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It was possibly an auction tally."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Gary Alonzo Barranger"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"names_coll_ssim":["Gary Alonzo Barranger"],"persname_ssim":["Gary Alonzo Barranger"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":1,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T13:04:09.265Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_7773"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_998","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Nydrie and Algoma related papers","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_998#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of papers relating to Nydrie and Algoma, consisting chiefly of photographs and articles pertaining to the family homes of the Logan and Forsyth families. Included is a scrapbook of articles by Lily Logan Morrill.This collection contains material from around 1880, when the homes were built, to about 1960, when the Forsyth family, which owned \"Nydrie\" at the time, started a discussion about what to do with the house due to its dilapidated conditions. This collection focuses on two families, the Logans who owned \"Algoma,\" and the Forsyths who owned \"Nydrie.\" \u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_998#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_998","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_998","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_998","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_998","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_998.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/120861","title_filing_ssi":"Nydrie and Algoma related papers","title_ssm":["Nydrie and Algoma related papers"],"title_tesim":["Nydrie and Algoma related papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1862-2003"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1862-2003"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS .14956","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/998"],"text":["MSS .14956","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/998","Nydrie and Algoma related papers","Nydrie--Dwelling","Algoma--Dwelling","Thomas Muldrup Logan, 1808-1876","African Americans","Scrapbooks","Black-and-white photographs","Fair to good.","This collection is open for research use.","This collection focuses on the two families that inhabited \"Nydrie,\" a farm located in Esmont, Virginia, and \"Algoma,\" a farm located in Buckingham County, Virginia. ","\"Nydrie,\" located in Esmont, Virginia, was built in 1891 to resemble a Scottish castle and was owned by the Forsyth family. Members of this family include Harry Forsyth (1846-1902), a wealthy sugar broker who resided in Louisiana, and his wife, Sarah Rice Johnson Forsyth (1849-1920), their son, Douglas Forsyth (1875-1941), the children of Douglas Forsyth, Bucky Forsyth (1912-1980)and Sarah Forsyth Randolph (1912-1937), and various other family members. ","The Forsyths were descended from William Forsyth (1812-1899), a conservative British member of parliament and lawyer who wrote several books about legal subjects. The land where the house was built was originally called the Tom Coles farm and was sold to the family in 1890. Douglas Forsyth eventually sold this mansion to Daniel Van Clief, a successful horse stud breeder, but it fell into disrepair and eventually was torn down in 1970. The Van Cliefs continued to own the land until 2008.","The \"Algoma farm,\" located in Buckingham, Virginia, was the summer home of Thomas Muldrup Logan and his family. Thomas Logan was a famous Confederate Brigadier General who served under Robert E. Lee, as well as a railway and business associate of John D. Rockefeller. About 1880, Thomas M. Logan bought the \"Hartsook Farm,\" and this land became the \"Algoma\" Farm. The \"Algoma Farm\" had several buildings on it including the \"Algoma\" house which was built in the 1880s, \"Axtell Academy,\" an educational school for women which was managed by his daughter Meta Cabell (1875-1904). The \"John Crews Farm\" was owned by Lena Logan (1879-1961), the wife of Douglas Forsyth, and \"Dungannon,\"  built as a summer home for Dr. H.D. Bruns and his wife, Katy Logan Bruns, was next to \"Algoma.\" ","There is a book called the \"Algoma Log Book,\" deciphered by Elizabeth Scott, which gives an excellent record of the everyday activities of this house as well as the African Americans which worked for the family.","The link to the \"Algoma Log Book\" transcribed by Elizabeth Scott is: ","https://drive.google.com/file/d/1zwWZLf51_snYjoOShPP7NcSh-dx6tZ49/view?usp=sharing","This folder contains images of Axtell Academy, which was a school for women, built in Buckingham County in 1892. General Logan wanted this school built for his daughters, so they would have a good education. His daughter, Meta Forsyth Cabell, eventually raning the school. One of the teachers at this school was Professor Irving Sale who was a University of Virginia graduate. The library of this school was incredibly advanced for its time with over 3,000 books.","This collection consists of papers relating to Nydrie and Algoma, consisting chiefly of photographs and articles pertaining to the family homes of the Logan and Forsyth families. Included is a scrapbook of articles by Lily Logan Morrill.This collection contains material from around 1880, when the homes were built, to about 1960, when the Forsyth family, which owned \"Nydrie\" at the time, started a discussion about what to do with the house due to its dilapidated conditions. This collection focuses on two families, the Logans who owned \"Algoma,\" and the Forsyths who owned \"Nydrie.\" ","The papers consists of various photographs of the family, drawings, and newspaper clippings about Thomas Muldrup Logan, a Confederate Brigadier General who served under Robert E. Lee, photographs of Lily Morrill (1877-1944) who owned  \"Enniscorthy,\" and photographs of the \"Enniscorthy plantation\" in the 1800s.","Also present are photographs and news clippings about Lily Morrill's daughter Elizabeth Morrill Holladay (1909-1996), a pilot who helped ferry planes during WWII, news clippings and information about Axtell Academy, Buckingham County, Virginia, a school for women which was run by Meta Logan Cabell, the daughter of Thomas M. Logan, and five scrapbooks labeled A through E which hold photographs of the families, writings by Lily Morrill, as well as some photographs of African Americans. There are also various photographs throughout the collection of both the inside and outside of the \"Nydrie\" and \"Algoma\" houses, photographs of Lily Logan at graduation, and photographs of the Green Mountain Hunt Club . ","Christmas cards to one of the families, containing images of \"Guthrie Hall,\" an historic mansion located in Esmont, Virginia, and a photograph of the Cliveden Astors.","This folder contains newspaper clippings about Thomas Muldrup Logan, including a newspaper clipping about Lena Logan Forsyth accepting honors for her father at the unveiling of the Washington Light Infantry Monument in Charleston, SC in 1891. There is also an article of Elizabeth Drake Morrill Holladay, a female pilot who ferried planes during WWII. This was a part of a female group of pilots called the 'Ninety-Nines.' Her second husband, Richard Fairfield Holladay, helped build the Albemarle Airport.","This folder contains photographs of the inside and outside of the Algoma house, dating from around 1890 until around 1980.  There is information about the farm with a diagram of how the farm was divided up and information about who had different areas of the farm. There is also an image of \"Dungannon,\" the house on the Algoma farm owned by Katy Logan Bruns, one of the daughters of Thomas M. Logan.","This folder contains various images of the inside and outside of Nydrie, including an article about Nydrie having fallen into disrepair and There is also a hand drawn image of Nydrie used on a flier attempting to sell materials from Nydrie.","\"Enniscorthy\" was a large plantation in Albemarle County originally owned by the Coles family who had business connections with Thomas Jefferson. Mr. and Ms. Morrill obtained the house in 1926. Lily Morrill completely restructured the garden, and it became well known in the area for its beauty.","This folder contains various images of the Forsyth and Logan family. There are various images of Sarah Johnson (Forsyth) Randolph getting married in 1937 at Christ Episcopal Church, Glendower, Albemarle County, Virginia. This church is one of the oldest Episcopal churches in St. Anne's Parish, Albemarle Virginia, and is recognized in the National Record of Historic Places. There are also various images of Sarah Rice Johnson Forsyth, Bucky Forsyth, Lily Logan Morrill, Albert Henry Morrill, T.M. Logan's daughters, and various other members of the family.","One thing to note is there is a photograph showing an African American woman holding the twins Sarah Forsyth Randolph and Bucky Forsyth. Her name is Rebecca Ward Jordan.","Page 1 and 2 of this scrapbook contain images of \"Clover Hill,\" and its cemetery, Chesterfield, Virginia, a famous plantation before the Civil War. An enslaved man found coal on the land which led to several mines opening on the plantation. These mines became known as the \"Clover Hill Pits.\" Robert E. Lee also briefly visited this house for dinner. This plantation was the childhood home of Kate Virginia Cox, the wife of Thomas Muldrup Logan. ","Pages 4 and 5 of the scrapbook contain photographs of General Thomas Muldrup Logan in uniform and in civilian clothes after the Civil War. ","Page 9 contains images of African Americans. The African American woman shown is named Ellen Jasper (died 1904). ","Page 17 contains two images of an African American man listed only as \"Uncle David (Algoma).\" He served previously as an enslaved laborer for one of the Rives family in the Confederate Army. ","Page 18 has another image of \"Uncle David.\" It also shows an image of someone plowing, who may also be an African American man.","Page 19 shows Lena Logan dressed up for Mardi Gras. The Logan families' non-summer home was located in Louisiana. ","Page 23 has another photograph of Ellen Jasper and page 25 shows an African American man working as a carriage driver.","Pages 1 and 2 of Scrapbook B contains images of Thomas M. Logan, both as a young man and as an older man.","On page 15, the top left photograph may possibly be of an African American farmhand. This scrapbook is filled with excellent images of the Algoma house, both inside and outside.","Page 10 of Scrapbook C shows an image of an unnamed African American man in the uniform of a carriage driver, standing beside two horses and carriage.","There is a typed list of identifications with this scrapbook provided by the donors.\nPage 3 of Scrapbook D shows people taking a carriage ride. Page 4a and b possibly contain images of African American men.","Page 6a contains images of African American men. 6b and 7a shows women raking hay but possibly a posed photograph since they appear to be wearing nice dresses. One of the women in 6a is Lena Logan, Lily Logan is in 7b. 8b also shows a woman \"at work\" and may be. This woman is probably Lena Logan.","Pages 1-37 of this Scrapbook contain writing by Lily Logan Morrill. She was a writer and editor of the \"Home and Garden Review.\" Some of the magazines in which she published include \"Girlhood Days,\" \"Junior Life,\" and \"Homes and Gardens of Tomorrow.\"","Page 37 of this Scrapbook contains an article by Lily Logan Morrill about Morven Garden. This garden is still used today for students at the University of Virginia to learn more about sustainability and the crops grown from this garden are used to partially supply University of Virginia dining. ","Page 101 has an image of \"Union Hall\" and an African American woman, whose name appears to be Mary Minor Bush. Page 103 has a photograph of Dr. Sam Logan","Page 104 contains an image of Elizabeth Morrill working on her plane.","Page 106 has an image of Axtell Academy and a photograph of African American girls who were the ribbon bearers at the wedding of Elizabeth Morrill and Theodore Phillips, her first husband.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Morrill, Lily Logan, 1877-1944","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS .14956","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/998"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Nydrie and Algoma related papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Nydrie and Algoma related papers"],"collection_ssim":["Nydrie and Algoma related papers"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["Nydrie--Dwelling","Algoma--Dwelling","Thomas Muldrup Logan, 1808-1876"],"geogname_ssim":["Nydrie--Dwelling","Algoma--Dwelling","Thomas Muldrup Logan, 1808-1876"],"places_ssim":["Nydrie--Dwelling","Algoma--Dwelling","Thomas Muldrup Logan, 1808-1876"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was given to the University of Virginia Special Collections Library on February 26, 2010, by Sarah Donnelly."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans","Scrapbooks","Black-and-white photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans","Scrapbooks","Black-and-white photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["Fair to good."],"extent_ssm":["1 Cubic Feet 1 legal document box and 1 over size small flat box"],"extent_tesim":["1 Cubic Feet 1 legal document box and 1 over size small flat box"],"genreform_ssim":["Scrapbooks","Black-and-white photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research use."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection focuses on the two families that inhabited \"Nydrie,\" a farm located in Esmont, Virginia, and \"Algoma,\" a farm located in Buckingham County, Virginia. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Nydrie,\" located in Esmont, Virginia, was built in 1891 to resemble a Scottish castle and was owned by the Forsyth family. Members of this family include Harry Forsyth (1846-1902), a wealthy sugar broker who resided in Louisiana, and his wife, Sarah Rice Johnson Forsyth (1849-1920), their son, Douglas Forsyth (1875-1941), the children of Douglas Forsyth, Bucky Forsyth (1912-1980)and Sarah Forsyth Randolph (1912-1937), and various other family members. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Forsyths were descended from William Forsyth (1812-1899), a conservative British member of parliament and lawyer who wrote several books about legal subjects. The land where the house was built was originally called the Tom Coles farm and was sold to the family in 1890. Douglas Forsyth eventually sold this mansion to Daniel Van Clief, a successful horse stud breeder, but it fell into disrepair and eventually was torn down in 1970. The Van Cliefs continued to own the land until 2008.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe \"Algoma farm,\" located in Buckingham, Virginia, was the summer home of Thomas Muldrup Logan and his family. Thomas Logan was a famous Confederate Brigadier General who served under Robert E. Lee, as well as a railway and business associate of John D. Rockefeller. About 1880, Thomas M. Logan bought the \"Hartsook Farm,\" and this land became the \"Algoma\" Farm. The \"Algoma Farm\" had several buildings on it including the \"Algoma\" house which was built in the 1880s, \"Axtell Academy,\" an educational school for women which was managed by his daughter Meta Cabell (1875-1904). The \"John Crews Farm\" was owned by Lena Logan (1879-1961), the wife of Douglas Forsyth, and \"Dungannon,\"  built as a summer home for Dr. H.D. Bruns and his wife, Katy Logan Bruns, was next to \"Algoma.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThere is a book called the \"Algoma Log Book,\" deciphered by Elizabeth Scott, which gives an excellent record of the everyday activities of this house as well as the African Americans which worked for the family.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe link to the \"Algoma Log Book\" transcribed by Elizabeth Scott is: \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ehttps://drive.google.com/file/d/1zwWZLf51_snYjoOShPP7NcSh-dx6tZ49/view?usp=sharing\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains images of Axtell Academy, which was a school for women, built in Buckingham County in 1892. General Logan wanted this school built for his daughters, so they would have a good education. His daughter, Meta Forsyth Cabell, eventually raning the school. One of the teachers at this school was Professor Irving Sale who was a University of Virginia graduate. The library of this school was incredibly advanced for its time with over 3,000 books.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["This collection focuses on the two families that inhabited \"Nydrie,\" a farm located in Esmont, Virginia, and \"Algoma,\" a farm located in Buckingham County, Virginia. ","\"Nydrie,\" located in Esmont, Virginia, was built in 1891 to resemble a Scottish castle and was owned by the Forsyth family. Members of this family include Harry Forsyth (1846-1902), a wealthy sugar broker who resided in Louisiana, and his wife, Sarah Rice Johnson Forsyth (1849-1920), their son, Douglas Forsyth (1875-1941), the children of Douglas Forsyth, Bucky Forsyth (1912-1980)and Sarah Forsyth Randolph (1912-1937), and various other family members. ","The Forsyths were descended from William Forsyth (1812-1899), a conservative British member of parliament and lawyer who wrote several books about legal subjects. The land where the house was built was originally called the Tom Coles farm and was sold to the family in 1890. Douglas Forsyth eventually sold this mansion to Daniel Van Clief, a successful horse stud breeder, but it fell into disrepair and eventually was torn down in 1970. The Van Cliefs continued to own the land until 2008.","The \"Algoma farm,\" located in Buckingham, Virginia, was the summer home of Thomas Muldrup Logan and his family. Thomas Logan was a famous Confederate Brigadier General who served under Robert E. Lee, as well as a railway and business associate of John D. Rockefeller. About 1880, Thomas M. Logan bought the \"Hartsook Farm,\" and this land became the \"Algoma\" Farm. The \"Algoma Farm\" had several buildings on it including the \"Algoma\" house which was built in the 1880s, \"Axtell Academy,\" an educational school for women which was managed by his daughter Meta Cabell (1875-1904). The \"John Crews Farm\" was owned by Lena Logan (1879-1961), the wife of Douglas Forsyth, and \"Dungannon,\"  built as a summer home for Dr. H.D. Bruns and his wife, Katy Logan Bruns, was next to \"Algoma.\" ","There is a book called the \"Algoma Log Book,\" deciphered by Elizabeth Scott, which gives an excellent record of the everyday activities of this house as well as the African Americans which worked for the family.","The link to the \"Algoma Log Book\" transcribed by Elizabeth Scott is: ","https://drive.google.com/file/d/1zwWZLf51_snYjoOShPP7NcSh-dx6tZ49/view?usp=sharing","This folder contains images of Axtell Academy, which was a school for women, built in Buckingham County in 1892. General Logan wanted this school built for his daughters, so they would have a good education. His daughter, Meta Forsyth Cabell, eventually raning the school. One of the teachers at this school was Professor Irving Sale who was a University of Virginia graduate. The library of this school was incredibly advanced for its time with over 3,000 books."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of papers relating to Nydrie and Algoma, consisting chiefly of photographs and articles pertaining to the family homes of the Logan and Forsyth families. Included is a scrapbook of articles by Lily Logan Morrill.This collection contains material from around 1880, when the homes were built, to about 1960, when the Forsyth family, which owned \"Nydrie\" at the time, started a discussion about what to do with the house due to its dilapidated conditions. This collection focuses on two families, the Logans who owned \"Algoma,\" and the Forsyths who owned \"Nydrie.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe papers consists of various photographs of the family, drawings, and newspaper clippings about Thomas Muldrup Logan, a Confederate Brigadier General who served under Robert E. Lee, photographs of Lily Morrill (1877-1944) who owned  \"Enniscorthy,\" and photographs of the \"Enniscorthy plantation\" in the 1800s.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAlso present are photographs and news clippings about Lily Morrill's daughter Elizabeth Morrill Holladay (1909-1996), a pilot who helped ferry planes during WWII, news clippings and information about Axtell Academy, Buckingham County, Virginia, a school for women which was run by Meta Logan Cabell, the daughter of Thomas M. Logan, and five scrapbooks labeled A through E which hold photographs of the families, writings by Lily Morrill, as well as some photographs of African Americans. There are also various photographs throughout the collection of both the inside and outside of the \"Nydrie\" and \"Algoma\" houses, photographs of Lily Logan at graduation, and photographs of the Green Mountain Hunt Club . \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eChristmas cards to one of the families, containing images of \"Guthrie Hall,\" an historic mansion located in Esmont, Virginia, and a photograph of the Cliveden Astors.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains newspaper clippings about Thomas Muldrup Logan, including a newspaper clipping about Lena Logan Forsyth accepting honors for her father at the unveiling of the Washington Light Infantry Monument in Charleston, SC in 1891. There is also an article of Elizabeth Drake Morrill Holladay, a female pilot who ferried planes during WWII. This was a part of a female group of pilots called the 'Ninety-Nines.' Her second husband, Richard Fairfield Holladay, helped build the Albemarle Airport.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains photographs of the inside and outside of the Algoma house, dating from around 1890 until around 1980.  There is information about the farm with a diagram of how the farm was divided up and information about who had different areas of the farm. There is also an image of \"Dungannon,\" the house on the Algoma farm owned by Katy Logan Bruns, one of the daughters of Thomas M. Logan.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains various images of the inside and outside of Nydrie, including an article about Nydrie having fallen into disrepair and There is also a hand drawn image of Nydrie used on a flier attempting to sell materials from Nydrie.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"Enniscorthy\" was a large plantation in Albemarle County originally owned by the Coles family who had business connections with Thomas Jefferson. Mr. and Ms. Morrill obtained the house in 1926. Lily Morrill completely restructured the garden, and it became well known in the area for its beauty.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains various images of the Forsyth and Logan family. There are various images of Sarah Johnson (Forsyth) Randolph getting married in 1937 at Christ Episcopal Church, Glendower, Albemarle County, Virginia. This church is one of the oldest Episcopal churches in St. Anne's Parish, Albemarle Virginia, and is recognized in the National Record of Historic Places. There are also various images of Sarah Rice Johnson Forsyth, Bucky Forsyth, Lily Logan Morrill, Albert Henry Morrill, T.M. Logan's daughters, and various other members of the family.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOne thing to note is there is a photograph showing an African American woman holding the twins Sarah Forsyth Randolph and Bucky Forsyth. Her name is Rebecca Ward Jordan.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePage 1 and 2 of this scrapbook contain images of \"Clover Hill,\" and its cemetery, Chesterfield, Virginia, a famous plantation before the Civil War. An enslaved man found coal on the land which led to several mines opening on the plantation. These mines became known as the \"Clover Hill Pits.\" Robert E. Lee also briefly visited this house for dinner. This plantation was the childhood home of Kate Virginia Cox, the wife of Thomas Muldrup Logan. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePages 4 and 5 of the scrapbook contain photographs of General Thomas Muldrup Logan in uniform and in civilian clothes after the Civil War. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePage 9 contains images of African Americans. The African American woman shown is named Ellen Jasper (died 1904). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePage 17 contains two images of an African American man listed only as \"Uncle David (Algoma).\" He served previously as an enslaved laborer for one of the Rives family in the Confederate Army. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePage 18 has another image of \"Uncle David.\" It also shows an image of someone plowing, who may also be an African American man.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePage 19 shows Lena Logan dressed up for Mardi Gras. The Logan families' non-summer home was located in Louisiana. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePage 23 has another photograph of Ellen Jasper and page 25 shows an African American man working as a carriage driver.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePages 1 and 2 of Scrapbook B contains images of Thomas M. Logan, both as a young man and as an older man.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOn page 15, the top left photograph may possibly be of an African American farmhand. This scrapbook is filled with excellent images of the Algoma house, both inside and outside.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePage 10 of Scrapbook C shows an image of an unnamed African American man in the uniform of a carriage driver, standing beside two horses and carriage.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere is a typed list of identifications with this scrapbook provided by the donors.\nPage 3 of Scrapbook D shows people taking a carriage ride. Page 4a and b possibly contain images of African American men.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePage 6a contains images of African American men. 6b and 7a shows women raking hay but possibly a posed photograph since they appear to be wearing nice dresses. One of the women in 6a is Lena Logan, Lily Logan is in 7b. 8b also shows a woman \"at work\" and may be. This woman is probably Lena Logan.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePages 1-37 of this Scrapbook contain writing by Lily Logan Morrill. She was a writer and editor of the \"Home and Garden Review.\" Some of the magazines in which she published include \"Girlhood Days,\" \"Junior Life,\" and \"Homes and Gardens of Tomorrow.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePage 37 of this Scrapbook contains an article by Lily Logan Morrill about Morven Garden. This garden is still used today for students at the University of Virginia to learn more about sustainability and the crops grown from this garden are used to partially supply University of Virginia dining. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePage 101 has an image of \"Union Hall\" and an African American woman, whose name appears to be Mary Minor Bush. Page 103 has a photograph of Dr. Sam Logan\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePage 104 contains an image of Elizabeth Morrill working on her plane.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePage 106 has an image of Axtell Academy and a photograph of African American girls who were the ribbon bearers at the wedding of Elizabeth Morrill and Theodore Phillips, her first husband.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection consists of papers relating to Nydrie and Algoma, consisting chiefly of photographs and articles pertaining to the family homes of the Logan and Forsyth families. Included is a scrapbook of articles by Lily Logan Morrill.This collection contains material from around 1880, when the homes were built, to about 1960, when the Forsyth family, which owned \"Nydrie\" at the time, started a discussion about what to do with the house due to its dilapidated conditions. This collection focuses on two families, the Logans who owned \"Algoma,\" and the Forsyths who owned \"Nydrie.\" ","The papers consists of various photographs of the family, drawings, and newspaper clippings about Thomas Muldrup Logan, a Confederate Brigadier General who served under Robert E. Lee, photographs of Lily Morrill (1877-1944) who owned  \"Enniscorthy,\" and photographs of the \"Enniscorthy plantation\" in the 1800s.","Also present are photographs and news clippings about Lily Morrill's daughter Elizabeth Morrill Holladay (1909-1996), a pilot who helped ferry planes during WWII, news clippings and information about Axtell Academy, Buckingham County, Virginia, a school for women which was run by Meta Logan Cabell, the daughter of Thomas M. Logan, and five scrapbooks labeled A through E which hold photographs of the families, writings by Lily Morrill, as well as some photographs of African Americans. There are also various photographs throughout the collection of both the inside and outside of the \"Nydrie\" and \"Algoma\" houses, photographs of Lily Logan at graduation, and photographs of the Green Mountain Hunt Club . ","Christmas cards to one of the families, containing images of \"Guthrie Hall,\" an historic mansion located in Esmont, Virginia, and a photograph of the Cliveden Astors.","This folder contains newspaper clippings about Thomas Muldrup Logan, including a newspaper clipping about Lena Logan Forsyth accepting honors for her father at the unveiling of the Washington Light Infantry Monument in Charleston, SC in 1891. There is also an article of Elizabeth Drake Morrill Holladay, a female pilot who ferried planes during WWII. This was a part of a female group of pilots called the 'Ninety-Nines.' Her second husband, Richard Fairfield Holladay, helped build the Albemarle Airport.","This folder contains photographs of the inside and outside of the Algoma house, dating from around 1890 until around 1980.  There is information about the farm with a diagram of how the farm was divided up and information about who had different areas of the farm. There is also an image of \"Dungannon,\" the house on the Algoma farm owned by Katy Logan Bruns, one of the daughters of Thomas M. Logan.","This folder contains various images of the inside and outside of Nydrie, including an article about Nydrie having fallen into disrepair and There is also a hand drawn image of Nydrie used on a flier attempting to sell materials from Nydrie.","\"Enniscorthy\" was a large plantation in Albemarle County originally owned by the Coles family who had business connections with Thomas Jefferson. Mr. and Ms. Morrill obtained the house in 1926. Lily Morrill completely restructured the garden, and it became well known in the area for its beauty.","This folder contains various images of the Forsyth and Logan family. There are various images of Sarah Johnson (Forsyth) Randolph getting married in 1937 at Christ Episcopal Church, Glendower, Albemarle County, Virginia. This church is one of the oldest Episcopal churches in St. Anne's Parish, Albemarle Virginia, and is recognized in the National Record of Historic Places. There are also various images of Sarah Rice Johnson Forsyth, Bucky Forsyth, Lily Logan Morrill, Albert Henry Morrill, T.M. Logan's daughters, and various other members of the family.","One thing to note is there is a photograph showing an African American woman holding the twins Sarah Forsyth Randolph and Bucky Forsyth. Her name is Rebecca Ward Jordan.","Page 1 and 2 of this scrapbook contain images of \"Clover Hill,\" and its cemetery, Chesterfield, Virginia, a famous plantation before the Civil War. An enslaved man found coal on the land which led to several mines opening on the plantation. These mines became known as the \"Clover Hill Pits.\" Robert E. Lee also briefly visited this house for dinner. This plantation was the childhood home of Kate Virginia Cox, the wife of Thomas Muldrup Logan. ","Pages 4 and 5 of the scrapbook contain photographs of General Thomas Muldrup Logan in uniform and in civilian clothes after the Civil War. ","Page 9 contains images of African Americans. The African American woman shown is named Ellen Jasper (died 1904). ","Page 17 contains two images of an African American man listed only as \"Uncle David (Algoma).\" He served previously as an enslaved laborer for one of the Rives family in the Confederate Army. ","Page 18 has another image of \"Uncle David.\" It also shows an image of someone plowing, who may also be an African American man.","Page 19 shows Lena Logan dressed up for Mardi Gras. The Logan families' non-summer home was located in Louisiana. ","Page 23 has another photograph of Ellen Jasper and page 25 shows an African American man working as a carriage driver.","Pages 1 and 2 of Scrapbook B contains images of Thomas M. Logan, both as a young man and as an older man.","On page 15, the top left photograph may possibly be of an African American farmhand. This scrapbook is filled with excellent images of the Algoma house, both inside and outside.","Page 10 of Scrapbook C shows an image of an unnamed African American man in the uniform of a carriage driver, standing beside two horses and carriage.","There is a typed list of identifications with this scrapbook provided by the donors.\nPage 3 of Scrapbook D shows people taking a carriage ride. Page 4a and b possibly contain images of African American men.","Page 6a contains images of African American men. 6b and 7a shows women raking hay but possibly a posed photograph since they appear to be wearing nice dresses. One of the women in 6a is Lena Logan, Lily Logan is in 7b. 8b also shows a woman \"at work\" and may be. This woman is probably Lena Logan.","Pages 1-37 of this Scrapbook contain writing by Lily Logan Morrill. She was a writer and editor of the \"Home and Garden Review.\" Some of the magazines in which she published include \"Girlhood Days,\" \"Junior Life,\" and \"Homes and Gardens of Tomorrow.\"","Page 37 of this Scrapbook contains an article by Lily Logan Morrill about Morven Garden. This garden is still used today for students at the University of Virginia to learn more about sustainability and the crops grown from this garden are used to partially supply University of Virginia dining. ","Page 101 has an image of \"Union Hall\" and an African American woman, whose name appears to be Mary Minor Bush. Page 103 has a photograph of Dr. Sam Logan","Page 104 contains an image of Elizabeth Morrill working on her plane.","Page 106 has an image of Axtell Academy and a photograph of African American girls who were the ribbon bearers at the wedding of Elizabeth Morrill and Theodore Phillips, her first husband."],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Morrill, Lily Logan, 1877-1944"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"names_coll_ssim":["Morrill, Lily Logan, 1877-1944"],"persname_ssim":["Morrill, Lily Logan, 1877-1944"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":15,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-20T23:30:31.092Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_998","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_998","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_998","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_998","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_998.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/120861","title_filing_ssi":"Nydrie and Algoma related papers","title_ssm":["Nydrie and Algoma related papers"],"title_tesim":["Nydrie and Algoma related papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1862-2003"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1862-2003"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS .14956","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/998"],"text":["MSS .14956","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/998","Nydrie and Algoma related papers","Nydrie--Dwelling","Algoma--Dwelling","Thomas Muldrup Logan, 1808-1876","African Americans","Scrapbooks","Black-and-white photographs","Fair to good.","This collection is open for research use.","This collection focuses on the two families that inhabited \"Nydrie,\" a farm located in Esmont, Virginia, and \"Algoma,\" a farm located in Buckingham County, Virginia. ","\"Nydrie,\" located in Esmont, Virginia, was built in 1891 to resemble a Scottish castle and was owned by the Forsyth family. Members of this family include Harry Forsyth (1846-1902), a wealthy sugar broker who resided in Louisiana, and his wife, Sarah Rice Johnson Forsyth (1849-1920), their son, Douglas Forsyth (1875-1941), the children of Douglas Forsyth, Bucky Forsyth (1912-1980)and Sarah Forsyth Randolph (1912-1937), and various other family members. ","The Forsyths were descended from William Forsyth (1812-1899), a conservative British member of parliament and lawyer who wrote several books about legal subjects. The land where the house was built was originally called the Tom Coles farm and was sold to the family in 1890. Douglas Forsyth eventually sold this mansion to Daniel Van Clief, a successful horse stud breeder, but it fell into disrepair and eventually was torn down in 1970. The Van Cliefs continued to own the land until 2008.","The \"Algoma farm,\" located in Buckingham, Virginia, was the summer home of Thomas Muldrup Logan and his family. Thomas Logan was a famous Confederate Brigadier General who served under Robert E. Lee, as well as a railway and business associate of John D. Rockefeller. About 1880, Thomas M. Logan bought the \"Hartsook Farm,\" and this land became the \"Algoma\" Farm. The \"Algoma Farm\" had several buildings on it including the \"Algoma\" house which was built in the 1880s, \"Axtell Academy,\" an educational school for women which was managed by his daughter Meta Cabell (1875-1904). The \"John Crews Farm\" was owned by Lena Logan (1879-1961), the wife of Douglas Forsyth, and \"Dungannon,\"  built as a summer home for Dr. H.D. Bruns and his wife, Katy Logan Bruns, was next to \"Algoma.\" ","There is a book called the \"Algoma Log Book,\" deciphered by Elizabeth Scott, which gives an excellent record of the everyday activities of this house as well as the African Americans which worked for the family.","The link to the \"Algoma Log Book\" transcribed by Elizabeth Scott is: ","https://drive.google.com/file/d/1zwWZLf51_snYjoOShPP7NcSh-dx6tZ49/view?usp=sharing","This folder contains images of Axtell Academy, which was a school for women, built in Buckingham County in 1892. General Logan wanted this school built for his daughters, so they would have a good education. His daughter, Meta Forsyth Cabell, eventually raning the school. One of the teachers at this school was Professor Irving Sale who was a University of Virginia graduate. The library of this school was incredibly advanced for its time with over 3,000 books.","This collection consists of papers relating to Nydrie and Algoma, consisting chiefly of photographs and articles pertaining to the family homes of the Logan and Forsyth families. Included is a scrapbook of articles by Lily Logan Morrill.This collection contains material from around 1880, when the homes were built, to about 1960, when the Forsyth family, which owned \"Nydrie\" at the time, started a discussion about what to do with the house due to its dilapidated conditions. This collection focuses on two families, the Logans who owned \"Algoma,\" and the Forsyths who owned \"Nydrie.\" ","The papers consists of various photographs of the family, drawings, and newspaper clippings about Thomas Muldrup Logan, a Confederate Brigadier General who served under Robert E. Lee, photographs of Lily Morrill (1877-1944) who owned  \"Enniscorthy,\" and photographs of the \"Enniscorthy plantation\" in the 1800s.","Also present are photographs and news clippings about Lily Morrill's daughter Elizabeth Morrill Holladay (1909-1996), a pilot who helped ferry planes during WWII, news clippings and information about Axtell Academy, Buckingham County, Virginia, a school for women which was run by Meta Logan Cabell, the daughter of Thomas M. Logan, and five scrapbooks labeled A through E which hold photographs of the families, writings by Lily Morrill, as well as some photographs of African Americans. There are also various photographs throughout the collection of both the inside and outside of the \"Nydrie\" and \"Algoma\" houses, photographs of Lily Logan at graduation, and photographs of the Green Mountain Hunt Club . ","Christmas cards to one of the families, containing images of \"Guthrie Hall,\" an historic mansion located in Esmont, Virginia, and a photograph of the Cliveden Astors.","This folder contains newspaper clippings about Thomas Muldrup Logan, including a newspaper clipping about Lena Logan Forsyth accepting honors for her father at the unveiling of the Washington Light Infantry Monument in Charleston, SC in 1891. There is also an article of Elizabeth Drake Morrill Holladay, a female pilot who ferried planes during WWII. This was a part of a female group of pilots called the 'Ninety-Nines.' Her second husband, Richard Fairfield Holladay, helped build the Albemarle Airport.","This folder contains photographs of the inside and outside of the Algoma house, dating from around 1890 until around 1980.  There is information about the farm with a diagram of how the farm was divided up and information about who had different areas of the farm. There is also an image of \"Dungannon,\" the house on the Algoma farm owned by Katy Logan Bruns, one of the daughters of Thomas M. Logan.","This folder contains various images of the inside and outside of Nydrie, including an article about Nydrie having fallen into disrepair and There is also a hand drawn image of Nydrie used on a flier attempting to sell materials from Nydrie.","\"Enniscorthy\" was a large plantation in Albemarle County originally owned by the Coles family who had business connections with Thomas Jefferson. Mr. and Ms. Morrill obtained the house in 1926. Lily Morrill completely restructured the garden, and it became well known in the area for its beauty.","This folder contains various images of the Forsyth and Logan family. There are various images of Sarah Johnson (Forsyth) Randolph getting married in 1937 at Christ Episcopal Church, Glendower, Albemarle County, Virginia. This church is one of the oldest Episcopal churches in St. Anne's Parish, Albemarle Virginia, and is recognized in the National Record of Historic Places. There are also various images of Sarah Rice Johnson Forsyth, Bucky Forsyth, Lily Logan Morrill, Albert Henry Morrill, T.M. Logan's daughters, and various other members of the family.","One thing to note is there is a photograph showing an African American woman holding the twins Sarah Forsyth Randolph and Bucky Forsyth. Her name is Rebecca Ward Jordan.","Page 1 and 2 of this scrapbook contain images of \"Clover Hill,\" and its cemetery, Chesterfield, Virginia, a famous plantation before the Civil War. An enslaved man found coal on the land which led to several mines opening on the plantation. These mines became known as the \"Clover Hill Pits.\" Robert E. Lee also briefly visited this house for dinner. This plantation was the childhood home of Kate Virginia Cox, the wife of Thomas Muldrup Logan. ","Pages 4 and 5 of the scrapbook contain photographs of General Thomas Muldrup Logan in uniform and in civilian clothes after the Civil War. ","Page 9 contains images of African Americans. The African American woman shown is named Ellen Jasper (died 1904). ","Page 17 contains two images of an African American man listed only as \"Uncle David (Algoma).\" He served previously as an enslaved laborer for one of the Rives family in the Confederate Army. ","Page 18 has another image of \"Uncle David.\" It also shows an image of someone plowing, who may also be an African American man.","Page 19 shows Lena Logan dressed up for Mardi Gras. The Logan families' non-summer home was located in Louisiana. ","Page 23 has another photograph of Ellen Jasper and page 25 shows an African American man working as a carriage driver.","Pages 1 and 2 of Scrapbook B contains images of Thomas M. Logan, both as a young man and as an older man.","On page 15, the top left photograph may possibly be of an African American farmhand. This scrapbook is filled with excellent images of the Algoma house, both inside and outside.","Page 10 of Scrapbook C shows an image of an unnamed African American man in the uniform of a carriage driver, standing beside two horses and carriage.","There is a typed list of identifications with this scrapbook provided by the donors.\nPage 3 of Scrapbook D shows people taking a carriage ride. Page 4a and b possibly contain images of African American men.","Page 6a contains images of African American men. 6b and 7a shows women raking hay but possibly a posed photograph since they appear to be wearing nice dresses. One of the women in 6a is Lena Logan, Lily Logan is in 7b. 8b also shows a woman \"at work\" and may be. This woman is probably Lena Logan.","Pages 1-37 of this Scrapbook contain writing by Lily Logan Morrill. She was a writer and editor of the \"Home and Garden Review.\" Some of the magazines in which she published include \"Girlhood Days,\" \"Junior Life,\" and \"Homes and Gardens of Tomorrow.\"","Page 37 of this Scrapbook contains an article by Lily Logan Morrill about Morven Garden. This garden is still used today for students at the University of Virginia to learn more about sustainability and the crops grown from this garden are used to partially supply University of Virginia dining. ","Page 101 has an image of \"Union Hall\" and an African American woman, whose name appears to be Mary Minor Bush. Page 103 has a photograph of Dr. Sam Logan","Page 104 contains an image of Elizabeth Morrill working on her plane.","Page 106 has an image of Axtell Academy and a photograph of African American girls who were the ribbon bearers at the wedding of Elizabeth Morrill and Theodore Phillips, her first husband.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Morrill, Lily Logan, 1877-1944","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS .14956","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/998"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Nydrie and Algoma related papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Nydrie and Algoma related papers"],"collection_ssim":["Nydrie and Algoma related papers"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["Nydrie--Dwelling","Algoma--Dwelling","Thomas Muldrup Logan, 1808-1876"],"geogname_ssim":["Nydrie--Dwelling","Algoma--Dwelling","Thomas Muldrup Logan, 1808-1876"],"places_ssim":["Nydrie--Dwelling","Algoma--Dwelling","Thomas Muldrup Logan, 1808-1876"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was given to the University of Virginia Special Collections Library on February 26, 2010, by Sarah Donnelly."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans","Scrapbooks","Black-and-white photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans","Scrapbooks","Black-and-white photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["Fair to good."],"extent_ssm":["1 Cubic Feet 1 legal document box and 1 over size small flat box"],"extent_tesim":["1 Cubic Feet 1 legal document box and 1 over size small flat box"],"genreform_ssim":["Scrapbooks","Black-and-white photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research use."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection focuses on the two families that inhabited \"Nydrie,\" a farm located in Esmont, Virginia, and \"Algoma,\" a farm located in Buckingham County, Virginia. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Nydrie,\" located in Esmont, Virginia, was built in 1891 to resemble a Scottish castle and was owned by the Forsyth family. Members of this family include Harry Forsyth (1846-1902), a wealthy sugar broker who resided in Louisiana, and his wife, Sarah Rice Johnson Forsyth (1849-1920), their son, Douglas Forsyth (1875-1941), the children of Douglas Forsyth, Bucky Forsyth (1912-1980)and Sarah Forsyth Randolph (1912-1937), and various other family members. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Forsyths were descended from William Forsyth (1812-1899), a conservative British member of parliament and lawyer who wrote several books about legal subjects. The land where the house was built was originally called the Tom Coles farm and was sold to the family in 1890. Douglas Forsyth eventually sold this mansion to Daniel Van Clief, a successful horse stud breeder, but it fell into disrepair and eventually was torn down in 1970. The Van Cliefs continued to own the land until 2008.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe \"Algoma farm,\" located in Buckingham, Virginia, was the summer home of Thomas Muldrup Logan and his family. Thomas Logan was a famous Confederate Brigadier General who served under Robert E. Lee, as well as a railway and business associate of John D. Rockefeller. About 1880, Thomas M. Logan bought the \"Hartsook Farm,\" and this land became the \"Algoma\" Farm. The \"Algoma Farm\" had several buildings on it including the \"Algoma\" house which was built in the 1880s, \"Axtell Academy,\" an educational school for women which was managed by his daughter Meta Cabell (1875-1904). The \"John Crews Farm\" was owned by Lena Logan (1879-1961), the wife of Douglas Forsyth, and \"Dungannon,\"  built as a summer home for Dr. H.D. Bruns and his wife, Katy Logan Bruns, was next to \"Algoma.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThere is a book called the \"Algoma Log Book,\" deciphered by Elizabeth Scott, which gives an excellent record of the everyday activities of this house as well as the African Americans which worked for the family.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe link to the \"Algoma Log Book\" transcribed by Elizabeth Scott is: \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ehttps://drive.google.com/file/d/1zwWZLf51_snYjoOShPP7NcSh-dx6tZ49/view?usp=sharing\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains images of Axtell Academy, which was a school for women, built in Buckingham County in 1892. General Logan wanted this school built for his daughters, so they would have a good education. His daughter, Meta Forsyth Cabell, eventually raning the school. One of the teachers at this school was Professor Irving Sale who was a University of Virginia graduate. The library of this school was incredibly advanced for its time with over 3,000 books.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["This collection focuses on the two families that inhabited \"Nydrie,\" a farm located in Esmont, Virginia, and \"Algoma,\" a farm located in Buckingham County, Virginia. ","\"Nydrie,\" located in Esmont, Virginia, was built in 1891 to resemble a Scottish castle and was owned by the Forsyth family. Members of this family include Harry Forsyth (1846-1902), a wealthy sugar broker who resided in Louisiana, and his wife, Sarah Rice Johnson Forsyth (1849-1920), their son, Douglas Forsyth (1875-1941), the children of Douglas Forsyth, Bucky Forsyth (1912-1980)and Sarah Forsyth Randolph (1912-1937), and various other family members. ","The Forsyths were descended from William Forsyth (1812-1899), a conservative British member of parliament and lawyer who wrote several books about legal subjects. The land where the house was built was originally called the Tom Coles farm and was sold to the family in 1890. Douglas Forsyth eventually sold this mansion to Daniel Van Clief, a successful horse stud breeder, but it fell into disrepair and eventually was torn down in 1970. The Van Cliefs continued to own the land until 2008.","The \"Algoma farm,\" located in Buckingham, Virginia, was the summer home of Thomas Muldrup Logan and his family. Thomas Logan was a famous Confederate Brigadier General who served under Robert E. Lee, as well as a railway and business associate of John D. Rockefeller. About 1880, Thomas M. Logan bought the \"Hartsook Farm,\" and this land became the \"Algoma\" Farm. The \"Algoma Farm\" had several buildings on it including the \"Algoma\" house which was built in the 1880s, \"Axtell Academy,\" an educational school for women which was managed by his daughter Meta Cabell (1875-1904). The \"John Crews Farm\" was owned by Lena Logan (1879-1961), the wife of Douglas Forsyth, and \"Dungannon,\"  built as a summer home for Dr. H.D. Bruns and his wife, Katy Logan Bruns, was next to \"Algoma.\" ","There is a book called the \"Algoma Log Book,\" deciphered by Elizabeth Scott, which gives an excellent record of the everyday activities of this house as well as the African Americans which worked for the family.","The link to the \"Algoma Log Book\" transcribed by Elizabeth Scott is: ","https://drive.google.com/file/d/1zwWZLf51_snYjoOShPP7NcSh-dx6tZ49/view?usp=sharing","This folder contains images of Axtell Academy, which was a school for women, built in Buckingham County in 1892. General Logan wanted this school built for his daughters, so they would have a good education. His daughter, Meta Forsyth Cabell, eventually raning the school. One of the teachers at this school was Professor Irving Sale who was a University of Virginia graduate. The library of this school was incredibly advanced for its time with over 3,000 books."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of papers relating to Nydrie and Algoma, consisting chiefly of photographs and articles pertaining to the family homes of the Logan and Forsyth families. Included is a scrapbook of articles by Lily Logan Morrill.This collection contains material from around 1880, when the homes were built, to about 1960, when the Forsyth family, which owned \"Nydrie\" at the time, started a discussion about what to do with the house due to its dilapidated conditions. This collection focuses on two families, the Logans who owned \"Algoma,\" and the Forsyths who owned \"Nydrie.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe papers consists of various photographs of the family, drawings, and newspaper clippings about Thomas Muldrup Logan, a Confederate Brigadier General who served under Robert E. Lee, photographs of Lily Morrill (1877-1944) who owned  \"Enniscorthy,\" and photographs of the \"Enniscorthy plantation\" in the 1800s.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAlso present are photographs and news clippings about Lily Morrill's daughter Elizabeth Morrill Holladay (1909-1996), a pilot who helped ferry planes during WWII, news clippings and information about Axtell Academy, Buckingham County, Virginia, a school for women which was run by Meta Logan Cabell, the daughter of Thomas M. Logan, and five scrapbooks labeled A through E which hold photographs of the families, writings by Lily Morrill, as well as some photographs of African Americans. There are also various photographs throughout the collection of both the inside and outside of the \"Nydrie\" and \"Algoma\" houses, photographs of Lily Logan at graduation, and photographs of the Green Mountain Hunt Club . \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eChristmas cards to one of the families, containing images of \"Guthrie Hall,\" an historic mansion located in Esmont, Virginia, and a photograph of the Cliveden Astors.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains newspaper clippings about Thomas Muldrup Logan, including a newspaper clipping about Lena Logan Forsyth accepting honors for her father at the unveiling of the Washington Light Infantry Monument in Charleston, SC in 1891. There is also an article of Elizabeth Drake Morrill Holladay, a female pilot who ferried planes during WWII. This was a part of a female group of pilots called the 'Ninety-Nines.' Her second husband, Richard Fairfield Holladay, helped build the Albemarle Airport.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains photographs of the inside and outside of the Algoma house, dating from around 1890 until around 1980.  There is information about the farm with a diagram of how the farm was divided up and information about who had different areas of the farm. There is also an image of \"Dungannon,\" the house on the Algoma farm owned by Katy Logan Bruns, one of the daughters of Thomas M. Logan.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains various images of the inside and outside of Nydrie, including an article about Nydrie having fallen into disrepair and There is also a hand drawn image of Nydrie used on a flier attempting to sell materials from Nydrie.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"Enniscorthy\" was a large plantation in Albemarle County originally owned by the Coles family who had business connections with Thomas Jefferson. Mr. and Ms. Morrill obtained the house in 1926. Lily Morrill completely restructured the garden, and it became well known in the area for its beauty.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains various images of the Forsyth and Logan family. There are various images of Sarah Johnson (Forsyth) Randolph getting married in 1937 at Christ Episcopal Church, Glendower, Albemarle County, Virginia. This church is one of the oldest Episcopal churches in St. Anne's Parish, Albemarle Virginia, and is recognized in the National Record of Historic Places. There are also various images of Sarah Rice Johnson Forsyth, Bucky Forsyth, Lily Logan Morrill, Albert Henry Morrill, T.M. Logan's daughters, and various other members of the family.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOne thing to note is there is a photograph showing an African American woman holding the twins Sarah Forsyth Randolph and Bucky Forsyth. Her name is Rebecca Ward Jordan.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePage 1 and 2 of this scrapbook contain images of \"Clover Hill,\" and its cemetery, Chesterfield, Virginia, a famous plantation before the Civil War. An enslaved man found coal on the land which led to several mines opening on the plantation. These mines became known as the \"Clover Hill Pits.\" Robert E. Lee also briefly visited this house for dinner. This plantation was the childhood home of Kate Virginia Cox, the wife of Thomas Muldrup Logan. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePages 4 and 5 of the scrapbook contain photographs of General Thomas Muldrup Logan in uniform and in civilian clothes after the Civil War. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePage 9 contains images of African Americans. The African American woman shown is named Ellen Jasper (died 1904). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePage 17 contains two images of an African American man listed only as \"Uncle David (Algoma).\" He served previously as an enslaved laborer for one of the Rives family in the Confederate Army. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePage 18 has another image of \"Uncle David.\" It also shows an image of someone plowing, who may also be an African American man.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePage 19 shows Lena Logan dressed up for Mardi Gras. The Logan families' non-summer home was located in Louisiana. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePage 23 has another photograph of Ellen Jasper and page 25 shows an African American man working as a carriage driver.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePages 1 and 2 of Scrapbook B contains images of Thomas M. Logan, both as a young man and as an older man.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOn page 15, the top left photograph may possibly be of an African American farmhand. This scrapbook is filled with excellent images of the Algoma house, both inside and outside.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePage 10 of Scrapbook C shows an image of an unnamed African American man in the uniform of a carriage driver, standing beside two horses and carriage.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere is a typed list of identifications with this scrapbook provided by the donors.\nPage 3 of Scrapbook D shows people taking a carriage ride. Page 4a and b possibly contain images of African American men.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePage 6a contains images of African American men. 6b and 7a shows women raking hay but possibly a posed photograph since they appear to be wearing nice dresses. One of the women in 6a is Lena Logan, Lily Logan is in 7b. 8b also shows a woman \"at work\" and may be. This woman is probably Lena Logan.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePages 1-37 of this Scrapbook contain writing by Lily Logan Morrill. She was a writer and editor of the \"Home and Garden Review.\" Some of the magazines in which she published include \"Girlhood Days,\" \"Junior Life,\" and \"Homes and Gardens of Tomorrow.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePage 37 of this Scrapbook contains an article by Lily Logan Morrill about Morven Garden. This garden is still used today for students at the University of Virginia to learn more about sustainability and the crops grown from this garden are used to partially supply University of Virginia dining. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePage 101 has an image of \"Union Hall\" and an African American woman, whose name appears to be Mary Minor Bush. Page 103 has a photograph of Dr. Sam Logan\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePage 104 contains an image of Elizabeth Morrill working on her plane.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePage 106 has an image of Axtell Academy and a photograph of African American girls who were the ribbon bearers at the wedding of Elizabeth Morrill and Theodore Phillips, her first husband.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection consists of papers relating to Nydrie and Algoma, consisting chiefly of photographs and articles pertaining to the family homes of the Logan and Forsyth families. Included is a scrapbook of articles by Lily Logan Morrill.This collection contains material from around 1880, when the homes were built, to about 1960, when the Forsyth family, which owned \"Nydrie\" at the time, started a discussion about what to do with the house due to its dilapidated conditions. This collection focuses on two families, the Logans who owned \"Algoma,\" and the Forsyths who owned \"Nydrie.\" ","The papers consists of various photographs of the family, drawings, and newspaper clippings about Thomas Muldrup Logan, a Confederate Brigadier General who served under Robert E. Lee, photographs of Lily Morrill (1877-1944) who owned  \"Enniscorthy,\" and photographs of the \"Enniscorthy plantation\" in the 1800s.","Also present are photographs and news clippings about Lily Morrill's daughter Elizabeth Morrill Holladay (1909-1996), a pilot who helped ferry planes during WWII, news clippings and information about Axtell Academy, Buckingham County, Virginia, a school for women which was run by Meta Logan Cabell, the daughter of Thomas M. Logan, and five scrapbooks labeled A through E which hold photographs of the families, writings by Lily Morrill, as well as some photographs of African Americans. There are also various photographs throughout the collection of both the inside and outside of the \"Nydrie\" and \"Algoma\" houses, photographs of Lily Logan at graduation, and photographs of the Green Mountain Hunt Club . ","Christmas cards to one of the families, containing images of \"Guthrie Hall,\" an historic mansion located in Esmont, Virginia, and a photograph of the Cliveden Astors.","This folder contains newspaper clippings about Thomas Muldrup Logan, including a newspaper clipping about Lena Logan Forsyth accepting honors for her father at the unveiling of the Washington Light Infantry Monument in Charleston, SC in 1891. There is also an article of Elizabeth Drake Morrill Holladay, a female pilot who ferried planes during WWII. This was a part of a female group of pilots called the 'Ninety-Nines.' Her second husband, Richard Fairfield Holladay, helped build the Albemarle Airport.","This folder contains photographs of the inside and outside of the Algoma house, dating from around 1890 until around 1980.  There is information about the farm with a diagram of how the farm was divided up and information about who had different areas of the farm. There is also an image of \"Dungannon,\" the house on the Algoma farm owned by Katy Logan Bruns, one of the daughters of Thomas M. Logan.","This folder contains various images of the inside and outside of Nydrie, including an article about Nydrie having fallen into disrepair and There is also a hand drawn image of Nydrie used on a flier attempting to sell materials from Nydrie.","\"Enniscorthy\" was a large plantation in Albemarle County originally owned by the Coles family who had business connections with Thomas Jefferson. Mr. and Ms. Morrill obtained the house in 1926. Lily Morrill completely restructured the garden, and it became well known in the area for its beauty.","This folder contains various images of the Forsyth and Logan family. There are various images of Sarah Johnson (Forsyth) Randolph getting married in 1937 at Christ Episcopal Church, Glendower, Albemarle County, Virginia. This church is one of the oldest Episcopal churches in St. Anne's Parish, Albemarle Virginia, and is recognized in the National Record of Historic Places. There are also various images of Sarah Rice Johnson Forsyth, Bucky Forsyth, Lily Logan Morrill, Albert Henry Morrill, T.M. Logan's daughters, and various other members of the family.","One thing to note is there is a photograph showing an African American woman holding the twins Sarah Forsyth Randolph and Bucky Forsyth. Her name is Rebecca Ward Jordan.","Page 1 and 2 of this scrapbook contain images of \"Clover Hill,\" and its cemetery, Chesterfield, Virginia, a famous plantation before the Civil War. An enslaved man found coal on the land which led to several mines opening on the plantation. These mines became known as the \"Clover Hill Pits.\" Robert E. Lee also briefly visited this house for dinner. This plantation was the childhood home of Kate Virginia Cox, the wife of Thomas Muldrup Logan. ","Pages 4 and 5 of the scrapbook contain photographs of General Thomas Muldrup Logan in uniform and in civilian clothes after the Civil War. ","Page 9 contains images of African Americans. The African American woman shown is named Ellen Jasper (died 1904). ","Page 17 contains two images of an African American man listed only as \"Uncle David (Algoma).\" He served previously as an enslaved laborer for one of the Rives family in the Confederate Army. ","Page 18 has another image of \"Uncle David.\" It also shows an image of someone plowing, who may also be an African American man.","Page 19 shows Lena Logan dressed up for Mardi Gras. The Logan families' non-summer home was located in Louisiana. ","Page 23 has another photograph of Ellen Jasper and page 25 shows an African American man working as a carriage driver.","Pages 1 and 2 of Scrapbook B contains images of Thomas M. Logan, both as a young man and as an older man.","On page 15, the top left photograph may possibly be of an African American farmhand. This scrapbook is filled with excellent images of the Algoma house, both inside and outside.","Page 10 of Scrapbook C shows an image of an unnamed African American man in the uniform of a carriage driver, standing beside two horses and carriage.","There is a typed list of identifications with this scrapbook provided by the donors.\nPage 3 of Scrapbook D shows people taking a carriage ride. Page 4a and b possibly contain images of African American men.","Page 6a contains images of African American men. 6b and 7a shows women raking hay but possibly a posed photograph since they appear to be wearing nice dresses. One of the women in 6a is Lena Logan, Lily Logan is in 7b. 8b also shows a woman \"at work\" and may be. This woman is probably Lena Logan.","Pages 1-37 of this Scrapbook contain writing by Lily Logan Morrill. She was a writer and editor of the \"Home and Garden Review.\" Some of the magazines in which she published include \"Girlhood Days,\" \"Junior Life,\" and \"Homes and Gardens of Tomorrow.\"","Page 37 of this Scrapbook contains an article by Lily Logan Morrill about Morven Garden. This garden is still used today for students at the University of Virginia to learn more about sustainability and the crops grown from this garden are used to partially supply University of Virginia dining. ","Page 101 has an image of \"Union Hall\" and an African American woman, whose name appears to be Mary Minor Bush. Page 103 has a photograph of Dr. Sam Logan","Page 104 contains an image of Elizabeth Morrill working on her plane.","Page 106 has an image of Axtell Academy and a photograph of African American girls who were the ribbon bearers at the wedding of Elizabeth Morrill and Theodore Phillips, her first husband."],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Morrill, Lily Logan, 1877-1944"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"names_coll_ssim":["Morrill, Lily Logan, 1877-1944"],"persname_ssim":["Morrill, Lily Logan, 1877-1944"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":15,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-20T23:30:31.092Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_998"}},{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1420","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Obelia \"Bee\" Graves Papers","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_1420#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Graves, Obelia \"Bee\"","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_1420#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains letters to Obelia \"Bee\" Graves, from her family and friends, while she attended Winston-Salem Teachers College in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. The institution is presently known as Winston-Salem State University. Winston-Salem Teachers College was the first historically black college to grant bachelors degrees in elementary school education. The collection also includes college documents from her time at college such as report cards and her admission acceptance. The collection also contains letters from two soldiers to Bee Graves' sister, Cleonis. The soldiers served during World War II in the Philippines.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_1420#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1420","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1420","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1420","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1420","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_1420.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Graves, Obelia \"Bee\", Papers","title_ssm":["Obelia \"Bee\" Graves Papers"],"title_tesim":["Obelia \"Bee\" Graves Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1936-1945","1937-1939"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1937-1939"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1936-1945"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["01/Mss. Acc. 2008.123","/repositories/2/resources/1420"],"text":["01/Mss. Acc. 2008.123","/repositories/2/resources/1420","Obelia \"Bee\" Graves Papers","African American women--Education","African Americans","Report cards","Women college students","World War, 1939-1945--Pacific Area","Correspondence","Photographs","Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","Obelia \"Bee\" Graves attended Winston-Salem Teachers College in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, the first historically black college to grant bachelor degrees in elementary school education. Her family lived in Blance, North Carolina."," Her parents were Vester and Sallie Graves. Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: ","This collection contains letters to Obelia \"Bee\" Graves, from her family and friends, while she attended Winston-Salem Teachers College in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. The institution is presently known as Winston-Salem State University. Winston-Salem Teachers College was the first historically black college to grant bachelors degrees in elementary school education. The collection also includes college documents from her time at college such as report cards and her admission acceptance. The collection also contains letters from two soldiers to Bee Graves' sister, Cleonis. The soldiers served during World War II in the Philippines.","This collection contains letters to Obelia \"Bee\" Graves, from her family and friends, while she attended Winston-Salem Teachers College in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. The institution is presently known as Winston-Salem State University. Winston-Salem Teachers College was the first historically black college to grant bachelors degrees in elementary school education. The collection also includes college documents from her time at college such as report cards and her admission acceptance. The collection also contains letters from two soldiers to Bee Graves' sister, Cleonis. The soldiers served during World War II in the Philippines.","3 letters.","4 letters.","2 letters.","4 letters.","1 of 2 folders; Elbert Swann appeared to have a crush on Bee Graves. He wrote ten letters to her, the most from one person in the collection.","2 of 2 folders; Elbert Swann appeared to have a crush on Bee Graves. He wrote ten letters to her, the most from one person in the collection.","These are friends from New York City.","Includes letters to Bee Graves's sister, Cleonis Graves, college documents, and photographs.","This folder contains portrait photographs of unidentified people and letters.","This folder contains documents relating to Bee Graves' tenure at Teachers College: room and board receipts, a report card, and insurance receipts. This is 1 of 2 folders.","This folder contains an acceptance letter, a letter to Bee Graves' parents about Bee's progress and report cards. This is 2 of 2 folders.","This folder contains letters from two soldiers to Bee Graves' sister, Cleonis. The soldiers served during World War II in the Philippines.","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","Winston-Salem State University","Winston-Salem Teachers College","Graves, Obelia \"Bee\"","Education--North Carolina","English"],"unitid_tesim":["01/Mss. Acc. 2008.123","/repositories/2/resources/1420"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Obelia \"Bee\" Graves Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Obelia \"Bee\" Graves Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Obelia \"Bee\" Graves Papers"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"creator_ssm":["Graves, Obelia \"Bee\""],"creator_ssim":["Graves, Obelia \"Bee\""],"creator_persname_ssim":["Graves, Obelia \"Bee\""],"creators_ssim":["Graves, Obelia \"Bee\""],"access_terms_ssm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchase."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American women--Education","African Americans","Report cards","Women college students","World War, 1939-1945--Pacific Area","Correspondence","Photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American women--Education","African Americans","Report cards","Women college students","World War, 1939-1945--Pacific Area","Correspondence","Photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.50 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["0.50 Linear Feet"],"genreform_ssim":["Correspondence","Photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access:"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eObelia \"Bee\" Graves attended Winston-Salem Teachers College in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, the first historically black college to grant bachelor degrees in elementary school education. Her family lived in Blance, North Carolina.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Her parents were Vester and Sallie Graves. Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: \u003cextref href=\"http://scdbwiki.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Obelia_Bee_Graves\" title=\"Obelia Bee Graves\"\u003e\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information:"],"bioghist_tesim":["Obelia \"Bee\" Graves attended Winston-Salem Teachers College in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, the first historically black college to grant bachelor degrees in elementary school education. Her family lived in Blance, North Carolina."," Her parents were Vester and Sallie Graves. Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: "],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eObelia \"Bee\" Graves Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Obelia \"Bee\" Graves Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains letters to Obelia \"Bee\" Graves, from her family and friends, while she attended Winston-Salem Teachers College in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. The institution is presently known as Winston-Salem State University. Winston-Salem Teachers College was the first historically black college to grant bachelors degrees in elementary school education. The collection also includes college documents from her time at college such as report cards and her admission acceptance. The collection also contains letters from two soldiers to Bee Graves' sister, Cleonis. The soldiers served during World War II in the Philippines.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains letters to Obelia \"Bee\" Graves, from her family and friends, while she attended Winston-Salem Teachers College in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. The institution is presently known as Winston-Salem State University. Winston-Salem Teachers College was the first historically black college to grant bachelors degrees in elementary school education. The collection also includes college documents from her time at college such as report cards and her admission acceptance. The collection also contains letters from two soldiers to Bee Graves' sister, Cleonis. The soldiers served during World War II in the Philippines.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e3 letters.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e4 letters.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e2 letters.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e4 letters.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1 of 2 folders; Elbert Swann appeared to have a crush on Bee Graves. He wrote ten letters to her, the most from one person in the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e2 of 2 folders; Elbert Swann appeared to have a crush on Bee Graves. He wrote ten letters to her, the most from one person in the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese are friends from New York City.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes letters to Bee Graves's sister, Cleonis Graves, college documents, and photographs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains portrait photographs of unidentified people and letters.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains documents relating to Bee Graves' tenure at Teachers College: room and board receipts, a report card, and insurance receipts. This is 1 of 2 folders.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains an acceptance letter, a letter to Bee Graves' parents about Bee's progress and report cards. This is 2 of 2 folders.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains letters from two soldiers to Bee Graves' sister, Cleonis. The soldiers served during World War II in the Philippines.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains letters to Obelia \"Bee\" Graves, from her family and friends, while she attended Winston-Salem Teachers College in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. The institution is presently known as Winston-Salem State University. Winston-Salem Teachers College was the first historically black college to grant bachelors degrees in elementary school education. The collection also includes college documents from her time at college such as report cards and her admission acceptance. The collection also contains letters from two soldiers to Bee Graves' sister, Cleonis. The soldiers served during World War II in the Philippines.","This collection contains letters to Obelia \"Bee\" Graves, from her family and friends, while she attended Winston-Salem Teachers College in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. The institution is presently known as Winston-Salem State University. Winston-Salem Teachers College was the first historically black college to grant bachelors degrees in elementary school education. The collection also includes college documents from her time at college such as report cards and her admission acceptance. The collection also contains letters from two soldiers to Bee Graves' sister, Cleonis. The soldiers served during World War II in the Philippines.","3 letters.","4 letters.","2 letters.","4 letters.","1 of 2 folders; Elbert Swann appeared to have a crush on Bee Graves. He wrote ten letters to her, the most from one person in the collection.","2 of 2 folders; Elbert Swann appeared to have a crush on Bee Graves. He wrote ten letters to her, the most from one person in the collection.","These are friends from New York City.","Includes letters to Bee Graves's sister, Cleonis Graves, college documents, and photographs.","This folder contains portrait photographs of unidentified people and letters.","This folder contains documents relating to Bee Graves' tenure at Teachers College: room and board receipts, a report card, and insurance receipts. This is 1 of 2 folders.","This folder contains an acceptance letter, a letter to Bee Graves' parents about Bee's progress and report cards. This is 2 of 2 folders.","This folder contains letters from two soldiers to Bee Graves' sister, Cleonis. The soldiers served during World War II in the Philippines."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use:"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"names_coll_ssim":["Winston-Salem State University","Winston-Salem Teachers College","Education--North Carolina"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Winston-Salem State University","Winston-Salem Teachers College","Graves, Obelia \"Bee\"","Education--North Carolina"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Winston-Salem State University","Winston-Salem Teachers College"],"persname_ssim":["Graves, Obelia \"Bee\"","Education--North Carolina"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":28,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T01:39:24.629Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1420","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1420","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1420","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1420","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_1420.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Graves, Obelia \"Bee\", Papers","title_ssm":["Obelia \"Bee\" Graves Papers"],"title_tesim":["Obelia \"Bee\" Graves Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1936-1945","1937-1939"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1937-1939"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1936-1945"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["01/Mss. Acc. 2008.123","/repositories/2/resources/1420"],"text":["01/Mss. Acc. 2008.123","/repositories/2/resources/1420","Obelia \"Bee\" Graves Papers","African American women--Education","African Americans","Report cards","Women college students","World War, 1939-1945--Pacific Area","Correspondence","Photographs","Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","Obelia \"Bee\" Graves attended Winston-Salem Teachers College in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, the first historically black college to grant bachelor degrees in elementary school education. Her family lived in Blance, North Carolina."," Her parents were Vester and Sallie Graves. Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: ","This collection contains letters to Obelia \"Bee\" Graves, from her family and friends, while she attended Winston-Salem Teachers College in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. The institution is presently known as Winston-Salem State University. Winston-Salem Teachers College was the first historically black college to grant bachelors degrees in elementary school education. The collection also includes college documents from her time at college such as report cards and her admission acceptance. The collection also contains letters from two soldiers to Bee Graves' sister, Cleonis. The soldiers served during World War II in the Philippines.","This collection contains letters to Obelia \"Bee\" Graves, from her family and friends, while she attended Winston-Salem Teachers College in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. The institution is presently known as Winston-Salem State University. Winston-Salem Teachers College was the first historically black college to grant bachelors degrees in elementary school education. The collection also includes college documents from her time at college such as report cards and her admission acceptance. The collection also contains letters from two soldiers to Bee Graves' sister, Cleonis. The soldiers served during World War II in the Philippines.","3 letters.","4 letters.","2 letters.","4 letters.","1 of 2 folders; Elbert Swann appeared to have a crush on Bee Graves. He wrote ten letters to her, the most from one person in the collection.","2 of 2 folders; Elbert Swann appeared to have a crush on Bee Graves. He wrote ten letters to her, the most from one person in the collection.","These are friends from New York City.","Includes letters to Bee Graves's sister, Cleonis Graves, college documents, and photographs.","This folder contains portrait photographs of unidentified people and letters.","This folder contains documents relating to Bee Graves' tenure at Teachers College: room and board receipts, a report card, and insurance receipts. This is 1 of 2 folders.","This folder contains an acceptance letter, a letter to Bee Graves' parents about Bee's progress and report cards. This is 2 of 2 folders.","This folder contains letters from two soldiers to Bee Graves' sister, Cleonis. The soldiers served during World War II in the Philippines.","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","Winston-Salem State University","Winston-Salem Teachers College","Graves, Obelia \"Bee\"","Education--North Carolina","English"],"unitid_tesim":["01/Mss. 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Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access:"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eObelia \"Bee\" Graves attended Winston-Salem Teachers College in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, the first historically black college to grant bachelor degrees in elementary school education. Her family lived in Blance, North Carolina.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Her parents were Vester and Sallie Graves. Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: \u003cextref href=\"http://scdbwiki.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Obelia_Bee_Graves\" title=\"Obelia Bee Graves\"\u003e\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information:"],"bioghist_tesim":["Obelia \"Bee\" Graves attended Winston-Salem Teachers College in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, the first historically black college to grant bachelor degrees in elementary school education. Her family lived in Blance, North Carolina."," Her parents were Vester and Sallie Graves. Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: "],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eObelia \"Bee\" Graves Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Obelia \"Bee\" Graves Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains letters to Obelia \"Bee\" Graves, from her family and friends, while she attended Winston-Salem Teachers College in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. The institution is presently known as Winston-Salem State University. Winston-Salem Teachers College was the first historically black college to grant bachelors degrees in elementary school education. The collection also includes college documents from her time at college such as report cards and her admission acceptance. The collection also contains letters from two soldiers to Bee Graves' sister, Cleonis. The soldiers served during World War II in the Philippines.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains letters to Obelia \"Bee\" Graves, from her family and friends, while she attended Winston-Salem Teachers College in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. The institution is presently known as Winston-Salem State University. Winston-Salem Teachers College was the first historically black college to grant bachelors degrees in elementary school education. The collection also includes college documents from her time at college such as report cards and her admission acceptance. The collection also contains letters from two soldiers to Bee Graves' sister, Cleonis. The soldiers served during World War II in the Philippines.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e3 letters.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e4 letters.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e2 letters.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e4 letters.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1 of 2 folders; Elbert Swann appeared to have a crush on Bee Graves. He wrote ten letters to her, the most from one person in the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e2 of 2 folders; Elbert Swann appeared to have a crush on Bee Graves. He wrote ten letters to her, the most from one person in the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese are friends from New York City.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes letters to Bee Graves's sister, Cleonis Graves, college documents, and photographs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains portrait photographs of unidentified people and letters.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains documents relating to Bee Graves' tenure at Teachers College: room and board receipts, a report card, and insurance receipts. This is 1 of 2 folders.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains an acceptance letter, a letter to Bee Graves' parents about Bee's progress and report cards. This is 2 of 2 folders.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains letters from two soldiers to Bee Graves' sister, Cleonis. The soldiers served during World War II in the Philippines.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains letters to Obelia \"Bee\" Graves, from her family and friends, while she attended Winston-Salem Teachers College in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. The institution is presently known as Winston-Salem State University. Winston-Salem Teachers College was the first historically black college to grant bachelors degrees in elementary school education. The collection also includes college documents from her time at college such as report cards and her admission acceptance. The collection also contains letters from two soldiers to Bee Graves' sister, Cleonis. The soldiers served during World War II in the Philippines.","This collection contains letters to Obelia \"Bee\" Graves, from her family and friends, while she attended Winston-Salem Teachers College in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. The institution is presently known as Winston-Salem State University. Winston-Salem Teachers College was the first historically black college to grant bachelors degrees in elementary school education. The collection also includes college documents from her time at college such as report cards and her admission acceptance. The collection also contains letters from two soldiers to Bee Graves' sister, Cleonis. The soldiers served during World War II in the Philippines.","3 letters.","4 letters.","2 letters.","4 letters.","1 of 2 folders; Elbert Swann appeared to have a crush on Bee Graves. He wrote ten letters to her, the most from one person in the collection.","2 of 2 folders; Elbert Swann appeared to have a crush on Bee Graves. He wrote ten letters to her, the most from one person in the collection.","These are friends from New York City.","Includes letters to Bee Graves's sister, Cleonis Graves, college documents, and photographs.","This folder contains portrait photographs of unidentified people and letters.","This folder contains documents relating to Bee Graves' tenure at Teachers College: room and board receipts, a report card, and insurance receipts. This is 1 of 2 folders.","This folder contains an acceptance letter, a letter to Bee Graves' parents about Bee's progress and report cards. This is 2 of 2 folders.","This folder contains letters from two soldiers to Bee Graves' sister, Cleonis. The soldiers served during World War II in the Philippines."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use:"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"names_coll_ssim":["Winston-Salem State University","Winston-Salem Teachers College","Education--North Carolina"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Winston-Salem State University","Winston-Salem Teachers College","Graves, Obelia \"Bee\"","Education--North Carolina"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Winston-Salem State University","Winston-Salem Teachers College"],"persname_ssim":["Graves, Obelia \"Bee\"","Education--North Carolina"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":28,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T01:39:24.629Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_1420"}},{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_748","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Pamphlet for poem \"The Negro Mother\" by Langston Hughes inscribed and signed by author with illustration by Charles White","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_748#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Hugh Havilon Gordon Cultural Center (Los Angeles, California)","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_748#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Bifold pamphlet for poem \"The Negro Mother\" by Langston Hughes inscribed and signed by the author with illustration by Charles White created for the \"Make History Live Series\" by the Hugh Havilon Gordon Cultural Center.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_748#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_748","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_748","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_748","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_748","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_748.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Pamphlet for poem \"The Negro Mother\" by Langston Hughes inscribed and signed by author with illustration by Charles White","title_ssm":["Pamphlet for poem \"The Negro Mother\" by Langston Hughes inscribed and signed by author with illustration by Charles White"],"title_tesim":["Pamphlet for poem \"The Negro Mother\" by Langston Hughes inscribed and signed by author with illustration by Charles White"],"unitdate_ssm":["December 1, 1961"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["December 1, 1961"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0447","/repositories/2/resources/748"],"text":["C0447","/repositories/2/resources/748","Pamphlet for poem \"The Negro Mother\" by Langston Hughes inscribed and signed by author with illustration by Charles White","American poetry -- 20th century","Art","African Americans","African American poets","African American artists","Poetry","There are no access restrictions.","This is a single item collection.","\"Biographical Note | A Finding Aid to the Charles W. White Papers, 1933-1987, Bulk 1960s-1970s.\" n.d. Text. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution. Accessed May 15, 2025. https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/charles-w-white-papers-9350/biographical-note.","\"Charles Wilbert White Jr. (1918-1979).\" n.d. Find a Grave. Accessed May 15, 2025. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/156982547/charles_wilbert-white.","\"Langston Hughes.\" n.d. Poets.Org. Accessed May 15, 2025. https://poets.org/poet/langston-hughes.","\"Langston Hughes (1902-1967).\" n.d. Find a Grave. Accessed May 15, 2025. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/6166005/langston-hughes.","Laskow, Sarah. 2025. \"Rivers Cosmogram.\" Atlas Obscura. May 15, 2025. http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/rivers-schomburg-center.","\"The Negro Mother and Other Dramatic Recitations, 1931, from the Prentiss Taylor Papers, 1885-1991.\" n.d. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution. Accessed May 15, 2025. https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/items/detail/negro-mother-and-other-dramatic-recitations-516.","Best known as a writer of poetry, novels, short stories, and plays and a key figure in the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s, Langston Hughes was born James Mercer Langston Hughes on February 1, 1901 in Joplin, Missouri. His first book of poetry,  The Weary Blues , was published in 1926 and in 1930 his first novel  Not Without Laughter  won the Harmon gold medal for literature. His poem \"The Negro Mother\" was first published in 1931 in his poetry collection  The Negro Mother and Other Dramatic Recitations . Hughes passed away on May 22, 1967 at the age of 65. His ashes are interred beneath a cosmogram floor medallion inspired by and bearing lines from Hughes' poem \"The Negro Speaks of Rivers\" in the foyer of the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture in Harlem, New York.","Charles W. White was born in Chicago, Illinois on April 2, 1918. A prominent figure in the Chicago Black Renaissance, White began his career as a painter, printmaker, and educator in California in 1956 and in 1965 began teaching at the Otis Art Institute in Los Angeles, a position he would continue throughout his life. White graduated from the School of the Art Institute in Chicago in 1938 and worked as a muralist for the Works Progress Administration's Illinois Federal Arts Projects from 1939-1940. In 1942 and 1943 he received two Julius Rosenwald Foundation fellowships to create \"The Contribution of the Negro to American Democracy\" mural at the Hampton Institute (now Hampton University) in Hampton, Virginia and was artist-in-residence at Washington, D.C.'s Howard University in 1945. As an artist, White primarily created black/sepia and white drawings, paintings, and lithographs depicting figurative portrayals of African American history and experiences. His work has been exhibited throughout the country and in 1972 he was the third African American artist elected to full membership in the National Academy of Design. He passed away on October 3, 1979 at the age of 61 and is buried in Mountain View Cemetery in Altadena, California.","Processing completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in April 2025. Finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in May 2025.","The Special Collections Research Center holds  Paul Robeson sound recording collection .","The Smithsonian Archives of American Art holds the  Charles W. White papers .","Bifold pamphlet for poem \"The Negro Mother\" by Langston Hughes inscribed and signed by the author with illustration by Charles White created for the \"Make History Live Series\" by the Hugh Havilon Gordon Cultural Center. When folded, the cover shows a reprint of White's 1952 illustration depicting a close-up of the face of an African American woman, with her hands holding a handkerchief to her cheek. When opened, the inside shows the full text of Hughes' poem, along with a stamp at the center bottom attributing the pamphlet to the \"Make History Live Series\". An inscription and signature from Hughes is included in green pen in the top left and bottom right portions of the interior pages reading: \"For the House of Literary curios - Langston Hughes, New York, December 1, 1961.\" The back cover includes a list of books by Hughes available for purchase at the Hugh Gordon Book Shop in Los Angeles, California, along with information on the store.","The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)","Bifold pamphlet for poem \"The Negro Mother\" by Langston Hughes inscribed and signed by the author with illustration by Charles White created for the \"Make History Live Series\" by the Hugh Havilon Gordon Cultural Center.","R 71, C 2, S 6","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Hugh Havilon Gordon Cultural Center (Los Angeles, California)","Hughes, Langston, 1901-1967","White, Charles, 1918-1979","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["C0447","/repositories/2/resources/748"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Pamphlet for poem \"The Negro Mother\" by Langston Hughes inscribed and signed by author with illustration by Charles White"],"collection_title_tesim":["Pamphlet for poem \"The Negro Mother\" by Langston Hughes inscribed and signed by author with illustration by Charles White"],"collection_ssim":["Pamphlet for poem \"The Negro Mother\" by Langston Hughes inscribed and signed by author with illustration by Charles White"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"creator_ssm":["Hugh Havilon Gordon Cultural Center (Los Angeles, California)"],"creator_ssim":["Hugh Havilon Gordon Cultural Center (Los Angeles, California)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Hugh Havilon Gordon Cultural Center (Los Angeles, California)"],"creators_ssim":["Hugh Havilon Gordon Cultural Center (Los Angeles, California)"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchased by Lynn Eaton from Ian Brabner Rare Americana in 2021."],"access_subjects_ssim":["American poetry -- 20th century","Art","African Americans","African American poets","African American artists","Poetry"],"access_subjects_ssm":["American poetry -- 20th century","Art","African Americans","African American poets","African American artists","Poetry"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".01 Linear Feet 1 folder"],"extent_tesim":[".01 Linear Feet 1 folder"],"genreform_ssim":["Poetry"],"date_range_isim":[1961],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis is a single item collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This is a single item collection."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\"Biographical Note | A Finding Aid to the Charles W. White Papers, 1933-1987, Bulk 1960s-1970s.\" n.d. Text. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution. Accessed May 15, 2025. https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/charles-w-white-papers-9350/biographical-note.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Charles Wilbert White Jr. (1918-1979).\" n.d. Find a Grave. Accessed May 15, 2025. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/156982547/charles_wilbert-white.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Langston Hughes.\" n.d. Poets.Org. Accessed May 15, 2025. https://poets.org/poet/langston-hughes.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Langston Hughes (1902-1967).\" n.d. Find a Grave. Accessed May 15, 2025. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/6166005/langston-hughes.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eLaskow, Sarah. 2025. \"Rivers Cosmogram.\" Atlas Obscura. May 15, 2025. http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/rivers-schomburg-center.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"The Negro Mother and Other Dramatic Recitations, 1931, from the Prentiss Taylor Papers, 1885-1991.\" n.d. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution. Accessed May 15, 2025. https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/items/detail/negro-mother-and-other-dramatic-recitations-516.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["\"Biographical Note | A Finding Aid to the Charles W. White Papers, 1933-1987, Bulk 1960s-1970s.\" n.d. Text. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution. Accessed May 15, 2025. https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/charles-w-white-papers-9350/biographical-note.","\"Charles Wilbert White Jr. (1918-1979).\" n.d. Find a Grave. Accessed May 15, 2025. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/156982547/charles_wilbert-white.","\"Langston Hughes.\" n.d. Poets.Org. Accessed May 15, 2025. https://poets.org/poet/langston-hughes.","\"Langston Hughes (1902-1967).\" n.d. Find a Grave. Accessed May 15, 2025. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/6166005/langston-hughes.","Laskow, Sarah. 2025. \"Rivers Cosmogram.\" Atlas Obscura. May 15, 2025. http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/rivers-schomburg-center.","\"The Negro Mother and Other Dramatic Recitations, 1931, from the Prentiss Taylor Papers, 1885-1991.\" n.d. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution. Accessed May 15, 2025. https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/items/detail/negro-mother-and-other-dramatic-recitations-516."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBest known as a writer of poetry, novels, short stories, and plays and a key figure in the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s, Langston Hughes was born James Mercer Langston Hughes on February 1, 1901 in Joplin, Missouri. His first book of poetry, \u003ctitle\u003eThe Weary Blues\u003c/title\u003e, was published in 1926 and in 1930 his first novel \u003ctitle\u003eNot Without Laughter\u003c/title\u003e won the Harmon gold medal for literature. His poem \"The Negro Mother\" was first published in 1931 in his poetry collection \u003ctitle\u003eThe Negro Mother and Other Dramatic Recitations\u003c/title\u003e. Hughes passed away on May 22, 1967 at the age of 65. His ashes are interred beneath a cosmogram floor medallion inspired by and bearing lines from Hughes' poem \"The Negro Speaks of Rivers\" in the foyer of the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture in Harlem, New York.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCharles W. White was born in Chicago, Illinois on April 2, 1918. A prominent figure in the Chicago Black Renaissance, White began his career as a painter, printmaker, and educator in California in 1956 and in 1965 began teaching at the Otis Art Institute in Los Angeles, a position he would continue throughout his life. White graduated from the School of the Art Institute in Chicago in 1938 and worked as a muralist for the Works Progress Administration's Illinois Federal Arts Projects from 1939-1940. In 1942 and 1943 he received two Julius Rosenwald Foundation fellowships to create \"The Contribution of the Negro to American Democracy\" mural at the Hampton Institute (now Hampton University) in Hampton, Virginia and was artist-in-residence at Washington, D.C.'s Howard University in 1945. As an artist, White primarily created black/sepia and white drawings, paintings, and lithographs depicting figurative portrayals of African American history and experiences. His work has been exhibited throughout the country and in 1972 he was the third African American artist elected to full membership in the National Academy of Design. He passed away on October 3, 1979 at the age of 61 and is buried in Mountain View Cemetery in Altadena, California.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Best known as a writer of poetry, novels, short stories, and plays and a key figure in the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s, Langston Hughes was born James Mercer Langston Hughes on February 1, 1901 in Joplin, Missouri. His first book of poetry,  The Weary Blues , was published in 1926 and in 1930 his first novel  Not Without Laughter  won the Harmon gold medal for literature. His poem \"The Negro Mother\" was first published in 1931 in his poetry collection  The Negro Mother and Other Dramatic Recitations . Hughes passed away on May 22, 1967 at the age of 65. His ashes are interred beneath a cosmogram floor medallion inspired by and bearing lines from Hughes' poem \"The Negro Speaks of Rivers\" in the foyer of the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture in Harlem, New York.","Charles W. White was born in Chicago, Illinois on April 2, 1918. A prominent figure in the Chicago Black Renaissance, White began his career as a painter, printmaker, and educator in California in 1956 and in 1965 began teaching at the Otis Art Institute in Los Angeles, a position he would continue throughout his life. White graduated from the School of the Art Institute in Chicago in 1938 and worked as a muralist for the Works Progress Administration's Illinois Federal Arts Projects from 1939-1940. In 1942 and 1943 he received two Julius Rosenwald Foundation fellowships to create \"The Contribution of the Negro to American Democracy\" mural at the Hampton Institute (now Hampton University) in Hampton, Virginia and was artist-in-residence at Washington, D.C.'s Howard University in 1945. As an artist, White primarily created black/sepia and white drawings, paintings, and lithographs depicting figurative portrayals of African American history and experiences. His work has been exhibited throughout the country and in 1972 he was the third African American artist elected to full membership in the National Academy of Design. 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An inscription and signature from Hughes is included in green pen in the top left and bottom right portions of the interior pages reading: \"For the House of Literary curios - Langston Hughes, New York, December 1, 1961.\" The back cover includes a list of books by Hughes available for purchase at the Hugh Gordon Book Shop in Los Angeles, California, along with information on the store.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Bifold pamphlet for poem \"The Negro Mother\" by Langston Hughes inscribed and signed by the author with illustration by Charles White created for the \"Make History Live Series\" by the Hugh Havilon Gordon Cultural Center. When folded, the cover shows a reprint of White's 1952 illustration depicting a close-up of the face of an African American woman, with her hands holding a handkerchief to her cheek. 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An inscription and signature from Hughes is included in green pen in the top left and bottom right portions of the interior pages reading: \"For the House of Literary curios - Langston Hughes, New York, December 1, 1961.\" The back cover includes a list of books by Hughes available for purchase at the Hugh Gordon Book Shop in Los Angeles, California, along with information on the store."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_bd347158a9241c662f81156721d9f0c2\"\u003eBifold pamphlet for poem \"The Negro Mother\" by Langston Hughes inscribed and signed by the author with illustration by Charles White created for the \"Make History Live Series\" by the Hugh Havilon Gordon Cultural Center.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Bifold pamphlet for poem \"The Negro Mother\" by Langston Hughes inscribed and signed by the author with illustration by Charles White created for the \"Make History Live Series\" by the Hugh Havilon Gordon Cultural Center."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_3ce5a21a95a27d68c29e8756e8589895\"\u003eR 71, C 2, S 6\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["R 71, C 2, S 6"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. 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May 15, 2025. http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/rivers-schomburg-center.","\"The Negro Mother and Other Dramatic Recitations, 1931, from the Prentiss Taylor Papers, 1885-1991.\" n.d. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution. Accessed May 15, 2025. https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/items/detail/negro-mother-and-other-dramatic-recitations-516."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBest known as a writer of poetry, novels, short stories, and plays and a key figure in the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s, Langston Hughes was born James Mercer Langston Hughes on February 1, 1901 in Joplin, Missouri. His first book of poetry, \u003ctitle\u003eThe Weary Blues\u003c/title\u003e, was published in 1926 and in 1930 his first novel \u003ctitle\u003eNot Without Laughter\u003c/title\u003e won the Harmon gold medal for literature. His poem \"The Negro Mother\" was first published in 1931 in his poetry collection \u003ctitle\u003eThe Negro Mother and Other Dramatic Recitations\u003c/title\u003e. Hughes passed away on May 22, 1967 at the age of 65. His ashes are interred beneath a cosmogram floor medallion inspired by and bearing lines from Hughes' poem \"The Negro Speaks of Rivers\" in the foyer of the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture in Harlem, New York.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCharles W. White was born in Chicago, Illinois on April 2, 1918. A prominent figure in the Chicago Black Renaissance, White began his career as a painter, printmaker, and educator in California in 1956 and in 1965 began teaching at the Otis Art Institute in Los Angeles, a position he would continue throughout his life. White graduated from the School of the Art Institute in Chicago in 1938 and worked as a muralist for the Works Progress Administration's Illinois Federal Arts Projects from 1939-1940. In 1942 and 1943 he received two Julius Rosenwald Foundation fellowships to create \"The Contribution of the Negro to American Democracy\" mural at the Hampton Institute (now Hampton University) in Hampton, Virginia and was artist-in-residence at Washington, D.C.'s Howard University in 1945. As an artist, White primarily created black/sepia and white drawings, paintings, and lithographs depicting figurative portrayals of African American history and experiences. His work has been exhibited throughout the country and in 1972 he was the third African American artist elected to full membership in the National Academy of Design. He passed away on October 3, 1979 at the age of 61 and is buried in Mountain View Cemetery in Altadena, California.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Best known as a writer of poetry, novels, short stories, and plays and a key figure in the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s, Langston Hughes was born James Mercer Langston Hughes on February 1, 1901 in Joplin, Missouri. His first book of poetry,  The Weary Blues , was published in 1926 and in 1930 his first novel  Not Without Laughter  won the Harmon gold medal for literature. His poem \"The Negro Mother\" was first published in 1931 in his poetry collection  The Negro Mother and Other Dramatic Recitations . Hughes passed away on May 22, 1967 at the age of 65. 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When opened, the inside shows the full text of Hughes' poem, along with a stamp at the center bottom attributing the pamphlet to the \"Make History Live Series\". An inscription and signature from Hughes is included in green pen in the top left and bottom right portions of the interior pages reading: \"For the House of Literary curios - Langston Hughes, New York, December 1, 1961.\" The back cover includes a list of books by Hughes available for purchase at the Hugh Gordon Book Shop in Los Angeles, California, along with information on the store."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_bd347158a9241c662f81156721d9f0c2\"\u003eBifold pamphlet for poem \"The Negro Mother\" by Langston Hughes inscribed and signed by the author with illustration by Charles White created for the \"Make History Live Series\" by the Hugh Havilon Gordon Cultural Center.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Bifold pamphlet for poem \"The Negro Mother\" by Langston Hughes inscribed and signed by the author with illustration by Charles White created for the \"Make History Live Series\" by the Hugh Havilon Gordon Cultural Center."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_3ce5a21a95a27d68c29e8756e8589895\"\u003eR 71, C 2, S 6\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["R 71, C 2, S 6"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. 