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The accessions are arranged in chronological order by the date they arrived at the University of Virginia Law Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Each series in this collection represents an accession of material to the collection. The accessions are arranged in chronological order by the date they arrived at the University of Virginia Law Library."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn 1948, students at the University of Virginia School of Law founded the Virginia Law Weekly, a periodical and independent student organization. Since its founding, the organization has published weekly editions during the academic year featuring news articles, opinion columns, humor articles, photographs, advertisements, and other materials. This content documents life at the School of Law, as well as student perspectives of the law and the broader world around them.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["In 1948, students at the University of Virginia School of Law founded the Virginia Law Weekly, a periodical and independent student organization. Since its founding, the organization has published weekly editions during the academic year featuring news articles, opinion columns, humor articles, photographs, advertisements, and other materials. This content documents life at the School of Law, as well as student perspectives of the law and the broader world around them."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection does not contain copies of the Virginia Law Weekly publication. Researchers can find issues of the Virginia Law Weekly in the following collection at the University of Virginia's Law Library: Virginia Law Weekly, RG-32-511.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["This collection does not contain copies of the Virginia Law Weekly publication. Researchers can find issues of the Virginia Law Weekly in the following collection at the University of Virginia's Law Library: Virginia Law Weekly, RG-32-511."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of the Virginia Law Weekly's organizational records including founding documents, correspondence, and digital media. It also contains photographic prints, negatives, and contact sheets used in the production of the Virginia Law Weekly.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe University of Virginia Law Library made digital copies of many of the photographic items in this collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series consists of an accession of records (RG 204-79) from the office of the Virginia Law Weekly that contains the Virginia Law Weekly Constitution (1960); a prospectus written by the first editor, Edgar Jones in August 1948; 318 photographs; contact sheets and negatives; and letters from Virginia Law Weekly alums.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series consists of an accession of records (RG 204-80) from the office of the Virginia Law Weekly that contains photographic negatives that were on file in the office of the Virginia Law Weekly.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series consists of an accession of records (RG 204-83) from the office of the Virginia Law Weekly that contains photographs and negatives. It also contains digital copies of photographic materials from accession RG 204-83.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series consists of an accession of records (RG 204-96) from the office of the Virginia Law Weekly that contains photographs and negatives. It also includes digital copies of photographic materials from accession RG 204-96.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series consists of an accession of records (RG 204-09-01 and RG 204-09-02) from the office of the Virginia Law Weekly that contains photographs, and old cartoon, an addressgraph file cabinet, some documents and floppy discs.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection consists of the Virginia Law Weekly's organizational records including founding documents, correspondence, and digital media. It also contains photographic prints, negatives, and contact sheets used in the production of the Virginia Law Weekly.","The University of Virginia Law Library made digital copies of many of the photographic items in this collection.","This series consists of an accession of records (RG 204-79) from the office of the Virginia Law Weekly that contains the Virginia Law Weekly Constitution (1960); a prospectus written by the first editor, Edgar Jones in August 1948; 318 photographs; contact sheets and negatives; and letters from Virginia Law Weekly alums.","This series consists of an accession of records (RG 204-80) from the office of the Virginia Law Weekly that contains photographic negatives that were on file in the office of the Virginia Law Weekly.","This series consists of an accession of records (RG 204-83) from the office of the Virginia Law Weekly that contains photographs and negatives. It also contains digital copies of photographic materials from accession RG 204-83.","This series consists of an accession of records (RG 204-96) from the office of the Virginia Law Weekly that contains photographs and negatives. It also includes digital copies of photographic materials from accession RG 204-96.","This series consists of an accession of records (RG 204-09-01 and RG 204-09-02) from the office of the Virginia Law Weekly that contains photographs, and old cartoon, an addressgraph file cabinet, some documents and floppy discs."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Virginia Law Weekly, an independent student organization, published the materials in this collection. It owns the copyright to any content that is not yet in the public domain or was licensed from another party. Individuals who wish to re-publish copyright-protected content will need to seek permission from the party or parties that own it.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The Virginia Law Weekly, an independent student organization, published the materials in this collection. It owns the copyright to any content that is not yet in the public domain or was licensed from another party. Individuals who wish to re-publish copyright-protected content will need to seek permission from the party or parties that own it."],"names_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections"],"corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":5,"online_item_count_is":8,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-20T23:26:20.177Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_782_c04"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1840_c01","type":"Series","attributes":{"title":"Addition of 2021 (accession 2021-0133)","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1840_c01#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1840_c01","ref_ssm":["viu_repositories_3_resources_1840_c01"],"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1840_c01","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1840","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1840","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1840","parent_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1840","parent_ssim":["viu_repositories_3_resources_1840"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_repositories_3_resources_1840"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["University of Virginia Cemetery Photographs"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["University of Virginia Cemetery Photographs"],"text":["University of Virginia Cemetery Photographs","Addition of 2021 (accession 2021-0133)","box ViU2021.0133_001","box ViU2021.0133_002","box ViU2021.0133_003","box Viu2021.0133_004"],"title_filing_ssi":"Addition of 2021 (accession 2021-0133)","title_ssm":["Addition of 2021 (accession 2021-0133)"],"title_tesim":["Addition of 2021 (accession 2021-0133)"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1993-1996"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1993/1996"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Addition of 2021 (accession 2021-0133)"],"component_level_isim":[1],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["University of Virginia Cemetery Photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Series"],"level_ssim":["Series"],"sort_isi":1,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["This collection is open for research with the following exception:","Original digital media (floppy disks, zip disks, thumb drives) and born-digital files cannot be handled directly by patrons. Please contact Special Collections via our online Reference Request form, https://small.library.virginia.edu/services/reference-request, to request access to these materials. Please be aware that additional actions may be required to make these items available. Items will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis before access can be made. Depending on the request size, making them available may take some time."],"digital_objects_ssm":["{\"label\":\"University of Virginia Cemetery Photograph Files\",\"href\":\"RG 20/10/3\"}"],"date_range_isim":[1993,1994,1995,1996],"containers_ssim":["box ViU2021.0133_001","box ViU2021.0133_002","box ViU2021.0133_003","box Viu2021.0133_004"],"_nest_path_":"/components#0","timestamp":"2026-05-20T23:54:43.019Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1840","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1840","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1840","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1840","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1840.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/237837","title_ssm":["University of Virginia Cemetery Photographs"],"title_tesim":["University of Virginia Cemetery Photographs"],"unitdate_ssm":["1993-1996"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1993-1996"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["RG 20/10/3","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1840"],"text":["RG 20/10/3","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1840","University of Virginia Cemetery Photographs","University of Virginia -- History","This collection is open for research with the following exception:","Original digital media (floppy disks, zip disks, thumb drives) and born-digital files cannot be handled directly by patrons. Please contact Special Collections via our online Reference Request form, https://small.library.virginia.edu/services/reference-request, to request access to these materials. Please be aware that additional actions may be required to make these items available. Items will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis before access can be made. Depending on the request size, making them available may take some time.","This project was conducted by Alison K. Burke (MLA 1995) during the summer of 1993, the winter of 1994, and from the fall of 1995 to the spring of 1996 with additional work by Alison Kipp (MLA 1996) during the summer of 1995. Several other students also completed work on the cemetery records before 1993. The photographing of headstones continued the work first done in the late 1960s by Professor Garlick. This work was completed under the supervision of Jeff Ertel of the University of Virginia's Facilities Management Department. The photographing of cemetery stones was part of a larger project primarily designed to correct and upkeep records and create a new database held by the Landscape Office of Facilities Management.","The records/guides for this collection's original acquisition and other previous additions can be found in VIRGO, the Library's online catalog, as well as (in many cases) on the Archival Resources of the Virginias (ARVAS) website. ","For best results, search using the collection's Identifier/Call Number. ","This addition to RG 20/10/3 Administrative Committees/Cemetery includes slides of headstones of the University of Virginia Cemetery made between 1993 and 1996 and 9 CDs containing files of the digitized slides and associated HTML files.","This collection documents the photography portion of the project; each stone was rephotographed, and the slides were labeled by name and plot number. The boxes contain the slides, organized by cemetery sections. Box ViU2021.0133_001 contains slides from section A; Box ViU2021.0133_002 contains slides from sections B, C, and D; and Box ViU2021.0133_003 contains slides from sections E and F.  \nThe optical disks consist primarily of digitized slides. Files have been given numerical identifiers which correlate to numbers on the back of the slide.","The digitized files have been kept in the original file structure to allow users to use the HTML galleries as they were originally created. They consist of several galleries of photographs created during the original project and feature both low quality .jpg files as well as high quality .tif files of the images.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","University of Virginia. Cemetery","Burke, Alison K.","English"],"unitid_tesim":["RG 20/10/3","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1840"],"normalized_title_ssm":["University of Virginia Cemetery Photographs"],"collection_title_tesim":["University of Virginia Cemetery Photographs"],"collection_ssim":["University of Virginia Cemetery Photographs"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["University of Virginia -- History"],"geogname_ssim":["University of Virginia -- History"],"creator_ssm":["Burke, Alison K."],"creator_ssim":["Burke, Alison K."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Burke, Alison K."],"creators_ssim":["Burke, Alison K."],"places_ssim":["University of Virginia -- History"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":["33.1  Gigabytes 5,494 files including JPGs, TIFFs, HTML, and text files.","0.67 Cubic Feet 3 Clamshell slide boxes and 18 cds"],"extent_tesim":["33.1  Gigabytes 5,494 files including JPGs, TIFFs, HTML, and text files.","0.67 Cubic Feet 3 Clamshell slide boxes and 18 cds"],"date_range_isim":[1993,1994,1995,1996],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research with the following exception:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOriginal digital media (floppy disks, zip disks, thumb drives) and born-digital files cannot be handled directly by patrons. Please contact Special Collections via our online Reference Request form, https://small.library.virginia.edu/services/reference-request, to request access to these materials. Please be aware that additional actions may be required to make these items available. Items will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis before access can be made. Depending on the request size, making them available may take some time.