight photographs documenting mid-twentieth-century African American life in Roanoke and Wytheville, Virginia. Two programs for Debutante Balls hosted by \"The Altruists,\" a club for Black women in Roanoke, are dated 1954 and 1977. The Altruist Club program for 1954 has \"Stella Ednise Miller\" in blue ink on the cover.   A 1958 pamphlet for a Virginia Congress Colored P.T.A. annual work conference held at Scott Memorial School in Wytheville discusses \"The P.T.A. Role in Fields of Education and Community.\" A program for the Lucy Addison High School Choir's annual Christmas concert is dated 1964. Eight undated printed photographs range in subject matter. Six photographs that are in color feature children sightseeing, a man seated with two children, a museum visit, a woman standing alongside two children, a boy smiling, and a woman smiling. Two photos in black and white feature four Black men in suits exchanging greetings, and a group of young Black children posed in rows with their names written in ink on the photograph.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains four programs and eight photographs documenting mid-twentieth-century African American life in Roanoke and Wytheville, Virginia. Two programs for Debutante Balls hosted by \"The Altruists,\" a club for Black women in Roanoke, are dated 1954 and 1977. The Altruist Club program for 1954 has \"Stella Ednise Miller\" in blue ink on the cover.   A 1958 pamphlet for a Virginia Congress Colored P.T.A. annual work conference held at Scott Memorial School in Wytheville discusses \"The P.T.A. Role in Fields of Education and Community.\" A program for the Lucy Addison High School Choir's annual Christmas concert is dated 1964. Eight undated printed photographs range in subject matter. Six photographs that are in color feature children sightseeing, a man seated with two children, a museum visit, a woman standing alongside two children, a boy smiling, and a woman smiling. Two photos in black and white feature four Black men in suits exchanging greetings, and a group of young Black children posed in rows with their names written in ink on the photograph."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Roanoke County (Va.)"],"names_coll_ssim":["Roanoke County (Va.)"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Roanoke County (Va.)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:28:43.518Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1786"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1922","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Booker T. Washington Night School Sewing Graduating Class of 1950 photograph, 1950","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1922#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Max Rambod","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1922#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains a class-composite photograph documenting the graduating class of 1950 from the Sewing Program of the Booker T. Washington Night School in Norfolk, Virginia. The composite features formal studio portrait vignettes of more than seventy graduates, nearly all African American women, arranged in rows around a central image of the Booker T. Washington High School building and photographs of faculty and administrators. Each student is identified by name under their image. The image was taken by Modern Arts Studio, a professional photo studio on Church Street in Norfolk.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1922#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1922","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1922","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1922","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1922","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1922.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/241722","title_filing_ssi":"Booker T. Washington Night School Sewing Graduating Class of 1950 photograph","title_ssm":["Booker T. Washington Night School Sewing Graduating Class of 1950 photograph"],"title_tesim":["Booker T. Washington Night School Sewing Graduating Class of 1950 photograph"],"unitdate_ssm":["1950"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1950"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1950"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Booker T. Washington Night School Sewing Graduating Class of 1950 photograph, 1950"],"text":["Booker T. Washington Night School Sewing Graduating Class of 1950 photograph, 1950","MSS 16965","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1922","African Americans -- Education","African American schools","African American women","African Americans -- Photographs","This collection is open for research.","James T. West High School, one of Virginia's first accredited public high schools for African-Americans, was renamed in 1917 for Booker T. Washington, educator, author and orator. The school moved to a newly constructed building in 1924 and for decades was Norfolk's only public high school for black students. Its programs were central to the community. In 1939-1940, faculty members Aline Black and Melvin Alston pursued legal action that led to a federal court decision requiring salary equalization for black and white teachers. In Sept. 1963, students marched to protest poor facilities. Norfolk implemented a desegregation plan in 1970, and the school moved into a new building here in 1974.https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=130360","Booker T. Washington High School in Norfolk became Virginia's first accredited public high school for African Americans in 1917.https://www.13newsnow.com/article/news/in-session-norfolk-high-school-rich-in-black-history/291-6b3ddbe3-8c53-4e2c-a8c0-be7129bc899e","Dr. Vivian Monroe-Hester graduated from Booker T. Washington High School in 1965 and is a local wealth of knowledge.","As she tells it, the school began as Mission College when a group of religious women decided to help educate African-American children after the Civil War.","After the turn of the century, David Gilbert Jacox wanted to expand to a full high school and helped transform the school into what it is today. In 1917, Booker T. Washington High School became Virginia's first accredited public high school for African Americans.","The original building, which lacked a cafeteria, was nicknamed \"the factory\" because of its appearance. Though lacking in aesthetics, the school still had top-notch educators.","\"The teachers were excellent in preparing the students for the world,\" Dr. Monroe-Hester said. \"We were always taught that we had to be better.\"","In 1939, Science teacher Aline Black went to court to try and gain equal pay for African-American teachers. According to historic documents, Black was earning $1,045 annually whereas white teachers in the high schools teaching the same chemistry science class were paid $2,100.","Black lost her job during the process but her fight paid off. The Supreme Court in 1940 upheld a lower court ruling that teacher salaries fell under 14th Amendment protection. Black was rehired at Booker T. Washington High School and African American teachers received equal pay.","In 1949, the school's band performed in the inauguration parade for President Harry S. Truman.","During the 60s and 70s, Dr. Monroe-Hester said students participated in several marches at City Hall to protest the city's attempt to change the school name and move locations.","\"To now take our name and move our heritage away from us and at that time, there were other black high schools in the state of Virginia that lost their heritage because they turned them into elementary schools or tore them down or made them administrative buildings and we did not want that to happen to Booker T. Washington High School,\" Dr. Monroe-Hester said.","Students moved into today's present-day building in 1974, located at 111 Park Avenue.","\"As of today, we have Booker T. Washington High School in Norfolk and Norcom High School in Portsmouth. Out of all the cities, we are the only two African-American high schools left in the state of Virginia,\" Dr. Monroe-Hester said.","Dr. Monroe-Hester said she and other alumni are still fighting to improve the school's quality of education while trying to maintain its history and place in the Norfolk community.","\"We're working towards keeping it a central part of Norfolk's community and of course, the black community,\" said Glynis Mason, a 1972 graduate.","Dr. Monroe-Hester said she takes issue with the school being considered a School of the Arts. She said that doesn't make it easy for students when marketing themselves for the workforce.","\"We've been talking with leaders in the city, and the proposal has been that we move to a CTE curriculum which will bring in technology, the arts, the mathematics, the science,\" she said.","Recently, the state awarded Booker T. Washington High School a historic highway marker.","\"Our biggest struggle is still to maintain our history, maintain our legacy that we had and support of the city is what we continue to ask for, the city and the school board,\" Dr. Monroe-Hester said.","CELEBRATION","The school will celebrate its 102nd anniversary February 23 from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m. at Booker T. Washington High School and later that evening from 6 to 9 p.m. at the Half Moone at Nauticus.","Related collection: MSS 15389 (Boxed with MSS 15275)","This collection contains a class-composite photograph documenting the graduating class of 1950 from the Sewing Program of the Booker T. Washington Night School in Norfolk, Virginia. The composite features formal studio portrait vignettes of more than seventy graduates, nearly all African American women, arranged in rows around a central image of the Booker T. Washington High School building and photographs of faculty and administrators. Each student is identified by name under their image. The image was taken by Modern Arts Studio, a professional photo studio on Church Street in Norfolk.","The poster highlights the gender and racial dimensions of vocational schooling in segregated communities: sewing programs like this one prepared Black women for both waged labor and domestic economic independence at a time when discrimnatory hiring practices sharply limited available occupations. The inclusion of male faculty and a handful of male graduates underscores the community-based, intergenerational nature of the school.","Produced during the Jim Crow era, the poster captures a vivid moment in Black vocational and adult education, when night schools served as crucial sites of opportunity for working class African American women seeking skilled training in domestic arts, tailoring, and garment work.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Max Rambod","Modern Arts Studio (Norfolk, Va.)","Booker T. Washington High School (Norfolk, Va.)","Norfolk (Va.)","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Booker T. Washington Night School Sewing Graduating Class of 1950 photograph, 1950"],"collection_ssim":["Booker T. Washington Night School Sewing Graduating Class of 1950 photograph, 1950"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16965","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1922"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16965","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1922"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Max Rambod","Modern Arts Studio (Norfolk, Va.)"],"creator_ssim":["Max Rambod","Modern Arts Studio (Norfolk, Va.)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Max Rambod","Modern Arts Studio (Norfolk, Va.)","Booker T. Washington High School (Norfolk, Va.)","Norfolk (Va.)"],"creators_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Max Rambod","Modern Arts Studio (Norfolk, Va.)","Booker T. Washington High School (Norfolk, Va.)","Norfolk (Va.)"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was a purchase from Max Rambod to the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 4 March 2026."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans -- Education","African American schools","African American women","African Americans -- Photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans -- Education","African American schools","African American women","African Americans -- Photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.03 Cubic Feet One letter-size file folder"],"extent_tesim":["0.03 Cubic Feet One letter-size file folder"],"genreform_ssim":["African Americans -- Photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1950],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJames T. West High School, one of Virginia's first accredited public high schools for African-Americans, was renamed in 1917 for Booker T. Washington, educator, author and orator. The school moved to a newly constructed building in 1924 and for decades was Norfolk's only public high school for black students. Its programs were central to the community. In 1939-1940, faculty members Aline Black and Melvin Alston pursued legal action that led to a federal court decision requiring salary equalization for black and white teachers. In Sept. 1963, students marched to protest poor facilities. Norfolk implemented a desegregation plan in 1970, and the school moved into a new building here in 1974.https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=130360\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBooker T. Washington High School in Norfolk became Virginia's first accredited public high school for African Americans in 1917.https://www.13newsnow.com/article/news/in-session-norfolk-high-school-rich-in-black-history/291-6b3ddbe3-8c53-4e2c-a8c0-be7129bc899e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Vivian Monroe-Hester graduated from Booker T. Washington High School in 1965 and is a local wealth of knowledge.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs she tells it, the school began as Mission College when a group of religious women decided to help educate African-American children after the Civil War. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter the turn of the century, David Gilbert Jacox wanted to expand to a full high school and helped transform the school into what it is today. In 1917, Booker T. Washington High School became Virginia's first accredited public high school for African Americans.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe original building, which lacked a cafeteria, was nicknamed \"the factory\" because of its appearance. Though lacking in aesthetics, the school still had top-notch educators.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"The teachers were excellent in preparing the students for the world,\" Dr. Monroe-Hester said. \"We were always taught that we had to be better.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1939, Science teacher Aline Black went to court to try and gain equal pay for African-American teachers. According to historic documents, Black was earning $1,045 annually whereas white teachers in the high schools teaching the same chemistry science class were paid $2,100.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBlack lost her job during the process but her fight paid off. The Supreme Court in 1940 upheld a lower court ruling that teacher salaries fell under 14th Amendment protection. Black was rehired at Booker T. Washington High School and African American teachers received equal pay.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1949, the school's band performed in the inauguration parade for President Harry S. Truman.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDuring the 60s and 70s, Dr. Monroe-Hester said students participated in several marches at City Hall to protest the city's attempt to change the school name and move locations.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"To now take our name and move our heritage away from us and at that time, there were other black high schools in the state of Virginia that lost their heritage because they turned them into elementary schools or tore them down or made them administrative buildings and we did not want that to happen to Booker T. Washington High School,\" Dr. Monroe-Hester said.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eStudents moved into today's present-day building in 1974, located at 111 Park Avenue.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"As of today, we have Booker T. Washington High School in Norfolk and Norcom High School in Portsmouth. Out of all the cities, we are the only two African-American high schools left in the state of Virginia,\" Dr. Monroe-Hester said.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Monroe-Hester said she and other alumni are still fighting to improve the school's quality of education while trying to maintain its history and place in the Norfolk community.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"We're working towards keeping it a central part of Norfolk's community and of course, the black community,\" said Glynis Mason, a 1972 graduate.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Monroe-Hester said she takes issue with the school being considered a School of the Arts. She said that doesn't make it easy for students when marketing themselves for the workforce.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"We've been talking with leaders in the city, and the proposal has been that we move to a CTE curriculum which will bring in technology, the arts, the mathematics, the science,\" she said.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRecently, the state awarded Booker T. Washington High School a historic highway marker.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"Our biggest struggle is still to maintain our history, maintain our legacy that we had and support of the city is what we continue to ask for, the city and the school board,\" Dr. Monroe-Hester said.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCELEBRATION\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe school will celebrate its 102nd anniversary February 23 from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m. at Booker T. Washington High School and later that evening from 6 to 9 p.m. at the Half Moone at Nauticus.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["James T. West High School, one of Virginia's first accredited public high schools for African-Americans, was renamed in 1917 for Booker T. Washington, educator, author and orator. The school moved to a newly constructed building in 1924 and for decades was Norfolk's only public high school for black students. Its programs were central to the community. In 1939-1940, faculty members Aline Black and Melvin Alston pursued legal action that led to a federal court decision requiring salary equalization for black and white teachers. In Sept. 1963, students marched to protest poor facilities. Norfolk implemented a desegregation plan in 1970, and the school moved into a new building here in 1974.https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=130360","Booker T. Washington High School in Norfolk became Virginia's first accredited public high school for African Americans in 1917.https://www.13newsnow.com/article/news/in-session-norfolk-high-school-rich-in-black-history/291-6b3ddbe3-8c53-4e2c-a8c0-be7129bc899e","Dr. Vivian Monroe-Hester graduated from Booker T. Washington High School in 1965 and is a local wealth of knowledge.","As she tells it, the school began as Mission College when a group of religious women decided to help educate African-American children after the Civil War.","After the turn of the century, David Gilbert Jacox wanted to expand to a full high school and helped transform the school into what it is today. In 1917, Booker T. Washington High School became Virginia's first accredited public high school for African Americans.","The original building, which lacked a cafeteria, was nicknamed \"the factory\" because of its appearance. Though lacking in aesthetics, the school still had top-notch educators.","\"The teachers were excellent in preparing the students for the world,\" Dr. Monroe-Hester said. \"We were always taught that we had to be better.\"","In 1939, Science teacher Aline Black went to court to try and gain equal pay for African-American teachers. According to historic documents, Black was earning $1,045 annually whereas white teachers in the high schools teaching the same chemistry science class were paid $2,100.","Black lost her job during the process but her fight paid off. The Supreme Court in 1940 upheld a lower court ruling that teacher salaries fell under 14th Amendment protection. Black was rehired at Booker T. Washington High School and African American teachers received equal pay.","In 1949, the school's band performed in the inauguration parade for President Harry S. Truman.","During the 60s and 70s, Dr. Monroe-Hester said students participated in several marches at City Hall to protest the city's attempt to change the school name and move locations.","\"To now take our name and move our heritage away from us and at that time, there were other black high schools in the state of Virginia that lost their heritage because they turned them into elementary schools or tore them down or made them administrative buildings and we did not want that to happen to Booker T. Washington High School,\" Dr. Monroe-Hester said.","Students moved into today's present-day building in 1974, located at 111 Park Avenue.","\"As of today, we have Booker T. Washington High School in Norfolk and Norcom High School in Portsmouth. Out of all the cities, we are the only two African-American high schools left in the state of Virginia,\" Dr. Monroe-Hester said.","Dr. Monroe-Hester said she and other alumni are still fighting to improve the school's quality of education while trying to maintain its history and place in the Norfolk community.","\"We're working towards keeping it a central part of Norfolk's community and of course, the black community,\" said Glynis Mason, a 1972 graduate.","Dr. Monroe-Hester said she takes issue with the school being considered a School of the Arts. She said that doesn't make it easy for students when marketing themselves for the workforce.","\"We've been talking with leaders in the city, and the proposal has been that we move to a CTE curriculum which will bring in technology, the arts, the mathematics, the science,\" she said.","Recently, the state awarded Booker T. Washington High School a historic highway marker.","\"Our biggest struggle is still to maintain our history, maintain our legacy that we had and support of the city is what we continue to ask for, the city and the school board,\" Dr. Monroe-Hester said.","CELEBRATION","The school will celebrate its 102nd anniversary February 23 from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m. at Booker T. Washington High School and later that evening from 6 to 9 p.m. at the Half Moone at Nauticus."