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Spingarn, and Walter White on behalf of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc.; pamphlets from 1949 criticizing the Fair Employment Practices Commission on the bases of reverse discrimination and biological inequality between and among races; statements of Senator Herbert H. Lehman regarding civil rights, including an address to a Dinner of the American Civil Liberties Union; 1951 meeting minutes of the NAACP; and letters from the NAACP's Legal Defense and Education Fund to the Ford Foundation's Program Planning Division requesting support for research on unequal opportunities and world opinion on racial discrimination in the United States. The collection also includes various newsclippings and articles about race relations and civil rights during this time. 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"," The materials in this collection include a 1948 letter on civil rights from President Harry Truman to the Congress; a 1949 statement of Irving M. Engel on behalf of the American Jewish Committee to the House Committee on Labor and the Education Subcommittee on Discrimination in Employment; correspondence of Senator William Benton to Philip Levy, Walter White, and an op-ed to the New York Times; a 70 page \"Program for Progress in Race Relations\" submitted in 1951 by William H. Hastie, Arthur B. Spingarn, and Walter White on behalf of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc.; pamphlets from 1949 criticizing the Fair Employment Practices Commission on the bases of reverse discrimination and biological inequality between and among races; statements of Senator Herbert H. Lehman regarding civil rights, including an address to a Dinner of the American Civil Liberties Union; 1951 meeting minutes of the NAACP; and letters from the NAACP's Legal Defense and Education Fund to the Ford Foundation's Program Planning Division requesting support for research on unequal opportunities and world opinion on racial discrimination in the United States. The collection also includes various newsclippings and articles about race relations and civil rights during this time. Particular focus is paid to race relations in Washington, D.C."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_e6bb56a404ecf19a95e6286098b134f0\"\u003eThis collection contains meeting minutes and grant proposals from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) as well as correspondence on civil rights and race relations between senators and NAACP members. Many of the materials deal with the Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC), issued by Franklin Roosevelt in 1941 as executive order 8802.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["This collection contains meeting minutes and grant proposals from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) as well as correspondence on civil rights and race relations between senators and NAACP members. Many of the materials deal with the Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC), issued by Franklin Roosevelt in 1941 as executive order 8802."],"names_coll_ssim":["American Jewish Committee","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","United States. Committee on Fair Employment Practice","Benton, William, 1900-1973","Lehman, Herbert H. (Herbert Henry), 1878-1963","Weaver, Robert C. (Robert Clifton), 1907-1997","White, Walter, 1893-1955"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","American Jewish Committee","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","United States. Committee on Fair Employment Practice","Levy, Philip, -1970","Benton, William, 1900-1973","Lehman, Herbert H. (Herbert Henry), 1878-1963","Weaver, Robert C. (Robert Clifton), 1907-1997","White, Walter, 1893-1955"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","American Jewish Committee","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","United States. Committee on Fair Employment Practice"],"persname_ssim":["Levy, Philip, -1970","Benton, William, 1900-1973","Lehman, Herbert H. (Herbert Henry), 1878-1963","Weaver, Robert C. (Robert Clifton), 1907-1997","White, Walter, 1893-1955"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":43,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T05:27:49.802Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_576","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_576","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_576","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_576","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_576.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Philip Levy civil rights collection","title_ssm":["Philip Levy civil rights collection"],"title_tesim":["Philip Levy civil rights collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1948-1953"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1948-1953"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0121","/repositories/2/resources/576"],"text":["C0121","/repositories/2/resources/576","Philip Levy civil rights collection","Washington (D.C.)","United States -- Politics and government -- 20th century","African Americans -- Civil rights -- History -- 20th century","African Americans","Correspondence","There are no access restrictions.","Arranged by subject by Special Collections Research Center staff.","Philip Levy was a government official in several capacities, serving on the legal staff of the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) and as counsel to Senator Robert F. Wagner. Levy practiced private law in Washington, D.C. during a career that spanned 1934-1970. He was directly involved with the development of national labor policy in the United States in the 1930s and 1940s, and maintained a continued interest in labor policy throughout his long career.","Processed by Special Collections Research Center staff. EAD markup completed by Eron Ackerman and Jordan Patty in August 2009. Box list created and EAD updated by Amanda Menjivar in 2017.","Special Collections Research Center also holds the ","This collection contains meeting minutes and grant proposals from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) as well as correspondence on civil rights and race relations between senators and NAACP members. Many of the materials deal with the Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC), issued by Franklin Roosevelt in 1941 as executive order 8802 partly in response to protests organized by A. Philip Randolph. The bill was blocked from federal legislation by the conservative coalition in Congress, but five states passed their own FEPC bills: New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Connecticut and Washington. Several documents represented in this collection come from Connecticut. "," The materials in this collection include a 1948 letter on civil rights from President Harry Truman to the Congress; a 1949 statement of Irving M. Engel on behalf of the American Jewish Committee to the House Committee on Labor and the Education Subcommittee on Discrimination in Employment; correspondence of Senator William Benton to Philip Levy, Walter White, and an op-ed to the New York Times; a 70 page \"Program for Progress in Race Relations\" submitted in 1951 by William H. Hastie, Arthur B. Spingarn, and Walter White on behalf of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc.; pamphlets from 1949 criticizing the Fair Employment Practices Commission on the bases of reverse discrimination and biological inequality between and among races; statements of Senator Herbert H. Lehman regarding civil rights, including an address to a Dinner of the American Civil Liberties Union; 1951 meeting minutes of the NAACP; and letters from the NAACP's Legal Defense and Education Fund to the Ford Foundation's Program Planning Division requesting support for research on unequal opportunities and world opinion on racial discrimination in the United States. The collection also includes various newsclippings and articles about race relations and civil rights during this time. Particular focus is paid to race relations in Washington, D.C.","The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)","This collection contains meeting minutes and grant proposals from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) as well as correspondence on civil rights and race relations between senators and NAACP members. Many of the materials deal with the Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC), issued by Franklin Roosevelt in 1941 as executive order 8802.","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","American Jewish Committee","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","United States. Committee on Fair Employment Practice","Levy, Philip, -1970","Benton, William, 1900-1973","Lehman, Herbert H. (Herbert Henry), 1878-1963","Weaver, Robert C. (Robert Clifton), 1907-1997","White, Walter, 1893-1955","English"],"unitid_tesim":["C0121","/repositories/2/resources/576"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Philip Levy civil rights collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Philip Levy civil rights collection"],"collection_ssim":["Philip Levy civil rights collection"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"geogname_ssm":["Washington (D.C.)","United States -- Politics and government -- 20th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Washington (D.C.)","United States -- Politics and government -- 20th century"],"creator_ssm":["Levy, Philip, -1970"],"creator_ssim":["Levy, Philip, -1970"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Levy, Philip, -1970"],"creators_ssim":["Levy, Philip, -1970"],"places_ssim":["Washington (D.C.)","United States -- Politics and government -- 20th century"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Collection donor unknown."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans -- Civil rights -- History -- 20th century","African Americans","Correspondence"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans -- Civil rights -- History -- 20th century","African Americans","Correspondence"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1 Linear Feet 2 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["1 Linear Feet 2 boxes"],"genreform_ssim":["Correspondence"],"date_range_isim":[1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eArranged by subject by Special Collections Research Center staff.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Arranged by subject by Special Collections Research Center staff."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePhilip Levy was a government official in several capacities, serving on the legal staff of the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) and as counsel to Senator Robert F. Wagner. Levy practiced private law in Washington, D.C. during a career that spanned 1934-1970. He was directly involved with the development of national labor policy in the United States in the 1930s and 1940s, and maintained a continued interest in labor policy throughout his long career.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Philip Levy was a government official in several capacities, serving on the legal staff of the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) and as counsel to Senator Robert F. Wagner. Levy practiced private law in Washington, D.C. during a career that spanned 1934-1970. He was directly involved with the development of national labor policy in the United States in the 1930s and 1940s, and maintained a continued interest in labor policy throughout his long career."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePhilip Levy civil rights collection, C0121, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Philip Levy civil rights collection, C0121, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessed by Special Collections Research Center staff. EAD markup completed by Eron Ackerman and Jordan Patty in August 2009. Box list created and EAD updated by Amanda Menjivar in 2017.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processed by Special Collections Research Center staff. EAD markup completed by Eron Ackerman and Jordan Patty in August 2009. Box list created and EAD updated by Amanda Menjivar in 2017."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSpecial Collections Research Center also holds the \u003cextptr href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0055\" title=\"James H. Laue papers.\" show=\"new\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Special Collections Research Center also holds the "],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains meeting minutes and grant proposals from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) as well as correspondence on civil rights and race relations between senators and NAACP members. Many of the materials deal with the Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC), issued by Franklin Roosevelt in 1941 as executive order 8802 partly in response to protests organized by A. Philip Randolph. The bill was blocked from federal legislation by the conservative coalition in Congress, but five states passed their own FEPC bills: New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Connecticut and Washington. Several documents represented in this collection come from Connecticut. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e The materials in this collection include a 1948 letter on civil rights from President Harry Truman to the Congress; a 1949 statement of Irving M. Engel on behalf of the American Jewish Committee to the House Committee on Labor and the Education Subcommittee on Discrimination in Employment; correspondence of Senator William Benton to Philip Levy, Walter White, and an op-ed to the New York Times; a 70 page \"Program for Progress in Race Relations\" submitted in 1951 by William H. Hastie, Arthur B. Spingarn, and Walter White on behalf of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc.; pamphlets from 1949 criticizing the Fair Employment Practices Commission on the bases of reverse discrimination and biological inequality between and among races; statements of Senator Herbert H. Lehman regarding civil rights, including an address to a Dinner of the American Civil Liberties Union; 1951 meeting minutes of the NAACP; and letters from the NAACP's Legal Defense and Education Fund to the Ford Foundation's Program Planning Division requesting support for research on unequal opportunities and world opinion on racial discrimination in the United States. The collection also includes various newsclippings and articles about race relations and civil rights during this time. Particular focus is paid to race relations in Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content","Scope and Contents note"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains meeting minutes and grant proposals from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) as well as correspondence on civil rights and race relations between senators and NAACP members. Many of the materials deal with the Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC), issued by Franklin Roosevelt in 1941 as executive order 8802 partly in response to protests organized by A. Philip Randolph. The bill was blocked from federal legislation by the conservative coalition in Congress, but five states passed their own FEPC bills: New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Connecticut and Washington. Several documents represented in this collection come from Connecticut. "," The materials in this collection include a 1948 letter on civil rights from President Harry Truman to the Congress; a 1949 statement of Irving M. Engel on behalf of the American Jewish Committee to the House Committee on Labor and the Education Subcommittee on Discrimination in Employment; correspondence of Senator William Benton to Philip Levy, Walter White, and an op-ed to the New York Times; a 70 page \"Program for Progress in Race Relations\" submitted in 1951 by William H. Hastie, Arthur B. Spingarn, and Walter White on behalf of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc.; pamphlets from 1949 criticizing the Fair Employment Practices Commission on the bases of reverse discrimination and biological inequality between and among races; statements of Senator Herbert H. Lehman regarding civil rights, including an address to a Dinner of the American Civil Liberties Union; 1951 meeting minutes of the NAACP; and letters from the NAACP's Legal Defense and Education Fund to the Ford Foundation's Program Planning Division requesting support for research on unequal opportunities and world opinion on racial discrimination in the United States. The collection also includes various newsclippings and articles about race relations and civil rights during this time. Particular focus is paid to race relations in Washington, D.C."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_e6bb56a404ecf19a95e6286098b134f0\"\u003eThis collection contains meeting minutes and grant proposals from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) as well as correspondence on civil rights and race relations between senators and NAACP members. Many of the materials deal with the Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC), issued by Franklin Roosevelt in 1941 as executive order 8802.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["This collection contains meeting minutes and grant proposals from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) as well as correspondence on civil rights and race relations between senators and NAACP members. Many of the materials deal with the Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC), issued by Franklin Roosevelt in 1941 as executive order 8802."],"names_coll_ssim":["American Jewish Committee","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","United States. Committee on Fair Employment Practice","Benton, William, 1900-1973","Lehman, Herbert H. (Herbert Henry), 1878-1963","Weaver, Robert C. (Robert Clifton), 1907-1997","White, Walter, 1893-1955"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","American Jewish Committee","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","United States. Committee on Fair Employment Practice","Levy, Philip, -1970","Benton, William, 1900-1973","Lehman, Herbert H. (Herbert Henry), 1878-1963","Weaver, Robert C. (Robert Clifton), 1907-1997","White, Walter, 1893-1955"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","American Jewish Committee","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","United States. Committee on Fair Employment Practice"],"persname_ssim":["Levy, Philip, -1970","Benton, William, 1900-1973","Lehman, Herbert H. (Herbert Henry), 1878-1963","Weaver, Robert C. (Robert Clifton), 1907-1997","White, Walter, 1893-1955"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":43,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T05:27:49.802Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_576"}},{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_637","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Porgy and Bess poster collection","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_637#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"George Mason University. Special Collections Research Center.","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_637#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Content warning: Racist imagery. This collection contains posters promoting the American National Theatre and Academy (ANTA)-sponsored production of the Gershwin opera \"Porgy and Bess\" as it toured various countries - mostly European - during the mid-1950s. It also contains poster mock-ups and artwork related to the production.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_637#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_637","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_637","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_637","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_637","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_637.xml","title_ssm":["Porgy and Bess poster collection"],"title_tesim":["Porgy and Bess poster collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1952 - 1956"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1952 - 1956"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0145","/repositories/2/resources/637"],"text":["C0145","/repositories/2/resources/637","Porgy and Bess poster collection","African Americans","Opera","Performing arts","Musical Theater","Theater","Theatrical posters","There are no access restrictions.","This posters in this collection were digitized by Kelsey Kim from May-June 2024 and are available to access upon request.","The posters are arranged alphabetically by country and city where they were performed.","\"Porgy and Bess\" is a 1934 American \"folk opera\" by George and Ira Gershwin, based on the play \"Porgy\" by Dorothy Heyward, which was itself an adaptation of the novel \"Porgy and Bess\" by DuBose Heyward. The opera tells the story of Porgy, a disabled Black man living in Catfish Row, a slum of Charleston, South Carolina. Porgy encounters Bess, a Black woman wishing to escape an abusive relationship with her lover, Crown, and her drug dealer, Sportin' Life. The two eventually begin living together and fall in love, with many consequences ensuing. \"Porgy and Bess\" is considered a classic of American opera and is performed to this day.","From its premiere, \"Porgy and Bess\" was controversial, mostly for the story's treatment of Black characters and perpetuating racial stereotypes. It was overall a commercial failure and met with little critical success. In 1942 a Broadway revival brought it back to the American public's attention, and the opera begin to receive success, which cemented it as a cultural touchstone. Eventually a large European tour was undertaken by Robert Breen and Blevins Davis of ANTA, which lasted from 1952 - 1956, to monumental success. The tour visited 89 cities and 29 countries. The opera's performance in the Soviet Union was considered the first cultural exchange post-World War II between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. The production eventually toured the United States, also to great success.","Processed by Special Collections Research Center Staff. EAD markup completed in February 2009 by Eron Ackerman and Jordan Patty. Finding aid updated by Amanda Brent in April 2020. ","Reprocessed by Amanda Brent from October 2021 - February 2022. Finding aid completed by Amanda Brent in February 2022. Inventory updated September 2023.","The Special Collections Research Center also holds the   and the  . ","The New York Public Library, Archives and Manuscripts Division holds the  , which has materials from the United States ANTA tour.","Content warning: Racist imagery. This collection contains posters promoting the ANTA-sponsored production of \"Porgy and Bess\" as it toured various countries, mostly European, during the mid-1950s. It also includes poster mock-ups, drawings, and art related to the production.","German. Large ad page, brown background, middle ad for \"Porgy and Bess.\" Size: 33.75\" x 48\".","German. Large ad page, brown background, middle right ad for \"Porgy and Bess.\" Size: 34\" x 48\".","English. White background, blue and red lettering with musical and star design at top. Seemingly made for Americans abroad. Size: 27.5\" x 39.5\".","German. Mounted poster, white (now brown) with black lettering. Size: 17\" x 23.75\" (small).","Flemish. Vertical; black background with yellow lettering; white squares with black lettering; white border. Size: 22\" x 14.25\" (small). Two copies.","Flemish. Black background with white squares and black lettering; large bright yellow lettering in the middle of \"Porgy and Bess.\" Size: 31\" x 96\". Two copies.","French. Black background with white squares and black lettering; off white border; large lemon yellow letters in middle; yellow square at top with black lettering. Size: 23.5\" x 32.5\".","French. Black background, white boxes with black text, bright yellow letters. Size: 14.5\" x 22\" (small). Two copies.","French. Black background, white boxes with black text, bright green letters. Size: 23.5\" x 32.5\".","French. Black background, white boxes with black text, bright green letters. Size: 14.5\" x 22\" (small).","French. Large horizontal, black background, white boxes with black text, bright green letters. Size: 30.5\" x 93\".","Brazilian Portuguese. Four pieces; bright red background with off white border and white lettering inside of it. Size: 60\" x 92\". Two copies.","Czech. Wash out off-white background' small black lettering, larger bold red lettering; on left side square with words \"Porgy and Bess.'\" Size: 24\" x 34\". Two copies.","Danish. White background in middle with lime green lettering and black writing; black and white photographs taken from characters and scenes of the play act as the border. Size: 24\" x 33.25\". Two copies.","French. White background; blue border with white stars, blue and red letters. Size: 36\" x 47\". Two copies.","French, Egyptian Arabic. White background, blue star border, blue and red lettering, Egyptian Arabic words at top. Size: 35\" x 44.5\".","French. Off-white background, red and blue lettering. Size: 12\" x 18\". Three copies.","French. Purple background with white lettering. Size: 36'' x 53''. Two copies.","French. Horizontal black with white lettering, introductory text only. Size: 13\" x 47\". Two copies.","French. Green background with black and white lettering. Size: 16\" x 24\" (small). Two copies.","French. Vertical, dark green background with white border, large bold black letters. Size: 16\" x 23\" (small). Two copies.","French. Vertical, dark green background with white border, large bold black letters. Size: 5.25\" x 8.25\" (small).","French. Horizontal, dark green background with white border, large bold black letters. Size: 31.5\" x 47.","French. Large, vertical dark green background with black and white lettering. Size: 37.5\" x 59\". Two copies.","French. Large, horizontal dark green background with black and white lettering, white border. Size: 46\" x 92\".","German. Off-white background, with blue sketch-like illustration of village; magenta and black lettering through the center. Size: 24\" x 33\". Two copies.","German. Beige background, black and red lettering. Size: 23.5\" x 33\". Middle bottom \"Porgy and Bess\" ad for Titania Palast performance.","German. Lemon yellow background with orange border on the top and bottom; orange and black lettering. Size: 23.5\" x 33.5\". Two copies.","German. White background with black lettering; blue patch with Porgy and Bess written in yellow in the middle. Size: 23.5\" x 33.5\". Two copies.","German. White background with black lettering, blue patch of color in middle with \"Porgy and Bess\" written in yellow.","German. Beige background, gold/beige lettering top and bottom, blue bars with white lettering at top and middle. Size: 16\" x 23\".","German. Light yellow background; black border on sides; red border on top and bottom and orange lettering. Size: 24.25\" x 33.5\". Two copies.","German. Brick colored border surrounding off-white background; brick colored lettering. Size: 23\" x 33\".","German. Black and white background with large neon yellow, black, and white lettering. Size: 33.5\" x 47\". Three copies.","German. Two pieces, bright red background with neon yellow lettering reading \"Porgy and Bess\" across the front. Size: 33.5\" x 47\". Two copies.","German. Two pieces, black background with large neon yellow lettering in the middle. Size: 33.5\" x 47\". Two copies.","Greek. Mounted poster, illustrating in blue, yellow, green, with white lettering. Size: 14\" x 19\" (small). Two copies.","Hebrew. White background, red and blue lettering. Size: 25\" x 37.25\". Two copies.","Italian. Vertical, off white background with red and black lettering. Size: 13\" x 27\" (small). Three copies.","Italian. Mustard yellow background with black lettering, red lettering in upper half, two purple stamp like pictures on lower left part. Size: 27.5\" x 39.5\". Two copies.","Italian. Vertical, beige background with brown and red lettering, has a shield like emblem border at top. Size: 14\" x 40\". Two copies.","Italian. Vertical, beige background with black lettering, has a shield like emblem border at top. Size: 14\" x 40\".","Italian. Light brown, emblem decoration at top border. Size: 27.5\" x 39.5\". Two copies.","Italian. Light brown, emblem decoration at top border, in three pieces. Size: 39.5\" x 79\".","Italian. Light brown, emblem decoration at top border. Size: 10.5\" x 15\" (small). Three copies.","Italian. Bright blue background with a yellow and green illustration of village, white border, white lettering. Size: 27.5\" x 39.5\". Two copies.","Italian. Bright yellow background, black and red lettering. Size: 38\" x 52\". Two copies.","Italian. Bright yellow background, black lettering, red lettering at top. Size: 26\" x 38\". Two copies.","Italian. Black background yellow lettering and drawing. Size: 24.5\" x 37\".","Italian. Bright mustard yellow background, brown border, red and brown lettering. Size: 13\" x 22\" (small). Three copies.","Italian. Bright yellow background, black and red lettering. Size: 40\" x 55\". Two copies.","Italian. Bright yellow background, black and red lettering. Size: 53\" x 80\".","Italian. Vertical, blue background with black and red lettering. Size: 14\" x 39.5\". Two copies.","Italian. Brown and red lettering, yellow background. Size: 28\" x 39.5\".","Italian. Bright yellow with black and red lettering. Size: 39.5\" x 55\". Duplicate of second panel.","Italian. Vertical, yellow background with black and red lettering. Size: 14\" x 39.5\". Two copies.","Italian. Four panels, one duplicate of last panel. Green and bright yellow ombre background, large red lettering, black lettering at bottom. Size: 55\" x 79\".","Italian. Vertical, off white, pink illustration of a lady in the background. Size: 13\" x 28\" (small). Two copies.","Italian. Pink and yellow illustration with black lettering. Size: 26\" x 38\". Two copies.","Italian. Red background with half facial photo of George Gershwin in upper right, racist caricature illustration on left. Size: 28\" x 40\". Two copies.","Italian. Long, vertical, yellow background with red lettering. Size: 14\" x 40\".","Italian. Long, vertical, blue background, with red and black lettering. Size: 14\" x 40\". Two copies.","Italian. Long, vertical, white background, with red and black lettering. Size: 14\" x 40\". Two copies.","Italian. Large, off white, red and black lettering. Size: 40\" x 52\".","Italian. Long, vertical, pink background, with red and black lettering. Size: 14\" x 40\".","Dutch. White border, black lettering within white squares, yellow squares with black lettering, bright yellow lettering in middle. Size: 33.5\" x 47\". Two copies.","Dutch. Black background and yellow lettering. Size: 23\" x 34\".","Spanish. Brown background, black lettering. Size: 33.5\" x 50\". Two copies.","Polish. White background, blue and red lettering. Size: 28\" x 40\". Two copies.","Polish. Purple background, multicolored swuares, with drawn figure. Size: 26\" x 39\".","Spanish. Large, off white with brown and red lettering, branch style border with leaves on it. Size: 34.5\" x 49.5\". Two copies.","French. Washed out yellow background with black and red lettering, bold red lettering in middle. Size: 36\"x 50\". Two copies.","French. Washed out yellow background with black and red lettering, bold red lettering in middle. Size: 14\" x 28\" (small). Three copies.","German. Light green background with painted color figures of Porgy and Bess, black sketch of village, blue lettering on top. Size: 35.5\" x 50\". Two copies.","German. Light green background with painted color figures of Porgy and Bess, black sketch of village, blue lettering on top. Size: 11.5\" x 20\" (small). Three copies.","French. White background, red border, white and red lettering. Possible produced by newspaper Hebdomadaire Romand. Size: 13.75\" x 20\" (small).","English. Two shades of orange background, black and white lettering, illustration of couple dancing in middle, both posters mounted on board. Size: 14\" x 20\" (small). Two copies.","English. Red background, black and red lettering, mounted on board. Size: 14\" x 22\" (small).","English. Red background, black and red lettering (same design as previous poster), only bottom panel available. Size: 29\" x 41\".","Russia. White background, blue and red lettering. Size: 28.5\" x 42.5\". Two copies.","Russian. Ad poster, salmon pink, black lettering. Size: 30.5\" x 44.5\".","Russian. Light brown background, red and black lettering with \"Porgy and Bess\" on schedule. Size: 11.75\" x 16.5\" (small).","Croatian. Beige background, purple and white lettering. Size: 28\" x 39.5\". Two copies.","Croatian. Beige background, black and red lettering. Size: 8.25\" x 11.5\" (small).","French, English Egyptian Arabic (?). Tan background, red and black text. Size: 7.5\" x 11\" (small). Two copies.","Multiple \"Porgy and Bess\" poster mock-ups, set/scene drawings, and copies of drawings. Included is a program for a Federal Theatre Project \"Negro Unit\" production of Macbeth.","The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)","Content warning: Racist imagery. This collection contains posters promoting the American National Theatre and Academy (ANTA)-sponsored production of the Gershwin opera \"Porgy and Bess\" as it toured various countries - mostly European - during the mid-1950s. It also contains poster mock-ups and artwork related to the production.","Map cases 10.1 - 10.2","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","American National Theatre and Academy","George Mason University. Special Collections Research Center.","Arabic Croatian Czech Danish Dutch; Flemish English French German Greek, Modern (1453-) Hebrew Italian Polish Portuguese Spanish; Castilian Russian"],"unitid_tesim":["C0145","/repositories/2/resources/637"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Porgy and Bess poster collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Porgy and Bess poster collection"],"collection_ssim":["Porgy and Bess poster collection"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"creator_ssm":["George Mason University. Special Collections Research Center."],"creator_ssim":["George Mason University. Special Collections Research Center."],"creator_persname_ssim":["George Mason University. Special Collections Research Center."],"creators_ssim":["George Mason University. Special Collections Research Center."],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Collection donated by Lorraine Brown in 1995."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans","Opera","Performing arts","Musical Theater","Theater","Theatrical posters"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans","Opera","Performing arts","Musical Theater","Theater","Theatrical posters"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["84 posters; poster mock-ups and artwork"],"extent_tesim":["84 posters; poster mock-ups and artwork"],"genreform_ssim":["Theatrical posters"],"date_range_isim":[1952,1953,1954,1955,1956],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"altformavail_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis posters in this collection were digitized by Kelsey Kim from May-June 2024 and are available to access upon request.\u003c/p\u003e"],"altformavail_heading_ssm":["Alternate Format Available"],"altformavail_tesim":["This posters in this collection were digitized by Kelsey Kim from May-June 2024 and are available to access upon request."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe posters are arranged alphabetically by country and city where they were performed.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The posters are arranged alphabetically by country and city where they were performed."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\"Porgy and Bess\" is a 1934 American \"folk opera\" by George and Ira Gershwin, based on the play \"Porgy\" by Dorothy Heyward, which was itself an adaptation of the novel \"Porgy and Bess\" by DuBose Heyward. The opera tells the story of Porgy, a disabled Black man living in Catfish Row, a slum of Charleston, South Carolina. Porgy encounters Bess, a Black woman wishing to escape an abusive relationship with her lover, Crown, and her drug dealer, Sportin' Life. The two eventually begin living together and fall in love, with many consequences ensuing. \"Porgy and Bess\" is considered a classic of American opera and is performed to this day.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFrom its premiere, \"Porgy and Bess\" was controversial, mostly for the story's treatment of Black characters and perpetuating racial stereotypes. It was overall a commercial failure and met with little critical success. In 1942 a Broadway revival brought it back to the American public's attention, and the opera begin to receive success, which cemented it as a cultural touchstone. Eventually a large European tour was undertaken by Robert Breen and Blevins Davis of ANTA, which lasted from 1952 - 1956, to monumental success. The tour visited 89 cities and 29 countries. The opera's performance in the Soviet Union was considered the first cultural exchange post-World War II between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. The production eventually toured the United States, also to great success.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["\"Porgy and Bess\" is a 1934 American \"folk opera\" by George and Ira Gershwin, based on the play \"Porgy\" by Dorothy Heyward, which was itself an adaptation of the novel \"Porgy and Bess\" by DuBose Heyward. The opera tells the story of Porgy, a disabled Black man living in Catfish Row, a slum of Charleston, South Carolina. Porgy encounters Bess, a Black woman wishing to escape an abusive relationship with her lover, Crown, and her drug dealer, Sportin' Life. The two eventually begin living together and fall in love, with many consequences ensuing. \"Porgy and Bess\" is considered a classic of American opera and is performed to this day.","From its premiere, \"Porgy and Bess\" was controversial, mostly for the story's treatment of Black characters and perpetuating racial stereotypes. It was overall a commercial failure and met with little critical success. In 1942 a Broadway revival brought it back to the American public's attention, and the opera begin to receive success, which cemented it as a cultural touchstone. Eventually a large European tour was undertaken by Robert Breen and Blevins Davis of ANTA, which lasted from 1952 - 1956, to monumental success. The tour visited 89 cities and 29 countries. The opera's performance in the Soviet Union was considered the first cultural exchange post-World War II between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. The production eventually toured the United States, also to great success."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePorgy and Bess poster collection, C0145, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Porgy and Bess poster collection, C0145, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessed by Special Collections Research Center Staff. EAD markup completed in February 2009 by Eron Ackerman and Jordan Patty. Finding aid updated by Amanda Brent in April 2020. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReprocessed by Amanda Brent from October 2021 - February 2022. Finding aid completed by Amanda Brent in February 2022. Inventory updated September 2023.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processed by Special Collections Research Center Staff. EAD markup completed in February 2009 by Eron Ackerman and Jordan Patty. Finding aid updated by Amanda Brent in April 2020. ","Reprocessed by Amanda Brent from October 2021 - February 2022. Finding aid completed by Amanda Brent in February 2022. Inventory updated September 2023."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center also holds the \u003cextptr href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0004\" title=\"Robert and Wilva Breen papers\" show=\"new\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e and the \u003cextptr href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0289\" title=\"Porgy and Bess letter from James Tipton\" show=\"new\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe New York Public Library, Archives and Manuscripts Division holds the \u003cextptr href=\"https://archives.nypl.org/scm/21118\" title=\"Porgy and Bess collection\" show=\"new\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e, which has materials from the United States ANTA tour.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Special Collections Research Center also holds the   and the  . ","The New York Public Library, Archives and Manuscripts Division holds the  , which has materials from the United States ANTA tour."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eContent warning: Racist imagery. This collection contains posters promoting the ANTA-sponsored production of \"Porgy and Bess\" as it toured various countries, mostly European, during the mid-1950s. It also includes poster mock-ups, drawings, and art related to the production.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGerman. Large ad page, brown background, middle ad for \"Porgy and Bess.\" Size: 33.75\" x 48\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGerman. Large ad page, brown background, middle right ad for \"Porgy and Bess.\" Size: 34\" x 48\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEnglish. White background, blue and red lettering with musical and star design at top. Seemingly made for Americans abroad. Size: 27.5\" x 39.5\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGerman. Mounted poster, white (now brown) with black lettering. Size: 17\" x 23.75\" (small).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFlemish. Vertical; black background with yellow lettering; white squares with black lettering; white border. Size: 22\" x 14.25\" (small). Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFlemish. Black background with white squares and black lettering; large bright yellow lettering in the middle of \"Porgy and Bess.\" Size: 31\" x 96\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrench. Black background with white squares and black lettering; off white border; large lemon yellow letters in middle; yellow square at top with black lettering. Size: 23.5\" x 32.5\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrench. Black background, white boxes with black text, bright yellow letters. Size: 14.5\" x 22\" (small). Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrench. Black background, white boxes with black text, bright green letters. Size: 23.5\" x 32.5\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrench. Black background, white boxes with black text, bright green letters. Size: 14.5\" x 22\" (small).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrench. Large horizontal, black background, white boxes with black text, bright green letters. Size: 30.5\" x 93\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBrazilian Portuguese. Four pieces; bright red background with off white border and white lettering inside of it. Size: 60\" x 92\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCzech. Wash out off-white background' small black lettering, larger bold red lettering; on left side square with words \"Porgy and Bess.'\" Size: 24\" x 34\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDanish. White background in middle with lime green lettering and black writing; black and white photographs taken from characters and scenes of the play act as the border. Size: 24\" x 33.25\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrench. White background; blue border with white stars, blue and red letters. Size: 36\" x 47\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrench, Egyptian Arabic. White background, blue star border, blue and red lettering, Egyptian Arabic words at top. Size: 35\" x 44.5\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrench. Off-white background, red and blue lettering. Size: 12\" x 18\". Three copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrench. Purple background with white lettering. Size: 36'' x 53''. Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrench. Horizontal black with white lettering, introductory text only. Size: 13\" x 47\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrench. Green background with black and white lettering. Size: 16\" x 24\" (small). Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrench. Vertical, dark green background with white border, large bold black letters. Size: 16\" x 23\" (small). Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrench. Vertical, dark green background with white border, large bold black letters. Size: 5.25\" x 8.25\" (small).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrench. Horizontal, dark green background with white border, large bold black letters. Size: 31.5\" x 47.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrench. Large, vertical dark green background with black and white lettering. Size: 37.5\" x 59\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrench. Large, horizontal dark green background with black and white lettering, white border. Size: 46\" x 92\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGerman. Off-white background, with blue sketch-like illustration of village; magenta and black lettering through the center. Size: 24\" x 33\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGerman. Beige background, black and red lettering. Size: 23.5\" x 33\". Middle bottom \"Porgy and Bess\" ad for Titania Palast performance.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGerman. Lemon yellow background with orange border on the top and bottom; orange and black lettering. Size: 23.5\" x 33.5\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGerman. White background with black lettering; blue patch with Porgy and Bess written in yellow in the middle. Size: 23.5\" x 33.5\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGerman. White background with black lettering, blue patch of color in middle with \"Porgy and Bess\" written in yellow.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGerman. Beige background, gold/beige lettering top and bottom, blue bars with white lettering at top and middle. Size: 16\" x 23\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGerman. Light yellow background; black border on sides; red border on top and bottom and orange lettering. Size: 24.25\" x 33.5\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGerman. Brick colored border surrounding off-white background; brick colored lettering. Size: 23\" x 33\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGerman. Black and white background with large neon yellow, black, and white lettering. Size: 33.5\" x 47\". Three copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGerman. Two pieces, bright red background with neon yellow lettering reading \"Porgy and Bess\" across the front. Size: 33.5\" x 47\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGerman. Two pieces, black background with large neon yellow lettering in the middle. Size: 33.5\" x 47\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGreek. Mounted poster, illustrating in blue, yellow, green, with white lettering. Size: 14\" x 19\" (small). Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHebrew. White background, red and blue lettering. Size: 25\" x 37.25\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItalian. Vertical, off white background with red and black lettering. Size: 13\" x 27\" (small). Three copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItalian. Mustard yellow background with black lettering, red lettering in upper half, two purple stamp like pictures on lower left part. Size: 27.5\" x 39.5\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItalian. Vertical, beige background with brown and red lettering, has a shield like emblem border at top. Size: 14\" x 40\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItalian. Vertical, beige background with black lettering, has a shield like emblem border at top. Size: 14\" x 40\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItalian. Light brown, emblem decoration at top border. Size: 27.5\" x 39.5\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItalian. Light brown, emblem decoration at top border, in three pieces. Size: 39.5\" x 79\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItalian. Light brown, emblem decoration at top border. Size: 10.5\" x 15\" (small). Three copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItalian. Bright blue background with a yellow and green illustration of village, white border, white lettering. Size: 27.5\" x 39.5\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItalian. Bright yellow background, black and red lettering. Size: 38\" x 52\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItalian. Bright yellow background, black lettering, red lettering at top. Size: 26\" x 38\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItalian. Black background yellow lettering and drawing. Size: 24.5\" x 37\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItalian. Bright mustard yellow background, brown border, red and brown lettering. Size: 13\" x 22\" (small). Three copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItalian. Bright yellow background, black and red lettering. Size: 40\" x 55\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItalian. Bright yellow background, black and red lettering. Size: 53\" x 80\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItalian. Vertical, blue background with black and red lettering. Size: 14\" x 39.5\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItalian. Brown and red lettering, yellow background. Size: 28\" x 39.5\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItalian. Bright yellow with black and red lettering. Size: 39.5\" x 55\". Duplicate of second panel.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItalian. Vertical, yellow background with black and red lettering. Size: 14\" x 39.5\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItalian. Four panels, one duplicate of last panel. Green and bright yellow ombre background, large red lettering, black lettering at bottom. Size: 55\" x 79\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItalian. Vertical, off white, pink illustration of a lady in the background. Size: 13\" x 28\" (small). Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItalian. Pink and yellow illustration with black lettering. Size: 26\" x 38\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItalian. Red background with half facial photo of George Gershwin in upper right, racist caricature illustration on left. Size: 28\" x 40\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItalian. Long, vertical, yellow background with red lettering. Size: 14\" x 40\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItalian. Long, vertical, blue background, with red and black lettering. Size: 14\" x 40\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItalian. Long, vertical, white background, with red and black lettering. Size: 14\" x 40\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItalian. Large, off white, red and black lettering. Size: 40\" x 52\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItalian. Long, vertical, pink background, with red and black lettering. Size: 14\" x 40\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDutch. White border, black lettering within white squares, yellow squares with black lettering, bright yellow lettering in middle. Size: 33.5\" x 47\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDutch. Black background and yellow lettering. Size: 23\" x 34\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSpanish. Brown background, black lettering. Size: 33.5\" x 50\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePolish. White background, blue and red lettering. Size: 28\" x 40\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePolish. Purple background, multicolored swuares, with drawn figure. Size: 26\" x 39\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSpanish. Large, off white with brown and red lettering, branch style border with leaves on it. Size: 34.5\" x 49.5\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrench. Washed out yellow background with black and red lettering, bold red lettering in middle. Size: 36\"x 50\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrench. Washed out yellow background with black and red lettering, bold red lettering in middle. Size: 14\" x 28\" (small). Three copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGerman. Light green background with painted color figures of Porgy and Bess, black sketch of village, blue lettering on top. Size: 35.5\" x 50\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGerman. Light green background with painted color figures of Porgy and Bess, black sketch of village, blue lettering on top. Size: 11.5\" x 20\" (small). Three copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrench. White background, red border, white and red lettering. Possible produced by newspaper Hebdomadaire Romand. Size: 13.75\" x 20\" (small).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEnglish. Two shades of orange background, black and white lettering, illustration of couple dancing in middle, both posters mounted on board. Size: 14\" x 20\" (small). Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEnglish. Red background, black and red lettering, mounted on board. Size: 14\" x 22\" (small).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEnglish. Red background, black and red lettering (same design as previous poster), only bottom panel available. Size: 29\" x 41\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRussia. White background, blue and red lettering. Size: 28.5\" x 42.5\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRussian. Ad poster, salmon pink, black lettering. Size: 30.5\" x 44.5\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRussian. Light brown background, red and black lettering with \"Porgy and Bess\" on schedule. Size: 11.75\" x 16.5\" (small).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCroatian. Beige background, purple and white lettering. Size: 28\" x 39.5\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCroatian. Beige background, black and red lettering. Size: 8.25\" x 11.5\" (small).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrench, English Egyptian Arabic (?). Tan background, red and black text. Size: 7.5\" x 11\" (small). Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMultiple \"Porgy and Bess\" poster mock-ups, set/scene drawings, and copies of drawings. Included is a program for a Federal Theatre Project \"Negro Unit\" production of Macbeth.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Content","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Content warning: Racist imagery. This collection contains posters promoting the ANTA-sponsored production of \"Porgy and Bess\" as it toured various countries, mostly European, during the mid-1950s. It also includes poster mock-ups, drawings, and art related to the production.","German. Large ad page, brown background, middle ad for \"Porgy and Bess.\" Size: 33.75\" x 48\".","German. Large ad page, brown background, middle right ad for \"Porgy and Bess.\" Size: 34\" x 48\".","English. White background, blue and red lettering with musical and star design at top. Seemingly made for Americans abroad. Size: 27.5\" x 39.5\".","German. Mounted poster, white (now brown) with black lettering. Size: 17\" x 23.75\" (small).","Flemish. Vertical; black background with yellow lettering; white squares with black lettering; white border. Size: 22\" x 14.25\" (small). Two copies.","Flemish. Black background with white squares and black lettering; large bright yellow lettering in the middle of \"Porgy and Bess.\" Size: 31\" x 96\". Two copies.","French. Black background with white squares and black lettering; off white border; large lemon yellow letters in middle; yellow square at top with black lettering. Size: 23.5\" x 32.5\".","French. Black background, white boxes with black text, bright yellow letters. Size: 14.5\" x 22\" (small). Two copies.","French. Black background, white boxes with black text, bright green letters. Size: 23.5\" x 32.5\".","French. Black background, white boxes with black text, bright green letters. Size: 14.5\" x 22\" (small).","French. Large horizontal, black background, white boxes with black text, bright green letters. Size: 30.5\" x 93\".","Brazilian Portuguese. Four pieces; bright red background with off white border and white lettering inside of it. Size: 60\" x 92\". Two copies.","Czech. Wash out off-white background' small black lettering, larger bold red lettering; on left side square with words \"Porgy and Bess.'