{"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+American+schools\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=compact","last":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+American+schools\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=1\u0026view=compact"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":1,"next_page":null,"prev_page":null,"total_pages":1,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":0,"total_count":9,"first_page?":true,"last_page?":true}},"data":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1708","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Bluestone Baptist Association and Harmony Baptist Association pamphlet collection, 1910/1963","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1708#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Bluestone Harmony Association","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1708#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains one catalog for the Bluestone-Harmony Academic and Industrial School from 1935-1936, two Minutes of the annual session of the Harmony Baptist Sunday School Convention: 45th (1941), 46th (1942), and fourteen minutes of the annual session of the Bluestone Baptist Association: 39th (1910), 43rd (1914), 50th (1921), 51st (1922), 52nd (1923), 53rd (1924), 55th (1926), 58th (1929), 59th (1930), 67th (1938), 69th (1940), 73rd (1944), 75th (1946), 91st (1963). \u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1708#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1708","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1708","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1708","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1708","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1708.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/202313","title_filing_ssi":"Bluestone Baptist Association and Harmony Baptist Association pamphlet collection","title_ssm":["Bluestone Baptist Association and Harmony Baptist Association pamphlet collection"],"title_tesim":["Bluestone Baptist Association and Harmony Baptist Association pamphlet collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1910-1963"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1910-1963"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1910/1963"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Bluestone Baptist Association and Harmony Baptist Association pamphlet collection, 1910/1963"],"text":["Bluestone Baptist Association and Harmony Baptist Association pamphlet collection, 1910/1963","MSS 16868","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1708","Virginia -- History -- 20th century","African American Baptists","African Americans -- Education","African Americans -- Virginia","African American schools","Fair. Some pamphlets are brittle, have detached covers, and have evidence of water damage.","The collection is open for research use.","Few black Virginians received a formal education until public schools were widely established during Reconstruction.The Virginia Constitution of 1870 mandated a system of public education for the first time. Public schools in Virginia were segregated from the outset, apparently without much thought or debate, on the widely held assumption that such an arrangement would deter conflict. Of course, public schools were segregated in many other states, both North and South. Southern black schools, however, were often dependent on funding from unsympathetic state and local governments controlled by whites, resulting in education programs with fewer resources for both students and teachers. Despite social and economic challenges, African Americans pursued education with great fervor.","The Bluestone Baptist Association was established around 1871, and an area of focus was the education of Black children in Charlotte, Lunenburg, and other surrounding counties.","Successful in their creation of a school, the Harmony Association came into existence in 1877 for a similar goal. The two associations merged in 1900, and the Bluestone-Harmonic Academic and Industrial School was established in Keysville, Virginia.","Sources:\nVirginia Museum of History and Culture. Accessed 2/06/25\nhttps://virginiahistory.org/learn/civil-rights-movement-virginia/beginnings-black-education","Valentine Richmond History Center, Cook Collection","This collection contains one catalog for the Bluestone-Harmony Academic and Industrial School from 1935-1936, two Minutes of the annual session of the Harmony Baptist Sunday School Convention: 45th (1941), 46th (1942), and fourteen minutes of the annual session of the Bluestone Baptist Association: 39th (1910), 43rd (1914), 50th (1921), 51st (1922), 52nd (1923), 53rd (1924), 55th (1926), 58th (1929), 59th (1930), 67th (1938), 69th (1940), 73rd (1944), 75th (1946), 91st (1963).","The minutes note church officers, constitutions of the associations, committee actions, and general announcements. The Bluestone Baptist Association was established around 1871, and an area of focus was the education of Black children in Charlotte, Lunenburg, and other surrounding counties.","Successful in their creation of a school, the Harmony Association came into existence in 1877 for a similar goal. The two associations merged in 1900, and the Bluestone-Harmonic Academic and Industrial School was established in Keysville, Virginia.","In addition to the minutes and catalog is a folder of research complied by the seller, including photocopied portions of \"Charlotte County, Virginia: Historical, Statistical, and Present Attractions,\" \"History of the American Negro,\" \"Historic Architectural Survey of Charlotte County, Virginia,\" and \"The Bluestone-Harmonic Academic and Industrial School.\" As well as printouts from the Bluestone Harmony Baptist Association and Ministries, Inc.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Bluestone Harmony Association","Bluestone-Harmony Academic and Industrial School","Bluestone Baptist Association","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Bluestone Baptist Association and Harmony Baptist Association pamphlet collection, 1910/1963"],"collection_ssim":["Bluestone Baptist Association and Harmony Baptist Association pamphlet collection, 1910/1963"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16868","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1708"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16868","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1708"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["Virginia -- History -- 20th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Virginia -- History -- 20th century"],"places_ssim":["Virginia -- History -- 20th century"],"creator_ssm":["Bluestone Harmony Association","Bluestone-Harmony Academic and Industrial School","Bluestone Baptist Association"],"creator_ssim":["Bluestone Harmony Association","Bluestone-Harmony Academic and Industrial School","Bluestone Baptist Association"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Bluestone Harmony Association","Bluestone-Harmony Academic and Industrial School","Bluestone Baptist Association"],"creators_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Bluestone Harmony Association","Bluestone-Harmony Academic and Industrial School","Bluestone Baptist Association"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was a purchase from McBride Books to the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 23 August 2024."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American Baptists","African Americans -- Education","African Americans -- Virginia","African American schools"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American Baptists","African Americans -- Education","African Americans -- Virginia","African American schools"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["Fair. Some pamphlets are brittle, have detached covers, and have evidence of water damage."],"extent_ssm":["0.25 Cubic Feet One half-width letter document box"],"extent_tesim":["0.25 Cubic Feet One half-width letter document box"],"date_range_isim":[1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFew black Virginians received a formal education until public schools were widely established during Reconstruction.The Virginia Constitution of 1870 mandated a system of public education for the first time. Public schools in Virginia were segregated from the outset, apparently without much thought or debate, on the widely held assumption that such an arrangement would deter conflict. Of course, public schools were segregated in many other states, both North and South. Southern black schools, however, were often dependent on funding from unsympathetic state and local governments controlled by whites, resulting in education programs with fewer resources for both students and teachers. Despite social and economic challenges, African Americans pursued education with great fervor.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Bluestone Baptist Association was established around 1871, and an area of focus was the education of Black children in Charlotte, Lunenburg, and other surrounding counties. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSuccessful in their creation of a school, the Harmony Association came into existence in 1877 for a similar goal. The two associations merged in 1900, and the Bluestone-Harmonic Academic and Industrial School was established in Keysville, Virginia. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSources:\nVirginia Museum of History and Culture. Accessed 2/06/25\nhttps://virginiahistory.org/learn/civil-rights-movement-virginia/beginnings-black-education\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eValentine Richmond History Center, Cook Collection\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Few black Virginians received a formal education until public schools were widely established during Reconstruction.The Virginia Constitution of 1870 mandated a system of public education for the first time. Public schools in Virginia were segregated from the outset, apparently without much thought or debate, on the widely held assumption that such an arrangement would deter conflict. Of course, public schools were segregated in many other states, both North and South. Southern black schools, however, were often dependent on funding from unsympathetic state and local governments controlled by whites, resulting in education programs with fewer resources for both students and teachers. Despite social and economic challenges, African Americans pursued education with great fervor.","The Bluestone Baptist Association was established around 1871, and an area of focus was the education of Black children in Charlotte, Lunenburg, and other surrounding counties.","Successful in their creation of a school, the Harmony Association came into existence in 1877 for a similar goal. The two associations merged in 1900, and the Bluestone-Harmonic Academic and Industrial School was established in Keysville, Virginia.","Sources:\nVirginia Museum of History and Culture. Accessed 2/06/25\nhttps://virginiahistory.org/learn/civil-rights-movement-virginia/beginnings-black-education","Valentine Richmond History Center, Cook Collection"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16868, Bluestone Baptist Association and Harmony Baptist Association pamphlet collection, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16868, Bluestone Baptist Association and Harmony Baptist Association pamphlet collection, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains one catalog for the Bluestone-Harmony Academic and Industrial School from 1935-1936, two Minutes of the annual session of the Harmony Baptist Sunday School Convention: 45th (1941), 46th (1942), and fourteen minutes of the annual session of the Bluestone Baptist Association: 39th (1910), 43rd (1914), 50th (1921), 51st (1922), 52nd (1923), 53rd (1924), 55th (1926), 58th (1929), 59th (1930), 67th (1938), 69th (1940), 73rd (1944), 75th (1946), 91st (1963). \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe minutes note church officers, constitutions of the associations, committee actions, and general announcements. The Bluestone Baptist Association was established around 1871, and an area of focus was the education of Black children in Charlotte, Lunenburg, and other surrounding counties. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSuccessful in their creation of a school, the Harmony Association came into existence in 1877 for a similar goal. The two associations merged in 1900, and the Bluestone-Harmonic Academic and Industrial School was established in Keysville, Virginia. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn addition to the minutes and catalog is a folder of research complied by the seller, including photocopied portions of \"Charlotte County, Virginia: Historical, Statistical, and Present Attractions,\" \"History of the American Negro,\" \"Historic Architectural Survey of Charlotte County, Virginia,\" and \"The Bluestone-Harmonic Academic and Industrial School.\" As well as printouts from the Bluestone Harmony Baptist Association and Ministries, Inc. \u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains one catalog for the Bluestone-Harmony Academic and Industrial School from 1935-1936, two Minutes of the annual session of the Harmony Baptist Sunday School Convention: 45th (1941), 46th (1942), and fourteen minutes of the annual session of the Bluestone Baptist Association: 39th (1910), 43rd (1914), 50th (1921), 51st (1922), 52nd (1923), 53rd (1924), 55th (1926), 58th (1929), 59th (1930), 67th (1938), 69th (1940), 73rd (1944), 75th (1946), 91st (1963).","The minutes note church officers, constitutions of the associations, committee actions, and general announcements. The Bluestone Baptist Association was established around 1871, and an area of focus was the education of Black children in Charlotte, Lunenburg, and other surrounding counties.","Successful in their creation of a school, the Harmony Association came into existence in 1877 for a similar goal. The two associations merged in 1900, and the Bluestone-Harmonic Academic and Industrial School was established in Keysville, Virginia.","In addition to the minutes and catalog is a folder of research complied by the seller, including photocopied portions of \"Charlotte County, Virginia: Historical, Statistical, and Present Attractions,\" \"History of the American Negro,\" \"Historic Architectural Survey of Charlotte County, Virginia,\" and \"The Bluestone-Harmonic Academic and Industrial School.\" As well as printouts from the Bluestone Harmony Baptist Association and Ministries, Inc."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Bluestone Harmony Association","Bluestone-Harmony Academic and Industrial School","Bluestone Baptist Association"],"names_coll_ssim":["Bluestone Harmony Association"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Bluestone Harmony Association","Bluestone-Harmony Academic and Industrial School","Bluestone Baptist Association"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":8,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:53:44.527Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1708","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1708","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1708","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1708","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1708.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/202313","title_filing_ssi":"Bluestone Baptist Association and Harmony Baptist Association pamphlet collection","title_ssm":["Bluestone Baptist Association and Harmony Baptist Association pamphlet collection"],"title_tesim":["Bluestone Baptist Association and Harmony Baptist Association pamphlet collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1910-1963"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1910-1963"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1910/1963"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Bluestone Baptist Association and Harmony Baptist Association pamphlet collection, 1910/1963"],"text":["Bluestone Baptist Association and Harmony Baptist Association pamphlet collection, 1910/1963","MSS 16868","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1708","Virginia -- History -- 20th century","African American Baptists","African Americans -- Education","African Americans -- Virginia","African American schools","Fair. Some pamphlets are brittle, have detached covers, and have evidence of water damage.","The collection is open for research use.","Few black Virginians received a formal education until public schools were widely established during Reconstruction.The Virginia Constitution of 1870 mandated a system of public education for the first time. Public schools in Virginia were segregated from the outset, apparently without much thought or debate, on the widely held assumption that such an arrangement would deter conflict. Of course, public schools were segregated in many other states, both North and South. Southern black schools, however, were often dependent on funding from unsympathetic state and local governments controlled by whites, resulting in education programs with fewer resources for both students and teachers. Despite social and economic challenges, African Americans pursued education with great fervor.","The Bluestone Baptist Association was established around 1871, and an area of focus was the education of Black children in Charlotte, Lunenburg, and other surrounding counties.","Successful in their creation of a school, the Harmony Association came into existence in 1877 for a similar goal. The two associations merged in 1900, and the Bluestone-Harmonic Academic and Industrial School was established in Keysville, Virginia.","Sources:\nVirginia Museum of History and Culture. Accessed 2/06/25\nhttps://virginiahistory.org/learn/civil-rights-movement-virginia/beginnings-black-education","Valentine Richmond History Center, Cook Collection","This collection contains one catalog for the Bluestone-Harmony Academic and Industrial School from 1935-1936, two Minutes of the annual session of the Harmony Baptist Sunday School Convention: 45th (1941), 46th (1942), and fourteen minutes of the annual session of the Bluestone Baptist Association: 39th (1910), 43rd (1914), 50th (1921), 51st (1922), 52nd (1923), 53rd (1924), 55th (1926), 58th (1929), 59th (1930), 67th (1938), 69th (1940), 73rd (1944), 75th (1946), 91st (1963).","The minutes note church officers, constitutions of the associations, committee actions, and general announcements. The Bluestone Baptist Association was established around 1871, and an area of focus was the education of Black children in Charlotte, Lunenburg, and other surrounding counties.","Successful in their creation of a school, the Harmony Association came into existence in 1877 for a similar goal. The two associations merged in 1900, and the Bluestone-Harmonic Academic and Industrial School was established in Keysville, Virginia.","In addition to the minutes and catalog is a folder of research complied by the seller, including photocopied portions of \"Charlotte County, Virginia: Historical, Statistical, and Present Attractions,\" \"History of the American Negro,\" \"Historic Architectural Survey of Charlotte County, Virginia,\" and \"The Bluestone-Harmonic Academic and Industrial School.\" As well as printouts from the Bluestone Harmony Baptist Association and Ministries, Inc.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Bluestone Harmony Association","Bluestone-Harmony Academic and Industrial School","Bluestone Baptist Association","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Bluestone Baptist Association and Harmony Baptist Association pamphlet collection, 1910/1963"],"collection_ssim":["Bluestone Baptist Association and Harmony Baptist Association pamphlet collection, 1910/1963"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16868","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1708"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16868","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1708"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["Virginia -- History -- 20th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Virginia -- History -- 20th century"],"places_ssim":["Virginia -- History -- 20th century"],"creator_ssm":["Bluestone Harmony Association","Bluestone-Harmony Academic and Industrial School","Bluestone Baptist Association"],"creator_ssim":["Bluestone Harmony Association","Bluestone-Harmony Academic and Industrial School","Bluestone Baptist Association"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Bluestone Harmony Association","Bluestone-Harmony Academic and Industrial School","Bluestone Baptist Association"],"creators_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Bluestone Harmony Association","Bluestone-Harmony Academic and Industrial School","Bluestone Baptist Association"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was a purchase from McBride Books to the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 23 August 2024."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American Baptists","African Americans -- Education","African Americans -- Virginia","African American schools"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American Baptists","African Americans -- Education","African Americans -- Virginia","African American schools"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["Fair. Some pamphlets are brittle, have detached covers, and have evidence of water damage."],"extent_ssm":["0.25 Cubic Feet One half-width letter document box"],"extent_tesim":["0.25 Cubic Feet One half-width letter document box"],"date_range_isim":[1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFew black Virginians received a formal education until public schools were widely established during Reconstruction.The Virginia Constitution of 1870 mandated a system of public education for the first time. Public schools in Virginia were segregated from the outset, apparently without much thought or debate, on the widely held assumption that such an arrangement would deter conflict. Of course, public schools were segregated in many other states, both North and South. Southern black schools, however, were often dependent on funding from unsympathetic state and local governments controlled by whites, resulting in education programs with fewer resources for both students and teachers. Despite social and economic challenges, African Americans pursued education with great fervor.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Bluestone Baptist Association was established around 1871, and an area of focus was the education of Black children in Charlotte, Lunenburg, and other surrounding counties. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSuccessful in their creation of a school, the Harmony Association came into existence in 1877 for a similar goal. 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Southern black schools, however, were often dependent on funding from unsympathetic state and local governments controlled by whites, resulting in education programs with fewer resources for both students and teachers. Despite social and economic challenges, African Americans pursued education with great fervor.","The Bluestone Baptist Association was established around 1871, and an area of focus was the education of Black children in Charlotte, Lunenburg, and other surrounding counties.","Successful in their creation of a school, the Harmony Association came into existence in 1877 for a similar goal. The two associations merged in 1900, and the Bluestone-Harmonic Academic and Industrial School was established in Keysville, Virginia.","Sources:\nVirginia Museum of History and Culture. Accessed 2/06/25\nhttps://virginiahistory.org/learn/civil-rights-movement-virginia/beginnings-black-education","Valentine Richmond History Center, Cook Collection"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16868, Bluestone Baptist Association and Harmony Baptist Association pamphlet collection, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16868, Bluestone Baptist Association and Harmony Baptist Association pamphlet collection, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains one catalog for the Bluestone-Harmony Academic and Industrial School from 1935-1936, two Minutes of the annual session of the Harmony Baptist Sunday School Convention: 45th (1941), 46th (1942), and fourteen minutes of the annual session of the Bluestone Baptist Association: 39th (1910), 43rd (1914), 50th (1921), 51st (1922), 52nd (1923), 53rd (1924), 55th (1926), 58th (1929), 59th (1930), 67th (1938), 69th (1940), 73rd (1944), 75th (1946), 91st (1963). \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe minutes note church officers, constitutions of the associations, committee actions, and general announcements. The Bluestone Baptist Association was established around 1871, and an area of focus was the education of Black children in Charlotte, Lunenburg, and other surrounding counties. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSuccessful in their creation of a school, the Harmony Association came into existence in 1877 for a similar goal. The two associations merged in 1900, and the Bluestone-Harmonic Academic and Industrial School was established in Keysville, Virginia. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn addition to the minutes and catalog is a folder of research complied by the seller, including photocopied portions of \"Charlotte County, Virginia: Historical, Statistical, and Present Attractions,\" \"History of the American Negro,\" \"Historic Architectural Survey of Charlotte County, Virginia,\" and \"The Bluestone-Harmonic Academic and Industrial School.\" As well as printouts from the Bluestone Harmony Baptist Association and Ministries, Inc. \u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains one catalog for the Bluestone-Harmony Academic and Industrial School from 1935-1936, two Minutes of the annual session of the Harmony Baptist Sunday School Convention: 45th (1941), 46th (1942), and fourteen minutes of the annual session of the Bluestone Baptist Association: 39th (1910), 43rd (1914), 50th (1921), 51st (1922), 52nd (1923), 53rd (1924), 55th (1926), 58th (1929), 59th (1930), 67th (1938), 69th (1940), 73rd (1944), 75th (1946), 91st (1963).","The minutes note church officers, constitutions of the associations, committee actions, and general announcements. The Bluestone Baptist Association was established around 1871, and an area of focus was the education of Black children in Charlotte, Lunenburg, and other surrounding counties.","Successful in their creation of a school, the Harmony Association came into existence in 1877 for a similar goal. The two associations merged in 1900, and the Bluestone-Harmonic Academic and Industrial School was established in Keysville, Virginia.","In addition to the minutes and catalog is a folder of research complied by the seller, including photocopied portions of \"Charlotte County, Virginia: Historical, Statistical, and Present Attractions,\" \"History of the American Negro,\" \"Historic Architectural Survey of Charlotte County, Virginia,\" and \"The Bluestone-Harmonic Academic and Industrial School.\" As well as printouts from the Bluestone Harmony Baptist Association and Ministries, Inc."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Bluestone Harmony Association","Bluestone-Harmony Academic and Industrial School","Bluestone Baptist Association"],"names_coll_ssim":["Bluestone Harmony Association"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Bluestone Harmony Association","Bluestone-Harmony Academic and Industrial School","Bluestone Baptist Association"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":8,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:53:44.527Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1708"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1922","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Booker T. Washington Night School Sewing Graduating Class of 1950 photograph, 1950","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1922#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Max Rambod","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1922#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains a class-composite photograph documenting the graduating class of 1950 from the Sewing Program of the Booker T. Washington Night School in Norfolk, Virginia. The composite features formal studio portrait vignettes of more than seventy graduates, nearly all African American women, arranged in rows around a central image of the Booker T. Washington High School building and photographs of faculty and administrators. Each student is identified by name under their image. The image was taken by Modern Arts Studio, a professional photo studio on Church Street in Norfolk.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1922#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1922","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1922","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1922","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1922","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1922.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/241722","title_filing_ssi":"Booker T. Washington Night School Sewing Graduating Class of 1950 photograph","title_ssm":["Booker T. Washington Night School Sewing Graduating Class of 1950 photograph"],"title_tesim":["Booker T. Washington Night School Sewing Graduating Class of 1950 photograph"],"unitdate_ssm":["1950"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1950"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1950"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Booker T. Washington Night School Sewing Graduating Class of 1950 photograph, 1950"],"text":["Booker T. Washington Night School Sewing Graduating Class of 1950 photograph, 1950","MSS 16965","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1922","African Americans -- Education","African American schools","African American women","African Americans -- Photographs","This collection is open for research.","James T. West High School, one of Virginia's first accredited public high schools for African-Americans, was renamed in 1917 for Booker T. Washington, educator, author and orator. The school moved to a newly constructed building in 1924 and for decades was Norfolk's only public high school for black students. Its programs were central to the community. In 1939-1940, faculty members Aline Black and Melvin Alston pursued legal action that led to a federal court decision requiring salary equalization for black and white teachers. In Sept. 1963, students marched to protest poor facilities. Norfolk implemented a desegregation plan in 1970, and the school moved into a new building here in 1974.https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=130360","Booker T. Washington High School in Norfolk became Virginia's first accredited public high school for African Americans in 1917.https://www.13newsnow.com/article/news/in-session-norfolk-high-school-rich-in-black-history/291-6b3ddbe3-8c53-4e2c-a8c0-be7129bc899e","Dr. Vivian Monroe-Hester graduated from Booker T. Washington High School in 1965 and is a local wealth of knowledge.","As she tells it, the school began as Mission College when a group of religious women decided to help educate African-American children after the Civil War.","After the turn of the century, David Gilbert Jacox wanted to expand to a full high school and helped transform the school into what it is today. In 1917, Booker T. Washington High School became Virginia's first accredited public high school for African Americans.","The original building, which lacked a cafeteria, was nicknamed \"the factory\" because of its appearance. Though lacking in aesthetics, the school still had top-notch educators.","\"The teachers were excellent in preparing the students for the world,\" Dr. Monroe-Hester said. \"We were always taught that we had to be better.