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16965, Booker T. Washington Night School Sewing Graduating Class of 1950 photograph, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16965, Booker T. Washington Night School Sewing Graduating Class of 1950 photograph, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRelated collection: MSS 15389 (Boxed with MSS 15275)\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Related collection: MSS 15389 (Boxed with MSS 15275)"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains a class-composite photograph documenting the graduating class of 1950 from the Sewing Program of the Booker T. Washington Night School in Norfolk, Virginia. The composite features formal studio portrait vignettes of more than seventy graduates, nearly all African American women, arranged in rows around a central image of the Booker T. Washington High School building and photographs of faculty and administrators. Each student is identified by name under their image. The image was taken by Modern Arts Studio, a professional photo studio on Church Street in Norfolk.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe poster highlights the gender and racial dimensions of vocational schooling in segregated communities: sewing programs like this one prepared Black women for both waged labor and domestic economic independence at a time when discrimnatory hiring practices sharply limited available occupations. The inclusion of male faculty and a handful of male graduates underscores the community-based, intergenerational nature of the school. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eProduced during the Jim Crow era, the poster captures a vivid moment in Black vocational and adult education, when night schools served as crucial sites of opportunity for working class African American women seeking skilled training in domestic arts, tailoring, and garment work.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains a class-composite photograph documenting the graduating class of 1950 from the Sewing Program of the Booker T. Washington Night School in Norfolk, Virginia. The composite features formal studio portrait vignettes of more than seventy graduates, nearly all African American women, arranged in rows around a central image of the Booker T. Washington High School building and photographs of faculty and administrators. Each student is identified by name under their image. The image was taken by Modern Arts Studio, a professional photo studio on Church Street in Norfolk.","The poster highlights the gender and racial dimensions of vocational schooling in segregated communities: sewing programs like this one prepared Black women for both waged labor and domestic economic independence at a time when discrimnatory hiring practices sharply limited available occupations. The inclusion of male faculty and a handful of male graduates underscores the community-based, intergenerational nature of the school.","Produced during the Jim Crow era, the poster captures a vivid moment in Black vocational and adult education, when night schools served as crucial sites of opportunity for working class African American women seeking skilled training in domestic arts, tailoring, and garment work."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Max Rambod","Modern Arts Studio (Norfolk, Va.)","Booker T. Washington High School (Norfolk, Va.)","Norfolk (Va.)"],"names_coll_ssim":["Max Rambod","Booker T. Washington High School (Norfolk, Va.)","Norfolk (Va.)"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Max Rambod","Modern Arts Studio (Norfolk, Va.)","Booker T. Washington High School (Norfolk, Va.)","Norfolk (Va.)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:28:59.529Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1922","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1922","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1922","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1922","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1922.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/241722","title_filing_ssi":"Booker T. Washington Night School Sewing Graduating Class of 1950 photograph","title_ssm":["Booker T. Washington Night School Sewing Graduating Class of 1950 photograph"],"title_tesim":["Booker T. Washington Night School Sewing Graduating Class of 1950 photograph"],"unitdate_ssm":["1950"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1950"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1950"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Booker T. Washington Night School Sewing Graduating Class of 1950 photograph, 1950"],"text":["Booker T. Washington Night School Sewing Graduating Class of 1950 photograph, 1950","MSS 16965","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1922","African Americans -- Education","African American schools","African American women","African Americans -- Photographs","This collection is open for research.","James T. West High School, one of Virginia's first accredited public high schools for African-Americans, was renamed in 1917 for Booker T. Washington, educator, author and orator. The school moved to a newly constructed building in 1924 and for decades was Norfolk's only public high school for black students. Its programs were central to the community. In 1939-1940, faculty members Aline Black and Melvin Alston pursued legal action that led to a federal court decision requiring salary equalization for black and white teachers. In Sept. 1963, students marched to protest poor facilities. Norfolk implemented a desegregation plan in 1970, and the school moved into a new building here in 1974.https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=130360","Booker T. Washington High School in Norfolk became Virginia's first accredited public high school for African Americans in 1917.https://www.13newsnow.com/article/news/in-session-norfolk-high-school-rich-in-black-history/291-6b3ddbe3-8c53-4e2c-a8c0-be7129bc899e","Dr. Vivian Monroe-Hester graduated from Booker T. Washington High School in 1965 and is a local wealth of knowledge.","As she tells it, the school began as Mission College when a group of religious women decided to help educate African-American children after the Civil War.","After the turn of the century, David Gilbert Jacox wanted to expand to a full high school and helped transform the school into what it is today. In 1917, Booker T. Washington High School became Virginia's first accredited public high school for African Americans.","The original building, which lacked a cafeteria, was nicknamed \"the factory\" because of its appearance. Though lacking in aesthetics, the school still had top-notch educators.","\"The teachers were excellent in preparing the students for the world,\" Dr. Monroe-Hester said. \"We were always taught that we had to be better.\"","In 1939, Science teacher Aline Black went to court to try and gain equal pay for African-American teachers. According to historic documents, Black was earning $1,045 annually whereas white teachers in the high schools teaching the same chemistry science class were paid $2,100.","Black lost her job during the process but her fight paid off. The Supreme Court in 1940 upheld a lower court ruling that teacher salaries fell under 14th Amendment protection. Black was rehired at Booker T. Washington High School and African American teachers received equal pay.","In 1949, the school's band performed in the inauguration parade for President Harry S. Truman.","During the 60s and 70s, Dr. Monroe-Hester said students participated in several marches at City Hall to protest the city's attempt to change the school name and move locations.","\"To now take our name and move our heritage away from us and at that time, there were other black high schools in the state of Virginia that lost their heritage because they turned them into elementary schools or tore them down or made them administrative buildings and we did not want that to happen to Booker T. Washington High School,\" Dr. Monroe-Hester said.","Students moved into today's present-day building in 1974, located at 111 Park Avenue.","\"As of today, we have Booker T. Washington High School in Norfolk and Norcom High School in Portsmouth. Out of all the cities, we are the only two African-American high schools left in the state of Virginia,\" Dr. Monroe-Hester said.","Dr. Monroe-Hester said she and other alumni are still fighting to improve the school's quality of education while trying to maintain its history and place in the Norfolk community.","\"We're working towards keeping it a central part of Norfolk's community and of course, the black community,\" said Glynis Mason, a 1972 graduate.","Dr. Monroe-Hester said she takes issue with the school being considered a School of the Arts. She said that doesn't make it easy for students when marketing themselves for the workforce.","\"We've been talking with leaders in the city, and the proposal has been that we move to a CTE curriculum which will bring in technology, the arts, the mathematics, the science,\" she said.","Recently, the state awarded Booker T. Washington High School a historic highway marker.","\"Our biggest struggle is still to maintain our history, maintain our legacy that we had and support of the city is what we continue to ask for, the city and the school board,\" Dr. Monroe-Hester said.","CELEBRATION","The school will celebrate its 102nd anniversary February 23 from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m. at Booker T. Washington High School and later that evening from 6 to 9 p.m. at the Half Moone at Nauticus.","Related collection: MSS 15389 (Boxed with MSS 15275)","This collection contains a class-composite photograph documenting the graduating class of 1950 from the Sewing Program of the Booker T. Washington Night School in Norfolk, Virginia. The composite features formal studio portrait vignettes of more than seventy graduates, nearly all African American women, arranged in rows around a central image of the Booker T. Washington High School building and photographs of faculty and administrators. Each student is identified by name under their image. The image was taken by Modern Arts Studio, a professional photo studio on Church Street in Norfolk.","The poster highlights the gender and racial dimensions of vocational schooling in segregated communities: sewing programs like this one prepared Black women for both waged labor and domestic economic independence at a time when discrimnatory hiring practices sharply limited available occupations. The inclusion of male faculty and a handful of male graduates underscores the community-based, intergenerational nature of the school.","Produced during the Jim Crow era, the poster captures a vivid moment in Black vocational and adult education, when night schools served as crucial sites of opportunity for working class African American women seeking skilled training in domestic arts, tailoring, and garment work.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Max Rambod","Modern Arts Studio (Norfolk, Va.)","Booker T. Washington High School (Norfolk, Va.)","Norfolk (Va.)","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Booker T. Washington Night School Sewing Graduating Class of 1950 photograph, 1950"],"collection_ssim":["Booker T. Washington Night School Sewing Graduating Class of 1950 photograph, 1950"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16965","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1922"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16965","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1922"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Max Rambod","Modern Arts Studio (Norfolk, Va.)"],"creator_ssim":["Max Rambod","Modern Arts Studio (Norfolk, Va.)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Max Rambod","Modern Arts Studio (Norfolk, Va.)","Booker T. Washington High School (Norfolk, Va.)","Norfolk (Va.)"],"creators_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Max Rambod","Modern Arts Studio (Norfolk, Va.)","Booker T. Washington High School (Norfolk, Va.)","Norfolk (Va.)"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was a purchase from Max Rambod to the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 4 March 2026."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans -- Education","African American schools","African American women","African Americans -- Photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans -- Education","African American schools","African American women","African Americans -- Photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.03 Cubic Feet One letter-size file folder"],"extent_tesim":["0.03 Cubic Feet One letter-size file folder"],"genreform_ssim":["African Americans -- Photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1950],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJames T. West High School, one of Virginia's first accredited public high schools for African-Americans, was renamed in 1917 for Booker T. Washington, educator, author and orator. The school moved to a newly constructed building in 1924 and for decades was Norfolk's only public high school for black students. Its programs were central to the community. In 1939-1940, faculty members Aline Black and Melvin Alston pursued legal action that led to a federal court decision requiring salary equalization for black and white teachers. In Sept. 1963, students marched to protest poor facilities. Norfolk implemented a desegregation plan in 1970, and the school moved into a new building here in 1974.https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=130360\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBooker T. Washington High School in Norfolk became Virginia's first accredited public high school for African Americans in 1917.https://www.13newsnow.com/article/news/in-session-norfolk-high-school-rich-in-black-history/291-6b3ddbe3-8c53-4e2c-a8c0-be7129bc899e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Vivian Monroe-Hester graduated from Booker T. Washington High School in 1965 and is a local wealth of knowledge.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs she tells it, the school began as Mission College when a group of religious women decided to help educate African-American children after the Civil War. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter the turn of the century, David Gilbert Jacox wanted to expand to a full high school and helped transform the school into what it is today. In 1917, Booker T. Washington High School became Virginia's first accredited public high school for African Americans.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe original building, which lacked a cafeteria, was nicknamed \"the factory\" because of its appearance. Though lacking in aesthetics, the school still had top-notch educators.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"The teachers were excellent in preparing the students for the world,\" Dr. Monroe-Hester said. \"We were always taught that we had to be better.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1939, Science teacher Aline Black went to court to try and gain equal pay for African-American teachers. According to historic documents, Black was earning $1,045 annually whereas white teachers in the high schools teaching the same chemistry science class were paid $2,100.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBlack lost her job during the process but her fight paid off. The Supreme Court in 1940 upheld a lower court ruling that teacher salaries fell under 14th Amendment protection. Black was rehired at Booker T. Washington High School and African American teachers received equal pay.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1949, the school's band performed in the inauguration parade for President Harry S. Truman.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDuring the 60s and 70s, Dr. Monroe-Hester said students participated in several marches at City Hall to protest the city's attempt to change the school name and move locations.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"To now take our name and move our heritage away from us and at that time, there were other black high schools in the state of Virginia that lost their heritage because they turned them into elementary schools or tore them down or made them administrative buildings and we did not want that to happen to Booker T. Washington High School,\" Dr. Monroe-Hester said.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eStudents moved into today's present-day building in 1974, located at 111 Park Avenue.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"As of today, we have Booker T. Washington High School in Norfolk and Norcom High School in Portsmouth. Out of all the cities, we are the only two African-American high schools left in the state of Virginia,\" Dr. Monroe-Hester said.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Monroe-Hester said she and other alumni are still fighting to improve the school's quality of education while trying to maintain its history and place in the Norfolk community.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"We're working towards keeping it a central part of Norfolk's community and of course, the black community,\" said Glynis Mason, a 1972 graduate.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Monroe-Hester said she takes issue with the school being considered a School of the Arts. She said that doesn't make it easy for students when marketing themselves for the workforce.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"We've been talking with leaders in the city, and the proposal has been that we move to a CTE curriculum which will bring in technology, the arts, the mathematics, the science,\" she said.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRecently, the state awarded Booker T. Washington High School a historic highway marker.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"Our biggest struggle is still to maintain our history, maintain our legacy that we had and support of the city is what we continue to ask for, the city and the school board,\" Dr. Monroe-Hester said.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCELEBRATION\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe school will celebrate its 102nd anniversary February 23 from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m. at Booker T. Washington High School and later that evening from 6 to 9 p.m. at the Half Moone at Nauticus.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["James T. West High School, one of Virginia's first accredited public high schools for African-Americans, was renamed in 1917 for Booker T. Washington, educator, author and orator. The school moved to a newly constructed building in 1924 and for decades was Norfolk's only public high school for black students. Its programs were central to the community. In 1939-1940, faculty members Aline Black and Melvin Alston pursued legal action that led to a federal court decision requiring salary equalization for black and white teachers. In Sept. 1963, students marched to protest poor facilities. Norfolk implemented a desegregation plan in 1970, and the school moved into a new building here in 1974.https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=130360","Booker T. Washington High School in Norfolk became Virginia's first accredited public high school for African Americans in 1917.https://www.13newsnow.com/article/news/in-session-norfolk-high-school-rich-in-black-history/291-6b3ddbe3-8c53-4e2c-a8c0-be7129bc899e","Dr. Vivian Monroe-Hester graduated from Booker T. Washington High School in 1965 and is a local wealth of knowledge.","As she tells it, the school began as Mission College when a group of religious women decided to help educate African-American children after the Civil War.","After the turn of the century, David Gilbert Jacox wanted to expand to a full high school and helped transform the school into what it is today. In 1917, Booker T. Washington High School became Virginia's first accredited public high school for African Americans.","The original building, which lacked a cafeteria, was nicknamed \"the factory\" because of its appearance. Though lacking in aesthetics, the school still had top-notch educators.","\"The teachers were excellent in preparing the students for the world,\" Dr. Monroe-Hester said. \"We were always taught that we had to be better.\"","In 1939, Science teacher Aline Black went to court to try and gain equal pay for African-American teachers. According to historic documents, Black was earning $1,045 annually whereas white teachers in the high schools teaching the same chemistry science class were paid $2,100.","Black lost her job during the process but her fight paid off. The Supreme Court in 1940 upheld a lower court ruling that teacher salaries fell under 14th Amendment protection. Black was rehired at Booker T. Washington High School and African American teachers received equal pay.","In 1949, the school's band performed in the inauguration parade for President Harry S. Truman.","During the 60s and 70s, Dr. Monroe-Hester said students participated in several marches at City Hall to protest the city's attempt to change the school name and move locations.","\"To now take our name and move our heritage away from us and at that time, there were other black high schools in the state of Virginia that lost their heritage because they turned them into elementary schools or tore them down or made them administrative buildings and we did not want that to happen to Booker T. Washington High School,\" Dr. Monroe-Hester said.","Students moved into today's present-day building in 1974, located at 111 Park Avenue.","\"As of today, we have Booker T. Washington High School in Norfolk and Norcom High School in Portsmouth. Out of all the cities, we are the only two African-American high schools left in the state of Virginia,\" Dr. Monroe-Hester said.","Dr. Monroe-Hester said she and other alumni are still fighting to improve the school's quality of education while trying to maintain its history and place in the Norfolk community.","\"We're working towards keeping it a central part of Norfolk's community and of course, the black community,\" said Glynis Mason, a 1972 graduate.","Dr. Monroe-Hester said she takes issue with the school being considered a School of the Arts. She said that doesn't make it easy for students when marketing themselves for the workforce.","\"We've been talking with leaders in the city, and the proposal has been that we move to a CTE curriculum which will bring in technology, the arts, the mathematics, the science,\" she said.","Recently, the state awarded Booker T. Washington High School a historic highway marker.","\"Our biggest struggle is still to maintain our history, maintain our legacy that we had and support of the city is what we continue to ask for, the city and the school board,\" Dr. Monroe-Hester said.","CELEBRATION","The school will celebrate its 102nd anniversary February 23 from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m. at Booker T. Washington High School and later that evening from 6 to 9 p.m. at the Half Moone at Nauticus."