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research with the following exception:","Original digital media (floppy disks, zip disks, thumb drives) and born-digital files cannot be handled directly by patrons. Please contact Special Collections via our online Reference Request form, https://small.library.virginia.edu/services/reference-request, to request access to these materials. Please be aware that additional actions may be required to make these items available. Items will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis before access can be made. Depending on the request size, making them available may take some time."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis project was conducted by Alison K. Burke (MLA 1995) during the summer of 1993, the winter of 1994, and from the fall of 1995 to the spring of 1996 with additional work by Alison Kipp (MLA 1996) during the summer of 1995. Several other students also completed work on the cemetery records before 1993. The photographing of headstones continued the work first done in the late 1960s by Professor Garlick. This work was completed under the supervision of Jeff Ertel of the University of Virginia's Facilities Management Department. The photographing of cemetery stones was part of a larger project primarily designed to correct and upkeep records and create a new database held by the Landscape Office of Facilities Management.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["This project was conducted by Alison K. Burke (MLA 1995) during the summer of 1993, the winter of 1994, and from the fall of 1995 to the spring of 1996 with additional work by Alison Kipp (MLA 1996) during the summer of 1995. Several other students also completed work on the cemetery records before 1993. The photographing of headstones continued the work first done in the late 1960s by Professor Garlick. This work was completed under the supervision of Jeff Ertel of the University of Virginia's Facilities Management Department. The photographing of cemetery stones was part of a larger project primarily designed to correct and upkeep records and create a new database held by the Landscape Office of Facilities Management."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe records/guides for this collection's original acquisition and other previous additions can be found in VIRGO, the Library's online catalog, as well as (in many cases) on the Archival Resources of the Virginias (ARVAS) website. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFor best results, search using the collection's Identifier/Call Number. \u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The records/guides for this collection's original acquisition and other previous additions can be found in VIRGO, the Library's online catalog, as well as (in many cases) on the Archival Resources of the Virginias (ARVAS) website. ","For best results, search using the collection's Identifier/Call Number. "],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis addition to RG 20/10/3 Administrative Committees/Cemetery includes slides of headstones of the University of Virginia Cemetery made between 1993 and 1996 and 9 CDs containing files of the digitized slides and associated HTML files.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThis collection documents the photography portion of the project; each stone was rephotographed, and the slides were labeled by name and plot number. The boxes contain the slides, organized by cemetery sections. Box ViU2021.0133_001 contains slides from section A; Box ViU2021.0133_002 contains slides from sections B, C, and D; and Box ViU2021.0133_003 contains slides from sections E and F.  \nThe optical disks consist primarily of digitized slides. Files have been given numerical identifiers which correlate to numbers on the back of the slide.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe digitized files have been kept in the original file structure to allow users to use the HTML galleries as they were originally created. They consist of several galleries of photographs created during the original project and feature both low quality .jpg files as well as high quality .tif files of the images.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This addition to RG 20/10/3 Administrative Committees/Cemetery includes slides of headstones of the University of Virginia Cemetery made between 1993 and 1996 and 9 CDs containing files of the digitized slides and associated HTML files.","This collection documents the photography portion of the project; each stone was rephotographed, and the slides were labeled by name and plot number. The boxes contain the slides, organized by cemetery sections. Box ViU2021.0133_001 contains slides from section A; Box ViU2021.0133_002 contains slides from sections B, C, and D; and Box ViU2021.0133_003 contains slides from sections E and F.  \nThe optical disks consist primarily of digitized slides. Files have been given numerical identifiers which correlate to numbers on the back of the slide.","The digitized files have been kept in the original file structure to allow users to use the HTML galleries as they were originally created. They consist of several galleries of photographs created during the original project and feature both low quality .jpg files as well as high quality .tif files of the images."],"names_coll_ssim":["University of Virginia. Cemetery"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","University of Virginia. Cemetery","Burke, Alison K."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","University of Virginia. Cemetery"],"persname_ssim":["Burke, Alison K."],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1,"online_item_count_is":1,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-20T23:54:43.019Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1840_c01"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_780_c02","type":"Series","attributes":{"title":"Artifacts and objects","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_780_c02#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis series contains three-dimensional objects. These include an American flag, a fraternal order apron, a fraternal order collar, and a map of the Gordon cemetery.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_780_c02#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_780_c02","ref_ssm":["viu_repositories_3_resources_780_c02"],"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_780_c02","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_780","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_780","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_780","parent_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_780","parent_ssim":["viu_repositories_3_resources_780"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_repositories_3_resources_780"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Madison Friendship Lodge Grand United Order of Odd Fellows collection"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Madison Friendship Lodge Grand United Order of Odd Fellows collection"],"text":["Madison Friendship Lodge Grand United Order of Odd Fellows collection","Artifacts and objects","Items in this series are not arranged.","This series contains three-dimensional objects. These include an American flag, a fraternal order apron, a fraternal order collar, and a map of the Gordon cemetery."],"title_filing_ssi":"Artifacts and objects","title_ssm":["Artifacts and objects"],"title_tesim":["Artifacts and objects"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1900s, 1931"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1900/1931"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Artifacts and objects"],"component_level_isim":[1],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Madison Friendship Lodge Grand United Order of Odd Fellows collection"],"extent_ssm":["1.8 Cubic Feet 1 oversized box and 2 oversized folders."],"extent_tesim":["1.8 Cubic Feet 1 oversized box and 2 oversized folders."],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"child_component_count_isi":4,"level_ssm":["Series"],"level_ssim":["Series"],"sort_isi":11,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The collection is open for research."],"date_range_isim":[1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eItems in this series are not arranged.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Items in this series are not arranged."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis series contains three-dimensional objects. These include an American flag, a fraternal order apron, a fraternal order collar, and a map of the Gordon cemetery.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This series contains three-dimensional objects. These include an American flag, a fraternal order apron, a fraternal order collar, and a map of the Gordon cemetery."],"_nest_path_":"/components#1","timestamp":"2026-05-20T23:42:52.284Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_780","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_780","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_780","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_780","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_780.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/105294","title_filing_ssi":"Madison Friendship Lodge Grand United Order of Odd Fellows collection","title_ssm":["Madison Friendship Lodge Grand United Order of Odd Fellows collection"],"title_tesim":["Madison Friendship Lodge Grand United Order of Odd Fellows collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1880-1937"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1880-1937"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Series","Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16411","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/780"],"text":["MSS 16411","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/780","Madison Friendship Lodge Grand United Order of Odd Fellows collection","minutes (administrative records)","letters (correspondence)","flags","The collection is open for research.","This collection is arranged in two series: Meeting and subject files; and Artifacts and objects.","This series is arranged in chronological order. Except for the \"Meeting minutes and finances\" and \"Finances\" folders, which refelect received order, order has been imposed by the processing archivist.","Items in this series are not arranged.","Madison Friendship Lodge No. 2121 of Madison County, Virginia was founded in 1880 in Madison County, Virginia. The Lodge is a branch of the Grand United Order of Odd Fellows in America, an African American fraternal order founded in 1843 in New York.","The Madison Friendship Lodge Grand United Order of Odd Fellows collection (1880-1937; 3 cubic feet) contains minute books, financial records, correspondence, event programs, proceedings, a cemetary plot, a framed faternal collar, a fraternal apron, and a flag. Loose manuscripts, meeting minutes, and notes make up the remainder of the collection.","This series contains a wide variety of materials. The bulk of the materials consist of bound ledgers containing meeting minutes and financial information, including bills, checks, and a financial quarterly report. Other material include correspondence, proceedings, regalia price lists, registration  books, catalogs, event programs, and printed  ephemera. The material cover a variety of topics, mostly related to member dues and relief given to members, such as sickness or death.","This series contains three-dimensional objects. These include an American flag, a fraternal order apron, a fraternal order collar, and a map of the Gordon cemetery.","27 publications, consisting of quarterlies, annual proceedings, and annual reports were separated for cataloging.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16411","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/780"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Madison Friendship Lodge Grand United Order of Odd Fellows collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Madison Friendship Lodge Grand United Order of Odd Fellows collection"],"collection_ssim":["Madison Friendship Lodge Grand United Order of Odd Fellows collection"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Gift of Nancy Garnett-Williams, accession 2018-0089."],"access_subjects_ssim":["minutes (administrative records)","letters (correspondence)","flags"],"access_subjects_ssm":["minutes (administrative records)","letters (correspondence)","flags"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":["3 Cubic Feet 1 record carton, 1 oversized box, and 2 oversized folders."],"extent_tesim":["3 Cubic Feet 1 record carton, 1 oversized box, and 2 oversized folders."],"genreform_ssim":["minutes (administrative records)","letters (correspondence)","flags"],"date_range_isim":[1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is arranged in two series: Meeting and subject files; and Artifacts and objects.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series is arranged in chronological order. Except for the \"Meeting minutes and finances\" and \"Finances\" folders, which refelect received order, order has been imposed by the processing archivist.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItems in this series are not arranged.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This collection is arranged in two series: Meeting and subject files; and Artifacts and objects.","This series is arranged in chronological order. Except for the \"Meeting minutes and finances\" and \"Finances\" folders, which refelect received order, order has been imposed by the processing archivist.","Items in this series are not arranged."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMadison Friendship Lodge No. 2121 of Madison County, Virginia was founded in 1880 in Madison County, Virginia. The Lodge is a branch of the Grand United Order of Odd Fellows in America, an African American fraternal order founded in 1843 in New York.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Madison Friendship Lodge No. 2121 of Madison County, Virginia was founded in 1880 in Madison County, Virginia. The Lodge is a branch of the Grand United Order of Odd Fellows in America, an African American fraternal order founded in 1843 in New York."