\"","In 1939, Science teacher Aline Black went to court to try and gain equal pay for African-American teachers. According to historic documents, Black was earning $1,045 annually whereas white teachers in the high schools teaching the same chemistry science class were paid $2,100.","Black lost her job during the process but her fight paid off. The Supreme Court in 1940 upheld a lower court ruling that teacher salaries fell under 14th Amendment protection. Black was rehired at Booker T. Washington High School and African American teachers received equal pay.","In 1949, the school's band performed in the inauguration parade for President Harry S. Truman.","During the 60s and 70s, Dr. Monroe-Hester said students participated in several marches at City Hall to protest the city's attempt to change the school name and move locations.","\"To now take our name and move our heritage away from us and at that time, there were other black high schools in the state of Virginia that lost their heritage because they turned them into elementary schools or tore them down or made them administrative buildings and we did not want that to happen to Booker T. Washington High School,\" Dr. Monroe-Hester said.","Students moved into today's present-day building in 1974, located at 111 Park Avenue.","\"As of today, we have Booker T. Washington High School in Norfolk and Norcom High School in Portsmouth. Out of all the cities, we are the only two African-American high schools left in the state of Virginia,\" Dr. Monroe-Hester said.","Dr. Monroe-Hester said she and other alumni are still fighting to improve the school's quality of education while trying to maintain its history and place in the Norfolk community.","\"We're working towards keeping it a central part of Norfolk's community and of course, the black community,\" said Glynis Mason, a 1972 graduate.","Dr. Monroe-Hester said she takes issue with the school being considered a School of the Arts. She said that doesn't make it easy for students when marketing themselves for the workforce.","\"We've been talking with leaders in the city, and the proposal has been that we move to a CTE curriculum which will bring in technology, the arts, the mathematics, the science,\" she said.","Recently, the state awarded Booker T. Washington High School a historic highway marker.","\"Our biggest struggle is still to maintain our history, maintain our legacy that we had and support of the city is what we continue to ask for, the city and the school board,\" Dr. Monroe-Hester said.","CELEBRATION","The school will celebrate its 102nd anniversary February 23 from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m. at Booker T. Washington High School and later that evening from 6 to 9 p.m. at the Half Moone at Nauticus.","Related collection: MSS 15389 (Boxed with MSS 15275)","This collection contains a class-composite photograph documenting the graduating class of 1950 from the Sewing Program of the Booker T. Washington Night School in Norfolk, Virginia. The composite features formal studio portrait vignettes of more than seventy graduates, nearly all African American women, arranged in rows around a central image of the Booker T. Washington High School building and photographs of faculty and administrators. Each student is identified by name under their image. The image was taken by Modern Arts Studio, a professional photo studio on Church Street in Norfolk.","The poster highlights the gender and racial dimensions of vocational schooling in segregated communities: sewing programs like this one prepared Black women for both waged labor and domestic economic independence at a time when discrimnatory hiring practices sharply limited available occupations. The inclusion of male faculty and a handful of male graduates underscores the community-based, intergenerational nature of the school.","Produced during the Jim Crow era, the poster captures a vivid moment in Black vocational and adult education, when night schools served as crucial sites of opportunity for working class African American women seeking skilled training in domestic arts, tailoring, and garment work.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Max Rambod","Modern Arts Studio (Norfolk, Va.)","Booker T. Washington High School (Norfolk, Va.)","Norfolk (Va.)","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Booker T. Washington Night School Sewing Graduating Class of 1950 photograph, 1950"],"collection_ssim":["Booker T. Washington Night School Sewing Graduating Class of 1950 photograph, 1950"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16965","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1922"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16965","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1922"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Max Rambod","Modern Arts Studio (Norfolk, Va.)"],"creator_ssim":["Max Rambod","Modern Arts Studio (Norfolk, Va.)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Max Rambod","Modern Arts Studio (Norfolk, Va.)","Booker T. 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West High School, one of Virginia's first accredited public high schools for African-Americans, was renamed in 1917 for Booker T. Washington, educator, author and orator. The school moved to a newly constructed building in 1924 and for decades was Norfolk's only public high school for black students. Its programs were central to the community. In 1939-1940, faculty members Aline Black and Melvin Alston pursued legal action that led to a federal court decision requiring salary equalization for black and white teachers. In Sept. 1963, students marched to protest poor facilities. Norfolk implemented a desegregation plan in 1970, and the school moved into a new building here in 1974.https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=130360\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBooker T. Washington High School in Norfolk became Virginia's first accredited public high school for African Americans in 1917.https://www.13newsnow.com/article/news/in-session-norfolk-high-school-rich-in-black-history/291-6b3ddbe3-8c53-4e2c-a8c0-be7129bc899e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Vivian Monroe-Hester graduated from Booker T. Washington High School in 1965 and is a local wealth of knowledge.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs she tells it, the school began as Mission College when a group of religious women decided to help educate African-American children after the Civil War. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter the turn of the century, David Gilbert Jacox wanted to expand to a full high school and helped transform the school into what it is today. In 1917, Booker T. 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She said that doesn't make it easy for students when marketing themselves for the workforce.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"We've been talking with leaders in the city, and the proposal has been that we move to a CTE curriculum which will bring in technology, the arts, the mathematics, the science,\" she said.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRecently, the state awarded Booker T. Washington High School a historic highway marker.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"Our biggest struggle is still to maintain our history, maintain our legacy that we had and support of the city is what we continue to ask for, the city and the school board,\" Dr. Monroe-Hester said.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCELEBRATION\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe school will celebrate its 102nd anniversary February 23 from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m. at Booker T. 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Washington High School in Norfolk became Virginia's first accredited public high school for African Americans in 1917.https://www.13newsnow.com/article/news/in-session-norfolk-high-school-rich-in-black-history/291-6b3ddbe3-8c53-4e2c-a8c0-be7129bc899e","Dr. Vivian Monroe-Hester graduated from Booker T. Washington High School in 1965 and is a local wealth of knowledge.","As she tells it, the school began as Mission College when a group of religious women decided to help educate African-American children after the Civil War.","After the turn of the century, David Gilbert Jacox wanted to expand to a full high school and helped transform the school into what it is today. In 1917, Booker T. Washington High School became Virginia's first accredited public high school for African Americans.","The original building, which lacked a cafeteria, was nicknamed \"the factory\" because of its appearance. Though lacking in aesthetics, the school still had top-notch educators.","\"The teachers were excellent in preparing the students for the world,\" Dr. Monroe-Hester said. \"We were always taught that we had to be better.\"","In 1939, Science teacher Aline Black went to court to try and gain equal pay for African-American teachers. According to historic documents, Black was earning $1,045 annually whereas white teachers in the high schools teaching the same chemistry science class were paid $2,100.","Black lost her job during the process but her fight paid off. The Supreme Court in 1940 upheld a lower court ruling that teacher salaries fell under 14th Amendment protection. Black was rehired at Booker T. Washington High School and African American teachers received equal pay.","In 1949, the school's band performed in the inauguration parade for President Harry S. Truman.","During the 60s and 70s, Dr. Monroe-Hester said students participated in several marches at City Hall to protest the city's attempt to change the school name and move locations.","\"To now take our name and move our heritage away from us and at that time, there were other black high schools in the state of Virginia that lost their heritage because they turned them into elementary schools or tore them down or made them administrative buildings and we did not want that to happen to Booker T. Washington High School,\" Dr. Monroe-Hester said.","Students moved into today's present-day building in 1974, located at 111 Park Avenue.","\"As of today, we have Booker T. Washington High School in Norfolk and Norcom High School in Portsmouth. Out of all the cities, we are the only two African-American high schools left in the state of Virginia,\" Dr. Monroe-Hester said.","Dr. Monroe-Hester said she and other alumni are still fighting to improve the school's quality of education while trying to maintain its history and place in the Norfolk community.","\"We're working towards keeping it a central part of Norfolk's community and of course, the black community,\" said Glynis Mason, a 1972 graduate.","Dr. Monroe-Hester said she takes issue with the school being considered a School of the Arts. She said that doesn't make it easy for students when marketing themselves for the workforce.","\"We've been talking with leaders in the city, and the proposal has been that we move to a CTE curriculum which will bring in technology, the arts, the mathematics, the science,\" she said.","Recently, the state awarded Booker T. Washington High School a historic highway marker.","\"Our biggest struggle is still to maintain our history, maintain our legacy that we had and support of the city is what we continue to ask for, the city and the school board,\" Dr. Monroe-Hester said.","CELEBRATION","The school will celebrate its 102nd anniversary February 23 from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m. at Booker T. Washington High School and later that evening from 6 to 9 p.m. at the Half Moone at Nauticus."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16965, Booker T. Washington Night School Sewing Graduating Class of 1950 photograph, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16965, Booker T. Washington Night School Sewing Graduating Class of 1950 photograph, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRelated collection: MSS 15389 (Boxed with MSS 15275)\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Related collection: MSS 15389 (Boxed with MSS 15275)"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains a class-composite photograph documenting the graduating class of 1950 from the Sewing Program of the Booker T. Washington Night School in Norfolk, Virginia. The composite features formal studio portrait vignettes of more than seventy graduates, nearly all African American women, arranged in rows around a central image of the Booker T. Washington High School building and photographs of faculty and administrators. Each student is identified by name under their image. The image was taken by Modern Arts Studio, a professional photo studio on Church Street in Norfolk.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe poster highlights the gender and racial dimensions of vocational schooling in segregated communities: sewing programs like this one prepared Black women for both waged labor and domestic economic independence at a time when discrimnatory hiring practices sharply limited available occupations. The inclusion of male faculty and a handful of male graduates underscores the community-based, intergenerational nature of the school. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eProduced during the Jim Crow era, the poster captures a vivid moment in Black vocational and adult education, when night schools served as crucial sites of opportunity for working class African American women seeking skilled training in domestic arts, tailoring, and garment work.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains a class-composite photograph documenting the graduating class of 1950 from the Sewing Program of the Booker T. Washington Night School in Norfolk, Virginia. The composite features formal studio portrait vignettes of more than seventy graduates, nearly all African American women, arranged in rows around a central image of the Booker T. Washington High School building and photographs of faculty and administrators. Each student is identified by name under their image. The image was taken by Modern Arts Studio, a professional photo studio on Church Street in Norfolk.","The poster highlights the gender and racial dimensions of vocational schooling in segregated communities: sewing programs like this one prepared Black women for both waged labor and domestic economic independence at a time when discrimnatory hiring practices sharply limited available occupations. The inclusion of male faculty and a handful of male graduates underscores the community-based, intergenerational nature of the school.","Produced during the Jim Crow era, the poster captures a vivid moment in Black vocational and adult education, when night schools served as crucial sites of opportunity for working class African American women seeking skilled training in domestic arts, tailoring, and garment work."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Max Rambod","Modern Arts Studio (Norfolk, Va.)","Booker T. Washington High School (Norfolk, Va.)","Norfolk (Va.)"],"names_coll_ssim":["Max Rambod","Booker T. Washington High School (Norfolk, Va.)","Norfolk (Va.)"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Max Rambod","Modern Arts Studio (Norfolk, Va.)","Booker T. 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Washington Night School Sewing Graduating Class of 1950 photograph"],"unitdate_ssm":["1950"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1950"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1950"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Booker T. Washington Night School Sewing Graduating Class of 1950 photograph, 1950"],"text":["Booker T. Washington Night School Sewing Graduating Class of 1950 photograph, 1950","MSS 16965","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1922","African Americans -- Education","African American schools","African American women","African Americans -- Photographs","This collection is open for research.","James T. West High School, one of Virginia's first accredited public high schools for African-Americans, was renamed in 1917 for Booker T. Washington, educator, author and orator. The school moved to a newly constructed building in 1924 and for decades was Norfolk's only public high school for black students. Its programs were central to the community. In 1939-1940, faculty members Aline Black and Melvin Alston pursued legal action that led to a federal court decision requiring salary equalization for black and white teachers. In Sept. 1963, students marched to protest poor facilities. Norfolk implemented a desegregation plan in 1970, and the school moved into a new building here in 1974.https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=130360","Booker T. Washington High School in Norfolk became Virginia's first accredited public high school for African Americans in 1917.https://www.13newsnow.com/article/news/in-session-norfolk-high-school-rich-in-black-history/291-6b3ddbe3-8c53-4e2c-a8c0-be7129bc899e","Dr. Vivian Monroe-Hester graduated from Booker T. Washington High School in 1965 and is a local wealth of knowledge.","As she tells it, the school began as Mission College when a group of religious women decided to help educate African-American children after the Civil War.","After the turn of the century, David Gilbert Jacox wanted to expand to a full high school and helped transform the school into what it is today. In 1917, Booker T. Washington High School became Virginia's first accredited public high school for African Americans.","The original building, which lacked a cafeteria, was nicknamed \"the factory\" because of its appearance. Though lacking in aesthetics, the school still had top-notch educators.","\"The teachers were excellent in preparing the students for the world,\" Dr. Monroe-Hester said. \"We were always taught that we had to be better.\"","In 1939, Science teacher Aline Black went to court to try and gain equal pay for African-American teachers. According to historic documents, Black was earning $1,045 annually whereas white teachers in the high schools teaching the same chemistry science class were paid $2,100.","Black lost her job during the process but her fight paid off. The Supreme Court in 1940 upheld a lower court ruling that teacher salaries fell under 14th Amendment protection. Black was rehired at Booker T. Washington High School and African American teachers received equal pay.","In 1949, the school's band performed in the inauguration parade for President Harry S. Truman.","During the 60s and 70s, Dr. Monroe-Hester said students participated in several marches at City Hall to protest the city's attempt to change the school name and move locations.","\"To now take our name and move our heritage away from us and at that time, there were other black high schools in the state of Virginia that lost their heritage because they turned them into elementary schools or tore them down or made them administrative buildings and we did not want that to happen to Booker T. Washington High School,\" Dr. Monroe-Hester said.","Students moved into today's present-day building in 1974, located at 111 Park Avenue.","\"As of today, we have Booker T. Washington High School in Norfolk and Norcom High School in Portsmouth. Out of all the cities, we are the only two African-American high schools left in the state of Virginia,\" Dr. Monroe-Hester said.","Dr. Monroe-Hester said she and other alumni are still fighting to improve the school's quality of education while trying to maintain its history and place in the Norfolk community.","\"We're working towards keeping it a central part of Norfolk's community and of course, the black community,\" said Glynis Mason, a 1972 graduate.","Dr. Monroe-Hester said she takes issue with the school being considered a School of the Arts. She said that doesn't make it easy for students when marketing themselves for the workforce.","\"We've been talking with leaders in the city, and the proposal has been that we move to a CTE curriculum which will bring in technology, the arts, the mathematics, the science,\" she said.","Recently, the state awarded Booker T. 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Each student is identified by name under their image. The image was taken by Modern Arts Studio, a professional photo studio on Church Street in Norfolk.","The poster highlights the gender and racial dimensions of vocational schooling in segregated communities: sewing programs like this one prepared Black women for both waged labor and domestic economic independence at a time when discrimnatory hiring practices sharply limited available occupations. The inclusion of male faculty and a handful of male graduates underscores the community-based, intergenerational nature of the school.","Produced during the Jim Crow era, the poster captures a vivid moment in Black vocational and adult education, when night schools served as crucial sites of opportunity for working class African American women seeking skilled training in domestic arts, tailoring, and garment work.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Max Rambod","Modern Arts Studio (Norfolk, Va.)","Booker T. 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Washington High School (Norfolk, Va.)","Norfolk (Va.)"],"creators_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Max Rambod","Modern Arts Studio (Norfolk, Va.)","Booker T. Washington High School (Norfolk, Va.)","Norfolk (Va.)"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was a purchase from Max Rambod to the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 4 March 2026."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans -- Education","African American schools","African American women","African Americans -- Photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans -- Education","African American schools","African American women","African Americans -- Photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.03 Cubic Feet One letter-size file folder"],"extent_tesim":["0.03 Cubic Feet One letter-size file folder"],"genreform_ssim":["African Americans -- Photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1950],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJames T. West High School, one of Virginia's first accredited public high schools for African-Americans, was renamed in 1917 for Booker T. Washington, educator, author and orator. The school moved to a newly constructed building in 1924 and for decades was Norfolk's only public high school for black students. Its programs were central to the community. In 1939-1940, faculty members Aline Black and Melvin Alston pursued legal action that led to a federal court decision requiring salary equalization for black and white teachers. In Sept. 1963, students marched to protest poor facilities. Norfolk implemented a desegregation plan in 1970, and the school moved into a new building here in 1974.https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=130360\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBooker T. Washington High School in Norfolk became Virginia's first accredited public high school for African Americans in 1917.https://www.13newsnow.com/article/news/in-session-norfolk-high-school-rich-in-black-history/291-6b3ddbe3-8c53-4e2c-a8c0-be7129bc899e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Vivian Monroe-Hester graduated from Booker T. Washington High School in 1965 and is a local wealth of knowledge.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs she tells it, the school began as Mission College when a group of religious women decided to help educate African-American children after the Civil War. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter the turn of the century, David Gilbert Jacox wanted to expand to a full high school and helped transform the school into what it is today. In 1917, Booker T. Washington High School became Virginia's first accredited public high school for African Americans.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe original building, which lacked a cafeteria, was nicknamed \"the factory\" because of its appearance. Though lacking in aesthetics, the school still had top-notch educators.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"The teachers were excellent in preparing the students for the world,\" Dr. Monroe-Hester said. \"We were always taught that we had to be better.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1939, Science teacher Aline Black went to court to try and gain equal pay for African-American teachers. According to historic documents, Black was earning $1,045 annually whereas white teachers in the high schools teaching the same chemistry science class were paid $2,100.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBlack lost her job during the process but her fight paid off. The Supreme Court in 1940 upheld a lower court ruling that teacher salaries fell under 14th Amendment protection. Black was rehired at Booker T. Washington High School and African American teachers received equal pay.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1949, the school's band performed in the inauguration parade for President Harry S. Truman.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDuring the 60s and 70s, Dr. Monroe-Hester said students participated in several marches at City Hall to protest the city's attempt to change the school name and move locations.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"To now take our name and move our heritage away from us and at that time, there were other black high schools in the state of Virginia that lost their heritage because they turned them into elementary schools or tore them down or made them administrative buildings and we did not want that to happen to Booker T. Washington High School,\" Dr. Monroe-Hester said.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eStudents moved into today's present-day building in 1974, located at 111 Park Avenue.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"As of today, we have Booker T. Washington High School in Norfolk and Norcom High School in Portsmouth. Out of all the cities, we are the only two African-American high schools left in the state of Virginia,\" Dr. Monroe-Hester said.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Monroe-Hester said she and other alumni are still fighting to improve the school's quality of education while trying to maintain its history and place in the Norfolk community.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"We're working towards keeping it a central part of Norfolk's community and of course, the black community,\" said Glynis Mason, a 1972 graduate.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Monroe-Hester said she takes issue with the school being considered a School of the Arts. She said that doesn't make it easy for students when marketing themselves for the workforce.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"We've been talking with leaders in the city, and the proposal has been that we move to a CTE curriculum which will bring in technology, the arts, the mathematics, the science,\" she said.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRecently, the state awarded Booker T. Washington High School a historic highway marker.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"Our biggest struggle is still to maintain our history, maintain our legacy that we had and support of the city is what we continue to ask for, the city and the school board,\" Dr. Monroe-Hester said.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCELEBRATION\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe school will celebrate its 102nd anniversary February 23 from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m. at Booker T. 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Washington High School in Norfolk became Virginia's first accredited public high school for African Americans in 1917.https://www.13newsnow.com/article/news/in-session-norfolk-high-school-rich-in-black-history/291-6b3ddbe3-8c53-4e2c-a8c0-be7129bc899e","Dr. Vivian Monroe-Hester graduated from Booker T. Washington High School in 1965 and is a local wealth of knowledge.","As she tells it, the school began as Mission College when a group of religious women decided to help educate African-American children after the Civil War.","After the turn of the century, David Gilbert Jacox wanted to expand to a full high school and helped transform the school into what it is today. In 1917, Booker T. Washington High School became Virginia's first accredited public high school for African Americans.","The original building, which lacked a cafeteria, was nicknamed \"the factory\" because of its appearance. Though lacking in aesthetics, the school still had top-notch educators.","\"The teachers were excellent in preparing the students for the world,\" Dr. Monroe-Hester said. \"We were always taught that we had to be better.\"","In 1939, Science teacher Aline Black went to court to try and gain equal pay for African-American teachers. According to historic documents, Black was earning $1,045 annually whereas white teachers in the high schools teaching the same chemistry science class were paid $2,100.","Black lost her job during the process but her fight paid off. The Supreme Court in 1940 upheld a lower court ruling that teacher salaries fell under 14th Amendment protection. Black was rehired at Booker T. Washington High School and African American teachers received equal pay.","In 1949, the school's band performed in the inauguration parade for President Harry S. Truman.","During the 60s and 70s, Dr. Monroe-Hester said students participated in several marches at City Hall to protest the city's attempt to change the school name and move locations.","\"To now take our name and move our heritage away from us and at that time, there were other black high schools in the state of Virginia that lost their heritage because they turned them into elementary schools or tore them down or made them administrative buildings and we did not want that to happen to Booker T. Washington High School,\" Dr. Monroe-Hester said.","Students moved into today's present-day building in 1974, located at 111 Park Avenue.","\"As of today, we have Booker T. Washington High School in Norfolk and Norcom High School in Portsmouth. Out of all the cities, we are the only two African-American high schools left in the state of Virginia,\" Dr. Monroe-Hester said.","Dr. Monroe-Hester said she and other alumni are still fighting to improve the school's quality of education while trying to maintain its history and place in the Norfolk community.","\"We're working towards keeping it a central part of Norfolk's community and of course, the black community,\" said Glynis Mason, a 1972 graduate.","Dr. Monroe-Hester said she takes issue with the school being considered a School of the Arts. She said that doesn't make it easy for students when marketing themselves for the workforce.","\"We've been talking with leaders in the city, and the proposal has been that we move to a CTE curriculum which will bring in technology, the arts, the mathematics, the science,\" she said.","Recently, the state awarded Booker T. Washington High School a historic highway marker.","\"Our biggest struggle is still to maintain our history, maintain our legacy that we had and support of the city is what we continue to ask for, the city and the school board,\" Dr. Monroe-Hester said.","CELEBRATION","The school will celebrate its 102nd anniversary February 23 from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m. at Booker T. Washington High School and later that evening from 6 to 9 p.m. at the Half Moone at Nauticus."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16965, Booker T. Washington Night School Sewing Graduating Class of 1950 photograph, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16965, Booker T. Washington Night School Sewing Graduating Class of 1950 photograph, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRelated collection: MSS 15389 (Boxed with MSS 15275)\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Related collection: MSS 15389 (Boxed with MSS 15275)"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains a class-composite photograph documenting the graduating class of 1950 from the Sewing Program of the Booker T. Washington Night School in Norfolk, Virginia. The composite features formal studio portrait vignettes of more than seventy graduates, nearly all African American women, arranged in rows around a central image of the Booker T. Washington High School building and photographs of faculty and administrators. Each student is identified by name under their image. The image was taken by Modern Arts Studio, a professional photo studio on Church Street in Norfolk.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe poster highlights the gender and racial dimensions of vocational schooling in segregated communities: sewing programs like this one prepared Black women for both waged labor and domestic economic independence at a time when discrimnatory hiring practices sharply limited available occupations. The inclusion of male faculty and a handful of male graduates underscores the community-based, intergenerational nature of the school. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eProduced during the Jim Crow era, the poster captures a vivid moment in Black vocational and adult education, when night schools served as crucial sites of opportunity for working class African American women seeking skilled training in domestic arts, tailoring, and garment work.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains a class-composite photograph documenting the graduating class of 1950 from the Sewing Program of the Booker T. Washington Night School in Norfolk, Virginia. The composite features formal studio portrait vignettes of more than seventy graduates, nearly all African American women, arranged in rows around a central image of the Booker T. Washington High School building and photographs of faculty and administrators. Each student is identified by name under their image. The image was taken by Modern Arts Studio, a professional photo studio on Church Street in Norfolk.","The poster highlights the gender and racial dimensions of vocational schooling in segregated communities: sewing programs like this one prepared Black women for both waged labor and domestic economic independence at a time when discrimnatory hiring practices sharply limited available occupations. The inclusion of male faculty and a handful of male graduates underscores the community-based, intergenerational nature of the school.","Produced during the Jim Crow era, the poster captures a vivid moment in Black vocational and adult education, when night schools served as crucial sites of opportunity for working class African American women seeking skilled training in domestic arts, tailoring, and garment work."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Max Rambod","Modern Arts Studio (Norfolk, Va.)","Booker T. Washington High School (Norfolk, Va.)","Norfolk (Va.)"],"names_coll_ssim":["Max Rambod","Booker T. Washington High School (Norfolk, Va.)","Norfolk (Va.)"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Max Rambod","Modern Arts Studio (Norfolk, Va.)","Booker T. Washington High School (Norfolk, Va.)","Norfolk (Va.)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:53:58.310Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1922"}},{"id":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1075","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Copy of a photograph of Lylburn Downing High School class of 1961, 1957","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1075#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eA copy of an original photograph of students of the class of 1961 Lylburn Downing High School in Lexington, Virginia during their freshman year of 1957. Lylburn Downing School was an African - American school built in 1927. 