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16965, Booker T. Washington Night School Sewing Graduating Class of 1950 photograph, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16965, Booker T. Washington Night School Sewing Graduating Class of 1950 photograph, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRelated collection: MSS 15389 (Boxed with MSS 15275)\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Related collection: MSS 15389 (Boxed with MSS 15275)"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains a class-composite photograph documenting the graduating class of 1950 from the Sewing Program of the Booker T. Washington Night School in Norfolk, Virginia. The composite features formal studio portrait vignettes of more than seventy graduates, nearly all African American women, arranged in rows around a central image of the Booker T. Washington High School building and photographs of faculty and administrators. Each student is identified by name under their image. The image was taken by Modern Arts Studio, a professional photo studio on Church Street in Norfolk.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe poster highlights the gender and racial dimensions of vocational schooling in segregated communities: sewing programs like this one prepared Black women for both waged labor and domestic economic independence at a time when discrimnatory hiring practices sharply limited available occupations. The inclusion of male faculty and a handful of male graduates underscores the community-based, intergenerational nature of the school. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eProduced during the Jim Crow era, the poster captures a vivid moment in Black vocational and adult education, when night schools served as crucial sites of opportunity for working class African American women seeking skilled training in domestic arts, tailoring, and garment work.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains a class-composite photograph documenting the graduating class of 1950 from the Sewing Program of the Booker T. Washington Night School in Norfolk, Virginia. The composite features formal studio portrait vignettes of more than seventy graduates, nearly all African American women, arranged in rows around a central image of the Booker T. Washington High School building and photographs of faculty and administrators. Each student is identified by name under their image. The image was taken by Modern Arts Studio, a professional photo studio on Church Street in Norfolk.","The poster highlights the gender and racial dimensions of vocational schooling in segregated communities: sewing programs like this one prepared Black women for both waged labor and domestic economic independence at a time when discrimnatory hiring practices sharply limited available occupations. The inclusion of male faculty and a handful of male graduates underscores the community-based, intergenerational nature of the school.","Produced during the Jim Crow era, the poster captures a vivid moment in Black vocational and adult education, when night schools served as crucial sites of opportunity for working class African American women seeking skilled training in domestic arts, tailoring, and garment work."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Max Rambod","Modern Arts Studio (Norfolk, Va.)","Booker T. Washington High School (Norfolk, Va.)","Norfolk (Va.)"],"names_coll_ssim":["Max Rambod","Booker T. Washington High School (Norfolk, Va.)","Norfolk (Va.)"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Max Rambod","Modern Arts Studio (Norfolk, Va.)","Booker T. Washington High School (Norfolk, Va.)","Norfolk (Va.)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:28:59.529Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1922"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1555","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Collection of African American Children photographs, 1950/1990","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1555#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Max Rambod","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1555#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains ninety-eight photographs of African American children and families at home and play from about the 1950s to the 1990s. Measurements range from 6\" X 4\" to 2\" X 2\" inches and are in color and black and white. Several subjects recur throughout the archive. All are unidentified; only three have any annotations on the back. The photographed figures, primarily children but some family shots included, are captured within their homes or playing outside. Activities include playing, swimming, posing, and celebrating holidays and special occasions.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1555#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1555","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1555","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1555","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1555","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1555.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/190890","title_filing_ssi":"African American Children photographs","title_ssm":["Collection of African American Children photographs"],"title_tesim":["Collection of African American Children photographs"],"unitdate_ssm":["c. 1950s-1990s"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["c. 1950s-1990s"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1950/1990"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Collection of African American Children photographs, 1950/1990"],"text":["Collection of African American Children photographs, 1950/1990","MSS 16798","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1555","African American families","African American children","African Americans -- Photographs","The collection is open for research use.","These photographs show Black children enjoying childhood, posing beside Christmas trees and held fast in the arms of their grandmothers. Black joy is a phrase used by historians to highlight the positive aspects of Black history separate from its suffering. Representations of African Americans living lives at once ordinary and inspired, both deeply personal and universal, is an integral piece of any American history archive. \"Expressions and acts of Black joy are often enouraged as a way for Black people to fully be themselves and form a sense of community as a response to systems that devalue them and stifle their self-expression. In this way, engaging in and sharing experiences of Black joy are seen not as ways of ignoring opression but as acts of resistance against it.\"","This collection contains ninety-eight photographs of African American children and families at home and play from about the 1950s to the 1990s. Measurements range from 6\" X 4\" to 2\" X 2\" inches and are in color and black and white. Several subjects recur throughout the archive. All are unidentified; only three have any annotations on the back. The photographed figures, primarily children but some family shots included, are captured within their homes or playing outside. Activities include playing, swimming, posing, and celebrating holidays and special occasions.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Max Rambod","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Collection of African American Children photographs, 1950/1990"],"collection_ssim":["Collection of African American Children photographs, 1950/1990"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16798","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1555"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16798","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1555"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Max Rambod"],"creator_ssim":["Max Rambod"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Max Rambod"],"creators_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Max Rambod"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from Max Rambod Inc. by the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 01 March 2023."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American families","African American children","African Americans -- Photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American families","African American children","African Americans -- Photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.06 Cubic Feet 2 letter size folders"],"extent_tesim":["0.06 Cubic Feet 2 letter size folders"],"genreform_ssim":["African Americans -- Photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThese photographs show Black children enjoying childhood, posing beside Christmas trees and held fast in the arms of their grandmothers. Black joy is a phrase used by historians to highlight the positive aspects of Black history separate from its suffering. Representations of African Americans living lives at once ordinary and inspired, both deeply personal and universal, is an integral piece of any American history archive. \"Expressions and acts of Black joy are often enouraged as a way for Black people to fully be themselves and form a sense of community as a response to systems that devalue them and stifle their self-expression. In this way, engaging in and sharing experiences of Black joy are seen not as ways of ignoring opression but as acts of resistance against it.\"\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["These photographs show Black children enjoying childhood, posing beside Christmas trees and held fast in the arms of their grandmothers. Black joy is a phrase used by historians to highlight the positive aspects of Black history separate from its suffering. Representations of African Americans living lives at once ordinary and inspired, both deeply personal and universal, is an integral piece of any American history archive. \"Expressions and acts of Black joy are often enouraged as a way for Black people to fully be themselves and form a sense of community as a response to systems that devalue them and stifle their self-expression. In this way, engaging in and sharing experiences of Black joy are seen not as ways of ignoring opression but as acts of resistance against it.\""],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16798, Collection of African American Children photographs, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16798, Collection of African American Children photographs, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains ninety-eight photographs of African American children and families at home and play from about the 1950s to the 1990s. Measurements range from 6\" X 4\" to 2\" X 2\" inches and are in color and black and white. Several subjects recur throughout the archive. All are unidentified; only three have any annotations on the back. The photographed figures, primarily children but some family shots included, are captured within their homes or playing outside. Activities include playing, swimming, posing, and celebrating holidays and special occasions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains ninety-eight photographs of African American children and families at home and play from about the 1950s to the 1990s. Measurements range from 6\" X 4\" to 2\" X 2\" inches and are in color and black and white. Several subjects recur throughout the archive. All are unidentified; only three have any annotations on the back. The photographed figures, primarily children but some family shots included, are captured within their homes or playing outside. Activities include playing, swimming, posing, and celebrating holidays and special occasions."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Max Rambod"],"names_coll_ssim":["Max Rambod"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Max Rambod"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:28:33.807Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1555","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1555","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1555","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1555","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1555.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/190890","title_filing_ssi":"African American Children photographs","title_ssm":["Collection of African American Children photographs"],"title_tesim":["Collection of African American Children photographs"],"unitdate_ssm":["c. 1950s-1990s"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["c. 1950s-1990s"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1950/1990"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Collection of African American Children photographs, 1950/1990"],"text":["Collection of African American Children photographs, 1950/1990","MSS 16798","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1555","African American families","African American children","African Americans -- Photographs","The collection is open for research use.","These photographs show Black children enjoying childhood, posing beside Christmas trees and held fast in the arms of their grandmothers. Black joy is a phrase used by historians to highlight the positive aspects of Black history separate from its suffering. Representations of African Americans living lives at once ordinary and inspired, both deeply personal and universal, is an integral piece of any American history archive. \"Expressions and acts of Black joy are often enouraged as a way for Black people to fully be themselves and form a sense of community as a response to systems that devalue them and stifle their self-expression. In this way, engaging in and sharing experiences of Black joy are seen not as ways of ignoring opression but as acts of resistance against it.\"","This collection contains ninety-eight photographs of African American children and families at home and play from about the 1950s to the 1990s. Measurements range from 6\" X 4\" to 2\" X 2\" inches and are in color and black and white. Several subjects recur throughout the archive. All are unidentified; only three have any annotations on the back. The photographed figures, primarily children but some family shots included, are captured within their homes or playing outside. Activities include playing, swimming, posing, and celebrating holidays and special occasions.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Max Rambod","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Collection of African American Children photographs, 1950/1990"],"collection_ssim":["Collection of African American Children photographs, 1950/1990"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16798","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1555"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16798","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1555"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Max Rambod"],"creator_ssim":["Max Rambod"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Max Rambod"],"creators_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Max Rambod"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from Max Rambod Inc. by the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 01 March 2023."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American families","African American children","African Americans -- Photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American families","African American children","African Americans -- Photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.06 Cubic Feet 2 letter size folders"],"extent_tesim":["0.06 Cubic Feet 2 letter size folders"],"genreform_ssim":["African Americans -- Photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThese photographs show Black children enjoying childhood, posing beside Christmas trees and held fast in the arms of their grandmothers. Black joy is a phrase used by historians to highlight the positive aspects of Black history separate from its suffering. Representations of African Americans living lives at once ordinary and inspired, both deeply personal and universal, is an integral piece of any American history archive. \"Expressions and acts of Black joy are often enouraged as a way for Black people to fully be themselves and form a sense of community as a response to systems that devalue them and stifle their self-expression. In this way, engaging in and sharing experiences of Black joy are seen not as ways of ignoring opression but as acts of resistance against it.\"\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["These photographs show Black children enjoying childhood, posing beside Christmas trees and held fast in the arms of their grandmothers. Black joy is a phrase used by historians to highlight the positive aspects of Black history separate from its suffering. Representations of African Americans living lives at once ordinary and inspired, both deeply personal and universal, is an integral piece of any American history archive. \"Expressions and acts of Black joy are often enouraged as a way for Black people to fully be themselves and form a sense of community as a response to systems that devalue them and stifle their self-expression. In this way, engaging in and sharing experiences of Black joy are seen not as ways of ignoring opression but as acts of resistance against it.\""],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16798, Collection of African American Children photographs, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16798, Collection of African American Children photographs, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains ninety-eight photographs of African American children and families at home and play from about the 1950s to the 1990s. Measurements range from 6\" X 4\" to 2\" X 2\" inches and are in color and black and white. Several subjects recur throughout the archive. All are unidentified; only three have any annotations on the back. The photographed figures, primarily children but some family shots included, are captured within their homes or playing outside. Activities include playing, swimming, posing, and celebrating holidays and special occasions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains ninety-eight photographs of African American children and families at home and play from about the 1950s to the 1990s. Measurements range from 6\" X 4\" to 2\" X 2\" inches and are in color and black and white. Several subjects recur throughout the archive. All are unidentified; only three have any annotations on the back. The photographed figures, primarily children but some family shots included, are captured within their homes or playing outside. Activities include playing, swimming, posing, and celebrating holidays and special occasions."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Max Rambod"],"names_coll_ssim":["Max Rambod"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Max Rambod"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:28:33.807Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1555"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1485","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Collection of photographs of African American Men and Boys from New Orleans, 1930","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1485#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains three photographs with captions on the verso, \"Black children and men taken in or near New Orleans.\" These images were taken \"en route\" to New Orleans, possibly from a train, in the 1930s. One photograph shows a group of young boys on a street with an inscription on the reverse that says \"New Orleans.\" Another depicts three boys and one older man singing on train tracks with an inscription that reads \"En Route to New Orleans/ Kids singing.\" The last is a photograph of three boys tumbling on train tracks, with the inscription \"En route to New Orleans/ scrambling for money.\" The photographs are black and white gelatin silver measuring 3 x 5.5 inches\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1485#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1485","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1485","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1485","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1485","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1485.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/188834","title_filing_ssi":"Collection of African American Men and Boys from New Orleans","title_ssm":["Collection of photographs of African American Men and Boys from New Orleans"],"title_tesim":["Collection of photographs of African American Men and Boys from New Orleans"],"unitdate_ssm":["c.1930"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["c.1930"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1930"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Collection of photographs of African American Men and Boys from New Orleans, 1930"],"text":["Collection of photographs of African American Men and Boys from New Orleans, 1930","MSS 16760","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1485","Louisiana -- New Orleans","African American young men","African Americans","African Americans -- Photographs","The collection is open for research use.","This collection contains three photographs with captions on the verso, \"Black children and men taken in or near New Orleans.\" These images were taken \"en route\" to New Orleans, possibly from a train, in the 1930s.  One photograph shows a group of young boys on a street with an inscription on the reverse that says \"New Orleans.\"  Another depicts three boys and one older man singing on train tracks with an inscription that reads \"En Route to New Orleans/ Kids singing.\" The last is a photograph of three boys tumbling on train tracks, with the inscription \"En route to  New Orleans/ scrambling for money.\" The photographs are black and white gelatin silver  measuring 3 x 5.5 inches","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Collection of photographs of African American Men and Boys from New Orleans, 1930"],"collection_ssim":["Collection of photographs of African American Men and Boys from New Orleans, 1930"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16760","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1485"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16760","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1485"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["Louisiana -- New Orleans"],"geogname_ssim":["Louisiana -- New Orleans"],"places_ssim":["Louisiana -- New Orleans"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"creators_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from Between the Covers, Rare Books., Inc. by the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 10 January 2022."