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16411 Madison Friendship Lodge Grand United Order of Odd Fellows Collection, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16411 Madison Friendship Lodge Grand United Order of Odd Fellows Collection, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Madison Friendship Lodge Grand United Order of Odd Fellows collection (1880-1937; 3 cubic feet) contains minute books, financial records, correspondence, event programs, proceedings, a cemetary plot, a framed faternal collar, a fraternal apron, and a flag. Loose manuscripts, meeting minutes, and notes make up the remainder of the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series contains a wide variety of materials. The bulk of the materials consist of bound ledgers containing meeting minutes and financial information, including bills, checks, and a financial quarterly report. Other material include correspondence, proceedings, regalia price lists, registration  books, catalogs, event programs, and printed  ephemera. The material cover a variety of topics, mostly related to member dues and relief given to members, such as sickness or death.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series contains three-dimensional objects. These include an American flag, a fraternal order apron, a fraternal order collar, and a map of the Gordon cemetery.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents Note","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Madison Friendship Lodge Grand United Order of Odd Fellows collection (1880-1937; 3 cubic feet) contains minute books, financial records, correspondence, event programs, proceedings, a cemetary plot, a framed faternal collar, a fraternal apron, and a flag. Loose manuscripts, meeting minutes, and notes make up the remainder of the collection.","This series contains a wide variety of materials. The bulk of the materials consist of bound ledgers containing meeting minutes and financial information, including bills, checks, and a financial quarterly report. Other material include correspondence, proceedings, regalia price lists, registration  books, catalogs, event programs, and printed  ephemera. The material cover a variety of topics, mostly related to member dues and relief given to members, such as sickness or death.","This series contains three-dimensional objects. These include an American flag, a fraternal order apron, a fraternal order collar, and a map of the Gordon cemetery."],"separatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e27 publications, consisting of quarterlies, annual proceedings, and annual reports were separated for cataloging.\u003c/p\u003e"],"separatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Separated Materials"],"separatedmaterial_tesim":["27 publications, consisting of quarterlies, annual proceedings, and annual reports were separated for cataloging."],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":15,"online_item_count_is":13,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-20T23:42:52.284Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_780_c02"}},{"id":"vifrem_repositories_2_resources_20_c01","type":"Series","attributes":{"title":"Audio-Visual","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifrem_repositories_2_resources_20_c01#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vifrem_repositories_2_resources_20_c01","ref_ssm":["vifrem_repositories_2_resources_20_c01"],"id":"vifrem_repositories_2_resources_20_c01","ead_ssi":"vifrem_repositories_2_resources_20","_root_":"vifrem_repositories_2_resources_20","_nest_parent_":"vifrem_repositories_2_resources_20","parent_ssi":"vifrem_repositories_2_resources_20","parent_ssim":["vifrem_repositories_2_resources_20"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vifrem_repositories_2_resources_20"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["University Relations and Communications, James L. Farmer Records"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["University Relations and Communications, James L. Farmer Records"],"text":["University Relations and Communications, James L. Farmer Records","Audio-Visual","Public Broadcasting Service (U.S.)","NBC Television Network","WNVT (Television station : Annandale, Va.)","WTTG (Television station : Washington, D.C.)","University of Wisconsin--Milwaukee","WHMM-TV (Television station : Washington, D.C.)","National Public Radio (U.S.)","WAMU-FM (Radio station : Washington, D.C.)","Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr., 1908-1972","Couric, Katie, 1957-","Bowers, Detine L. (Detine Lee)","Toppin, Edgar Allan, 1928-","Stamberg, Susan, 1938-","Cuthbert, Mike"],"title_filing_ssi":"Audio-Visual","title_ssm":["Audio-Visual"],"title_tesim":["Audio-Visual"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Audio-Visual"],"component_level_isim":[1],"repository_ssim":["University of Mary Washington"],"collection_ssim":["University Relations and Communications, James L. 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(Detine Lee)","Toppin, Edgar Allan, 1928-","Stamberg, Susan, 1938-","Cuthbert, Mike"],"corpname_ssim":["Public Broadcasting Service (U.S.)","NBC Television Network","WNVT (Television station : Annandale, Va.)","WNVT (Television station : Annandale, Va.)","WNVT (Television station : Annandale, Va.)","WNVT (Television station : Annandale, Va.)","WTTG (Television station : Washington, D.C.)","NBC Television Network","NBC Television Network","Public Broadcasting Service (U.S.)","University of Wisconsin--Milwaukee","University of Wisconsin--Milwaukee","WHMM-TV (Television station : Washington, D.C.)","National Public Radio (U.S.)","National Public Radio (U.S.)","WAMU-FM (Radio station : Washington, D.C.)","WAMU-FM (Radio station : Washington, D.C.)"],"persname_ssim":["Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr., 1908-1972","Couric, Katie, 1957-","Bowers, Detine L. (Detine Lee)","Toppin, Edgar Allan, 1928-","Stamberg, Susan, 1938-","Cuthbert, Mike"],"_nest_path_":"/components#0","timestamp":"2026-05-21T14:29:13.627Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vifrem_repositories_2_resources_20","ead_ssi":"vifrem_repositories_2_resources_20","_root_":"vifrem_repositories_2_resources_20","_nest_parent_":"vifrem_repositories_2_resources_20","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/MW/repositories_2_resources_20.xml","title_ssm":["University Relations and Communications, James L. Farmer Records"],"title_tesim":["University Relations and Communications, James L. Farmer Records"],"unitdate_ssm":["1984-2008"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1984-2008"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Record Group","Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["RG013.03.Farmer","/repositories/2/resources/20"],"text":["RG013.03.Farmer","/repositories/2/resources/20","University Relations and Communications, James L. Farmer Records","African Americans -- Civil rights.","College teachers","Mass media","Education, Higher -- Virginia","Press releases","Publicity","Researchers interested in AV materials may need to visit the Special Collections Reading Room for access due to copyright restrictions.","Farmer AV 1 \u003e Farmer_Video_013","Farmer AV 1 \u003e Farmer_Video_014","Farmer_Video_018b","Farmer_Video_022","Farmer_Video_025","Farmer_Video_026","Farmer_Video_027","Farmer_Video_028","Farmer_Video_032","Farmer_Video_034","Farmer_Video_035","Farmer_Video_044","Farmer_ Video_015","Farmer_Video_021","Farmer_Video_023","Farmer AV 1 \u003e Farmer_Video_009b","Farmer AV 1 \u003e Farmer_Video_037","Farmer AV 1 \u003e Farmer_Video_010b","Farmer AV 1 \u003e Farmer_Video_011","Farmer_Video_033","Digitized copy available on external hard drive UOMW_July2012_DRV02, filename Farmer_Audio_023.","Farmer AV 1 \u003e Farmer_Video_031.","Farmer_ Video_024","Farmer AV 01 \u003e Farmer_Video_036","Farmer_Video_016","Farmer AV 1 \u003e Farmer_Video_012","Farmer_Video_017b","Farmer_Video_020","Farmer_Audio_040.","Farmer_Audio_041.","Farmer_Audio_042","Farmer_Audio_039.","James Leonard Farmer, Jr. was born January 12, 1920 in Marshall, Texas. He was an exceedingly intelligent student and began attending Wiley College at age fourteen, graduating with his B.S. degree in 1938. From there he went to Howard University School of Divinity before obtaining his B.D. degree in 1941. Eventually, Farmer would become widely recognized as one of the \"Big Four\" of the civil rights movement. He founded the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) in 1942, and gained national recognition in the 1960s for his leadership of the \"Freedom Rides\" into the South. Farmer's non-violent acts played a significant role in the events leading to the passage of the Civil Rights Bill of 1964 and the Civil Rights Voting Act of 1965.","James Farmer also forayed into politics, albeit briefly. He unsuccessfully ran for Congress in 1968, and from 1969-1970, he served in the Nixon administration as the Assistant Secretary of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (now the Department of Health and Human Services). By 1971, Farmer returned his focus to activism and education.","In addition to his role as a renowned activist, Farmer was an author, a teacher, and a labor organizer. Beyond his leadership of CORE, he also held a position as honorary vice chairman of the Democratic Socialists of America, and was a co-founding member of the Fund for an Open Society, which promoted thriving racially and ethnically integrated communities. In 1985, he began teaching the history of Civil Rights as Commonwealth Professor of History and American Studies at Mary Washingon College. He received the title of Distiguished Professor in 1987, which he held until his retirement in 1998. MWC awarded Farmer an honorary doctorate of humane letters in 1997. In 1998, he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, awarded by President Bill Clinton.","Ill health troubled James Farmer for many of his later years. He would eventually lose both of his legs and his eyesight to diabetes, and passsed away from complications of the disease on July 9, 1999.","FAC0099","CSPAN0026","FAC0043","FAC0043","Farmer_Video_029","FAC0042","FAC0090","Video 023. DVD access copy available. Jewel case is damaged.","Video 031. Notations on box read \"Freedom Rides, 1991 Anniversary, NBC \"Today\" (Video)\".","FAC0053","External notations on cassette read \"WITH GOOD REASON, VOL. 2, NO. 5 / \"On the Bias: Black and White Perspectivees on African-American History / Farmer (MWC) Toppin (VSU).\" Case includes a business card from Pamela H. Landrum with the handwritten note \"My extra copy of tape, if you want to listen. [R?] 7/16\".","Segment is hosted by Laura Womack.","Handwritten notations on cassette read \"James Farmer/Susan Stamberg / Weekend Edition/Sun 6/18/89.\" Notation on case reads \"JAMES FARMER\".","Segment hosted by Susan Stamberg.","Green sticker on case reads \"Audio 042\". Notations on cassette read \"FAC0055 / James Farmer singing / dubbed 8/99\".","Original recording date unknown. This recording is several loops of the same song; the run time for one loop of the song is 1m45s.","In a 1985 interview with NPR, Farmer said this is an old labor song with new words he wrote for the freedom rides.","Notations on cassette read \"CUTHBERT SHOW / JAMES FARMER ON CIVIL RIGHTS TODAY / 12-11-89.\" Tape label indicates that the recording comes from WAMU at American University.","Hosted by Mike Cuthbert.","The collection consists of materials that have been transferred to UMW Archives from the Office of University Relations and Communications, dating from 1984-2008. The majority of the collection's content includes public media materials such as television and radio appearances, and newspaper and magazine articles. The collection also includes correspondence, secretarial notes, speeches written by James Farmer, and documenation of some of Dr. Farmer's many awards and honors. These materials document James Farmer's career at the University of Mary Washington so the bulk of the contents pertain to the late 1980s and 1990s. This collection offers insight into the life of James Farmer's career as an educator and public figure later in his life.","University of Mary Washington Special Collections and University Archives","University of Mary Washington. Office of University Relations and Communications","WNVT (Television station : Annandale, Va.)","Public Broadcasting Service (U.S.)","NBC Television Network","WTTG (Television station : Washington, D.C.)","University of Wisconsin--Milwaukee","WHMM-TV (Television station : Washington, D.C.)","National Public Radio (U.S.)","WAMU-FM (Radio station : Washington, D.C.)","Farmer, James, 1920-1999","Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr., 1908-1972","Couric, Katie, 1957-","Bowers, Detine L. (Detine Lee)","Toppin, Edgar Allan, 1928-","Stamberg, Susan, 1938-","Cuthbert, Mike","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["RG013.03.Farmer","/repositories/2/resources/20"],"normalized_title_ssm":["University Relations and Communications, James L. Farmer Records"],"collection_title_tesim":["University Relations and Communications, James L. Farmer Records"],"collection_ssim":["University Relations and Communications, James L. Farmer Records"],"repository_ssm":["University of Mary Washington"],"repository_ssim":["University of Mary Washington"],"creator_ssm":["University of Mary Washington. Office of University Relations and Communications","Farmer, James, 1920-1999"],"creator_ssim":["University of Mary Washington. Office of University Relations and Communications","Farmer, James, 1920-1999"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Farmer, James, 1920-1999"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["University of Mary Washington. Office of University Relations and Communications"],"creators_ssim":["Farmer, James, 1920-1999","University of Mary Washington. Office of University Relations and Communications"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans -- Civil rights.","College teachers","Mass media","Education, Higher -- Virginia","Press releases","Publicity"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans -- Civil rights.","College teachers","Mass media","Education, Higher -- Virginia","Press releases","Publicity"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":["3.75 Linear Feet 5 boxes: one record storage box, 2 legal-size document storage boxes, and 2 flat boxes."],"extent_tesim":["3.75 Linear Feet 5 boxes: one record storage box, 2 legal-size document storage boxes, and 2 flat boxes."],"date_range_isim":[1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers interested in AV materials may need to visit the Special Collections Reading Room for access due to copyright restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Researchers interested in AV materials may need to visit the Special Collections Reading Room for access due to copyright restrictions."],"altformavail_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFarmer AV 1 \u0026gt; Farmer_Video_013\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFarmer AV 1 \u0026gt; Farmer_Video_014\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFarmer_Video_018b\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFarmer_Video_022\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFarmer_Video_025\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFarmer_Video_026\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFarmer_Video_027\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFarmer_Video_028\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFarmer_Video_032\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFarmer_Video_034\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFarmer_Video_035\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFarmer_Video_044\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFarmer_ Video_015\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFarmer_Video_021\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFarmer_Video_023\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFarmer AV 1 \u0026gt; Farmer_Video_009b\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFarmer AV 1 \u0026gt; Farmer_Video_037\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFarmer AV 1 \u0026gt; Farmer_Video_010b\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFarmer AV 1 \u0026gt; Farmer_Video_011\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFarmer_Video_033\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDigitized copy available on external hard drive UOMW_July2012_DRV02, filename Farmer_Audio_023.