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Lylburn Downing School was an African - American school built in 1927. Student Amy Linette Tinsley is identified in the photograph.","The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law.  The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials.  Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.  Permission for publication of this material, in part or in full, must be secured with the Head of Special Collections.","Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","Lylburn Downing School (Lexington, Va.)","Tinsley family","Tinsley, Amy Linette, 1943","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Copy of a photograph of Lylburn Downing High School class of 1961, 1957"],"collection_ssim":["Copy of a photograph of Lylburn Downing High School class of 1961, 1957"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["WLU.COLL.PP.0160","/repositories/5/resources/1075"],"unitid_tesim":["WLU.COLL.PP.0160","/repositories/5/resources/1075"],"repository_ssm":["Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library"],"repository_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Tinsley, Amy Linette, 1943"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","Lylburn Downing School (Lexington, Va.)"],"creator_famname_ssim":["Tinsley family"],"creators_ssim":["Tinsley, Amy Linette, 1943","Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","Lylburn Downing School (Lexington, Va.)","Tinsley family"],"access_terms_ssm":["The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law.  The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials.  Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.  Permission for publication of this material, in part or in full, must be secured with the Head of Special Collections."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American schools"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American schools"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1 Item"],"extent_tesim":["1 Item"],"date_range_isim":[1957],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis item is available for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This item is available for research use."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Copy of a photograph of Lylburn Downing High School class of 1961, WLU Prints and Photographs #0160, James G. 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Permission for publication of this material, in part or in full, must be secured with the Head of Special Collections.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law.  The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials.  Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.  Permission for publication of this material, in part or in full, must be secured with the Head of Special Collections."],"corpname_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","Lylburn Downing School (Lexington, Va.)"],"names_coll_ssim":["Lylburn Downing School (Lexington, Va.)","Tinsley family","Tinsley, Amy Linette, 1943"],"famname_ssim":["Tinsley family"],"persname_ssim":["Tinsley, Amy Linette, 1943"],"names_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","Lylburn Downing School (Lexington, Va.)","Tinsley family","Tinsley, Amy Linette, 1943"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-09-17T13:57:34.152Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1075","ead_ssi":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1075","_root_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1075","_nest_parent_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1075","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WLU/repositories_5_resources_1075.xml","title_ssm":["Copy of a photograph of Lylburn Downing High School class of 1961"],"title_tesim":["Copy of a photograph of Lylburn Downing High School class of 1961"],"unitdate_ssm":["1957"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1957"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1957"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Copy of a photograph of Lylburn Downing High School class of 1961, 1957"],"text":["Copy of a photograph of Lylburn Downing High School class of 1961, 1957","WLU.COLL.PP.0160","/repositories/5/resources/1075","African American schools","This item is available for research use.","A copy of an original photograph of students of the class of 1961 Lylburn Downing High School in Lexington, Virginia during their freshman year of 1957. Lylburn Downing School was an African - American school built in 1927. Student Amy Linette Tinsley is identified in the photograph.","The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law.  The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials.  Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.  Permission for publication of this material, in part or in full, must be secured with the Head of Special Collections.","Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","Lylburn Downing School (Lexington, Va.)","Tinsley family","Tinsley, Amy Linette, 1943","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Copy of a photograph of Lylburn Downing High School class of 1961, 1957"],"collection_ssim":["Copy of a photograph of Lylburn Downing High School class of 1961, 1957"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["WLU.COLL.PP.0160","/repositories/5/resources/1075"],"unitid_tesim":["WLU.COLL.PP.0160","/repositories/5/resources/1075"],"repository_ssm":["Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library"],"repository_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Tinsley, Amy Linette, 1943"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","Lylburn Downing School (Lexington, Va.)"],"creator_famname_ssim":["Tinsley family"],"creators_ssim":["Tinsley, Amy Linette, 1943","Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","Lylburn Downing School (Lexington, Va.)","Tinsley family"],"access_terms_ssm":["The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law.  The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials.  Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.  Permission for publication of this material, in part or in full, must be secured with the Head of Special Collections."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American schools"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American schools"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1 Item"],"extent_tesim":["1 Item"],"date_range_isim":[1957],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis item is available for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This item is available for research use."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Copy of a photograph of Lylburn Downing High School class of 1961, WLU Prints and Photographs #0160, James G. 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Student Amy Linette Tinsley is identified in the photograph.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["A copy of an original photograph of students of the class of 1961 Lylburn Downing High School in Lexington, Virginia during their freshman year of 1957. Lylburn Downing School was an African - American school built in 1927. Student Amy Linette Tinsley is identified in the photograph."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law.  The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials.  Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.  Permission for publication of this material, in part or in full, must be secured with the Head of Special Collections.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law.  The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials.  Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.  Permission for publication of this material, in part or in full, must be secured with the Head of Special Collections."],"corpname_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","Lylburn Downing School (Lexington, Va.)"],"names_coll_ssim":["Lylburn Downing School (Lexington, Va.)","Tinsley family","Tinsley, Amy Linette, 1943"],"famname_ssim":["Tinsley family"],"persname_ssim":["Tinsley, Amy Linette, 1943"],"names_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","Lylburn Downing School (Lexington, Va.)","Tinsley family","Tinsley, Amy Linette, 1943"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-09-17T13:57:34.152Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1075"}},{"id":"vicahi_vicahi00109","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Gayle Schulman Research Papers, 1941-2008","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vicahi_vicahi00109#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Schulman, Gayle M.","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vicahi_vicahi00109#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vicahi_vicahi00109#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vicahi_vicahi00109","ead_ssi":"vicahi_vicahi00109","_root_":"vicahi_vicahi00109","_nest_parent_":"vicahi_vicahi00109","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/albemarle/vicahi00109.xml","title_ssm":["Gayle Schulman Research Papers, 1941-2008"],"title_tesim":["Gayle Schulman Research Papers, 1941-2008"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Gayle Schulman Research Papers, 1941-2008"],"text":["Gayle Schulman Research Papers, 1941-2008","MS 382","Schools--Virginia--Albemarle County","Schools--Virginia--Charlottesville","Education--Virginia--Albemarle County","Education--Virginia--Charlottesville","African American teachers","African American schools","Slave trade--Virginia--Charlottesville",".","The collection is open for research.","This collection is in 14 folders:","Folder 1: Albemarle Place Names and Post Offices","Folder 2: African American Membership in Charlottesville and Albemarle County Baptist Churches, 1852-1857","Folders 3A-3H: Lane High School Student Papers","Folder 3A: Housing project","Folder 3B: Housing Survey","Folder 3C: Water Supply of Charlottesville, 1947","Folder 3D: Survey of Crime in Charlottesville, 1939-1940","Folder 3E: History of Charlottesville","Folder 3F: School Population Conditions","Folder 3G: Study of Juvenile Delinquency, 1944","Folder 3H: Health Survey of Charlottesville","Folder 4: Benson Brothers Slave Auctions","Folder 5: Albemarle and Charlottesville Teachers of African Americans, 1867-1967","Folder 6: Using Personal Property Tax Records to find Enslaved Ancestors in Greene County, Virginia","Folder 7: Research on Albemarle County Colored Schools, 1924-1967","Gayle Schulman is a local historian. 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The map was created by University of Virginia student Jeida Brooks in Spring 2024 for \"Mapping Black Landscapes,\" AMST 3710, a course taught by Dr. Lisa Goff. Brooks researched the Porters community and worked with community members to identify schools, churches, cemeteries, businesses, stores, and recreation sites vital to its African American population. \u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1794#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1794","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1794","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1794","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1794","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1794.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/226378","title_filing_ssi":"Porters Community Map","title_ssm":["Porters Community Map"],"title_tesim":["Porters Community Map"],"unitdate_ssm":["2024"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["2024"],"normalized_date_ssm":["2024"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Porters Community Map, 2024"],"text":["Porters Community Map, 2024","MSS 16910","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1794","African American business enterprises","African American schools","African American churches","Good","This collection is open for research use.","Porters, or \"Porter's Precinct,\" is an unincorporated community located in Albemarle County that is southeast of Esmont, a census-designated place, and along the James River and Virginia State Route 6. The community was first listed as the established place, \"Porters,\" on the Green-Peyton Albemarle County Map of 1875. It retains the name \"Porter's Precinct\" for voting purposes.","Porters has a historically Black population, owing to its original settlement, \"Porter's Precinct,\" which was founded by African American communities in the wake of the American Civil War. The predominantly rural community lies at a lower altitude than the surrounding areas of Albemarle County, namely Esmont, which gave rise to early nicknames like \"The Bottom\" or \"Lower Esmont,\" and in some cases, \"Upper Esmont.\"","Porters and Esmont were established along slate and soapstone quarries, which, along with commercial plantations, made up the majority of the community's economic output. In the early 20th and late 19th centuries, as population increased in the area, businesses, churches, and utilities were established to cater to the growing community along Route 6 (known locally as \"Irish Road\"). These included mechanics, beauticians, building contractors, doctors and nurses, among other professions.","\"Porter's Precinct\" community members established multiple schools. The first school for African Americans in the Esmont area was established in 1874 and classes were taught by a white man named John Lane. Notable among the schools was the B.F. Yancey Elementary School, which opened in 1961 and closed in 2017. It now exists as the Yancey School Community Center, which is known for housing some Piedmont Virginia Community College classes and acting as a polling location for the region. Simpson Park is located across the street from the Yancey School Community Center. These locations at the geographical center of Porters are important markers of the present community.","Benjamin Franklin Yancey (1870-1915) and his wife, Harriet Anna Jackson, worked to develop the \"Educational Board of Esmont\" in 1907, which sought to establish a better school in Esmont by acquiring a contract with Albemarle County, land grants, and teaching licenses for Yancey and his wife. Yancey worked as a teacher at Black Branch School in Esmont, Virginia. \"Esmont Colored School\" opened in 1916 as a result of the Board's efforts.","Resource List","Cumbo-Floyd, Andi, and Friends of Esmont. Esmont, Virginia: A Community Carved from the Earth and Sustained by Story. [Virginia, United States]: [Andilit], [2020].","Find a Grave. \"Benjamin Franklin Yancey.\" Accessed July 2, 2025. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/186710853/benjamin_franklin-yancey.","Find a Grave. \"Daniel Good Van Clief.\" Accessed July 2, 2025. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/13904656/daniel-good-van_clief.","Scottsville Museum. \"Esmont Homes.\" Scottsville Museum. Accessed July 2, 2025. https://scottsvillemuseum.com/esmont/esmonthomes/Esmonthome.html.","Scottsville Museum. \"Esmont School.\" Scottsville Museum. Accessed July 2, 2025. https://scottsvillemuseum.com/esmont/esmontschools/esmontschool.html.","Scottsville Museum. \"Esmont: Home.\" Scottsville Museum. Accessed July 2, 2025. https://scottsvillemuseum.com/esmont/home.html.","Scottsville Museum. \"Nydeire Home.\" Scottsville Museum. Accessed July 2, 2025. https://scottsvillemuseum.com/esmont/esmonthomes/nydriehome.html.","University of Virginia Library. \"#ArchivesBlackEducation: Benjamin Franklin Yancey.\" Small Special Collections Library Blog. Posted February 5, 2021. Accessed July 2, 2025. https://smallnotes.library.virginia.edu/2021/02/05/archivesblackeducation-benjamin-franklin-yancey/.","University of Virginia Library. \"Green Peyton Albemarle County Map (1875).\" UVA Library Geospatial Data Portal. Accessed July 2, 2025. https://data-uvalibrary.opendata.arcgis.com/maps/uvalibrary::green-peyton-albemarle-county-map1875/explore?location=37.845704%2C-78.599981%2C14.00.","U.S. Geological Survey. \"Esmont.\" The National Map, Accessed July 2, 2025. https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1494219.","Virginia House of Delegates. \"Delegate Daniel Good Van Clief.\" House History, Virginia House of Delegates. Accessed July 2, 2025. https://history.house.virginia.gov/members/8922.","This collection contains one printed map of Porters, an unincorporated community in Albemarle County, Virginia, that was founded circa 1875. The map was created by University of Virginia student Jeida Brooks in Spring 2024 for \"Mapping Black Landscapes,\" AMST 3710, a course taught by Dr. Lisa Goff. Brooks researched the Porters community and worked with community members to identify schools, churches, cemeteries, businesses, stores, and recreation sites vital to its African American population.","The map encompasses multiple communities surrounding Porters, including the census-designated place, Esmont, as well as Alberene, Green Mountain, and Chestnut Grove. These extended communities, which include Porters, are often grouped with Esmont for United States Census activities.","Many locations on the map are legacy points, meaning that they were no longer in operation at the time of the map's creation. For instance, B.F. Yancey Elementary School closed in 2017 and now operates as the Yancey School Community Center, though the location is only listed by its former name. Most listed schools, businesses, and some churches are no longer in operation but have been retained on the map for their local historical significance.","Locations on the map that continue to see community use include Simpson Park, The New Hope Baptist Church, Chestnut Grove Baptist Church, the Esmont Post Office, and several cemeteries, among other locations.","This collection contains some in-copyright material. Visit our Permissions and Publishing page (https://www.library.virginia.edu/special-collections/services/publishing) for more information about use of Special Collections materials. The library can provide copyright information upon request, but users are responsible for making their own determination about lawful use of collections materials.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","University of Virginia","B.F. Yancey Elementary School","Yancey School Community Center","The New Hope Baptist Church","Chestnut Grove Baptist Church","Esmont Post Office","Black Branch School","Brooks , Jeida","Jeida Brooks","Dr. Lisa Goff","John Lane","Benjamin Franklin Yancey","Harriet Anna Jackson","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Porters Community Map, 2024"],"collection_ssim":["Porters Community Map, 2024"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16910","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1794"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16910","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1794"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Brooks , Jeida"],"creator_ssim":["Brooks , Jeida"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Brooks , Jeida","Jeida Brooks","Dr. Lisa Goff","John Lane","Benjamin Franklin Yancey","Harriet Anna Jackson"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","University of Virginia","B.F. Yancey Elementary School","Yancey School Community Center","The New Hope Baptist Church","Chestnut Grove Baptist Church","Esmont Post Office","Black Branch School"],"creators_ssim":["Brooks , Jeida","Jeida Brooks","Dr. Lisa Goff","John Lane","Benjamin Franklin Yancey","Harriet Anna Jackson","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","University of Virginia","B.F. Yancey Elementary School","Yancey School Community Center","The New Hope Baptist Church","Chestnut Grove Baptist Church","Esmont Post Office","Black Branch School"],"access_terms_ssm":["This collection contains some in-copyright material. Visit our Permissions and Publishing page (https://www.library.virginia.edu/special-collections/services/publishing) for more information about use of Special Collections materials. The library can provide copyright information upon request, but users are responsible for making their own determination about lawful use of collections materials."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Gift of Lisa Goff, 17 February 2025. Acquired by Krystal Appiah, Curator."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American business enterprises","African American schools","African American churches"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American business enterprises","African American schools","African American churches"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["Good"],"extent_ssm":["0.6 Cubic Feet One flat file folder"],"extent_tesim":["0.6 Cubic Feet One flat file folder"],"date_range_isim":[2024],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research use."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePorters, or \"\u003cgeogname\u003ePorter's Precinct\u003c/geogname\u003e,\" is an unincorporated community located in \u003cgeogname\u003eAlbemarle County\u003c/geogname\u003e that is southeast of \u003cgeogname\u003eEsmont\u003c/geogname\u003e, a census-designated place, and along the James River and Virginia State Route 6. The community was first listed as the established place, \"Porters,\" on the Green-Peyton Albemarle County Map of \u003cdate\u003e1875\u003c/date\u003e. It retains the name \"Porter's Precinct\" for voting purposes.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePorters has a historically Black population, owing to its original settlement, \"Porter's Precinct,\" which was founded by African American communities in the wake of the American Civil War. The predominantly rural community lies at a lower altitude than the surrounding areas of Albemarle County, namely Esmont, which gave rise to early nicknames like \"The Bottom\" or \"Lower Esmont,\" and in some cases, \"Upper Esmont.\" \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePorters and Esmont were established along slate and soapstone quarries, which, along with commercial plantations, made up the majority of the community's economic output. In the early 20th and late 19th centuries, as population increased in the area, businesses, churches, and utilities were established to cater to the growing community along Route 6 (known locally as \"Irish Road\"). These included \u003coccupation\u003emechanics\u003c/occupation\u003e, \u003coccupation\u003ebeauticians\u003c/occupation\u003e, \u003coccupation\u003ebuilding contractors\u003c/occupation\u003e, \u003coccupation\u003edoctors\u003c/occupation\u003e and \u003coccupation\u003enurses\u003c/occupation\u003e, among other professions. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"Porter's Precinct\" community members established multiple schools. The first school for African Americans in the Esmont area was established in \u003cdate\u003e1874\u003c/date\u003e and classes were taught by a white man named \u003cpersname\u003eJohn Lane\u003c/persname\u003e. Notable among the schools was the \u003ccorpname\u003eB.F. Yancey Elementary School\u003c/corpname\u003e, which opened in \u003cdate\u003e1961\u003c/date\u003e and closed in \u003cdate\u003e2017\u003c/date\u003e. It now exists as the \u003ccorpname\u003eYancey School Community Center\u003c/corpname\u003e, which is known for housing some Piedmont Virginia Community College classes and acting as a polling location for the region. \u003cgeogname\u003eSimpson Park\u003c/geogname\u003e is located across the street from the Yancey School Community Center. These locations at the geographical center of Porters are important markers of the present community.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eBenjamin Franklin Yancey\u003c/persname\u003e (1870-1915) and his wife, \u003cpersname\u003eHarriet Anna Jackson\u003c/persname\u003e, worked to develop the \"Educational Board of Esmont\" in \u003cdate\u003e1907\u003c/date\u003e, which sought to establish a better school in Esmont by acquiring a contract with Albemarle County, land grants, and teaching licenses for Yancey and his wife. Yancey worked as a teacher at \u003ccorpname\u003eBlack Branch School\u003c/corpname\u003e in Esmont, Virginia. \"Esmont Colored School\" opened in 1916 as a result of the Board's efforts.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eResource List\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCumbo-Floyd, Andi, and Friends of Esmont. Esmont, Virginia: A Community Carved from the Earth and Sustained by Story. [Virginia, United States]: [Andilit], [2020]. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFind a Grave. \"Benjamin Franklin Yancey.\" Accessed July 2, 2025. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/186710853/benjamin_franklin-yancey. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFind a Grave. \"Daniel Good Van Clief.\" Accessed July 2, 2025. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/13904656/daniel-good-van_clief. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScottsville Museum. \"Esmont Homes.\" Scottsville Museum. Accessed July 2, 2025. https://scottsvillemuseum.com/esmont/esmonthomes/Esmonthome.html. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScottsville Museum. \"Esmont School.\" Scottsville Museum. Accessed July 2, 2025. https://scottsvillemuseum.com/esmont/esmontschools/esmontschool.html. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScottsville Museum. \"Esmont: Home.\" Scottsville Museum. Accessed July 2, 2025. https://scottsvillemuseum.com/esmont/home.html. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScottsville Museum. \"Nydeire Home.\" Scottsville Museum. Accessed July 2, 2025. https://scottsvillemuseum.com/esmont/esmonthomes/nydriehome.html. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUniversity of Virginia Library. \"#ArchivesBlackEducation: Benjamin Franklin Yancey.\" Small Special Collections Library Blog. Posted February 5, 2021. Accessed July 2, 2025. https://smallnotes.library.virginia.edu/2021/02/05/archivesblackeducation-benjamin-franklin-yancey/. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUniversity of Virginia Library. \"Green Peyton Albemarle County Map (1875).\" UVA Library Geospatial Data Portal. Accessed July 2, 2025. https://data-uvalibrary.opendata.arcgis.com/maps/uvalibrary::green-peyton-albemarle-county-map1875/explore?location=37.845704%2C-78.599981%2C14.00. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eU.S. Geological Survey. \"Esmont.\" The National Map, Accessed July 2, 2025. https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1494219. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eVirginia House of Delegates. \"Delegate Daniel Good Van Clief.\" House History, Virginia House of Delegates. Accessed July 2, 2025. https://history.house.virginia.gov/members/8922. \u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Porters, or \"Porter's Precinct,\" is an unincorporated community located in Albemarle County that is southeast of Esmont, a census-designated place, and along the James River and Virginia State Route 6. The community was first listed as the established place, \"Porters,\" on the Green-Peyton Albemarle County Map of 1875. It retains the name \"Porter's Precinct\" for voting purposes.","Porters has a historically Black population, owing to its original settlement, \"Porter's Precinct,\" which was founded by African American communities in the wake of the American Civil War. The predominantly rural community lies at a lower altitude than the surrounding areas of Albemarle County, namely Esmont, which gave rise to early nicknames like \"The Bottom\" or \"Lower Esmont,\" and in some cases, \"Upper Esmont.\"","Porters and Esmont were established along slate and soapstone quarries, which, along with commercial plantations, made up the majority of the community's economic output. In the early 20th and late 19th centuries, as population increased in the area, businesses, churches, and utilities were established to cater to the growing community along Route 6 (known locally as \"Irish Road\"). These included mechanics, beauticians, building contractors, doctors and nurses, among other professions.","\"Porter's Precinct\" community members established multiple schools. The first school for African Americans in the Esmont area was established in 1874 and classes were taught by a white man named John Lane. Notable among the schools was the B.F. Yancey Elementary School, which opened in 1961 and closed in 2017. It now exists as the Yancey School Community Center, which is known for housing some Piedmont Virginia Community College classes and acting as a polling location for the region. Simpson Park is located across the street from the Yancey School Community Center. These locations at the geographical center of Porters are important markers of the present community.","Benjamin Franklin Yancey (1870-1915) and his wife, Harriet Anna Jackson, worked to develop the \"Educational Board of Esmont\" in 1907, which sought to establish a better school in Esmont by acquiring a contract with Albemarle County, land grants, and teaching licenses for Yancey and his wife. Yancey worked as a teacher at Black Branch School in Esmont, Virginia. \"Esmont Colored School\" opened in 1916 as a result of the Board's efforts.","Resource List","Cumbo-Floyd, Andi, and Friends of Esmont. Esmont, Virginia: A Community Carved from the Earth and Sustained by Story. [Virginia, United States]: [Andilit], [2020].","Find a Grave. \"Benjamin Franklin Yancey.\" Accessed July 2, 2025. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/186710853/benjamin_franklin-yancey.","Find a Grave. \"Daniel Good Van Clief.\" Accessed July 2, 2025. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/13904656/daniel-good-van_clief.","Scottsville Museum. \"Esmont Homes.\" Scottsville Museum. Accessed July 2, 2025. https://scottsvillemuseum.com/esmont/esmonthomes/Esmonthome.html.","Scottsville Museum. \"Esmont School.\" Scottsville Museum. Accessed July 2, 2025. https://scottsvillemuseum.com/esmont/esmontschools/esmontschool.html.","Scottsville Museum. \"Esmont: Home.\" Scottsville Museum. Accessed July 2, 2025. https://scottsvillemuseum.com/esmont/home.html.","Scottsville Museum. \"Nydeire Home.\" Scottsville Museum. Accessed July 2, 2025. https://scottsvillemuseum.com/esmont/esmonthomes/nydriehome.html.","University of Virginia Library. \"#ArchivesBlackEducation: Benjamin Franklin Yancey.\" Small Special Collections Library Blog. Posted February 5, 2021. Accessed July 2, 2025. https://smallnotes.library.virginia.edu/2021/02/05/archivesblackeducation-benjamin-franklin-yancey/.","University of Virginia Library. \"Green Peyton Albemarle County Map (1875).\" UVA Library Geospatial Data Portal. Accessed July 2, 2025. https://data-uvalibrary.opendata.arcgis.com/maps/uvalibrary::green-peyton-albemarle-county-map1875/explore?location=37.845704%2C-78.599981%2C14.00.","U.S. Geological Survey. \"Esmont.\" The National Map, Accessed July 2, 2025. https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1494219.","Virginia House of Delegates. \"Delegate Daniel Good Van Clief.\" House History, Virginia House of Delegates. Accessed July 2, 2025. https://history.house.virginia.gov/members/8922."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16910, Porters Community Map, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16910, Porters Community Map, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains one printed map of \u003cgeogname\u003ePorters\u003c/geogname\u003e, an unincorporated community in \u003cgeogname\u003eAlbemarle County, Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003e, that was founded circa \u003cdate\u003e1875\u003c/date\u003e. The map was created by \u003ccorpname\u003eUniversity of Virginia\u003c/corpname\u003e student \u003cpersname\u003eJeida Brooks\u003c/persname\u003e in Spring \u003cdate\u003e2024\u003c/date\u003e for \"Mapping Black Landscapes,\" AMST 3710, a course taught by \u003cpersname\u003eDr. Lisa Goff\u003c/persname\u003e. Brooks researched the Porters community and worked with community members to identify schools, churches, cemeteries, businesses, stores, and recreation sites vital to its African American population. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe map encompasses multiple communities surrounding Porters, including the census-designated place, \u003cgeogname\u003eEsmont\u003c/geogname\u003e, as well as \u003cgeogname\u003eAlberene\u003c/geogname\u003e, \u003cgeogname\u003eGreen Mountain\u003c/geogname\u003e, and \u003cgeogname\u003eChestnut Grove\u003c/geogname\u003e. These extended communities, which include Porters, are often grouped with Esmont for United States Census activities.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMany locations on the map are legacy points, meaning that they were no longer in operation at the time of the map's creation. For instance, \u003ccorpname\u003eB.F. Yancey Elementary School\u003c/corpname\u003e closed in \u003cdate\u003e2017\u003c/date\u003e and now operates as the \u003ccorpname\u003eYancey School Community Center\u003c/corpname\u003e, though the location is only listed by its former name. Most listed schools, businesses, and some churches are no longer in operation but have been retained on the map for their local historical significance. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLocations on the map that continue to see community use include \u003cgeogname\u003eSimpson Park\u003c/geogname\u003e, \u003ccorpname\u003eThe New Hope Baptist Church\u003c/corpname\u003e, \u003ccorpname\u003eChestnut Grove Baptist Church\u003c/corpname\u003e, the \u003ccorpname\u003eEsmont Post Office\u003c/corpname\u003e, and several cemeteries, among other locations.