\" Size: 24\" x 34\". Two copies.","Danish. White background in middle with lime green lettering and black writing; black and white photographs taken from characters and scenes of the play act as the border. Size: 24\" x 33.25\". Two copies.","French. White background; blue border with white stars, blue and red letters. Size: 36\" x 47\". Two copies.","French, Egyptian Arabic. White background, blue star border, blue and red lettering, Egyptian Arabic words at top. Size: 35\" x 44.5\".","French. Off-white background, red and blue lettering. Size: 12\" x 18\". Three copies.","French. Purple background with white lettering. Size: 36'' x 53''. Two copies.","French. Horizontal black with white lettering, introductory text only. Size: 13\" x 47\". Two copies.","French. Green background with black and white lettering. Size: 16\" x 24\" (small). Two copies.","French. Vertical, dark green background with white border, large bold black letters. Size: 16\" x 23\" (small). Two copies.","French. Vertical, dark green background with white border, large bold black letters. Size: 5.25\" x 8.25\" (small).","French. Horizontal, dark green background with white border, large bold black letters. Size: 31.5\" x 47.","French. Large, vertical dark green background with black and white lettering. Size: 37.5\" x 59\". Two copies.","French. Large, horizontal dark green background with black and white lettering, white border. Size: 46\" x 92\".","German. Off-white background, with blue sketch-like illustration of village; magenta and black lettering through the center. Size: 24\" x 33\". Two copies.","German. Beige background, black and red lettering. Size: 23.5\" x 33\". Middle bottom \"Porgy and Bess\" ad for Titania Palast performance.","German. Lemon yellow background with orange border on the top and bottom; orange and black lettering. Size: 23.5\" x 33.5\". Two copies.","German. White background with black lettering; blue patch with Porgy and Bess written in yellow in the middle. Size: 23.5\" x 33.5\". Two copies.","German. White background with black lettering, blue patch of color in middle with \"Porgy and Bess\" written in yellow.","German. Beige background, gold/beige lettering top and bottom, blue bars with white lettering at top and middle. Size: 16\" x 23\".","German. Light yellow background; black border on sides; red border on top and bottom and orange lettering. Size: 24.25\" x 33.5\". Two copies.","German. Brick colored border surrounding off-white background; brick colored lettering. Size: 23\" x 33\".","German. Black and white background with large neon yellow, black, and white lettering. Size: 33.5\" x 47\". Three copies.","German. Two pieces, bright red background with neon yellow lettering reading \"Porgy and Bess\" across the front. Size: 33.5\" x 47\". Two copies.","German. Two pieces, black background with large neon yellow lettering in the middle. Size: 33.5\" x 47\". Two copies.","Greek. Mounted poster, illustrating in blue, yellow, green, with white lettering. Size: 14\" x 19\" (small). Two copies.","Hebrew. White background, red and blue lettering. Size: 25\" x 37.25\". Two copies.","Italian. Vertical, off white background with red and black lettering. Size: 13\" x 27\" (small). Three copies.","Italian. Mustard yellow background with black lettering, red lettering in upper half, two purple stamp like pictures on lower left part. Size: 27.5\" x 39.5\". Two copies.","Italian. Vertical, beige background with brown and red lettering, has a shield like emblem border at top. Size: 14\" x 40\". Two copies.","Italian. Vertical, beige background with black lettering, has a shield like emblem border at top. Size: 14\" x 40\".","Italian. Light brown, emblem decoration at top border. Size: 27.5\" x 39.5\". Two copies.","Italian. Light brown, emblem decoration at top border, in three pieces. Size: 39.5\" x 79\".","Italian. Light brown, emblem decoration at top border. Size: 10.5\" x 15\" (small). Three copies.","Italian. Bright blue background with a yellow and green illustration of village, white border, white lettering. Size: 27.5\" x 39.5\". Two copies.","Italian. Bright yellow background, black and red lettering. Size: 38\" x 52\". Two copies.","Italian. Bright yellow background, black lettering, red lettering at top. Size: 26\" x 38\". Two copies.","Italian. Black background yellow lettering and drawing. Size: 24.5\" x 37\".","Italian. Bright mustard yellow background, brown border, red and brown lettering. Size: 13\" x 22\" (small). Three copies.","Italian. Bright yellow background, black and red lettering. Size: 40\" x 55\". Two copies.","Italian. Bright yellow background, black and red lettering. Size: 53\" x 80\".","Italian. Vertical, blue background with black and red lettering. Size: 14\" x 39.5\". Two copies.","Italian. Brown and red lettering, yellow background. Size: 28\" x 39.5\".","Italian. Bright yellow with black and red lettering. Size: 39.5\" x 55\". Duplicate of second panel.","Italian. Vertical, yellow background with black and red lettering. Size: 14\" x 39.5\". Two copies.","Italian. Four panels, one duplicate of last panel. Green and bright yellow ombre background, large red lettering, black lettering at bottom. Size: 55\" x 79\".","Italian. Vertical, off white, pink illustration of a lady in the background. Size: 13\" x 28\" (small). Two copies.","Italian. Pink and yellow illustration with black lettering. Size: 26\" x 38\". Two copies.","Italian. Red background with half facial photo of George Gershwin in upper right, racist caricature illustration on left. Size: 28\" x 40\". Two copies.","Italian. Long, vertical, yellow background with red lettering. Size: 14\" x 40\".","Italian. Long, vertical, blue background, with red and black lettering. Size: 14\" x 40\". Two copies.","Italian. Long, vertical, white background, with red and black lettering. Size: 14\" x 40\". Two copies.","Italian. Large, off white, red and black lettering. Size: 40\" x 52\".","Italian. Long, vertical, pink background, with red and black lettering. Size: 14\" x 40\".","Dutch. White border, black lettering within white squares, yellow squares with black lettering, bright yellow lettering in middle. Size: 33.5\" x 47\". Two copies.","Dutch. Black background and yellow lettering. Size: 23\" x 34\".","Spanish. Brown background, black lettering. Size: 33.5\" x 50\". Two copies.","Polish. White background, blue and red lettering. Size: 28\" x 40\". Two copies.","Polish. Purple background, multicolored swuares, with drawn figure. Size: 26\" x 39\".","Spanish. Large, off white with brown and red lettering, branch style border with leaves on it. Size: 34.5\" x 49.5\". Two copies.","French. Washed out yellow background with black and red lettering, bold red lettering in middle. Size: 36\"x 50\". Two copies.","French. Washed out yellow background with black and red lettering, bold red lettering in middle. Size: 14\" x 28\" (small). Three copies.","German. Light green background with painted color figures of Porgy and Bess, black sketch of village, blue lettering on top. Size: 35.5\" x 50\". Two copies.","German. Light green background with painted color figures of Porgy and Bess, black sketch of village, blue lettering on top. Size: 11.5\" x 20\" (small). Three copies.","French. White background, red border, white and red lettering. Possible produced by newspaper Hebdomadaire Romand. Size: 13.75\" x 20\" (small).","English. Two shades of orange background, black and white lettering, illustration of couple dancing in middle, both posters mounted on board. Size: 14\" x 20\" (small). Two copies.","English. Red background, black and red lettering, mounted on board. Size: 14\" x 22\" (small).","English. Red background, black and red lettering (same design as previous poster), only bottom panel available. Size: 29\" x 41\".","Russia. White background, blue and red lettering. Size: 28.5\" x 42.5\". Two copies.","Russian. Ad poster, salmon pink, black lettering. Size: 30.5\" x 44.5\".","Russian. Light brown background, red and black lettering with \"Porgy and Bess\" on schedule. Size: 11.75\" x 16.5\" (small).","Croatian. Beige background, purple and white lettering. Size: 28\" x 39.5\". Two copies.","Croatian. Beige background, black and red lettering. Size: 8.25\" x 11.5\" (small).","French, English Egyptian Arabic (?). Tan background, red and black text. Size: 7.5\" x 11\" (small). Two copies.","Multiple \"Porgy and Bess\" poster mock-ups, set/scene drawings, and copies of drawings. Included is a program for a Federal Theatre Project \"Negro Unit\" production of Macbeth."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_32cf273d7a094b56619b7083b3a97a6c\"\u003eContent warning: Racist imagery. This collection contains posters promoting the American National Theatre and Academy (ANTA)-sponsored production of the Gershwin opera \"Porgy and Bess\" as it toured various countries - mostly European - during the mid-1950s. It also contains poster mock-ups and artwork related to the production.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Content warning: Racist imagery. This collection contains posters promoting the American National Theatre and Academy (ANTA)-sponsored production of the Gershwin opera \"Porgy and Bess\" as it toured various countries - mostly European - during the mid-1950s. It also contains poster mock-ups and artwork related to the production."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_603b4ba9d7c49a6f200f0087fcd3137b\"\u003eMap cases 10.1 - 10.2\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["Map cases 10.1 - 10.2"],"names_coll_ssim":["American National Theatre and Academy"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","American National Theatre and Academy","George Mason University. Special Collections Research Center."],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","American National Theatre and Academy"],"persname_ssim":["George Mason University. Special Collections Research Center."],"language_ssim":["Arabic Croatian Czech Danish Dutch; Flemish English French German Greek, Modern (1453-) Hebrew Italian Polish Portuguese Spanish; Castilian Russian"],"total_component_count_is":86,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-30T07:06:31.410Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_637","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_637","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_637","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_637","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_637.xml","title_ssm":["Porgy and Bess poster collection"],"title_tesim":["Porgy and Bess poster collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1952 - 1956"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1952 - 1956"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0145","/repositories/2/resources/637"],"text":["C0145","/repositories/2/resources/637","Porgy and Bess poster collection","African Americans","Opera","Performing arts","Musical Theater","Theater","Theatrical posters","There are no access restrictions.","This posters in this collection were digitized by Kelsey Kim from May-June 2024 and are available to access upon request.","The posters are arranged alphabetically by country and city where they were performed.","\"Porgy and Bess\" is a 1934 American \"folk opera\" by George and Ira Gershwin, based on the play \"Porgy\" by Dorothy Heyward, which was itself an adaptation of the novel \"Porgy and Bess\" by DuBose Heyward. The opera tells the story of Porgy, a disabled Black man living in Catfish Row, a slum of Charleston, South Carolina. Porgy encounters Bess, a Black woman wishing to escape an abusive relationship with her lover, Crown, and her drug dealer, Sportin' Life. The two eventually begin living together and fall in love, with many consequences ensuing. \"Porgy and Bess\" is considered a classic of American opera and is performed to this day.","From its premiere, \"Porgy and Bess\" was controversial, mostly for the story's treatment of Black characters and perpetuating racial stereotypes. It was overall a commercial failure and met with little critical success. In 1942 a Broadway revival brought it back to the American public's attention, and the opera begin to receive success, which cemented it as a cultural touchstone. Eventually a large European tour was undertaken by Robert Breen and Blevins Davis of ANTA, which lasted from 1952 - 1956, to monumental success. The tour visited 89 cities and 29 countries. The opera's performance in the Soviet Union was considered the first cultural exchange post-World War II between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. The production eventually toured the United States, also to great success.","Processed by Special Collections Research Center Staff. EAD markup completed in February 2009 by Eron Ackerman and Jordan Patty. Finding aid updated by Amanda Brent in April 2020. ","Reprocessed by Amanda Brent from October 2021 - February 2022. Finding aid completed by Amanda Brent in February 2022. Inventory updated September 2023.","The Special Collections Research Center also holds the   and the  . ","The New York Public Library, Archives and Manuscripts Division holds the  , which has materials from the United States ANTA tour.","Content warning: Racist imagery. This collection contains posters promoting the ANTA-sponsored production of \"Porgy and Bess\" as it toured various countries, mostly European, during the mid-1950s. It also includes poster mock-ups, drawings, and art related to the production.","German. Large ad page, brown background, middle ad for \"Porgy and Bess.\" Size: 33.75\" x 48\".","German. Large ad page, brown background, middle right ad for \"Porgy and Bess.\" Size: 34\" x 48\".","English. White background, blue and red lettering with musical and star design at top. Seemingly made for Americans abroad. Size: 27.5\" x 39.5\".","German. Mounted poster, white (now brown) with black lettering. Size: 17\" x 23.75\" (small).","Flemish. Vertical; black background with yellow lettering; white squares with black lettering; white border. Size: 22\" x 14.25\" (small). Two copies.","Flemish. Black background with white squares and black lettering; large bright yellow lettering in the middle of \"Porgy and Bess.\" Size: 31\" x 96\". Two copies.","French. Black background with white squares and black lettering; off white border; large lemon yellow letters in middle; yellow square at top with black lettering. Size: 23.5\" x 32.5\".","French. Black background, white boxes with black text, bright yellow letters. Size: 14.5\" x 22\" (small). Two copies.","French. Black background, white boxes with black text, bright green letters. Size: 23.5\" x 32.5\".","French. Black background, white boxes with black text, bright green letters. Size: 14.5\" x 22\" (small).","French. Large horizontal, black background, white boxes with black text, bright green letters. Size: 30.5\" x 93\".","Brazilian Portuguese. Four pieces; bright red background with off white border and white lettering inside of it. Size: 60\" x 92\". Two copies.","Czech. Wash out off-white background' small black lettering, larger bold red lettering; on left side square with words \"Porgy and Bess.'\" Size: 24\" x 34\". Two copies.","Danish. White background in middle with lime green lettering and black writing; black and white photographs taken from characters and scenes of the play act as the border. Size: 24\" x 33.25\". Two copies.","French. White background; blue border with white stars, blue and red letters. Size: 36\" x 47\". Two copies.","French, Egyptian Arabic. White background, blue star border, blue and red lettering, Egyptian Arabic words at top. Size: 35\" x 44.5\".","French. Off-white background, red and blue lettering. Size: 12\" x 18\". Three copies.","French. Purple background with white lettering. Size: 36'' x 53''. Two copies.","French. Horizontal black with white lettering, introductory text only. Size: 13\" x 47\". Two copies.","French. Green background with black and white lettering. Size: 16\" x 24\" (small). Two copies.","French. Vertical, dark green background with white border, large bold black letters. Size: 16\" x 23\" (small). Two copies.","French. Vertical, dark green background with white border, large bold black letters. Size: 5.25\" x 8.25\" (small).","French. Horizontal, dark green background with white border, large bold black letters. Size: 31.5\" x 47.","French. Large, vertical dark green background with black and white lettering. Size: 37.5\" x 59\". Two copies.","French. Large, horizontal dark green background with black and white lettering, white border. Size: 46\" x 92\".","German. Off-white background, with blue sketch-like illustration of village; magenta and black lettering through the center. Size: 24\" x 33\". Two copies.","German. Beige background, black and red lettering. Size: 23.5\" x 33\". Middle bottom \"Porgy and Bess\" ad for Titania Palast performance.","German. Lemon yellow background with orange border on the top and bottom; orange and black lettering. Size: 23.5\" x 33.5\". Two copies.","German. White background with black lettering; blue patch with Porgy and Bess written in yellow in the middle. Size: 23.5\" x 33.5\". Two copies.","German. White background with black lettering, blue patch of color in middle with \"Porgy and Bess\" written in yellow.","German. Beige background, gold/beige lettering top and bottom, blue bars with white lettering at top and middle. Size: 16\" x 23\".","German. Light yellow background; black border on sides; red border on top and bottom and orange lettering. Size: 24.25\" x 33.5\". Two copies.","German. Brick colored border surrounding off-white background; brick colored lettering. Size: 23\" x 33\".","German. Black and white background with large neon yellow, black, and white lettering. Size: 33.5\" x 47\". Three copies.","German. Two pieces, bright red background with neon yellow lettering reading \"Porgy and Bess\" across the front. Size: 33.5\" x 47\". Two copies.","German. Two pieces, black background with large neon yellow lettering in the middle. Size: 33.5\" x 47\". Two copies.","Greek. Mounted poster, illustrating in blue, yellow, green, with white lettering. Size: 14\" x 19\" (small). Two copies.","Hebrew. White background, red and blue lettering. Size: 25\" x 37.25\". Two copies.","Italian. Vertical, off white background with red and black lettering. Size: 13\" x 27\" (small). Three copies.","Italian. Mustard yellow background with black lettering, red lettering in upper half, two purple stamp like pictures on lower left part. Size: 27.5\" x 39.5\". Two copies.","Italian. Vertical, beige background with brown and red lettering, has a shield like emblem border at top. Size: 14\" x 40\". Two copies.","Italian. Vertical, beige background with black lettering, has a shield like emblem border at top. Size: 14\" x 40\".","Italian. Light brown, emblem decoration at top border. Size: 27.5\" x 39.5\". Two copies.","Italian. Light brown, emblem decoration at top border, in three pieces. Size: 39.5\" x 79\".","Italian. Light brown, emblem decoration at top border. Size: 10.5\" x 15\" (small). Three copies.","Italian. Bright blue background with a yellow and green illustration of village, white border, white lettering. Size: 27.5\" x 39.5\". Two copies.","Italian. Bright yellow background, black and red lettering. Size: 38\" x 52\". Two copies.","Italian. Bright yellow background, black lettering, red lettering at top. Size: 26\" x 38\". Two copies.","Italian. Black background yellow lettering and drawing. Size: 24.5\" x 37\".","Italian. Bright mustard yellow background, brown border, red and brown lettering. Size: 13\" x 22\" (small). Three copies.","Italian. Bright yellow background, black and red lettering. Size: 40\" x 55\". Two copies.","Italian. Bright yellow background, black and red lettering. Size: 53\" x 80\".","Italian. Vertical, blue background with black and red lettering. Size: 14\" x 39.5\". Two copies.","Italian. Brown and red lettering, yellow background. Size: 28\" x 39.5\".","Italian. Bright yellow with black and red lettering. Size: 39.5\" x 55\". Duplicate of second panel.","Italian. Vertical, yellow background with black and red lettering. Size: 14\" x 39.5\". Two copies.","Italian. Four panels, one duplicate of last panel. Green and bright yellow ombre background, large red lettering, black lettering at bottom. Size: 55\" x 79\".","Italian. Vertical, off white, pink illustration of a lady in the background. Size: 13\" x 28\" (small). Two copies.","Italian. Pink and yellow illustration with black lettering. Size: 26\" x 38\". Two copies.","Italian. Red background with half facial photo of George Gershwin in upper right, racist caricature illustration on left. Size: 28\" x 40\". Two copies.","Italian. Long, vertical, yellow background with red lettering. Size: 14\" x 40\".","Italian. Long, vertical, blue background, with red and black lettering. Size: 14\" x 40\". Two copies.","Italian. Long, vertical, white background, with red and black lettering. Size: 14\" x 40\". Two copies.","Italian. Large, off white, red and black lettering. Size: 40\" x 52\".","Italian. Long, vertical, pink background, with red and black lettering. Size: 14\" x 40\".","Dutch. White border, black lettering within white squares, yellow squares with black lettering, bright yellow lettering in middle. Size: 33.5\" x 47\". Two copies.","Dutch. Black background and yellow lettering. Size: 23\" x 34\".","Spanish. Brown background, black lettering. Size: 33.5\" x 50\". Two copies.","Polish. White background, blue and red lettering. Size: 28\" x 40\". Two copies.","Polish. Purple background, multicolored swuares, with drawn figure. Size: 26\" x 39\".","Spanish. Large, off white with brown and red lettering, branch style border with leaves on it. Size: 34.5\" x 49.5\". Two copies.","French. Washed out yellow background with black and red lettering, bold red lettering in middle. Size: 36\"x 50\". Two copies.","French. Washed out yellow background with black and red lettering, bold red lettering in middle. Size: 14\" x 28\" (small). Three copies.","German. Light green background with painted color figures of Porgy and Bess, black sketch of village, blue lettering on top. Size: 35.5\" x 50\". Two copies.","German. Light green background with painted color figures of Porgy and Bess, black sketch of village, blue lettering on top. Size: 11.5\" x 20\" (small). Three copies.","French. White background, red border, white and red lettering. Possible produced by newspaper Hebdomadaire Romand. Size: 13.75\" x 20\" (small).","English. Two shades of orange background, black and white lettering, illustration of couple dancing in middle, both posters mounted on board. Size: 14\" x 20\" (small). Two copies.","English. Red background, black and red lettering, mounted on board. Size: 14\" x 22\" (small).","English. Red background, black and red lettering (same design as previous poster), only bottom panel available. Size: 29\" x 41\".","Russia. White background, blue and red lettering. Size: 28.5\" x 42.5\". Two copies.","Russian. Ad poster, salmon pink, black lettering. Size: 30.5\" x 44.5\".","Russian. Light brown background, red and black lettering with \"Porgy and Bess\" on schedule. Size: 11.75\" x 16.5\" (small).","Croatian. Beige background, purple and white lettering. Size: 28\" x 39.5\". Two copies.","Croatian. Beige background, black and red lettering. Size: 8.25\" x 11.5\" (small).","French, English Egyptian Arabic (?). Tan background, red and black text. Size: 7.5\" x 11\" (small). Two copies.","Multiple \"Porgy and Bess\" poster mock-ups, set/scene drawings, and copies of drawings. Included is a program for a Federal Theatre Project \"Negro Unit\" production of Macbeth.","The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)","Content warning: Racist imagery. This collection contains posters promoting the American National Theatre and Academy (ANTA)-sponsored production of the Gershwin opera \"Porgy and Bess\" as it toured various countries - mostly European - during the mid-1950s. It also contains poster mock-ups and artwork related to the production.","Map cases 10.1 - 10.2","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","American National Theatre and Academy","George Mason University. Special Collections Research Center.","Arabic Croatian Czech Danish Dutch; Flemish English French German Greek, Modern (1453-) Hebrew Italian Polish Portuguese Spanish; Castilian Russian"],"unitid_tesim":["C0145","/repositories/2/resources/637"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Porgy and Bess poster collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Porgy and Bess poster collection"],"collection_ssim":["Porgy and Bess poster collection"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"creator_ssm":["George Mason University. Special Collections Research Center."],"creator_ssim":["George Mason University. Special Collections Research Center."],"creator_persname_ssim":["George Mason University. Special Collections Research Center."],"creators_ssim":["George Mason University. Special Collections Research Center."],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Collection donated by Lorraine Brown in 1995."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans","Opera","Performing arts","Musical Theater","Theater","Theatrical posters"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans","Opera","Performing arts","Musical Theater","Theater","Theatrical posters"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["84 posters; poster mock-ups and artwork"],"extent_tesim":["84 posters; poster mock-ups and artwork"],"genreform_ssim":["Theatrical posters"],"date_range_isim":[1952,1953,1954,1955,1956],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"altformavail_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis posters in this collection were digitized by Kelsey Kim from May-June 2024 and are available to access upon request.\u003c/p\u003e"],"altformavail_heading_ssm":["Alternate Format Available"],"altformavail_tesim":["This posters in this collection were digitized by Kelsey Kim from May-June 2024 and are available to access upon request."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe posters are arranged alphabetically by country and city where they were performed.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The posters are arranged alphabetically by country and city where they were performed."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\"Porgy and Bess\" is a 1934 American \"folk opera\" by George and Ira Gershwin, based on the play \"Porgy\" by Dorothy Heyward, which was itself an adaptation of the novel \"Porgy and Bess\" by DuBose Heyward. The opera tells the story of Porgy, a disabled Black man living in Catfish Row, a slum of Charleston, South Carolina. Porgy encounters Bess, a Black woman wishing to escape an abusive relationship with her lover, Crown, and her drug dealer, Sportin' Life. The two eventually begin living together and fall in love, with many consequences ensuing. \"Porgy and Bess\" is considered a classic of American opera and is performed to this day.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFrom its premiere, \"Porgy and Bess\" was controversial, mostly for the story's treatment of Black characters and perpetuating racial stereotypes. It was overall a commercial failure and met with little critical success. In 1942 a Broadway revival brought it back to the American public's attention, and the opera begin to receive success, which cemented it as a cultural touchstone. Eventually a large European tour was undertaken by Robert Breen and Blevins Davis of ANTA, which lasted from 1952 - 1956, to monumental success. The tour visited 89 cities and 29 countries. The opera's performance in the Soviet Union was considered the first cultural exchange post-World War II between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. The production eventually toured the United States, also to great success.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["\"Porgy and Bess\" is a 1934 American \"folk opera\" by George and Ira Gershwin, based on the play \"Porgy\" by Dorothy Heyward, which was itself an adaptation of the novel \"Porgy and Bess\" by DuBose Heyward. The opera tells the story of Porgy, a disabled Black man living in Catfish Row, a slum of Charleston, South Carolina. Porgy encounters Bess, a Black woman wishing to escape an abusive relationship with her lover, Crown, and her drug dealer, Sportin' Life. The two eventually begin living together and fall in love, with many consequences ensuing. \"Porgy and Bess\" is considered a classic of American opera and is performed to this day.","From its premiere, \"Porgy and Bess\" was controversial, mostly for the story's treatment of Black characters and perpetuating racial stereotypes. It was overall a commercial failure and met with little critical success. In 1942 a Broadway revival brought it back to the American public's attention, and the opera begin to receive success, which cemented it as a cultural touchstone. Eventually a large European tour was undertaken by Robert Breen and Blevins Davis of ANTA, which lasted from 1952 - 1956, to monumental success. The tour visited 89 cities and 29 countries. The opera's performance in the Soviet Union was considered the first cultural exchange post-World War II between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. The production eventually toured the United States, also to great success."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePorgy and Bess poster collection, C0145, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Porgy and Bess poster collection, C0145, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessed by Special Collections Research Center Staff. EAD markup completed in February 2009 by Eron Ackerman and Jordan Patty. Finding aid updated by Amanda Brent in April 2020. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReprocessed by Amanda Brent from October 2021 - February 2022. Finding aid completed by Amanda Brent in February 2022. Inventory updated September 2023.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processed by Special Collections Research Center Staff. EAD markup completed in February 2009 by Eron Ackerman and Jordan Patty. Finding aid updated by Amanda Brent in April 2020. ","Reprocessed by Amanda Brent from October 2021 - February 2022. Finding aid completed by Amanda Brent in February 2022. Inventory updated September 2023."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center also holds the \u003cextptr href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0004\" title=\"Robert and Wilva Breen papers\" show=\"new\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e and the \u003cextptr href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0289\" title=\"Porgy and Bess letter from James Tipton\" show=\"new\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe New York Public Library, Archives and Manuscripts Division holds the \u003cextptr href=\"https://archives.nypl.org/scm/21118\" title=\"Porgy and Bess collection\" show=\"new\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e, which has materials from the United States ANTA tour.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Special Collections Research Center also holds the   and the  . ","The New York Public Library, Archives and Manuscripts Division holds the  , which has materials from the United States ANTA tour."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eContent warning: Racist imagery. This collection contains posters promoting the ANTA-sponsored production of \"Porgy and Bess\" as it toured various countries, mostly European, during the mid-1950s. It also includes poster mock-ups, drawings, and art related to the production.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGerman. Large ad page, brown background, middle ad for \"Porgy and Bess.\" Size: 33.75\" x 48\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGerman. Large ad page, brown background, middle right ad for \"Porgy and Bess.\" Size: 34\" x 48\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEnglish. White background, blue and red lettering with musical and star design at top. Seemingly made for Americans abroad. Size: 27.5\" x 39.5\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGerman. Mounted poster, white (now brown) with black lettering. Size: 17\" x 23.75\" (small).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFlemish. Vertical; black background with yellow lettering; white squares with black lettering; white border. Size: 22\" x 14.25\" (small). Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFlemish. Black background with white squares and black lettering; large bright yellow lettering in the middle of \"Porgy and Bess.\" Size: 31\" x 96\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrench. Black background with white squares and black lettering; off white border; large lemon yellow letters in middle; yellow square at top with black lettering. Size: 23.5\" x 32.5\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrench. Black background, white boxes with black text, bright yellow letters. Size: 14.5\" x 22\" (small). Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrench. Black background, white boxes with black text, bright green letters. Size: 23.5\" x 32.5\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrench. Black background, white boxes with black text, bright green letters. Size: 14.5\" x 22\" (small).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrench. Large horizontal, black background, white boxes with black text, bright green letters. Size: 30.5\" x 93\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBrazilian Portuguese. Four pieces; bright red background with off white border and white lettering inside of it. Size: 60\" x 92\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCzech. Wash out off-white background' small black lettering, larger bold red lettering; on left side square with words \"Porgy and Bess.'\" Size: 24\" x 34\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDanish. White background in middle with lime green lettering and black writing; black and white photographs taken from characters and scenes of the play act as the border. Size: 24\" x 33.25\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrench. White background; blue border with white stars, blue and red letters. Size: 36\" x 47\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrench, Egyptian Arabic. White background, blue star border, blue and red lettering, Egyptian Arabic words at top. Size: 35\" x 44.5\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrench. Off-white background, red and blue lettering. Size: 12\" x 18\". Three copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrench. Purple background with white lettering. Size: 36'' x 53''. Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrench. Horizontal black with white lettering, introductory text only. Size: 13\" x 47\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrench. Green background with black and white lettering. Size: 16\" x 24\" (small). Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrench. Vertical, dark green background with white border, large bold black letters. Size: 16\" x 23\" (small). Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrench. Vertical, dark green background with white border, large bold black letters. Size: 5.25\" x 8.25\" (small).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrench. Horizontal, dark green background with white border, large bold black letters. Size: 31.5\" x 47.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrench. Large, vertical dark green background with black and white lettering. Size: 37.5\" x 59\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrench. Large, horizontal dark green background with black and white lettering, white border. Size: 46\" x 92\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGerman. Off-white background, with blue sketch-like illustration of village; magenta and black lettering through the center. Size: 24\" x 33\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGerman. Beige background, black and red lettering. Size: 23.5\" x 33\". Middle bottom \"Porgy and Bess\" ad for Titania Palast performance.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGerman. Lemon yellow background with orange border on the top and bottom; orange and black lettering. Size: 23.5\" x 33.5\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGerman. White background with black lettering; blue patch with Porgy and Bess written in yellow in the middle. Size: 23.5\" x 33.5\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGerman. White background with black lettering, blue patch of color in middle with \"Porgy and Bess\" written in yellow.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGerman. Beige background, gold/beige lettering top and bottom, blue bars with white lettering at top and middle. Size: 16\" x 23\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGerman. Light yellow background; black border on sides; red border on top and bottom and orange lettering. Size: 24.25\" x 33.5\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGerman. Brick colored border surrounding off-white background; brick colored lettering. Size: 23\" x 33\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGerman. Black and white background with large neon yellow, black, and white lettering. Size: 33.5\" x 47\". Three copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGerman. Two pieces, bright red background with neon yellow lettering reading \"Porgy and Bess\" across the front. Size: 33.5\" x 47\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGerman. Two pieces, black background with large neon yellow lettering in the middle. Size: 33.5\" x 47\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGreek. Mounted poster, illustrating in blue, yellow, green, with white lettering. Size: 14\" x 19\" (small). Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHebrew. White background, red and blue lettering. Size: 25\" x 37.25\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItalian. Vertical, off white background with red and black lettering. Size: 13\" x 27\" (small). Three copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItalian. Mustard yellow background with black lettering, red lettering in upper half, two purple stamp like pictures on lower left part. Size: 27.5\" x 39.5\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItalian. Vertical, beige background with brown and red lettering, has a shield like emblem border at top. Size: 14\" x 40\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItalian. Vertical, beige background with black lettering, has a shield like emblem border at top. Size: 14\" x 40\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItalian. Light brown, emblem decoration at top border. Size: 27.5\" x 39.5\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItalian. Light brown, emblem decoration at top border, in three pieces. Size: 39.5\" x 79\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItalian. Light brown, emblem decoration at top border. Size: 10.5\" x 15\" (small). Three copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItalian. Bright blue background with a yellow and green illustration of village, white border, white lettering. Size: 27.5\" x 39.5\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItalian. Bright yellow background, black and red lettering. Size: 38\" x 52\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItalian. Bright yellow background, black lettering, red lettering at top. Size: 26\" x 38\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItalian. Black background yellow lettering and drawing. Size: 24.5\" x 37\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItalian. Bright mustard yellow background, brown border, red and brown lettering. Size: 13\" x 22\" (small). Three copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItalian. Bright yellow background, black and red lettering. Size: 40\" x 55\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItalian. Bright yellow background, black and red lettering. Size: 53\" x 80\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItalian. Vertical, blue background with black and red lettering. Size: 14\" x 39.5\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItalian. Brown and red lettering, yellow background. Size: 28\" x 39.5\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItalian. Bright yellow with black and red lettering. Size: 39.5\" x 55\". Duplicate of second panel.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItalian. Vertical, yellow background with black and red lettering. Size: 14\" x 39.5\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItalian. Four panels, one duplicate of last panel. Green and bright yellow ombre background, large red lettering, black lettering at bottom. Size: 55\" x 79\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItalian. Vertical, off white, pink illustration of a lady in the background. Size: 13\" x 28\" (small). Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItalian. Pink and yellow illustration with black lettering. Size: 26\" x 38\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItalian. Red background with half facial photo of George Gershwin in upper right, racist caricature illustration on left. Size: 28\" x 40\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItalian. Long, vertical, yellow background with red lettering. Size: 14\" x 40\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItalian. Long, vertical, blue background, with red and black lettering. Size: 14\" x 40\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItalian. Long, vertical, white background, with red and black lettering. Size: 14\" x 40\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItalian. Large, off white, red and black lettering. Size: 40\" x 52\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItalian. Long, vertical, pink background, with red and black lettering. Size: 14\" x 40\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDutch. White border, black lettering within white squares, yellow squares with black lettering, bright yellow lettering in middle. Size: 33.5\" x 47\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDutch. Black background and yellow lettering. Size: 23\" x 34\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSpanish. Brown background, black lettering. Size: 33.5\" x 50\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePolish. White background, blue and red lettering. Size: 28\" x 40\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePolish. Purple background, multicolored swuares, with drawn figure. Size: 26\" x 39\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSpanish. Large, off white with brown and red lettering, branch style border with leaves on it. Size: 34.5\" x 49.5\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrench. Washed out yellow background with black and red lettering, bold red lettering in middle. Size: 36\"x 50\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrench. Washed out yellow background with black and red lettering, bold red lettering in middle. Size: 14\" x 28\" (small). Three copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGerman. Light green background with painted color figures of Porgy and Bess, black sketch of village, blue lettering on top. Size: 35.5\" x 50\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGerman. Light green background with painted color figures of Porgy and Bess, black sketch of village, blue lettering on top. Size: 11.5\" x 20\" (small). Three copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrench. White background, red border, white and red lettering. Possible produced by newspaper Hebdomadaire Romand. Size: 13.75\" x 20\" (small).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEnglish. Two shades of orange background, black and white lettering, illustration of couple dancing in middle, both posters mounted on board. Size: 14\" x 20\" (small). Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEnglish. Red background, black and red lettering, mounted on board. Size: 14\" x 22\" (small).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEnglish. Red background, black and red lettering (same design as previous poster), only bottom panel available. Size: 29\" x 41\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRussia. White background, blue and red lettering. Size: 28.5\" x 42.5\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRussian. Ad poster, salmon pink, black lettering. Size: 30.5\" x 44.5\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRussian. Light brown background, red and black lettering with \"Porgy and Bess\" on schedule. Size: 11.75\" x 16.5\" (small).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCroatian. Beige background, purple and white lettering. Size: 28\" x 39.5\". Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCroatian. Beige background, black and red lettering. Size: 8.25\" x 11.5\" (small).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrench, English Egyptian Arabic (?). Tan background, red and black text. Size: 7.5\" x 11\" (small). Two copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMultiple \"Porgy and Bess\" poster mock-ups, set/scene drawings, and copies of drawings. Included is a program for a Federal Theatre Project \"Negro Unit\" production of Macbeth.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Content","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Content warning: Racist imagery. This collection contains posters promoting the ANTA-sponsored production of \"Porgy and Bess\" as it toured various countries, mostly European, during the mid-1950s. It also includes poster mock-ups, drawings, and art related to the production.","German. Large ad page, brown background, middle ad for \"Porgy and Bess.\" Size: 33.75\" x 48\".","German. Large ad page, brown background, middle right ad for \"Porgy and Bess.\" Size: 34\" x 48\".","English. White background, blue and red lettering with musical and star design at top. Seemingly made for Americans abroad. Size: 27.5\" x 39.5\".","German. Mounted poster, white (now brown) with black lettering. Size: 17\" x 23.75\" (small).","Flemish. Vertical; black background with yellow lettering; white squares with black lettering; white border. Size: 22\" x 14.25\" (small). Two copies.","Flemish. Black background with white squares and black lettering; large bright yellow lettering in the middle of \"Porgy and Bess.\" Size: 31\" x 96\". Two copies.","French. Black background with white squares and black lettering; off white border; large lemon yellow letters in middle; yellow square at top with black lettering. Size: 23.5\" x 32.5\".","French. Black background, white boxes with black text, bright yellow letters. Size: 14.5\" x 22\" (small). Two copies.","French. Black background, white boxes with black text, bright green letters. Size: 23.5\" x 32.5\".","French. Black background, white boxes with black text, bright green letters. Size: 14.5\" x 22\" (small).","French. Large horizontal, black background, white boxes with black text, bright green letters. Size: 30.5\" x 93\".","Brazilian Portuguese. Four pieces; bright red background with off white border and white lettering inside of it. Size: 60\" x 92\". Two copies.","Czech. Wash out off-white background' small black lettering, larger bold red lettering; on left side square with words \"Porgy and Bess.'\" Size: 24\" x 34\". Two copies.","Danish. White background in middle with lime green lettering and black writing; black and white photographs taken from characters and scenes of the play act as the border. Size: 24\" x 33.25\". Two copies.","French. White background; blue border with white stars, blue and red letters. Size: 36\" x 47\". Two copies.","French, Egyptian Arabic. White background, blue star border, blue and red lettering, Egyptian Arabic words at top. Size: 35\" x 44.5\".","French. Off-white background, red and blue lettering. Size: 12\" x 18\". Three copies.","French. Purple background with white lettering. Size: 36'' x 53''. Two copies.","French. Horizontal black with white lettering, introductory text only. Size: 13\" x 47\". Two copies.","French. Green background with black and white lettering. Size: 16\" x 24\" (small). Two copies.","French. Vertical, dark green background with white border, large bold black letters. Size: 16\" x 23\" (small). Two copies.","French. Vertical, dark green background with white border, large bold black letters. Size: 5.25\" x 8.25\" (small).","French. Horizontal, dark green background with white border, large bold black letters. Size: 31.5\" x 47.","French. Large, vertical dark green background with black and white lettering. Size: 37.5\" x 59\". Two copies.","French. Large, horizontal dark green background with black and white lettering, white border. Size: 46\" x 92\".","German. Off-white background, with blue sketch-like illustration of village; magenta and black lettering through the center. Size: 24\" x 33\". Two copies.","German. Beige background, black and red lettering. Size: 23.5\" x 33\". Middle bottom \"Porgy and Bess\" ad for Titania Palast performance.","German. Lemon yellow background with orange border on the top and bottom; orange and black lettering. Size: 23.5\" x 33.5\". Two copies.","German. White background with black lettering; blue patch with Porgy and Bess written in yellow in the middle. Size: 23.5\" x 33.5\". Two copies.","German. White background with black lettering, blue patch of color in middle with \"Porgy and Bess\" written in yellow.","German. Beige background, gold/beige lettering top and bottom, blue bars with white lettering at top and middle. Size: 16\" x 23\".","German. Light yellow background; black border on sides; red border on top and bottom and orange lettering. Size: 24.25\" x 33.5\". Two copies.","German. Brick colored border surrounding off-white background; brick colored lettering. Size: 23\" x 33\".","German. Black and white background with large neon yellow, black, and white lettering. Size: 33.5\" x 47\". Three copies.","German. Two pieces, bright red background with neon yellow lettering reading \"Porgy and Bess\" across the front. Size: 33.5\" x 47\". Two copies.","German. Two pieces, black background with large neon yellow lettering in the middle. Size: 33.5\" x 47\". Two copies.","Greek. Mounted poster, illustrating in blue, yellow, green, with white lettering. Size: 14\" x 19\" (small). Two copies.","Hebrew. White background, red and blue lettering. Size: 25\" x 37.25\". Two copies.","Italian. Vertical, off white background with red and black lettering. Size: 13\" x 27\" (small). Three copies.","Italian. Mustard yellow background with black lettering, red lettering in upper half, two purple stamp like pictures on lower left part. Size: 27.5\" x 39.5\". Two copies.","Italian. Vertical, beige background with brown and red lettering, has a shield like emblem border at top. Size: 14\" x 40\". Two copies.","Italian. Vertical, beige background with black lettering, has a shield like emblem border at top. Size: 14\" x 40\".","Italian. Light brown, emblem decoration at top border. Size: 27.5\" x 39.5\". Two copies.","Italian. Light brown, emblem decoration at top border, in three pieces. Size: 39.5\" x 79\".","Italian. Light brown, emblem decoration at top border. Size: 10.5\" x 15\" (small). Three copies.","Italian. Bright blue background with a yellow and green illustration of village, white border, white lettering. Size: 27.5\" x 39.5\". Two copies.","Italian. Bright yellow background, black and red lettering. Size: 38\" x 52\". Two copies.","Italian. Bright yellow background, black lettering, red lettering at top. Size: 26\" x 38\". Two copies.","Italian. Black background yellow lettering and drawing. Size: 24.5\" x 37\".","Italian. Bright mustard yellow background, brown border, red and brown lettering. Size: 13\" x 22\" (small). Three copies.","Italian. Bright yellow background, black and red lettering. Size: 40\" x 55\". Two copies.","Italian. Bright yellow background, black and red lettering. Size: 53\" x 80\".","Italian. Vertical, blue background with black and red lettering. Size: 14\" x 39.5\". Two copies.","Italian. Brown and red lettering, yellow background. Size: 28\" x 39.5\".","Italian. Bright yellow with black and red lettering. Size: 39.5\" x 55\". Duplicate of second panel.","Italian. Vertical, yellow background with black and red lettering. Size: 14\" x 39.5\". Two copies.","Italian. Four panels, one duplicate of last panel. Green and bright yellow ombre background, large red lettering, black lettering at bottom. Size: 55\" x 79\".","Italian. Vertical, off white, pink illustration of a lady in the background. Size: 13\" x 28\" (small). Two copies.","Italian. Pink and yellow illustration with black lettering. Size: 26\" x 38\". Two copies.","Italian. Red background with half facial photo of George Gershwin in upper right, racist caricature illustration on left. Size: 28\" x 40\". Two copies.","Italian. Long, vertical, yellow background with red lettering. Size: 14\" x 40\".","Italian. Long, vertical, blue background, with red and black lettering. Size: 14\" x 40\". Two copies.","Italian. Long, vertical, white background, with red and black lettering. Size: 14\" x 40\". Two copies.","Italian. Large, off white, red and black lettering. Size: 40\" x 52\".","Italian. Long, vertical, pink background, with red and black lettering. Size: 14\" x 40\".","Dutch. White border, black lettering within white squares, yellow squares with black lettering, bright yellow lettering in middle. Size: 33.5\" x 47\". Two copies.","Dutch. Black background and yellow lettering. Size: 23\" x 34\".","Spanish. Brown background, black lettering. Size: 33.5\" x 50\". Two copies.","Polish. White background, blue and red lettering. Size: 28\" x 40\". Two copies.","Polish. Purple background, multicolored swuares, with drawn figure. Size: 26\" x 39\".","Spanish. Large, off white with brown and red lettering, branch style border with leaves on it. Size: 34.5\" x 49.5\". Two copies.","French. Washed out yellow background with black and red lettering, bold red lettering in middle. Size: 36\"x 50\". Two copies.","French. Washed out yellow background with black and red lettering, bold red lettering in middle. Size: 14\" x 28\" (small). Three copies.","German. Light green background with painted color figures of Porgy and Bess, black sketch of village, blue lettering on top. Size: 35.5\" x 50\". Two copies.","German. Light green background with painted color figures of Porgy and Bess, black sketch of village, blue lettering on top. Size: 11.5\" x 20\" (small). Three copies.","French. White background, red border, white and red lettering. Possible produced by newspaper Hebdomadaire Romand. Size: 13.75\" x 20\" (small).","English. Two shades of orange background, black and white lettering, illustration of couple dancing in middle, both posters mounted on board. Size: 14\" x 20\" (small). Two copies.","English. Red background, black and red lettering, mounted on board. Size: 14\" x 22\" (small).","English. Red background, black and red lettering (same design as previous poster), only bottom panel available. Size: 29\" x 41\".","Russia. White background, blue and red lettering. Size: 28.5\" x 42.5\". Two copies.","Russian. Ad poster, salmon pink, black lettering. Size: 30.5\" x 44.5\".","Russian. Light brown background, red and black lettering with \"Porgy and Bess\" on schedule. Size: 11.75\" x 16.5\" (small).","Croatian. Beige background, purple and white lettering. Size: 28\" x 39.5\". Two copies.","Croatian. Beige background, black and red lettering. Size: 8.25\" x 11.5\" (small).","French, English Egyptian Arabic (?). Tan background, red and black text. Size: 7.5\" x 11\" (small). Two copies.","Multiple \"Porgy and Bess\" poster mock-ups, set/scene drawings, and copies of drawings. Included is a program for a Federal Theatre Project \"Negro Unit\" production of Macbeth."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_32cf273d7a094b56619b7083b3a97a6c\"\u003eContent warning: Racist imagery. This collection contains posters promoting the American National Theatre and Academy (ANTA)-sponsored production of the Gershwin opera \"Porgy and Bess\" as it toured various countries - mostly European - during the mid-1950s. It also contains poster mock-ups and artwork related to the production.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Content warning: Racist imagery. This collection contains posters promoting the American National Theatre and Academy (ANTA)-sponsored production of the Gershwin opera \"Porgy and Bess\" as it toured various countries - mostly European - during the mid-1950s. It also contains poster mock-ups and artwork related to the production."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_603b4ba9d7c49a6f200f0087fcd3137b\"\u003eMap cases 10.1 - 10.2\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["Map cases 10.1 - 10.2"],"names_coll_ssim":["American National Theatre and Academy"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","American National Theatre and Academy","George Mason University. Special Collections Research Center."],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","American National Theatre and Academy"],"persname_ssim":["George Mason University. Special Collections Research Center."],"language_ssim":["Arabic Croatian Czech Danish Dutch; Flemish English French German Greek, Modern (1453-) Hebrew Italian Polish Portuguese Spanish; Castilian Russian"],"total_component_count_is":86,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-30T07:06:31.410Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_637"}},{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2502","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Racial and Ethnic Ephemera Collection","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_2502#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThe racial and ethnic ephemera collection contains various materials regarding race, ethnicity, and racism in the United States. The collection includes papers and items that promote racial prejudice and propaganda. The collection also contains items and papers that exemplify the fight for civil and equal rights. African Americans are the most broadly represented group in the collection. Other ethnic groups include Native Americans, Asian Americans, Jewish Americans, Muslim Americans, and Cuban Americans. Ku Klux Klan pamphlets and anti-immigration publications are also included. Through this collection, the American struggle of racism and prejudice is realized.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_2502#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2502","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2502","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2502","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2502","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_2502.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Racial and Ethnic Ephemera Collection ","title_ssm":["Racial and Ethnic Ephemera Collection"],"title_tesim":["Racial and Ethnic Ephemera Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1778-2005"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1778-2005"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Mss 1.05","/repositories/2/resources/2502"],"text":["Mss 1.05","/repositories/2/resources/2502","Racial and Ethnic Ephemera Collection","African Americans","African Americans in popular culture","African Americans in the performing arts","African Americans--Biography","African Americans--Caricatures and cartoons","African Americans--Education--Virginia","African Americans--History","African Americans--Suffrage","Antisemitism","Blaxploitation films -- United States","Chinese Americans--Caricatures and cartoons","Chinese Americans--Legal status, laws, etc.