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFarmer AV 1 \u0026gt; Farmer_Video_031.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFarmer_ Video_024\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFarmer AV 01 \u0026gt; Farmer_Video_036\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFarmer_Video_016\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFarmer AV 1 \u0026gt; Farmer_Video_012\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFarmer_Video_017b\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFarmer_Video_020\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFarmer_Audio_040.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFarmer_Audio_041.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFarmer_Audio_042\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFarmer_Audio_039.\u003c/p\u003e"],"altformavail_heading_ssm":["Digitized copy","Existence and Location of Copies","Digitized copy","Digitized copy","Digitized copy","Digitized copy","Digitized copy","Digitized copy","Digitized copy","Digitized copy","Digitized copy","Digitized copy","Digitized copy","Digitized copy","Digitized copy","Digitized copy","Digitized copy","Digitized copy","Digitized copy","Existence and Location of Copies","Existence and Location of Copies","Digitized copy","Digitized copy","Digitized copy","Digitized copy","Digitized copy","Digitized copy","Digitized copy","Digitized copy","Digitized copy","Existence and Location of Copies","Digitized copy"],"altformavail_tesim":["Farmer AV 1 \u003e Farmer_Video_013","Farmer AV 1 \u003e Farmer_Video_014","Farmer_Video_018b","Farmer_Video_022","Farmer_Video_025","Farmer_Video_026","Farmer_Video_027","Farmer_Video_028","Farmer_Video_032","Farmer_Video_034","Farmer_Video_035","Farmer_Video_044","Farmer_ Video_015","Farmer_Video_021","Farmer_Video_023","Farmer AV 1 \u003e Farmer_Video_009b","Farmer AV 1 \u003e Farmer_Video_037","Farmer AV 1 \u003e Farmer_Video_010b","Farmer AV 1 \u003e Farmer_Video_011","Farmer_Video_033","Digitized copy available on external hard drive UOMW_July2012_DRV02, filename Farmer_Audio_023.","Farmer AV 1 \u003e Farmer_Video_031.","Farmer_ Video_024","Farmer AV 01 \u003e Farmer_Video_036","Farmer_Video_016","Farmer AV 1 \u003e Farmer_Video_012","Farmer_Video_017b","Farmer_Video_020","Farmer_Audio_040.","Farmer_Audio_041.","Farmer_Audio_042","Farmer_Audio_039."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJames Leonard Farmer, Jr. was born January 12, 1920 in Marshall, Texas. He was an exceedingly intelligent student and began attending Wiley College at age fourteen, graduating with his B.S. degree in 1938. From there he went to Howard University School of Divinity before obtaining his B.D. degree in 1941. Eventually, Farmer would become widely recognized as one of the \"Big Four\" of the civil rights movement. He founded the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) in 1942, and gained national recognition in the 1960s for his leadership of the \"Freedom Rides\" into the South. Farmer's non-violent acts played a significant role in the events leading to the passage of the Civil Rights Bill of 1964 and the Civil Rights Voting Act of 1965.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJames Farmer also forayed into politics, albeit briefly. He unsuccessfully ran for Congress in 1968, and from 1969-1970, he served in the Nixon administration as the Assistant Secretary of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (now the Department of Health and Human Services). By 1971, Farmer returned his focus to activism and education.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn addition to his role as a renowned activist, Farmer was an author, a teacher, and a labor organizer. Beyond his leadership of CORE, he also held a position as honorary vice chairman of the Democratic Socialists of America, and was a co-founding member of the Fund for an Open Society, which promoted thriving racially and ethnically integrated communities. In 1985, he began teaching the history of Civil Rights as Commonwealth Professor of History and American Studies at Mary Washingon College. He received the title of Distiguished Professor in 1987, which he held until his retirement in 1998. MWC awarded Farmer an honorary doctorate of humane letters in 1997. In 1998, he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, awarded by President Bill Clinton.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIll health troubled James Farmer for many of his later years. He would eventually lose both of his legs and his eyesight to diabetes, and passsed away from complications of the disease on July 9, 1999.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["James Leonard Farmer, Jr. was born January 12, 1920 in Marshall, Texas. He was an exceedingly intelligent student and began attending Wiley College at age fourteen, graduating with his B.S. degree in 1938. From there he went to Howard University School of Divinity before obtaining his B.D. degree in 1941. Eventually, Farmer would become widely recognized as one of the \"Big Four\" of the civil rights movement. He founded the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) in 1942, and gained national recognition in the 1960s for his leadership of the \"Freedom Rides\" into the South. Farmer's non-violent acts played a significant role in the events leading to the passage of the Civil Rights Bill of 1964 and the Civil Rights Voting Act of 1965.","James Farmer also forayed into politics, albeit briefly. He unsuccessfully ran for Congress in 1968, and from 1969-1970, he served in the Nixon administration as the Assistant Secretary of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (now the Department of Health and Human Services). By 1971, Farmer returned his focus to activism and education.","In addition to his role as a renowned activist, Farmer was an author, a teacher, and a labor organizer. Beyond his leadership of CORE, he also held a position as honorary vice chairman of the Democratic Socialists of America, and was a co-founding member of the Fund for an Open Society, which promoted thriving racially and ethnically integrated communities. In 1985, he began teaching the history of Civil Rights as Commonwealth Professor of History and American Studies at Mary Washingon College. He received the title of Distiguished Professor in 1987, which he held until his retirement in 1998. MWC awarded Farmer an honorary doctorate of humane letters in 1997. In 1998, he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, awarded by President Bill Clinton.","Ill health troubled James Farmer for many of his later years. He would eventually lose both of his legs and his eyesight to diabetes, and passsed away from complications of the disease on July 9, 1999."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFAC0099\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCSPAN0026\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFAC0043\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFAC0043\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFarmer_Video_029\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFAC0042\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFAC0090\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eVideo 023. DVD access copy available. Jewel case is damaged.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eVideo 031. Notations on box read \"Freedom Rides, 1991 Anniversary, NBC \"Today\" (Video)\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFAC0053\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eExternal notations on cassette read \"WITH GOOD REASON, VOL. 2, NO. 5 / \"On the Bias: Black and White Perspectivees on African-American History / Farmer (MWC) Toppin (VSU).\" Case includes a business card from Pamela H. Landrum with the handwritten note \"My extra copy of tape, if you want to listen. [R?] 7/16\".\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSegment is hosted by Laura Womack.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHandwritten notations on cassette read \"James Farmer/Susan Stamberg / Weekend Edition/Sun 6/18/89.\" Notation on case reads \"JAMES FARMER\".\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSegment hosted by Susan Stamberg.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGreen sticker on case reads \"Audio 042\". Notations on cassette read \"FAC0055 / James Farmer singing / dubbed 8/99\".\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOriginal recording date unknown. This recording is several loops of the same song; the run time for one loop of the song is 1m45s.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn a 1985 interview with NPR, Farmer said this is an old labor song with new words he wrote for the freedom rides.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNotations on cassette read \"CUTHBERT SHOW / JAMES FARMER ON CIVIL RIGHTS TODAY / 12-11-89.\" Tape label indicates that the recording comes from WAMU at American University.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHosted by Mike Cuthbert.\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["ID#","ID#","ID#","ID#","Digitized copy","ID#","ID#","General","General","ID#","General","General","General","General"],"odd_tesim":["FAC0099","CSPAN0026","FAC0043","FAC0043","Farmer_Video_029","FAC0042","FAC0090","Video 023. DVD access copy available. Jewel case is damaged.","Video 031. Notations on box read \"Freedom Rides, 1991 Anniversary, NBC \"Today\" (Video)\".","FAC0053","External notations on cassette read \"WITH GOOD REASON, VOL. 2, NO. 5 / \"On the Bias: Black and White Perspectivees on African-American History / Farmer (MWC) Toppin (VSU).\" Case includes a business card from Pamela H. Landrum with the handwritten note \"My extra copy of tape, if you want to listen. [R?] 7/16\".","Segment is hosted by Laura Womack.","Handwritten notations on cassette read \"James Farmer/Susan Stamberg / Weekend Edition/Sun 6/18/89.\" Notation on case reads \"JAMES FARMER\".","Segment hosted by Susan Stamberg.","Green sticker on case reads \"Audio 042\". Notations on cassette read \"FAC0055 / James Farmer singing / dubbed 8/99\".","Original recording date unknown. This recording is several loops of the same song; the run time for one loop of the song is 1m45s.","In a 1985 interview with NPR, Farmer said this is an old labor song with new words he wrote for the freedom rides.","Notations on cassette read \"CUTHBERT SHOW / JAMES FARMER ON CIVIL RIGHTS TODAY / 12-11-89.\" Tape label indicates that the recording comes from WAMU at American University.","Hosted by Mike Cuthbert."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection consists of materials that have been transferred to UMW Archives from the Office of University Relations and Communications, dating from 1984-2008. The majority of the collection's content includes public media materials such as television and radio appearances, and newspaper and magazine articles. The collection also includes correspondence, secretarial notes, speeches written by James Farmer, and documenation of some of Dr. Farmer's many awards and honors. These materials document James Farmer's career at the University of Mary Washington so the bulk of the contents pertain to the late 1980s and 1990s. This collection offers insight into the life of James Farmer's career as an educator and public figure later in his life.