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American young men","African Americans","African Americans -- Photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American young men","African Americans","African Americans -- Photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 letter-sized folder"],"extent_tesim":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 letter-sized folder"],"genreform_ssim":["African Americans -- Photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1930],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16760, Collection of African American Men and Boys from New Orleans, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16760, Collection of African American Men and Boys from New Orleans, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains three photographs with captions on the verso, \"Black children and men taken in or near New Orleans.\" These images were taken \"en route\" to New Orleans, possibly from a train, in the 1930s.  One photograph shows a group of young boys on a street with an inscription on the reverse that says \"New Orleans.\"  Another depicts three boys and one older man singing on train tracks with an inscription that reads \"En Route to New Orleans/ Kids singing.\" The last is a photograph of three boys tumbling on train tracks, with the inscription \"En route to  New Orleans/ scrambling for money.\" The photographs are black and white gelatin silver  measuring 3 x 5.5 inches\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains three photographs with captions on the verso, \"Black children and men taken in or near New Orleans.\" These images were taken \"en route\" to New Orleans, possibly from a train, in the 1930s.  One photograph shows a group of young boys on a street with an inscription on the reverse that says \"New Orleans.\"  Another depicts three boys and one older man singing on train tracks with an inscription that reads \"En Route to New Orleans/ Kids singing.\" The last is a photograph of three boys tumbling on train tracks, with the inscription \"En route to  New Orleans/ scrambling for money.\" The photographs are black and white gelatin silver  measuring 3 x 5.5 inches"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:28:33.807Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1485","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1485","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1485","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1485","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1485.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/188834","title_filing_ssi":"Collection of African American Men and Boys from New Orleans","title_ssm":["Collection of photographs of African American Men and Boys from New Orleans"],"title_tesim":["Collection of photographs of African American Men and Boys from New Orleans"],"unitdate_ssm":["c.1930"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["c.1930"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1930"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Collection of photographs of African American Men and Boys from New Orleans, 1930"],"text":["Collection of photographs of African American Men and Boys from New Orleans, 1930","MSS 16760","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1485","Louisiana -- New Orleans","African American young men","African Americans","African Americans -- Photographs","The collection is open for research use.","This collection contains three photographs with captions on the verso, \"Black children and men taken in or near New Orleans.\" These images were taken \"en route\" to New Orleans, possibly from a train, in the 1930s.  One photograph shows a group of young boys on a street with an inscription on the reverse that says \"New Orleans.\"  Another depicts three boys and one older man singing on train tracks with an inscription that reads \"En Route to New Orleans/ Kids singing.\" The last is a photograph of three boys tumbling on train tracks, with the inscription \"En route to  New Orleans/ scrambling for money.\" The photographs are black and white gelatin silver  measuring 3 x 5.5 inches","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Collection of photographs of African American Men and Boys from New Orleans, 1930"],"collection_ssim":["Collection of photographs of African American Men and Boys from New Orleans, 1930"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16760","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1485"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16760","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1485"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["Louisiana -- New Orleans"],"geogname_ssim":["Louisiana -- New Orleans"],"places_ssim":["Louisiana -- New Orleans"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"creators_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from Between the Covers, Rare Books., Inc. by the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 10 January 2022."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American young men","African Americans","African Americans -- Photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American young men","African Americans","African Americans -- Photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 letter-sized folder"],"extent_tesim":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 letter-sized folder"],"genreform_ssim":["African Americans -- Photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1930],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16760, Collection of African American Men and Boys from New Orleans, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16760, Collection of African American Men and Boys from New Orleans, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains three photographs with captions on the verso, \"Black children and men taken in or near New Orleans.\" These images were taken \"en route\" to New Orleans, possibly from a train, in the 1930s.  One photograph shows a group of young boys on a street with an inscription on the reverse that says \"New Orleans.\"  Another depicts three boys and one older man singing on train tracks with an inscription that reads \"En Route to New Orleans/ Kids singing.\" The last is a photograph of three boys tumbling on train tracks, with the inscription \"En route to  New Orleans/ scrambling for money.\" The photographs are black and white gelatin silver  measuring 3 x 5.5 inches\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains three photographs with captions on the verso, \"Black children and men taken in or near New Orleans.\" These images were taken \"en route\" to New Orleans, possibly from a train, in the 1930s.  One photograph shows a group of young boys on a street with an inscription on the reverse that says \"New Orleans.\"  Another depicts three boys and one older man singing on train tracks with an inscription that reads \"En Route to New Orleans/ Kids singing.\" The last is a photograph of three boys tumbling on train tracks, with the inscription \"En route to  New Orleans/ scrambling for money.\" The photographs are black and white gelatin silver  measuring 3 x 5.5 inches"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:28:33.807Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1485"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1524","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Florynce Kennedy photographs, 1973/1976","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1524#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"James Arsenault and Co.","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1524#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains four black and white photographs (roughly trimmed to 8 x 10 inches or slightly larger) featuring Florynce 'Flo' Kennedy (1916-2000) speaking. Kennedy was an American lawyer, feminist, and activist who founded the Feminist Party in 1971. Each photograph is stamped in red ink with the Examiner Reference Library. The stamps are dated 1973-1976. Three photos include a newspaper clipping of the same image pasted onto the verso, with \"Examiner\" captioning the photo and including photo credits including Paul Gines, Lynott, and Teresa Zabaia. One picture is stamped with a caption on the verso: \"Flo Kennedy at Hookers Convention.\"\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1524#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1524","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1524","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1524","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1524","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1524.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/189457","title_filing_ssi":"Kennedy Florynce photographs","title_ssm":["Florynce Kennedy photographs"],"title_tesim":["Florynce Kennedy photographs"],"unitdate_ssm":["c.1973-1976"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["c.1973-1976"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1973/1976"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Florynce Kennedy photographs, 1973/1976"],"text":["Florynce Kennedy photographs, 1973/1976","MSS 16784","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1524","Women political activists","African Americans -- Civil rights","Feminism -- United States","African Americans -- Photographs","The collection is open for research use.","Florynce Kennedy (February 11, 1916 – December 21, 2000) was an American lawyer, radical feminist, civil rights advocate, lecturer, entertainer, and activist.","She experienced poverty in the Great Depression and racism in her mostly white neighborhood but was given a strong sense of identity and security from her parents. Kennedy remembered a time when her father had to be armed with a shotgun in order to ward off the Ku Klux Klan presence that was trying to drive her family out.","In 1944 she began classes at Columbia University School of General Studies, majoring in pre-law and graduated in 1949. However, when she applied to the university's law school, she was refused admission. Kennedy met with the dean and threatened to sue the school. They admitted her. She was the only black person among eight women in her class. Kennedy graduated from Columbia Law School in 1951.","In 1971 she founded the Feminist Party, which nominated Shirley Chisholm for president. She also helped found the National Women's Political Caucus. Kennedy was a lawyer for the Women's Health Collective and 350 plaintiffs in a similar lawsuit about abortion in New York. She worked tirelessly for women's issues and to defeat all oppression. According to Sherie Randolph, in her book Florynce \"Flo\" Kennedy: The Life of a Radical Black Feminist,","\"My main message is that we have a pathologically, institutionally racist, sexist, classist society. And that niggerizing techniques that are used don't only damage black people, but they also damage women, gay people, ex-prison inmates, prostitutes, children, old people, handicapped people, native Americans. And that if we can begin to analyze the pathology of oppression… we would learn a lot about how to deal with it.\"","Kennedy kept revisiting the same aim: \"urging women to examine the sources of their oppression. She spoke of day to day acts of resistance that we can all take...\"","In 1997, Kennedy received a Lifetime Courageous Activist Award, and the following year was honored by Columbia University with their Owl Award for outstanding graduates. In 1999, the City University of New York awarded her the Century Award.","Florynce describes herself in this way, \"I'm just a loud-mouthed middle-aged colored lady with a fused spine and three feet of intestines missing and a lot of people think I'm crazy. Maybe you do too, but I never stop to wonder why I'm not like other people. The mystery to me is why more people aren't like me.\"","With an immeasurable impact on civil rights and equality for all, Kennedy's legacy serves as a reminder that Black women are often at the core of social and political progress, despite being overlooked by history. An empowering figure for women today, Kennedy is remembered for her flamboyance and ferocity that she never apologized for.","Source:\n\"Florynce Kennedy.\" Wikipedia. Accessed 5/30/23.\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florynce_Kennedy","Militano, Hannah. \"Who Was Flo Kennedy? Learn All About the Fiery Black Feminist and Civil Rights Activist.\" L'Officiel.2/09/21.\nhttps://www.lofficielusa.com/politics-culture/who-was-florynce-flo-kennedy-black-feminist-activist","This collection contains four black and white photographs (roughly trimmed to 8 x 10 inches or slightly larger) featuring  Florynce 'Flo' Kennedy (1916-2000) speaking. Kennedy was an American lawyer, feminist, and activist who founded the Feminist Party in 1971. Each photograph is stamped in red ink with the Examiner Reference Library. The stamps are dated 1973-1976. Three photos include a newspaper clipping of the same image pasted onto the verso, with \"Examiner\" captioning the photo and including photo credits including Paul Gines, Lynott, and Teresa Zabaia. One picture is stamped with a caption on the verso: \"Flo Kennedy at Hookers Convention.\"","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co.","Kennedy, Florynce, 1916-2000","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Florynce Kennedy photographs, 1973/1976"],"collection_ssim":["Florynce Kennedy photographs, 1973/1976"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16784","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1524"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16784","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1524"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["James Arsenault and Co."],"creator_ssim":["James Arsenault and Co."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Kennedy, Florynce, 1916-2000"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co."],"creators_ssim":["Kennedy, Florynce, 1916-2000","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co."],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from James Arenenault by the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 03 March 2023."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Women political activists","African Americans -- Civil rights","Feminism -- United States","African Americans -- Photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Women political activists","African Americans -- Civil rights","Feminism -- United States","African Americans -- Photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 letter folder"],"extent_tesim":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 letter folder"],"physfacet_tesim":["4 letter-sized photographs"],"genreform_ssim":["African Americans -- Photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1973,1974,1975,1976],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFlorynce Kennedy (February 11, 1916 – December 21, 2000) was an American lawyer, radical feminist, civil rights advocate, lecturer, entertainer, and activist. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eShe experienced poverty in the Great Depression and racism in her mostly white neighborhood but was given a strong sense of identity and security from her parents. Kennedy remembered a time when her father had to be armed with a shotgun in order to ward off the Ku Klux Klan presence that was trying to drive her family out.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1944 she began classes at Columbia University School of General Studies, majoring in pre-law and graduated in 1949. However, when she applied to the university's law school, she was refused admission. Kennedy met with the dean and threatened to sue the school. They admitted her. She was the only black person among eight women in her class. Kennedy graduated from Columbia Law School in 1951.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nIn 1971 she founded the Feminist Party, which nominated Shirley Chisholm for president. She also helped found the National Women's Political Caucus. Kennedy was a lawyer for the Women's Health Collective and 350 plaintiffs in a similar lawsuit about abortion in New York. She worked tirelessly for women's issues and to defeat all oppression. According to Sherie Randolph, in her book Florynce \"Flo\" Kennedy: The Life of a Radical Black Feminist, \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"My main message is that we have a pathologically, institutionally racist, sexist, classist society. And that niggerizing techniques that are used don't only damage black people, but they also damage women, gay people, ex-prison inmates, prostitutes, children, old people, handicapped people, native Americans. And that if we can begin to analyze the pathology of oppression… we would learn a lot about how to deal with it.\" \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eKennedy kept revisiting the same aim: \"urging women to examine the sources of their oppression. She spoke of day to day acts of resistance that we can all take...\" \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1997, Kennedy received a Lifetime Courageous Activist Award, and the following year was honored by Columbia University with their Owl Award for outstanding graduates. In 1999, the City University of New York awarded her the Century Award.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFlorynce describes herself in this way, \"I'm just a loud-mouthed middle-aged colored lady with a fused spine and three feet of intestines missing and a lot of people think I'm crazy. Maybe you do too, but I never stop to wonder why I'm not like other people. The mystery to me is why more people aren't like me.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWith an immeasurable impact on civil rights and equality for all, Kennedy's legacy serves as a reminder that Black women are often at the core of social and political progress, despite being overlooked by history. An empowering figure for women today, Kennedy is remembered for her flamboyance and ferocity that she never apologized for. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSource:\n\"Florynce Kennedy.\" Wikipedia. Accessed 5/30/23.\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florynce_Kennedy\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMilitano, Hannah. \"Who Was Flo Kennedy? Learn All About the Fiery Black Feminist and Civil Rights Activist.\" L'Officiel.2/09/21.\nhttps://www.lofficielusa.com/politics-culture/who-was-florynce-flo-kennedy-black-feminist-activist\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Florynce Kennedy (February 11, 1916 – December 21, 2000) was an American lawyer, radical feminist, civil rights advocate, lecturer, entertainer, and activist.","She experienced poverty in the Great Depression and racism in her mostly white neighborhood but was given a strong sense of identity and security from her parents. Kennedy remembered a time when her father had to be armed with a shotgun in order to ward off the Ku Klux Klan presence that was trying to drive her family out.","In 1944 she began classes at Columbia University School of General Studies, majoring in pre-law and graduated in 1949. However, when she applied to the university's law school, she was refused admission. Kennedy met with the dean and threatened to sue the school. They admitted her. She was the only black person among eight women in her class. Kennedy graduated from Columbia Law School in 1951.","In 1971 she founded the Feminist Party, which nominated Shirley Chisholm for president. She also helped found the National Women's Political Caucus. Kennedy was a lawyer for the Women's Health Collective and 350 plaintiffs in a similar lawsuit about abortion in New York. She worked tirelessly for women's issues and to defeat all oppression. According to Sherie Randolph, in her book Florynce \"Flo\" Kennedy: The Life of a Radical Black Feminist,","\"My main message is that we have a pathologically, institutionally racist, sexist, classist society. And that niggerizing techniques that are used don't only damage black people, but they also damage women, gay people, ex-prison inmates, prostitutes, children, old people, handicapped people, native Americans. And that if we can begin to analyze the pathology of oppression… we would learn a lot about how to deal with it.\"","Kennedy kept revisiting the same aim: \"urging women to examine the sources of their oppression. She spoke of day to day acts of resistance that we can all take...\"","In 1997, Kennedy received a Lifetime Courageous Activist Award, and the following year was honored by Columbia University with their Owl Award for outstanding graduates. In 1999, the City University of New York awarded her the Century Award.","Florynce describes herself in this way, \"I'm just a loud-mouthed middle-aged colored lady with a fused spine and three feet of intestines missing and a lot of people think I'm crazy. Maybe you do too, but I never stop to wonder why I'm not like other people. The mystery to me is why more people aren't like me.\"","With an immeasurable impact on civil rights and equality for all, Kennedy's legacy serves as a reminder that Black women are often at the core of social and political progress, despite being overlooked by history. An empowering figure for women today, Kennedy is remembered for her flamboyance and ferocity that she never apologized for.","Source:\n\"Florynce Kennedy.\" Wikipedia. Accessed 5/30/23.\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florynce_Kennedy","Militano, Hannah. \"Who Was Flo Kennedy? Learn All About the Fiery Black Feminist and Civil Rights Activist.\" L'Officiel.2/09/21.\nhttps://www.lofficielusa.com/politics-culture/who-was-florynce-flo-kennedy-black-feminist-activist"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16784, Florynce Kennedy photographs, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16784, Florynce Kennedy photographs, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains four black and white photographs (roughly trimmed to 8 x 10 inches or slightly larger) featuring  Florynce 'Flo' Kennedy (1916-2000) speaking. Kennedy was an American lawyer, feminist, and activist who founded the Feminist Party in 1971. Each photograph is stamped in red ink with the Examiner Reference Library. The stamps are dated 1973-1976. Three photos include a newspaper clipping of the same image pasted onto the verso, with \"Examiner\" captioning the photo and including photo credits including Paul Gines, Lynott, and Teresa Zabaia. One picture is stamped with a caption on the verso: \"Flo Kennedy at Hookers Convention.\"\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains four black and white photographs (roughly trimmed to 8 x 10 inches or slightly larger) featuring  Florynce 'Flo' Kennedy (1916-2000) speaking. Kennedy was an American lawyer, feminist, and activist who founded the Feminist Party in 1971. Each photograph is stamped in red ink with the Examiner Reference Library. The stamps are dated 1973-1976. Three photos include a newspaper clipping of the same image pasted onto the verso, with \"Examiner\" captioning the photo and including photo credits including Paul Gines, Lynott, and Teresa Zabaia. One picture is stamped with a caption on the verso: \"Flo Kennedy at Hookers Convention.