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains one printed map of Porters, an unincorporated community in Albemarle County, Virginia, that was founded circa 1875. The map was created by University of Virginia student Jeida Brooks in Spring 2024 for \"Mapping Black Landscapes,\" AMST 3710, a course taught by Dr. Lisa Goff. Brooks researched the Porters community and worked with community members to identify schools, churches, cemeteries, businesses, stores, and recreation sites vital to its African American population.","The map encompasses multiple communities surrounding Porters, including the census-designated place, Esmont, as well as Alberene, Green Mountain, and Chestnut Grove. These extended communities, which include Porters, are often grouped with Esmont for United States Census activities.","Many locations on the map are legacy points, meaning that they were no longer in operation at the time of the map's creation. For instance, B.F. Yancey Elementary School closed in 2017 and now operates as the Yancey School Community Center, though the location is only listed by its former name. Most listed schools, businesses, and some churches are no longer in operation but have been retained on the map for their local historical significance.","Locations on the map that continue to see community use include Simpson Park, The New Hope Baptist Church, Chestnut Grove Baptist Church, the Esmont Post Office, and several cemeteries, among other locations."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains some in-copyright material. Visit our Permissions and Publishing page (https://www.library.virginia.edu/special-collections/services/publishing) for more information about use of Special Collections materials. The library can provide copyright information upon request, but users are responsible for making their own determination about lawful use of collections materials.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["This collection contains some in-copyright material. Visit our Permissions and Publishing page (https://www.library.virginia.edu/special-collections/services/publishing) for more information about use of Special Collections materials. The library can provide copyright information upon request, but users are responsible for making their own determination about lawful use of collections materials."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","University of Virginia","B.F. Yancey Elementary School","Yancey School Community Center","The New Hope Baptist Church","Chestnut Grove Baptist Church","Esmont Post Office","Black Branch School"],"persname_ssim":["Brooks , Jeida","Jeida Brooks","Dr. Lisa Goff","John Lane","Benjamin Franklin Yancey","Harriet Anna Jackson"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","University of Virginia","B.F. Yancey Elementary School","Yancey School Community Center","The New Hope Baptist Church","Chestnut Grove Baptist Church","Esmont Post Office","Black Branch School","Brooks , Jeida","Jeida Brooks","Dr. Lisa Goff","John Lane","Benjamin Franklin Yancey","Harriet Anna Jackson"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:53:44.527Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1794","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1794","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1794","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1794","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1794.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/226378","title_filing_ssi":"Porters Community Map","title_ssm":["Porters Community Map"],"title_tesim":["Porters Community Map"],"unitdate_ssm":["2024"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["2024"],"normalized_date_ssm":["2024"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Porters Community Map, 2024"],"text":["Porters Community Map, 2024","MSS 16910","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1794","African American business enterprises","African American schools","African American churches","Good","This collection is open for research use.","Porters, or \"Porter's Precinct,\" is an unincorporated community located in Albemarle County that is southeast of Esmont, a census-designated place, and along the James River and Virginia State Route 6. The community was first listed as the established place, \"Porters,\" on the Green-Peyton Albemarle County Map of 1875. It retains the name \"Porter's Precinct\" for voting purposes.","Porters has a historically Black population, owing to its original settlement, \"Porter's Precinct,\" which was founded by African American communities in the wake of the American Civil War. The predominantly rural community lies at a lower altitude than the surrounding areas of Albemarle County, namely Esmont, which gave rise to early nicknames like \"The Bottom\" or \"Lower Esmont,\" and in some cases, \"Upper Esmont.\"","Porters and Esmont were established along slate and soapstone quarries, which, along with commercial plantations, made up the majority of the community's economic output. In the early 20th and late 19th centuries, as population increased in the area, businesses, churches, and utilities were established to cater to the growing community along Route 6 (known locally as \"Irish Road\"). These included mechanics, beauticians, building contractors, doctors and nurses, among other professions.","\"Porter's Precinct\" community members established multiple schools. The first school for African Americans in the Esmont area was established in 1874 and classes were taught by a white man named John Lane. Notable among the schools was the B.F. Yancey Elementary School, which opened in 1961 and closed in 2017. It now exists as the Yancey School Community Center, which is known for housing some Piedmont Virginia Community College classes and acting as a polling location for the region. Simpson Park is located across the street from the Yancey School Community Center. These locations at the geographical center of Porters are important markers of the present community.","Benjamin Franklin Yancey (1870-1915) and his wife, Harriet Anna Jackson, worked to develop the \"Educational Board of Esmont\" in 1907, which sought to establish a better school in Esmont by acquiring a contract with Albemarle County, land grants, and teaching licenses for Yancey and his wife. Yancey worked as a teacher at Black Branch School in Esmont, Virginia. \"Esmont Colored School\" opened in 1916 as a result of the Board's efforts.","Resource List","Cumbo-Floyd, Andi, and Friends of Esmont. Esmont, Virginia: A Community Carved from the Earth and Sustained by Story. [Virginia, United States]: [Andilit], [2020].","Find a Grave. \"Benjamin Franklin Yancey.\" Accessed July 2, 2025. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/186710853/benjamin_franklin-yancey.","Find a Grave. \"Daniel Good Van Clief.\" Accessed July 2, 2025. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/13904656/daniel-good-van_clief.","Scottsville Museum. \"Esmont Homes.\" Scottsville Museum. Accessed July 2, 2025. https://scottsvillemuseum.com/esmont/esmonthomes/Esmonthome.html.","Scottsville Museum. \"Esmont School.\" Scottsville Museum. Accessed July 2, 2025. https://scottsvillemuseum.com/esmont/esmontschools/esmontschool.html.","Scottsville Museum. \"Esmont: Home.\" Scottsville Museum. Accessed July 2, 2025. https://scottsvillemuseum.com/esmont/home.html.","Scottsville Museum. \"Nydeire Home.\" Scottsville Museum. Accessed July 2, 2025. https://scottsvillemuseum.com/esmont/esmonthomes/nydriehome.html.","University of Virginia Library. \"#ArchivesBlackEducation: Benjamin Franklin Yancey.\" Small Special Collections Library Blog. Posted February 5, 2021. Accessed July 2, 2025. https://smallnotes.library.virginia.edu/2021/02/05/archivesblackeducation-benjamin-franklin-yancey/.","University of Virginia Library. \"Green Peyton Albemarle County Map (1875).\" UVA Library Geospatial Data Portal. Accessed July 2, 2025. https://data-uvalibrary.opendata.arcgis.com/maps/uvalibrary::green-peyton-albemarle-county-map1875/explore?location=37.845704%2C-78.599981%2C14.00.","U.S. Geological Survey. \"Esmont.\" The National Map, Accessed July 2, 2025. https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1494219.","Virginia House of Delegates. \"Delegate Daniel Good Van Clief.\" House History, Virginia House of Delegates. Accessed July 2, 2025. https://history.house.virginia.gov/members/8922.","This collection contains one printed map of Porters, an unincorporated community in Albemarle County, Virginia, that was founded circa 1875. The map was created by University of Virginia student Jeida Brooks in Spring 2024 for \"Mapping Black Landscapes,\" AMST 3710, a course taught by Dr. Lisa Goff. Brooks researched the Porters community and worked with community members to identify schools, churches, cemeteries, businesses, stores, and recreation sites vital to its African American population.","The map encompasses multiple communities surrounding Porters, including the census-designated place, Esmont, as well as Alberene, Green Mountain, and Chestnut Grove. These extended communities, which include Porters, are often grouped with Esmont for United States Census activities.","Many locations on the map are legacy points, meaning that they were no longer in operation at the time of the map's creation. For instance, B.F. Yancey Elementary School closed in 2017 and now operates as the Yancey School Community Center, though the location is only listed by its former name. Most listed schools, businesses, and some churches are no longer in operation but have been retained on the map for their local historical significance.","Locations on the map that continue to see community use include Simpson Park, The New Hope Baptist Church, Chestnut Grove Baptist Church, the Esmont Post Office, and several cemeteries, among other locations.","This collection contains some in-copyright material. Visit our Permissions and Publishing page (https://www.library.virginia.edu/special-collections/services/publishing) for more information about use of Special Collections materials. The library can provide copyright information upon request, but users are responsible for making their own determination about lawful use of collections materials.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","University of Virginia","B.F. Yancey Elementary School","Yancey School Community Center","The New Hope Baptist Church","Chestnut Grove Baptist Church","Esmont Post Office","Black Branch School","Brooks , Jeida","Jeida Brooks","Dr. Lisa Goff","John Lane","Benjamin Franklin Yancey","Harriet Anna Jackson","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Porters Community Map, 2024"],"collection_ssim":["Porters Community Map, 2024"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16910","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1794"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16910","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1794"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Brooks , Jeida"],"creator_ssim":["Brooks , Jeida"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Brooks , Jeida","Jeida Brooks","Dr. Lisa Goff","John Lane","Benjamin Franklin Yancey","Harriet Anna Jackson"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","University of Virginia","B.F. Yancey Elementary School","Yancey School Community Center","The New Hope Baptist Church","Chestnut Grove Baptist Church","Esmont Post Office","Black Branch School"],"creators_ssim":["Brooks , Jeida","Jeida Brooks","Dr. Lisa Goff","John Lane","Benjamin Franklin Yancey","Harriet Anna Jackson","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","University of Virginia","B.F. Yancey Elementary School","Yancey School Community Center","The New Hope Baptist Church","Chestnut Grove Baptist Church","Esmont Post Office","Black Branch School"],"access_terms_ssm":["This collection contains some in-copyright material. Visit our Permissions and Publishing page (https://www.library.virginia.edu/special-collections/services/publishing) for more information about use of Special Collections materials. The library can provide copyright information upon request, but users are responsible for making their own determination about lawful use of collections materials."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Gift of Lisa Goff, 17 February 2025. Acquired by Krystal Appiah, Curator."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American business enterprises","African American schools","African American churches"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American business enterprises","African American schools","African American churches"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["Good"],"extent_ssm":["0.6 Cubic Feet One flat file folder"],"extent_tesim":["0.6 Cubic Feet One flat file folder"],"date_range_isim":[2024],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research use."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePorters, or \"\u003cgeogname\u003ePorter's Precinct\u003c/geogname\u003e,\" is an unincorporated community located in \u003cgeogname\u003eAlbemarle County\u003c/geogname\u003e that is southeast of \u003cgeogname\u003eEsmont\u003c/geogname\u003e, a census-designated place, and along the James River and Virginia State Route 6. The community was first listed as the established place, \"Porters,\" on the Green-Peyton Albemarle County Map of \u003cdate\u003e1875\u003c/date\u003e. It retains the name \"Porter's Precinct\" for voting purposes.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePorters has a historically Black population, owing to its original settlement, \"Porter's Precinct,\" which was founded by African American communities in the wake of the American Civil War. The predominantly rural community lies at a lower altitude than the surrounding areas of Albemarle County, namely Esmont, which gave rise to early nicknames like \"The Bottom\" or \"Lower Esmont,\" and in some cases, \"Upper Esmont.\" \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePorters and Esmont were established along slate and soapstone quarries, which, along with commercial plantations, made up the majority of the community's economic output. In the early 20th and late 19th centuries, as population increased in the area, businesses, churches, and utilities were established to cater to the growing community along Route 6 (known locally as \"Irish Road\"). These included \u003coccupation\u003emechanics\u003c/occupation\u003e, \u003coccupation\u003ebeauticians\u003c/occupation\u003e, \u003coccupation\u003ebuilding contractors\u003c/occupation\u003e, \u003coccupation\u003edoctors\u003c/occupation\u003e and \u003coccupation\u003enurses\u003c/occupation\u003e, among other professions. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"Porter's Precinct\" community members established multiple schools. The first school for African Americans in the Esmont area was established in \u003cdate\u003e1874\u003c/date\u003e and classes were taught by a white man named \u003cpersname\u003eJohn Lane\u003c/persname\u003e. Notable among the schools was the \u003ccorpname\u003eB.F. Yancey Elementary School\u003c/corpname\u003e, which opened in \u003cdate\u003e1961\u003c/date\u003e and closed in \u003cdate\u003e2017\u003c/date\u003e. It now exists as the \u003ccorpname\u003eYancey School Community Center\u003c/corpname\u003e, which is known for housing some Piedmont Virginia Community College classes and acting as a polling location for the region. \u003cgeogname\u003eSimpson Park\u003c/geogname\u003e is located across the street from the Yancey School Community Center. These locations at the geographical center of Porters are important markers of the present community.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eBenjamin Franklin Yancey\u003c/persname\u003e (1870-1915) and his wife, \u003cpersname\u003eHarriet Anna Jackson\u003c/persname\u003e, worked to develop the \"Educational Board of Esmont\" in \u003cdate\u003e1907\u003c/date\u003e, which sought to establish a better school in Esmont by acquiring a contract with Albemarle County, land grants, and teaching licenses for Yancey and his wife. Yancey worked as a teacher at \u003ccorpname\u003eBlack Branch School\u003c/corpname\u003e in Esmont, Virginia. \"Esmont Colored School\" opened in 1916 as a result of the Board's efforts.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eResource List\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCumbo-Floyd, Andi, and Friends of Esmont. Esmont, Virginia: A Community Carved from the Earth and Sustained by Story. [Virginia, United States]: [Andilit], [2020]. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFind a Grave. \"Benjamin Franklin Yancey.\" Accessed July 2, 2025. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/186710853/benjamin_franklin-yancey. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFind a Grave. \"Daniel Good Van Clief.\" Accessed July 2, 2025. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/13904656/daniel-good-van_clief. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScottsville Museum. \"Esmont Homes.\" Scottsville Museum. Accessed July 2, 2025. https://scottsvillemuseum.com/esmont/esmonthomes/Esmonthome.html. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScottsville Museum. \"Esmont School.\" Scottsville Museum. Accessed July 2, 2025. https://scottsvillemuseum.com/esmont/esmontschools/esmontschool.html. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScottsville Museum. \"Esmont: Home.\" Scottsville Museum. Accessed July 2, 2025. https://scottsvillemuseum.com/esmont/home.html. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScottsville Museum. \"Nydeire Home.\" Scottsville Museum. Accessed July 2, 2025. https://scottsvillemuseum.com/esmont/esmonthomes/nydriehome.html. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUniversity of Virginia Library. \"#ArchivesBlackEducation: Benjamin Franklin Yancey.\" Small Special Collections Library Blog. Posted February 5, 2021. Accessed July 2, 2025. https://smallnotes.library.virginia.edu/2021/02/05/archivesblackeducation-benjamin-franklin-yancey/. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUniversity of Virginia Library. \"Green Peyton Albemarle County Map (1875).\" UVA Library Geospatial Data Portal. Accessed July 2, 2025. https://data-uvalibrary.opendata.arcgis.com/maps/uvalibrary::green-peyton-albemarle-county-map1875/explore?location=37.845704%2C-78.599981%2C14.00. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eU.S. Geological Survey. \"Esmont.\" The National Map, Accessed July 2, 2025. https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1494219. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eVirginia House of Delegates. \"Delegate Daniel Good Van Clief.\" House History, Virginia House of Delegates. Accessed July 2, 2025. https://history.house.virginia.gov/members/8922. \u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Porters, or \"Porter's Precinct,\" is an unincorporated community located in Albemarle County that is southeast of Esmont, a census-designated place, and along the James River and Virginia State Route 6. The community was first listed as the established place, \"Porters,\" on the Green-Peyton Albemarle County Map of 1875. It retains the name \"Porter's Precinct\" for voting purposes.","Porters has a historically Black population, owing to its original settlement, \"Porter's Precinct,\" which was founded by African American communities in the wake of the American Civil War. The predominantly rural community lies at a lower altitude than the surrounding areas of Albemarle County, namely Esmont, which gave rise to early nicknames like \"The Bottom\" or \"Lower Esmont,\" and in some cases, \"Upper Esmont.\"","Porters and Esmont were established along slate and soapstone quarries, which, along with commercial plantations, made up the majority of the community's economic output. In the early 20th and late 19th centuries, as population increased in the area, businesses, churches, and utilities were established to cater to the growing community along Route 6 (known locally as \"Irish Road\"). These included mechanics, beauticians, building contractors, doctors and nurses, among other professions.","\"Porter's Precinct\" community members established multiple schools. The first school for African Americans in the Esmont area was established in 1874 and classes were taught by a white man named John Lane. Notable among the schools was the B.F. Yancey Elementary School, which opened in 1961 and closed in 2017. It now exists as the Yancey School Community Center, which is known for housing some Piedmont Virginia Community College classes and acting as a polling location for the region. Simpson Park is located across the street from the Yancey School Community Center. These locations at the geographical center of Porters are important markers of the present community.","Benjamin Franklin Yancey (1870-1915) and his wife, Harriet Anna Jackson, worked to develop the \"Educational Board of Esmont\" in 1907, which sought to establish a better school in Esmont by acquiring a contract with Albemarle County, land grants, and teaching licenses for Yancey and his wife. Yancey worked as a teacher at Black Branch School in Esmont, Virginia. \"Esmont Colored School\" opened in 1916 as a result of the Board's efforts.","Resource List","Cumbo-Floyd, Andi, and Friends of Esmont. Esmont, Virginia: A Community Carved from the Earth and Sustained by Story. [Virginia, United States]: [Andilit], [2020].","Find a Grave. \"Benjamin Franklin Yancey.\" Accessed July 2, 2025. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/186710853/benjamin_franklin-yancey.","Find a Grave. \"Daniel Good Van Clief.\" Accessed July 2, 2025. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/13904656/daniel-good-van_clief.","Scottsville Museum. \"Esmont Homes.\" Scottsville Museum. Accessed July 2, 2025. https://scottsvillemuseum.com/esmont/esmonthomes/Esmonthome.html.","Scottsville Museum. \"Esmont School.\" Scottsville Museum. Accessed July 2, 2025. https://scottsvillemuseum.com/esmont/esmontschools/esmontschool.html.","Scottsville Museum. \"Esmont: Home.\" Scottsville Museum. Accessed July 2, 2025. https://scottsvillemuseum.com/esmont/home.html.","Scottsville Museum. \"Nydeire Home.\" Scottsville Museum. Accessed July 2, 2025. https://scottsvillemuseum.com/esmont/esmonthomes/nydriehome.html.","University of Virginia Library. \"#ArchivesBlackEducation: Benjamin Franklin Yancey.\" Small Special Collections Library Blog. Posted February 5, 2021. Accessed July 2, 2025. https://smallnotes.library.virginia.edu/2021/02/05/archivesblackeducation-benjamin-franklin-yancey/.","University of Virginia Library. \"Green Peyton Albemarle County Map (1875).\" UVA Library Geospatial Data Portal. Accessed July 2, 2025. https://data-uvalibrary.opendata.arcgis.com/maps/uvalibrary::green-peyton-albemarle-county-map1875/explore?location=37.845704%2C-78.599981%2C14.00.","U.S. Geological Survey. \"Esmont.\" The National Map, Accessed July 2, 2025. https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1494219.","Virginia House of Delegates. \"Delegate Daniel Good Van Clief.\" House History, Virginia House of Delegates. Accessed July 2, 2025. https://history.house.virginia.gov/members/8922."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16910, Porters Community Map, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16910, Porters Community Map, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains one printed map of \u003cgeogname\u003ePorters\u003c/geogname\u003e, an unincorporated community in \u003cgeogname\u003eAlbemarle County, Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003e, that was founded circa \u003cdate\u003e1875\u003c/date\u003e. The map was created by \u003ccorpname\u003eUniversity of Virginia\u003c/corpname\u003e student \u003cpersname\u003eJeida Brooks\u003c/persname\u003e in Spring \u003cdate\u003e2024\u003c/date\u003e for \"Mapping Black Landscapes,\" AMST 3710, a course taught by \u003cpersname\u003eDr. Lisa Goff\u003c/persname\u003e. Brooks researched the Porters community and worked with community members to identify schools, churches, cemeteries, businesses, stores, and recreation sites vital to its African American population. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe map encompasses multiple communities surrounding Porters, including the census-designated place, \u003cgeogname\u003eEsmont\u003c/geogname\u003e, as well as \u003cgeogname\u003eAlberene\u003c/geogname\u003e, \u003cgeogname\u003eGreen Mountain\u003c/geogname\u003e, and \u003cgeogname\u003eChestnut Grove\u003c/geogname\u003e. These extended communities, which include Porters, are often grouped with Esmont for United States Census activities.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMany locations on the map are legacy points, meaning that they were no longer in operation at the time of the map's creation. For instance, \u003ccorpname\u003eB.F. Yancey Elementary School\u003c/corpname\u003e closed in \u003cdate\u003e2017\u003c/date\u003e and now operates as the \u003ccorpname\u003eYancey School Community Center\u003c/corpname\u003e, though the location is only listed by its former name. Most listed schools, businesses, and some churches are no longer in operation but have been retained on the map for their local historical significance. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLocations on the map that continue to see community use include \u003cgeogname\u003eSimpson Park\u003c/geogname\u003e, \u003ccorpname\u003eThe New Hope Baptist Church\u003c/corpname\u003e, \u003ccorpname\u003eChestnut Grove Baptist Church\u003c/corpname\u003e, the \u003ccorpname\u003eEsmont Post Office\u003c/corpname\u003e, and several cemeteries, among other locations.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains one printed map of Porters, an unincorporated community in Albemarle County, Virginia, that was founded circa 1875. The map was created by University of Virginia student Jeida Brooks in Spring 2024 for \"Mapping Black Landscapes,\" AMST 3710, a course taught by Dr. Lisa Goff. Brooks researched the Porters community and worked with community members to identify schools, churches, cemeteries, businesses, stores, and recreation sites vital to its African American population.","The map encompasses multiple communities surrounding Porters, including the census-designated place, Esmont, as well as Alberene, Green Mountain, and Chestnut Grove. These extended communities, which include Porters, are often grouped with Esmont for United States Census activities.","Many locations on the map are legacy points, meaning that they were no longer in operation at the time of the map's creation. For instance, B.F. Yancey Elementary School closed in 2017 and now operates as the Yancey School Community Center, though the location is only listed by its former name. Most listed schools, businesses, and some churches are no longer in operation but have been retained on the map for their local historical significance.","Locations on the map that continue to see community use include Simpson Park, The New Hope Baptist Church, Chestnut Grove Baptist Church, the Esmont Post Office, and several cemeteries, among other locations."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains some in-copyright material. Visit our Permissions and Publishing page (https://www.library.virginia.edu/special-collections/services/publishing) for more information about use of Special Collections materials. The library can provide copyright information upon request, but users are responsible for making their own determination about lawful use of collections materials.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["This collection contains some in-copyright material. Visit our Permissions and Publishing page (https://www.library.virginia.edu/special-collections/services/publishing) for more information about use of Special Collections materials. The library can provide copyright information upon request, but users are responsible for making their own determination about lawful use of collections materials."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","University of Virginia","B.F. Yancey Elementary School","Yancey School Community Center","The New Hope Baptist Church","Chestnut Grove Baptist Church","Esmont Post Office","Black Branch School"],"persname_ssim":["Brooks , Jeida","Jeida Brooks","Dr. Lisa Goff","John Lane","Benjamin Franklin Yancey","Harriet Anna Jackson"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","University of Virginia","B.F. Yancey Elementary School","Yancey School Community Center","The New Hope Baptist Church","Chestnut Grove Baptist Church","Esmont Post Office","Black Branch School","Brooks , Jeida","Jeida Brooks","Dr. Lisa Goff","John Lane","Benjamin Franklin Yancey","Harriet Anna Jackson"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:53:44.527Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1794"}},{"id":"viar_ViAr00373","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Records of Hoffman-Boston High School, 1948-2001","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viar_ViAr00373#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Pinkard, Ophelia Taylor (1917-2011)","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viar_ViAr00373#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eRG 373 contains a mix of textual and visual materials that were originally compiled into a binder (or notebook) by Ophelia Taylor Pinkard, a former teacher at Hoffman Boston High School. For archival purposes the binder is considered a scrapbook and is treated as such. \u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viar_ViAr00373#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viar_ViAr00373","ead_ssi":"viar_ViAr00373","_root_":"viar_ViAr00373","_nest_parent_":"viar_ViAr00373","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/arlington/ViAr00373.xml","title_ssm":["Records of Hoffman-Boston High School, 1948-2001"],"title_tesim":["Records of Hoffman-Boston High School, 1948-2001"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Records of Hoffman-Boston High School, 1948-2001"],"text":["Records of Hoffman-Boston High School, 1948-2001","RG 373","African American schools","African Americans -- Segregation.","Segregation in education.","African Americans -- Virginia","African Americans -- Education -- History.","African Americans -- Education (Secondary)","African Americans -- Education -- Southern States.",".","The collection is open for research.","RG 373 is arranged according to the original organization of the scrapbook (binder). There are four series which correspond directly to the four sections in the binder. Similarly, each folder in the collection matches up with each page of the scrapbook.","There are photographs interspersed with the textual materials throughout the collection. The photographs, for preservation reasons, have been photocopied onto acid-free paper. The originals have been removed and filed together in one folder at the end of the collection, in a separate series.","There are also several files that consist entirely of oversized materials. These folders are filed with other oversized materials from RG 7, Arlington County Public Schools. Separation sheets have been placed with removed materials. Please see Box List for more information.","The history of Hoffman-Boston High School is, in some ways, a reflection of the larger happenings in America during the Jim Crow and later Civil Rights eras.","In the immediate years after the Civil War, a short-term refuge for freed slaves known as Freedman's Village was established in Arlington County. Since there was no school within the County for the children of freed slaves to attend, it fell to the inhabitants of Freedman's Village to educate them. Schooling originally took place in various homes within the Village, but as the population grew, the need for a separate school building arose.","Hoffman Boston School was built in 1916 by Noble Thomas, the first African-American to construct a public building in Virginia. Originally known as the Jefferson School, it was later renamed Hoffman-Boston after Edward C. Hoffman, the school's first principal, and Ella Boston, principal of Kemper Elementary School, which was another school serving Arlington County's Black community. In its early years, the school educated students from grades 1 through 8.","In 1930, Arlington County, in response to an increasing population, opened up its first high school, but its enrollment was limited to white children only. African-American students had no such opportunity until years later when, in 1942, a group of high school seniors became the first graduating class at Hoffman-Boston.","As the Civil Rights movement swept the county, the changing tide from a racially divided society to a more inclusive one began to take affect in Arlington County. In response to the 1954 Supreme Court decision in Brown vs. Board of Education against segregated public schools, the Arlington County School Board decided in 1956 that the County would comply with the ruling. The plan would be for integration to take place over the course of three years. As a result, the School Board later decided to close Hoffman-Boston High School as many of its students (and teachers) were transferred to other area schools, such as Yorktown and Wakefield. The 1964 graduating class became Hoffman-Boston's last.","Over the years reunions have brought alumni and former teachers back together again. These gatherings have served as a way to celebrate a school that, despite all odds, dedicated itself to educating the African-American residents of Arlington County.","Material on Arlington Public Schools in general can be found in RG 7, Arlington Public Schools, and regarding school desegregation in RG 69, Arlington County Public Schools: Desegregation Materials. RG 307, George Richardson Papers, contains material from Hoffman-Boston's last principal. For more on Arlington's Black community, please see RG 11, Papers of Edmond C. Fleet, RG 103, Freedman's Village and Reconstruction Collection, RG 164, Personal Papers of Robert C. Branch, RG 196, Syphax Family Collection, and RG 349, Dorothea Hamm Personal Papers.","RG 373 contains a mix of textual and visual materials that were originally compiled into a binder (or notebook) by Ophelia Taylor Pinkard, a former teacher at Hoffman Boston High School. For archival purposes the binder is considered a scrapbook and is treated as such.","The textual materials consist of programs from events such as graduations, theatrical productions, memorials, news clippings, correspondence, a newsletter, conference notes and a copy of a code of ethics. There is a significant amount of material related to reunions of Hoffman-Boston students and teachers. The visual materials consist of photographs, both in black and white and in color, and range in size from 3x5 to 8x10. This collection is 1.55 linear feet and covers the years from 1948 to 2001.","There are no restrictions.","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Records of Hoffman-Boston High School, 1948-2001"],"collection_ssim":["Records of Hoffman-Boston High School, 1948-2001"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["RG 373"],"unitid_tesim":["RG 373"],"repository_ssm":["Arlington Public Library"],"repository_ssim":["Arlington Public Library"],"creator_ssm":["Pinkard, Ophelia Taylor (1917-2011)"],"creator_ssim":["Pinkard, Ophelia Taylor (1917-2011)"],"access_terms_ssm":["There are no restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Gift of Ophelia Taylor Pinkard, December 2001."