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection consists of materials that have been transferred to UMW Archives from the Office of University Relations and Communications, dating from 1984-2008. The majority of the collection's content includes public media materials such as television and radio appearances, and newspaper and magazine articles. The collection also includes correspondence, secretarial notes, speeches written by James Farmer, and documenation of some of Dr. Farmer's many awards and honors. These materials document James Farmer's career at the University of Mary Washington so the bulk of the contents pertain to the late 1980s and 1990s. This collection offers insight into the life of James Farmer's career as an educator and public figure later in his life."],"names_coll_ssim":["WNVT (Television station : Annandale, Va.)"],"names_ssim":["University of Mary Washington Special Collections and University Archives","University of Mary Washington. Office of University Relations and Communications","WNVT (Television station : Annandale, Va.)","Public Broadcasting Service (U.S.)","NBC Television Network","WTTG (Television station : Washington, D.C.)","University of Wisconsin--Milwaukee","WHMM-TV (Television station : Washington, D.C.)","National Public Radio (U.S.)","WAMU-FM (Radio station : Washington, D.C.)","Farmer, James, 1920-1999","Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr., 1908-1972","Couric, Katie, 1957-","Bowers, Detine L. (Detine Lee)","Toppin, Edgar Allan, 1928-","Stamberg, Susan, 1938-","Cuthbert, Mike"],"corpname_ssim":["University of Mary Washington Special Collections and University Archives","University of Mary Washington. Office of University Relations and Communications","WNVT (Television station : Annandale, Va.)","Public Broadcasting Service (U.S.)","NBC Television Network","WTTG (Television station : Washington, D.C.)","University of Wisconsin--Milwaukee","WHMM-TV (Television station : Washington, D.C.)","National Public Radio (U.S.)","WAMU-FM (Radio station : Washington, D.C.)"],"persname_ssim":["Farmer, James, 1920-1999","Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr., 1908-1972","Couric, Katie, 1957-","Bowers, Detine L. (Detine Lee)","Toppin, Edgar Allan, 1928-","Stamberg, Susan, 1938-","Cuthbert, Mike"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"total_component_count_is":89,"online_item_count_is":33,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T14:29:13.627Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifrem_repositories_2_resources_20_c01"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_7_resources_215_c08","type":"Series","attributes":{"title":"Blogs","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_7_resources_215_c08#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis series consists of blogs that were created by the Health Sciences Library. The files in this series were downloaded from the Internet by Library staff. Content in the blogs that are accessed through a link outside of the blog's parent directory (e.g. external YouTube videos, external web pages) are not downloaded and archived in this series.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_7_resources_215_c08#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_repositories_7_resources_215_c08","ref_ssm":["viu_repositories_7_resources_215_c08"],"id":"viu_repositories_7_resources_215_c08","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_7_resources_215","_root_":"viu_repositories_7_resources_215","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_7_resources_215","parent_ssi":"viu_repositories_7_resources_215","parent_ssim":["viu_repositories_7_resources_215"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_repositories_7_resources_215"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library records"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library records"],"text":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library records","Blogs","English","The blog files are open to researchers.","Copies of each existing blog are captured every year and added to the collection.","Blogs are arranged into files alphabetically by title.","When the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library captures a copy of a blog, the Library preserves all of the its original files (e.g. jpeg files, html files) as well as an aggregated web archive file (warc). Both a directory containing the original files and the warc file are bundled together into a single digital object. ","Patrons may contact Historical Collections staff at the Library to request copies of blog files. The files may be sent to the patron for remote viewing or they may be viewed in the Historical Collections reading room. The Library will provide patrons in the reading room with software to view the files. Patrons who request to view the files remotely are responsible for obtaining their own copies of the hardware and software required to render the files. ","This series consists of blogs that were created by the Health Sciences Library. The files in this series were downloaded from the Internet by Library staff. Content in the blogs that are accessed through a link outside of the blog's parent directory (e.g. external YouTube videos, external web pages) are not downloaded and archived in this series.","The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to blogs and blog posts created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment, except scholarly and academic works.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this series varies."],"title_filing_ssi":"Blogs","title_ssm":["Blogs"],"title_tesim":["Blogs"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["2007-2019"],"normalized_date_ssm":["2007/2019"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Blogs"],"component_level_isim":[1],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library records"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"child_component_count_isi":1,"level_ssm":["Series"],"level_ssim":["Series"],"sort_isi":253,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The records of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library are open to researchers, except where it is noted. Decisions to close records to research are made in accordance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA), the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (VAFOIA), the policies of the University of Virginia, and other relevent laws, regulations, or policies."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to blogs and blog posts created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment, except scholarly and academic works.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this series varies."],"date_range_isim":[2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019],"language_ssim":["English"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe blog files are open to researchers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The blog files are open to researchers."],"accruals_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCopies of each existing blog are captured every year and added to the collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accruals_heading_ssm":["Accruals"],"accruals_tesim":["Copies of each existing blog are captured every year and added to the collection."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBlogs are arranged into files alphabetically by title.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Blogs are arranged into files alphabetically by title."],"phystech_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWhen the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library captures a copy of a blog, the Library preserves all of the its original files (e.g. jpeg files, html files) as well as an aggregated web archive file (warc). Both a directory containing the original files and the warc file are bundled together into a single digital object. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePatrons may contact Historical Collections staff at the Library to request copies of blog files. The files may be sent to the patron for remote viewing or they may be viewed in the Historical Collections reading room. The Library will provide patrons in the reading room with software to view the files. Patrons who request to view the files remotely are responsible for obtaining their own copies of the hardware and software required to render the files. \u003c/p\u003e"],"phystech_heading_ssm":["Physical Characteristics and Technical Requirements"],"phystech_tesim":["When the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library captures a copy of a blog, the Library preserves all of the its original files (e.g. jpeg files, html files) as well as an aggregated web archive file (warc). Both a directory containing the original files and the warc file are bundled together into a single digital object. ","Patrons may contact Historical Collections staff at the Library to request copies of blog files. The files may be sent to the patron for remote viewing or they may be viewed in the Historical Collections reading room. The Library will provide patrons in the reading room with software to view the files. Patrons who request to view the files remotely are responsible for obtaining their own copies of the hardware and software required to render the files. "],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis series consists of blogs that were created by the Health Sciences Library. The files in this series were downloaded from the Internet by Library staff. Content in the blogs that are accessed through a link outside of the blog's parent directory (e.g. external YouTube videos, external web pages) are not downloaded and archived in this series.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This series consists of blogs that were created by the Health Sciences Library. The files in this series were downloaded from the Internet by Library staff. Content in the blogs that are accessed through a link outside of the blog's parent directory (e.g. external YouTube videos, external web pages) are not downloaded and archived in this series."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to blogs and blog posts created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment, except scholarly and academic works.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this series varies.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to blogs and blog posts created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment, except scholarly and academic works.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this series varies."],"_nest_path_":"/components#7","timestamp":"2026-05-20T23:41:23.997Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_7_resources_215","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_7_resources_215","_root_":"viu_repositories_7_resources_215","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_7_resources_215","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_7_resources_215.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/133046","title_ssm":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library records"],"title_tesim":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library records"],"unitdate_ssm":["1942-2025","1848-2019"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1942-2025"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1848-2019"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["RG.17.4","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/7/resources/215"],"text":["RG.17.4","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/7/resources/215","Claude Moore Health Sciences Library records","University of Virginia","The records of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library are open to researchers, except where it is noted. Decisions to close records to research are made in accordance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA), the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (VAFOIA), the policies of the University of Virginia, and other relevent laws, regulations, or policies.","The annual reports are open to research.","These records are open to research.","The planning documents and reports are open to research.","The photographs and negatives are open to research.","The public relations files are open to research.","The publications are open to research.","There are no restrictions on access to the newsletters in this subseries.","There are no restrictions on access to the publications of the Health Sciences Library.","The social media files are open to researchers.","The blog files are open to researchers.","The administrative organization and structure files are open to research.","The policies, procedures, and handbooks are open to research.","In accordance with the The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA), the library may restrict access to student-authored materials and other protected student records in this series. Course syllabi, course announcements, and other materials produced by University faculty and staff are open to research.","Conference programs and reports are open to research.","The historical and biographical files are open to research.","The reports in this series are open to research.","The committee records and meeting minutes are open to research.","The awards, honors, and commemorations records are open to research.","The lecture and presentation materials are open to research.","The exhibit records are open to research.","The annual reports of the Health Sciences Library are scheduled for permanent retention. There will be accruals to this series if the Health Sciences Library resumes the creation of annual reports.","The correspondence and subject files of the Health Sciences Library director are not scheduled for permanent retention and, in the past, have been transferred to the archives on an irregular basis. No further accruals of this material is expected.","Historically significant planning documents and reports are scheduled for permanent retention in the archives. The head of the Historical Collections and Services Department at the Healh Sciences Library determines whether a document or report is historically significant. Accruals to this series are expected.","Historically significant photographs and negatives are scheduled for permanent retention in the archives. The head of the Historical Collections and Services Department at the Healh Sciences Library determines whether a photograph or negative is historically significant. Accruals to this series are expected.","Public relations files are scheduled for permanent retention in the archives. These records are generally created by the University's marketing and communications departments and they are filed in the records groups associated with those units. However, the library does occasionally create its own public relations files that we expect to add to this series.","The publications of the Health Sciences Library are scheduled for permanent retention in the archives. Much of the content that the Library made available through publications is now made available on various online platforms. It is likely that accruals to this series will be infrequent.","Annually, data is downloaded from the Library's active social media sites and added to this collection.","Copies of each existing blog are captured every year and added to the collection.","The organizational charts of the Health Sciences Library are scheduled for permanent retention in the archives. Besides the charts, only historically significant records document administrative structure are retained in the archives. The head of the Historical Collections and Services Department at the Healh Sciences Library determines whether one of these records is historically significant. Accruals to this series are expected to occur occassionally.","Historically significant policies, procedures, and handbooks produced by the Health Sciences Library are scheduled for permanent retention