\""],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co."],"names_coll_ssim":["James Arsenault and Co.","Kennedy, Florynce, 1916-2000"],"persname_ssim":["Kennedy, Florynce, 1916-2000"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co.","Kennedy, Florynce, 1916-2000"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:28:33.807Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1524","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1524","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1524","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1524","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1524.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/189457","title_filing_ssi":"Kennedy Florynce photographs","title_ssm":["Florynce Kennedy photographs"],"title_tesim":["Florynce Kennedy photographs"],"unitdate_ssm":["c.1973-1976"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["c.1973-1976"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1973/1976"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Florynce Kennedy photographs, 1973/1976"],"text":["Florynce Kennedy photographs, 1973/1976","MSS 16784","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1524","Women political activists","African Americans -- Civil rights","Feminism -- United States","African Americans -- Photographs","The collection is open for research use.","Florynce Kennedy (February 11, 1916 – December 21, 2000) was an American lawyer, radical feminist, civil rights advocate, lecturer, entertainer, and activist.","She experienced poverty in the Great Depression and racism in her mostly white neighborhood but was given a strong sense of identity and security from her parents. Kennedy remembered a time when her father had to be armed with a shotgun in order to ward off the Ku Klux Klan presence that was trying to drive her family out.","In 1944 she began classes at Columbia University School of General Studies, majoring in pre-law and graduated in 1949. However, when she applied to the university's law school, she was refused admission. Kennedy met with the dean and threatened to sue the school. They admitted her. She was the only black person among eight women in her class. Kennedy graduated from Columbia Law School in 1951.","In 1971 she founded the Feminist Party, which nominated Shirley Chisholm for president. She also helped found the National Women's Political Caucus. Kennedy was a lawyer for the Women's Health Collective and 350 plaintiffs in a similar lawsuit about abortion in New York. She worked tirelessly for women's issues and to defeat all oppression. According to Sherie Randolph, in her book Florynce \"Flo\" Kennedy: The Life of a Radical Black Feminist,","\"My main message is that we have a pathologically, institutionally racist, sexist, classist society. And that niggerizing techniques that are used don't only damage black people, but they also damage women, gay people, ex-prison inmates, prostitutes, children, old people, handicapped people, native Americans. And that if we can begin to analyze the pathology of oppression… we would learn a lot about how to deal with it.\"","Kennedy kept revisiting the same aim: \"urging women to examine the sources of their oppression. She spoke of day to day acts of resistance that we can all take...\"","In 1997, Kennedy received a Lifetime Courageous Activist Award, and the following year was honored by Columbia University with their Owl Award for outstanding graduates. In 1999, the City University of New York awarded her the Century Award.","Florynce describes herself in this way, \"I'm just a loud-mouthed middle-aged colored lady with a fused spine and three feet of intestines missing and a lot of people think I'm crazy. Maybe you do too, but I never stop to wonder why I'm not like other people. The mystery to me is why more people aren't like me.\"","With an immeasurable impact on civil rights and equality for all, Kennedy's legacy serves as a reminder that Black women are often at the core of social and political progress, despite being overlooked by history. An empowering figure for women today, Kennedy is remembered for her flamboyance and ferocity that she never apologized for.","Source:\n\"Florynce Kennedy.\" Wikipedia. Accessed 5/30/23.\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florynce_Kennedy","Militano, Hannah. \"Who Was Flo Kennedy? Learn All About the Fiery Black Feminist and Civil Rights Activist.\" L'Officiel.2/09/21.\nhttps://www.lofficielusa.com/politics-culture/who-was-florynce-flo-kennedy-black-feminist-activist","This collection contains four black and white photographs (roughly trimmed to 8 x 10 inches or slightly larger) featuring  Florynce 'Flo' Kennedy (1916-2000) speaking. Kennedy was an American lawyer, feminist, and activist who founded the Feminist Party in 1971. Each photograph is stamped in red ink with the Examiner Reference Library. The stamps are dated 1973-1976. Three photos include a newspaper clipping of the same image pasted onto the verso, with \"Examiner\" captioning the photo and including photo credits including Paul Gines, Lynott, and Teresa Zabaia. One picture is stamped with a caption on the verso: \"Flo Kennedy at Hookers Convention.\"","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co.","Kennedy, Florynce, 1916-2000","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Florynce Kennedy photographs, 1973/1976"],"collection_ssim":["Florynce Kennedy photographs, 1973/1976"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16784","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1524"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16784","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1524"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["James Arsenault and Co."],"creator_ssim":["James Arsenault and Co."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Kennedy, Florynce, 1916-2000"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co."],"creators_ssim":["Kennedy, Florynce, 1916-2000","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co."],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from James Arenenault by the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 03 March 2023."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Women political activists","African Americans -- Civil rights","Feminism -- United States","African Americans -- Photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Women political activists","African Americans -- Civil rights","Feminism -- United States","African Americans -- Photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 letter folder"],"extent_tesim":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 letter folder"],"physfacet_tesim":["4 letter-sized photographs"],"genreform_ssim":["African Americans -- Photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1973,1974,1975,1976],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFlorynce Kennedy (February 11, 1916 – December 21, 2000) was an American lawyer, radical feminist, civil rights advocate, lecturer, entertainer, and activist. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eShe experienced poverty in the Great Depression and racism in her mostly white neighborhood but was given a strong sense of identity and security from her parents. Kennedy remembered a time when her father had to be armed with a shotgun in order to ward off the Ku Klux Klan presence that was trying to drive her family out.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1944 she began classes at Columbia University School of General Studies, majoring in pre-law and graduated in 1949. However, when she applied to the university's law school, she was refused admission. Kennedy met with the dean and threatened to sue the school. They admitted her. She was the only black person among eight women in her class. Kennedy graduated from Columbia Law School in 1951.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nIn 1971 she founded the Feminist Party, which nominated Shirley Chisholm for president. She also helped found the National Women's Political Caucus. Kennedy was a lawyer for the Women's Health Collective and 350 plaintiffs in a similar lawsuit about abortion in New York. She worked tirelessly for women's issues and to defeat all oppression. According to Sherie Randolph, in her book Florynce \"Flo\" Kennedy: The Life of a Radical Black Feminist, \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"My main message is that we have a pathologically, institutionally racist, sexist, classist society. And that niggerizing techniques that are used don't only damage black people, but they also damage women, gay people, ex-prison inmates, prostitutes, children, old people, handicapped people, native Americans. And that if we can begin to analyze the pathology of oppression… we would learn a lot about how to deal with it.\" \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eKennedy kept revisiting the same aim: \"urging women to examine the sources of their oppression. She spoke of day to day acts of resistance that we can all take...\" \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1997, Kennedy received a Lifetime Courageous Activist Award, and the following year was honored by Columbia University with their Owl Award for outstanding graduates. In 1999, the City University of New York awarded her the Century Award.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFlorynce describes herself in this way, \"I'm just a loud-mouthed middle-aged colored lady with a fused spine and three feet of intestines missing and a lot of people think I'm crazy. Maybe you do too, but I never stop to wonder why I'm not like other people. The mystery to me is why more people aren't like me.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWith an immeasurable impact on civil rights and equality for all, Kennedy's legacy serves as a reminder that Black women are often at the core of social and political progress, despite being overlooked by history. An empowering figure for women today, Kennedy is remembered for her flamboyance and ferocity that she never apologized for. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSource:\n\"Florynce Kennedy.\" Wikipedia. Accessed 5/30/23.\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florynce_Kennedy\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMilitano, Hannah. \"Who Was Flo Kennedy? Learn All About the Fiery Black Feminist and Civil Rights Activist.\" L'Officiel.2/09/21.\nhttps://www.lofficielusa.com/politics-culture/who-was-florynce-flo-kennedy-black-feminist-activist\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Florynce Kennedy (February 11, 1916 – December 21, 2000) was an American lawyer, radical feminist, civil rights advocate, lecturer, entertainer, and activist.","She experienced poverty in the Great Depression and racism in her mostly white neighborhood but was given a strong sense of identity and security from her parents. Kennedy remembered a time when her father had to be armed with a shotgun in order to ward off the Ku Klux Klan presence that was trying to drive her family out.","In 1944 she began classes at Columbia University School of General Studies, majoring in pre-law and graduated in 1949. However, when she applied to the university's law school, she was refused admission. Kennedy met with the dean and threatened to sue the school. They admitted her. She was the only black person among eight women in her class. Kennedy graduated from Columbia Law School in 1951.","In 1971 she founded the Feminist Party, which nominated Shirley Chisholm for president. She also helped found the National Women's Political Caucus. Kennedy was a lawyer for the Women's Health Collective and 350 plaintiffs in a similar lawsuit about abortion in New York. She worked tirelessly for women's issues and to defeat all oppression. According to Sherie Randolph, in her book Florynce \"Flo\" Kennedy: The Life of a Radical Black Feminist,","\"My main message is that we have a pathologically, institutionally racist, sexist, classist society. And that niggerizing techniques that are used don't only damage black people, but they also damage women, gay people, ex-prison inmates, prostitutes, children, old people, handicapped people, native Americans. And that if we can begin to analyze the pathology of oppression… we would learn a lot about how to deal with it.\"","Kennedy kept revisiting the same aim: \"urging women to examine the sources of their oppression. She spoke of day to day acts of resistance that we can all take...\"","In 1997, Kennedy received a Lifetime Courageous Activist Award, and the following year was honored by Columbia University with their Owl Award for outstanding graduates. In 1999, the City University of New York awarded her the Century Award.","Florynce describes herself in this way, \"I'm just a loud-mouthed middle-aged colored lady with a fused spine and three feet of intestines missing and a lot of people think I'm crazy. Maybe you do too, but I never stop to wonder why I'm not like other people. The mystery to me is why more people aren't like me.\"","With an immeasurable impact on civil rights and equality for all, Kennedy's legacy serves as a reminder that Black women are often at the core of social and political progress, despite being overlooked by history. An empowering figure for women today, Kennedy is remembered for her flamboyance and ferocity that she never apologized for.","Source:\n\"Florynce Kennedy.\" Wikipedia. Accessed 5/30/23.\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florynce_Kennedy","Militano, Hannah. \"Who Was Flo Kennedy? Learn All About the Fiery Black Feminist and Civil Rights Activist.\" L'Officiel.2/09/21.\nhttps://www.lofficielusa.com/politics-culture/who-was-florynce-flo-kennedy-black-feminist-activist"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16784, Florynce Kennedy photographs, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16784, Florynce Kennedy photographs, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains four black and white photographs (roughly trimmed to 8 x 10 inches or slightly larger) featuring  Florynce 'Flo' Kennedy (1916-2000) speaking. Kennedy was an American lawyer, feminist, and activist who founded the Feminist Party in 1971. Each photograph is stamped in red ink with the Examiner Reference Library. The stamps are dated 1973-1976. Three photos include a newspaper clipping of the same image pasted onto the verso, with \"Examiner\" captioning the photo and including photo credits including Paul Gines, Lynott, and Teresa Zabaia. One picture is stamped with a caption on the verso: \"Flo Kennedy at Hookers Convention.\"\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains four black and white photographs (roughly trimmed to 8 x 10 inches or slightly larger) featuring  Florynce 'Flo' Kennedy (1916-2000) speaking. Kennedy was an American lawyer, feminist, and activist who founded the Feminist Party in 1971. Each photograph is stamped in red ink with the Examiner Reference Library. The stamps are dated 1973-1976. Three photos include a newspaper clipping of the same image pasted onto the verso, with \"Examiner\" captioning the photo and including photo credits including Paul Gines, Lynott, and Teresa Zabaia. One picture is stamped with a caption on the verso: \"Flo Kennedy at Hookers Convention.\""],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co."],"names_coll_ssim":["James Arsenault and Co.","Kennedy, Florynce, 1916-2000"],"persname_ssim":["Kennedy, Florynce, 1916-2000"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co.","Kennedy, Florynce, 1916-2000"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:28:33.807Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1524"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1925","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"James Conway Farley collection of cabinet card photographs, 1870/1905","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1925#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Farley, James Conway, 1854-1912","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1925#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains seventeen albumen photograph cabinet cards on cardstock mount of portraits taken by African American photographer James Conway Farley during his time at Davis Studio in Richmond, Virginia, and later at Jefferson Fine Art Gallery at 528 East Broad Street, Richmond, Va. Eight of the cards are from the Jefferson Fine Art Gallery and eight are from Davis Studio. \u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1925#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1925","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1925","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1925","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1925","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1925.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/241725","title_filing_ssi":"Farley, James, Conway, collection of cabinet card photographs","title_ssm":["James Conway Farley collection of cabinet card photographs"],"title_tesim":["James Conway Farley collection of cabinet card photographs"],"unitdate_ssm":["c.1870-1905"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["c.1870-1905"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1870/1905"],"normalized_title_ssm":["James Conway Farley collection of cabinet card photographs, 1870/1905"],"text":["James Conway Farley collection of cabinet card photographs, 1870/1905","MSS 16968","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1925","Richmond (Va.)","cabinet photographs","African Americans -- Photographs","This collection is open for research.","Related to MSS 16964 James Conway Farley photograph of William Custalo","This collection contains seventeen albumen photograph cabinet cards on cardstock mount of portraits taken by African American photographer James Conway Farley during his time at Davis Studio in Richmond, Virginia, and later at Jefferson Fine Art Gallery at 528 East Broad Street, Richmond, Va. Eight of the cards are from the Jefferson Fine Art Gallery and eight are from Davis Studio.","The photographs are notable as a work of James C. Farley, one of the first successful Black photographers in the United States. Born to enslaved parents in Prince Edward County, Virginia in 1854, he moved to Richmond in 1861 and later began work in the chemical department at the C.R. Rees Photography Company. In 1875, Farley was hired by the G.W. Davis Photography Gallery at the objection of the other white employees whom Davis discharged.","After twenty years with G.W. Davis, Farley opened his own studio, The Jefferson Fine Art Gallery, in 1895. Farley gained national recognition for his photography and his studio was patronized by both white and black customers. He is last recorded as a photographer in Jersey City on a 1910 census. Farley's work was widely celebrated and showcased at various exhibitions including the World Industry and Cotton Centennial Exposition in New Orleans.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Auger Down Books","Jefferson Fine Art Gallery (Richmond, Virginia)","Farley, James Conway, 1854-1912","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["James Conway Farley collection of cabinet card photographs, 1870/1905"],"collection_ssim":["James Conway Farley collection of cabinet card photographs, 1870/1905"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16968","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1925"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16968","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1925"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["Richmond (Va.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Richmond (Va.)"],"places_ssim":["Richmond (Va.)"],"creator_ssm":["Farley, James Conway, 1854-1912","Auger Down Books"],"creator_ssim":["Farley, James Conway, 1854-1912","Auger Down Books"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Farley, James Conway, 1854-1912"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Auger Down Books","Jefferson Fine Art Gallery (Richmond, Virginia)"],"creators_ssim":["Farley, James Conway, 1854-1912","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Auger Down Books","Jefferson Fine Art Gallery (Richmond, Virginia)"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was a purchase from Auger Down Books to the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 6 May 2026."],"access_subjects_ssim":["cabinet photographs","African Americans -- Photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["cabinet photographs","African Americans -- Photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".06 Cubic Feet 2 letter folders"],"extent_tesim":[".06 Cubic Feet 2 letter folders"],"genreform_ssim":["cabinet photographs","African Americans -- Photographs","African Americans -- Photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16968, James Conway Farley collection of cabinet card photographs, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16968, James Conway Farley collection of cabinet card photographs, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRelated to MSS 16964 James Conway Farley photograph of William Custalo\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Related to MSS 16964 James Conway Farley photograph of William Custalo"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains seventeen albumen photograph cabinet cards on cardstock mount of portraits taken by African American photographer James Conway Farley during his time at Davis Studio in Richmond, Virginia, and later at Jefferson Fine Art Gallery at 528 East Broad Street, Richmond, Va. Eight of the cards are from the Jefferson Fine Art Gallery and eight are from Davis Studio. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe photographs are notable as a work of James C. Farley, one of the first successful Black photographers in the United States. Born to enslaved parents in Prince Edward County, Virginia in 1854, he moved to Richmond in 1861 and later began work in the chemical department at the C.R. Rees Photography Company. In 1875, Farley was hired by the G.W. Davis Photography Gallery at the objection of the other white employees whom Davis discharged. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter twenty years with G.W. Davis, Farley opened his own studio, The Jefferson Fine Art Gallery, in 1895. Farley gained national recognition for his photography and his studio was patronized by both white and black customers. He is last recorded as a photographer in Jersey City on a 1910 census. Farley's work was widely celebrated and showcased at various exhibitions including the World Industry and Cotton Centennial Exposition in New Orleans.