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American schools","African Americans -- Segregation.","Segregation in education.","African Americans -- Virginia","African Americans -- Education -- History.","African Americans -- Education (Secondary)","African Americans -- Education -- Southern States."],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American schools","African Americans -- Segregation.","Segregation in education.","African Americans -- Virginia","African Americans -- Education -- History.","African Americans -- Education (Secondary)","African Americans -- Education -- Southern States."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["."],"extent_ssm":["1 box"],"extent_tesim":["1 box"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e The collection is open for research.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRG 373 is arranged according to the original organization of the scrapbook (binder). There are four series which correspond directly to the four sections in the binder. Similarly, each folder in the collection matches up with each page of the scrapbook.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThere are photographs interspersed with the textual materials throughout the collection. The photographs, for preservation reasons, have been photocopied onto acid-free paper. The originals have been removed and filed together in one folder at the end of the collection, in a separate series.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThere are also several files that consist entirely of oversized materials. These folders are filed with other oversized materials from RG 7, Arlington County Public Schools. Separation sheets have been placed with removed materials. Please see Box List for more information.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["RG 373 is arranged according to the original organization of the scrapbook (binder). There are four series which correspond directly to the four sections in the binder. Similarly, each folder in the collection matches up with each page of the scrapbook.","There are photographs interspersed with the textual materials throughout the collection. The photographs, for preservation reasons, have been photocopied onto acid-free paper. The originals have been removed and filed together in one folder at the end of the collection, in a separate series.","There are also several files that consist entirely of oversized materials. These folders are filed with other oversized materials from RG 7, Arlington County Public Schools. Separation sheets have been placed with removed materials. Please see Box List for more information."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe history of Hoffman-Boston High School is, in some ways, a reflection of the larger happenings in America during the Jim Crow and later Civil Rights eras.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn the immediate years after the Civil War, a short-term refuge for freed slaves known as Freedman's Village was established in Arlington County. Since there was no school within the County for the children of freed slaves to attend, it fell to the inhabitants of Freedman's Village to educate them. Schooling originally took place in various homes within the Village, but as the population grew, the need for a separate school building arose.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHoffman Boston School was built in 1916 by Noble Thomas, the first African-American to construct a public building in Virginia. Originally known as the Jefferson School, it was later renamed Hoffman-Boston after Edward C. Hoffman, the school's first principal, and Ella Boston, principal of Kemper Elementary School, which was another school serving Arlington County's Black community. In its early years, the school educated students from grades 1 through 8. \n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1930, Arlington County, in response to an increasing population, opened up its first high school, but its enrollment was limited to white children only. African-American students had no such opportunity until years later when, in 1942, a group of high school seniors became the first graduating class at Hoffman-Boston.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAs the Civil Rights movement swept the county, the changing tide from a racially divided society to a more inclusive one began to take affect in Arlington County. In response to the 1954 Supreme Court decision in Brown vs. Board of Education against segregated public schools, the Arlington County School Board decided in 1956 that the County would comply with the ruling. The plan would be for integration to take place over the course of three years. As a result, the School Board later decided to close Hoffman-Boston High School as many of its students (and teachers) were transferred to other area schools, such as Yorktown and Wakefield. The 1964 graduating class became Hoffman-Boston's last.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOver the years reunions have brought alumni and former teachers back together again. These gatherings have served as a way to celebrate a school that, despite all odds, dedicated itself to educating the African-American residents of Arlington County.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["The history of Hoffman-Boston High School is, in some ways, a reflection of the larger happenings in America during the Jim Crow and later Civil Rights eras.","In the immediate years after the Civil War, a short-term refuge for freed slaves known as Freedman's Village was established in Arlington County. Since there was no school within the County for the children of freed slaves to attend, it fell to the inhabitants of Freedman's Village to educate them. Schooling originally took place in various homes within the Village, but as the population grew, the need for a separate school building arose.","Hoffman Boston School was built in 1916 by Noble Thomas, the first African-American to construct a public building in Virginia. Originally known as the Jefferson School, it was later renamed Hoffman-Boston after Edward C. Hoffman, the school's first principal, and Ella Boston, principal of Kemper Elementary School, which was another school serving Arlington County's Black community. In its early years, the school educated students from grades 1 through 8.","In 1930, Arlington County, in response to an increasing population, opened up its first high school, but its enrollment was limited to white children only. African-American students had no such opportunity until years later when, in 1942, a group of high school seniors became the first graduating class at Hoffman-Boston.","As the Civil Rights movement swept the county, the changing tide from a racially divided society to a more inclusive one began to take affect in Arlington County. In response to the 1954 Supreme Court decision in Brown vs. Board of Education against segregated public schools, the Arlington County School Board decided in 1956 that the County would comply with the ruling. The plan would be for integration to take place over the course of three years. As a result, the School Board later decided to close Hoffman-Boston High School as many of its students (and teachers) were transferred to other area schools, such as Yorktown and Wakefield. The 1964 graduating class became Hoffman-Boston's last.","Over the years reunions have brought alumni and former teachers back together again. These gatherings have served as a way to celebrate a school that, despite all odds, dedicated itself to educating the African-American residents of Arlington County."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e Records of Hoffman-Boston High School, Collection # RG 373, Arlington Public Library, Center for Local History \u003c!-- Add your institution's citation information --\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"prefercite_tesim":["Records of Hoffman-Boston High School, Collection # RG 373, Arlington Public Library, Center for Local History"],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMaterial on Arlington Public Schools in general can be found in \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=arlington/ViAr00007.xml\"\u003e\u003ctitle render=\"bold\"\u003eRG 7, Arlington Public Schools\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/extref\u003e, and regarding school desegregation in \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=arlington/ViAr00069.xml\"\u003e\u003ctitle render=\"bold\"\u003eRG 69, Arlington County Public Schools: Desegregation Materials\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/extref\u003e. \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=arlington/ViAr00307.xml\"\u003e\u003ctitle render=\"bold\"\u003eRG 307, George Richardson Papers\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/extref\u003e, contains material from Hoffman-Boston's last principal. For more on Arlington's Black community, please see \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=arlington/ViAr00011.xml\"\u003e\u003ctitle render=\"bold\"\u003eRG 11, Papers of Edmond C. Fleet\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/extref\u003e, \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=arlington/ViAr00103.xml\"\u003e\u003ctitle render=\"bold\"\u003eRG 103, Freedman's Village and Reconstruction Collection\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/extref\u003e, \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=arlington/ViAr00164.xml\"\u003e\u003ctitle render=\"bold\"\u003eRG 164, Personal Papers of Robert C. Branch\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/extref\u003e, \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=arlington/ViAr00196.xml\"\u003e\u003ctitle render=\"bold\"\u003eRG 196, Syphax Family Collection\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/extref\u003e, and \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=arlington/ViAr00349.xml\"\u003e\u003ctitle render=\"bold\"\u003eRG 349, Dorothea Hamm Personal Papers\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/extref\u003e.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Material on Arlington Public Schools in general can be found in RG 7, Arlington Public Schools, and regarding school desegregation in RG 69, Arlington County Public Schools: Desegregation Materials. RG 307, George Richardson Papers, contains material from Hoffman-Boston's last principal. For more on Arlington's Black community, please see RG 11, Papers of Edmond C. Fleet, RG 103, Freedman's Village and Reconstruction Collection, RG 164, Personal Papers of Robert C. Branch, RG 196, Syphax Family Collection, and RG 349, Dorothea Hamm Personal Papers."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRG 373 contains a mix of textual and visual materials that were originally compiled into a binder (or notebook) by Ophelia Taylor Pinkard, a former teacher at Hoffman Boston High School. For archival purposes the binder is considered a scrapbook and is treated as such.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe textual materials consist of programs from events such as graduations, theatrical productions, memorials, news clippings, correspondence, a newsletter, conference notes and a copy of a code of ethics. There is a significant amount of material related to reunions of Hoffman-Boston students and teachers. The visual materials consist of photographs, both in black and white and in color, and range in size from 3x5 to 8x10. This collection is 1.55 linear feet and covers the years from 1948 to 2001.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["RG 373 contains a mix of textual and visual materials that were originally compiled into a binder (or notebook) by Ophelia Taylor Pinkard, a former teacher at Hoffman Boston High School. For archival purposes the binder is considered a scrapbook and is treated as such.","The textual materials consist of programs from events such as graduations, theatrical productions, memorials, news clippings, correspondence, a newsletter, conference notes and a copy of a code of ethics. There is a significant amount of material related to reunions of Hoffman-Boston students and teachers. The visual materials consist of photographs, both in black and white and in color, and range in size from 3x5 to 8x10. This collection is 1.55 linear feet and covers the years from 1948 to 2001."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":64,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:29:03.904Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viar_ViAr00373","ead_ssi":"viar_ViAr00373","_root_":"viar_ViAr00373","_nest_parent_":"viar_ViAr00373","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/arlington/ViAr00373.xml","title_ssm":["Records of Hoffman-Boston High School, 1948-2001"],"title_tesim":["Records of Hoffman-Boston High School, 1948-2001"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Records of Hoffman-Boston High School, 1948-2001"],"text":["Records of Hoffman-Boston High School, 1948-2001","RG 373","African American schools","African Americans -- Segregation.","Segregation in education.","African Americans -- Virginia","African Americans -- Education -- History.","African Americans -- Education (Secondary)","African Americans -- Education -- Southern States.",".","The collection is open for research.","RG 373 is arranged according to the original organization of the scrapbook (binder). There are four series which correspond directly to the four sections in the binder. Similarly, each folder in the collection matches up with each page of the scrapbook.","There are photographs interspersed with the textual materials throughout the collection. The photographs, for preservation reasons, have been photocopied onto acid-free paper. The originals have been removed and filed together in one folder at the end of the collection, in a separate series.","There are also several files that consist entirely of oversized materials. These folders are filed with other oversized materials from RG 7, Arlington County Public Schools. Separation sheets have been placed with removed materials. Please see Box List for more information.","The history of Hoffman-Boston High School is, in some ways, a reflection of the larger happenings in America during the Jim Crow and later Civil Rights eras.","In the immediate years after the Civil War, a short-term refuge for freed slaves known as Freedman's Village was established in Arlington County. Since there was no school within the County for the children of freed slaves to attend, it fell to the inhabitants of Freedman's Village to educate them. Schooling originally took place in various homes within the Village, but as the population grew, the need for a separate school building arose.","Hoffman Boston School was built in 1916 by Noble Thomas, the first African-American to construct a public building in Virginia. Originally known as the Jefferson School, it was later renamed Hoffman-Boston after Edward C. Hoffman, the school's first principal, and Ella Boston, principal of Kemper Elementary School, which was another school serving Arlington County's Black community. In its early years, the school educated students from grades 1 through 8.","In 1930, Arlington County, in response to an increasing population, opened up its first high school, but its enrollment was limited to white children only. African-American students had no such opportunity until years later when, in 1942, a group of high school seniors became the first graduating class at Hoffman-Boston.","As the Civil Rights movement swept the county, the changing tide from a racially divided society to a more inclusive one began to take affect in Arlington County. In response to the 1954 Supreme Court decision in Brown vs. Board of Education against segregated public schools, the Arlington County School Board decided in 1956 that the County would comply with the ruling. The plan would be for integration to take place over the course of three years. As a result, the School Board later decided to close Hoffman-Boston High School as many of its students (and teachers) were transferred to other area schools, such as Yorktown and Wakefield. The 1964 graduating class became Hoffman-Boston's last.","Over the years reunions have brought alumni and former teachers back together again. These gatherings have served as a way to celebrate a school that, despite all odds, dedicated itself to educating the African-American residents of Arlington County.","Material on Arlington Public Schools in general can be found in RG 7, Arlington Public Schools, and regarding school desegregation in RG 69, Arlington County Public Schools: Desegregation Materials. RG 307, George Richardson Papers, contains material from Hoffman-Boston's last principal. For more on Arlington's Black community, please see RG 11, Papers of Edmond C. Fleet, RG 103, Freedman's Village and Reconstruction Collection, RG 164, Personal Papers of Robert C. Branch, RG 196, Syphax Family Collection, and RG 349, Dorothea Hamm Personal Papers.","RG 373 contains a mix of textual and visual materials that were originally compiled into a binder (or notebook) by Ophelia Taylor Pinkard, a former teacher at Hoffman Boston High School. For archival purposes the binder is considered a scrapbook and is treated as such.","The textual materials consist of programs from events such as graduations, theatrical productions, memorials, news clippings, correspondence, a newsletter, conference notes and a copy of a code of ethics. There is a significant amount of material related to reunions of Hoffman-Boston students and teachers. The visual materials consist of photographs, both in black and white and in color, and range in size from 3x5 to 8x10. This collection is 1.55 linear feet and covers the years from 1948 to 2001.","There are no restrictions.","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Records of Hoffman-Boston High School, 1948-2001"],"collection_ssim":["Records of Hoffman-Boston High School, 1948-2001"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["RG 373"],"unitid_tesim":["RG 373"],"repository_ssm":["Arlington Public Library"],"repository_ssim":["Arlington Public Library"],"creator_ssm":["Pinkard, Ophelia Taylor (1917-2011)"],"creator_ssim":["Pinkard, Ophelia Taylor (1917-2011)"],"access_terms_ssm":["There are no restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Gift of Ophelia Taylor Pinkard, December 2001."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American schools","African Americans -- Segregation.","Segregation in education.","African Americans -- Virginia","African Americans -- Education -- History.","African Americans -- Education (Secondary)","African Americans -- Education -- Southern States."],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American schools","African Americans -- Segregation.","Segregation in education.","African Americans -- Virginia","African Americans -- Education -- History.","African Americans -- Education (Secondary)","African Americans -- Education -- Southern States."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["."],"extent_ssm":["1 box"],"extent_tesim":["1 box"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e The collection is open for research.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRG 373 is arranged according to the original organization of the scrapbook (binder). There are four series which correspond directly to the four sections in the binder. Similarly, each folder in the collection matches up with each page of the scrapbook.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThere are photographs interspersed with the textual materials throughout the collection. The photographs, for preservation reasons, have been photocopied onto acid-free paper. The originals have been removed and filed together in one folder at the end of the collection, in a separate series.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThere are also several files that consist entirely of oversized materials. These folders are filed with other oversized materials from RG 7, Arlington County Public Schools. Separation sheets have been placed with removed materials. Please see Box List for more information.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["RG 373 is arranged according to the original organization of the scrapbook (binder). There are four series which correspond directly to the four sections in the binder. Similarly, each folder in the collection matches up with each page of the scrapbook.","There are photographs interspersed with the textual materials throughout the collection. The photographs, for preservation reasons, have been photocopied onto acid-free paper. The originals have been removed and filed together in one folder at the end of the collection, in a separate series.","There are also several files that consist entirely of oversized materials. These folders are filed with other oversized materials from RG 7, Arlington County Public Schools. Separation sheets have been placed with removed materials. Please see Box List for more information."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe history of Hoffman-Boston High School is, in some ways, a reflection of the larger happenings in America during the Jim Crow and later Civil Rights eras.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn the immediate years after the Civil War, a short-term refuge for freed slaves known as Freedman's Village was established in Arlington County. Since there was no school within the County for the children of freed slaves to attend, it fell to the inhabitants of Freedman's Village to educate them. Schooling originally took place in various homes within the Village, but as the population grew, the need for a separate school building arose.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHoffman Boston School was built in 1916 by Noble Thomas, the first African-American to construct a public building in Virginia. Originally known as the Jefferson School, it was later renamed Hoffman-Boston after Edward C. Hoffman, the school's first principal, and Ella Boston, principal of Kemper Elementary School, which was another school serving Arlington County's Black community. In its early years, the school educated students from grades 1 through 8. \n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1930, Arlington County, in response to an increasing population, opened up its first high school, but its enrollment was limited to white children only. African-American students had no such opportunity until years later when, in 1942, a group of high school seniors became the first graduating class at Hoffman-Boston.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAs the Civil Rights movement swept the county, the changing tide from a racially divided society to a more inclusive one began to take affect in Arlington County. In response to the 1954 Supreme Court decision in Brown vs. Board of Education against segregated public schools, the Arlington County School Board decided in 1956 that the County would comply with the ruling. The plan would be for integration to take place over the course of three years. As a result, the School Board later decided to close Hoffman-Boston High School as many of its students (and teachers) were transferred to other area schools, such as Yorktown and Wakefield. The 1964 graduating class became Hoffman-Boston's last.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOver the years reunions have brought alumni and former teachers back together again. These gatherings have served as a way to celebrate a school that, despite all odds, dedicated itself to educating the African-American residents of Arlington County.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["The history of Hoffman-Boston High School is, in some ways, a reflection of the larger happenings in America during the Jim Crow and later Civil Rights eras.","In the immediate years after the Civil War, a short-term refuge for freed slaves known as Freedman's Village was established in Arlington County. Since there was no school within the County for the children of freed slaves to attend, it fell to the inhabitants of Freedman's Village to educate them. Schooling originally took place in various homes within the Village, but as the population grew, the need for a separate school building arose.","Hoffman Boston School was built in 1916 by Noble Thomas, the first African-American to construct a public building in Virginia. Originally known as the Jefferson School, it was later renamed Hoffman-Boston after Edward C. Hoffman, the school's first principal, and Ella Boston, principal of Kemper Elementary School, which was another school serving Arlington County's Black community. In its early years, the school educated students from grades 1 through 8.","In 1930, Arlington County, in response to an increasing population, opened up its first high school, but its enrollment was limited to white children only. African-American students had no such opportunity until years later when, in 1942, a group of high school seniors became the first graduating class at Hoffman-Boston.","As the Civil Rights movement swept the county, the changing tide from a racially divided society to a more inclusive one began to take affect in Arlington County. In response to the 1954 Supreme Court decision in Brown vs. Board of Education against segregated public schools, the Arlington County School Board decided in 1956 that the County would comply with the ruling. The plan would be for integration to take place over the course of three years. As a result, the School Board later decided to close Hoffman-Boston High School as many of its students (and teachers) were transferred to other area schools, such as Yorktown and Wakefield. The 1964 graduating class became Hoffman-Boston's last.","Over the years reunions have brought alumni and former teachers back together again. These gatherings have served as a way to celebrate a school that, despite all odds, dedicated itself to educating the African-American residents of Arlington County."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e Records of Hoffman-Boston High School, Collection # RG 373, Arlington Public Library, Center for Local History \u003c!-- Add your institution's citation information --\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"prefercite_tesim":["Records of Hoffman-Boston High School, Collection # RG 373, Arlington Public Library, Center for Local History"],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMaterial on Arlington Public Schools in general can be found in \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=arlington/ViAr00007.xml\"\u003e\u003ctitle render=\"bold\"\u003eRG 7, Arlington Public Schools\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/extref\u003e, and regarding school desegregation in \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=arlington/ViAr00069.xml\"\u003e\u003ctitle render=\"bold\"\u003eRG 69, Arlington County Public Schools: Desegregation Materials\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/extref\u003e. \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=arlington/ViAr00307.xml\"\u003e\u003ctitle render=\"bold\"\u003eRG 307, George Richardson Papers\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/extref\u003e, contains material from Hoffman-Boston's last principal. For more on Arlington's Black community, please see \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=arlington/ViAr00011.xml\"\u003e\u003ctitle render=\"bold\"\u003eRG 11, Papers of Edmond C. Fleet\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/extref\u003e, \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=arlington/ViAr00103.xml\"\u003e\u003ctitle render=\"bold\"\u003eRG 103, Freedman's Village and Reconstruction Collection\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/extref\u003e, \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=arlington/ViAr00164.xml\"\u003e\u003ctitle render=\"bold\"\u003eRG 164, Personal Papers of Robert C. Branch\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/extref\u003e, \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=arlington/ViAr00196.xml\"\u003e\u003ctitle render=\"bold\"\u003eRG 196, Syphax Family Collection\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/extref\u003e, and \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=arlington/ViAr00349.xml\"\u003e\u003ctitle render=\"bold\"\u003eRG 349, Dorothea Hamm Personal Papers\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/extref\u003e.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Material on Arlington Public Schools in general can be found in RG 7, Arlington Public Schools, and regarding school desegregation in RG 69, Arlington County Public Schools: Desegregation Materials. RG 307, George Richardson Papers, contains material from Hoffman-Boston's last principal. For more on Arlington's Black community, please see RG 11, Papers of Edmond C. Fleet, RG 103, Freedman's Village and Reconstruction Collection, RG 164, Personal Papers of Robert C. Branch, RG 196, Syphax Family Collection, and RG 349, Dorothea Hamm Personal Papers."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRG 373 contains a mix of textual and visual materials that were originally compiled into a binder (or notebook) by Ophelia Taylor Pinkard, a former teacher at Hoffman Boston High School. For archival purposes the binder is considered a scrapbook and is treated as such.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe textual materials consist of programs from events such as graduations, theatrical productions, memorials, news clippings, correspondence, a newsletter, conference notes and a copy of a code of ethics. There is a significant amount of material related to reunions of Hoffman-Boston students and teachers. The visual materials consist of photographs, both in black and white and in color, and range in size from 3x5 to 8x10. This collection is 1.55 linear feet and covers the years from 1948 to 2001.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["RG 373 contains a mix of textual and visual materials that were originally compiled into a binder (or notebook) by Ophelia Taylor Pinkard, a former teacher at Hoffman Boston High School. For archival purposes the binder is considered a scrapbook and is treated as such.","The textual materials consist of programs from events such as graduations, theatrical productions, memorials, news clippings, correspondence, a newsletter, conference notes and a copy of a code of ethics. There is a significant amount of material related to reunions of Hoffman-Boston students and teachers. The visual materials consist of photographs, both in black and white and in color, and range in size from 3x5 to 8x10. This collection is 1.55 linear feet and covers the years from 1948 to 2001."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":64,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:29:03.904Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viar_ViAr00373"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1923","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Robert Brannum Robinson account book for the William McKinley Normal and Industrial School, 1903/1916","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1923#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Joe Fay Company","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1923#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains a manuscript account book kept by Reverend Robert Brannum Robinson during his tenure as Secretary and Treasurer of the William McKinley Normal and Industrial School in Alexandria, Virginia. The School was originally founded in 1894 by Robert Brannum Robinson and his brother Magnus Robinson and re-incorporated in honor of William McKinley 1902. It offered boys' and girls' normal, primary, and industrial departments, a chapel, and a kindergarten program. \u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1923#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1923","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1923","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1923","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1923","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1923.