--History","Communism--United States","Cuban Americans--Public opinion.","Indians of North America","Kwanzaa","Political cartoons","Race awareness--Simulation methods","Race discrimination--Simulation methods","Race relations--1960-1970","Race relations--United States--History--19th century","Race relations--United States--History--20th century","Role playing","Welfare recipients--Public opinion","Welfare--Caricatures and cartoons","World War, 1939-1945--United States","Advertising cards","Birthday cards","Board games (activities)","Board games (game sets)","Calendars","Card games (game sets)","Christmas cards","Collecting cards","Comic strips","Fliers (printed matter)","Greeting cards","Plays (document genre)","Postcards","Reprints","Satires (document genre)","Sheet music","Songbooks","Stereoscopic photographs","VHS (TM)","Yearbooks","Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","Additions are being made to this collection on an ongoing basis.","The collection is divided into eight series by race and/or ethnicity. The series are African American, Native American, Asian American, Jewish American, Muslim American, Cuban American, Ku Klux Klan, and Immigration and Discrimination. The contents for each series are  grouped by material type and ordered chronologically.","Acc. 2011.633, Acc. 2011.635, Acc. 2011.637 accessioned and minimally processed by Steven Bookman, University Archives Specialist, in October 2011. Full finding aid created in March 2015 and revised in December 2017 by Special Collections staff.","Acc. 2014.194","Ingersol View Company Stereographs, Comic Series #2","Related materials, such as rare books, are recorded at the folder level. ","See also: individual titles in the Manuscript Sheet Music Collection (Mss. 1.07), Box 48, and individual items in the Manuscript Artifact Collection.","For similar material relating to race, ethnicity, and racism outside of the United States, see the Ephemera Collection, Mss. 1.02.","Foreign publications: Rund Um Afrika, a booklet written in German by Gustav Petermann. The content details travels from Germany throughout Africa, visiting sites such as Kruger National Park, Victoria Falls, and Fort Christiansburg. The booklet contains many photographs and animals, buildings, and people. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book DT12.R86 3487058-1001.  Acc.2012.207.","Three Dension's Blackface Plays. Three different play scripts to be performed by white actors wearing black face. The plays highlight the perceived stupidity and ignorance of African Americans. These items are cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as PN6120.N4.K37.1923, PN6120.N4.K37.1928, and PN6120.N4.K37.1931. Acc.2009.335. ","A henpecked coon: darky monologue, 1923. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as PN6120.N4.K37 1923. ","Old Doc Gags \"Funster\". Number Two: A collection of fun, fables, foolishness, farce, and fibs, 1925. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as PN6161.O48 1925. ","Songs and Spirituals of Negro Composition for Revivals and Congregational Singing. This item is a pamphlet of sheet music. The pamphlet also includes advertisements for home goods. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books M1670.S66. Acc.2009.324. ","We shall overcome! Songs of the Southern freedom movement, 1963. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books M1629.C2.W4. ","How can we keep from singing! A contemporary songbook for liberal churches, fellowships, youth groups, and communal singing generally, 1976. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books M1629.H54.1976.","Songs and spirituals of Negro composition for revivals and congregational singing, 1921. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books M1670.S66.","Modern Home Counseler. This book includes lessons, advice, and instructions on how to raise successful, happy, and obedient children. This item is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books H83.M63. Acc. 2009.356. ","American Travelers Guide to Negro Monuments. This book details attractions around the United States that celebrate African Americans and their history. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books E185.53A53. Acc.2009.459. ","The South Strikes Back, 1957. This booklet was written by Woodrow Boone and promotes the return of a more racially conservative society. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Book PN6231.S485S68. Acc.2012.276.","The Afro-American Historical Calendar, 1979. The calendar features famous African American musicians, officers, and performers. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Book E185.A38. Acc.2009.389. ","Negroes in Our History Posters, undated. This collection of posters has a large sketch of famous African American musicians, politicians, and activists. The posters have a brief biographical sketch of each of the celebrated hero. The posters are  cataloged as Rare Book E185.96.R78 folio. Acc.2008.163. ","The People Versus Segregated Schools. This 1955 pamphlet promotes integration, anti-lynching laws, and equal pay for black and white workers. This item is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.W54 1955. Acc.2011.268. ","3 Lives for Mississippi. This 1965 book is the story of Mickey Schwerner, James Chaney and Andy Goodman, three men who were killed in Philadelphia, Mississippi by the Klu Klux Klan, while fighting racial justice and the rights of African American voters. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book F347.N4H8. Acc.2011.468. ","Songs of the Southern Freedom Movement. A 1965 songbook promoting freedom, racial tolerance, and heritage. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book M1629.H54 1976. Acc.2009.315. ","How Can We Keep From Singing Songbook. This 1965 book entitled \"We Shall Overcome!\" was compiled by Guy and Candie Carawan for the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee. The book contains songs relating to sit-ins, freedom rides, voter registration and other contentious issues. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book M1629.H54.1976. Acc.2011.469. ","\"And People All Around\" Playbill. An undated playbill for a performance written by George Sklar. The play reminds viewers on the Negro Revolution in 1964, the killings of three negro boys in Mississippi, and the civil rights march on Washington. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book PS3531.E826A52. Acc.2011.268. ","The Communist Position on the Negro Question. This booklet contains excerpts from the major speeches in discussion of the \"Negro question\" at the plenary meeting of the National Committee of the Communist Party. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.C752 1947. Acc.2011.467. ","The Path of Negro Liberation. Pamphlet written by Benjamin J. Davis, who argues that the Communist Party of the United States believe in the unconditional political, social, and economic equality in all aspects of American life.  This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.D314 1947. Acc.2011.468. ","The Struggle Against White Chauvinism. Booklet written by Elizabeth Lawson and published by the New York State Education Department of the Communist Party. The booklet defines chauvinism and its effect on race and gender relations within the United States. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E.185.61.2376 1949. Acc.2011.467. ","Next Steps in the Struggle for Negro Freedom. This booklet, written by Hugh Bradley, was a report delivered at the National Conference of the Communist Party. Bradley discussed black military involvement, fair employment, and the corruption of the American government. This item is  cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.B785 1953. Acc.2011.468. ","The Negro People on the March. This booklet, written by Benjamin J. Davis, was a report to the National Committee of the Communist Party.  Davis states that the fight for \"Negro\" freedom is at its height and that the black race must be given economic and political equality.  This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.6.D38 1956. Acc.2011.467. ","\"Why Join,\" The John Birch Society. This pamphlet promotes and describes the John Birch Society. The Society believes in small government and writes that most of the historic happenings within the Civil Rights Movement were Communist conspiracies. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E740.J6W45.1968. Acc.2011.467. ","Busing and the Democratic Struggle in Boston. This booklet was published by the Proletarian Unity League, a Communist organization dedicated to creating a strong Communist Party. They believe that white opportunism in the fundamental threat to the construction of a Revolutionary party. The booklet mostly focuses on the integration of public transportation. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book LC214.53.B67P76 1975. Acc.2011.467. Acc.2011.467. ","Freedom is Everybody's Job: \" The Crime of the Government Against the Negro People, 1949. This pamphlet, written by George W. Crockett, Jr., was a summation in the trail of the 11 Communist leaders.  The pamphlet argues that the Communist Party has the right to free speech and therefore cannot be outlawed.  Crockett argues that the Communist support for Civil Rights is a reason why the Communist Party is ridiculed. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book HX87.C7.1949b. ","The CIO and the Negro Worker, 1942. This pamphlet argues against discrimination in the workplace.  The CIO fights for equal employment of all people, races, and religions. This item is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.8.C56 1942. Acc.2011.467. ","\"Out of the Jungle\", 1943. The Packinghouse Workers Fight for Justice and Equality. This book is a pictorial history of the Packinghouse Workers Union, which fought for racial justice, fair pay, and equality in the meat packing industry. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book HD6515.P14073. Acc.2011.268","Roll the Union On, 1987. This book is a pictorial history of the Southern Tenant Farmers' Union, told by its co-founder H.L. Mitchell. The Union fought for the end of lynching, a safe workplace, and equal rights for African American and white workers. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book HD1511.U5M573 1987. Acc.2011.467","Blaxploitation Cinema Pressbooks and Posters, 1968-1976. Currently unprocessed material. 2014.194 and oversize material.","Indian Legends, 1994. This book includes old Native American stories and tales. Each story is also illustrated in black and white or color. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E98.F6I33.","\"The Klan Today\". This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Books HS2330.K63.K58","The Aryan Views: White Folk News. \"The Attitude of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan\" pamphlets. This item is catalogued in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as HS2330.K6.A13. ","\"The Kourier,\" a booklet of the Klan's version of the History of the United States and the Klan's opinions on \"un-American\" activities such as communism and parochial schools, and the Aryan Views and White Folk News Paper, also promoting racial intolerance. This item is catalogued in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as HS2330.K6.K69 v.11 no. 8, July 1935 copy.","Old Doc Gags, \"Funster\" Number Two:: A Collection of Fun, Fables, Foolishness, Farce and Fibs. Copyright 1925 by Charles H. Ubert. The joke book includes anti-immigration and anti-Semitic content. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book PN616.O48 1925.","The racial and ethnic ephemera collection contains various materials regarding race, ethnicity, and racism in the United States. The collection includes papers and items that promote racial prejudice and propaganda. The collection also contains items and papers that exemplify the fight for civil and equal rights. African Americans are the most broadly represented group in the collection. Other ethnic groups include Native Americans, Asian Americans, Jewish Americans, Muslim Americans, and Cuban Americans. Ku Klux Klan pamphlets and anti-immigration publications are also included. Through this collection, the American struggle of racism and prejudice is realized.","Included are published items like travel guides, joke books, song books, story books, programs and handbills, comic strips, a yearbook, election fliers, political publications, pamphlets and calendars.","This fFolder contains three envelopes: Union patriotic envelope depicting a black man picking cotton, titled \"One of the Rebels\", (Acc.2014.123), Union patriotic envelope of a slave dressed as the \"King of the South,\" (Acc. 2014.124), Union patriotic envelope with a map of the south (Acc. 2014.125).","A booklet of twenty minor dramas, extravaganzas, and farces for the amateur stage.  The plays contain stereotypical typecasting of African Americans.","A story book entitled \"The Ten Little Niggers,\" with stereotypical illustrations. The layout of the book is similar to that of \"Ten Little Indians.\"","This songbook features stereotypical illustrations of African Americans including pompous dresses and large lips.","This joke book features jokes that promote racism and a negative view of African Americans.  The jokes are also anti-immigration and misogynistic.","The scrapbook dates from the late 1800's.  The pictures in the book vary, from paintings of flowers to advertising cards for household items.  One page in the book features several stereotypical images of African Americans.  Pictures of monkeys are also placed on this page, therefore stating that they are one in the same.","Advertising trade cards that contain stereotypically racist images of African Americans. The cards are for a clothier. The folder also contains an advertisement for Jos. J. Foley, Tailor, Boston MA, which has a November 1908 calendar alongside an illustration of African American children swinging and climbing trees.","This folder contains multiple advertising cards. The items advertised include soaps, clothing, and household goods. The cards contain stereotypical images of African Americans.","This folder contains advertising cards that depict African Americans in a negative light.  Common features are large lips and flouncy outfits.  The sketches on the cards often have little to do with the product being advertised.","Stereotypical black representations on three advertising trade cards. The cards for pancake batter and clothes depict African Americans with large eyes and mouths along with other stereotypical features.","Advertising cards for a clothier.  The cards depict an African American man trying to command and then falling off a horse-drawn wagon.","Advertisement card for Old Virginia Cheroots from the American Tobacco Company.  The advertisement has a sketch of an African American man.","Advertising label for Old Black Joe's blackeyed peas, showing a black man with a white beard.","Sketch for \"The Connoisseurs\", a popular advertising image for Cream of Wheat. The painting features a black man in a chef's hat, teaching a child about the taste and health benefits of cream of wheat.","Print of the painting by Edward V. Brewer entitled \"The Connoisseurs\" for the Cream of Wheat Company. The painting features an African American man in a chef costume tasting Cream of Wheat along with an African American boy in an apron and chef hat. Oversize item.","Five cards that have negative, stereotypical images of African Americans. Images include a black woman being compared to a donkey and young men playing craps.","Set of 22 racist postcards. Features include large lips and big eyes. Images also include depictions of African Americans stealing goods. Other cards include cartooned drawings of African Americans in flouncy clothing.","Set of 42 cards with racist imagery. Images include cartooned sketches of African Americans with big eyes and over exaggerated lips. Images depict African Americans as lazy and inept. They are shown stealing chickens, eating watermelon, and improperly serving white people.","A postcard with an image of an African American boy with a large mouth, kneeling next to two watermelons","Set of eight postcards that have negative, stereotypical sketches of African Americans. Images include women with large behinds, boys eating watermelon, and men with large lips.","This folder contains five racist postcards. They contain images including boys eating watermelon and a cartooned black man stealing a chicken.","Set of three postcards and a pamphlet entitled \"Fun on the Run.\" The \"Fun on the Run\" pamphlet includes several racist and sexist caricatures.","Postcard containing an image of a cartooned black man and woman. The man has large lips and torn clothing. The woman's features are exaggerated.","This souvenir features common images of African Americans in the south, including picking cotton, eating watermelon, and playing the fiddle.","This folder contains three Happy Birthday and one Christmas card. The cards contain cartooned sketches of African Americans, with factors such as large lips and big eyes. One happy birthday card has a sketch of three black women riding in a large watermelon.","This folder contains numerous happy birthday cards featuring cartooned sketches of African American girls. The girls' features include large eyes and curly hair.","Cards that promote the seven principles of Kwanzaa.","Publications from the Jim Crow era.","This is a book of rag-time melodies, which includes advertisements, sheet music, and lyrics.","This item is the yearbook of the African American high school in Essex County, Virginia. The yearbook includes photographs, poems, and advertisements.","This travel guide of \"negro\" hotels was published by Afro-American Newspapers. The guide includes a map of the East Coast and advertisements from multiple hotels.","Two advertisements promoting performances by African American musicians and artists.","The folder contains an item promoting the Lost Cause ideology, which conveys nostalgia for the Confederacy prior to the Civil War. Confederate norms are presented in the best possible light. ","Natchez Pilgrimage Brochure, 1955 March 31, invites people to celebrate the Old South by touring Antebellum mansions in Natchez, Mississippi. The brochure contains multiple photographs and descriptions of the old Antebellum mansion. (Acc.2012.278)","This folder contains publications celebrating the accomplishments and contributions of African Americans.","The booklet describes the history and curricula of Hampton Institute, now Hampton University.","The multiple brochures feature African American jubilee singers and performers.","This brochure is for the Negro History Society of the Hampton Institute and their presentation of singer Dorothy Maynor.","This calendar features the stories of famous African American inventors, politicians, and scholars.","This flyer promotes the election of Arthur H. Vandenberg as senator of Michigan. It states that Vandenberg promises to outlaw the poll tax and favors an anti-lynching law. Vandenberg promises to support African American causes if elected.","These comic strips  promote racial tolerance. One comic entitled \"Stand Up For Sportsmanship,\" features Batman stopping a fight between two boys, one white and one black. When Batman asks what happened, he discovers they're fighting because the white boy doesn't want the black boy to play with them because \"he don't belong, he ain't a real American.\" Batman responds with a lesson about racial tolerance, saying \"don't believe the crackpot lies about people who worship differently, or whose skin is of a different color, or whose parents come from another country... a nation divided by prejudice is like a football team without teamwork.\" The next one, featuring Batman, teaches the reader that a country divided by racial prejudice is the same as a football team without teamwork. The next comic encourages a baseball team to be accepting of players of different ethnicity. The last comic, featuring superman, promotes both racial and religious tolerance.","Reprint of an article from the American Legion magazine concerns the buying of Negro votes.","This folder includes a pamphlet published by the Independent Socialist Club promoting the black power movement.","This pamphlet entitled \"Here's Proof of the Red Pro-Negro Plot Against South \u0026 USA.\" argues that communist are trying to stir up trouble between white and black races, promoting racial mixing, and eventually want to control America. Pamphlet includes a map of the south, which it states Communist want to turn into a Negro Communist Soviet.","This flyier shows a picture of Martin Luther King, Jr. and other Civil Rights leaders at a supposed Communist training school. The flier states that these leaders have brought tension, disturbance, and violence while trying to promote these Communist ideals.","This booklet was published by Robert Welch. He argues that the \"negro\" population is much better off than populations around the globe. He also states that the population has made great strides in the last hundred years. Welch believes that the Communists are trying to turn black people against white people in America.","This pamphlet was printed by the Communist Party of Cleveland.  The pamphlet states that black and white people work side and side, and therefore black and white children should be able to learn and live with each other.","A pamphlet from the Communist Party of California.","An editorial from the Monroe, La. Morning World, concerns the author's fears that the United Nations is secretly a Communist plot.","A flyer created by the Bay Area Revoluntionary Union concerning streets that are still occupied by the National Guard.","A pamphlet subtitled \"a voice and vote for every member in the UAW-CIO regardless of race, color or creed.\" The pamphlet states that whites and \"negroes\" are all members of the same family and should be employed to the same end. The UAW-CIO promotes the hiring of \"negroes\" in all fields.","A Labor Education Fund pamphlet.","This pamphlet by Angelo Herndon describes the hardship of working in a southern mining town. Herndon describes how he fought the system and promoted fair pay to working class citizens.","The themes of these games range from satirizing to celebrating the progress and intellect of African Americans.","52 playing cards from the game \"In Dixie-Land\". Copyrighted 1896, L.D. Baldwin, by The Fireside Game Co.  The instructions are missing.","This folder contains a set of playing cards.  The cards have a sketch and a brief biological summary of influential African American inventors, politicians, musicians, and activists. Rules for the game are included.","This board game is a racially based Monopoly style game. White players are allowed to buy properties throughout the board while black players are restricted to center areas. The game exemplifies the difficulties of living in a racially segregated housing market. The game is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.B5 1970.","The game, which portrays public welfare and its recipients in a negative light, caused immediate controversy upon its publication. It was also perceived as racist and sexist and government agencies appealed to retailers to pull it off the shelves.","This game is a quiz and trivia style game. The game tests players' knowledge of black athletes, musicians, and activists. The game is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.96.F67 1988","This board game tests players' knowledge of African American achievement in history, patents, inventions, sports, and entertainment. There is also a category of questions titled black awareness. Players answer questions to move along on a board, through the struggles of slavery and Jim Crow, eventually arriving back in Africa.","This game is a game of dice where players role to turn over face cards number one through twelve. The cards and box feature racist imagery, including African Americans with bulging eyes and huge lips.","This board game is a trivia style game which tests players' knowledge of African American history. Players answer questions to receive an associates, bachelors, masters, and doctorate in black studies. The word \"funda\" comes from an African language and means to instruct.","Five various cards and Valentine's featuring caricatures of African Americans.  Most of the cards depict the individuals with over exaggerated features and stereotypes, such as one card showing an African American eating watermelon.","20 caricature and three photograph postcards of African Americans.  Most of the caricature postcards feature stereotypical cartoons and captions of African Americans.  The photographs show African Americans tilling in cotton fields and posing outside dilapidated homes.","Three stereoviews showing African Americans picking cotton in Georgia and Mississippi cotton fields and sugar cane in Peurto Rico. The views were produced by Underwood and Underwood, and the Keystone Viewing Company.","This box contains VHS tapes that are notable for the original video cases. Most of the movies are from the Blaxploitation genre, a controversial film movement. Blaxploitation films contained many common stereotypes. The black community is often portrayed as violent and drug related. However, some people believed the films were examples of black expression and power.","This film features a young man who accidently kills his brother and then becomes a preacher to seek amends.","This fFilm features gang life in Harlem, New York.","The film features two men who work in Harlem. They get sent on a wild goose chase looking for money hidden in a barrel of cotton.","The film features a Harlem private eye hired to save teenagers kidnapped by the Mafia.","This film features a Harlem drug-dealer who wants to make one last sell before quitting the cocaine business.","The film features Cleopatra Jones, drug traffickers' deadliest enemy.","The film takes Bruce Lee to the island fortress of a criminal warlord, whom Bruce Lee must overcome.","This film features Dracula's bloodbrother, Blacula.","The film features black CIA recruits from Chicago who become freedom fighters after their military training.","The fFilm features Pop Boyd, a martial arts champion who opens a studio on land that the Mafia wants to use as a headquarters.","This fFilm features two ex-Vietnam soldiers who pursue the elite drug dealing industries.","This film features a young black man who seeks revenge when he is arrested on false charges.","The f Film features black drug dealers, mobsters, and undercover cops.","In this sequel to Dolemite, Rudy Ray Moore flees to California, where he helps Queen Bee and her Kung-Fu girls battle a local gangster.","The film features a morally bankrupt man who can save his own life only if he marries the devil's ugly daughter.","The film features a man who owns a disco and declares war on the producers of Angel Dust, a drug corrupting his nephew.","This film features a man who seeks revenge on his girlfriend's killer.","This fFilm features a Detroit police sergeant who is pitted against brutal thugs.","The film features friends who are hiding from the mob and hunting a gangster boss, who rigged a karate tournament.","The fFilm features a man, just recently released from prison, who uses brains and muscles to survive in the city.","The fFilm features the Black Dragon, who teams up with kung fu dynamo Dragon Lee as they take on the Korean and Japanese mafias.","The film features a man named Blade, who is the last hope for humanity, when a bloodthirsty lord declares war on the human race.","The fFilm features a vampire slayer who fights to save humanity.","The fFilm features a gang who goes from rags to riches, and then fights a knife-wielding, car stealing leprechaun.","This film is the third in a trilogy. It features a vampire hunter who must join forces with a clan of other hunters to find and defeat Dracula.","The Great Cataract or Waterfall of Niagara in North America, This folder contains a copperplate engraving of Niagara Falls on paper. The image depicts a group of Native Americans showing Europeans the beauty of the falls. In the background, there are several Native Americans hauling large stones.","Powhatan Applesauce Label. \nThis folder contains an advertising label for apple sauce named after the famed Native American chiefdom, the Powhatan. The advertisement includes a sketch of a Native American with a colorful head band and feather in his hair.","Iron King Cook Calendar. \nThis calendar features a scene in which white settlers shot Native Americans while hiding behind a large iron king stove.","Set of 12 postcards that feature oil paintings of Native American imagery. The cards depict a variety of different scenes, including an Indian camp, a hunted buffalo, a tepee, and an Indian carrying an American flag after Custer's Last Stand. The postcards have a short description of each portrayed scene.","Set of 28 postcards featuring images of Native Americans. The postcards represent tribes from all over the country, from the Iroquois to the Hopi. Common images are war dances and dwellings such as tepees and long houses. Many of the postcards have short descriptions of the scenes on the back.","Set of 90 postcards that portray Indian life in the south western United States. Images include  young girls and boys, Indians in traditional tribal outfits, mountains, canyons, and pueblo houses.","This folder includes a souvenir folder that contains a description and multiple illustrations of Indian chiefs.  The chiefs depicted are all from Western tribes, including the Pueblos, Navajos, Apache, Sioux, and Blackfoot.  The description states that the Pueblos are the most civilized of the nations.  The illustrations include portraits of the leaders as well as scenes of the leaders in the picturesque mountains of the west.","This folder includes a souvenir folder that describes and illustrates southwestern Native American life.  The author notes that native life is \"primitive\" with little industry and machinery.  The images contain various scenes, including a mother and child standing next to cactus brush, people gathered around a tepee, a pueblo village, and men creating wampum beads.  Also depicted are images of natives performing a variety of crafts and chores.","Set of trading cards that contain negative imagery of Native Americans.  Images include Native Americans being stabbed by white settler, a Native American man drinking too much, and misrepresentations of traditional Indian outfits.","The trading cards depict imagery of Native Americans, including totem poles, war dances, and stockades.  The cards have images on one side, and a short description of the scene on the other.","Oversized trading that that have photographs and drawing of various Native American leaders.  The cards have the image on one side, and a short biography of the leader on the other.  This trading cards are housed separately due to their large size.","The trading cards have photographs and drawings of various Native American leaders. The cards have the image on one side, and a short biography of the leader on the other.","This set of 90 cards have images on one side of famous Native American leaders and of famous battles fought by various native tribes.  The backside has a short, skewed description of historical events.","This folder contains a box of bridge tally cards.  The cards have sketches of Native American people and scenery, along with the names and locations of different tribes.","The Wild West Gum cards contains 22 cards depicting colorized illustrations of Native Americans. The collection was part of a set of 24 cards manufactured by John H. Dockman and Son in the early twentieth century.","The Paragon Beef trading cards include negative images of Chinese men with long braids and stereotypical straw hats.","Series of advertising cards that promote the Chinese immigrant population in a negative way. Advertisers include Celluloid Corset Clasps, Kendall Manufacturing Company Soaps and Soapine, Henderson's Goods, and Gent's Furnishings and Fancy Goods Houses. The images depict Chinese men with long hair embarking on ships and men with over exaggerated eye features. The images often have little to do with the product being advertised.","Series of cards that depict a scene between two white boys and a Chinese man. The children pull the man's braid, snap it off, and project the Chinese man from his perch, thus solving the \"Chinese problem\". Another card shows Chinese men being bitten by a dog.","Set of cards that depict Asian Americans in negative ways.  Images include men embarking on a boat for China, a sketch of Mun Wong, and a Chinese child holding an umbrella.","This Fourth of July postcard displays racist imagery towards Asian Americans. The card portrays an Asian woman running away from a fire cracker.","This comic strip includes stereotypical images of a Chinese man who entrapped his long braid in a rail road track.","This game includes a small box of sticks. Each player is to shake the box and the first stick that pops out is the one chosen.  Each stick has a number, and the numbers correspond to a booklet that contains fortunes.","Series of two sided trading cards. One of the sides have images of aspects of Jewish life, such as lighting candles and dancing with the torah. The other sides have short bible verses and explanations of the images.","This game is an educational trivia game that features questions regarding different aspects of the Islamic Hajj. Categories include \"How to Perform Hajj,\" \"Places of Hajj,\" and \"General Questions on Hajj.\" The game is geared toward teaching children about the Muslim pilgrimage.","The postcard displays a derogatory image of a Cuban mother feeding her two small children, one of whom nurses from a goat.","Items in this folder include pamphlets instructing men on how to be good Klan members, a pamphlet regarding the Klan's attitude toward immigration, the Klan's attitude toward the Jew and other letters of propaganda.","This folder include meeting minutes from a chapter of the Klu Klux Klan in Elkton, Maryland. The folder also includes the obituary of klansmen Raymond C. Fronk.","This folder includes a pamphlet published by the Equal Rights Congress in a national effort to outlaw the Nazis and the Klu Klux Klan.  The folder also contains fliers promoting integration and racial tolerance.","This folder includes a manuscript by an unknown author on the subject of foreign immigration into the United States of America. The author argues that foreign populations should be restricted from coming to the United States. The manuscript also discusses the various races and ethnicities that should be restricted, including the Irish, the Jewish population, Italians, and the African and Asian races. The document concludes with a list of prohibitions that the author would impose to keep the immigrant populations from entering the country.","This booklet is published by the Order United American Mechanics, a secret fraternity composed entirely of citizens born in the US.American citizens born. The booklet argues against competition for jobs with foreign-born immigrants.","Cards with images and phrases that promote racial and religious equality.","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","John H. Dockman and Son.","English German"],"unitid_tesim":["Mss 1.05","/repositories/2/resources/2502"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Racial and Ethnic Ephemera Collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Racial and Ethnic Ephemera Collection"],"collection_ssim":["Racial and Ethnic Ephemera Collection"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Acc. 2007.80 was purchased 8/30/2007. Acc. 2007.81 was purchased 8/30/2007. Acc. 2008.32 was purchased 5/1/2008. Acc. 2008.46 was purchased 5/16/2008.   Acc. 2008.64 was purchased 6/9/2008. Acc. 2008.94 was purchased 9/10/2008. Acc. 2008.95 was purchased 9/10/20008. Acc. 2008.159 was purchased 12/19/2008. Acc. 2009.063 was purchased on 2/24/2009. Acc. 2009.036 was purchased on 1/19/2009. Acc. 2009.147 was purchased on 4/6/2009. Acc. 2009.151 was purchased on 3/30/2009. Acc. 2009.180 was purchased on 4/29/2009. Acc. 2009.181 was purchased on 4/29/2009. Acc. 2009.226 was purchased on 5/25/2009. Acc. 2009.235 was purchased on 5/31/2009. Acc. 2009.305 was purchased on 7/17/2009. Acquisition information for material received after 7/13/2009 is available by consulting a Special Collections Research Center staff member. Acc. 2014.123-Acc. 2014.125 purchased for Swem Library with support from the SCRC Donors Fund."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans","African Americans in popular culture","African Americans in the performing arts","African Americans--Biography","African Americans--Caricatures and cartoons","African Americans--Education--Virginia","African Americans--History","African Americans--Suffrage","Antisemitism","Blaxploitation films -- United States","Chinese Americans--Caricatures and cartoons","Chinese Americans--Legal status, laws, etc.--History","Communism--United States","Cuban Americans--Public opinion.","Indians of North America","Kwanzaa","Political cartoons","Race awareness--Simulation methods","Race discrimination--Simulation methods","Race relations--1960-1970","Race relations--United States--History--19th century","Race relations--United States--History--20th century","Role playing","Welfare recipients--Public opinion","Welfare--Caricatures and cartoons","World War, 1939-1945--United States","Advertising cards","Birthday cards","Board games (activities)","Board games (game sets)","Calendars","Card games (game sets)","Christmas cards","Collecting cards","Comic strips","Fliers (printed matter)","Greeting cards","Plays (document genre)","Postcards","Reprints","Satires (document genre)","Sheet music","Songbooks","Stereoscopic photographs","VHS (TM)","Yearbooks"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans","African Americans in popular culture","African Americans in the performing arts","African Americans--Biography","African Americans--Caricatures and cartoons","African Americans--Education--Virginia","African Americans--History","African Americans--Suffrage","Antisemitism","Blaxploitation films -- United States","Chinese Americans--Caricatures and cartoons","Chinese Americans--Legal status, laws, etc.--History","Communism--United States","Cuban Americans--Public opinion.","Indians of North America","Kwanzaa","Political cartoons","Race awareness--Simulation methods","Race discrimination--Simulation methods","Race relations--1960-1970","Race relations--United States--History--19th century","Race relations--United States--History--20th century","Role playing","Welfare recipients--Public opinion","Welfare--Caricatures and cartoons","World War, 1939-1945--United States","Advertising cards","Birthday cards","Board games (activities)","Board games (game sets)","Calendars","Card games (game sets)","Christmas cards","Collecting cards","Comic strips","Fliers (printed matter)","Greeting cards","Plays (document genre)","Postcards","Reprints","Satires (document genre)","Sheet music","Songbooks","Stereoscopic photographs","VHS (TM)","Yearbooks"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["4 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["4 Linear Feet"],"genreform_ssim":["Advertising cards","Birthday cards","Board games (activities)","Board games (game sets)","Calendars","Card games (game sets)","Christmas cards","Collecting cards","Comic strips","Fliers (printed matter)","Greeting cards","Plays (document genre)","Postcards","Reprints","Satires (document genre)","Sheet music","Songbooks","Stereoscopic photographs","VHS (TM)","Yearbooks"],"date_range_isim":[1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access:"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"accruals_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAdditions are being made to this collection on an ongoing basis.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accruals_heading_ssm":["Accruals:"],"accruals_tesim":["Additions are being made to this collection on an ongoing basis."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is divided into eight series by race and/or ethnicity. The series are African American, Native American, Asian American, Jewish American, Muslim American, Cuban American, Ku Klux Klan, and Immigration and Discrimination. The contents for each series are  grouped by material type and ordered chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement of Materials:"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is divided into eight series by race and/or ethnicity. The series are African American, Native American, Asian American, Jewish American, Muslim American, Cuban American, Ku Klux Klan, and Immigration and Discrimination. The contents for each series are  grouped by material type and ordered chronologically."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRacial and Ethnic Ephemera Collection, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Racial and Ethnic Ephemera Collection, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAcc. 2011.633, Acc. 2011.635, Acc. 2011.637 accessioned and minimally processed by Steven Bookman, University Archives Specialist, in October 2011. Full finding aid created in March 2015 and revised in December 2017 by Special Collections staff.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAcc. 2014.194\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information:","Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Acc. 2011.633, Acc. 2011.635, Acc. 2011.637 accessioned and minimally processed by Steven Bookman, University Archives Specialist, in October 2011. Full finding aid created in March 2015 and revised in December 2017 by Special Collections staff.","Acc. 2014.194"],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIngersol View Company Stereographs, Comic Series #2\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eRelated materials, such as rare books, are recorded at the folder level. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSee also: individual titles in the Manuscript Sheet Music Collection (Mss. 1.07), Box 48, and individual items in the Manuscript Artifact Collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFor similar material relating to race, ethnicity, and racism outside of the United States, see the Ephemera Collection, Mss. 1.02.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eForeign publications: Rund Um Afrika, a booklet written in German by Gustav Petermann. The content details travels from Germany throughout Africa, visiting sites such as Kruger National Park, Victoria Falls, and Fort Christiansburg. The booklet contains many photographs and animals, buildings, and people. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book DT12.R86 3487058-1001.  Acc.2012.207.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThree Dension's Blackface Plays. Three different play scripts to be performed by white actors wearing black face. The plays highlight the perceived stupidity and ignorance of African Americans. These items are cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as PN6120.N4.K37.1923, PN6120.N4.K37.1928, and PN6120.N4.K37.1931. Acc.2009.335. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eA henpecked coon: darky monologue, 1923. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as PN6120.N4.K37 1923. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOld Doc Gags \"Funster\". Number Two: A collection of fun, fables, foolishness, farce, and fibs, 1925. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as PN6161.O48 1925. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSongs and Spirituals of Negro Composition for Revivals and Congregational Singing. This item is a pamphlet of sheet music. The pamphlet also includes advertisements for home goods. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books M1670.S66. Acc.2009.324. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWe shall overcome! Songs of the Southern freedom movement, 1963. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books M1629.C2.W4. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHow can we keep from singing! A contemporary songbook for liberal churches, fellowships, youth groups, and communal singing generally, 1976. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books M1629.H54.1976.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSongs and spirituals of Negro composition for revivals and congregational singing, 1921. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books M1670.S66.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eModern Home Counseler. This book includes lessons, advice, and instructions on how to raise successful, happy, and obedient children. This item is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books H83.M63. Acc. 2009.356. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAmerican Travelers Guide to Negro Monuments. This book details attractions around the United States that celebrate African Americans and their history. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books E185.53A53. Acc.2009.459. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe South Strikes Back, 1957. This booklet was written by Woodrow Boone and promotes the return of a more racially conservative society. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Book PN6231.S485S68. Acc.2012.276.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Afro-American Historical Calendar, 1979. The calendar features famous African American musicians, officers, and performers. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Book E185.A38. Acc.2009.389. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNegroes in Our History Posters, undated. This collection of posters has a large sketch of famous African American musicians, politicians, and activists. The posters have a brief biographical sketch of each of the celebrated hero. The posters are  cataloged as Rare Book E185.96.R78 folio. Acc.2008.163. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe People Versus Segregated Schools. This 1955 pamphlet promotes integration, anti-lynching laws, and equal pay for black and white workers. This item is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.W54 1955. Acc.2011.268. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e3 Lives for Mississippi. This 1965 book is the story of Mickey Schwerner, James Chaney and Andy Goodman, three men who were killed in Philadelphia, Mississippi by the Klu Klux Klan, while fighting racial justice and the rights of African American voters. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book F347.N4H8. Acc.2011.468. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSongs of the Southern Freedom Movement. A 1965 songbook promoting freedom, racial tolerance, and heritage. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book M1629.H54 1976. Acc.2009.315. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHow Can We Keep From Singing Songbook. This 1965 book entitled \"We Shall Overcome!\" was compiled by Guy and Candie Carawan for the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee. The book contains songs relating to sit-ins, freedom rides, voter registration and other contentious issues. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book M1629.H54.1976. Acc.2011.469. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"And People All Around\" Playbill. An undated playbill for a performance written by George Sklar. The play reminds viewers on the Negro Revolution in 1964, the killings of three negro boys in Mississippi, and the civil rights march on Washington. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book PS3531.E826A52. Acc.2011.268. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Communist Position on the Negro Question. This booklet contains excerpts from the major speeches in discussion of the \"Negro question\" at the plenary meeting of the National Committee of the Communist Party. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.C752 1947. Acc.2011.467. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Path of Negro Liberation. Pamphlet written by Benjamin J. Davis, who argues that the Communist Party of the United States believe in the unconditional political, social, and economic equality in all aspects of American life.  This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.D314 1947. Acc.2011.468. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Struggle Against White Chauvinism. Booklet written by Elizabeth Lawson and published by the New York State Education Department of the Communist Party. The booklet defines chauvinism and its effect on race and gender relations within the United States. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E.185.61.2376 1949. Acc.2011.467. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNext Steps in the Struggle for Negro Freedom. This booklet, written by Hugh Bradley, was a report delivered at the National Conference of the Communist Party. Bradley discussed black military involvement, fair employment, and the corruption of the American government. This item is  cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.B785 1953. Acc.2011.468. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Negro People on the March. This booklet, written by Benjamin J. Davis, was a report to the National Committee of the Communist Party.  Davis states that the fight for \"Negro\" freedom is at its height and that the black race must be given economic and political equality.  This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.6.D38 1956. Acc.2011.467. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Why Join,\" The John Birch Society. This pamphlet promotes and describes the John Birch Society. The Society believes in small government and writes that most of the historic happenings within the Civil Rights Movement were Communist conspiracies. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E740.J6W45.1968. Acc.2011.467. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBusing and the Democratic Struggle in Boston. This booklet was published by the Proletarian Unity League, a Communist organization dedicated to creating a strong Communist Party. They believe that white opportunism in the fundamental threat to the construction of a Revolutionary party. The booklet mostly focuses on the integration of public transportation. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book LC214.53.B67P76 1975. Acc.2011.467. Acc.2011.467. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFreedom is Everybody's Job: \" The Crime of the Government Against the Negro People, 1949. This pamphlet, written by George W. Crockett, Jr., was a summation in the trail of the 11 Communist leaders.  The pamphlet argues that the Communist Party has the right to free speech and therefore cannot be outlawed.  Crockett argues that the Communist support for Civil Rights is a reason why the Communist Party is ridiculed. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book HX87.C7.1949b. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe CIO and the Negro Worker, 1942. This pamphlet argues against discrimination in the workplace.  The CIO fights for equal employment of all people, races, and religions. This item is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.8.C56 1942. Acc.2011.467. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Out of the Jungle\", 1943. The Packinghouse Workers Fight for Justice and Equality. This book is a pictorial history of the Packinghouse Workers Union, which fought for racial justice, fair pay, and equality in the meat packing industry. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book HD6515.P14073. Acc.2011.268\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eRoll the Union On, 1987. This book is a pictorial history of the Southern Tenant Farmers' Union, told by its co-founder H.L. Mitchell. The Union fought for the end of lynching, a safe workplace, and equal rights for African American and white workers. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book HD1511.U5M573 1987. Acc.2011.467\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBlaxploitation Cinema Pressbooks and Posters, 1968-1976. Currently unprocessed material. 2014.194 and oversize material.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIndian Legends, 1994. This book includes old Native American stories and tales. Each story is also illustrated in black and white or color. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E98.F6I33.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"The Klan Today\". This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Books HS2330.K63.K58\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Aryan Views: White Folk News. \"The Attitude of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan\" pamphlets. This item is catalogued in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as HS2330.K6.A13. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"The Kourier,\" a booklet of the Klan's version of the History of the United States and the Klan's opinions on \"un-American\" activities such as communism and parochial schools, and the Aryan Views and White Folk News Paper, also promoting racial intolerance. This item is catalogued in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as HS2330.K6.K69 v.11 no. 8, July 1935 copy.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOld Doc Gags, \"Funster\" Number Two:: A Collection of Fun, Fables, Foolishness, Farce and Fibs. Copyright 1925 by Charles H. Ubert. The joke book includes anti-immigration and anti-Semitic content. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book PN616.O48 1925.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials:","Related Materials","Related Materials","Related Materials","Related Materials","Related Materials","Related Materials","Related Materials","Related Materials","Related Materials","Related Materials","Related Materials","Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Ingersol View Company Stereographs, Comic Series #2","Related materials, such as rare books, are recorded at the folder level. ","See also: individual titles in the Manuscript Sheet Music Collection (Mss. 1.07), Box 48, and individual items in the Manuscript Artifact Collection.","For similar material relating to race, ethnicity, and racism outside of the United States, see the Ephemera Collection, Mss. 1.02.","Foreign publications: Rund Um Afrika, a booklet written in German by Gustav Petermann. The content details travels from Germany throughout Africa, visiting sites such as Kruger National Park, Victoria Falls, and Fort Christiansburg. The booklet contains many photographs and animals, buildings, and people. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book DT12.R86 3487058-1001.  Acc.2012.207.","Three Dension's Blackface Plays. Three different play scripts to be performed by white actors wearing black face. The plays highlight the perceived stupidity and ignorance of African Americans. These items are cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as PN6120.N4.K37.1923, PN6120.N4.K37.1928, and PN6120.N4.K37.1931. Acc.2009.335. ","A henpecked coon: darky monologue, 1923. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as PN6120.N4.K37 1923. ","Old Doc Gags \"Funster\". Number Two: A collection of fun, fables, foolishness, farce, and fibs, 1925. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as PN6161.O48 1925. ","Songs and Spirituals of Negro Composition for Revivals and Congregational Singing. This item is a pamphlet of sheet music. The pamphlet also includes advertisements for home goods. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books M1670.S66. Acc.2009.324. ","We shall overcome! Songs of the Southern freedom movement, 1963. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books M1629.C2.W4. ","How can we keep from singing! A contemporary songbook for liberal churches, fellowships, youth groups, and communal singing generally, 1976. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books M1629.H54.1976.","Songs and spirituals of Negro composition for revivals and congregational singing, 1921. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books M1670.S66.","Modern Home Counseler. This book includes lessons, advice, and instructions on how to raise successful, happy, and obedient children. This item is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books H83.M63. Acc. 2009.356. ","American Travelers Guide to Negro Monuments. This book details attractions around the United States that celebrate African Americans and their history. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books E185.53A53. Acc.2009.459. ","The South Strikes Back, 1957. This booklet was written by Woodrow Boone and promotes the return of a more racially conservative society. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Book PN6231.S485S68. Acc.2012.276.","The Afro-American Historical Calendar, 1979. The calendar features famous African American musicians, officers, and performers. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Book E185.A38. Acc.2009.389. ","Negroes in Our History Posters, undated. This collection of posters has a large sketch of famous African American musicians, politicians, and activists. The posters have a brief biographical sketch of each of the celebrated hero. The posters are  cataloged as Rare Book E185.96.R78 folio. Acc.2008.163. ","The People Versus Segregated Schools. This 1955 pamphlet promotes integration, anti-lynching laws, and equal pay for black and white workers. This item is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.W54 1955. Acc.2011.268. ","3 Lives for Mississippi. This 1965 book is the story of Mickey Schwerner, James Chaney and Andy Goodman, three men who were killed in Philadelphia, Mississippi by the Klu Klux Klan, while fighting racial justice and the rights of African American voters. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book F347.N4H8. Acc.2011.468. ","Songs of the Southern Freedom Movement. A 1965 songbook promoting freedom, racial tolerance, and heritage. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book M1629.H54 1976. Acc.2009.315. ","How Can We Keep From Singing Songbook. This 1965 book entitled \"We Shall Overcome!\" was compiled by Guy and Candie Carawan for the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee. The book contains songs relating to sit-ins, freedom rides, voter registration and other contentious issues. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book M1629.H54.1976. Acc.2011.469. ","\"And People All Around\" Playbill. An undated playbill for a performance written by George Sklar. The play reminds viewers on the Negro Revolution in 1964, the killings of three negro boys in Mississippi, and the civil rights march on Washington. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book PS3531.E826A52. Acc.2011.268. ","The Communist Position on the Negro Question. This booklet contains excerpts from the major speeches in discussion of the \"Negro question\" at the plenary meeting of the National Committee of the Communist Party. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.C752 1947. Acc.2011.467. ","The Path of Negro Liberation. Pamphlet written by Benjamin J. Davis, who argues that the Communist Party of the United States believe in the unconditional political, social, and economic equality in all aspects of American life.  This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.D314 1947. Acc.2011.468. ","The Struggle Against White Chauvinism. Booklet written by Elizabeth Lawson and published by the New York State Education Department of the Communist Party. The booklet defines chauvinism and its effect on race and gender relations within the United States. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E.185.61.2376 1949. Acc.2011.467. ","Next Steps in the Struggle for Negro Freedom. This booklet, written by Hugh Bradley, was a report delivered at the National Conference of the Communist Party. Bradley discussed black military involvement, fair employment, and the corruption of the American government. This item is  cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.B785 1953. Acc.2011.468. ","The Negro People on the March. This booklet, written by Benjamin J. Davis, was a report to the National Committee of the Communist Party.  Davis states that the fight for \"Negro\" freedom is at its height and that the black race must be given economic and political equality.  This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.6.D38 1956. Acc.2011.467. ","\"Why Join,\" The John Birch Society. This pamphlet promotes and describes the John Birch Society. The Society believes in small government and writes that most of the historic happenings within the Civil Rights Movement were Communist conspiracies. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E740.J6W45.1968. Acc.2011.467. ","Busing and the Democratic Struggle in Boston. This booklet was published by the Proletarian Unity League, a Communist organization dedicated to creating a strong Communist Party. They believe that white opportunism in the fundamental threat to the construction of a Revolutionary party. The booklet mostly focuses on the integration of public transportation. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book LC214.53.B67P76 1975. Acc.2011.467. Acc.2011.467. ","Freedom is Everybody's Job: \" The Crime of the Government Against the Negro People, 1949. This pamphlet, written by George W. Crockett, Jr., was a summation in the trail of the 11 Communist leaders.  The pamphlet argues that the Communist Party has the right to free speech and therefore cannot be outlawed.  Crockett argues that the Communist support for Civil Rights is a reason why the Communist Party is ridiculed. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book HX87.C7.1949b. ","The CIO and the Negro Worker, 1942. This pamphlet argues against discrimination in the workplace.  The CIO fights for equal employment of all people, races, and religions. This item is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.8.C56 1942. Acc.2011.467. ","\"Out of the Jungle\", 1943. The Packinghouse Workers Fight for Justice and Equality. This book is a pictorial history of the Packinghouse Workers Union, which fought for racial justice, fair pay, and equality in the meat packing industry. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book HD6515.P14073. Acc.2011.268","Roll the Union On, 1987. This book is a pictorial history of the Southern Tenant Farmers' Union, told by its co-founder H.L. Mitchell. The Union fought for the end of lynching, a safe workplace, and equal rights for African American and white workers. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book HD1511.U5M573 1987. Acc.2011.467","Blaxploitation Cinema Pressbooks and Posters, 1968-1976. Currently unprocessed material. 2014.194 and oversize material.","Indian Legends, 1994. This book includes old Native American stories and tales. Each story is also illustrated in black and white or color. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E98.F6I33.","\"The Klan Today\". This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Books HS2330.K63.K58","The Aryan Views: White Folk News. \"The Attitude of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan\" pamphlets. This item is catalogued in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as HS2330.K6.A13. ","\"The Kourier,\" a booklet of the Klan's version of the History of the United States and the Klan's opinions on \"un-American\" activities such as communism and parochial schools, and the Aryan Views and White Folk News Paper, also promoting racial intolerance. This item is catalogued in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as HS2330.K6.K69 v.11 no. 8, July 1935 copy.","Old Doc Gags, \"Funster\" Number Two:: A Collection of Fun, Fables, Foolishness, Farce and Fibs. Copyright 1925 by Charles H. Ubert. The joke book includes anti-immigration and anti-Semitic content. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book PN616.O48 1925."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe racial and ethnic ephemera collection contains various materials regarding race, ethnicity, and racism in the United States. The collection includes papers and items that promote racial prejudice and propaganda. The collection also contains items and papers that exemplify the fight for civil and equal rights. African Americans are the most broadly represented group in the collection. Other ethnic groups include Native Americans, Asian Americans, Jewish Americans, Muslim Americans, and Cuban Americans. Ku Klux Klan pamphlets and anti-immigration publications are also included. Through this collection, the American struggle of racism and prejudice is realized.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncluded are published items like travel guides, joke books, song books, story books, programs and handbills, comic strips, a yearbook, election fliers, political publications, pamphlets and calendars.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis fFolder contains three envelopes: Union patriotic envelope depicting a black man picking cotton, titled \"One of the Rebels\", (Acc.2014.123), Union patriotic envelope of a slave dressed as the \"King of the South,\" (Acc. 2014.124), Union patriotic envelope with a map of the south (Acc. 2014.125).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA booklet of twenty minor dramas, extravaganzas, and farces for the amateur stage.  The plays contain stereotypical typecasting of African Americans.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA story book entitled \"The Ten Little Niggers,\" with stereotypical illustrations. The layout of the book is similar to that of \"Ten Little Indians.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis songbook features stereotypical illustrations of African Americans including pompous dresses and large lips.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis joke book features jokes that promote racism and a negative view of African Americans.  The jokes are also anti-immigration and misogynistic.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe scrapbook dates from the late 1800's.  The pictures in the book vary, from paintings of flowers to advertising cards for household items.  One page in the book features several stereotypical images of African Americans.  Pictures of monkeys are also placed on this page, therefore stating that they are one in the same.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdvertising trade cards that contain stereotypically racist images of African Americans. The cards are for a clothier. The folder also contains an advertisement for Jos. J. Foley, Tailor, Boston MA, which has a November 1908 calendar alongside an illustration of African American children swinging and climbing trees.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains multiple advertising cards. The items advertised include soaps, clothing, and household goods. The cards contain stereotypical images of African Americans.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains advertising cards that depict African Americans in a negative light.  Common features are large lips and flouncy outfits.  The sketches on the cards often have little to do with the product being advertised.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eStereotypical black representations on three advertising trade cards. The cards for pancake batter and clothes depict African Americans with large eyes and mouths along with other stereotypical features.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdvertising cards for a clothier.  The cards depict an African American man trying to command and then falling off a horse-drawn wagon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdvertisement card for Old Virginia Cheroots from the American Tobacco Company.  The advertisement has a sketch of an African American man.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdvertising label for Old Black Joe's blackeyed peas, showing a black man with a white beard.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSketch for \"The Connoisseurs\", a popular advertising image for Cream of Wheat. The painting features a black man in a chef's hat, teaching a child about the taste and health benefits of cream of wheat.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePrint of the painting by Edward V. Brewer entitled \"The Connoisseurs\" for the Cream of Wheat Company. The painting features an African American man in a chef costume tasting Cream of Wheat along with an African American boy in an apron and chef hat. Oversize item.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFive cards that have negative, stereotypical images of African Americans. Images include a black woman being compared to a donkey and young men playing craps.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSet of 22 racist postcards. Features include large lips and big eyes. Images also include depictions of African Americans stealing goods. Other cards include cartooned drawings of African Americans in flouncy clothing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSet of 42 cards with racist imagery. Images include cartooned sketches of African Americans with big eyes and over exaggerated lips. Images depict African Americans as lazy and inept. They are shown stealing chickens, eating watermelon, and improperly serving white people.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA postcard with an image of an African American boy with a large mouth, kneeling next to two watermelons\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSet of eight postcards that have negative, stereotypical sketches of African Americans. Images include women with large behinds, boys eating watermelon, and men with large lips.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains five racist postcards. They contain images including boys eating watermelon and a cartooned black man stealing a chicken.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSet of three postcards and a pamphlet entitled \"Fun on the Run.\" The \"Fun on the Run\" pamphlet includes several racist and sexist caricatures.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePostcard containing an image of a cartooned black man and woman. The man has large lips and torn clothing. The woman's features are exaggerated.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis souvenir features common images of African Americans in the south, including picking cotton, eating watermelon, and playing the fiddle.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains three Happy Birthday and one Christmas card. The cards contain cartooned sketches of African Americans, with factors such as large lips and big eyes. One happy birthday card has a sketch of three black women riding in a large watermelon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains numerous happy birthday cards featuring cartooned sketches of African American girls. The girls' features include large eyes and curly hair.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCards that promote the seven principles of Kwanzaa.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublications from the Jim Crow era.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis is a book of rag-time melodies, which includes advertisements, sheet music, and lyrics.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis item is the yearbook of the African American high school in Essex County, Virginia. The yearbook includes photographs, poems, and advertisements.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis travel guide of \"negro\" hotels was published by Afro-American Newspapers. The guide includes a map of the East Coast and advertisements from multiple hotels.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTwo advertisements promoting performances by African American musicians and artists.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe folder contains an item promoting the Lost Cause ideology, which conveys nostalgia for the Confederacy prior to the Civil War. Confederate norms are presented in the best possible light. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNatchez Pilgrimage Brochure, 1955 March 31, invites people to celebrate the Old South by touring Antebellum mansions in Natchez, Mississippi. The brochure contains multiple photographs and descriptions of the old Antebellum mansion. (Acc.2012.278)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains publications celebrating the accomplishments and contributions of African Americans.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe booklet describes the history and curricula of Hampton Institute, now Hampton University.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe multiple brochures feature African American jubilee singers and performers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis brochure is for the Negro History Society of the Hampton Institute and their presentation of singer Dorothy Maynor.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis calendar features the stories of famous African American inventors, politicians, and scholars.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis flyer promotes the election of Arthur H. Vandenberg as senator of Michigan. It states that Vandenberg promises to outlaw the poll tax and favors an anti-lynching law. Vandenberg promises to support African American causes if elected.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese comic strips  promote racial tolerance. One comic entitled \"Stand Up For Sportsmanship,\" features Batman stopping a fight between two boys, one white and one black. When Batman asks what happened, he discovers they're fighting because the white boy doesn't want the black boy to play with them because \"he don't belong, he ain't a real American.\" Batman responds with a lesson about racial tolerance, saying \"don't believe the crackpot lies about people who worship differently, or whose skin is of a different color, or whose parents come from another country... a nation divided by prejudice is like a football team without teamwork.\" The next one, featuring Batman, teaches the reader that a country divided by racial prejudice is the same as a football team without teamwork. The next comic encourages a baseball team to be accepting of players of different ethnicity. The last comic, featuring superman, promotes both racial and religious tolerance.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReprint of an article from the American Legion magazine concerns the buying of Negro votes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder includes a pamphlet published by the Independent Socialist Club promoting the black power movement.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis pamphlet entitled \"Here's Proof of the Red Pro-Negro Plot Against South \u0026amp; USA.\" argues that communist are trying to stir up trouble between white and black races, promoting racial mixing, and eventually want to control America. Pamphlet includes a map of the south, which it states Communist want to turn into a Negro Communist Soviet.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis flyier shows a picture of Martin Luther King, Jr. and other Civil Rights leaders at a supposed Communist training school. The flier states that these leaders have brought tension, disturbance, and violence while trying to promote these Communist ideals.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis booklet was published by Robert Welch. He argues that the \"negro\" population is much better off than populations around the globe. He also states that the population has made great strides in the last hundred years. Welch believes that the Communists are trying to turn black people against white people in America.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis pamphlet was printed by the Communist Party of Cleveland.  The pamphlet states that black and white people work side and side, and therefore black and white children should be able to learn and live with each other.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA pamphlet from the Communist Party of California.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAn editorial from the Monroe, La. Morning World, concerns the author's fears that the United Nations is secretly a Communist plot.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA flyer created by the Bay Area Revoluntionary Union concerning streets that are still occupied by the National Guard.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA pamphlet subtitled \"a voice and vote for every member in the UAW-CIO regardless of race, color or creed.\" The pamphlet states that whites and \"negroes\" are all members of the same family and should be employed to the same end. The UAW-CIO promotes the hiring of \"negroes\" in all fields.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA Labor Education Fund pamphlet.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis pamphlet by Angelo Herndon describes the hardship of working in a southern mining town. Herndon describes how he fought the system and promoted fair pay to working class citizens.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe themes of these games range from satirizing to celebrating the progress and intellect of African Americans.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e52 playing cards from the game \"In Dixie-Land\". Copyrighted 1896, L.D. Baldwin, by The Fireside Game Co.  The instructions are missing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains a set of playing cards.  The cards have a sketch and a brief biological summary of influential African American inventors, politicians, musicians, and activists. Rules for the game are included.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis board game is a racially based Monopoly style game. White players are allowed to buy properties throughout the board while black players are restricted to center areas. The game exemplifies the difficulties of living in a racially segregated housing market. The game is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.B5 1970.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe game, which portrays public welfare and its recipients in a negative light, caused immediate controversy upon its publication. It was also perceived as racist and sexist and government agencies appealed to retailers to pull it off the shelves.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis game is a quiz and trivia style game. The game tests players' knowledge of black athletes, musicians, and activists. The game is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.96.F67 1988\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis board game tests players' knowledge of African American achievement in history, patents, inventions, sports, and entertainment. There is also a category of questions titled black awareness. Players answer questions to move along on a board, through the struggles of slavery and Jim Crow, eventually arriving back in Africa.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis game is a game of dice where players role to turn over face cards number one through twelve. The cards and box feature racist imagery, including African Americans with bulging eyes and huge lips.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis board game is a trivia style game which tests players' knowledge of African American history. Players answer questions to receive an associates, bachelors, masters, and doctorate in black studies. The word \"funda\" comes from an African language and means to instruct.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFive various cards and Valentine's featuring caricatures of African Americans.  Most of the cards depict the individuals with over exaggerated features and stereotypes, such as one card showing an African American eating watermelon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e20 caricature and three photograph postcards of African Americans.  Most of the caricature postcards feature stereotypical cartoons and captions of African Americans.  The photographs show African Americans tilling in cotton fields and posing outside dilapidated homes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThree stereoviews showing African Americans picking cotton in Georgia and Mississippi cotton fields and sugar cane in Peurto Rico. The views were produced by Underwood and Underwood, and the Keystone Viewing Company.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis box contains VHS tapes that are notable for the original video cases. Most of the movies are from the Blaxploitation genre, a controversial film movement. Blaxploitation films contained many common stereotypes. The black community is often portrayed as violent and drug related. However, some people believed the films were examples of black expression and power.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis film features a young man who accidently kills his brother and then becomes a preacher to seek amends.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis fFilm features gang life in Harlem, New York.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe film features two men who work in Harlem. They get sent on a wild goose chase looking for money hidden in a barrel of cotton.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe film features a Harlem private eye hired to save teenagers kidnapped by the Mafia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis film features a Harlem drug-dealer who wants to make one last sell before quitting the cocaine business.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe film features Cleopatra Jones, drug traffickers' deadliest enemy.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe film takes Bruce Lee to the island fortress of a criminal warlord, whom Bruce Lee must overcome.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis film features Dracula's bloodbrother, Blacula.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe film features black CIA recruits from Chicago who become freedom fighters after their military training.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe fFilm features Pop Boyd, a martial arts champion who opens a studio on land that the Mafia wants to use as a headquarters.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis fFilm features two ex-Vietnam soldiers who pursue the elite drug dealing industries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis film features a young black man who seeks revenge when he is arrested on false charges.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe f Film features black drug dealers, mobsters, and undercover cops.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn this sequel to Dolemite, Rudy Ray Moore flees to California, where he helps Queen Bee and her Kung-Fu girls battle a local gangster.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe film features a morally bankrupt man who can save his own life only if he marries the devil's ugly daughter.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe film features a man who owns a disco and declares war on the producers of Angel Dust, a drug corrupting his nephew.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis film features a man who seeks revenge on his girlfriend's killer.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis fFilm features a Detroit police sergeant who is pitted against brutal thugs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe film features friends who are hiding from the mob and hunting a gangster boss, who rigged a karate tournament.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe fFilm features a man, just recently released from prison, who uses brains and muscles to survive in the city.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe fFilm features the Black Dragon, who teams up with kung fu dynamo Dragon Lee as they take on the Korean and Japanese mafias.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe film features a man named Blade, who is the last hope for humanity, when a bloodthirsty lord declares war on the human race.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe fFilm features a vampire slayer who fights to save humanity.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe fFilm features a gang who goes from rags to riches, and then fights a knife-wielding, car stealing leprechaun.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis film is the third in a trilogy. It features a vampire hunter who must join forces with a clan of other hunters to find and defeat Dracula.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Great Cataract or Waterfall of Niagara in North America, This folder contains a copperplate engraving of Niagara Falls on paper. The image depicts a group of Native Americans showing Europeans the beauty of the falls. In the background, there are several Native Americans hauling large stones.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePowhatan Applesauce Label. \nThis folder contains an advertising label for apple sauce named after the famed Native American chiefdom, the Powhatan. The advertisement includes a sketch of a Native American with a colorful head band and feather in his hair.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIron King Cook Calendar. \nThis calendar features a scene in which white settlers shot Native Americans while hiding behind a large iron king stove.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSet of 12 postcards that feature oil paintings of Native American imagery. The cards depict a variety of different scenes, including an Indian camp, a hunted buffalo, a tepee, and an Indian carrying an American flag after Custer's Last Stand. The postcards have a short description of each portrayed scene.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSet of 28 postcards featuring images of Native Americans. The postcards represent tribes from all over the country, from the Iroquois to the Hopi. Common images are war dances and dwellings such as tepees and long houses. Many of the postcards have short descriptions of the scenes on the back.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSet of 90 postcards that portray Indian life in the south western United States. Images include  young girls and boys, Indians in traditional tribal outfits, mountains, canyons, and pueblo houses.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder includes a souvenir folder that contains a description and multiple illustrations of Indian chiefs.  The chiefs depicted are all from Western tribes, including the Pueblos, Navajos, Apache, Sioux, and Blackfoot.  The description states that the Pueblos are the most civilized of the nations.  The illustrations include portraits of the leaders as well as scenes of the leaders in the picturesque mountains of the west.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder includes a souvenir folder that describes and illustrates southwestern Native American life.  The author notes that native life is \"primitive\" with little industry and machinery.  The images contain various scenes, including a mother and child standing next to cactus brush, people gathered around a tepee, a pueblo village, and men creating wampum beads.  Also depicted are images of natives performing a variety of crafts and chores.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSet of trading cards that contain negative imagery of Native Americans.  Images include Native Americans being stabbed by white settler, a Native American man drinking too much, and misrepresentations of traditional Indian outfits.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe trading cards depict imagery of Native Americans, including totem poles, war dances, and stockades.  The cards have images on one side, and a short description of the scene on the other.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOversized trading that that have photographs and drawing of various Native American leaders.  The cards have the image on one side, and a short biography of the leader on the other.  This trading cards are housed separately due to their large size.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe trading cards have photographs and drawings of various Native American leaders. The cards have the image on one side, and a short biography of the leader on the other.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis set of 90 cards have images on one side of famous Native American leaders and of famous battles fought by various native tribes.  The backside has a short, skewed description of historical events.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains a box of bridge tally cards.  The cards have sketches of Native American people and scenery, along with the names and locations of different tribes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Wild West Gum cards contains 22 cards depicting colorized illustrations of Native Americans. The collection was part of a set of 24 cards manufactured by John H. Dockman and Son in the early twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Paragon Beef trading cards include negative images of Chinese men with long braids and stereotypical straw hats.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries of advertising cards that promote the Chinese immigrant population in a negative way. Advertisers include Celluloid Corset Clasps, Kendall Manufacturing Company Soaps and Soapine, Henderson's Goods, and Gent's Furnishings and Fancy Goods Houses. The images depict Chinese men with long hair embarking on ships and men with over exaggerated eye features. The images often have little to do with the product being advertised.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries of cards that depict a scene between two white boys and a Chinese man. The children pull the man's braid, snap it off, and project the Chinese man from his perch, thus solving the \"Chinese problem\". Another card shows Chinese men being bitten by a dog.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSet of cards that depict Asian Americans in negative ways.  Images include men embarking on a boat for China, a sketch of Mun Wong, and a Chinese child holding an umbrella.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis Fourth of July postcard displays racist imagery towards Asian Americans. The card portrays an Asian woman running away from a fire cracker.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis comic strip includes stereotypical images of a Chinese man who entrapped his long braid in a rail road track.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis game includes a small box of sticks. Each player is to shake the box and the first stick that pops out is the one chosen.  Each stick has a number, and the numbers correspond to a booklet that contains fortunes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries of two sided trading cards. One of the sides have images of aspects of Jewish life, such as lighting candles and dancing with the torah. The other sides have short bible verses and explanations of the images.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis game is an educational trivia game that features questions regarding different aspects of the Islamic Hajj. Categories include \"How to Perform Hajj,\" \"Places of Hajj,\" and \"General Questions on Hajj.\" The game is geared toward teaching children about the Muslim pilgrimage.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe postcard displays a derogatory image of a Cuban mother feeding her two small children, one of whom nurses from a goat.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItems in this folder include pamphlets instructing men on how to be good Klan members, a pamphlet regarding the Klan's attitude toward immigration, the Klan's attitude toward the Jew and other letters of propaganda.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder include meeting minutes from a chapter of the Klu Klux Klan in Elkton, Maryland. The folder also includes the obituary of klansmen Raymond C. Fronk.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder includes a pamphlet published by the Equal Rights Congress in a national effort to outlaw the Nazis and the Klu Klux Klan.  The folder also contains fliers promoting integration and racial tolerance.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder includes a manuscript by an unknown author on the subject of foreign immigration into the United States of America. The author argues that foreign populations should be restricted from coming to the United States. The manuscript also discusses the various races and ethnicities that should be restricted, including the Irish, the Jewish population, Italians, and the African and Asian races. The document concludes with a list of prohibitions that the author would impose to keep the immigrant populations from entering the country.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis booklet is published by the Order United American Mechanics, a secret fraternity composed entirely of citizens born in the US.American citizens born. The booklet argues against competition for jobs with foreign-born immigrants.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCards with images and phrases that promote racial and religious equality.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The racial and ethnic ephemera collection contains various materials regarding race, ethnicity, and racism in the United States. The collection includes papers and items that promote racial prejudice and propaganda. The collection also contains items and papers that exemplify the fight for civil and equal rights. African Americans are the most broadly represented group in the collection. Other ethnic groups include Native Americans, Asian Americans, Jewish Americans, Muslim Americans, and Cuban Americans. Ku Klux Klan pamphlets and anti-immigration publications are also included. Through this collection, the American struggle of racism and prejudice is realized.","Included are published items like travel guides, joke books, song books, story books, programs and handbills, comic strips, a yearbook, election fliers, political publications, pamphlets and calendars.","This fFolder contains three envelopes: Union patriotic envelope depicting a black man picking cotton, titled \"One of the Rebels\", (Acc.2014.123), Union patriotic envelope of a slave dressed as the \"King of the South,\" (Acc. 2014.124), Union patriotic envelope with a map of the south (Acc. 2014.125).","A booklet of twenty minor dramas, extravaganzas, and farces for the amateur stage.  The plays contain stereotypical typecasting of African Americans.","A story book entitled \"The Ten Little Niggers,\" with stereotypical illustrations. The layout of the book is similar to that of \"Ten Little Indians.\"","This songbook features stereotypical illustrations of African Americans including pompous dresses and large lips.","This joke book features jokes that promote racism and a negative view of African Americans.  The jokes are also anti-immigration and misogynistic.","The scrapbook dates from the late 1800's.  The pictures in the book vary, from paintings of flowers to advertising cards for household items.  One page in the book features several stereotypical images of African Americans.  Pictures of monkeys are also placed on this page, therefore stating that they are one in the same.","Advertising trade cards that contain stereotypically racist images of African Americans. The cards are for a clothier. The folder also contains an advertisement for Jos. J. Foley, Tailor, Boston MA, which has a November 1908 calendar alongside an illustration of African American children swinging and climbing trees.","This folder contains multiple advertising cards. The items advertised include soaps, clothing, and household goods. The cards contain stereotypical images of African Americans.","This folder contains advertising cards that depict African Americans in a negative light.  Common features are large lips and flouncy outfits.  The sketches on the cards often have little to do with the product being advertised.","Stereotypical black representations on three advertising trade cards. The cards for pancake batter and clothes depict African Americans with large eyes and mouths along with other stereotypical features.","Advertising cards for a clothier.  The cards depict an African American man trying to command and then falling off a horse-drawn wagon.","Advertisement card for Old Virginia Cheroots from the American Tobacco Company.  The advertisement has a sketch of an African American man.","Advertising label for Old Black Joe's blackeyed peas, showing a black man with a white beard.","Sketch for \"The Connoisseurs\", a popular advertising image for Cream of Wheat. The painting features a black man in a chef's hat, teaching a child about the taste and health benefits of cream of wheat.","Print of the painting by Edward V. Brewer entitled \"The Connoisseurs\" for the Cream of Wheat Company. The painting features an African American man in a chef costume tasting Cream of Wheat along with an African American boy in an apron and chef hat. Oversize item.","Five cards that have negative, stereotypical images of African Americans. Images include a black woman being compared to a donkey and young men playing craps.","Set of 22 racist postcards. Features include large lips and big eyes. Images also include depictions of African Americans stealing goods. Other cards include cartooned drawings of African Americans in flouncy clothing.","Set of 42 cards with racist imagery. Images include cartooned sketches of African Americans with big eyes and over exaggerated lips. Images depict African Americans as lazy and inept. They are shown stealing chickens, eating watermelon, and improperly serving white people.","A postcard with an image of an African American boy with a large mouth, kneeling next to two watermelons","Set of eight postcards that have negative, stereotypical sketches of African Americans. Images include women with large behinds, boys eating watermelon, and men with large lips.","This folder contains five racist postcards. They contain images including boys eating watermelon and a cartooned black man stealing a chicken.","Set of three postcards and a pamphlet entitled \"Fun on the Run.\" The \"Fun on the Run\" pamphlet includes several racist and sexist caricatures.","Postcard containing an image of a cartooned black man and woman. The man has large lips and torn clothing. The woman's features are exaggerated.","This souvenir features common images of African Americans in the south, including picking cotton, eating watermelon, and playing the fiddle.","This folder contains three Happy Birthday and one Christmas card. The cards contain cartooned sketches of African Americans, with factors such as large lips and big eyes. One happy birthday card has a sketch of three black women riding in a large watermelon.","This folder contains numerous happy birthday cards featuring cartooned sketches of African American girls. The girls' features include large eyes and curly hair.","Cards that promote the seven principles of Kwanzaa.","Publications from the Jim Crow era.","This is a book of rag-time melodies, which includes advertisements, sheet music, and lyrics.","This item is the yearbook of the African American high school in Essex County, Virginia. The yearbook includes photographs, poems, and advertisements.","This travel guide of \"negro\" hotels was published by Afro-American Newspapers. The guide includes a map of the East Coast and advertisements from multiple hotels.","Two advertisements promoting performances by African American musicians and artists.","The folder contains an item promoting the Lost Cause ideology, which conveys nostalgia for the Confederacy prior to the Civil War. Confederate norms are presented in the best possible light. ","Natchez Pilgrimage Brochure, 1955 March 31, invites people to celebrate the Old South by touring Antebellum mansions in Natchez, Mississippi. The brochure contains multiple photographs and descriptions of the old Antebellum mansion. (Acc.2012.278)","This folder contains publications celebrating the accomplishments and contributions of African Americans.","The booklet describes the history and curricula of Hampton Institute, now Hampton University.","The multiple brochures feature African American jubilee singers and performers.","This brochure is for the Negro History Society of the Hampton Institute and their presentation of singer Dorothy Maynor.","This calendar features the stories of famous African American inventors, politicians, and scholars.","This flyer promotes the election of Arthur H. Vandenberg as senator of Michigan. It states that Vandenberg promises to outlaw the poll tax and favors an anti-lynching law. Vandenberg promises to support African American causes if elected.","These comic strips  promote racial tolerance. One comic entitled \"Stand Up For Sportsmanship,\" features Batman stopping a fight between two boys, one white and one black. When Batman asks what happened, he discovers they're fighting because the white boy doesn't want the black boy to play with them because \"he don't belong, he ain't a real American.\" Batman responds with a lesson about racial tolerance, saying \"don't believe the crackpot lies about people who worship differently, or whose skin is of a different color, or whose parents come from another country... a nation divided by prejudice is like a football team without teamwork.\" The next one, featuring Batman, teaches the reader that a country divided by racial prejudice is the same as a football team without teamwork. The next comic encourages a baseball team to be accepting of players of different ethnicity. The last comic, featuring superman, promotes both racial and religious tolerance.","Reprint of an article from the American Legion magazine concerns the buying of Negro votes.","This folder includes a pamphlet published by the Independent Socialist Club promoting the black power movement.","This pamphlet entitled \"Here's Proof of the Red Pro-Negro Plot Against South \u0026 USA.\" argues that communist are trying to stir up trouble between white and black races, promoting racial mixing, and eventually want to control America. Pamphlet includes a map of the south, which it states Communist want to turn into a Negro Communist Soviet.","This flyier shows a picture of Martin Luther King, Jr. and other Civil Rights leaders at a supposed Communist training school. The flier states that these leaders have brought tension, disturbance, and violence while trying to promote these Communist ideals.","This booklet was published by Robert Welch. He argues that the \"negro\" population is much better off than populations around the globe. He also states that the population has made great strides in the last hundred years. Welch believes that the Communists are trying to turn black people against white people in America.","This pamphlet was printed by the Communist Party of Cleveland.  The pamphlet states that black and white people work side and side, and therefore black and white children should be able to learn and live with each other.","A pamphlet from the Communist Party of California.","An editorial from the Monroe, La. Morning World, concerns the author's fears that the United Nations is secretly a Communist plot.","A flyer created by the Bay Area Revoluntionary Union concerning streets that are still occupied by the National Guard.","A pamphlet subtitled \"a voice and vote for every member in the UAW-CIO regardless of race, color or creed.\" The pamphlet states that whites and \"negroes\" are all members of the same family and should be employed to the same end. The UAW-CIO promotes the hiring of \"negroes\" in all fields.","A Labor Education Fund pamphlet.","This pamphlet by Angelo Herndon describes the hardship of working in a southern mining town. Herndon describes how he fought the system and promoted fair pay to working class citizens.","The themes of these games range from satirizing to celebrating the progress and intellect of African Americans.","52 playing cards from the game \"In Dixie-Land\". Copyrighted 1896, L.D. Baldwin, by The Fireside Game Co.  The instructions are missing.","This folder contains a set of playing cards.  The cards have a sketch and a brief biological summary of influential African American inventors, politicians, musicians, and activists. Rules for the game are included.","This board game is a racially based Monopoly style game. White players are allowed to buy properties throughout the board while black players are restricted to center areas. The game exemplifies the difficulties of living in a racially segregated housing market. The game is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.B5 1970.","The game, which portrays public welfare and its recipients in a negative light, caused immediate controversy upon its publication. It was also perceived as racist and sexist and government agencies appealed to retailers to pull it off the shelves.","This game is a quiz and trivia style game. The game tests players' knowledge of black athletes, musicians, and activists. The game is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.96.F67 1988","This board game tests players' knowledge of African American achievement in history, patents, inventions, sports, and entertainment. There is also a category of questions titled black awareness. Players answer questions to move along on a board, through the struggles of slavery and Jim Crow, eventually arriving back in Africa.","This game is a game of dice where players role to turn over face cards number one through twelve. The cards and box feature racist imagery, including African Americans with bulging eyes and huge lips.","This board game is a trivia style game which tests players' knowledge of African American history. Players answer questions to receive an associates, bachelors, masters, and doctorate in black studies. The word \"funda\" comes from an African language and means to instruct.","Five various cards and Valentine's featuring caricatures of African Americans.  Most of the cards depict the individuals with over exaggerated features and stereotypes, such as one card showing an African American eating watermelon.","20 caricature and three photograph postcards of African Americans.  Most of the caricature postcards feature stereotypical cartoons and captions of African Americans.  The photographs show African Americans tilling in cotton fields and posing outside dilapidated homes.","Three stereoviews showing African Americans picking cotton in Georgia and Mississippi cotton fields and sugar cane in Peurto Rico. The views were produced by Underwood and Underwood, and the Keystone Viewing Company.","This box contains VHS tapes that are notable for the original video cases. Most of the movies are from the Blaxploitation genre, a controversial film movement. Blaxploitation films contained many common stereotypes. The black community is often portrayed as violent and drug related. However, some people believed the films were examples of black expression and power.","This film features a young man who accidently kills his brother and then becomes a preacher to seek amends.","This fFilm features gang life in Harlem, New York.","The film features two men who work in Harlem. They get sent on a wild goose chase looking for money hidden in a barrel of cotton.","The film features a Harlem private eye hired to save teenagers kidnapped by the Mafia.","This film features a Harlem drug-dealer who wants to make one last sell before quitting the cocaine business.","The film features Cleopatra Jones, drug traffickers' deadliest enemy.","The film takes Bruce Lee to the island fortress of a criminal warlord, whom Bruce Lee must overcome.","This film features Dracula's bloodbrother, Blacula.","The film features black CIA recruits from Chicago who become freedom fighters after their military training.","The fFilm features Pop Boyd, a martial arts champion who opens a studio on land that the Mafia wants to use as a headquarters.","This fFilm features two ex-Vietnam soldiers who pursue the elite drug dealing industries.","This film features a young black man who seeks revenge when he is arrested on false charges.","The f Film features black drug dealers, mobsters, and undercover cops.","In this sequel to Dolemite, Rudy Ray Moore flees to California, where he helps Queen Bee and her Kung-Fu girls battle a local gangster.","The film features a morally bankrupt man who can save his own life only if he marries the devil's ugly daughter.","The film features a man who owns a disco and declares war on the producers of Angel Dust, a drug corrupting his nephew.","This film features a man who seeks revenge on his girlfriend's killer.","This fFilm features a Detroit police sergeant who is pitted against brutal thugs.","The film features friends who are hiding from the mob and hunting a gangster boss, who rigged a karate tournament.","The fFilm features a man, just recently released from prison, who uses brains and muscles to survive in the city.","The fFilm features the Black Dragon, who teams up with kung fu dynamo Dragon Lee as they take on the Korean and Japanese mafias.","The film features a man named Blade, who is the last hope for humanity, when a bloodthirsty lord declares war on the human race.","The fFilm features a vampire slayer who fights to save humanity.","The fFilm features a gang who goes from rags to riches, and then fights a knife-wielding, car stealing leprechaun.","This film is the third in a trilogy. It features a vampire hunter who must join forces with a clan of other hunters to find and defeat Dracula.","The Great Cataract or Waterfall of Niagara in North America, This folder contains a copperplate engraving of Niagara Falls on paper. The image depicts a group of Native Americans showing Europeans the beauty of the falls. In the background, there are several Native Americans hauling large stones.","Powhatan Applesauce Label. \nThis folder contains an advertising label for apple sauce named after the famed Native American chiefdom, the Powhatan. The advertisement includes a sketch of a Native American with a colorful head band and feather in his hair.","Iron King Cook Calendar. \nThis calendar features a scene in which white settlers shot Native Americans while hiding behind a large iron king stove.","Set of 12 postcards that feature oil paintings of Native American imagery. The cards depict a variety of different scenes, including an Indian camp, a hunted buffalo, a tepee, and an Indian carrying an American flag after Custer's Last Stand. The postcards have a short description of each portrayed scene.","Set of 28 postcards featuring images of Native Americans. The postcards represent tribes from all over the country, from the Iroquois to the Hopi. Common images are war dances and dwellings such as tepees and long houses. Many of the postcards have short descriptions of the scenes on the back.","Set of 90 postcards that portray Indian life in the south western United States. Images include  young girls and boys, Indians in traditional tribal outfits, mountains, canyons, and pueblo houses.","This folder includes a souvenir folder that contains a description and multiple illustrations of Indian chiefs.  The chiefs depicted are all from Western tribes, including the Pueblos, Navajos, Apache, Sioux, and Blackfoot.  The description states that the Pueblos are the most civilized of the nations.  The illustrations include portraits of the leaders as well as scenes of the leaders in the picturesque mountains of the west.","This folder includes a souvenir folder that describes and illustrates southwestern Native American life.  The author notes that native life is \"primitive\" with little industry and machinery.  The images contain various scenes, including a mother and child standing next to cactus brush, people gathered around a tepee, a pueblo village, and men creating wampum beads.  Also depicted are images of natives performing a variety of crafts and chores.","Set of trading cards that contain negative imagery of Native Americans.  Images include Native Americans being stabbed by white settler, a Native American man drinking too much, and misrepresentations of traditional Indian outfits.","The trading cards depict imagery of Native Americans, including totem poles, war dances, and stockades.  The cards have images on one side, and a short description of the scene on the other.","Oversized trading that that have photographs and drawing of various Native American leaders.  The cards have the image on one side, and a short biography of the leader on the other.  This trading cards are housed separately due to their large size.","The trading cards have photographs and drawings of various Native American leaders. The cards have the image on one side, and a short biography of the leader on the other.","This set of 90 cards have images on one side of famous Native American leaders and of famous battles fought by various native tribes.  The backside has a short, skewed description of historical events.","This folder contains a box of bridge tally cards.  The cards have sketches of Native American people and scenery, along with the names and locations of different tribes.","The Wild West Gum cards contains 22 cards depicting colorized illustrations of Native Americans. The collection was part of a set of 24 cards manufactured by John H. Dockman and Son in the early twentieth century.","The Paragon Beef trading cards include negative images of Chinese men with long braids and stereotypical straw hats.","Series of advertising cards that promote the Chinese immigrant population in a negative way. Advertisers include Celluloid Corset Clasps, Kendall Manufacturing Company Soaps and Soapine, Henderson's Goods, and Gent's Furnishings and Fancy Goods Houses. The images depict Chinese men with long hair embarking on ships and men with over exaggerated eye features. The images often have little to do with the product being advertised.","Series of cards that depict a scene between two white boys and a Chinese man. The children pull the man's braid, snap it off, and project the Chinese man from his perch, thus solving the \"Chinese problem\". Another card shows Chinese men being bitten by a dog.","Set of cards that depict Asian Americans in negative ways.  Images include men embarking on a boat for China, a sketch of Mun Wong, and a Chinese child holding an umbrella.","This Fourth of July postcard displays racist imagery towards Asian Americans. The card portrays an Asian woman running away from a fire cracker.","This comic strip includes stereotypical images of a Chinese man who entrapped his long braid in a rail road track.","This game includes a small box of sticks. Each player is to shake the box and the first stick that pops out is the one chosen.  Each stick has a number, and the numbers correspond to a booklet that contains fortunes.","Series of two sided trading cards. One of the sides have images of aspects of Jewish life, such as lighting candles and dancing with the torah. The other sides have short bible verses and explanations of the images.","This game is an educational trivia game that features questions regarding different aspects of the Islamic Hajj. Categories include \"How to Perform Hajj,\" \"Places of Hajj,\" and \"General Questions on Hajj.\" The game is geared toward teaching children about the Muslim pilgrimage.","The postcard displays a derogatory image of a Cuban mother feeding her two small children, one of whom nurses from a goat.","Items in this folder include pamphlets instructing men on how to be good Klan members, a pamphlet regarding the Klan's attitude toward immigration, the Klan's attitude toward the Jew and other letters of propaganda.","This folder include meeting minutes from a chapter of the Klu Klux Klan in Elkton, Maryland. The folder also includes the obituary of klansmen Raymond C. Fronk.","This folder includes a pamphlet published by the Equal Rights Congress in a national effort to outlaw the Nazis and the Klu Klux Klan.  The folder also contains fliers promoting integration and racial tolerance.","This folder includes a manuscript by an unknown author on the subject of foreign immigration into the United States of America. The author argues that foreign populations should be restricted from coming to the United States. The manuscript also discusses the various races and ethnicities that should be restricted, including the Irish, the Jewish population, Italians, and the African and Asian races. The document concludes with a list of prohibitions that the author would impose to keep the immigrant populations from entering the country.","This booklet is published by the Order United American Mechanics, a secret fraternity composed entirely of citizens born in the US.American citizens born. The booklet argues against competition for jobs with foreign-born immigrants.","Cards with images and phrases that promote racial and religious equality."