in the archives. The head of the Historical Collections and Services Department at the Healh Sciences Library determines whether a record is historically significant. Accruals to this series are expected.","Historically significant syllabi and course materials are scheduled for permanent retention in the archives. The head of the Historical Collections and Services Department at the Healh Sciences Library determines whether a course record is historically significant. Accruals to this series are expected to occur infrequently.","Historically significant conference programs and reports are scheduled for permanent retention in the archives. The head of the Historical Collections and Services Department at the Health Sciences Library determines whether a program or report is historically significant. Accruals to this series are expected.","Significant historical and biographical materials are scheduled for permanent retention in the archives. The head of the Historical Collections and Services Department at the Health Sciences Library determines whether a record is significant. Accruals to this series are expected to occur infrequently.","Historically significant reports are scheduled for permanent retention in the archives. The head of the Historical Collections and Services Department at the Health Sciences Library determines whether a report is historically significant. Accruals to this series are expected to occur infrequently.","Historically significant exhibit records are scheduled for permanent retention in the archives. The head of the Historical Collections and Services Department at the Health Sciences Library determines whether a record is historically significant. Accruals to this series are expected to occur infrequently.","Records are generally organized according to the records retention and disposition schedules series maintained by the Library of Virginia (LVA). When necessary, additional subdivisions have been created for materials that do not have clear equivalents in the LVA resources.","Annual reports are arranged into 3 subseries: Medical Library, Health Sciences Libary, and Information Sciences Council. The subseries are arranged chornologically. Inside the subseries annual reports are placed into files that are arranged chronologically.","The correspondence and subject files are arranged into subseries according to the library director who created them. The subseries are then arranged chronologically by the date that each director began his or her term in this position. Beginning and end dates of the directors' terms are given after his or her name in the subseries title.","In this series, a file is created for each planning report and its associated documents. The files are arranged chronologically by the date of creation for the materials they contain.","The photographs and negatives are arranged into subseries by subject. The subseries are then arranged alphabetically by title. The arrangements of the files in the subseries vary.","The photographs and negatives of library artifacts are arranged alphabetically according to the name of the artifact shown.","The images of Health Sciences Library staff and interiors are arranged chronologically according to their date of creation.","The miscellaneous photographs are arranged chronologically according to the date of their creation.","The public relations files are arranged into subseries according to types of materials (e.g. clippings collections and press releases). The subseries are then arranged alphabetically. The files in the subseries are arranged chonologically.","The publications are arranged into subseries according to types of materials (e.g. journals and magazines, newsletters, patient education resources). The subseries are then arranged alphabetically. The arrangements of the files in the subseries vary.","The newsletters are arranged alphabetically by title.","The promotional brochures, flyers, and other publications are arranged chronologically according to their date of creation.","The social media content is arranged into files alphabetically by title.","Blogs are arranged into files alphabetically by title.","Files in this series are arranged chronologically according to the date of their creation.","The policies, procedures, and handbooks are arranged into the following subseries in this order: Staff procedures and handbooks, and Library users procedures and handbooks. The files in each subseries are arranged chronologically.","Syllabi and course materials are arranged chronologically.","Conference records and programs are arranged into files by conference title. The files are arranged chronologically by the date each conference was held. All of the instances of a reoccurring conference are gathered together into the same file. If the conference is reoccurring, it is arranged in relation to the rest of the files according to the first instance of that conference.","Materials in this series are arranged chronologically according to the date that they were created.","The reports are arranged into files. The files are then arranged chronologically by their date of creation. When a report is reoccurring, all of the reports in that series are placed together in a single file.","The directories are arranged by title into files. The files are arranged chronologically.","The records in this series are arranged into files according to committee or department (when the department is holding reccurring general meetings). The files are then arranged alphabetically.","The awards, honors, and commemorations are arranged into files. The files are then arranged chronologically by date. When an award, honor, or commemoration is reoccurring (e.g. annually), all of the records in that series are placed together in a single file.","The records for stand-alone lectures and presentations are arranged into a subseries called \"Single lectures and presentations\". The records of lectures and presentations that belong to a program or lecture series are arranged into subseries named after the program or lecture series. Following the subseries titled \"Single lectures and presentations\", the remaining lecture series are arranged alphabetically by title. ","Records in all of the subseries are arranged into files titled with the names of the lectures and presentations. The files are then arranged chronologically by date of creation.","Records in this subseries are arranged into files titled with the names of the lectures and presentations. The files are then arranged chronologically by date of creation.","Records in this subseries are arranged into files titled with the names of the lectures and presentations. The files are then arranged chronologically by date of creation.","The materials are arranged into files, each file representing an exhibit. Files are arranged alphabetically by exhibit title.","These files are arranged alphabetically.","These items are arranged alphabetically.","\nBetween 1826 and 1929, the University of Virginia's collection of medical books and journals were kept with the general library collections in the Rotunda. In 1929, the University moved the collections to the new Medical Library inside the recently-constructed Medical School Building. \n","\nBetween 1929 and 1962, a medical librarian with a small staff of student and clerical workers stewarded the library's collections. The Medical Library at this time, although physically separate from the rest of the University's libraries, was administered as part of the central University library system with oversight from School of Medicine faculty serving on the Medical Library Committee. In addition to the management of collections, the medical librarians in this era began to curate exhibits and provide instruction. Only a few of the medical librarians who served in this period had professional library training.\n","\nIn 1962, Wilhelm Moll was appointed the first Director of the Medical Library. During his tenure, Moll oversaw the radical trasnformation of a small branch library into an independent research library. The full-time library staff expanded from 4 to 30, the University built a new library building over Jefferson Park Avenue, the nursing and medical libraries merged to form the Health Sciences Library, a history of medicine program was founded, and the library began to adopt digital technologies.\n","\nAfter Moll's death in 1979, the University apppointed Terry Thorkildsen as the Director of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library.  Thorkildsen and his successors Linda Watson (1990-2005) and Gretchen Arnold (2005-present) led the library during an era when revolutionary advances in digital technologies (e.g. the Internet, personal computers, databases) presented new challenges and opportunities for the Library.\n","","September 1826: The University of Virginia Library opens in the Rotunda and it includes a collection of medical books. 1911: The University Library's entire collection of medical books and journals are gathered together and moved to the basement of the Rotunda. September 13, 1915: Richard Henry Whitehead, Dean of the School of Medicine, creates the Medical Library Committee. 1919-June 1929: Ella Watson Johnson serves as the Medical Librarian. June 1929: The Medical Library moves from the basement of the Rotunda to its own space in the new Medical School Building, the Medical Library remains a department of the central University Library System. June 1929-September 1929: Margaret Otto serves as the Medical Librarian. 1929-1931: Anne Ashhurst Gwathmey serves as the Medical Librarian. 1931-1934: Caroline Hill Davis serves as the Medical Librarian. March 1934-June 1934: Dora Mitchell Brown serves as the Medical Librarian. 1934-1936: Miriam Thomas Buchanan serves as the Medical Librarian. 1935: The Medical Library institutes its first orientation for first year medical students. 1936-1943: Anne Lewis Morris serves as the Medical Librarian. 1943-1944: Mary Elizabeth Mayo serves as the Medical Librarian. 1944-1947: Mabel Cook Wyllie serves as the Medical Librarian. 1945-1949: The Nursing Library is placed under the Supervision of the Medical Librarian until the appointment of a clerk to manage the Nursing collection. 1947-1962: Elizabeth Frances Adkins serves as the Medical Librarian. September 1962: Wilhelm Moll is appointed the Director of the Medical Library. 1962-1963: As the result of administrative reorganizations during this period, the Medical Library is separated from the central University Library system and placed under the control of the School of Medicine. November 1970: Librarians conduct the first online searches of a database at the University of Virginia Medical Library using the experimental AIM-TWX service developed by the National Library of Medicine's Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications. November 1971: Librarians begin using the National Library of Medicine's MEDLINE system to conduct online searches for patrons. August 1975: The Medical Library and Nursing Library are merged into the Health Sciences Library and Information Center and moved into a new building that spans over Jefferson Park Avenue. Wilhelm Moll is made the Director of the Health Sciences Library. April 1976: The Health Sciences Library is formally dedicated and named after Claude Moore, an alumnus of and donor to the University of Virginia. 1979: Terry Thorkildsen is appointed the Director of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library. 1989: The library card catalog is digitized and made available through computer terminals. 1990: Linda Watson is appointed the Director of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library. 2005: Gretchen Arnold is appointed the interim Director of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library and is then made Director in 2007. 2022: Bart Ragon is appointed the Director of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library.","(formerly Reference Department from 1987-1991)","Historical Collections and Services was originally concieved in the 1980s by the first director of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Wilhelm Moll. His vision was to create a rare book room that would house the rare books that belonged to the Medical Library. During the Jeffersonian era and up until 1929, the books belonging to the school of medicine and anatomy were housed in the Rotunda Library on Grounds. In 1929, a new Medical School Building opened. This unified all the medical departments, which had been scattered throughout the Grounds. The Medical Collection became the Medical Library, and moved into new quarters in the Medical School Building. When Alderman, now Shannon, Library was built in 1937, the books moved there until the creation of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library in 1976. Following Dr. Moll's untimely death in 1979, Special Collections librarian Joan Echtenkamp Klein helped to make Moll's reality of a special collections department a reality. She became the curator and manager of Historical Collections and Services, serving in that role until 2015. Dan Cavanaugh took over the role of curator and manager until 2022. Meggan Cashwell became the curator and manager in 2023 and is currently serving in that position.","Some exhibit pages do not have creation dates listed anywhere, but they do have copyright dates at the bottom of the page. This can be confusing in understanding what is the true date of creation.","Many of these online exhibits were once physical exhibits on display in the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library. Exhibit placards, text, images, curation notes, and other preparation documents may be found in folders with the same exhibit title in this records group in the sub series entitled \"Exhibit Files, 1970-2019, undated.