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/241723","title_filing_ssi":"Robinson, Robert Brannum account book for the William McKinley Normal and Industrial School","title_ssm":["Robert Brannum Robinson account book for the William McKinley Normal and Industrial School"],"title_tesim":["Robert Brannum Robinson account book for the William McKinley Normal and Industrial School"],"unitdate_ssm":["1903-1916"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1903-1916"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1903/1916"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Robert Brannum Robinson account book for the William McKinley Normal and Industrial School, 1903/1916"],"text":["Robert Brannum Robinson account book for the William McKinley Normal and Industrial School, 1903/1916","MSS 16966","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1923","African American schools","Segregation in education","Account books","This collection is open for research.","The William McKinley Normal and Industrial School was an African American vocational and classical school founded in Alexandria, Virginia. Originally established as the John Hay Normal and Industrial School in 1894, the institution was incorporated by the Virginia legislature in 1898 and officially renamed in 1902.Located on South Peyton Street in Alexandria, the school was a crucial community initiative led by African American clergyman and educator Magnus L. Robinson (President) and Rev. Robert Brannum Robinson","Curriculum: The institution provided a classical education alongside vocational training, preparing Black students for jobs in specialized fields such as typing, music, and broom-making.Community Pillars: The Robinsons were prominent civic leaders who founded the earliest Emancipation Day observances in Alexandria, drawing prominent figures like Frederick Douglass and Booker T. Washington.Historical Records: Original pamphlets outlining the courses, student attendance, and operational costs are preserved today within the Library of Congress Manuscript Division.Legacy: While it existed for only a few years before facing financial difficulties and defaulting on loans, the school remains a significant part of Alexandria's rich Black educational history.","This collection contains a manuscript account book kept by Reverend Robert Brannum Robinson during his tenure as Secretary and Treasurer of the William McKinley Normal and Industrial School in Alexandria, Virginia. The School was originally founded in 1894 by Robert Brannum Robinson and his brother Magnus Robinson and re-incorporated in honor of William McKinley 1902. It offered boys' and girls' normal, primary, and industrial departments, a chapel, and a kindergarten program.","The account book primarily records philanthropic contributions to the school from 1903 to 1916 across fifty pages. Manuscript entries in the book list donor names and monetary contributions, interspersed with ephemeral items tipped or laid in, including partially printed receipts (many signed), typed and handwritten correspondence, four business cards, and a small printed broadside describing the school.","Contributions are predominantly small donations of between $5 to $25. Notable donors recorded include William Payne Whitney, Alexander Graham Bell, Simon Guggenheim, Gifford Pinchot, Thomas Nelson Page, Mrs. Anson Phelps Stokes, Clara Hay, Secretary of State John Hay, and J.P. Morgan. International contributors include ambassadors and ministers from Mexico, Costa Rica, Bolivia, Haiti, Colombia, Chile, Argentina, Switzerland, Germany, Japan, and China.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Joe Fay Company","Robinson, R. B. 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Originally established as the John Hay Normal and Industrial School in 1894, the institution was incorporated by the Virginia legislature in 1898 and officially renamed in 1902.Located on South Peyton Street in Alexandria, the school was a crucial community initiative led by African American clergyman and educator Magnus L. Robinson (President) and Rev. Robert Brannum Robinson \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCurriculum: The institution provided a classical education alongside vocational training, preparing Black students for jobs in specialized fields such as typing, music, and broom-making.Community Pillars: The Robinsons were prominent civic leaders who founded the earliest Emancipation Day observances in Alexandria, drawing prominent figures like Frederick Douglass and Booker T. Washington.Historical Records: Original pamphlets outlining the courses, student attendance, and operational costs are preserved today within the Library of Congress Manuscript Division.Legacy: While it existed for only a few years before facing financial difficulties and defaulting on loans, the school remains a significant part of Alexandria's rich Black educational history.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["The William McKinley Normal and Industrial School was an African American vocational and classical school founded in Alexandria, Virginia. Originally established as the John Hay Normal and Industrial School in 1894, the institution was incorporated by the Virginia legislature in 1898 and officially renamed in 1902.Located on South Peyton Street in Alexandria, the school was a crucial community initiative led by African American clergyman and educator Magnus L. Robinson (President) and Rev. Robert Brannum Robinson","Curriculum: The institution provided a classical education alongside vocational training, preparing Black students for jobs in specialized fields such as typing, music, and broom-making.Community Pillars: The Robinsons were prominent civic leaders who founded the earliest Emancipation Day observances in Alexandria, drawing prominent figures like Frederick Douglass and Booker T. Washington.Historical Records: Original pamphlets outlining the courses, student attendance, and operational costs are preserved today within the Library of Congress Manuscript Division.Legacy: While it existed for only a few years before facing financial difficulties and defaulting on loans, the school remains a significant part of Alexandria's rich Black educational history."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16966, Robert Brannum Robinson account book for the William McKinley Normal and Industrial School, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16966, Robert Brannum Robinson account book for the William McKinley Normal and Industrial School, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains a manuscript account book kept by Reverend Robert Brannum Robinson during his tenure as Secretary and Treasurer of the William McKinley Normal and Industrial School in Alexandria, Virginia. 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Notable donors recorded include William Payne Whitney, Alexander Graham Bell, Simon Guggenheim, Gifford Pinchot, Thomas Nelson Page, Mrs. Anson Phelps Stokes, Clara Hay, Secretary of State John Hay, and J.P. Morgan. International contributors include ambassadors and ministers from Mexico, Costa Rica, Bolivia, Haiti, Colombia, Chile, Argentina, Switzerland, Germany, Japan, and China. \u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains a manuscript account book kept by Reverend Robert Brannum Robinson during his tenure as Secretary and Treasurer of the William McKinley Normal and Industrial School in Alexandria, Virginia. The School was originally founded in 1894 by Robert Brannum Robinson and his brother Magnus Robinson and re-incorporated in honor of William McKinley 1902. It offered boys' and girls' normal, primary, and industrial departments, a chapel, and a kindergarten program.","The account book primarily records philanthropic contributions to the school from 1903 to 1916 across fifty pages. Manuscript entries in the book list donor names and monetary contributions, interspersed with ephemeral items tipped or laid in, including partially printed receipts (many signed), typed and handwritten correspondence, four business cards, and a small printed broadside describing the school.","Contributions are predominantly small donations of between $5 to $25. Notable donors recorded include William Payne Whitney, Alexander Graham Bell, Simon Guggenheim, Gifford Pinchot, Thomas Nelson Page, Mrs. Anson Phelps Stokes, Clara Hay, Secretary of State John Hay, and J.P. Morgan. International contributors include ambassadors and ministers from Mexico, Costa Rica, Bolivia, Haiti, Colombia, Chile, Argentina, Switzerland, Germany, Japan, and China."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Joe Fay Company"],"names_coll_ssim":["Joe Fay Company"],"persname_ssim":["Robinson, R. B. (Robert B.), 1848-"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Joe Fay Company","Robinson, R. B. 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Washington.Historical Records: Original pamphlets outlining the courses, student attendance, and operational costs are preserved today within the Library of Congress Manuscript Division.Legacy: While it existed for only a few years before facing financial difficulties and defaulting on loans, the school remains a significant part of Alexandria's rich Black educational history.","This collection contains a manuscript account book kept by Reverend Robert Brannum Robinson during his tenure as Secretary and Treasurer of the William McKinley Normal and Industrial School in Alexandria, Virginia. The School was originally founded in 1894 by Robert Brannum Robinson and his brother Magnus Robinson and re-incorporated in honor of William McKinley 1902. It offered boys' and girls' normal, primary, and industrial departments, a chapel, and a kindergarten program.","The account book primarily records philanthropic contributions to the school from 1903 to 1916 across fifty pages. 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Washington.Historical Records: Original pamphlets outlining the courses, student attendance, and operational costs are preserved today within the Library of Congress Manuscript Division.Legacy: While it existed for only a few years before facing financial difficulties and defaulting on loans, the school remains a significant part of Alexandria's rich Black educational history.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["The William McKinley Normal and Industrial School was an African American vocational and classical school founded in Alexandria, Virginia. Originally established as the John Hay Normal and Industrial School in 1894, the institution was incorporated by the Virginia legislature in 1898 and officially renamed in 1902.Located on South Peyton Street in Alexandria, the school was a crucial community initiative led by African American clergyman and educator Magnus L. Robinson (President) and Rev. Robert Brannum Robinson","Curriculum: The institution provided a classical education alongside vocational training, preparing Black students for jobs in specialized fields such as typing, music, and broom-making.Community Pillars: The Robinsons were prominent civic leaders who founded the earliest Emancipation Day observances in Alexandria, drawing prominent figures like Frederick Douglass and Booker T. Washington.Historical Records: Original pamphlets outlining the courses, student attendance, and operational costs are preserved today within the Library of Congress Manuscript Division.Legacy: While it existed for only a few years before facing financial difficulties and defaulting on loans, the school remains a significant part of Alexandria's rich Black educational history."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16966, Robert Brannum Robinson account book for the William McKinley Normal and Industrial School, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16966, Robert Brannum Robinson account book for the William McKinley Normal and Industrial School, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains a manuscript account book kept by Reverend Robert Brannum Robinson during his tenure as Secretary and Treasurer of the William McKinley Normal and Industrial School in Alexandria, Virginia. The School was originally founded in 1894 by Robert Brannum Robinson and his brother Magnus Robinson and re-incorporated in honor of William McKinley 1902. It offered boys' and girls' normal, primary, and industrial departments, a chapel, and a kindergarten program. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe account book primarily records philanthropic contributions to the school from 1903 to 1916 across fifty pages. Manuscript entries in the book list donor names and monetary contributions, interspersed with ephemeral items tipped or laid in, including partially printed receipts (many signed), typed and handwritten correspondence, four business cards, and a small printed broadside describing the school. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContributions are predominantly small donations of between $5 to $25. Notable donors recorded include William Payne Whitney, Alexander Graham Bell, Simon Guggenheim, Gifford Pinchot, Thomas Nelson Page, Mrs. Anson Phelps Stokes, Clara Hay, Secretary of State John Hay, and J.P. Morgan. International contributors include ambassadors and ministers from Mexico, Costa Rica, Bolivia, Haiti, Colombia, Chile, Argentina, Switzerland, Germany, Japan, and China. \u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains a manuscript account book kept by Reverend Robert Brannum Robinson during his tenure as Secretary and Treasurer of the William McKinley Normal and Industrial School in Alexandria, Virginia. The School was originally founded in 1894 by Robert Brannum Robinson and his brother Magnus Robinson and re-incorporated in honor of William McKinley 1902. It offered boys' and girls' normal, primary, and industrial departments, a chapel, and a kindergarten program.","The account book primarily records philanthropic contributions to the school from 1903 to 1916 across fifty pages. Manuscript entries in the book list donor names and monetary contributions, interspersed with ephemeral items tipped or laid in, including partially printed receipts (many signed), typed and handwritten correspondence, four business cards, and a small printed broadside describing the school.","Contributions are predominantly small donations of between $5 to $25. Notable donors recorded include William Payne Whitney, Alexander Graham Bell, Simon Guggenheim, Gifford Pinchot, Thomas Nelson Page, Mrs. Anson Phelps Stokes, Clara Hay, Secretary of State John Hay, and J.P. Morgan. 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It was founded in 1895 as the St. Emma's Industrial and Agricultural Institute. The school's founders, Edward de Vaux Morrell and his wife Louise, were from Philadelphia. The school was located at Belmead, which had been a plantation where Philip St. George Cocke enslaved hundreds of Black men, women, and children. As noted by Greg McQuade in a news story for WTVR Richmond, \"Ten thousand young men graduated in nearly 80 years. A stark contrast to the dark beginnings of Belmead,\" (\"Former cadets push to save old African-American military academy\"). Robert Walker, a graduate of the school, said, \"You would leave here with a military diploma. A trade diploma and an academic diploma,\"(quoted in McQuade, \"Former cadets push to save old African-American military academy\"). St. Emma's Military Academy closed in 1972.","Processed by Liz Beckman in December 2020.  EAD markup by Liz Beckman in December 2020.","The Archives and Special Collections of Manhattan College and the De La Salle Christian Brothers hold  from St. Emma's Military Academy in the De La Salle Christian Brothers Archives of the Baltimore District.","Program catalog and postcard sent by a student from St. Emma's Military Academy, a high school for Black boys in Powhattan, VA.  The postcard is written by Ernest Noble to his mother Sadie Noble in New York City.","The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/).","Program catalog and postcard sent by a student from St. Emma's Military Academy, a high school for Black boys in Powhattan, Virginia.","R 72, C 3, S 4","George Mason University. Libraries. 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It was founded in 1895 as the St. Emma's Industrial and Agricultural Institute. The school's founders, Edward de Vaux Morrell and his wife Louise, were from Philadelphia. The school was located at Belmead, which had been a plantation where Philip St. George Cocke enslaved hundreds of Black men, women, and children. As noted by Greg McQuade in a news story for WTVR Richmond, \"Ten thousand young men graduated in nearly 80 years. A stark contrast to the dark beginnings of Belmead,\" (\"Former cadets push to save old African-American military academy\"). Robert Walker, a graduate of the school, said, \"You would leave here with a military diploma. A trade diploma and an academic diploma,\"(quoted in McQuade, \"Former cadets push to save old African-American military academy\"). St. Emma's Military Academy closed in 1972.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["St. Emma Military Academy, also known as St. Emma's Military Academy, was a school for Black boys in Powhatan, Virginia. It was founded in 1895 as the St. Emma's Industrial and Agricultural Institute. The school's founders, Edward de Vaux Morrell and his wife Louise, were from Philadelphia. The school was located at Belmead, which had been a plantation where Philip St. George Cocke enslaved hundreds of Black men, women, and children. As noted by Greg McQuade in a news story for WTVR Richmond, \"Ten thousand young men graduated in nearly 80 years. A stark contrast to the dark beginnings of Belmead,\" (\"Former cadets push to save old African-American military academy\"). Robert Walker, a graduate of the school, said, \"You would leave here with a military diploma. A trade diploma and an academic diploma,\"(quoted in McQuade, \"Former cadets push to save old African-American military academy\"). St. Emma's Military Academy closed in 1972."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSt. Emma's Military Academy catalog and postcard, C0380, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["St. Emma's Military Academy catalog and postcard, C0380, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessed by Liz Beckman in December 2020.  EAD markup by Liz Beckman in December 2020.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processed by Liz Beckman in December 2020.  EAD markup by Liz Beckman in December 2020."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Archives and Special Collections of Manhattan College and the De La Salle Christian Brothers hold \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"material\" href=\"https://archivesspace.manhattan.edu/repositories/9/resources/2942\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e from St. Emma's Military Academy in the De La Salle Christian Brothers Archives of the Baltimore District.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Archives and Special Collections of Manhattan College and the De La Salle Christian Brothers hold  from St. Emma's Military Academy in the De La Salle Christian Brothers Archives of the Baltimore District."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProgram catalog and postcard sent by a student from St. Emma's Military Academy, a high school for Black boys in Powhattan, VA.  The postcard is written by Ernest Noble to his mother Sadie Noble in New York City.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Program catalog and postcard sent by a student from St. Emma's Military Academy, a high school for Black boys in Powhattan, VA.  The postcard is written by Ernest Noble to his mother Sadie Noble in New York City."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/).\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_880e25e0ae030b1fab3396cb56b9053d\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eProgram catalog and postcard sent by a student from St. Emma's Military Academy, a high school for Black boys in Powhattan, Virginia.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["Program catalog and postcard sent by a student from St. Emma's Military Academy, a high school for Black boys in Powhattan, Virginia."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_7b88cf9c7b44605446ee91a1c2a252cb\"\u003eR 72, C 3, S 4\u003c/physloc\u003e\n    "],"physloc_tesim":["R 72, C 3, S 4"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","St. Emma's Military Academy (Powhatan, Va.)"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","St. Emma's Military Academy (Powhatan, Va.)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:35:01.774Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_529","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_529","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_529","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_529","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_529.xml","title_ssm":["St. Emma's Military Academy catalog and postcard"],"title_tesim":["St. Emma's Military Academy catalog and postcard"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1930s - 1940s; 1943"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1930s - 1940s; 1943"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1943"],"normalized_title_ssm":["St. Emma's Military Academy catalog and postcard, 1943"],"text":["St. Emma's Military Academy catalog and postcard, 1943","C0380","/repositories/2/resources/529","African American children -- Education","African American schools","Military education","There are no access restrictions.","This collection contains two items.","\"Edward De Veaux Morrell,\" (7 Aug 1862–1 Sep 1917), Find a Grave Memorial no. 139668945, www.findagrave.com, accessed December 17, 2020, https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/139668945/edward-deveaux-morrell Koons, Kenneth E., \"Cocke, Philip St. George (1809-1861),\" Encyclopedia Virginia, Virginia Humanities, accesed December 17, 2020, https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Cocke_Philip_St_George_1809-1861 McQuade, Greg, \"Former cadets push to save old African-American military academy,\" CBS 6 News Richmond, WTRV.com, accessed December 17, 2020, https://www.wtvr.com/i-have-a-story/former-cadets-push-to-save-old-african-american-military-academy Virginia Humanities, \"Belmead (St. Emma's Military Academy),\" AfroVirginia, accessed December 17, 2020, http://places.afrovirginia.org/items/show/39","St. Emma Military Academy, also known as St. Emma's Military Academy, was a school for Black boys in Powhatan, Virginia. It was founded in 1895 as the St. Emma's Industrial and Agricultural Institute. The school's founders, Edward de Vaux Morrell and his wife Louise, were from Philadelphia. The school was located at Belmead, which had been a plantation where Philip St. George Cocke enslaved hundreds of Black men, women, and children. As noted by Greg McQuade in a news story for WTVR Richmond, \"Ten thousand young men graduated in nearly 80 years. A stark contrast to the dark beginnings of Belmead,\" (\"Former cadets push to save old African-American military academy\"). Robert Walker, a graduate of the school, said, \"You would leave here with a military diploma. A trade diploma and an academic diploma,\"(quoted in McQuade, \"Former cadets push to save old African-American military academy\"). St. Emma's Military Academy closed in 1972.","Processed by Liz Beckman in December 2020.  EAD markup by Liz Beckman in December 2020.","The Archives and Special Collections of Manhattan College and the De La Salle Christian Brothers hold  from St. Emma's Military Academy in the De La Salle Christian Brothers Archives of the Baltimore District.","Program catalog and postcard sent by a student from St. Emma's Military Academy, a high school for Black boys in Powhattan, VA.  The postcard is written by Ernest Noble to his mother Sadie Noble in New York City.","The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/).","Program catalog and postcard sent by a student from St. Emma's Military Academy, a high school for Black boys in Powhattan, Virginia.","R 72, C 3, S 4","George Mason University. Libraries. 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Special Collections Research Center","St. Emma's Military Academy (Powhatan, Va.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchased by Lynn Eaton in 2019."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American children -- Education","African American schools","Military education"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American children -- Education","African American schools","Military education"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".01 linear feet 1 folder"],"extent_tesim":[".01 linear feet 1 folder"],"date_range_isim":[1943],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains two items.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This collection contains two items."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\"Edward De Veaux Morrell,\" (7 Aug 1862–1 Sep 1917), Find a Grave Memorial no. 139668945, www.findagrave.com, accessed December 17, 2020, https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/139668945/edward-deveaux-morrell Koons, Kenneth E., \"Cocke, Philip St. George (1809-1861),\" Encyclopedia Virginia, Virginia Humanities, accesed December 17, 2020, https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Cocke_Philip_St_George_1809-1861 McQuade, Greg, \"Former cadets push to save old African-American military academy,\" CBS 6 News Richmond, WTRV.com, accessed December 17, 2020, https://www.wtvr.com/i-have-a-story/former-cadets-push-to-save-old-african-american-military-academy Virginia Humanities, \"Belmead (St. Emma's Military Academy),\" AfroVirginia, accessed December 17, 2020, http://places.afrovirginia.org/items/show/39\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["\"Edward De Veaux Morrell,\" (7 Aug 1862–1 Sep 1917), Find a Grave Memorial no. 139668945, www.findagrave.com, accessed December 17, 2020, https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/139668945/edward-deveaux-morrell Koons, Kenneth E., \"Cocke, Philip St. George (1809-1861),\" Encyclopedia Virginia, Virginia Humanities, accesed December 17, 2020, https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Cocke_Philip_St_George_1809-1861 McQuade, Greg, \"Former cadets push to save old African-American military academy,\" CBS 6 News Richmond, WTRV.com, accessed December 17, 2020, https://www.wtvr.com/i-have-a-story/former-cadets-push-to-save-old-african-american-military-academy Virginia Humanities, \"Belmead (St. Emma's Military Academy),\" AfroVirginia, accessed December 17, 2020, http://places.afrovirginia.org/items/show/39"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSt. Emma Military Academy, also known as St. Emma's Military Academy, was a school for Black boys in Powhatan, Virginia. It was founded in 1895 as the St. Emma's Industrial and Agricultural Institute. The school's founders, Edward de Vaux Morrell and his wife Louise, were from Philadelphia. The school was located at Belmead, which had been a plantation where Philip St. George Cocke enslaved hundreds of Black men, women, and children. As noted by Greg McQuade in a news story for WTVR Richmond, \"Ten thousand young men graduated in nearly 80 years. A stark contrast to the dark beginnings of Belmead,\" (\"Former cadets push to save old African-American military academy\"). Robert Walker, a graduate of the school, said, \"You would leave here with a military diploma. A trade diploma and an academic diploma,\"(quoted in McQuade, \"Former cadets push to save old African-American military academy\"). St. Emma's Military Academy closed in 1972.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["St. Emma Military Academy, also known as St. Emma's Military Academy, was a school for Black boys in Powhatan, Virginia. It was founded in 1895 as the St. Emma's Industrial and Agricultural Institute. The school's founders, Edward de Vaux Morrell and his wife Louise, were from Philadelphia. The school was located at Belmead, which had been a plantation where Philip St. George Cocke enslaved hundreds of Black men, women, and children. As noted by Greg McQuade in a news story for WTVR Richmond, \"Ten thousand young men graduated in nearly 80 years. A stark contrast to the dark beginnings of Belmead,\" (\"Former cadets push to save old African-American military academy\"). Robert Walker, a graduate of the school, said, \"You would leave here with a military diploma. A trade diploma and an academic diploma,\"(quoted in McQuade, \"Former cadets push to save old African-American military academy\"). St. Emma's Military Academy closed in 1972."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSt. Emma's Military Academy catalog and postcard, C0380, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["St. Emma's Military Academy catalog and postcard, C0380, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessed by Liz Beckman in December 2020.  EAD markup by Liz Beckman in December 2020.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processed by Liz Beckman in December 2020.  EAD markup by Liz Beckman in December 2020."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Archives and Special Collections of Manhattan College and the De La Salle Christian Brothers hold \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"material\" href=\"https://archivesspace.manhattan.edu/repositories/9/resources/2942\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e from St. Emma's Military Academy in the De La Salle Christian Brothers Archives of the Baltimore District.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Archives and Special Collections of Manhattan College and the De La Salle Christian Brothers hold  from St. Emma's Military Academy in the De La Salle Christian Brothers Archives of the Baltimore District."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProgram catalog and postcard sent by a student from St. Emma's Military Academy, a high school for Black boys in Powhattan, VA.  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The postcard is written by Ernest Noble to his mother Sadie Noble in New York City."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/).\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_880e25e0ae030b1fab3396cb56b9053d\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eProgram catalog and postcard sent by a student from St. Emma's Military Academy, a high school for Black boys in Powhattan, Virginia.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["Program catalog and postcard sent by a student from St. Emma's Military Academy, a high school for Black boys in Powhattan, Virginia."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_7b88cf9c7b44605446ee91a1c2a252cb\"\u003eR 72, C 3, S 4\u003c/physloc\u003e\n    "],"physloc_tesim":["R 72, C 3, S 4"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","St. Emma's Military Academy (Powhatan, Va.)"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. 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The belief centers around an open-minded philosophy based on values that are similar to Christianity excluding the belief of a trinity sovereign. Unitarians believe in a single, aspect of God focusing on a personal, direct relationship with that deity and exuding examples of rational thinking.  Unitarian believers began to accept elements of transcendentalism and humanist thought throughout the later years of the nineteenth century creating a more flexible faith. Famous Unitarians include Thomas Jefferson, John Quincy Adams, Dorothea Dix, and Ralph Waldo Emerson.","Unitarianism and Universalism in the Tidewater Area of Virginia; the Jordan School","In 1793, the Reverend Harry Toulmin, the first ordained minister in Norfolk preached briefly in the borough church (Saint Paul's Episcopal Church), before settling in Kentucky. Throughout the early 1800s, intermittent ministerial leadership and not enough congregants, prevented a permanent church from being formed. In 1848, Reverend Hope Bain preached to congregations in Norfolk and Portsmouth, while the Reverends Edwin H. Lake and Alden Bosserman preached to a congregation in the small village of Kempsville.","The Unitarian movement in Virginia stalled during the Civil War (1861-1865), but after the war, the belief of Universalism grew within the free black community, in which it is a religious belief that religion is open to all and that God accepts all types of races of people.  Reverend Joseph Jordan, who was the first black to be ordained as a Universalist minister, established a mission in Huntersville in 1887. In 1894, he built a chapel and school on Princess Anne Avenue (Road) and Wide Street. At the same time, under the Reverend Thomas F. Wise, a chapel and school was started in Suffolk (St. Paul's Universalist Church and Suffolk Normal Training School). Jordan died in 1901, and three years later the chapel and school in Norfolk folded. However, the chapel and school in Suffolk was going strong under the guidance of Joseph Fletcher Jordan (no relation to the previous Jordan).  