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use:"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","John H. Dockman and Son."],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","John H. Dockman and Son."],"language_ssim":["English German"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":141,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T06:30:22.113Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2502","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2502","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2502","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2502","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_2502.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Racial and Ethnic Ephemera Collection ","title_ssm":["Racial and Ethnic Ephemera Collection"],"title_tesim":["Racial and Ethnic Ephemera Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1778-2005"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1778-2005"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Mss 1.05","/repositories/2/resources/2502"],"text":["Mss 1.05","/repositories/2/resources/2502","Racial and Ethnic Ephemera Collection","African Americans","African Americans in popular culture","African Americans in the performing arts","African Americans--Biography","African Americans--Caricatures and cartoons","African Americans--Education--Virginia","African Americans--History","African Americans--Suffrage","Antisemitism","Blaxploitation films -- United States","Chinese Americans--Caricatures and cartoons","Chinese Americans--Legal status, laws, etc.--History","Communism--United States","Cuban Americans--Public opinion.","Indians of North America","Kwanzaa","Political cartoons","Race awareness--Simulation methods","Race discrimination--Simulation methods","Race relations--1960-1970","Race relations--United States--History--19th century","Race relations--United States--History--20th century","Role playing","Welfare recipients--Public opinion","Welfare--Caricatures and cartoons","World War, 1939-1945--United States","Advertising cards","Birthday cards","Board games (activities)","Board games (game sets)","Calendars","Card games (game sets)","Christmas cards","Collecting cards","Comic strips","Fliers (printed matter)","Greeting cards","Plays (document genre)","Postcards","Reprints","Satires (document genre)","Sheet music","Songbooks","Stereoscopic photographs","VHS (TM)","Yearbooks","Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","Additions are being made to this collection on an ongoing basis.","The collection is divided into eight series by race and/or ethnicity. The series are African American, Native American, Asian American, Jewish American, Muslim American, Cuban American, Ku Klux Klan, and Immigration and Discrimination. The contents for each series are  grouped by material type and ordered chronologically.","Acc. 2011.633, Acc. 2011.635, Acc. 2011.637 accessioned and minimally processed by Steven Bookman, University Archives Specialist, in October 2011. Full finding aid created in March 2015 and revised in December 2017 by Special Collections staff.","Acc. 2014.194","Ingersol View Company Stereographs, Comic Series #2","Related materials, such as rare books, are recorded at the folder level. ","See also: individual titles in the Manuscript Sheet Music Collection (Mss. 1.07), Box 48, and individual items in the Manuscript Artifact Collection.","For similar material relating to race, ethnicity, and racism outside of the United States, see the Ephemera Collection, Mss. 1.02.","Foreign publications: Rund Um Afrika, a booklet written in German by Gustav Petermann. The content details travels from Germany throughout Africa, visiting sites such as Kruger National Park, Victoria Falls, and Fort Christiansburg. The booklet contains many photographs and animals, buildings, and people. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book DT12.R86 3487058-1001.  Acc.2012.207.","Three Dension's Blackface Plays. Three different play scripts to be performed by white actors wearing black face. The plays highlight the perceived stupidity and ignorance of African Americans. These items are cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as PN6120.N4.K37.1923, PN6120.N4.K37.1928, and PN6120.N4.K37.1931. Acc.2009.335. ","A henpecked coon: darky monologue, 1923. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as PN6120.N4.K37 1923. ","Old Doc Gags \"Funster\". Number Two: A collection of fun, fables, foolishness, farce, and fibs, 1925. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as PN6161.O48 1925. ","Songs and Spirituals of Negro Composition for Revivals and Congregational Singing. This item is a pamphlet of sheet music. The pamphlet also includes advertisements for home goods. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books M1670.S66. Acc.2009.324. ","We shall overcome! Songs of the Southern freedom movement, 1963. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books M1629.C2.W4. ","How can we keep from singing! A contemporary songbook for liberal churches, fellowships, youth groups, and communal singing generally, 1976. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books M1629.H54.1976.","Songs and spirituals of Negro composition for revivals and congregational singing, 1921. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books M1670.S66.","Modern Home Counseler. This book includes lessons, advice, and instructions on how to raise successful, happy, and obedient children. This item is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books H83.M63. Acc. 2009.356. ","American Travelers Guide to Negro Monuments. This book details attractions around the United States that celebrate African Americans and their history. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books E185.53A53. Acc.2009.459. ","The South Strikes Back, 1957. This booklet was written by Woodrow Boone and promotes the return of a more racially conservative society. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Book PN6231.S485S68. Acc.2012.276.","The Afro-American Historical Calendar, 1979. The calendar features famous African American musicians, officers, and performers. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Book E185.A38. Acc.2009.389. ","Negroes in Our History Posters, undated. This collection of posters has a large sketch of famous African American musicians, politicians, and activists. The posters have a brief biographical sketch of each of the celebrated hero. The posters are  cataloged as Rare Book E185.96.R78 folio. Acc.2008.163. ","The People Versus Segregated Schools. This 1955 pamphlet promotes integration, anti-lynching laws, and equal pay for black and white workers. This item is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.W54 1955. Acc.2011.268. ","3 Lives for Mississippi. This 1965 book is the story of Mickey Schwerner, James Chaney and Andy Goodman, three men who were killed in Philadelphia, Mississippi by the Klu Klux Klan, while fighting racial justice and the rights of African American voters. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book F347.N4H8. Acc.2011.468. ","Songs of the Southern Freedom Movement. A 1965 songbook promoting freedom, racial tolerance, and heritage. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book M1629.H54 1976. Acc.2009.315. ","How Can We Keep From Singing Songbook. This 1965 book entitled \"We Shall Overcome!\" was compiled by Guy and Candie Carawan for the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee. The book contains songs relating to sit-ins, freedom rides, voter registration and other contentious issues. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book M1629.H54.1976. Acc.2011.469. ","\"And People All Around\" Playbill. An undated playbill for a performance written by George Sklar. The play reminds viewers on the Negro Revolution in 1964, the killings of three negro boys in Mississippi, and the civil rights march on Washington. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book PS3531.E826A52. Acc.2011.268. ","The Communist Position on the Negro Question. This booklet contains excerpts from the major speeches in discussion of the \"Negro question\" at the plenary meeting of the National Committee of the Communist Party. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.C752 1947. Acc.2011.467. ","The Path of Negro Liberation. Pamphlet written by Benjamin J. Davis, who argues that the Communist Party of the United States believe in the unconditional political, social, and economic equality in all aspects of American life.  This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.D314 1947. Acc.2011.468. ","The Struggle Against White Chauvinism. Booklet written by Elizabeth Lawson and published by the New York State Education Department of the Communist Party. The booklet defines chauvinism and its effect on race and gender relations within the United States. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E.185.61.2376 1949. Acc.2011.467. ","Next Steps in the Struggle for Negro Freedom. This booklet, written by Hugh Bradley, was a report delivered at the National Conference of the Communist Party. Bradley discussed black military involvement, fair employment, and the corruption of the American government. This item is  cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.B785 1953. Acc.2011.468. ","The Negro People on the March. This booklet, written by Benjamin J. Davis, was a report to the National Committee of the Communist Party.  Davis states that the fight for \"Negro\" freedom is at its height and that the black race must be given economic and political equality.  This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.6.D38 1956. Acc.2011.467. ","\"Why Join,\" The John Birch Society. This pamphlet promotes and describes the John Birch Society. The Society believes in small government and writes that most of the historic happenings within the Civil Rights Movement were Communist conspiracies. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E740.J6W45.1968. Acc.2011.467. ","Busing and the Democratic Struggle in Boston. This booklet was published by the Proletarian Unity League, a Communist organization dedicated to creating a strong Communist Party. They believe that white opportunism in the fundamental threat to the construction of a Revolutionary party. The booklet mostly focuses on the integration of public transportation. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book LC214.53.B67P76 1975. Acc.2011.467. Acc.2011.467. ","Freedom is Everybody's Job: \" The Crime of the Government Against the Negro People, 1949. This pamphlet, written by George W. Crockett, Jr., was a summation in the trail of the 11 Communist leaders.  The pamphlet argues that the Communist Party has the right to free speech and therefore cannot be outlawed.  Crockett argues that the Communist support for Civil Rights is a reason why the Communist Party is ridiculed. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book HX87.C7.1949b. ","The CIO and the Negro Worker, 1942. This pamphlet argues against discrimination in the workplace.  The CIO fights for equal employment of all people, races, and religions. This item is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.8.C56 1942. Acc.2011.467. ","\"Out of the Jungle\", 1943. The Packinghouse Workers Fight for Justice and Equality. This book is a pictorial history of the Packinghouse Workers Union, which fought for racial justice, fair pay, and equality in the meat packing industry. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book HD6515.P14073. Acc.2011.268","Roll the Union On, 1987. This book is a pictorial history of the Southern Tenant Farmers' Union, told by its co-founder H.L. Mitchell. The Union fought for the end of lynching, a safe workplace, and equal rights for African American and white workers. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book HD1511.U5M573 1987. Acc.2011.467","Blaxploitation Cinema Pressbooks and Posters, 1968-1976. Currently unprocessed material. 2014.194 and oversize material.","Indian Legends, 1994. This book includes old Native American stories and tales. Each story is also illustrated in black and white or color. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E98.F6I33.","\"The Klan Today\". This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Books HS2330.K63.K58","The Aryan Views: White Folk News. \"The Attitude of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan\" pamphlets. This item is catalogued in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as HS2330.K6.A13. ","\"The Kourier,\" a booklet of the Klan's version of the History of the United States and the Klan's opinions on \"un-American\" activities such as communism and parochial schools, and the Aryan Views and White Folk News Paper, also promoting racial intolerance. This item is catalogued in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as HS2330.K6.K69 v.11 no. 8, July 1935 copy.","Old Doc Gags, \"Funster\" Number Two:: A Collection of Fun, Fables, Foolishness, Farce and Fibs. Copyright 1925 by Charles H. Ubert. The joke book includes anti-immigration and anti-Semitic content. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book PN616.O48 1925.","The racial and ethnic ephemera collection contains various materials regarding race, ethnicity, and racism in the United States. The collection includes papers and items that promote racial prejudice and propaganda. The collection also contains items and papers that exemplify the fight for civil and equal rights. African Americans are the most broadly represented group in the collection. Other ethnic groups include Native Americans, Asian Americans, Jewish Americans, Muslim Americans, and Cuban Americans. Ku Klux Klan pamphlets and anti-immigration publications are also included. Through this collection, the American struggle of racism and prejudice is realized.","Included are published items like travel guides, joke books, song books, story books, programs and handbills, comic strips, a yearbook, election fliers, political publications, pamphlets and calendars.","This fFolder contains three envelopes: Union patriotic envelope depicting a black man picking cotton, titled \"One of the Rebels\", (Acc.2014.123), Union patriotic envelope of a slave dressed as the \"King of the South,\" (Acc. 2014.124), Union patriotic envelope with a map of the south (Acc. 2014.125).","A booklet of twenty minor dramas, extravaganzas, and farces for the amateur stage.  The plays contain stereotypical typecasting of African Americans.","A story book entitled \"The Ten Little Niggers,\" with stereotypical illustrations. The layout of the book is similar to that of \"Ten Little Indians.\"","This songbook features stereotypical illustrations of African Americans including pompous dresses and large lips.","This joke book features jokes that promote racism and a negative view of African Americans.  The jokes are also anti-immigration and misogynistic.","The scrapbook dates from the late 1800's.  The pictures in the book vary, from paintings of flowers to advertising cards for household items.  One page in the book features several stereotypical images of African Americans.  Pictures of monkeys are also placed on this page, therefore stating that they are one in the same.","Advertising trade cards that contain stereotypically racist images of African Americans. The cards are for a clothier. The folder also contains an advertisement for Jos. J. Foley, Tailor, Boston MA, which has a November 1908 calendar alongside an illustration of African American children swinging and climbing trees.","This folder contains multiple advertising cards. The items advertised include soaps, clothing, and household goods. The cards contain stereotypical images of African Americans.","This folder contains advertising cards that depict African Americans in a negative light.  Common features are large lips and flouncy outfits.  The sketches on the cards often have little to do with the product being advertised.","Stereotypical black representations on three advertising trade cards. The cards for pancake batter and clothes depict African Americans with large eyes and mouths along with other stereotypical features.","Advertising cards for a clothier.  The cards depict an African American man trying to command and then falling off a horse-drawn wagon.","Advertisement card for Old Virginia Cheroots from the American Tobacco Company.  The advertisement has a sketch of an African American man.","Advertising label for Old Black Joe's blackeyed peas, showing a black man with a white beard.","Sketch for \"The Connoisseurs\", a popular advertising image for Cream of Wheat. The painting features a black man in a chef's hat, teaching a child about the taste and health benefits of cream of wheat.","Print of the painting by Edward V. Brewer entitled \"The Connoisseurs\" for the Cream of Wheat Company. The painting features an African American man in a chef costume tasting Cream of Wheat along with an African American boy in an apron and chef hat. Oversize item.","Five cards that have negative, stereotypical images of African Americans. Images include a black woman being compared to a donkey and young men playing craps.","Set of 22 racist postcards. Features include large lips and big eyes. Images also include depictions of African Americans stealing goods. Other cards include cartooned drawings of African Americans in flouncy clothing.","Set of 42 cards with racist imagery. Images include cartooned sketches of African Americans with big eyes and over exaggerated lips. Images depict African Americans as lazy and inept. They are shown stealing chickens, eating watermelon, and improperly serving white people.","A postcard with an image of an African American boy with a large mouth, kneeling next to two watermelons","Set of eight postcards that have negative, stereotypical sketches of African Americans. Images include women with large behinds, boys eating watermelon, and men with large lips.","This folder contains five racist postcards. They contain images including boys eating watermelon and a cartooned black man stealing a chicken.","Set of three postcards and a pamphlet entitled \"Fun on the Run.\" The \"Fun on the Run\" pamphlet includes several racist and sexist caricatures.","Postcard containing an image of a cartooned black man and woman. The man has large lips and torn clothing. The woman's features are exaggerated.","This souvenir features common images of African Americans in the south, including picking cotton, eating watermelon, and playing the fiddle.","This folder contains three Happy Birthday and one Christmas card. The cards contain cartooned sketches of African Americans, with factors such as large lips and big eyes. One happy birthday card has a sketch of three black women riding in a large watermelon.","This folder contains numerous happy birthday cards featuring cartooned sketches of African American girls. The girls' features include large eyes and curly hair.","Cards that promote the seven principles of Kwanzaa.","Publications from the Jim Crow era.","This is a book of rag-time melodies, which includes advertisements, sheet music, and lyrics.","This item is the yearbook of the African American high school in Essex County, Virginia. The yearbook includes photographs, poems, and advertisements.","This travel guide of \"negro\" hotels was published by Afro-American Newspapers. The guide includes a map of the East Coast and advertisements from multiple hotels.","Two advertisements promoting performances by African American musicians and artists.","The folder contains an item promoting the Lost Cause ideology, which conveys nostalgia for the Confederacy prior to the Civil War. Confederate norms are presented in the best possible light. ","Natchez Pilgrimage Brochure, 1955 March 31, invites people to celebrate the Old South by touring Antebellum mansions in Natchez, Mississippi. The brochure contains multiple photographs and descriptions of the old Antebellum mansion. (Acc.2012.278)","This folder contains publications celebrating the accomplishments and contributions of African Americans.","The booklet describes the history and curricula of Hampton Institute, now Hampton University.","The multiple brochures feature African American jubilee singers and performers.","This brochure is for the Negro History Society of the Hampton Institute and their presentation of singer Dorothy Maynor.","This calendar features the stories of famous African American inventors, politicians, and scholars.","This flyer promotes the election of Arthur H. Vandenberg as senator of Michigan. It states that Vandenberg promises to outlaw the poll tax and favors an anti-lynching law. Vandenberg promises to support African American causes if elected.","These comic strips  promote racial tolerance. One comic entitled \"Stand Up For Sportsmanship,\" features Batman stopping a fight between two boys, one white and one black. When Batman asks what happened, he discovers they're fighting because the white boy doesn't want the black boy to play with them because \"he don't belong, he ain't a real American.\" Batman responds with a lesson about racial tolerance, saying \"don't believe the crackpot lies about people who worship differently, or whose skin is of a different color, or whose parents come from another country... a nation divided by prejudice is like a football team without teamwork.\" The next one, featuring Batman, teaches the reader that a country divided by racial prejudice is the same as a football team without teamwork. The next comic encourages a baseball team to be accepting of players of different ethnicity. The last comic, featuring superman, promotes both racial and religious tolerance.","Reprint of an article from the American Legion magazine concerns the buying of Negro votes.","This folder includes a pamphlet published by the Independent Socialist Club promoting the black power movement.","This pamphlet entitled \"Here's Proof of the Red Pro-Negro Plot Against South \u0026 USA.\" argues that communist are trying to stir up trouble between white and black races, promoting racial mixing, and eventually want to control America. Pamphlet includes a map of the south, which it states Communist want to turn into a Negro Communist Soviet.","This flyier shows a picture of Martin Luther King, Jr. and other Civil Rights leaders at a supposed Communist training school. The flier states that these leaders have brought tension, disturbance, and violence while trying to promote these Communist ideals.","This booklet was published by Robert Welch. He argues that the \"negro\" population is much better off than populations around the globe. He also states that the population has made great strides in the last hundred years. Welch believes that the Communists are trying to turn black people against white people in America.","This pamphlet was printed by the Communist Party of Cleveland.  The pamphlet states that black and white people work side and side, and therefore black and white children should be able to learn and live with each other.","A pamphlet from the Communist Party of California.","An editorial from the Monroe, La. Morning World, concerns the author's fears that the United Nations is secretly a Communist plot.","A flyer created by the Bay Area Revoluntionary Union concerning streets that are still occupied by the National Guard.","A pamphlet subtitled \"a voice and vote for every member in the UAW-CIO regardless of race, color or creed.\" The pamphlet states that whites and \"negroes\" are all members of the same family and should be employed to the same end. The UAW-CIO promotes the hiring of \"negroes\" in all fields.","A Labor Education Fund pamphlet.","This pamphlet by Angelo Herndon describes the hardship of working in a southern mining town. Herndon describes how he fought the system and promoted fair pay to working class citizens.","The themes of these games range from satirizing to celebrating the progress and intellect of African Americans.","52 playing cards from the game \"In Dixie-Land\". Copyrighted 1896, L.D. Baldwin, by The Fireside Game Co.  The instructions are missing.","This folder contains a set of playing cards.  The cards have a sketch and a brief biological summary of influential African American inventors, politicians, musicians, and activists. Rules for the game are included.","This board game is a racially based Monopoly style game. White players are allowed to buy properties throughout the board while black players are restricted to center areas. The game exemplifies the difficulties of living in a racially segregated housing market. The game is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.B5 1970.","The game, which portrays public welfare and its recipients in a negative light, caused immediate controversy upon its publication. It was also perceived as racist and sexist and government agencies appealed to retailers to pull it off the shelves.","This game is a quiz and trivia style game. The game tests players' knowledge of black athletes, musicians, and activists. The game is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.96.F67 1988","This board game tests players' knowledge of African American achievement in history, patents, inventions, sports, and entertainment. There is also a category of questions titled black awareness. Players answer questions to move along on a board, through the struggles of slavery and Jim Crow, eventually arriving back in Africa.","This game is a game of dice where players role to turn over face cards number one through twelve. The cards and box feature racist imagery, including African Americans with bulging eyes and huge lips.","This board game is a trivia style game which tests players' knowledge of African American history. Players answer questions to receive an associates, bachelors, masters, and doctorate in black studies. The word \"funda\" comes from an African language and means to instruct.","Five various cards and Valentine's featuring caricatures of African Americans.  Most of the cards depict the individuals with over exaggerated features and stereotypes, such as one card showing an African American eating watermelon.","20 caricature and three photograph postcards of African Americans.  Most of the caricature postcards feature stereotypical cartoons and captions of African Americans.  The photographs show African Americans tilling in cotton fields and posing outside dilapidated homes.","Three stereoviews showing African Americans picking cotton in Georgia and Mississippi cotton fields and sugar cane in Peurto Rico. The views were produced by Underwood and Underwood, and the Keystone Viewing Company.","This box contains VHS tapes that are notable for the original video cases. Most of the movies are from the Blaxploitation genre, a controversial film movement. Blaxploitation films contained many common stereotypes. The black community is often portrayed as violent and drug related. However, some people believed the films were examples of black expression and power.","This film features a young man who accidently kills his brother and then becomes a preacher to seek amends.","This fFilm features gang life in Harlem, New York.","The film features two men who work in Harlem. They get sent on a wild goose chase looking for money hidden in a barrel of cotton.","The film features a Harlem private eye hired to save teenagers kidnapped by the Mafia.","This film features a Harlem drug-dealer who wants to make one last sell before quitting the cocaine business.","The film features Cleopatra Jones, drug traffickers' deadliest enemy.","The film takes Bruce Lee to the island fortress of a criminal warlord, whom Bruce Lee must overcome.","This film features Dracula's bloodbrother, Blacula.","The film features black CIA recruits from Chicago who become freedom fighters after their military training.","The fFilm features Pop Boyd, a martial arts champion who opens a studio on land that the Mafia wants to use as a headquarters.","This fFilm features two ex-Vietnam soldiers who pursue the elite drug dealing industries.","This film features a young black man who seeks revenge when he is arrested on false charges.","The f Film features black drug dealers, mobsters, and undercover cops.","In this sequel to Dolemite, Rudy Ray Moore flees to California, where he helps Queen Bee and her Kung-Fu girls battle a local gangster.","The film features a morally bankrupt man who can save his own life only if he marries the devil's ugly daughter.","The film features a man who owns a disco and declares war on the producers of Angel Dust, a drug corrupting his nephew.","This film features a man who seeks revenge on his girlfriend's killer.","This fFilm features a Detroit police sergeant who is pitted against brutal thugs.","The film features friends who are hiding from the mob and hunting a gangster boss, who rigged a karate tournament.","The fFilm features a man, just recently released from prison, who uses brains and muscles to survive in the city.","The fFilm features the Black Dragon, who teams up with kung fu dynamo Dragon Lee as they take on the Korean and Japanese mafias.","The film features a man named Blade, who is the last hope for humanity, when a bloodthirsty lord declares war on the human race.","The fFilm features a vampire slayer who fights to save humanity.","The fFilm features a gang who goes from rags to riches, and then fights a knife-wielding, car stealing leprechaun.","This film is the third in a trilogy. It features a vampire hunter who must join forces with a clan of other hunters to find and defeat Dracula.","The Great Cataract or Waterfall of Niagara in North America, This folder contains a copperplate engraving of Niagara Falls on paper. The image depicts a group of Native Americans showing Europeans the beauty of the falls. In the background, there are several Native Americans hauling large stones.","Powhatan Applesauce Label. \nThis folder contains an advertising label for apple sauce named after the famed Native American chiefdom, the Powhatan. The advertisement includes a sketch of a Native American with a colorful head band and feather in his hair.","Iron King Cook Calendar. \nThis calendar features a scene in which white settlers shot Native Americans while hiding behind a large iron king stove.","Set of 12 postcards that feature oil paintings of Native American imagery. The cards depict a variety of different scenes, including an Indian camp, a hunted buffalo, a tepee, and an Indian carrying an American flag after Custer's Last Stand. The postcards have a short description of each portrayed scene.","Set of 28 postcards featuring images of Native Americans. The postcards represent tribes from all over the country, from the Iroquois to the Hopi. Common images are war dances and dwellings such as tepees and long houses. Many of the postcards have short descriptions of the scenes on the back.","Set of 90 postcards that portray Indian life in the south western United States. Images include  young girls and boys, Indians in traditional tribal outfits, mountains, canyons, and pueblo houses.","This folder includes a souvenir folder that contains a description and multiple illustrations of Indian chiefs.  The chiefs depicted are all from Western tribes, including the Pueblos, Navajos, Apache, Sioux, and Blackfoot.  The description states that the Pueblos are the most civilized of the nations.  The illustrations include portraits of the leaders as well as scenes of the leaders in the picturesque mountains of the west.","This folder includes a souvenir folder that describes and illustrates southwestern Native American life.  The author notes that native life is \"primitive\" with little industry and machinery.  The images contain various scenes, including a mother and child standing next to cactus brush, people gathered around a tepee, a pueblo village, and men creating wampum beads.  Also depicted are images of natives performing a variety of crafts and chores.","Set of trading cards that contain negative imagery of Native Americans.  Images include Native Americans being stabbed by white settler, a Native American man drinking too much, and misrepresentations of traditional Indian outfits.","The trading cards depict imagery of Native Americans, including totem poles, war dances, and stockades.  The cards have images on one side, and a short description of the scene on the other.","Oversized trading that that have photographs and drawing of various Native American leaders.  The cards have the image on one side, and a short biography of the leader on the other.  This trading cards are housed separately due to their large size.","The trading cards have photographs and drawings of various Native American leaders. The cards have the image on one side, and a short biography of the leader on the other.","This set of 90 cards have images on one side of famous Native American leaders and of famous battles fought by various native tribes.  The backside has a short, skewed description of historical events.","This folder contains a box of bridge tally cards.  The cards have sketches of Native American people and scenery, along with the names and locations of different tribes.","The Wild West Gum cards contains 22 cards depicting colorized illustrations of Native Americans. The collection was part of a set of 24 cards manufactured by John H. Dockman and Son in the early twentieth century.","The Paragon Beef trading cards include negative images of Chinese men with long braids and stereotypical straw hats.","Series of advertising cards that promote the Chinese immigrant population in a negative way. Advertisers include Celluloid Corset Clasps, Kendall Manufacturing Company Soaps and Soapine, Henderson's Goods, and Gent's Furnishings and Fancy Goods Houses. The images depict Chinese men with long hair embarking on ships and men with over exaggerated eye features. The images often have little to do with the product being advertised.","Series of cards that depict a scene between two white boys and a Chinese man. The children pull the man's braid, snap it off, and project the Chinese man from his perch, thus solving the \"Chinese problem\". Another card shows Chinese men being bitten by a dog.","Set of cards that depict Asian Americans in negative ways.  Images include men embarking on a boat for China, a sketch of Mun Wong, and a Chinese child holding an umbrella.","This Fourth of July postcard displays racist imagery towards Asian Americans. The card portrays an Asian woman running away from a fire cracker.","This comic strip includes stereotypical images of a Chinese man who entrapped his long braid in a rail road track.","This game includes a small box of sticks. Each player is to shake the box and the first stick that pops out is the one chosen.  Each stick has a number, and the numbers correspond to a booklet that contains fortunes.","Series of two sided trading cards. One of the sides have images of aspects of Jewish life, such as lighting candles and dancing with the torah. The other sides have short bible verses and explanations of the images.","This game is an educational trivia game that features questions regarding different aspects of the Islamic Hajj. Categories include \"How to Perform Hajj,\" \"Places of Hajj,\" and \"General Questions on Hajj.\" The game is geared toward teaching children about the Muslim pilgrimage.","The postcard displays a derogatory image of a Cuban mother feeding her two small children, one of whom nurses from a goat.","Items in this folder include pamphlets instructing men on how to be good Klan members, a pamphlet regarding the Klan's attitude toward immigration, the Klan's attitude toward the Jew and other letters of propaganda.","This folder include meeting minutes from a chapter of the Klu Klux Klan in Elkton, Maryland. The folder also includes the obituary of klansmen Raymond C. Fronk.","This folder includes a pamphlet published by the Equal Rights Congress in a national effort to outlaw the Nazis and the Klu Klux Klan.  The folder also contains fliers promoting integration and racial tolerance.","This folder includes a manuscript by an unknown author on the subject of foreign immigration into the United States of America. The author argues that foreign populations should be restricted from coming to the United States. The manuscript also discusses the various races and ethnicities that should be restricted, including the Irish, the Jewish population, Italians, and the African and Asian races. The document concludes with a list of prohibitions that the author would impose to keep the immigrant populations from entering the country.","This booklet is published by the Order United American Mechanics, a secret fraternity composed entirely of citizens born in the US.American citizens born. The booklet argues against competition for jobs with foreign-born immigrants.","Cards with images and phrases that promote racial and religious equality.","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","John H. Dockman and Son.","English German"],"unitid_tesim":["Mss 1.05","/repositories/2/resources/2502"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Racial and Ethnic Ephemera Collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Racial and Ethnic Ephemera Collection"],"collection_ssim":["Racial and Ethnic Ephemera Collection"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Acc. 2007.80 was purchased 8/30/2007. Acc. 2007.81 was purchased 8/30/2007. Acc. 2008.32 was purchased 5/1/2008. Acc. 2008.46 was purchased 5/16/2008.   Acc. 2008.64 was purchased 6/9/2008. Acc. 2008.94 was purchased 9/10/2008. Acc. 2008.95 was purchased 9/10/20008. Acc. 2008.159 was purchased 12/19/2008. Acc. 2009.063 was purchased on 2/24/2009. Acc. 2009.036 was purchased on 1/19/2009. Acc. 2009.147 was purchased on 4/6/2009. Acc. 2009.151 was purchased on 3/30/2009. Acc. 2009.180 was purchased on 4/29/2009. Acc. 2009.181 was purchased on 4/29/2009. Acc. 2009.226 was purchased on 5/25/2009. Acc. 2009.235 was purchased on 5/31/2009. Acc. 2009.305 was purchased on 7/17/2009. Acquisition information for material received after 7/13/2009 is available by consulting a Special Collections Research Center staff member. Acc. 2014.123-Acc. 2014.125 purchased for Swem Library with support from the SCRC Donors Fund."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans","African Americans in popular culture","African Americans in the performing arts","African Americans--Biography","African Americans--Caricatures and cartoons","African Americans--Education--Virginia","African Americans--History","African Americans--Suffrage","Antisemitism","Blaxploitation films -- United States","Chinese Americans--Caricatures and cartoons","Chinese Americans--Legal status, laws, etc.--History","Communism--United States","Cuban Americans--Public opinion.","Indians of North America","Kwanzaa","Political cartoons","Race awareness--Simulation methods","Race discrimination--Simulation methods","Race relations--1960-1970","Race relations--United States--History--19th century","Race relations--United States--History--20th century","Role playing","Welfare recipients--Public opinion","Welfare--Caricatures and cartoons","World War, 1939-1945--United States","Advertising cards","Birthday cards","Board games (activities)","Board games (game sets)","Calendars","Card games (game sets)","Christmas cards","Collecting cards","Comic strips","Fliers (printed matter)","Greeting cards","Plays (document genre)","Postcards","Reprints","Satires (document genre)","Sheet music","Songbooks","Stereoscopic photographs","VHS (TM)","Yearbooks"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans","African Americans in popular culture","African Americans in the performing arts","African Americans--Biography","African Americans--Caricatures and cartoons","African Americans--Education--Virginia","African Americans--History","African Americans--Suffrage","Antisemitism","Blaxploitation films -- United States","Chinese Americans--Caricatures and cartoons","Chinese Americans--Legal status, laws, etc.--History","Communism--United States","Cuban Americans--Public opinion.","Indians of North America","Kwanzaa","Political cartoons","Race awareness--Simulation methods","Race discrimination--Simulation methods","Race relations--1960-1970","Race relations--United States--History--19th century","Race relations--United States--History--20th century","Role playing","Welfare recipients--Public opinion","Welfare--Caricatures and cartoons","World War, 1939-1945--United States","Advertising cards","Birthday cards","Board games (activities)","Board games (game sets)","Calendars","Card games (game sets)","Christmas cards","Collecting cards","Comic strips","Fliers (printed matter)","Greeting cards","Plays (document genre)","Postcards","Reprints","Satires (document genre)","Sheet music","Songbooks","Stereoscopic photographs","VHS (TM)","Yearbooks"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["4 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["4 Linear Feet"],"genreform_ssim":["Advertising cards","Birthday cards","Board games (activities)","Board games (game sets)","Calendars","Card games (game sets)","Christmas cards","Collecting cards","Comic strips","Fliers (printed matter)","Greeting cards","Plays (document genre)","Postcards","Reprints","Satires (document genre)","Sheet music","Songbooks","Stereoscopic photographs","VHS (TM)","Yearbooks"],"date_range_isim":[1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access:"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"accruals_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAdditions are being made to this collection on an ongoing basis.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accruals_heading_ssm":["Accruals:"],"accruals_tesim":["Additions are being made to this collection on an ongoing basis."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is divided into eight series by race and/or ethnicity. The series are African American, Native American, Asian American, Jewish American, Muslim American, Cuban American, Ku Klux Klan, and Immigration and Discrimination. The contents for each series are  grouped by material type and ordered chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement of Materials:"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is divided into eight series by race and/or ethnicity. The series are African American, Native American, Asian American, Jewish American, Muslim American, Cuban American, Ku Klux Klan, and Immigration and Discrimination. The contents for each series are  grouped by material type and ordered chronologically."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRacial and Ethnic Ephemera Collection, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Racial and Ethnic Ephemera Collection, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAcc. 2011.633, Acc. 2011.635, Acc. 2011.637 accessioned and minimally processed by Steven Bookman, University Archives Specialist, in October 2011. Full finding aid created in March 2015 and revised in December 2017 by Special Collections staff.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAcc. 2014.194\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information:","Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Acc. 2011.633, Acc. 2011.635, Acc. 2011.637 accessioned and minimally processed by Steven Bookman, University Archives Specialist, in October 2011. Full finding aid created in March 2015 and revised in December 2017 by Special Collections staff.","Acc. 2014.194"],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIngersol View Company Stereographs, Comic Series #2\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eRelated materials, such as rare books, are recorded at the folder level. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSee also: individual titles in the Manuscript Sheet Music Collection (Mss. 1.07), Box 48, and individual items in the Manuscript Artifact Collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFor similar material relating to race, ethnicity, and racism outside of the United States, see the Ephemera Collection, Mss. 1.02.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eForeign publications: Rund Um Afrika, a booklet written in German by Gustav Petermann. The content details travels from Germany throughout Africa, visiting sites such as Kruger National Park, Victoria Falls, and Fort Christiansburg. The booklet contains many photographs and animals, buildings, and people. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book DT12.R86 3487058-1001.  Acc.2012.207.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThree Dension's Blackface Plays. Three different play scripts to be performed by white actors wearing black face. The plays highlight the perceived stupidity and ignorance of African Americans. These items are cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as PN6120.N4.K37.1923, PN6120.N4.K37.1928, and PN6120.N4.K37.1931. Acc.2009.335. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eA henpecked coon: darky monologue, 1923. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as PN6120.N4.K37 1923. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOld Doc Gags \"Funster\". Number Two: A collection of fun, fables, foolishness, farce, and fibs, 1925. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as PN6161.O48 1925. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSongs and Spirituals of Negro Composition for Revivals and Congregational Singing. This item is a pamphlet of sheet music. The pamphlet also includes advertisements for home goods. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books M1670.S66. Acc.2009.324. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWe shall overcome! Songs of the Southern freedom movement, 1963. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books M1629.C2.W4. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHow can we keep from singing! A contemporary songbook for liberal churches, fellowships, youth groups, and communal singing generally, 1976. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books M1629.H54.1976.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSongs and spirituals of Negro composition for revivals and congregational singing, 1921. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books M1670.S66.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eModern Home Counseler. This book includes lessons, advice, and instructions on how to raise successful, happy, and obedient children. This item is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books H83.M63. Acc. 2009.356. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAmerican Travelers Guide to Negro Monuments. This book details attractions around the United States that celebrate African Americans and their history. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books E185.53A53. Acc.2009.459. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe South Strikes Back, 1957. This booklet was written by Woodrow Boone and promotes the return of a more racially conservative society. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Book PN6231.S485S68. Acc.2012.276.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Afro-American Historical Calendar, 1979. The calendar features famous African American musicians, officers, and performers. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Book E185.A38. Acc.2009.389. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNegroes in Our History Posters, undated. This collection of posters has a large sketch of famous African American musicians, politicians, and activists. The posters have a brief biographical sketch of each of the celebrated hero. The posters are  cataloged as Rare Book E185.96.R78 folio. Acc.2008.163. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe People Versus Segregated Schools. This 1955 pamphlet promotes integration, anti-lynching laws, and equal pay for black and white workers. This item is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.W54 1955. Acc.2011.268. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e3 Lives for Mississippi. This 1965 book is the story of Mickey Schwerner, James Chaney and Andy Goodman, three men who were killed in Philadelphia, Mississippi by the Klu Klux Klan, while fighting racial justice and the rights of African American voters. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book F347.N4H8. Acc.2011.468. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSongs of the Southern Freedom Movement. A 1965 songbook promoting freedom, racial tolerance, and heritage. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book M1629.H54 1976. Acc.2009.315. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHow Can We Keep From Singing Songbook. This 1965 book entitled \"We Shall Overcome!\" was compiled by Guy and Candie Carawan for the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee. The book contains songs relating to sit-ins, freedom rides, voter registration and other contentious issues. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book M1629.H54.1976. Acc.2011.469. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"And People All Around\" Playbill. An undated playbill for a performance written by George Sklar. The play reminds viewers on the Negro Revolution in 1964, the killings of three negro boys in Mississippi, and the civil rights march on Washington. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book PS3531.E826A52. Acc.2011.268. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Communist Position on the Negro Question. This booklet contains excerpts from the major speeches in discussion of the \"Negro question\" at the plenary meeting of the National Committee of the Communist Party. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.C752 1947. Acc.2011.467. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Path of Negro Liberation. Pamphlet written by Benjamin J. Davis, who argues that the Communist Party of the United States believe in the unconditional political, social, and economic equality in all aspects of American life.  This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.D314 1947. Acc.2011.468. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Struggle Against White Chauvinism. Booklet written by Elizabeth Lawson and published by the New York State Education Department of the Communist Party. The booklet defines chauvinism and its effect on race and gender relations within the United States. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E.185.61.2376 1949. Acc.2011.467. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNext Steps in the Struggle for Negro Freedom. This booklet, written by Hugh Bradley, was a report delivered at the National Conference of the Communist Party. Bradley discussed black military involvement, fair employment, and the corruption of the American government. This item is  cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.B785 1953. Acc.2011.468. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Negro People on the March. This booklet, written by Benjamin J. Davis, was a report to the National Committee of the Communist Party.  Davis states that the fight for \"Negro\" freedom is at its height and that the black race must be given economic and political equality.  This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.6.D38 1956. Acc.2011.467. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Why Join,\" The John Birch Society. This pamphlet promotes and describes the John Birch Society. The Society believes in small government and writes that most of the historic happenings within the Civil Rights Movement were Communist conspiracies. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E740.J6W45.1968. Acc.2011.467. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBusing and the Democratic Struggle in Boston. This booklet was published by the Proletarian Unity League, a Communist organization dedicated to creating a strong Communist Party. They believe that white opportunism in the fundamental threat to the construction of a Revolutionary party. The booklet mostly focuses on the integration of public transportation. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book LC214.53.B67P76 1975. Acc.2011.467. Acc.2011.467. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFreedom is Everybody's Job: \" The Crime of the Government Against the Negro People, 1949. This pamphlet, written by George W. Crockett, Jr., was a summation in the trail of the 11 Communist leaders.  The pamphlet argues that the Communist Party has the right to free speech and therefore cannot be outlawed.  Crockett argues that the Communist support for Civil Rights is a reason why the Communist Party is ridiculed. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book HX87.C7.1949b. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe CIO and the Negro Worker, 1942. This pamphlet argues against discrimination in the workplace.  The CIO fights for equal employment of all people, races, and religions. This item is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.8.C56 1942. Acc.2011.467. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Out of the Jungle\", 1943. The Packinghouse Workers Fight for Justice and Equality. This book is a pictorial history of the Packinghouse Workers Union, which fought for racial justice, fair pay, and equality in the meat packing industry. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book HD6515.P14073. Acc.2011.268\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eRoll the Union On, 1987. This book is a pictorial history of the Southern Tenant Farmers' Union, told by its co-founder H.L. Mitchell. The Union fought for the end of lynching, a safe workplace, and equal rights for African American and white workers. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book HD1511.U5M573 1987. Acc.2011.467\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBlaxploitation Cinema Pressbooks and Posters, 1968-1976. Currently unprocessed material. 2014.194 and oversize material.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIndian Legends, 1994. This book includes old Native American stories and tales. Each story is also illustrated in black and white or color. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E98.F6I33.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"The Klan Today\". This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Books HS2330.K63.K58\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Aryan Views: White Folk News. \"The Attitude of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan\" pamphlets. This item is catalogued in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as HS2330.K6.A13. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"The Kourier,\" a booklet of the Klan's version of the History of the United States and the Klan's opinions on \"un-American\" activities such as communism and parochial schools, and the Aryan Views and White Folk News Paper, also promoting racial intolerance. This item is catalogued in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as HS2330.K6.K69 v.11 no. 8, July 1935 copy.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOld Doc Gags, \"Funster\" Number Two:: A Collection of Fun, Fables, Foolishness, Farce and Fibs. Copyright 1925 by Charles H. Ubert. The joke book includes anti-immigration and anti-Semitic content. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book PN616.O48 1925.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials:","Related Materials","Related Materials","Related Materials","Related Materials","Related Materials","Related Materials","Related Materials","Related Materials","Related Materials","Related Materials","Related Materials","Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Ingersol View Company Stereographs, Comic Series #2","Related materials, such as rare books, are recorded at the folder level. ","See also: individual titles in the Manuscript Sheet Music Collection (Mss. 1.07), Box 48, and individual items in the Manuscript Artifact Collection.","For similar material relating to race, ethnicity, and racism outside of the United States, see the Ephemera Collection, Mss. 1.02.","Foreign publications: Rund Um Afrika, a booklet written in German by Gustav Petermann. The content details travels from Germany throughout Africa, visiting sites such as Kruger National Park, Victoria Falls, and Fort Christiansburg. The booklet contains many photographs and animals, buildings, and people. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book DT12.R86 3487058-1001.  Acc.2012.207.","Three Dension's Blackface Plays. Three different play scripts to be performed by white actors wearing black face. The plays highlight the perceived stupidity and ignorance of African Americans. These items are cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as PN6120.N4.K37.1923, PN6120.N4.K37.1928, and PN6120.N4.K37.1931. Acc.2009.335. ","A henpecked coon: darky monologue, 1923. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as PN6120.N4.K37 1923. ","Old Doc Gags \"Funster\". Number Two: A collection of fun, fables, foolishness, farce, and fibs, 1925. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as PN6161.O48 1925. ","Songs and Spirituals of Negro Composition for Revivals and Congregational Singing. This item is a pamphlet of sheet music. The pamphlet also includes advertisements for home goods. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books M1670.S66. Acc.2009.324. ","We shall overcome! Songs of the Southern freedom movement, 1963. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books M1629.C2.W4. ","How can we keep from singing! A contemporary songbook for liberal churches, fellowships, youth groups, and communal singing generally, 1976. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books M1629.H54.1976.","Songs and spirituals of Negro composition for revivals and congregational singing, 1921. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books M1670.S66.","Modern Home Counseler. This book includes lessons, advice, and instructions on how to raise successful, happy, and obedient children. This item is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books H83.M63. Acc. 2009.356. ","American Travelers Guide to Negro Monuments. This book details attractions around the United States that celebrate African Americans and their history. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books E185.53A53. Acc.2009.459. ","The South Strikes Back, 1957. This booklet was written by Woodrow Boone and promotes the return of a more racially conservative society. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Book PN6231.S485S68. Acc.2012.276.","The Afro-American Historical Calendar, 1979. The calendar features famous African American musicians, officers, and performers. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Book E185.A38. Acc.2009.389. ","Negroes in Our History Posters, undated. This collection of posters has a large sketch of famous African American musicians, politicians, and activists. The posters have a brief biographical sketch of each of the celebrated hero. The posters are  cataloged as Rare Book E185.96.R78 folio. Acc.2008.163. ","The People Versus Segregated Schools. This 1955 pamphlet promotes integration, anti-lynching laws, and equal pay for black and white workers. This item is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.W54 1955. Acc.2011.268. ","3 Lives for Mississippi. This 1965 book is the story of Mickey Schwerner, James Chaney and Andy Goodman, three men who were killed in Philadelphia, Mississippi by the Klu Klux Klan, while fighting racial justice and the rights of African American voters. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book F347.N4H8. Acc.2011.468. ","Songs of the Southern Freedom Movement. A 1965 songbook promoting freedom, racial tolerance, and heritage. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book M1629.H54 1976. Acc.2009.315. ","How Can We Keep From Singing Songbook. This 1965 book entitled \"We Shall Overcome!\" was compiled by Guy and Candie Carawan for the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee. The book contains songs relating to sit-ins, freedom rides, voter registration and other contentious issues. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book M1629.H54.1976. Acc.2011.469. ","\"And People All Around\" Playbill. An undated playbill for a performance written by George Sklar. The play reminds viewers on the Negro Revolution in 1964, the killings of three negro boys in Mississippi, and the civil rights march on Washington. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book PS3531.E826A52. Acc.2011.268. ","The Communist Position on the Negro Question. This booklet contains excerpts from the major speeches in discussion of the \"Negro question\" at the plenary meeting of the National Committee of the Communist Party. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.C752 1947. Acc.2011.467. ","The Path of Negro Liberation. Pamphlet written by Benjamin J. Davis, who argues that the Communist Party of the United States believe in the unconditional political, social, and economic equality in all aspects of American life.  This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.D314 1947. Acc.2011.468. ","The Struggle Against White Chauvinism. Booklet written by Elizabeth Lawson and published by the New York State Education Department of the Communist Party. The booklet defines chauvinism and its effect on race and gender relations within the United States. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E.185.61.2376 1949. Acc.2011.467. ","Next Steps in the Struggle for Negro Freedom. This booklet, written by Hugh Bradley, was a report delivered at the National Conference of the Communist Party. Bradley discussed black military involvement, fair employment, and the corruption of the American government. This item is  cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.B785 1953. Acc.2011.468. ","The Negro People on the March. This booklet, written by Benjamin J. Davis, was a report to the National Committee of the Communist Party.  Davis states that the fight for \"Negro\" freedom is at its height and that the black race must be given economic and political equality.  This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.6.D38 1956. Acc.2011.467. ","\"Why Join,\" The John Birch Society. This pamphlet promotes and describes the John Birch Society. The Society believes in small government and writes that most of the historic happenings within the Civil Rights Movement were Communist conspiracies. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E740.J6W45.1968. Acc.2011.467. ","Busing and the Democratic Struggle in Boston. This booklet was published by the Proletarian Unity League, a Communist organization dedicated to creating a strong Communist Party. They believe that white opportunism in the fundamental threat to the construction of a Revolutionary party. The booklet mostly focuses on the integration of public transportation. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book LC214.53.B67P76 1975. Acc.2011.467. Acc.2011.467. ","Freedom is Everybody's Job: \" The Crime of the Government Against the Negro People, 1949. This pamphlet, written by George W. Crockett, Jr., was a summation in the trail of the 11 Communist leaders.  The pamphlet argues that the Communist Party has the right to free speech and therefore cannot be outlawed.  Crockett argues that the Communist support for Civil Rights is a reason why the Communist Party is ridiculed. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book HX87.C7.1949b. ","The CIO and the Negro Worker, 1942. This pamphlet argues against discrimination in the workplace.  The CIO fights for equal employment of all people, races, and religions. This item is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.8.C56 1942. Acc.2011.467. ","\"Out of the Jungle\", 1943. The Packinghouse Workers Fight for Justice and Equality. This book is a pictorial history of the Packinghouse Workers Union, which fought for racial justice, fair pay, and equality in the meat packing industry. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book HD6515.P14073. Acc.2011.268","Roll the Union On, 1987. This book is a pictorial history of the Southern Tenant Farmers' Union, told by its co-founder H.L. Mitchell. The Union fought for the end of lynching, a safe workplace, and equal rights for African American and white workers. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book HD1511.U5M573 1987. Acc.2011.467","Blaxploitation Cinema Pressbooks and Posters, 1968-1976. Currently unprocessed material. 2014.194 and oversize material.","Indian Legends, 1994. This book includes old Native American stories and tales. Each story is also illustrated in black and white or color. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E98.F6I33.","\"The Klan Today\". This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Books HS2330.K63.K58","The Aryan Views: White Folk News. \"The Attitude of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan\" pamphlets. This item is catalogued in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as HS2330.K6.A13. ","\"The Kourier,\" a booklet of the Klan's version of the History of the United States and the Klan's opinions on \"un-American\" activities such as communism and parochial schools, and the Aryan Views and White Folk News Paper, also promoting racial intolerance. This item is catalogued in the Swem Library online catalog Rare Books as HS2330.K6.K69 v.11 no. 8, July 1935 copy.","Old Doc Gags, \"Funster\" Number Two:: A Collection of Fun, Fables, Foolishness, Farce and Fibs. Copyright 1925 by Charles H. Ubert. The joke book includes anti-immigration and anti-Semitic content. This item is cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book PN616.O48 1925."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe racial and ethnic ephemera collection contains various materials regarding race, ethnicity, and racism in the United States. The collection includes papers and items that promote racial prejudice and propaganda. The collection also contains items and papers that exemplify the fight for civil and equal rights. African Americans are the most broadly represented group in the collection. Other ethnic groups include Native Americans, Asian Americans, Jewish Americans, Muslim Americans, and Cuban Americans. Ku Klux Klan pamphlets and anti-immigration publications are also included. Through this collection, the American struggle of racism and prejudice is realized.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncluded are published items like travel guides, joke books, song books, story books, programs and handbills, comic strips, a yearbook, election fliers, political publications, pamphlets and calendars.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis fFolder contains three envelopes: Union patriotic envelope depicting a black man picking cotton, titled \"One of the Rebels\", (Acc.2014.123), Union patriotic envelope of a slave dressed as the \"King of the South,\" (Acc. 2014.124), Union patriotic envelope with a map of the south (Acc. 2014.125).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA booklet of twenty minor dramas, extravaganzas, and farces for the amateur stage.  The plays contain stereotypical typecasting of African Americans.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA story book entitled \"The Ten Little Niggers,\" with stereotypical illustrations. The layout of the book is similar to that of \"Ten Little Indians.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis songbook features stereotypical illustrations of African Americans including pompous dresses and large lips.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis joke book features jokes that promote racism and a negative view of African Americans.  The jokes are also anti-immigration and misogynistic.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe scrapbook dates from the late 1800's.  The pictures in the book vary, from paintings of flowers to advertising cards for household items.  One page in the book features several stereotypical images of African Americans.  Pictures of monkeys are also placed on this page, therefore stating that they are one in the same.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdvertising trade cards that contain stereotypically racist images of African Americans. The cards are for a clothier. The folder also contains an advertisement for Jos. J. Foley, Tailor, Boston MA, which has a November 1908 calendar alongside an illustration of African American children swinging and climbing trees.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains multiple advertising cards. The items advertised include soaps, clothing, and household goods. The cards contain stereotypical images of African Americans.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains advertising cards that depict African Americans in a negative light.  Common features are large lips and flouncy outfits.  The sketches on the cards often have little to do with the product being advertised.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eStereotypical black representations on three advertising trade cards. The cards for pancake batter and clothes depict African Americans with large eyes and mouths along with other stereotypical features.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdvertising cards for a clothier.  The cards depict an African American man trying to command and then falling off a horse-drawn wagon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdvertisement card for Old Virginia Cheroots from the American Tobacco Company.  The advertisement has a sketch of an African American man.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdvertising label for Old Black Joe's blackeyed peas, showing a black man with a white beard.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSketch for \"The Connoisseurs\", a popular advertising image for Cream of Wheat. The painting features a black man in a chef's hat, teaching a child about the taste and health benefits of cream of wheat.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePrint of the painting by Edward V. Brewer entitled \"The Connoisseurs\" for the Cream of Wheat Company. The painting features an African American man in a chef costume tasting Cream of Wheat along with an African American boy in an apron and chef hat. Oversize item.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFive cards that have negative, stereotypical images of African Americans. Images include a black woman being compared to a donkey and young men playing craps.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSet of 22 racist postcards. Features include large lips and big eyes. Images also include depictions of African Americans stealing goods. Other cards include cartooned drawings of African Americans in flouncy clothing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSet of 42 cards with racist imagery. Images include cartooned sketches of African Americans with big eyes and over exaggerated lips. Images depict African Americans as lazy and inept. They are shown stealing chickens, eating watermelon, and improperly serving white people.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA postcard with an image of an African American boy with a large mouth, kneeling next to two watermelons\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSet of eight postcards that have negative, stereotypical sketches of African Americans. Images include women with large behinds, boys eating watermelon, and men with large lips.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains five racist postcards. They contain images including boys eating watermelon and a cartooned black man stealing a chicken.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSet of three postcards and a pamphlet entitled \"Fun on the Run.\" The \"Fun on the Run\" pamphlet includes several racist and sexist caricatures.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePostcard containing an image of a cartooned black man and woman. The man has large lips and torn clothing. The woman's features are exaggerated.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis souvenir features common images of African Americans in the south, including picking cotton, eating watermelon, and playing the fiddle.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains three Happy Birthday and one Christmas card. The cards contain cartooned sketches of African Americans, with factors such as large lips and big eyes. One happy birthday card has a sketch of three black women riding in a large watermelon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains numerous happy birthday cards featuring cartooned sketches of African American girls. The girls' features include large eyes and curly hair.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCards that promote the seven principles of Kwanzaa.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublications from the Jim Crow era.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis is a book of rag-time melodies, which includes advertisements, sheet music, and lyrics.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis item is the yearbook of the African American high school in Essex County, Virginia. The yearbook includes photographs, poems, and advertisements.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis travel guide of \"negro\" hotels was published by Afro-American Newspapers. The guide includes a map of the East Coast and advertisements from multiple hotels.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTwo advertisements promoting performances by African American musicians and artists.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe folder contains an item promoting the Lost Cause ideology, which conveys nostalgia for the Confederacy prior to the Civil War. Confederate norms are presented in the best possible light. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNatchez Pilgrimage Brochure, 1955 March 31, invites people to celebrate the Old South by touring Antebellum mansions in Natchez, Mississippi. The brochure contains multiple photographs and descriptions of the old Antebellum mansion. (Acc.2012.278)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains publications celebrating the accomplishments and contributions of African Americans.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe booklet describes the history and curricula of Hampton Institute, now Hampton University.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe multiple brochures feature African American jubilee singers and performers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis brochure is for the Negro History Society of the Hampton Institute and their presentation of singer Dorothy Maynor.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis calendar features the stories of famous African American inventors, politicians, and scholars.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis flyer promotes the election of Arthur H. Vandenberg as senator of Michigan. It states that Vandenberg promises to outlaw the poll tax and favors an anti-lynching law. Vandenberg promises to support African American causes if elected.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese comic strips  promote racial tolerance. One comic entitled \"Stand Up For Sportsmanship,\" features Batman stopping a fight between two boys, one white and one black. When Batman asks what happened, he discovers they're fighting because the white boy doesn't want the black boy to play with them because \"he don't belong, he ain't a real American.\" Batman responds with a lesson about racial tolerance, saying \"don't believe the crackpot lies about people who worship differently, or whose skin is of a different color, or whose parents come from another country... a nation divided by prejudice is like a football team without teamwork.\" The next one, featuring Batman, teaches the reader that a country divided by racial prejudice is the same as a football team without teamwork. The next comic encourages a baseball team to be accepting of players of different ethnicity. The last comic, featuring superman, promotes both racial and religious tolerance.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReprint of an article from the American Legion magazine concerns the buying of Negro votes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder includes a pamphlet published by the Independent Socialist Club promoting the black power movement.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis pamphlet entitled \"Here's Proof of the Red Pro-Negro Plot Against South \u0026amp; USA.\" argues that communist are trying to stir up trouble between white and black races, promoting racial mixing, and eventually want to control America. Pamphlet includes a map of the south, which it states Communist want to turn into a Negro Communist Soviet.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis flyier shows a picture of Martin Luther King, Jr. and other Civil Rights leaders at a supposed Communist training school. The flier states that these leaders have brought tension, disturbance, and violence while trying to promote these Communist ideals.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis booklet was published by Robert Welch. He argues that the \"negro\" population is much better off than populations around the globe. He also states that the population has made great strides in the last hundred years. Welch believes that the Communists are trying to turn black people against white people in America.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis pamphlet was printed by the Communist Party of Cleveland.  The pamphlet states that black and white people work side and side, and therefore black and white children should be able to learn and live with each other.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA pamphlet from the Communist Party of California.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAn editorial from the Monroe, La. Morning World, concerns the author's fears that the United Nations is secretly a Communist plot.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA flyer created by the Bay Area Revoluntionary Union concerning streets that are still occupied by the National Guard.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA pamphlet subtitled \"a voice and vote for every member in the UAW-CIO regardless of race, color or creed.\" The pamphlet states that whites and \"negroes\" are all members of the same family and should be employed to the same end. The UAW-CIO promotes the hiring of \"negroes\" in all fields.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA Labor Education Fund pamphlet.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis pamphlet by Angelo Herndon describes the hardship of working in a southern mining town. Herndon describes how he fought the system and promoted fair pay to working class citizens.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe themes of these games range from satirizing to celebrating the progress and intellect of African Americans.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e52 playing cards from the game \"In Dixie-Land\". Copyrighted 1896, L.D. Baldwin, by The Fireside Game Co.  The instructions are missing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains a set of playing cards.  The cards have a sketch and a brief biological summary of influential African American inventors, politicians, musicians, and activists. Rules for the game are included.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis board game is a racially based Monopoly style game. White players are allowed to buy properties throughout the board while black players are restricted to center areas. The game exemplifies the difficulties of living in a racially segregated housing market. The game is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.B5 1970.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe game, which portrays public welfare and its recipients in a negative light, caused immediate controversy upon its publication. It was also perceived as racist and sexist and government agencies appealed to retailers to pull it off the shelves.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis game is a quiz and trivia style game. The game tests players' knowledge of black athletes, musicians, and activists. The game is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.96.F67 1988\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis board game tests players' knowledge of African American achievement in history, patents, inventions, sports, and entertainment. There is also a category of questions titled black awareness. Players answer questions to move along on a board, through the struggles of slavery and Jim Crow, eventually arriving back in Africa.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis game is a game of dice where players role to turn over face cards number one through twelve. The cards and box feature racist imagery, including African Americans with bulging eyes and huge lips.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis board game is a trivia style game which tests players' knowledge of African American history. Players answer questions to receive an associates, bachelors, masters, and doctorate in black studies. The word \"funda\" comes from an African language and means to instruct.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFive various cards and Valentine's featuring caricatures of African Americans.  Most of the cards depict the individuals with over exaggerated features and stereotypes, such as one card showing an African American eating watermelon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e20 caricature and three photograph postcards of African Americans.  Most of the caricature postcards feature stereotypical cartoons and captions of African Americans.  The photographs show African Americans tilling in cotton fields and posing outside dilapidated homes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThree stereoviews showing African Americans picking cotton in Georgia and Mississippi cotton fields and sugar cane in Peurto Rico. The views were produced by Underwood and Underwood, and the Keystone Viewing Company.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis box contains VHS tapes that are notable for the original video cases. Most of the movies are from the Blaxploitation genre, a controversial film movement. Blaxploitation films contained many common stereotypes. The black community is often portrayed as violent and drug related. However, some people believed the films were examples of black expression and power.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis film features a young man who accidently kills his brother and then becomes a preacher to seek amends.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis fFilm features gang life in Harlem, New York.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe film features two men who work in Harlem. They get sent on a wild goose chase looking for money hidden in a barrel of cotton.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe film features a Harlem private eye hired to save teenagers kidnapped by the Mafia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis film features a Harlem drug-dealer who wants to make one last sell before quitting the cocaine business.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe film features Cleopatra Jones, drug traffickers' deadliest enemy.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe film takes Bruce Lee to the island fortress of a criminal warlord, whom Bruce Lee must overcome.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis film features Dracula's bloodbrother, Blacula.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe film features black CIA recruits from Chicago who become freedom fighters after their military training.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe fFilm features Pop Boyd, a martial arts champion who opens a studio on land that the Mafia wants to use as a headquarters.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis fFilm features two ex-Vietnam soldiers who pursue the elite drug dealing industries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis film features a young black man who seeks revenge when he is arrested on false charges.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe f Film features black drug dealers, mobsters, and undercover cops.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn this sequel to Dolemite, Rudy Ray Moore flees to California, where he helps Queen Bee and her Kung-Fu girls battle a local gangster.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe film features a morally bankrupt man who can save his own life only if he marries the devil's ugly daughter.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe film features a man who owns a disco and declares war on the producers of Angel Dust, a drug corrupting his nephew.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis film features a man who seeks revenge on his girlfriend's killer.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis fFilm features a Detroit police sergeant who is pitted against brutal thugs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe film features friends who are hiding from the mob and hunting a gangster boss, who rigged a karate tournament.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe fFilm features a man, just recently released from prison, who uses brains and muscles to survive in the city.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe fFilm features the Black Dragon, who teams up with kung fu dynamo Dragon Lee as they take on the Korean and Japanese mafias.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe film features a man named Blade, who is the last hope for humanity, when a bloodthirsty lord declares war on the human race.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe fFilm features a vampire slayer who fights to save humanity.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe fFilm features a gang who goes from rags to riches, and then fights a knife-wielding, car stealing leprechaun.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis film is the third in a trilogy. It features a vampire hunter who must join forces with a clan of other hunters to find and defeat Dracula.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Great Cataract or Waterfall of Niagara in North America, This folder contains a copperplate engraving of Niagara Falls on paper. The image depicts a group of Native Americans showing Europeans the beauty of the falls. In the background, there are several Native Americans hauling large stones.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePowhatan Applesauce Label. \nThis folder contains an advertising label for apple sauce named after the famed Native American chiefdom, the Powhatan. The advertisement includes a sketch of a Native American with a colorful head band and feather in his hair.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIron King Cook Calendar. \nThis calendar features a scene in which white settlers shot Native Americans while hiding behind a large iron king stove.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSet of 12 postcards that feature oil paintings of Native American imagery. The cards depict a variety of different scenes, including an Indian camp, a hunted buffalo, a tepee, and an Indian carrying an American flag after Custer's Last Stand. The postcards have a short description of each portrayed scene.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSet of 28 postcards featuring images of Native Americans. The postcards represent tribes from all over the country, from the Iroquois to the Hopi. Common images are war dances and dwellings such as tepees and long houses. Many of the postcards have short descriptions of the scenes on the back.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSet of 90 postcards that portray Indian life in the south western United States. Images include  young girls and boys, Indians in traditional tribal outfits, mountains, canyons, and pueblo houses.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder includes a souvenir folder that contains a description and multiple illustrations of Indian chiefs.  The chiefs depicted are all from Western tribes, including the Pueblos, Navajos, Apache, Sioux, and Blackfoot.  The description states that the Pueblos are the most civilized of the nations.  The illustrations include portraits of the leaders as well as scenes of the leaders in the picturesque mountains of the west.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder includes a souvenir folder that describes and illustrates southwestern Native American life.  The author notes that native life is \"primitive\" with little industry and machinery.  The images contain various scenes, including a mother and child standing next to cactus brush, people gathered around a tepee, a pueblo village, and men creating wampum beads.  Also depicted are images of natives performing a variety of crafts and chores.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSet of trading cards that contain negative imagery of Native Americans.  Images include Native Americans being stabbed by white settler, a Native American man drinking too much, and misrepresentations of traditional Indian outfits.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe trading cards depict imagery of Native Americans, including totem poles, war dances, and stockades.  The cards have images on one side, and a short description of the scene on the other.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOversized trading that that have photographs and drawing of various Native American leaders.  The cards have the image on one side, and a short biography of the leader on the other.  This trading cards are housed separately due to their large size.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe trading cards have photographs and drawings of various Native American leaders. The cards have the image on one side, and a short biography of the leader on the other.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis set of 90 cards have images on one side of famous Native American leaders and of famous battles fought by various native tribes.  The backside has a short, skewed description of historical events.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains a box of bridge tally cards.  The cards have sketches of Native American people and scenery, along with the names and locations of different tribes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Wild West Gum cards contains 22 cards depicting colorized illustrations of Native Americans. The collection was part of a set of 24 cards manufactured by John H. Dockman and Son in the early twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Paragon Beef trading cards include negative images of Chinese men with long braids and stereotypical straw hats.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries of advertising cards that promote the Chinese immigrant population in a negative way. Advertisers include Celluloid Corset Clasps, Kendall Manufacturing Company Soaps and Soapine, Henderson's Goods, and Gent's Furnishings and Fancy Goods Houses. The images depict Chinese men with long hair embarking on ships and men with over exaggerated eye features. The images often have little to do with the product being advertised.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries of cards that depict a scene between two white boys and a Chinese man. The children pull the man's braid, snap it off, and project the Chinese man from his perch, thus solving the \"Chinese problem\". Another card shows Chinese men being bitten by a dog.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSet of cards that depict Asian Americans in negative ways.  Images include men embarking on a boat for China, a sketch of Mun Wong, and a Chinese child holding an umbrella.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis Fourth of July postcard displays racist imagery towards Asian Americans. The card portrays an Asian woman running away from a fire cracker.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis comic strip includes stereotypical images of a Chinese man who entrapped his long braid in a rail road track.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis game includes a small box of sticks. Each player is to shake the box and the first stick that pops out is the one chosen.  Each stick has a number, and the numbers correspond to a booklet that contains fortunes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries of two sided trading cards. One of the sides have images of aspects of Jewish life, such as lighting candles and dancing with the torah. The other sides have short bible verses and explanations of the images.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis game is an educational trivia game that features questions regarding different aspects of the Islamic Hajj. Categories include \"How to Perform Hajj,\" \"Places of Hajj,\" and \"General Questions on Hajj.\" The game is geared toward teaching children about the Muslim pilgrimage.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe postcard displays a derogatory image of a Cuban mother feeding her two small children, one of whom nurses from a goat.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItems in this folder include pamphlets instructing men on how to be good Klan members, a pamphlet regarding the Klan's attitude toward immigration, the Klan's attitude toward the Jew and other letters of propaganda.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder include meeting minutes from a chapter of the Klu Klux Klan in Elkton, Maryland. The folder also includes the obituary of klansmen Raymond C. Fronk.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder includes a pamphlet published by the Equal Rights Congress in a national effort to outlaw the Nazis and the Klu Klux Klan.  The folder also contains fliers promoting integration and racial tolerance.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder includes a manuscript by an unknown author on the subject of foreign immigration into the United States of America. The author argues that foreign populations should be restricted from coming to the United States. The manuscript also discusses the various races and ethnicities that should be restricted, including the Irish, the Jewish population, Italians, and the African and Asian races. The document concludes with a list of prohibitions that the author would impose to keep the immigrant populations from entering the country.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis booklet is published by the Order United American Mechanics, a secret fraternity composed entirely of citizens born in the US.American citizens born. The booklet argues against competition for jobs with foreign-born immigrants.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCards with images and phrases that promote racial and religious equality.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The racial and ethnic ephemera collection contains various materials regarding race, ethnicity, and racism in the United States. The collection includes papers and items that promote racial prejudice and propaganda. The collection also contains items and papers that exemplify the fight for civil and equal rights. African Americans are the most broadly represented group in the collection. Other ethnic groups include Native Americans, Asian Americans, Jewish Americans, Muslim Americans, and Cuban Americans. Ku Klux Klan pamphlets and anti-immigration publications are also included. Through this collection, the American struggle of racism and prejudice is realized.","Included are published items like travel guides, joke books, song books, story books, programs and handbills, comic strips, a yearbook, election fliers, political publications, pamphlets and calendars.","This fFolder contains three envelopes: Union patriotic envelope depicting a black man picking cotton, titled \"One of the Rebels\", (Acc.2014.123), Union patriotic envelope of a slave dressed as the \"King of the South,\" (Acc. 2014.124), Union patriotic envelope with a map of the south (Acc. 2014.125).","A booklet of twenty minor dramas, extravaganzas, and farces for the amateur stage.  The plays contain stereotypical typecasting of African Americans.","A story book entitled \"The Ten Little Niggers,\" with stereotypical illustrations. The layout of the book is similar to that of \"Ten Little Indians.\"","This songbook features stereotypical illustrations of African Americans including pompous dresses and large lips.","This joke book features jokes that promote racism and a negative view of African Americans.  The jokes are also anti-immigration and misogynistic.","The scrapbook dates from the late 1800's.  The pictures in the book vary, from paintings of flowers to advertising cards for household items.  One page in the book features several stereotypical images of African Americans.  Pictures of monkeys are also placed on this page, therefore stating that they are one in the same.","Advertising trade cards that contain stereotypically racist images of African Americans. The cards are for a clothier. The folder also contains an advertisement for Jos. J. Foley, Tailor, Boston MA, which has a November 1908 calendar alongside an illustration of African American children swinging and climbing trees.","This folder contains multiple advertising cards. The items advertised include soaps, clothing, and household goods. The cards contain stereotypical images of African Americans.","This folder contains advertising cards that depict African Americans in a negative light.  Common features are large lips and flouncy outfits.  The sketches on the cards often have little to do with the product being advertised.","Stereotypical black representations on three advertising trade cards. The cards for pancake batter and clothes depict African Americans with large eyes and mouths along with other stereotypical features.","Advertising cards for a clothier.  The cards depict an African American man trying to command and then falling off a horse-drawn wagon.","Advertisement card for Old Virginia Cheroots from the American Tobacco Company.  The advertisement has a sketch of an African American man.","Advertising label for Old Black Joe's blackeyed peas, showing a black man with a white beard.","Sketch for \"The Connoisseurs\", a popular advertising image for Cream of Wheat. The painting features a black man in a chef's hat, teaching a child about the taste and health benefits of cream of wheat.","Print of the painting by Edward V. Brewer entitled \"The Connoisseurs\" for the Cream of Wheat Company. The painting features an African American man in a chef costume tasting Cream of Wheat along with an African American boy in an apron and chef hat. Oversize item.","Five cards that have negative, stereotypical images of African Americans. Images include a black woman being compared to a donkey and young men playing craps.","Set of 22 racist postcards. Features include large lips and big eyes. Images also include depictions of African Americans stealing goods. Other cards include cartooned drawings of African Americans in flouncy clothing.","Set of 42 cards with racist imagery. Images include cartooned sketches of African Americans with big eyes and over exaggerated lips. Images depict African Americans as lazy and inept. They are shown stealing chickens, eating watermelon, and improperly serving white people.","A postcard with an image of an African American boy with a large mouth, kneeling next to two watermelons","Set of eight postcards that have negative, stereotypical sketches of African Americans. Images include women with large behinds, boys eating watermelon, and men with large lips.","This folder contains five racist postcards. They contain images including boys eating watermelon and a cartooned black man stealing a chicken.","Set of three postcards and a pamphlet entitled \"Fun on the Run.\" The \"Fun on the Run\" pamphlet includes several racist and sexist caricatures.","Postcard containing an image of a cartooned black man and woman. The man has large lips and torn clothing. The woman's features are exaggerated.","This souvenir features common images of African Americans in the south, including picking cotton, eating watermelon, and playing the fiddle.","This folder contains three Happy Birthday and one Christmas card. The cards contain cartooned sketches of African Americans, with factors such as large lips and big eyes. One happy birthday card has a sketch of three black women riding in a large watermelon.","This folder contains numerous happy birthday cards featuring cartooned sketches of African American girls. The girls' features include large eyes and curly hair.","Cards that promote the seven principles of Kwanzaa.","Publications from the Jim Crow era.","This is a book of rag-time melodies, which includes advertisements, sheet music, and lyrics.","This item is the yearbook of the African American high school in Essex County, Virginia. The yearbook includes photographs, poems, and advertisements.","This travel guide of \"negro\" hotels was published by Afro-American Newspapers. The guide includes a map of the East Coast and advertisements from multiple hotels.","Two advertisements promoting performances by African American musicians and artists.","The folder contains an item promoting the Lost Cause ideology, which conveys nostalgia for the Confederacy prior to the Civil War. Confederate norms are presented in the best possible light. ","Natchez Pilgrimage Brochure, 1955 March 31, invites people to celebrate the Old South by touring Antebellum mansions in Natchez, Mississippi. The brochure contains multiple photographs and descriptions of the old Antebellum mansion. (Acc.2012.278)","This folder contains publications celebrating the accomplishments and contributions of African Americans.","The booklet describes the history and curricula of Hampton Institute, now Hampton University.","The multiple brochures feature African American jubilee singers and performers.","This brochure is for the Negro History Society of the Hampton Institute and their presentation of singer Dorothy Maynor.","This calendar features the stories of famous African American inventors, politicians, and scholars.","This flyer promotes the election of Arthur H. Vandenberg as senator of Michigan. It states that Vandenberg promises to outlaw the poll tax and favors an anti-lynching law. Vandenberg promises to support African American causes if elected.","These comic strips  promote racial tolerance. One comic entitled \"Stand Up For Sportsmanship,\" features Batman stopping a fight between two boys, one white and one black. When Batman asks what happened, he discovers they're fighting because the white boy doesn't want the black boy to play with them because \"he don't belong, he ain't a real American.\" Batman responds with a lesson about racial tolerance, saying \"don't believe the crackpot lies about people who worship differently, or whose skin is of a different color, or whose parents come from another country... a nation divided by prejudice is like a football team without teamwork.\" The next one, featuring Batman, teaches the reader that a country divided by racial prejudice is the same as a football team without teamwork. The next comic encourages a baseball team to be accepting of players of different ethnicity. The last comic, featuring superman, promotes both racial and religious tolerance.","Reprint of an article from the American Legion magazine concerns the buying of Negro votes.","This folder includes a pamphlet published by the Independent Socialist Club promoting the black power movement.","This pamphlet entitled \"Here's Proof of the Red Pro-Negro Plot Against South \u0026 USA.\" argues that communist are trying to stir up trouble between white and black races, promoting racial mixing, and eventually want to control America. Pamphlet includes a map of the south, which it states Communist want to turn into a Negro Communist Soviet.","This flyier shows a picture of Martin Luther King, Jr. and other Civil Rights leaders at a supposed Communist training school. The flier states that these leaders have brought tension, disturbance, and violence while trying to promote these Communist ideals.","This booklet was published by Robert Welch. He argues that the \"negro\" population is much better off than populations around the globe. He also states that the population has made great strides in the last hundred years. Welch believes that the Communists are trying to turn black people against white people in America.","This pamphlet was printed by the Communist Party of Cleveland.  The pamphlet states that black and white people work side and side, and therefore black and white children should be able to learn and live with each other.","A pamphlet from the Communist Party of California.","An editorial from the Monroe, La. Morning World, concerns the author's fears that the United Nations is secretly a Communist plot.","A flyer created by the Bay Area Revoluntionary Union concerning streets that are still occupied by the National Guard.","A pamphlet subtitled \"a voice and vote for every member in the UAW-CIO regardless of race, color or creed.\" The pamphlet states that whites and \"negroes\" are all members of the same family and should be employed to the same end. The UAW-CIO promotes the hiring of \"negroes\" in all fields.","A Labor Education Fund pamphlet.","This pamphlet by Angelo Herndon describes the hardship of working in a southern mining town. Herndon describes how he fought the system and promoted fair pay to working class citizens.","The themes of these games range from satirizing to celebrating the progress and intellect of African Americans.","52 playing cards from the game \"In Dixie-Land\". Copyrighted 1896, L.D. Baldwin, by The Fireside Game Co.  The instructions are missing.","This folder contains a set of playing cards.  The cards have a sketch and a brief biological summary of influential African American inventors, politicians, musicians, and activists. Rules for the game are included.","This board game is a racially based Monopoly style game. White players are allowed to buy properties throughout the board while black players are restricted to center areas. The game exemplifies the difficulties of living in a racially segregated housing market. The game is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.61.B5 1970.","The game, which portrays public welfare and its recipients in a negative light, caused immediate controversy upon its publication. It was also perceived as racist and sexist and government agencies appealed to retailers to pull it off the shelves.","This game is a quiz and trivia style game. The game tests players' knowledge of black athletes, musicians, and activists. The game is also cataloged in the Swem Library online catalog as Rare Book E185.96.F67 1988","This board game tests players' knowledge of African American achievement in history, patents, inventions, sports, and entertainment. There is also a category of questions titled black awareness. Players answer questions to move along on a board, through the struggles of slavery and Jim Crow, eventually arriving back in Africa.","This game is a game of dice where players role to turn over face cards number one through twelve. The cards and box feature racist imagery, including African Americans with bulging eyes and huge lips.","This board game is a trivia style game which tests players' knowledge of African American history. Players answer questions to receive an associates, bachelors, masters, and doctorate in black studies. The word \"funda\" comes from an African language and means to instruct.","Five various cards and Valentine's featuring caricatures of African Americans.  Most of the cards depict the individuals with over exaggerated features and stereotypes, such as one card showing an African American eating watermelon.","20 caricature and three photograph postcards of African Americans.  Most of the caricature postcards feature stereotypical cartoons and captions of African Americans.  The photographs show African Americans tilling in cotton fields and posing outside dilapidated homes.","Three stereoviews showing African Americans picking cotton in Georgia and Mississippi cotton fields and sugar cane in Peurto Rico. The views were produced by Underwood and Underwood, and the Keystone Viewing Company.","This box contains VHS tapes that are notable for the original video cases. Most of the movies are from the Blaxploitation genre, a controversial film movement. Blaxploitation films contained many common stereotypes. The black community is often portrayed as violent and drug related. However, some people believed the films were examples of black expression and power.","This film features a young man who accidently kills his brother and then becomes a preacher to seek amends.","This fFilm features gang life in Harlem, New York.","The film features two men who work in Harlem. They get sent on a wild goose chase looking for money hidden in a barrel of cotton.","The film features a Harlem private eye hired to save teenagers kidnapped by the Mafia.","This film features a Harlem drug-dealer who wants to make one last sell before quitting the cocaine business.","The film features Cleopatra Jones, drug traffickers' deadliest enemy.","The film takes Bruce Lee to the island fortress of a criminal warlord, whom Bruce Lee must overcome.","This film features Dracula's bloodbrother, Blacula.","The film features black CIA recruits from Chicago who become freedom fighters after their military training.","The fFilm features Pop Boyd, a martial arts champion who opens a studio on land that the Mafia wants to use as a headquarters.","This fFilm features two ex-Vietnam soldiers who pursue the elite drug dealing industries.","This film features a young black man who seeks revenge when he is arrested on false charges.","The f Film features black drug dealers, mobsters, and undercover cops.","In this sequel to Dolemite, Rudy Ray Moore flees to California, where he helps Queen Bee and her Kung-Fu girls battle a local gangster.","The film features a morally bankrupt man who can save his own life only if he marries the devil's ugly daughter.","The film features a man who owns a disco and declares war on the producers of Angel Dust, a drug corrupting his nephew.","This film features a man who seeks revenge on his girlfriend's killer.","This fFilm features a Detroit police sergeant who is pitted against brutal thugs.","The film features friends who are hiding from the mob and hunting a gangster boss, who rigged a karate tournament.","The fFilm features a man, just recently released from prison, who uses brains and muscles to survive in the city.","The fFilm features the Black Dragon, who teams up with kung fu dynamo Dragon Lee as they take on the Korean and Japanese mafias.","The film features a man named Blade, who is the last hope for humanity, when a bloodthirsty lord declares war on the human race.","The fFilm features a vampire slayer who fights to save humanity.","The fFilm features a gang who goes from rags to riches, and then fights a knife-wielding, car stealing leprechaun.","This film is the third in a trilogy. It features a vampire hunter who must join forces with a clan of other hunters to find and defeat Dracula.","The Great Cataract or Waterfall of Niagara in North America, This folder contains a copperplate engraving of Niagara Falls on paper. The image depicts a group of Native Americans showing Europeans the beauty of the falls. In the background, there are several Native Americans hauling large stones.","Powhatan Applesauce Label. \nThis folder contains an advertising label for apple sauce named after the famed Native American chiefdom, the Powhatan. The advertisement includes a sketch of a Native American with a colorful head band and feather in his hair.","Iron King Cook Calendar. \nThis calendar features a scene in which white settlers shot Native Americans while hiding behind a large iron king stove.","Set of 12 postcards that feature oil paintings of Native American imagery. The cards depict a variety of different scenes, including an Indian camp, a hunted buffalo, a tepee, and an Indian carrying an American flag after Custer's Last Stand. The postcards have a short description of each portrayed scene.","Set of 28 postcards featuring images of Native Americans. The postcards represent tribes from all over the country, from the Iroquois to the Hopi. Common images are war dances and dwellings such as tepees and long houses. Many of the postcards have short descriptions of the scenes on the back.","Set of 90 postcards that portray Indian life in the south western United States. Images include  young girls and boys, Indians in traditional tribal outfits, mountains, canyons, and pueblo houses.","This folder includes a souvenir folder that contains a description and multiple illustrations of Indian chiefs.  The chiefs depicted are all from Western tribes, including the Pueblos, Navajos, Apache, Sioux, and Blackfoot.  The description states that the Pueblos are the most civilized of the nations.  The illustrations include portraits of the leaders as well as scenes of the leaders in the picturesque mountains of the west.","This folder includes a souvenir folder that describes and illustrates southwestern Native American life.  The author notes that native life is \"primitive\" with little industry and machinery.  The images contain various scenes, including a mother and child standing next to cactus brush, people gathered around a tepee, a pueblo village, and men creating wampum beads.  Also depicted are images of natives performing a variety of crafts and chores.","Set of trading cards that contain negative imagery of Native Americans.  Images include Native Americans being stabbed by white settler, a Native American man drinking too much, and misrepresentations of traditional Indian outfits.","The trading cards depict imagery of Native Americans, including totem poles, war dances, and stockades.  The cards have images on one side, and a short description of the scene on the other.","Oversized trading that that have photographs and drawing of various Native American leaders.  The cards have the image on one side, and a short biography of the leader on the other.  This trading cards are housed separately due to their large size.","The trading cards have photographs and drawings of various Native American leaders. The cards have the image on one side, and a short biography of the leader on the other.","This set of 90 cards have images on one side of famous Native American leaders and of famous battles fought by various native tribes.  The backside has a short, skewed description of historical events.","This folder contains a box of bridge tally cards.  The cards have sketches of Native American people and scenery, along with the names and locations of different tribes.","The Wild West Gum cards contains 22 cards depicting colorized illustrations of Native Americans. The collection was part of a set of 24 cards manufactured by John H. Dockman and Son in the early twentieth century.","The Paragon Beef trading cards include negative images of Chinese men with long braids and stereotypical straw hats.","Series of advertising cards that promote the Chinese immigrant population in a negative way. Advertisers include Celluloid Corset Clasps, Kendall Manufacturing Company Soaps and Soapine, Henderson's Goods, and Gent's Furnishings and Fancy Goods Houses. The images depict Chinese men with long hair embarking on ships and men with over exaggerated eye features. The images often have little to do with the product being advertised.","Series of cards that depict a scene between two white boys and a Chinese man. The children pull the man's braid, snap it off, and project the Chinese man from his perch, thus solving the \"Chinese problem\". Another card shows Chinese men being bitten by a dog.","Set of cards that depict Asian Americans in negative ways.  Images include men embarking on a boat for China, a sketch of Mun Wong, and a Chinese child holding an umbrella.","This Fourth of July postcard displays racist imagery towards Asian Americans. The card portrays an Asian woman running away from a fire cracker.","This comic strip includes stereotypical images of a Chinese man who entrapped his long braid in a rail road track.","This game includes a small box of sticks. Each player is to shake the box and the first stick that pops out is the one chosen.  Each stick has a number, and the numbers correspond to a booklet that contains fortunes.","Series of two sided trading cards. One of the sides have images of aspects of Jewish life, such as lighting candles and dancing with the torah. The other sides have short bible verses and explanations of the images.","This game is an educational trivia game that features questions regarding different aspects of the Islamic Hajj. 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