\"","When the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library downloads content from a social media platform, the Library preserves all of the original files (e.g. jpeg files, html files, json files) from the capture.","Patrons may contact Historical Collections staff at the Library to request copies of files containing social media content. The files may be sent to the patron for remote viewing or they may be viewed in the Historical Collections reading room. The Library will provide patrons in the reading room with software to view the files. Patrons who request to view the files remotely are responsible for obtaining their own copies of the hardware and software required to render the files. ","When the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library captures a copy of a blog, the Library preserves all of the its original files (e.g. jpeg files, html files) as well as an aggregated web archive file (warc). Both a directory containing the original files and the warc file are bundled together into a single digital object. ","Patrons may contact Historical Collections staff at the Library to request copies of blog files. The files may be sent to the patron for remote viewing or they may be viewed in the Historical Collections reading room. The Library will provide patrons in the reading room with software to view the files. Patrons who request to view the files remotely are responsible for obtaining their own copies of the hardware and software required to render the files. ","Exhibit placards, text, images, curation notes, and other preparation documents may be found in folders with the same exhibit title in this records group in the sub series entitled \"Exhibit Files, 1970-2019, undated.\"","This collection consists of permanent and historically significant institutional records created by the University of Virginia Health Sciences Library and the antecedent Medical Library. These records include, but are not limited to: annual reports, planning documents, newsletters, online exhibits, blogs, social media content, conference programs, department histories, committee records, and library-sponsored lecture materials.","This series consists of annual reports produced by the Medical Library (1929-1975), the Health Sciences Library (1975-Present), and the Information Sciences Council (1990-1996). Annual reports for the Health Sciences Library are missing from this collection for the period from 2006 to the present. Also, the annual reports for the Medical Library are missing from this collections for the period from 1929 to 1942. It is unclear whether the Medical and Health Sciences libraries wrote reports for the years.","The annual reports of the Medical Library contain comprehensive descriptions of the annual activities of the Medical Library. The Medical Library's annual reports from 1929 to 1942 are missing from this collection. It is not known if the reports were ever written by the library.","The annual reports of the Health Sciences Library contain comprehensive descriptions of the annual activities of the Health Sciences Library. The Health Sciences Library's annual reports from 2006 to the present are missing from this collection. It is not known if the reports were ever written by the library.","Informal annual report-like documents and related material, including reports shared on the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library blog and an internal UVA Health System news website (HS Connect). Reports from: March 2007, September 2009 (written by Gretchen Arnold), January 2013 (written by Gretchen Arnold), and March 2018 (written by Gretchen Arnold).","This series consists of correspondence and subject files that were created and assembeled by the directors of the Health Sciences Library while carrying out the responsibilities of their position.","Correspondents include Curators of the HSL--Daniel Spikes, Cassandra Ruane, Frank C. Mevers, Todd L. Savitt, and Doris Leckie of the Smithsonian Institution","Includes articles about Jesse Lazear, Carlos Finlay, Philip Hench and cortisone, Henry R. Carter, Nicolas Chervin, Joseph Y. Porter and Isaac Hulse","Correspondents with Bean include Mary (Mrs. Philip) Hench, Atcheson L. Hench, Byrd S. Leavell, and Todd Savitt","Includes news releases, news clippings, journal articles, and correspondence related to the gift by Mary Hench of the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever collection.","Includes correspondence with William Bennett Bean","Includes correspondence on Health System reorganization","The records in this series document the planning of historically significant administrative initiatives, purchases, construction, and events at the Health Sciences Library.","This series consists of digital and analog images that show the history and collections of the Health Sciences Library. Image formats in this series include, but are not limited to, photographic prints, film negatives, jpeg files, tiff files, 35mm film slides, CDs or other media containing digital images. The series does not include official identification photographs for faculty, students, and staff.","This subseries contains images of artifacts in the collections of the Health Sciences Library.","The images in this subseries show the staff, faculty, and interior spaces of the Health Sciences Library.","Moll, Bowers, Bowers, and Rudnick are photographed with ceramic vessels used in the early production of penicillin.","LIS officially started in 1989. Dr. Don Detmer is upper right of FF sheet","People identified are: Inhye Son, Sarah Handley, Anne Humphries, Mike Wilson, Jonathan Lord, Elaine Banner, Julia Kochi, Marylin James, Mary Nightengale, Ophelia Payne, Nadine Ellero, Trisha Luby, Sue Daddezio, Diane Ricketson, Deborah Camden, Michael Sullivan, Betty Mickens, Dan Wilson, Shelby Miller John Sesody, Greatchen Arnold, Michelle Martin, Jeri Davis, Barbara Crawford, Cindy Saylor, Susan Yowell, Karen Collier, Pat Shannon, Rick Peterson, Brenda Bikos, Sandy Zoumbaris, Jana Maas, Joan Klein, Mark Mones, Jane Wagner, Eli Casarez, Aulia Gies, Cynthia Siedman-Willen, Catherine Anninos, Judy Shotwell, Linda Watson and Ann Carter.","Individuals not identified.","Front: Kathleen Tracey, karen Collier, Deborah Camden, Ophelia Payne, Rick Peterson\nSecond: Marylin James, Jane Wagner, Barbara Crawford, Polly Sandridge, Linda Watson\nThird: Pat Shannon, Brenda Bikos, Gretchen Naisawald, Anne Humphries, Jeri Davis, Shelby Miller, Jonquil Feldman, Mike Wilson\nFourth: Judith Robinson, Susan Daddezio, Julia Hochi\nFifth: Thomas Speare, Catherine Anninos, Libby Colley, Judy Shotwell\nSixth: Hall Sharp, Rick Weaver, Ann Carter\nSeventh: Nadine Ellero, Megan McCaskey, Sarah Handley\nEighth: Jonathan Lord, Jake Appleford, Mary Nightengale, Inhye Son\nAbsent: Joan Klein, christopher Marks, Betty Mickens, Mark Mones, Diane Spears","Left to right: Dieter Groeschel, Joan Klein, Linda Watson, unidentified person\nIn back: unidentified, Janet Pearson","One photo individuals front left to right Dieter Groeschel, Joan Klein, Linda Watson, unidentified person, in the back an unidentified person and Janet Pearson","Collection Services and Bibliographic Control","Intellectual Access and Collection Development","Library Administration","Ellen Ramsey, David Moody, Bart Ragon, Mike Wilson, Joan Klein, Dave Denton, Inhye Son, Wilma Lynch, Pat Shannon, Gretchen Arnold, Jeri Davis, Joy Nuckolls, Karen Knight, Elaine Attridge, Ann Carter, Jonathan Lord, Andrea Horne Denton, Stephanie Fielding, Adrienne Granitz, Sonya Coleman, Jason Bennett, Tony Hiserman, Tenzin Thosam, Roderick Martin, Nadine Ellero, Patricia Vaughn","This subseries consists of images that do not belong in any other subseries.","Gordon was the coordinator of an exhibit on the history of gastroscopy and visited the medical school to open the exhibit. Photo taken by Ursula Ziolkowki.","Photo was sent to Terry Thorkildson from the Area Health Education Centers Program Eastern Virginia Medical Authority","This series contains historically significant press releases, visual aids, clippings, and other items that record information about the Library that were produced for or by the news media.","This subseries contains print copies of news articles about the Health Sciences Library.","This series consists of publications produced by the Health Sciences Library for public distribution or general internal distribution. Publications include, but are not limited to, magazines, journals, monographs, newsletters, weblogs, weekly announcements, online publications, marketing materials, and patient education resources. This series may contain both print and digital publications.","The materials in this subseries were produced to guide the use of collections housed at the Health Sciences Library.","This subseries consists of digital and print newsletters that provide information about the activities of the Health Sciences Library.","A \"scrapbook\" of Library milestones and appropriate photographs for each medical and nursing graduating class celebrating its reunion in a particular year. The print series was discontinued after 2000, but additional Journey Through Time content is available online through the Historical Collections web exhibits.","This subseries contains brochures, flyers, and other printed ephemera that provide information about the Health Sciences Library.","Envelope has Dr. Wilhelm Moll handwritten on it. Brochure includes library statistics, what is needed in terms of money and space, various endorsements, and tax information.","This series contains social media content that has been produced by the Health Sciences Library for platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter.","The staff of the Health Sciences Library's Historical Collections and Services department maintains and contributes content to this Facebook page. Many posts and photographs on the page relate to the Department's services, collections, and events. Other posts share information related to the history of the health sciences and the work of libraries, museums, and archives.","This series consists of blogs that were created by the Health Sciences Library. The files in this series were downloaded from the Internet by Library staff. Content in the blogs that are accessed through a link outside of the blog's parent directory (e.g. external YouTube videos, external web pages) are not downloaded and archived in this series.","The Moore Library News (MLN) blog is produced by the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library. MLN blog posts provide information about Library collections, policies, services, and events.","The records in this series document the organizational structure of the Health Sciences Library. It also contains records that document administrative reorganizations of the Library. These materials include, but are not limited to, organizational charts and reports.","This series contains policies, procedures, and handbooks produced by the Health Sciences Library to direct and guide the conduct of its faculty, staff, and patrons. These records may also formally describe and define the relationship between the Health Sciences Library and its faculty, staff, and patrons.","This subseries contains procedures and handbooks for the faculty and staff of the Health Sciences Library.","Includes items from the Printing Office with the new library name: The Claude Moore Health Sciences Library","This subseries consists of procedures and handbooks for the patrons of the Health Sciences Library.","This series contains course announcements, syllabi, notes, and other materials that document classes and workshops taught by the faculty and staff of the Health Sciences Library.","This series consists of programs and reports that document the history of conferences and symposia hosted by the Health Sciences Library. Programs and reports often contain the following information: lists of speakers, presentation titles, schedules of events, and lecture abstracts. The following conference records are not included in this series: registration records, financial records, organization records, attendance lists.","This series consists of significant material that conveys the history of the Health Sciences Library, its administration, its accomplishments, its officials or employees. Includes, but is not limited to, scrapbooks, photographs, articles, program notes and documentation of events sponsored or funded by the agency. Also included are narratives; printed, audio, or audiovisual histories; or matters of significant historical importance.","Includes many photos of the library interior and library staff. Some individuals identified. Probably an exhibit celebrating the library's 15th anniversary in 1991, but photos from 1993 are also in the folder.","Includes photos of library interiors, staff (some identified) and UVA buildings; library organization chart for 2/1995; and Library Building Funds chart, 1975.","This series consists of reports, of a historically significant nature, that do not belong to any other series of the Health Sciences Library records.","This series contains memos, correspondence, subject files, online resources, and meeting minutes of committees working within the Health Sciences Library.","This file includes the meeting minutes, meeting agendas, and other documentation of the Library Management Group. The members of this committee were the leaders of the Health Sciences Library. They met once a month to discuss major library initiatives, provide updates and reports about library department activities, and share other information related to the management of the Library.","This file consists of the meeting minutes, bylaws, constitution, and correspondence of the Medical History Society of the University of Virginia. The Society was formed to promote the knowledge and study of the history of medicine and the health sciences at the University of Virginia. For much of its history, Wilhelm Moll led the Society. It supported the development of historical collections and services at the Health Sciences Library and founded a lecture series that becsme the History of the Health Sciences Lecture Series in 1984.","This series consists of records that document awards, honors, and commemorations presented by the Health Sciences Library. These records may include, but are not limited to, event programs, lists of recipients, and recipient biographies.","The dedication ceremony included remarks by Donald S. Fredrickson, MD, Director, National Institutes of Health.","Includes a tribute to Wilhelm Moll by William B. Bean and another speech by an unidentified individual.","Includes remarks that were given by Dr. Don Detmer.","Includes remarks given by Donald Lindberg. The title of Lindberg's presentation was\"The Computer and the Academical Village\".","This series consists of records that document lectures and presentations sponsored by the Health Sciences Library. These records include, but are not limited to, audiovisual recordings, transcripts, announcements, handouts, and correspondence between presenters and event organizers.","This subseries consists of records associated with standalone lectures and presentations sponsored by the Health Sciences Library.","This subseries contains records that are associated with the Health Sciences Library's History of the Health Sciences Lecture Series.","This subseries contains records that are associated with the Medical History Society of the University of Virginia Lecture Series.","Promotional posters for a medical history lecture series held at the UVA Health Sciences Library and organized by the UVA Medical History Society.","This series consists of records that document exhibits created by the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library of an educational or promotional nature. Some records are physical, and others are archived websites crawled by the Internet Archives' Archive-It service and made accessible by their Wayback Machine.","These materials are physical materials containing exhibit plans and designs, text, labels, and images created for physical exhibits.","Identified individuals in photos are John Guerrant, Ken Crispell, and Barry Marshall","Includes print-out (109 pages) of \"Who's Who on the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection Website\" (2002) and supplemental list of compiled names.","\"Robley Dunglison: 1798-1869\" Pamphlet produced for a library exhibit honoring the 200th anniversary of Dunglison's birth. 