The school under Jordan, had a student body over 300 students with grades first through eight, with ninth grade being added in after 1913. The church also succeeded under Jordan's career as minister allowing for the publication of \"The Colored Universalist,\" a monthly newspaper tailored for African-American readership. In 1929, Jordan died and his daughter Annie Bissell Jordan Willis became principal of the school which was later renamed the Jordan Neighborhood House (\"Jordan's School\"). In 1930 the St. Paul's Universalist Church folded, and due to the increase in public education for African-American students, the school became more focused on preschool and kindergarten. After the Second World War (1939-1945), the school started to provide services, such as childcare, prenatal care, after school activities for children, and counseling services. The school closed in 1984.","The First Unitarian Church of Norfolk","The First Unitarian Church of Norfolk was established in 1912 under the sponsorship of the American Unitarian Association in Boston. The church was led by the pastorates of the Reverends Julian R. Pennington, Frank W. Pratt, and John L. Einstein, and met in various buildings and then the former Disciples of Christ Church at 306 East Freemason Street. Sadly due to internal problems within the congregation and the First World War (1915-1918) caused the church to fold.","The Unitarian Church of Norfolk","In 1930 the Unitarian Church of Norfolk was reestablished with the help of the National Unitarian Laymen's League. The new church acquired the former home of the First Lutheran Church on 15th Street and Moran Avenue, across from Maury High School. The Reverend Harry Lutz was the first minister to serve the congregation. However church growth was slow due to the Great Depression and the Second World War. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, there was controversy within the church due to two ministers leaving over the issues of interracial relationships (Frank G. White) and bisexuality (Aubrey C. Todd).","Social Change within the Unitarian Church of Norfolk","In the mid to late 1950s, social change within the country through the Brown vs. Board of Education decision rendering \"separate but equal\" unconstitutional and the growing civil-rights movement had an impact on the church. Under the leadership of Reverend James C. Brewer, the church became vocal for the end of segregation and for the reopening of Norfolk schools in 1959 which were closed under the state mandate of \"Massive Resistance\" the year before. During the 1960s into the 1970s, under the Reverends James H. Curtis and Carl L. Esenwein , the church became more involved in social issues including fair housing, ending poverty, welfare rights, multiethnic textbooks, and the ending of American involvement in the Vietnam War. The church helped found the Norfolk chapter of the VISTA program, which was designed as a domestic peace corps and part of President Lyndon Johnson's war on poverty, as well as the chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union.","The involvement in these social issues were influenced by the belief of Universalism, and in 1961, the Unitarian Universalist Association and the American Unitarian Association consolidated to form the Unitarian Universalist Church.","In the 1970s and the 1980s, the church became active in women's and LGBTQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer) rights with chapters of the National Organization for Women and the Unitarian Universalist Gay Caucus were founded there.","The church continues to be very active in social and political issues whether it is local, national, or worldwide.","The Growth of the Unitarian Church of Norfolk and its Future","In 1961 the church congregation outgrew the 15th Street and Moran Avenue location and moved to 902 Graydon Avenue (The Unitarian Center) where church social and educational activities were held, but worship services were held in a variety of places including the Little Theatre of Norfolk. This put a huge strain on the congregation and potential church growth. A search for a new church building begun, there was consideration to move to the suburbs, but the church chose to stay in a urban setting where its true \"mission lay in bearing witness in the city.\" Finally in 1972 the congregation found a permanent home in the former Second Presbyterian Church building at Yarmouth Street across from The Hague. Besides being a place of worship, the Yarmouth Street church has held concerts, recitals, educational, and social activities. Despite being a thriving place, the Yarmouth Street church has been prone to severe flooding from The Hague over the years and a new place was sought. A building formerly used by the Sanska Engineering Offices at 809 South Military Highway was purchased in 2017. The building is not affected by storm surge flooding, and will have more space for church activities. In July 2018, the new building opened for services. To conicide with the new location, the Norfolk congregation changed their name to the Coastal Virginia Unitarian Universalists (CVUU).","List of Pastors","Harry Lutz: 1930-1934","Gerald R. Fitzpatrick: 1934-1938","Robert W. Sonen: 1939-1944","William W. Peck: 1944","Frank G. White: 1944-1945","Douglas Angell: 1946-1948","Aubrey C. Todd: 1950-1955","Mary C. Lane: 1956 (Not a pastor, but a lay person who helped with services)","James C. Brewer: 1956-1961","James H. Curtis: 1961-1966","Carl L. Esenwein: 1966-1974","Arthur Graham: 1976-1981","Gary M. Gallum: 1981-1984","Peter Lee Scott: 1984-1987","Douglas Morgan Strong: 1987-1988","James Dittmer Roche: 1988-1989","Fern Cowan Stanley: 1990-1992","Janet Newman: 1992-1993","Maj-Britt Johnson: 1993-2000","Judith Morris: 2000-2001","Danny R. Reed: 2002-2005","Paul Boothby: 2005-2007","Pam Allen-Thompson: 2007-2008","Don Beaudreault: 2009","Phyllis Hubbell: 2009-2010","John Manwell: 2010-2011","Cyndi Simpson: 2011-2013","Jennifer Slade: 2013-2014","Charlie Dietrich: 2015-","Note written by Special Collections Staff","Some of the materials are aged and brittle, please handle with care.","This collection was reprocessed by Kathleen Smith, Metadata and Digital Services Specialist, from April 2017 to March 2018.","Willard C. Frank, Jr. Papers (RG 17-5B4)","The records of the Unitarian Universalist Church of Norfolk includes administrative materials, publications, articles, research materials, photographs, and audio-visual items regarding the history of the church. While the bulk of the records concern the Unitarian Universalist Church of Norfolk, the collection also contains material related to African American Universalism in the Tidewater region as well as Unitarian Universalist churches from across the United States.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","The collection contains administrative materials, publications, articles, research materials, photographs, and audio-visual items pertaining to the Unitarian Universalist Church of Norfolk.","ODU Community Collections","Unitarian Church of Norfolk (Norfolk, Va.)","Frank, Willard C., Jr. (1936-2011)","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Unitarian Universalist Church of Norfolk Records, 1866/2011, bulk 1950/1990"],"collection_ssim":["Unitarian Universalist Church of Norfolk Records, 1866/2011, bulk 1950/1990"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 122","/repositories/5/resources/37"],"unitid_tesim":["MG 122","/repositories/5/resources/37"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"creator_ssm":["Unitarian Church of Norfolk (Norfolk, Va.)","Frank, Willard C., Jr. (1936-2011)"],"creator_ssim":["Unitarian Church of Norfolk (Norfolk, Va.)","Frank, Willard C., Jr. (1936-2011)"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Frank, Willard C., Jr. (1936-2011)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Unitarian Church of Norfolk (Norfolk, Va.)"],"creators_ssim":["Frank, Willard C., Jr. (1936-2011)","ODU Community Collections","Unitarian Church of Norfolk (Norfolk, Va.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Willard C. Frank, Jr.","Gift. Accession #A2008-04"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Unitarian Universalist churches--Virginia--Norfolk","Unitarian Universalists","African American Unitarian Universalists","African American schools"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Unitarian Universalist churches--Virginia--Norfolk","Unitarian Universalists","African American Unitarian Universalists","African American schools"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["38.40 Linear Feet","91 Hollinger document cases; 1 card box; 1 media box; 1 oversized box boxes"],"extent_tesim":["38.40 Linear Feet","91 Hollinger document cases; 1 card box; 1 media box; 1 oversized box boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOpen to researchers without restriction.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Open to researchers without restriction."],"accruals_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAn addition to the collection was given in 2011.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accruals_heading_ssm":["Accruals and Additions"],"accruals_tesim":["An addition to the collection was given in 2011."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is organized into three series: Series I: Norfolk Unitarian Universalist Church of Norfolk; Series II: Black Universalism in Tidewater; and Series III: Other Unitarian Universalist Churches/General Assembly.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is organized into three series: Series I: Norfolk Unitarian Universalist Church of Norfolk; Series II: Black Universalism in Tidewater; and Series III: Other Unitarian Universalist Churches/General Assembly."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eUnitarianism originally started in Transylvania during the 1500s and spread to the United States in 1700s. The belief centers around an open-minded philosophy based on values that are similar to Christianity excluding the belief of a trinity sovereign. Unitarians believe in a single, aspect of God focusing on a personal, direct relationship with that deity and exuding examples of rational thinking.  Unitarian believers began to accept elements of transcendentalism and humanist thought throughout the later years of the nineteenth century creating a more flexible faith. Famous Unitarians include Thomas Jefferson, John Quincy Adams, Dorothea Dix, and Ralph Waldo Emerson.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003e\u003cemph render=\"underline\"\u003eUnitarianism and Universalism in the Tidewater Area of Virginia; the Jordan School\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1793, the Reverend Harry Toulmin, the first ordained minister in Norfolk preached briefly in the borough church (Saint Paul's Episcopal Church), before settling in Kentucky. Throughout the early 1800s, intermittent ministerial leadership and not enough congregants, prevented a permanent church from being formed. In 1848, Reverend Hope Bain preached to congregations in Norfolk and Portsmouth, while the Reverends Edwin H. Lake and Alden Bosserman preached to a congregation in the small village of Kempsville.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Unitarian movement in Virginia stalled during the Civil War (1861-1865), but after the war, the belief of Universalism grew within the free black community, in which it is a religious belief that religion is open to all and that God accepts all types of races of people.  Reverend Joseph Jordan, who was the first black to be ordained as a Universalist minister, established a mission in Huntersville in 1887. In 1894, he built a chapel and school on Princess Anne Avenue (Road) and Wide Street. At the same time, under the Reverend Thomas F. Wise, a chapel and school was started in Suffolk (St. Paul's Universalist Church and Suffolk Normal Training School). Jordan died in 1901, and three years later the chapel and school in Norfolk folded. However, the chapel and school in Suffolk was going strong under the guidance of Joseph Fletcher Jordan (no relation to the previous Jordan).  The school under Jordan, had a student body over 300 students with grades first through eight, with ninth grade being added in after 1913. The church also succeeded under Jordan's career as minister allowing for the publication of \"The Colored Universalist,\" a monthly newspaper tailored for African-American readership. In 1929, Jordan died and his daughter Annie Bissell Jordan Willis became principal of the school which was later renamed the Jordan Neighborhood House (\"Jordan's School\"). In 1930 the St. Paul's Universalist Church folded, and due to the increase in public education for African-American students, the school became more focused on preschool and kindergarten. After the Second World War (1939-1945), the school started to provide services, such as childcare, prenatal care, after school activities for children, and counseling services. The school closed in 1984.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"underline\"\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eThe First Unitarian Church of Norfolk\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe First Unitarian Church of Norfolk was established in 1912 under the sponsorship of the American Unitarian Association in Boston. The church was led by the pastorates of the Reverends Julian R. Pennington, Frank W. Pratt, and John L. Einstein, and met in various buildings and then the former Disciples of Christ Church at 306 East Freemason Street. Sadly due to internal problems within the congregation and the First World War (1915-1918) caused the church to fold.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003e\u003cemph render=\"underline\"\u003eThe Unitarian Church of Norfolk\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1930 the Unitarian Church of Norfolk was reestablished with the help of the National Unitarian Laymen's League. The new church acquired the former home of the First Lutheran Church on 15\u003cemph render=\"super\"\u003eth\u003c/emph\u003e Street and Moran Avenue, across from Maury High School. The Reverend Harry Lutz was the first minister to serve the congregation. However church growth was slow due to the Great Depression and the Second World War. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, there was controversy within the church due to two ministers leaving over the issues of interracial relationships (Frank G. White) and bisexuality (Aubrey C. Todd).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003e\u003cemph render=\"underline\"\u003eSocial Change within the Unitarian Church of Norfolk\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the mid to late 1950s, social change within the country through the Brown vs. Board of Education decision rendering \"separate but equal\" unconstitutional and the growing civil-rights movement had an impact on the church. Under the leadership of Reverend James C. Brewer, the church became vocal for the end of segregation and for the reopening of Norfolk schools in 1959 which were closed under the state mandate of \"Massive Resistance\" the year before. During the 1960s into the 1970s, under the Reverends James H. Curtis and Carl L. Esenwein , the church became more involved in social issues including fair housing, ending poverty, welfare rights, multiethnic textbooks, and the ending of American involvement in the Vietnam War. The church helped found the Norfolk chapter of the VISTA program, which was designed as a domestic peace corps and part of President Lyndon Johnson's war on poverty, as well as the chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe involvement in these social issues were influenced by the belief of Universalism, and in 1961, the Unitarian Universalist Association and the American Unitarian Association consolidated to form the Unitarian Universalist Church.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the 1970s and the 1980s, the church became active in women's and LGBTQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer) rights with chapters of the National Organization for Women and the Unitarian Universalist Gay Caucus were founded there.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe church continues to be very active in social and political issues whether it is local, national, or worldwide.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003e\u003cemph render=\"underline\"\u003eThe Growth of the Unitarian Church of Norfolk and its Future\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1961 the church congregation outgrew the 15\u003cemph render=\"super\"\u003eth\u003c/emph\u003e Street and Moran Avenue location and moved to 902 Graydon Avenue (The Unitarian Center) where church social and educational activities were held, but worship services were held in a variety of places including the Little Theatre of Norfolk. This put a huge strain on the congregation and potential church growth. A search for a new church building begun, there was consideration to move to the suburbs, but the church chose to stay in a urban setting where its true \"mission lay in bearing witness in the city.\" Finally in 1972 the congregation found a permanent home in the former Second Presbyterian Church building at Yarmouth Street across from The Hague. Besides being a place of worship, the Yarmouth Street church has held concerts, recitals, educational, and social activities. Despite being a thriving place, the Yarmouth Street church has been prone to severe flooding from The Hague over the years and a new place was sought. A building formerly used by the Sanska Engineering Offices at 809 South Military Highway was purchased in 2017. The building is not affected by storm surge flooding, and will have more space for church activities. In July 2018, the new building opened for services. To conicide with the new location, the Norfolk congregation changed their name to the \u003ca href=\"https://c-vuu.org/\"\u003eCoastal Virginia Unitarian Universalists (CVUU)\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003e\u003cemph render=\"underline\"\u003eList of Pastors\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHarry Lutz: 1930-1934\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGerald R. Fitzpatrick: 1934-1938\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRobert W. Sonen: 1939-1944\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam W. Peck: 1944\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrank G. White: 1944-1945\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDouglas Angell: 1946-1948\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAubrey C. Todd: 1950-1955\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMary C. Lane: 1956 (Not a pastor, but a lay person who helped with services)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames C. Brewer: 1956-1961\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames H. Curtis: 1961-1966\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarl L. Esenwein: 1966-1974\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eArthur Graham: 1976-1981\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGary M. Gallum: 1981-1984\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePeter Lee Scott: 1984-1987\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDouglas Morgan Strong: 1987-1988\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Dittmer Roche: 1988-1989\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFern Cowan Stanley: 1990-1992\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJanet Newman: 1992-1993\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMaj-Britt Johnson: 1993-2000\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJudith Morris: 2000-2001\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDanny R. Reed: 2002-2005\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePaul Boothby: 2005-2007\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePam Allen-Thompson: 2007-2008\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDon Beaudreault: 2009\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhyllis Hubbell: 2009-2010\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJohn Manwell: 2010-2011\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCyndi Simpson: 2011-2013\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJennifer Slade: 2013-2014\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCharlie Dietrich: 2015-\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNote written by Special Collections Staff\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Unitarianism originally started in Transylvania during the 1500s and spread to the United States in 1700s. The belief centers around an open-minded philosophy based on values that are similar to Christianity excluding the belief of a trinity sovereign. Unitarians believe in a single, aspect of God focusing on a personal, direct relationship with that deity and exuding examples of rational thinking.  Unitarian believers began to accept elements of transcendentalism and humanist thought throughout the later years of the nineteenth century creating a more flexible faith. Famous Unitarians include Thomas Jefferson, John Quincy Adams, Dorothea Dix, and Ralph Waldo Emerson.","Unitarianism and Universalism in the Tidewater Area of Virginia; the Jordan School","In 1793, the Reverend Harry Toulmin, the first ordained minister in Norfolk preached briefly in the borough church (Saint Paul's Episcopal Church), before settling in Kentucky. Throughout the early 1800s, intermittent ministerial leadership and not enough congregants, prevented a permanent church from being formed. In 1848, Reverend Hope Bain preached to congregations in Norfolk and Portsmouth, while the Reverends Edwin H. Lake and Alden Bosserman preached to a congregation in the small village of Kempsville.","The Unitarian movement in Virginia stalled during the Civil War (1861-1865), but after the war, the belief of Universalism grew within the free black community, in which it is a religious belief that religion is open to all and that God accepts all types of races of people.  Reverend Joseph Jordan, who was the first black to be ordained as a Universalist minister, established a mission in Huntersville in 1887. In 1894, he built a chapel and school on Princess Anne Avenue (Road) and Wide Street. At the same time, under the Reverend Thomas F. Wise, a chapel and school was started in Suffolk (St. Paul's Universalist Church and Suffolk Normal Training School). Jordan died in 1901, and three years later the chapel and school in Norfolk folded. However, the chapel and school in Suffolk was going strong under the guidance of Joseph Fletcher Jordan (no relation to the previous Jordan).  The school under Jordan, had a student body over 300 students with grades first through eight, with ninth grade being added in after 1913. The church also succeeded under Jordan's career as minister allowing for the publication of \"The Colored Universalist,\" a monthly newspaper tailored for African-American readership. In 1929, Jordan died and his daughter Annie Bissell Jordan Willis became principal of the school which was later renamed the Jordan Neighborhood House (\"Jordan's School\"). In 1930 the St. Paul's Universalist Church folded, and due to the increase in public education for African-American students, the school became more focused on preschool and kindergarten. After the Second World War (1939-1945), the school started to provide services, such as childcare, prenatal care, after school activities for children, and counseling services. The school closed in 1984.","The First Unitarian Church of Norfolk","The First Unitarian Church of Norfolk was established in 1912 under the sponsorship of the American Unitarian Association in Boston. The church was led by the pastorates of the Reverends Julian R. Pennington, Frank W. Pratt, and John L. Einstein, and met in various buildings and then the former Disciples of Christ Church at 306 East Freemason Street. Sadly due to internal problems within the congregation and the First World War (1915-1918) caused the church to fold.","The Unitarian Church of Norfolk","In 1930 the Unitarian Church of Norfolk was reestablished with the help of the National Unitarian Laymen's League. The new church acquired the former home of the First Lutheran Church on 15th Street and Moran Avenue, across from Maury High School. The Reverend Harry Lutz was the first minister to serve the congregation. However church growth was slow due to the Great Depression and the Second World War. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, there was controversy within the church due to two ministers leaving over the issues of interracial relationships (Frank G. White) and bisexuality (Aubrey C. Todd).","Social Change within the Unitarian Church of Norfolk","In the mid to late 1950s, social change within the country through the Brown vs. Board of Education decision rendering \"separate but equal\" unconstitutional and the growing civil-rights movement had an impact on the church. Under the leadership of Reverend James C. Brewer, the church became vocal for the end of segregation and for the reopening of Norfolk schools in 1959 which were closed under the state mandate of \"Massive Resistance\" the year before. During the 1960s into the 1970s, under the Reverends James H. Curtis and Carl L. Esenwein , the church became more involved in social issues including fair housing, ending poverty, welfare rights, multiethnic textbooks, and the ending of American involvement in the Vietnam War. The church helped found the Norfolk chapter of the VISTA program, which was designed as a domestic peace corps and part of President Lyndon Johnson's war on poverty, as well as the chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union.","The involvement in these social issues were influenced by the belief of Universalism, and in 1961, the Unitarian Universalist Association and the American Unitarian Association consolidated to form the Unitarian Universalist Church.","In the 1970s and the 1980s, the church became active in women's and LGBTQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer) rights with chapters of the National Organization for Women and the Unitarian Universalist Gay Caucus were founded there.","The church continues to be very active in social and political issues whether it is local, national, or worldwide.","The Growth of the Unitarian Church of Norfolk and its Future","In 1961 the church congregation outgrew the 15th Street and Moran Avenue location and moved to 902 Graydon Avenue (The Unitarian Center) where church social and educational activities were held, but worship services were held in a variety of places including the Little Theatre of Norfolk. This put a huge strain on the congregation and potential church growth. A search for a new church building begun, there was consideration to move to the suburbs, but the church chose to stay in a urban setting where its true \"mission lay in bearing witness in the city.\" Finally in 1972 the congregation found a permanent home in the former Second Presbyterian Church building at Yarmouth Street across from The Hague. Besides being a place of worship, the Yarmouth Street church has held concerts, recitals, educational, and social activities. Despite being a thriving place, the Yarmouth Street church has been prone to severe flooding from The Hague over the years and a new place was sought. A building formerly used by the Sanska Engineering Offices at 809 South Military Highway was purchased in 2017. The building is not affected by storm surge flooding, and will have more space for church activities. In July 2018, the new building opened for services. To conicide with the new location, the Norfolk congregation changed their name to the Coastal Virginia Unitarian Universalists (CVUU).","List of Pastors","Harry Lutz: 1930-1934","Gerald R. Fitzpatrick: 1934-1938","Robert W. Sonen: 1939-1944","William W. Peck: 1944","Frank G. White: 1944-1945","Douglas Angell: 1946-1948","Aubrey C. Todd: 1950-1955","Mary C. Lane: 1956 (Not a pastor, but a lay person who helped with services)","James C. Brewer: 1956-1961","James H. Curtis: 1961-1966","Carl L. Esenwein: 1966-1974","Arthur Graham: 1976-1981","Gary M. Gallum: 1981-1984","Peter Lee Scott: 1984-1987","Douglas Morgan Strong: 1987-1988","James Dittmer Roche: 1988-1989","Fern Cowan Stanley: 1990-1992","Janet Newman: 1992-1993","Maj-Britt Johnson: 1993-2000","Judith Morris: 2000-2001","Danny R. Reed: 2002-2005","Paul Boothby: 2005-2007","Pam Allen-Thompson: 2007-2008","Don Beaudreault: 2009","Phyllis Hubbell: 2009-2010","John Manwell: 2010-2011","Cyndi Simpson: 2011-2013","Jennifer Slade: 2013-2014","Charlie Dietrich: 2015-","Note written by Special Collections Staff"],"phystech_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSome of the materials are aged and brittle, please handle with care.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"phystech_heading_ssm":["Physical Access Requirements"],"phystech_tesim":["Some of the materials are aged and brittle, please handle with care."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Unitarian Universalist Church of Norfolk Records, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Unitarian Universalist Church of Norfolk Records, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection was reprocessed by Kathleen Smith, Metadata and Digital Services Specialist, from April 2017 to March 2018.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["This collection was reprocessed by Kathleen Smith, Metadata and Digital Services Specialist, from April 2017 to March 2018."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWillard C. Frank, Jr. Papers (RG 17-5B4)\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Willard C. Frank, Jr. Papers (RG 17-5B4)"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe records of the Unitarian Universalist Church of Norfolk includes administrative materials, publications, articles, research materials, photographs, and audio-visual items regarding the history of the church. While the bulk of the records concern the Unitarian Universalist Church of Norfolk, the collection also contains material related to African American Universalism in the Tidewater region as well as Unitarian Universalist churches from across the United States.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The records of the Unitarian Universalist Church of Norfolk includes administrative materials, publications, articles, research materials, photographs, and audio-visual items regarding the history of the church. While the bulk of the records concern the Unitarian Universalist Church of Norfolk, the collection also contains material related to African American Universalism in the Tidewater region as well as Unitarian Universalist churches from across the United States."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_1b0f52c7e47797c7ddd90658c4ed987b\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThe collection contains administrative materials, publications, articles, research materials, photographs, and audio-visual items pertaining to the Unitarian Universalist Church of Norfolk.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["The collection contains administrative materials, publications, articles, research materials, photographs, and audio-visual items pertaining to the Unitarian Universalist Church of Norfolk."],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Unitarian Church of Norfolk (Norfolk, Va.)"],"names_coll_ssim":["Unitarian Church of Norfolk (Norfolk, Va.)"],"persname_ssim":["Frank, Willard C., Jr. (1936-2011)"],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Unitarian Church of Norfolk (Norfolk, Va.)","Frank, Willard C., Jr. (1936-2011)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":788,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:39:36.932Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_37","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_37","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_37","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_37","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_37.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/37","title_filing_ssi":"Unitarian Universalist Church of Norfolk","title_ssm":["Unitarian Universalist Church of Norfolk Records"],"title_tesim":["Unitarian Universalist Church of Norfolk Records"],"unitdate_ssm":["1866-2011, undated","1950-1990","Date acquired: 05/20/2008"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1866-2011, undated"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1950-1990"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 05/20/2008"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1866/2011, bulk 1950/1990"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Unitarian Universalist Church of Norfolk Records, 1866/2011, bulk 1950/1990"],"text":["Unitarian Universalist Church of Norfolk Records, 1866/2011, bulk 1950/1990","MG 122","/repositories/5/resources/37","Unitarian Universalist churches--Virginia--Norfolk","Unitarian Universalists","African American Unitarian Universalists","African American schools","Open to researchers without restriction.","An addition to the collection was given in 2011.","The collection is organized into three series: Series I: Norfolk Unitarian Universalist Church of Norfolk; Series II: Black Universalism in Tidewater; and Series III: Other Unitarian Universalist Churches/General Assembly.","Unitarianism originally started in Transylvania during the 1500s and spread to the United States in 1700s. The belief centers around an open-minded philosophy based on values that are similar to Christianity excluding the belief of a trinity sovereign. Unitarians believe in a single, aspect of God focusing on a personal, direct relationship with that deity and exuding examples of rational thinking.  