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains seventeen albumen photograph cabinet cards on cardstock mount of portraits taken by African American photographer James Conway Farley during his time at Davis Studio in Richmond, Virginia, and later at Jefferson Fine Art Gallery at 528 East Broad Street, Richmond, Va. Eight of the cards are from the Jefferson Fine Art Gallery and eight are from Davis Studio.","The photographs are notable as a work of James C. Farley, one of the first successful Black photographers in the United States. Born to enslaved parents in Prince Edward County, Virginia in 1854, he moved to Richmond in 1861 and later began work in the chemical department at the C.R. Rees Photography Company. In 1875, Farley was hired by the G.W. Davis Photography Gallery at the objection of the other white employees whom Davis discharged.","After twenty years with G.W. Davis, Farley opened his own studio, The Jefferson Fine Art Gallery, in 1895. Farley gained national recognition for his photography and his studio was patronized by both white and black customers. He is last recorded as a photographer in Jersey City on a 1910 census. Farley's work was widely celebrated and showcased at various exhibitions including the World Industry and Cotton Centennial Exposition in New Orleans."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Auger Down Books","Jefferson Fine Art Gallery (Richmond, Virginia)"],"names_coll_ssim":["Jefferson Fine Art Gallery (Richmond, Virginia)","Auger Down Books"],"persname_ssim":["Farley, James Conway, 1854-1912"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Auger Down Books","Jefferson Fine Art Gallery (Richmond, Virginia)","Farley, James Conway, 1854-1912"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:28:59.529Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1925","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1925","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1925","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1925","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1925.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/241725","title_filing_ssi":"Farley, James, Conway, collection of cabinet card photographs","title_ssm":["James Conway Farley collection of cabinet card photographs"],"title_tesim":["James Conway Farley collection of cabinet card photographs"],"unitdate_ssm":["c.1870-1905"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["c.1870-1905"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1870/1905"],"normalized_title_ssm":["James Conway Farley collection of cabinet card photographs, 1870/1905"],"text":["James Conway Farley collection of cabinet card photographs, 1870/1905","MSS 16968","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1925","Richmond (Va.)","cabinet photographs","African Americans -- Photographs","This collection is open for research.","Related to MSS 16964 James Conway Farley photograph of William Custalo","This collection contains seventeen albumen photograph cabinet cards on cardstock mount of portraits taken by African American photographer James Conway Farley during his time at Davis Studio in Richmond, Virginia, and later at Jefferson Fine Art Gallery at 528 East Broad Street, Richmond, Va. Eight of the cards are from the Jefferson Fine Art Gallery and eight are from Davis Studio.","The photographs are notable as a work of James C. Farley, one of the first successful Black photographers in the United States. Born to enslaved parents in Prince Edward County, Virginia in 1854, he moved to Richmond in 1861 and later began work in the chemical department at the C.R. Rees Photography Company. In 1875, Farley was hired by the G.W. Davis Photography Gallery at the objection of the other white employees whom Davis discharged.","After twenty years with G.W. Davis, Farley opened his own studio, The Jefferson Fine Art Gallery, in 1895. Farley gained national recognition for his photography and his studio was patronized by both white and black customers. He is last recorded as a photographer in Jersey City on a 1910 census. Farley's work was widely celebrated and showcased at various exhibitions including the World Industry and Cotton Centennial Exposition in New Orleans.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Auger Down Books","Jefferson Fine Art Gallery (Richmond, Virginia)","Farley, James Conway, 1854-1912","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["James Conway Farley collection of cabinet card photographs, 1870/1905"],"collection_ssim":["James Conway Farley collection of cabinet card photographs, 1870/1905"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16968","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1925"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16968","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1925"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["Richmond (Va.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Richmond (Va.)"],"places_ssim":["Richmond (Va.)"],"creator_ssm":["Farley, James Conway, 1854-1912","Auger Down Books"],"creator_ssim":["Farley, James Conway, 1854-1912","Auger Down Books"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Farley, James Conway, 1854-1912"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Auger Down Books","Jefferson Fine Art Gallery (Richmond, Virginia)"],"creators_ssim":["Farley, James Conway, 1854-1912","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Auger Down Books","Jefferson Fine Art Gallery (Richmond, Virginia)"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was a purchase from Auger Down Books to the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 6 May 2026."],"access_subjects_ssim":["cabinet photographs","African Americans -- Photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["cabinet photographs","African Americans -- Photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".06 Cubic Feet 2 letter folders"],"extent_tesim":[".06 Cubic Feet 2 letter folders"],"genreform_ssim":["cabinet photographs","African Americans -- Photographs","African Americans -- Photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16968, James Conway Farley collection of cabinet card photographs, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16968, James Conway Farley collection of cabinet card photographs, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRelated to MSS 16964 James Conway Farley photograph of William Custalo\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Related to MSS 16964 James Conway Farley photograph of William Custalo"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains seventeen albumen photograph cabinet cards on cardstock mount of portraits taken by African American photographer James Conway Farley during his time at Davis Studio in Richmond, Virginia, and later at Jefferson Fine Art Gallery at 528 East Broad Street, Richmond, Va. Eight of the cards are from the Jefferson Fine Art Gallery and eight are from Davis Studio. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe photographs are notable as a work of James C. Farley, one of the first successful Black photographers in the United States. Born to enslaved parents in Prince Edward County, Virginia in 1854, he moved to Richmond in 1861 and later began work in the chemical department at the C.R. Rees Photography Company. In 1875, Farley was hired by the G.W. Davis Photography Gallery at the objection of the other white employees whom Davis discharged. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter twenty years with G.W. Davis, Farley opened his own studio, The Jefferson Fine Art Gallery, in 1895. Farley gained national recognition for his photography and his studio was patronized by both white and black customers. He is last recorded as a photographer in Jersey City on a 1910 census. Farley's work was widely celebrated and showcased at various exhibitions including the World Industry and Cotton Centennial Exposition in New Orleans.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains seventeen albumen photograph cabinet cards on cardstock mount of portraits taken by African American photographer James Conway Farley during his time at Davis Studio in Richmond, Virginia, and later at Jefferson Fine Art Gallery at 528 East Broad Street, Richmond, Va. Eight of the cards are from the Jefferson Fine Art Gallery and eight are from Davis Studio.","The photographs are notable as a work of James C. Farley, one of the first successful Black photographers in the United States. Born to enslaved parents in Prince Edward County, Virginia in 1854, he moved to Richmond in 1861 and later began work in the chemical department at the C.R. Rees Photography Company. In 1875, Farley was hired by the G.W. Davis Photography Gallery at the objection of the other white employees whom Davis discharged.","After twenty years with G.W. Davis, Farley opened his own studio, The Jefferson Fine Art Gallery, in 1895. Farley gained national recognition for his photography and his studio was patronized by both white and black customers. He is last recorded as a photographer in Jersey City on a 1910 census. Farley's work was widely celebrated and showcased at various exhibitions including the World Industry and Cotton Centennial Exposition in New Orleans."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Auger Down Books","Jefferson Fine Art Gallery (Richmond, Virginia)"],"names_coll_ssim":["Jefferson Fine Art Gallery (Richmond, Virginia)","Auger Down Books"],"persname_ssim":["Farley, James Conway, 1854-1912"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Auger Down Books","Jefferson Fine Art Gallery (Richmond, Virginia)","Farley, James Conway, 1854-1912"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:28:59.529Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1925"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1523","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Langston Hughes photograph, 1943","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1523#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"James Arsenault and Co.","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1523#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains a single black-and-white photograph of Langston Hughes, noted American poet and leader of the Harlem Renaissance. \u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1523#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1523","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1523","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1523","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1523","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1523.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/189456","title_filing_ssi":"Hughes Langston photograph","title_ssm":["Langston Hughes photograph"],"title_tesim":["Langston Hughes photograph"],"unitdate_ssm":["June  25, 1945"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["June  25, 1945"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1943"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Langston Hughes photograph, 1943"],"text":["Langston Hughes photograph, 1943","MSS 16783","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1523","Poets","African Americans -- Photographs","The collection is open for research use.","James Mercer Langston Hughes (1901-1967) was an American poet, social activist, novelist, playwright, and columnist from Joplin, Missouri. One of the earliest innovators of the literary art form called jazz poetry, Hughes is best known as a leader of the Harlem Renaissance.","Through his poetry, novels, plays, essays, and children's books, he promoted equality, condemned racism and injustice, and celebrated African American culture, humor, and spirituality.","Source:\n\"Langston Hughes.\" The Library of Congress.America's Story from America's library. Accessed 5/26/23\nhttps://www.americaslibrary.gov/aa/hughes/aa_hughes_subj.html","Related to MSS 8870 in the Barrett collection","This collection contains a single black-and-white photograph of Langston Hughes, noted American poet and leader of the Harlem Renaissance.","In the picture, Hughes is surrounded by students after speaking at Harlem's Public School #113 graduation exercises which was also attended by students at James Madison High School and New York City grade school students. Mimeographed caption label with \"Newspictures, Inc. ... please credit 'Acme Photo' ...\"  -- rubber-stamped on verso.","Caption on verso reads, \"Racial Hatred Takes A Back Seat. New York City-- As Race riots flourish throughout the United States, New York's school children gathered today (June 25) to witness graduation exercises in Harlem's public school 113. Langston Hughes, noted American Poet, is mobbed by autograph hunters after speaking at the exercises, which pupils of James Madison High School and the city's grade schools attended. 6/25/43 NY Credit Line (ACME)","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co.","Hughes, Langston, 1902-1967","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Langston Hughes photograph, 1943"],"collection_ssim":["Langston Hughes photograph, 1943"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16783","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1523"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16783","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1523"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["James Arsenault and Co."],"creator_ssim":["James Arsenault and Co."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Hughes, Langston, 1902-1967"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co."],"creators_ssim":["Hughes, Langston, 1902-1967","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co."],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from James Arsenault by the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on on 3 March 2023."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Poets","African Americans -- Photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Poets","African Americans -- Photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 letter folder"],"extent_tesim":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 letter folder"],"physfacet_tesim":["1 photograph"],"genreform_ssim":["African Americans -- Photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1943],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJames Mercer Langston Hughes (1901-1967) was an American poet, social activist, novelist, playwright, and columnist from Joplin, Missouri. One of the earliest innovators of the literary art form called jazz poetry, Hughes is best known as a leader of the Harlem Renaissance.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThrough his poetry, novels, plays, essays, and children's books, he promoted equality, condemned racism and injustice, and celebrated African American culture, humor, and spirituality.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSource:\n\"Langston Hughes.\" The Library of Congress.America's Story from America's library. Accessed 5/26/23\nhttps://www.americaslibrary.gov/aa/hughes/aa_hughes_subj.html\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["James Mercer Langston Hughes (1901-1967) was an American poet, social activist, novelist, playwright, and columnist from Joplin, Missouri. One of the earliest innovators of the literary art form called jazz poetry, Hughes is best known as a leader of the Harlem Renaissance.","Through his poetry, novels, plays, essays, and children's books, he promoted equality, condemned racism and injustice, and celebrated African American culture, humor, and spirituality.","Source:\n\"Langston Hughes.\" The Library of Congress.America's Story from America's library. Accessed 5/26/23\nhttps://www.americaslibrary.gov/aa/hughes/aa_hughes_subj.html"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16783, Langston Hughes photograph, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16783, Langston Hughes photograph, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRelated to MSS 8870 in the Barrett collection\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Related to MSS 8870 in the Barrett collection"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains a single black-and-white photograph of Langston Hughes, noted American poet and leader of the Harlem Renaissance. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the picture, Hughes is surrounded by students after speaking at Harlem's Public School #113 graduation exercises which was also attended by students at James Madison High School and New York City grade school students. Mimeographed caption label with \"Newspictures, Inc. ... please credit 'Acme Photo' ...\"  -- rubber-stamped on verso.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCaption on verso reads, \"Racial Hatred Takes A Back Seat. New York City-- As Race riots flourish throughout the United States, New York's school children gathered today (June 25) to witness graduation exercises in Harlem's public school 113. Langston Hughes, noted American Poet, is mobbed by autograph hunters after speaking at the exercises, which pupils of James Madison High School and the city's grade schools attended. 6/25/43 NY Credit Line (ACME)\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains a single black-and-white photograph of Langston Hughes, noted American poet and leader of the Harlem Renaissance.","In the picture, Hughes is surrounded by students after speaking at Harlem's Public School #113 graduation exercises which was also attended by students at James Madison High School and New York City grade school students. Mimeographed caption label with \"Newspictures, Inc. ... please credit 'Acme Photo' ...\"  -- rubber-stamped on verso.","Caption on verso reads, \"Racial Hatred Takes A Back Seat. New York City-- As Race riots flourish throughout the United States, New York's school children gathered today (June 25) to witness graduation exercises in Harlem's public school 113. Langston Hughes, noted American Poet, is mobbed by autograph hunters after speaking at the exercises, which pupils of James Madison High School and the city's grade schools attended. 6/25/43 NY Credit Line (ACME)"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co."],"names_coll_ssim":["James Arsenault and Co.","Hughes, Langston, 1902-1967"],"persname_ssim":["Hughes, Langston, 1902-1967"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co.","Hughes, Langston, 1902-1967"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:28:33.807Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1523","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1523","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1523","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1523","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1523.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/189456","title_filing_ssi":"Hughes Langston photograph","title_ssm":["Langston Hughes photograph"],"title_tesim":["Langston Hughes photograph"],"unitdate_ssm":["June  25, 1945"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["June  25, 1945"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1943"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Langston Hughes photograph, 1943"],"text":["Langston Hughes photograph, 1943","MSS 16783","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1523","Poets","African Americans -- Photographs","The collection is open for research use.","James Mercer Langston Hughes (1901-1967) was an American poet, social activist, novelist, playwright, and columnist from Joplin, Missouri. One of the earliest innovators of the literary art form called jazz poetry, Hughes is best known as a leader of the Harlem Renaissance.","Through his poetry, novels, plays, essays, and children's books, he promoted equality, condemned racism and injustice, and celebrated African American culture, humor, and spirituality.","Source:\n\"Langston Hughes.\" The Library of Congress.America's Story from America's library. Accessed 5/26/23\nhttps://www.americaslibrary.gov/aa/hughes/aa_hughes_subj.html","Related to MSS 8870 in the Barrett collection","This collection contains a single black-and-white photograph of Langston Hughes, noted American poet and leader of the Harlem Renaissance.","In the picture, Hughes is surrounded by students after speaking at Harlem's Public School #113 graduation exercises which was also attended by students at James Madison High School and New York City grade school students. Mimeographed caption label with \"Newspictures, Inc. ... please credit 'Acme Photo' ...\"  -- rubber-stamped on verso.","Caption on verso reads, \"Racial Hatred Takes A Back Seat. New York City-- As Race riots flourish throughout the United States, New York's school children gathered today (June 25) to witness graduation exercises in Harlem's public school 113. Langston Hughes, noted American Poet, is mobbed by autograph hunters after speaking at the exercises, which pupils of James Madison High School and the city's grade schools attended. 6/25/43 NY Credit Line (ACME)","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co.","Hughes, Langston, 1902-1967","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Langston Hughes photograph, 1943"],"collection_ssim":["Langston Hughes photograph, 1943"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16783","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1523"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16783","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1523"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["James Arsenault and Co."],"creator_ssim":["James Arsenault and Co."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Hughes, Langston, 1902-1967"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co."],"creators_ssim":["Hughes, Langston, 1902-1967","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co."],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from James Arsenault by the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on on 3 March 2023."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Poets","African Americans -- Photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Poets","African Americans -- Photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 letter folder"],"extent_tesim":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 letter folder"],"physfacet_tesim":["1 photograph"],"genreform_ssim":["African Americans -- Photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1943],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJames Mercer Langston Hughes (1901-1967) was an American poet, social activist, novelist, playwright, and columnist from Joplin, Missouri. One of the earliest innovators of the literary art form called jazz poetry, Hughes is best known as a leader of the Harlem Renaissance.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThrough his poetry, novels, plays, essays, and children's books, he promoted equality, condemned racism and injustice, and celebrated African American culture, humor, and spirituality.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSource:\n\"Langston Hughes.