Unitarian believers began to accept elements of transcendentalism and humanist thought throughout the later years of the nineteenth century creating a more flexible faith. Famous Unitarians include Thomas Jefferson, John Quincy Adams, Dorothea Dix, and Ralph Waldo Emerson.","Unitarianism and Universalism in the Tidewater Area of Virginia; the Jordan School","In 1793, the Reverend Harry Toulmin, the first ordained minister in Norfolk preached briefly in the borough church (Saint Paul's Episcopal Church), before settling in Kentucky. Throughout the early 1800s, intermittent ministerial leadership and not enough congregants, prevented a permanent church from being formed. In 1848, Reverend Hope Bain preached to congregations in Norfolk and Portsmouth, while the Reverends Edwin H. Lake and Alden Bosserman preached to a congregation in the small village of Kempsville.","The Unitarian movement in Virginia stalled during the Civil War (1861-1865), but after the war, the belief of Universalism grew within the free black community, in which it is a religious belief that religion is open to all and that God accepts all types of races of people.  Reverend Joseph Jordan, who was the first black to be ordained as a Universalist minister, established a mission in Huntersville in 1887. In 1894, he built a chapel and school on Princess Anne Avenue (Road) and Wide Street. At the same time, under the Reverend Thomas F. Wise, a chapel and school was started in Suffolk (St. Paul's Universalist Church and Suffolk Normal Training School). Jordan died in 1901, and three years later the chapel and school in Norfolk folded. However, the chapel and school in Suffolk was going strong under the guidance of Joseph Fletcher Jordan (no relation to the previous Jordan).  The school under Jordan, had a student body over 300 students with grades first through eight, with ninth grade being added in after 1913. The church also succeeded under Jordan's career as minister allowing for the publication of \"The Colored Universalist,\" a monthly newspaper tailored for African-American readership. In 1929, Jordan died and his daughter Annie Bissell Jordan Willis became principal of the school which was later renamed the Jordan Neighborhood House (\"Jordan's School\"). In 1930 the St. Paul's Universalist Church folded, and due to the increase in public education for African-American students, the school became more focused on preschool and kindergarten. After the Second World War (1939-1945), the school started to provide services, such as childcare, prenatal care, after school activities for children, and counseling services. The school closed in 1984.","The First Unitarian Church of Norfolk","The First Unitarian Church of Norfolk was established in 1912 under the sponsorship of the American Unitarian Association in Boston. The church was led by the pastorates of the Reverends Julian R. Pennington, Frank W. Pratt, and John L. Einstein, and met in various buildings and then the former Disciples of Christ Church at 306 East Freemason Street. Sadly due to internal problems within the congregation and the First World War (1915-1918) caused the church to fold.","The Unitarian Church of Norfolk","In 1930 the Unitarian Church of Norfolk was reestablished with the help of the National Unitarian Laymen's League. The new church acquired the former home of the First Lutheran Church on 15th Street and Moran Avenue, across from Maury High School. The Reverend Harry Lutz was the first minister to serve the congregation. However church growth was slow due to the Great Depression and the Second World War. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, there was controversy within the church due to two ministers leaving over the issues of interracial relationships (Frank G. White) and bisexuality (Aubrey C. Todd).","Social Change within the Unitarian Church of Norfolk","In the mid to late 1950s, social change within the country through the Brown vs. Board of Education decision rendering \"separate but equal\" unconstitutional and the growing civil-rights movement had an impact on the church. Under the leadership of Reverend James C. Brewer, the church became vocal for the end of segregation and for the reopening of Norfolk schools in 1959 which were closed under the state mandate of \"Massive Resistance\" the year before. During the 1960s into the 1970s, under the Reverends James H. Curtis and Carl L. Esenwein , the church became more involved in social issues including fair housing, ending poverty, welfare rights, multiethnic textbooks, and the ending of American involvement in the Vietnam War. The church helped found the Norfolk chapter of the VISTA program, which was designed as a domestic peace corps and part of President Lyndon Johnson's war on poverty, as well as the chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union.","The involvement in these social issues were influenced by the belief of Universalism, and in 1961, the Unitarian Universalist Association and the American Unitarian Association consolidated to form the Unitarian Universalist Church.","In the 1970s and the 1980s, the church became active in women's and LGBTQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer) rights with chapters of the National Organization for Women and the Unitarian Universalist Gay Caucus were founded there.","The church continues to be very active in social and political issues whether it is local, national, or worldwide.","The Growth of the Unitarian Church of Norfolk and its Future","In 1961 the church congregation outgrew the 15th Street and Moran Avenue location and moved to 902 Graydon Avenue (The Unitarian Center) where church social and educational activities were held, but worship services were held in a variety of places including the Little Theatre of Norfolk. This put a huge strain on the congregation and potential church growth. A search for a new church building begun, there was consideration to move to the suburbs, but the church chose to stay in a urban setting where its true \"mission lay in bearing witness in the city.\" Finally in 1972 the congregation found a permanent home in the former Second Presbyterian Church building at Yarmouth Street across from The Hague. Besides being a place of worship, the Yarmouth Street church has held concerts, recitals, educational, and social activities. Despite being a thriving place, the Yarmouth Street church has been prone to severe flooding from The Hague over the years and a new place was sought. A building formerly used by the Sanska Engineering Offices at 809 South Military Highway was purchased in 2017. The building is not affected by storm surge flooding, and will have more space for church activities. In July 2018, the new building opened for services. To conicide with the new location, the Norfolk congregation changed their name to the Coastal Virginia Unitarian Universalists (CVUU).","List of Pastors","Harry Lutz: 1930-1934","Gerald R. Fitzpatrick: 1934-1938","Robert W. Sonen: 1939-1944","William W. Peck: 1944","Frank G. White: 1944-1945","Douglas Angell: 1946-1948","Aubrey C. Todd: 1950-1955","Mary C. Lane: 1956 (Not a pastor, but a lay person who helped with services)","James C. Brewer: 1956-1961","James H. Curtis: 1961-1966","Carl L. Esenwein: 1966-1974","Arthur Graham: 1976-1981","Gary M. Gallum: 1981-1984","Peter Lee Scott: 1984-1987","Douglas Morgan Strong: 1987-1988","James Dittmer Roche: 1988-1989","Fern Cowan Stanley: 1990-1992","Janet Newman: 1992-1993","Maj-Britt Johnson: 1993-2000","Judith Morris: 2000-2001","Danny R. Reed: 2002-2005","Paul Boothby: 2005-2007","Pam Allen-Thompson: 2007-2008","Don Beaudreault: 2009","Phyllis Hubbell: 2009-2010","John Manwell: 2010-2011","Cyndi Simpson: 2011-2013","Jennifer Slade: 2013-2014","Charlie Dietrich: 2015-","Note written by Special Collections Staff","Some of the materials are aged and brittle, please handle with care.","This collection was reprocessed by Kathleen Smith, Metadata and Digital Services Specialist, from April 2017 to March 2018.","Willard C. Frank, Jr. Papers (RG 17-5B4)","The records of the Unitarian Universalist Church of Norfolk includes administrative materials, publications, articles, research materials, photographs, and audio-visual items regarding the history of the church. While the bulk of the records concern the Unitarian Universalist Church of Norfolk, the collection also contains material related to African American Universalism in the Tidewater region as well as Unitarian Universalist churches from across the United States.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","The collection contains administrative materials, publications, articles, research materials, photographs, and audio-visual items pertaining to the Unitarian Universalist Church of Norfolk.","ODU Community Collections","Unitarian Church of Norfolk (Norfolk, Va.)","Frank, Willard C., Jr. (1936-2011)","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Unitarian Universalist Church of Norfolk Records, 1866/2011, bulk 1950/1990"],"collection_ssim":["Unitarian Universalist Church of Norfolk Records, 1866/2011, bulk 1950/1990"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 122","/repositories/5/resources/37"],"unitid_tesim":["MG 122","/repositories/5/resources/37"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"creator_ssm":["Unitarian Church of Norfolk (Norfolk, Va.)","Frank, Willard C., Jr. (1936-2011)"],"creator_ssim":["Unitarian Church of Norfolk (Norfolk, Va.)","Frank, Willard C., Jr. (1936-2011)"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Frank, Willard C., Jr. (1936-2011)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Unitarian Church of Norfolk (Norfolk, Va.)"],"creators_ssim":["Frank, Willard C., Jr. (1936-2011)","ODU Community Collections","Unitarian Church of Norfolk (Norfolk, Va.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Willard C. Frank, Jr.","Gift. Accession #A2008-04"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Unitarian Universalist churches--Virginia--Norfolk","Unitarian Universalists","African American Unitarian Universalists","African American schools"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Unitarian Universalist churches--Virginia--Norfolk","Unitarian Universalists","African American Unitarian Universalists","African American schools"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["38.40 Linear Feet","91 Hollinger document cases; 1 card box; 1 media box; 1 oversized box boxes"],"extent_tesim":["38.40 Linear Feet","91 Hollinger document cases; 1 card box; 1 media box; 1 oversized box boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOpen to researchers without restriction.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Open to researchers without restriction."],"accruals_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAn addition to the collection was given in 2011.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accruals_heading_ssm":["Accruals and Additions"],"accruals_tesim":["An addition to the collection was given in 2011."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is organized into three series: Series I: Norfolk Unitarian Universalist Church of Norfolk; Series II: Black Universalism in Tidewater; and Series III: Other Unitarian Universalist Churches/General Assembly.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is organized into three series: Series I: Norfolk Unitarian Universalist Church of Norfolk; Series II: Black Universalism in Tidewater; and Series III: Other Unitarian Universalist Churches/General Assembly."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eUnitarianism originally started in Transylvania during the 1500s and spread to the United States in 1700s. The belief centers around an open-minded philosophy based on values that are similar to Christianity excluding the belief of a trinity sovereign. Unitarians believe in a single, aspect of God focusing on a personal, direct relationship with that deity and exuding examples of rational thinking.  Unitarian believers began to accept elements of transcendentalism and humanist thought throughout the later years of the nineteenth century creating a more flexible faith. Famous Unitarians include Thomas Jefferson, John Quincy Adams, Dorothea Dix, and Ralph Waldo Emerson.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003e\u003cemph render=\"underline\"\u003eUnitarianism and Universalism in the Tidewater Area of Virginia; the Jordan School\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1793, the Reverend Harry Toulmin, the first ordained minister in Norfolk preached briefly in the borough church (Saint Paul's Episcopal Church), before settling in Kentucky. Throughout the early 1800s, intermittent ministerial leadership and not enough congregants, prevented a permanent church from being formed. In 1848, Reverend Hope Bain preached to congregations in Norfolk and Portsmouth, while the Reverends Edwin H. Lake and Alden Bosserman preached to a congregation in the small village of Kempsville.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Unitarian movement in Virginia stalled during the Civil War (1861-1865), but after the war, the belief of Universalism grew within the free black community, in which it is a religious belief that religion is open to all and that God accepts all types of races of people.  Reverend Joseph Jordan, who was the first black to be ordained as a Universalist minister, established a mission in Huntersville in 1887. In 1894, he built a chapel and school on Princess Anne Avenue (Road) and Wide Street. At the same time, under the Reverend Thomas F. Wise, a chapel and school was started in Suffolk (St. Paul's Universalist Church and Suffolk Normal Training School). Jordan died in 1901, and three years later the chapel and school in Norfolk folded. However, the chapel and school in Suffolk was going strong under the guidance of Joseph Fletcher Jordan (no relation to the previous Jordan).  The school under Jordan, had a student body over 300 students with grades first through eight, with ninth grade being added in after 1913. The church also succeeded under Jordan's career as minister allowing for the publication of \"The Colored Universalist,\" a monthly newspaper tailored for African-American readership. In 1929, Jordan died and his daughter Annie Bissell Jordan Willis became principal of the school which was later renamed the Jordan Neighborhood House (\"Jordan's School\"). In 1930 the St. Paul's Universalist Church folded, and due to the increase in public education for African-American students, the school became more focused on preschool and kindergarten. After the Second World War (1939-1945), the school started to provide services, such as childcare, prenatal care, after school activities for children, and counseling services. The school closed in 1984.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"underline\"\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eThe First Unitarian Church of Norfolk\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe First Unitarian Church of Norfolk was established in 1912 under the sponsorship of the American Unitarian Association in Boston. The church was led by the pastorates of the Reverends Julian R. Pennington, Frank W. Pratt, and John L. Einstein, and met in various buildings and then the former Disciples of Christ Church at 306 East Freemason Street. Sadly due to internal problems within the congregation and the First World War (1915-1918) caused the church to fold.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003e\u003cemph render=\"underline\"\u003eThe Unitarian Church of Norfolk\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1930 the Unitarian Church of Norfolk was reestablished with the help of the National Unitarian Laymen's League. The new church acquired the former home of the First Lutheran Church on 15\u003cemph render=\"super\"\u003eth\u003c/emph\u003e Street and Moran Avenue, across from Maury High School. The Reverend Harry Lutz was the first minister to serve the congregation. However church growth was slow due to the Great Depression and the Second World War. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, there was controversy within the church due to two ministers leaving over the issues of interracial relationships (Frank G. White) and bisexuality (Aubrey C. Todd).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003e\u003cemph render=\"underline\"\u003eSocial Change within the Unitarian Church of Norfolk\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the mid to late 1950s, social change within the country through the Brown vs. Board of Education decision rendering \"separate but equal\" unconstitutional and the growing civil-rights movement had an impact on the church. Under the leadership of Reverend James C. Brewer, the church became vocal for the end of segregation and for the reopening of Norfolk schools in 1959 which were closed under the state mandate of \"Massive Resistance\" the year before. During the 1960s into the 1970s, under the Reverends James H. Curtis and Carl L. Esenwein , the church became more involved in social issues including fair housing, ending poverty, welfare rights, multiethnic textbooks, and the ending of American involvement in the Vietnam War. The church helped found the Norfolk chapter of the VISTA program, which was designed as a domestic peace corps and part of President Lyndon Johnson's war on poverty, as well as the chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe involvement in these social issues were influenced by the belief of Universalism, and in 1961, the Unitarian Universalist Association and the American Unitarian Association consolidated to form the Unitarian Universalist Church.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the 1970s and the 1980s, the church became active in women's and LGBTQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer) rights with chapters of the National Organization for Women and the Unitarian Universalist Gay Caucus were founded there.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe church continues to be very active in social and political issues whether it is local, national, or worldwide.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003e\u003cemph render=\"underline\"\u003eThe Growth of the Unitarian Church of Norfolk and its Future\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1961 the church congregation outgrew the 15\u003cemph render=\"super\"\u003eth\u003c/emph\u003e Street and Moran Avenue location and moved to 902 Graydon Avenue (The Unitarian Center) where church social and educational activities were held, but worship services were held in a variety of places including the Little Theatre of Norfolk. This put a huge strain on the congregation and potential church growth. A search for a new church building begun, there was consideration to move to the suburbs, but the church chose to stay in a urban setting where its true \"mission lay in bearing witness in the city.\" Finally in 1972 the congregation found a permanent home in the former Second Presbyterian Church building at Yarmouth Street across from The Hague. Besides being a place of worship, the Yarmouth Street church has held concerts, recitals, educational, and social activities. Despite being a thriving place, the Yarmouth Street church has been prone to severe flooding from The Hague over the years and a new place was sought. A building formerly used by the Sanska Engineering Offices at 809 South Military Highway was purchased in 2017. The building is not affected by storm surge flooding, and will have more space for church activities. In July 2018, the new building opened for services. To conicide with the new location, the Norfolk congregation changed their name to the \u003ca href=\"https://c-vuu.org/\"\u003eCoastal Virginia Unitarian Universalists (CVUU)\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003e\u003cemph render=\"underline\"\u003eList of Pastors\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHarry Lutz: 1930-1934\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGerald R. Fitzpatrick: 1934-1938\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRobert W. Sonen: 1939-1944\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam W. Peck: 1944\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrank G. White: 1944-1945\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDouglas Angell: 1946-1948\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAubrey C. Todd: 1950-1955\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMary C. Lane: 1956 (Not a pastor, but a lay person who helped with services)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames C. Brewer: 1956-1961\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames H. Curtis: 1961-1966\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarl L. Esenwein: 1966-1974\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eArthur Graham: 1976-1981\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGary M. Gallum: 1981-1984\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePeter Lee Scott: 1984-1987\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDouglas Morgan Strong: 1987-1988\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Dittmer Roche: 1988-1989\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFern Cowan Stanley: 1990-1992\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJanet Newman: 1992-1993\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMaj-Britt Johnson: 1993-2000\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJudith Morris: 2000-2001\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDanny R. Reed: 2002-2005\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePaul Boothby: 2005-2007\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePam Allen-Thompson: 2007-2008\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDon Beaudreault: 2009\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhyllis Hubbell: 2009-2010\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJohn Manwell: 2010-2011\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCyndi Simpson: 2011-2013\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJennifer Slade: 2013-2014\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCharlie Dietrich: 2015-\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNote written by Special Collections Staff\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Unitarianism originally started in Transylvania during the 1500s and spread to the United States in 1700s. The belief centers around an open-minded philosophy based on values that are similar to Christianity excluding the belief of a trinity sovereign. Unitarians believe in a single, aspect of God focusing on a personal, direct relationship with that deity and exuding examples of rational thinking.  Unitarian believers began to accept elements of transcendentalism and humanist thought throughout the later years of the nineteenth century creating a more flexible faith. Famous Unitarians include Thomas Jefferson, John Quincy Adams, Dorothea Dix, and Ralph Waldo Emerson.","Unitarianism and Universalism in the Tidewater Area of Virginia; the Jordan School","In 1793, the Reverend Harry Toulmin, the first ordained minister in Norfolk preached briefly in the borough church (Saint Paul's Episcopal Church), before settling in Kentucky. Throughout the early 1800s, intermittent ministerial leadership and not enough congregants, prevented a permanent church from being formed. In 1848, Reverend Hope Bain preached to congregations in Norfolk and Portsmouth, while the Reverends Edwin H. Lake and Alden Bosserman preached to a congregation in the small village of Kempsville.","The Unitarian movement in Virginia stalled during the Civil War (1861-1865), but after the war, the belief of Universalism grew within the free black community, in which it is a religious belief that religion is open to all and that God accepts all types of races of people.  Reverend Joseph Jordan, who was the first black to be ordained as a Universalist minister, established a mission in Huntersville in 1887. In 1894, he built a chapel and school on Princess Anne Avenue (Road) and Wide Street. At the same time, under the Reverend Thomas F. Wise, a chapel and school was started in Suffolk (St. Paul's Universalist Church and Suffolk Normal Training School). Jordan died in 1901, and three years later the chapel and school in Norfolk folded. However, the chapel and school in Suffolk was going strong under the guidance of Joseph Fletcher Jordan (no relation to the previous Jordan).  The school under Jordan, had a student body over 300 students with grades first through eight, with ninth grade being added in after 1913. The church also succeeded under Jordan's career as minister allowing for the publication of \"The Colored Universalist,\" a monthly newspaper tailored for African-American readership. In 1929, Jordan died and his daughter Annie Bissell Jordan Willis became principal of the school which was later renamed the Jordan Neighborhood House (\"Jordan's School\"). In 1930 the St. Paul's Universalist Church folded, and due to the increase in public education for African-American students, the school became more focused on preschool and kindergarten. After the Second World War (1939-1945), the school started to provide services, such as childcare, prenatal care, after school activities for children, and counseling services. The school closed in 1984.","The First Unitarian Church of Norfolk","The First Unitarian Church of Norfolk was established in 1912 under the sponsorship of the American Unitarian Association in Boston. The church was led by the pastorates of the Reverends Julian R. Pennington, Frank W. Pratt, and John L. Einstein, and met in various buildings and then the former Disciples of Christ Church at 306 East Freemason Street. Sadly due to internal problems within the congregation and the First World War (1915-1918) caused the church to fold.","The Unitarian Church of Norfolk","In 1930 the Unitarian Church of Norfolk was reestablished with the help of the National Unitarian Laymen's League. The new church acquired the former home of the First Lutheran Church on 15th Street and Moran Avenue, across from Maury High School. The Reverend Harry Lutz was the first minister to serve the congregation. However church growth was slow due to the Great Depression and the Second World War. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, there was controversy within the church due to two ministers leaving over the issues of interracial relationships (Frank G. White) and bisexuality (Aubrey C. Todd).","Social Change within the Unitarian Church of Norfolk","In the mid to late 1950s, social change within the country through the Brown vs. Board of Education decision rendering \"separate but equal\" unconstitutional and the growing civil-rights movement had an impact on the church. Under the leadership of Reverend James C. Brewer, the church became vocal for the end of segregation and for the reopening of Norfolk schools in 1959 which were closed under the state mandate of \"Massive Resistance\" the year before. During the 1960s into the 1970s, under the Reverends James H. Curtis and Carl L. Esenwein , the church became more involved in social issues including fair housing, ending poverty, welfare rights, multiethnic textbooks, and the ending of American involvement in the Vietnam War. The church helped found the Norfolk chapter of the VISTA program, which was designed as a domestic peace corps and part of President Lyndon Johnson's war on poverty, as well as the chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union.","The involvement in these social issues were influenced by the belief of Universalism, and in 1961, the Unitarian Universalist Association and the American Unitarian Association consolidated to form the Unitarian Universalist Church.","In the 1970s and the 1980s, the church became active in women's and LGBTQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer) rights with chapters of the National Organization for Women and the Unitarian Universalist Gay Caucus were founded there.","The church continues to be very active in social and political issues whether it is local, national, or worldwide.","The Growth of the Unitarian Church of Norfolk and its Future","In 1961 the church congregation outgrew the 15th Street and Moran Avenue location and moved to 902 Graydon Avenue (The Unitarian Center) where church social and educational activities were held, but worship services were held in a variety of places including the Little Theatre of Norfolk. This put a huge strain on the congregation and potential church growth. A search for a new church building begun, there was consideration to move to the suburbs, but the church chose to stay in a urban setting where its true \"mission lay in bearing witness in the city.\" Finally in 1972 the congregation found a permanent home in the former Second Presbyterian Church building at Yarmouth Street across from The Hague. Besides being a place of worship, the Yarmouth Street church has held concerts, recitals, educational, and social activities. Despite being a thriving place, the Yarmouth Street church has been prone to severe flooding from The Hague over the years and a new place was sought. A building formerly used by the Sanska Engineering Offices at 809 South Military Highway was purchased in 2017. The building is not affected by storm surge flooding, and will have more space for church activities. In July 2018, the new building opened for services. To conicide with the new location, the Norfolk congregation changed their name to the Coastal Virginia Unitarian Universalists (CVUU).","List of Pastors","Harry Lutz: 1930-1934","Gerald R. Fitzpatrick: 1934-1938","Robert W. Sonen: 1939-1944","William W. Peck: 1944","Frank G. White: 1944-1945","Douglas Angell: 1946-1948","Aubrey C. Todd: 1950-1955","Mary C. Lane: 1956 (Not a pastor, but a lay person who helped with services)","James C. Brewer: 1956-1961","James H. Curtis: 1961-1966","Carl L. Esenwein: 1966-1974","Arthur Graham: 1976-1981","Gary M. Gallum: 1981-1984","Peter Lee Scott: 1984-1987","Douglas Morgan Strong: 1987-1988","James Dittmer Roche: 1988-1989","Fern Cowan Stanley: 1990-1992","Janet Newman: 1992-1993","Maj-Britt Johnson: 1993-2000","Judith Morris: 2000-2001","Danny R. Reed: 2002-2005","Paul Boothby: 2005-2007","Pam Allen-Thompson: 2007-2008","Don Beaudreault: 2009","Phyllis Hubbell: 2009-2010","John Manwell: 2010-2011","Cyndi Simpson: 2011-2013","Jennifer Slade: 2013-2014","Charlie Dietrich: 2015-","Note written by Special Collections Staff"],"phystech_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSome of the materials are aged and brittle, please handle with care.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"phystech_heading_ssm":["Physical Access Requirements"],"phystech_tesim":["Some of the materials are aged and brittle, please handle with care."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Unitarian Universalist Church of Norfolk Records, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Unitarian Universalist Church of Norfolk Records, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection was reprocessed by Kathleen Smith, Metadata and Digital Services Specialist, from April 2017 to March 2018.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["This collection was reprocessed by Kathleen Smith, Metadata and Digital Services Specialist, from April 2017 to March 2018."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWillard C. Frank, Jr. Papers (RG 17-5B4)\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Willard C. Frank, Jr. Papers (RG 17-5B4)"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe records of the Unitarian Universalist Church of Norfolk includes administrative materials, publications, articles, research materials, photographs, and audio-visual items regarding the history of the church. While the bulk of the records concern the Unitarian Universalist Church of Norfolk, the collection also contains material related to African American Universalism in the Tidewater region as well as Unitarian Universalist churches from across the United States.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The records of the Unitarian Universalist Church of Norfolk includes administrative materials, publications, articles, research materials, photographs, and audio-visual items regarding the history of the church. While the bulk of the records concern the Unitarian Universalist Church of Norfolk, the collection also contains material related to African American Universalism in the Tidewater region as well as Unitarian Universalist churches from across the United States."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_1b0f52c7e47797c7ddd90658c4ed987b\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThe collection contains administrative materials, publications, articles, research materials, photographs, and audio-visual items pertaining to the Unitarian Universalist Church of Norfolk.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["The collection contains administrative materials, publications, articles, research materials, photographs, and audio-visual items pertaining to the Unitarian Universalist Church of Norfolk."],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Unitarian Church of Norfolk (Norfolk, Va.)"],"names_coll_ssim":["Unitarian Church of Norfolk (Norfolk, Va.)"],"persname_ssim":["Frank, Willard C., Jr. (1936-2011)"],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Unitarian Church of Norfolk (Norfolk, Va.)","Frank, Willard C., Jr. (1936-2011)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":788,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:39:36.932Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_37"}}],"included":[{"type":"facet","id":"repository_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Repository","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Albemarle Charlottesville Historical Society","value":"Albemarle Charlottesville Historical Society","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+American+schools\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Albemarle+Charlottesville+Historical+Society\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Arlington Public Library","value":"Arlington Public 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