\" The Library of Congress.America's Story from America's library. Accessed 5/26/23\nhttps://www.americaslibrary.gov/aa/hughes/aa_hughes_subj.html\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["James Mercer Langston Hughes (1901-1967) was an American poet, social activist, novelist, playwright, and columnist from Joplin, Missouri. One of the earliest innovators of the literary art form called jazz poetry, Hughes is best known as a leader of the Harlem Renaissance.","Through his poetry, novels, plays, essays, and children's books, he promoted equality, condemned racism and injustice, and celebrated African American culture, humor, and spirituality.","Source:\n\"Langston Hughes.\" The Library of Congress.America's Story from America's library. Accessed 5/26/23\nhttps://www.americaslibrary.gov/aa/hughes/aa_hughes_subj.html"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16783, Langston Hughes photograph, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16783, Langston Hughes photograph, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRelated to MSS 8870 in the Barrett collection\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Related to MSS 8870 in the Barrett collection"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains a single black-and-white photograph of Langston Hughes, noted American poet and leader of the Harlem Renaissance. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the picture, Hughes is surrounded by students after speaking at Harlem's Public School #113 graduation exercises which was also attended by students at James Madison High School and New York City grade school students. Mimeographed caption label with \"Newspictures, Inc. ... please credit 'Acme Photo' ...\"  -- rubber-stamped on verso.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCaption on verso reads, \"Racial Hatred Takes A Back Seat. New York City-- As Race riots flourish throughout the United States, New York's school children gathered today (June 25) to witness graduation exercises in Harlem's public school 113. Langston Hughes, noted American Poet, is mobbed by autograph hunters after speaking at the exercises, which pupils of James Madison High School and the city's grade schools attended. 6/25/43 NY Credit Line (ACME)\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains a single black-and-white photograph of Langston Hughes, noted American poet and leader of the Harlem Renaissance.","In the picture, Hughes is surrounded by students after speaking at Harlem's Public School #113 graduation exercises which was also attended by students at James Madison High School and New York City grade school students. Mimeographed caption label with \"Newspictures, Inc. ... please credit 'Acme Photo' ...\"  -- rubber-stamped on verso.","Caption on verso reads, \"Racial Hatred Takes A Back Seat. New York City-- As Race riots flourish throughout the United States, New York's school children gathered today (June 25) to witness graduation exercises in Harlem's public school 113. Langston Hughes, noted American Poet, is mobbed by autograph hunters after speaking at the exercises, which pupils of James Madison High School and the city's grade schools attended. 6/25/43 NY Credit Line (ACME)"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co."],"names_coll_ssim":["James Arsenault and Co.","Hughes, Langston, 1902-1967"],"persname_ssim":["Hughes, Langston, 1902-1967"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co.","Hughes, Langston, 1902-1967"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:28:33.807Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1523"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1641","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Mathew Brady Studio: Union Civil War Camp photograph of African Americans, 1864","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1641#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains an albumen photograph of a Union wagon camp in Virginia during the Civil War from the Washington D.C. studio of Mathew Brady. Brady was one of the earliest and most famous photographers in American history. He is best known for his scenes of the Civil War. He often photographed Black soldiers and laborers during the war, mostly in Union or contraband camps. The present image documents for posterity a number of Black soldiers and laborers working towards a Union victory in the Civil War, a watershed moment in the history for African American people.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1641#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1641","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1641","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1641","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1641","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1641.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/196324","title_filing_ssi":"Brady, Mathew Studio Union Civil War Camp photograph of African Americans","title_ssm":["Mathew Brady Studio: Union Civil War Camp photograph of African Americans"],"title_tesim":["Mathew Brady Studio: Union Civil War Camp photograph of African Americans"],"unitdate_ssm":["c.1864"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["c.1864"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1864"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Mathew Brady Studio: Union Civil War Camp photograph of African Americans, 1864"],"text":["Mathew Brady Studio: Union Civil War Camp photograph of African Americans, 1864","MSS 16833","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1641","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Participation, African American","African Americans -- Photographs","The collection is open for research use.","Mathew Brady (1822 or 1824-1896) was an American photographer  as who was one of the earliest and most famous photographers in American history. He is best known for his scenes of the Civil War.  He studied under inventor Samuel Morse, who pioneered the daguerreotype technique in America. Brady opened his own studio in New York City in 1844, and went on to photograph U.S. presidents John Quincy Adams, Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Jackson, Millard Fillmore and Martin Van Buren, among other public figures. Brady is credited with being the father of photojournalism.","When the Civil War began, Brady's use of a mobile studio and darkroom enabled thousands of vivid battlefield photographs to bring home the reality of war to the public. He also photographed generals and politicians on both sides of the conflict, though most of these were taken by his assistants rather than by Brady himself.","After the end of the Civil War, these pictures went out of fashion, and the government did not purchase the master copies as he had anticipated. Brady's fortunes declined sharply, and he died in debt.","There are several books in our collections relating to Mathew Brady photographs including Mathew Brady: Portraits of a Nation; Mathew Brady: A Historian with a Camera; Brady's Album Gallery; and Gardner's photographic sketchbook of the war.","This collection contains an albumen photograph of a Union wagon camp in Virginia during the Civil War from the Washington D.C. studio of Mathew Brady. Brady was one of the earliest and most famous photographers in American history. He is best known for his scenes of the Civil War. He often photographed Black soldiers and laborers during the war, mostly in Union or contraband camps. The present image documents for posterity a number of Black soldiers and laborers working towards a Union victory in the Civil War, a watershed moment in the history for African American people.","The photograph measures  5 X 8 inches and is affixed to a 6 X 9 inches studio mount.  It depicts numerous men standing amid three houses, tents, and a few wagons. One wagon has \"U.S. 12 07\" stenciled on its side. Among the soldiers and teamsters are five Black men.","Some of the men, dressed in simple work clothes, may have served as servants as \"contraband of war,\" while other Black men in military uniform were likely enlisted as soldiers in the regiments of Black troops.","A penciled note on the verso reads, \"Photograph of camp in Virginia where D.H. Plumb was located for a time in the Civil War.\" The most likely reference is to Reverend David Henry Plumb, a private in the 4th Massachusetts Cavalry, which served in Virginia in 1864-65. Reverend Plumb mustered into the 4th Massachusetts in January 1864 and served until July 1, 1865. A signature opposite the inscription reads \"Helen Thomas,\" who was potentially a descendant of Plumb's due to the familiar nature of the inscription.","Sources:\n\"Mathew Brady\" Wikepedia. Accessed 4/4/24\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathew_Brady","Dealer information.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Mathew Brady Studio: Union Civil War Camp photograph of African Americans, 1864"],"collection_ssim":["Mathew Brady Studio: Union Civil War Camp photograph of African Americans, 1864"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16833","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1641"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16833","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1641"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Participation, African American"],"geogname_ssim":["United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Participation, African American"],"places_ssim":["United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Participation, African American"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"creators_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from McBride Rare Books by the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 20 October 2023."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans -- Photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans -- Photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 folder (letter)"],"extent_tesim":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 folder (letter)"],"genreform_ssim":["African Americans -- Photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1864],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMathew Brady (1822 or 1824-1896) was an American photographer  as who was one of the earliest and most famous photographers in American history. He is best known for his scenes of the Civil War.  He studied under inventor Samuel Morse, who pioneered the daguerreotype technique in America. Brady opened his own studio in New York City in 1844, and went on to photograph U.S. presidents John Quincy Adams, Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Jackson, Millard Fillmore and Martin Van Buren, among other public figures. Brady is credited with being the father of photojournalism. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWhen the Civil War began, Brady's use of a mobile studio and darkroom enabled thousands of vivid battlefield photographs to bring home the reality of war to the public. He also photographed generals and politicians on both sides of the conflict, though most of these were taken by his assistants rather than by Brady himself.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter the end of the Civil War, these pictures went out of fashion, and the government did not purchase the master copies as he had anticipated. Brady's fortunes declined sharply, and he died in debt. \u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Mathew Brady (1822 or 1824-1896) was an American photographer  as who was one of the earliest and most famous photographers in American history. He is best known for his scenes of the Civil War.  He studied under inventor Samuel Morse, who pioneered the daguerreotype technique in America. Brady opened his own studio in New York City in 1844, and went on to photograph U.S. presidents John Quincy Adams, Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Jackson, Millard Fillmore and Martin Van Buren, among other public figures. Brady is credited with being the father of photojournalism.","When the Civil War began, Brady's use of a mobile studio and darkroom enabled thousands of vivid battlefield photographs to bring home the reality of war to the public. He also photographed generals and politicians on both sides of the conflict, though most of these were taken by his assistants rather than by Brady himself.","After the end of the Civil War, these pictures went out of fashion, and the government did not purchase the master copies as he had anticipated. Brady's fortunes declined sharply, and he died in debt."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16833, Mathew Brady Studio Union Civil War Camp photograph of African Americans, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16833, Mathew Brady Studio Union Civil War Camp photograph of African Americans, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are several books in our collections relating to Mathew Brady photographs including Mathew Brady: Portraits of a Nation; Mathew Brady: A Historian with a Camera; Brady's Album Gallery; and Gardner's photographic sketchbook of the war.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["There are several books in our collections relating to Mathew Brady photographs including Mathew Brady: Portraits of a Nation; Mathew Brady: A Historian with a Camera; Brady's Album Gallery; and Gardner's photographic sketchbook of the war."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains an albumen photograph of a Union wagon camp in Virginia during the Civil War from the Washington D.C. studio of Mathew Brady. Brady was one of the earliest and most famous photographers in American history. He is best known for his scenes of the Civil War. He often photographed Black soldiers and laborers during the war, mostly in Union or contraband camps. The present image documents for posterity a number of Black soldiers and laborers working towards a Union victory in the Civil War, a watershed moment in the history for African American people.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe photograph measures  5 X 8 inches and is affixed to a 6 X 9 inches studio mount.  It depicts numerous men standing amid three houses, tents, and a few wagons. One wagon has \"U.S. 12 07\" stenciled on its side. Among the soldiers and teamsters are five Black men. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSome of the men, dressed in simple work clothes, may have served as servants as \"contraband of war,\" while other Black men in military uniform were likely enlisted as soldiers in the regiments of Black troops. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA penciled note on the verso reads, \"Photograph of camp in Virginia where D.H. Plumb was located for a time in the Civil War.\" The most likely reference is to Reverend David Henry Plumb, a private in the 4th Massachusetts Cavalry, which served in Virginia in 1864-65. Reverend Plumb mustered into the 4th Massachusetts in January 1864 and served until July 1, 1865. A signature opposite the inscription reads \"Helen Thomas,\" who was potentially a descendant of Plumb's due to the familiar nature of the inscription.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSources:\n\"Mathew Brady\" Wikepedia. Accessed 4/4/24\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathew_Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDealer information.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains an albumen photograph of a Union wagon camp in Virginia during the Civil War from the Washington D.C. studio of Mathew Brady. Brady was one of the earliest and most famous photographers in American history. He is best known for his scenes of the Civil War. He often photographed Black soldiers and laborers during the war, mostly in Union or contraband camps. The present image documents for posterity a number of Black soldiers and laborers working towards a Union victory in the Civil War, a watershed moment in the history for African American people.","The photograph measures  5 X 8 inches and is affixed to a 6 X 9 inches studio mount.  It depicts numerous men standing amid three houses, tents, and a few wagons. One wagon has \"U.S. 12 07\" stenciled on its side. Among the soldiers and teamsters are five Black men.","Some of the men, dressed in simple work clothes, may have served as servants as \"contraband of war,\" while other Black men in military uniform were likely enlisted as soldiers in the regiments of Black troops.","A penciled note on the verso reads, \"Photograph of camp in Virginia where D.H. Plumb was located for a time in the Civil War.\" The most likely reference is to Reverend David Henry Plumb, a private in the 4th Massachusetts Cavalry, which served in Virginia in 1864-65. Reverend Plumb mustered into the 4th Massachusetts in January 1864 and served until July 1, 1865. A signature opposite the inscription reads \"Helen Thomas,\" who was potentially a descendant of Plumb's due to the familiar nature of the inscription.","Sources:\n\"Mathew Brady\" Wikepedia. Accessed 4/4/24\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathew_Brady","Dealer information."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:28:33.807Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1641","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1641","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1641","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1641","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1641.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/196324","title_filing_ssi":"Brady, Mathew Studio Union Civil War Camp photograph of African Americans","title_ssm":["Mathew Brady Studio: Union Civil War Camp photograph of African Americans"],"title_tesim":["Mathew Brady Studio: Union Civil War Camp photograph of African Americans"],"unitdate_ssm":["c.1864"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["c.1864"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1864"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Mathew Brady Studio: Union Civil War Camp photograph of African Americans, 1864"],"text":["Mathew Brady Studio: Union Civil War Camp photograph of African Americans, 1864","MSS 16833","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1641","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Participation, African American","African Americans -- Photographs","The collection is open for research use.","Mathew Brady (1822 or 1824-1896) was an American photographer  as who was one of the earliest and most famous photographers in American history. He is best known for his scenes of the Civil War.  He studied under inventor Samuel Morse, who pioneered the daguerreotype technique in America. Brady opened his own studio in New York City in 1844, and went on to photograph U.S. presidents John Quincy Adams, Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Jackson, Millard Fillmore and Martin Van Buren, among other public figures. Brady is credited with being the father of photojournalism.","When the Civil War began, Brady's use of a mobile studio and darkroom enabled thousands of vivid battlefield photographs to bring home the reality of war to the public. He also photographed generals and politicians on both sides of the conflict, though most of these were taken by his assistants rather than by Brady himself.","After the end of the Civil War, these pictures went out of fashion, and the government did not purchase the master copies as he had anticipated. Brady's fortunes declined sharply, and he died in debt.","There are several books in our collections relating to Mathew Brady photographs including Mathew Brady: Portraits of a Nation; Mathew Brady: A Historian with a Camera; Brady's Album Gallery; and Gardner's photographic sketchbook of the war.","This collection contains an albumen photograph of a Union wagon camp in Virginia during the Civil War from the Washington D.C. studio of Mathew Brady. Brady was one of the earliest and most famous photographers in American history. He is best known for his scenes of the Civil War. He often photographed Black soldiers and laborers during the war, mostly in Union or contraband camps. The present image documents for posterity a number of Black soldiers and laborers working towards a Union victory in the Civil War, a watershed moment in the history for African American people.","The photograph measures  5 X 8 inches and is affixed to a 6 X 9 inches studio mount.  It depicts numerous men standing amid three houses, tents, and a few wagons. One wagon has \"U.S. 12 07\" stenciled on its side. Among the soldiers and teamsters are five Black men.","Some of the men, dressed in simple work clothes, may have served as servants as \"contraband of war,\" while other Black men in military uniform were likely enlisted as soldiers in the regiments of Black troops.","A penciled note on the verso reads, \"Photograph of camp in Virginia where D.H. Plumb was located for a time in the Civil War.\" The most likely reference is to Reverend David Henry Plumb, a private in the 4th Massachusetts Cavalry, which served in Virginia in 1864-65. Reverend Plumb mustered into the 4th Massachusetts in January 1864 and served until July 1, 1865. A signature opposite the inscription reads \"Helen Thomas,\" who was potentially a descendant of Plumb's due to the familiar nature of the inscription.","Sources:\n\"Mathew Brady\" Wikepedia. Accessed 4/4/24\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathew_Brady","Dealer information.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Mathew Brady Studio: Union Civil War Camp photograph of African Americans, 1864"],"collection_ssim":["Mathew Brady Studio: Union Civil War Camp photograph of African Americans, 1864"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16833","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1641"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16833","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1641"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Participation, African American"],"geogname_ssim":["United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Participation, African American"],"places_ssim":["United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Participation, African American"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"creators_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from McBride Rare Books by the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 20 October 2023."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans -- Photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans -- Photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 folder (letter)"],"extent_tesim":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 folder (letter)"],"genreform_ssim":["African Americans -- Photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1864],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMathew Brady (1822 or 1824-1896) was an American photographer  as who was one of the earliest and most famous photographers in American history. He is best known for his scenes of the Civil War.  He studied under inventor Samuel Morse, who pioneered the daguerreotype technique in America. Brady opened his own studio in New York City in 1844, and went on to photograph U.S. presidents John Quincy Adams, Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Jackson, Millard Fillmore and Martin Van Buren, among other public figures. Brady is credited with being the father of photojournalism. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWhen the Civil War began, Brady's use of a mobile studio and darkroom enabled thousands of vivid battlefield photographs to bring home the reality of war to the public. He also photographed generals and politicians on both sides of the conflict, though most of these were taken by his assistants rather than by Brady himself.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter the end of the Civil War, these pictures went out of fashion, and the government did not purchase the master copies as he had anticipated. Brady's fortunes declined sharply, and he died in debt. \u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Mathew Brady (1822 or 1824-1896) was an American photographer  as who was one of the earliest and most famous photographers in American history. He is best known for his scenes of the Civil War.  He studied under inventor Samuel Morse, who pioneered the daguerreotype technique in America. Brady opened his own studio in New York City in 1844, and went on to photograph U.S. presidents John Quincy Adams, Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Jackson, Millard Fillmore and Martin Van Buren, among other public figures. Brady is credited with being the father of photojournalism.","When the Civil War began, Brady's use of a mobile studio and darkroom enabled thousands of vivid battlefield photographs to bring home the reality of war to the public. He also photographed generals and politicians on both sides of the conflict, though most of these were taken by his assistants rather than by Brady himself.","After the end of the Civil War, these pictures went out of fashion, and the government did not purchase the master copies as he had anticipated. Brady's fortunes declined sharply, and he died in debt."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16833, Mathew Brady Studio Union Civil War Camp photograph of African Americans, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16833, Mathew Brady Studio Union Civil War Camp photograph of African Americans, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are several books in our collections relating to Mathew Brady photographs including Mathew Brady: Portraits of a Nation; Mathew Brady: A Historian with a Camera; Brady's Album Gallery; and Gardner's photographic sketchbook of the war.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["There are several books in our collections relating to Mathew Brady photographs including Mathew Brady: Portraits of a Nation; Mathew Brady: A Historian with a Camera; Brady's Album Gallery; and Gardner's photographic sketchbook of the war."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains an albumen photograph of a Union wagon camp in Virginia during the Civil War from the Washington D.C. studio of Mathew Brady. Brady was one of the earliest and most famous photographers in American history. He is best known for his scenes of the Civil War. He often photographed Black soldiers and laborers during the war, mostly in Union or contraband camps. The present image documents for posterity a number of Black soldiers and laborers working towards a Union victory in the Civil War, a watershed moment in the history for African American people.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe photograph measures  5 X 8 inches and is affixed to a 6 X 9 inches studio mount.  It depicts numerous men standing amid three houses, tents, and a few wagons. One wagon has \"U.S. 12 07\" stenciled on its side. Among the soldiers and teamsters are five Black men. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSome of the men, dressed in simple work clothes, may have served as servants as \"contraband of war,\" while other Black men in military uniform were likely enlisted as soldiers in the regiments of Black troops. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA penciled note on the verso reads, \"Photograph of camp in Virginia where D.H. Plumb was located for a time in the Civil War.\" The most likely reference is to Reverend David Henry Plumb, a private in the 4th Massachusetts Cavalry, which served in Virginia in 1864-65. Reverend Plumb mustered into the 4th Massachusetts in January 1864 and served until July 1, 1865. A signature opposite the inscription reads \"Helen Thomas,\" who was potentially a descendant of Plumb's due to the familiar nature of the inscription.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSources:\n\"Mathew Brady\" Wikepedia. Accessed 4/4/24\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathew_Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDealer information.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains an albumen photograph of a Union wagon camp in Virginia during the Civil War from the Washington D.C. studio of Mathew Brady. Brady was one of the earliest and most famous photographers in American history. He is best known for his scenes of the Civil War. He often photographed Black soldiers and laborers during the war, mostly in Union or contraband camps. The present image documents for posterity a number of Black soldiers and laborers working towards a Union victory in the Civil War, a watershed moment in the history for African American people.","The photograph measures  5 X 8 inches and is affixed to a 6 X 9 inches studio mount.  It depicts numerous men standing amid three houses, tents, and a few wagons. One wagon has \"U.S. 12 07\" stenciled on its side. Among the soldiers and teamsters are five Black men.","Some of the men, dressed in simple work clothes, may have served as servants as \"contraband of war,\" while other Black men in military uniform were likely enlisted as soldiers in the regiments of Black troops.","A penciled note on the verso reads, \"Photograph of camp in Virginia where D.H. Plumb was located for a time in the Civil War.\" The most likely reference is to Reverend David Henry Plumb, a private in the 4th Massachusetts Cavalry, which served in Virginia in 1864-65. Reverend Plumb mustered into the 4th Massachusetts in January 1864 and served until July 1, 1865. A signature opposite the inscription reads \"Helen Thomas,\" who was potentially a descendant of Plumb's due to the familiar nature of the inscription.","Sources:\n\"Mathew Brady\" Wikepedia. Accessed 4/4/24\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathew_Brady","Dealer information."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:28:33.807Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1641"}}],"included":[{"type":"facet","id":"repository_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Repository","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept.","value":"University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept.","hits":12},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept.\u0026view=list"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/repository_ssim.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"facet","id":"collection_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Collection","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"African American girl's birthday photograph album, 1960","value":"African American girl's birthday photograph album, 1960","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=African+American+girl%27s+birthday+photograph+album%2C+1960\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"African American programs and photographs from Roanoke, and Wytheville, Virginia, 1954/1977","value":"African American programs and photographs from Roanoke, and Wytheville, Virginia, 1954/1977","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=African+American+programs+and+photographs+from+Roanoke%2C+and+Wytheville%2C+Virginia%2C+1954%2F1977\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"African-American man photographic crayon enlargement portrait, 1870","value":"African-American man photographic crayon enlargement portrait, 1870","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=African-American+man+photographic+crayon+enlargement+portrait%2C+1870\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Booker T. Washington Night School Sewing Graduating Class of 1950 photograph, 1950","value":"Booker T. Washington Night School Sewing Graduating Class of 1950 photograph, 1950","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Booker+T.+Washington+Night+School+Sewing+Graduating+Class+of+1950+photograph%2C+1950\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Collection of African American Children photographs, 1950/1990","value":"Collection of African American Children photographs, 1950/1990","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Collection+of+African+American+Children+photographs%2C+1950%2F1990\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Collection of photographs of African American Men and Boys from New Orleans, 1930","value":"Collection of photographs of African American Men and Boys from New Orleans, 1930","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Collection+of+photographs+of+African+American+Men+and+Boys+from+New+Orleans%2C+1930\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Florynce Kennedy photographs, 1973/1976","value":"Florynce Kennedy photographs, 1973/1976","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Florynce+Kennedy+photographs%2C+1973%2F1976\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"James Conway Farley collection of cabinet card photographs, 1870/1905","value":"James Conway Farley collection of cabinet card photographs, 1870/1905","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=James+Conway+Farley+collection+of+cabinet+card+photographs%2C+1870%2F1905\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Langston Hughes photograph, 1943","value":"Langston Hughes photograph, 1943","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Langston+Hughes+photograph%2C+1943\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Mathew Brady Studio: Union Civil War Camp photograph of African Americans, 1864","value":"Mathew Brady Studio: Union Civil War Camp photograph of African Americans, 1864","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Mathew+Brady+Studio%3A+Union+Civil+War+Camp+photograph+of+African+Americans%2C+1864\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Thomas H. Brown Funeral Home ledger and photograph, 1935/1941","value":"Thomas H. Brown Funeral Home ledger and photograph, 1935/1941","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Thomas+H.+Brown+Funeral+Home+ledger+and+photograph%2C+1935%2F1941\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/collection_ssim.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"facet","id":"date_range_isim","attributes":{"label":"Date range","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"1819","value":"1819","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1819\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1820","value":"1820","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1820\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1864","value":"1864","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1864\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1870","value":"1870","hits":3},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1870\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1871","value":"1871","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1871\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1872","value":"1872","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1872\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1873","value":"1873","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1873\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1874","value":"1874","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1874\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1875","value":"1875","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1875\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1876","value":"1876","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1876\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1877","value":"1877","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1877\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/date_range_isim.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"facet","id":"creator_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Creator","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Auger Down Books","value":"Auger Down Books","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Auger+Down+Books\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Farley, James Conway, 1854-1912","value":"Farley, James Conway, 1854-1912","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Farley%2C+James+Conway%2C+1854-1912\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"James Arsenault and Co.","value":"James Arsenault and Co.","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=James+Arsenault+and+Co.\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Max Rambod","value":"Max Rambod","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Max+Rambod\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Modern Arts Studio (Norfolk, Va.)","value":"Modern Arts Studio (Norfolk, Va.)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Modern+Arts+Studio+%28Norfolk%2C+Va.%29\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Primary Sources, Uncharted Americana  (Ann Arbor, MI)","value":"Primary Sources, Uncharted Americana  (Ann Arbor, MI)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Primary+Sources%2C+Uncharted+Americana++%28Ann+Arbor%2C+MI%29\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Rich, William George, Jr., 1905-1988","value":"Rich, William George, Jr., 1905-1988","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Rich%2C+William+George%2C+Jr.%2C+1905-1988\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/creator_ssim.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"facet","id":"names_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Names","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","value":"Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","hits":12},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Albert+and+Shirley+Small+Special+Collections+Library\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Auger Down Books","value":"Auger Down Books","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Auger+Down+Books\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Booker T. Washington High School (Norfolk, Va.)","value":"Booker T. Washington High School (Norfolk, Va.)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Booker+T.+Washington+High+School+%28Norfolk%2C+Va.%29\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Farley, James Conway, 1854-1912","value":"Farley, James Conway, 1854-1912","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Farley%2C+James+Conway%2C+1854-1912\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Hughes, Langston, 1902-1967","value":"Hughes, Langston, 1902-1967","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Hughes%2C+Langston%2C+1902-1967\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"James Arsenault and Co.","value":"James Arsenault and Co.","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=James+Arsenault+and+Co.\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Jefferson Fine Art Gallery (Richmond, Virginia)","value":"Jefferson Fine Art Gallery (Richmond, Virginia)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Jefferson+Fine+Art+Gallery+%28Richmond%2C+Virginia%29\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Kennedy, Florynce, 1916-2000","value":"Kennedy, Florynce, 1916-2000","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Kennedy%2C+Florynce%2C+1916-2000\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Max Rambod","value":"Max Rambod","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Max+Rambod\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Modern Arts Studio (Norfolk, Va.)","value":"Modern Arts Studio (Norfolk, Va.)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Modern+Arts+Studio+%28Norfolk%2C+Va.%29\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Norfolk (Va.)","value":"Norfolk (Va.)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Norfolk+%28Va.%29\u0026view=list"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/names_ssim.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"facet","id":"geogname_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Places","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Funeral homes","value":"Funeral homes","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Funeral+homes\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Louisiana -- New Orleans","value":"Louisiana -- New Orleans","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Louisiana+--+New+Orleans\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Petersburg (Va.)","value":"Petersburg (Va.)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Petersburg+%28Va.%29\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Richmond (Va.)","value":"Richmond (Va.)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Richmond+%28Va.%29\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Participation, African American","value":"United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Participation, African American","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=United+States+--+History+--+Civil+War%2C+1861-1865+--+Participation%2C+African+American\u0026view=list"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/geogname_ssim.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"facet","id":"access_subjects_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Subjects","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"African American business enterprises","value":"African American business enterprises","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+American+business+enterprises\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"African American children","value":"African American children","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+American+children\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"African American families","value":"African American families","hits":5},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+American+families\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"African American schools","value":"African American schools","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+American+schools\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"African American women","value":"African American women","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+American+women\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"African American young men","value":"African American young men","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+American+young+men\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"African Americans","value":"African Americans","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"African Americans -- Civil rights","value":"African Americans -- Civil rights","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Civil+rights\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"African Americans -- Education","value":"African Americans -- Education","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Education\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"African Americans -- Photographs","value":"African Americans -- Photographs","hits":12},"links":{"remove":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"African Americans -- Virginia","value":"African Americans -- Virginia","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Virginia\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/access_subjects_ssim.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"facet","id":"level_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Level","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Collection","value":"Collection","hits":12},"links":{"remove":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/level_ssim.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"all_fields","attributes":{"label":"All Fields"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026search_field=all_fields\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"keyword","attributes":{"label":"Keyword"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026search_field=keyword\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"name","attributes":{"label":"Name"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026search_field=name\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"place","attributes":{"label":"Place"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026search_field=place\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"subject","attributes":{"label":"Subject"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026search_field=subject\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"title","attributes":{"label":"Title"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026search_field=title\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"container","attributes":{"label":"Container"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026search_field=container\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"identifier","attributes":{"label":"Identifier"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026search_field=identifier\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"sort","id":"score desc, title_sort asc","attributes":{"label":"relevance"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026sort=score+desc%2C+title_sort+asc\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"sort","id":"date_sort asc","attributes":{"label":"date (ascending)"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026sort=date_sort+asc\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"sort","id":"date_sort desc","attributes":{"label":"date (descending)"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026sort=date_sort+desc\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"sort","id":"creator_sort asc","attributes":{"label":"creator (A-Z)"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026sort=creator_sort+asc\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"sort","id":"creator_sort desc","attributes":{"label":"creator (Z-A)"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026sort=creator_sort+desc\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"sort","id":"title_sort asc","attributes":{"label":"title (A-Z)"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026sort=title_sort+asc\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"sort","id":"title_sort desc","attributes":{"label":"title (Z-A)"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+--+Photographs\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026sort=title_sort+desc\u0026view=list"}}]}