3 copies; 14 pp. Prepared by Historical Collections \u0026 Services, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library. Folder note indicates biography was written by Joby Topper. Includes reference list.","Introduction by Joan Klein","This series contains web archived online exhibits created by Historical Collections and Services between 2007 and circa 2023, although some of the creation dates of the websites are questionable. These 21 exhibits were hosted on the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library website but are now available via the Internet Archives' Wayback Machine.","This online exhibit is centered on the book \"A History of Cancer Care at the University of Virginia, 1901-1911.\" This book provides vast insight into the teamwork, dedication, collegiality, and skill–as well as luck–which was necessary for the Cancer Center to exist today. Twenty-five oral history interviews were conducted in the course of researching the book and are included with the book or may be viewed in the videos section of this website. Written by Henry K. Sharp, Ph.D. and Morton C. Wilhelm, M.D. the Joseph Helms Farrow Professor Emeritus in Surgical Oncology, University of Virginia School of Medicine.","This online exhibit serves as an online \"scrapbook\" with some of the milestones of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Medical Center, and the School of Medicine and the School of Nursing. There are added appropriate photographs for each class year.","This exhibit recounts the origin and early history of the American Lung Association. The American Lung Association of Virginia (ALAV) Collection contains personal and official correspondence, financial and legal papers, minute books, organizational and scientific reports, educational publicity, photographs, and artifacts. ALAV donated its organization's papers to the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library in 1990 and 1991 made this exhibit possible. The ALAV made an additional donation in 2009.","This online exhibit presents images and summaries of the known uses of each instrument. The extant comments of medical writers from antiquity–including Oribasius, Galen, Soranus, Aetius, and the Hippocratic corpus–have provided scholars with some clues about the use of some instruments. Some instruments, such as mixing instruments and tweezers, probably had other household uses, such as the application of cosmetics and paints.","This online exhibit was created under the direction of Joan Echtenkamp Klein, the Alvin V. and Nancy Baird Curator for Historical Collections at The Claude Moore Health Sciences Library. Hal Sharp, a Historical Collections staff member, wrote the essay giving a brief history of anatomical drawing. The exhibit was designed by Janet Pearson, Historical Collections; Bart Ragon, the Associate Director for Knowledge Integration, Research and Technology; and Paulina Vaca, Web Communications Assistant. Emily Bowden, Historical Collections, photographed the Denoyer-Geppert Anatomy Series charts. William Crutchfield generously donated W. and A. K. Johnston's Charts of Anatomy and Physiology which were owned for 33 years by his father, Dr. William Gayle Crutchfield.","This exhibit was designed to highlight the UVA Hospital's involvement with supporting United States Army troops during World War I and World War II. It was created by Janet Pearson with the assistance of Joby Topper. Special thanks to Dr. John L. Guerrant, Dorothy Sandridge Gloor, and Elizabeth Harlin Drash for sharing their stories and helping us identify photographs.","This online exhibit shows materials related to eugenics as it relates to UVA and Charlottesville, VA. Alison White and Ina Hofland, staff members of Historical Collections and Services at the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia, created this Web exhibit. They also created the physical exhibit of the same title on which it is based. The physical exhibit was displayed in the foyer of the Health Sciences Library April-September 2002. Steve Stedman designed the Web exhibit. Special thanks to Sara Huyser, Joan Echtenkamp Klein, Ophelia Payne, Bart Ragon, Hal Sharp, and Mike Wilson for their assistance. Web Exhibit Publish Date: February 13, 2004","This exhibit was created under the direction of Joan Ectenkamp Klein, the Alvin V. and Nancy Baird Curator for Historical Collections at the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library. Dr. Morton C. Wilhelm, the Joseph Helms Farrow Professor in Surgical Oncology, wrote the essay with the editorial assistance of Janet Pearson. The web exhibit was designed by Janet Pearson, Historical Collections; Bart Ragon, the Associate Director for Knowledge Integration, Research and Technology; and Paulina Vaca, Web Communications Assistant.","This online exhibit offers a look into The Papers of James Carmichael and Son, a collection held at the UVA Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, and tells a story of the early nineteenth-century inhabitants of Fredericksburg, Virginia and its surrounding rural areas. ","The exhibit is organized into two content areas: the Story and the Collection. Each of these areas, as well as the Home and About sections, are represented in the tabs near the top of every page. See the site map for more detail.","The Story section sets the atmosphere for the exhibit. One can get a sense of what the practice of medicine was like for James and Edward Carmichael in the early nineteenth century by reading the essays describing the Pharmacy, the Tools of the Trade, and the Health Care of Slaves.","The Collection section houses the images of the original Carmichael letters, which are meticulously transcribed and categorized to provide access not only to the words, but to the medical conditions, treatments, and philosophies of almost two centuries past. Particularly compelling is the use of Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) to categorize the letters along with a very detailed methodology and definition of MeSH terms. Other items of interest include the daybook kept by Doctor Carmichael from 1816-1817, newspaper clippings, court records \u0026 summaries, period maps, and Virginia WPA Historical Inventory Project records. Additionally, there is an exhaustive Who's Who list of names that appeared in the letters as well as a thorough list of Places Mentioned.","This online exhibit tells the story of how the U.S. Army Commission, comprised of Major Walter Reed, Dr. James Carroll, Dr. Aristides Agramonte, and Dr. Jesse Lazear, confirmed Carlos Finlay's theory about the transmission of yellow fever. By showing without a doubt that mosquitoes were the vector for yellow fever, the researchers empowered public health officials in the Americas to eradicate this devastating disease from much of the Western Hemisphere.","The exhibit is divided into three main sections. The first section, Archives, provides information about and links to the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection. The collection, most collected by Philip S. Hench and housed at the University of Virginia's Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, is a rich archive of materials that documents the history of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission. The second section, History, tells the story of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and the impact of its findings. Finally, the third section, Resources, provides access to biographies, bibliographies, and other resources visitors may want to consult to learn more about the Commission and the history of yellow fever.","This exhibit tells the story about 12 physicians practicing in Charlottesville, VA in 1848 mutually agreed to create an agreed rate of medical charges for services.","Joan Echtenkamp Klein, the Alvin V. and Nancy Baird Curator for Historical Collections \u0026 Services at The Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia, conceived the idea for the fee bill project and directed it. Todd L. Savitt, Ph.D., wrote the background information essay on fee bills in general and the Charlottesville fee bill in particular. He is a faculty member at East Carolina University in the Department of Bioethics \u0026 Interdisciplinary Studies. Janet Pearson wrote the introduction and the biographical sketches of the twelve signers. She gathered images and took photographs in the University of Virginia Cemetery and Columbarium and in downtown Charlottesville. She is a member of the staff of Historical Collections and Services. Sonya Coleman, also a member of the staff of Historical Collections, contributed to the design elements. David Moody, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library Webmaster, and Jason Bennett, Technology in Education Consultant, provided the programming architecture for the Web exhibit.","Joan Echtenkamp Klein, the Alvin V. and Nancy Baird Curator for Historical Collections \u0026 Services at the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia, conceived the idea for the \"Fever Fighters\" project after the generous donation of Dr. Hanson's diary by his granddaughter, Jane H. Monroe.","Staff members at Historical Collections, Leigh Mantle, Susan Yowell, and Janet Pearson, contributed content and created the GIS Map. Caitlin Summers, a dedicated intern at Historical Collections, also provided editorial assistance in the spring of 2012.","David Moody, Library Webmaster; Mike Wilson, Information Services Specialist; and Jason Bennett, Technology Specialist, provided the programming architecture for the Web exhibit.","This exhibit was inspired by The Mineral Springs of Western Virginia by William Burke, the first volume purchased by the Weaver Family Endowed Rare Book and Medical Materials Fund. Published in 1846, the book describes the setting and development of eleven springs in what are now Virginia and West Virginia. Dr. Burke, a one-time owner and resident physician at Red Sulphur Springs, remarks on the usefulness of the various mineral waters in certain diseases as well as contraindications to their use. The springs range from those that are well known today such as the White Sulphur Springs, currently the Greenbrier resort in West Virginia, to the Blue Sulphur Springs, once able to accommodate several hundred people and now represented by a lone Greek Revival pavilion in the middle of a field near Smoot, West Virginia.","This exhibit was written and organized by Janet Pearson, a member of the staff of Historical Collections and Services, under the direction of Joan Echtenkamp Klein, the Alvin V. and Nancy Baird Curator for Historical Collections at The Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia. Claudia Sueyras, Normajean Hultman, and Sonya Coleman did preliminary research. Rod Martin and Victoria Meyer scanned items from Historical Collections and the Charles L. Brown Science \u0026 Engineering Library. David Moody, with the assistance of Bart Ragon, provided the programming architecture for the Web exhibit. Sonya Coleman contributed to the design elements. Special thanks has been given to the staff at the Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia, as they retrieved dozens of documents and also to the Digital Curation Services staff for their scanning of the documents.","The Anatomical Theatre at the University of Virginia online exhibit tells the story of the Theatre's presence at the University for more than a century. While not included in the earliest plans of the University, the need for the Theatre became clear before the first classes were ever held. Thomas Jefferson himself drew the design which includes two floor plans, a front elevation view, and a cross section. The exhibit traces the construction and later changes to the building, its demise, and archeological investigations at the site. It also gives a glimpse of what happened inside the building and the deeds that were done to procure cadavers so that medical students could learn anatomy.","This exhibit was sparked by the interest of the late Dr. M.C. Wilhelm in the model of the Anatomical Theatre housed in Historical Collections at the University of Virginia Claude Moore Health Sciences Library. A retired surgeon and volunteer in Historical Collections, Dr. Wilhelm gathered resources and did preliminary writing. It was decided to further develop the project, and the result is this exhibit, written and organized by Janet Pearson, a Historical Collections staff member. Originally done under the direction of Joan Echtenkamp Klein, who was the Alvin V. and Nancy Baird Curator for Historical Collections until her untimely death, project support was continued under Dan Cavanaugh, who stepped into Joan's role and position.","Others associated with the University of Virginia community freely shared their ideas and research. These individuals include Garth Anderson, the Facilities Management Historian; Kirt von Daacke, Assistant Dean and Professor, College of Arts \u0026 Sciences; Louis Nelson, Professor in the Department of Architectural History and Associate Provost for Outreach; Robert Bloodgood, Professor in the School of Medicine; Benjamin Ford, Principal Investigator with Rivanna Archaeological Services, LLC; and Sonya Coleman, formerly a staff member in Historical Collections and now at the Library of Virginia. Emily Bowden, the Historical Collections Specialist, answered many technical queries as well as gave editorial assistance. Anson Parker and Jason Bennett provided the programming architecture for the Web exhibit.","This exhibit explores the development of the iron lung during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century and considers the reasons for its success during the height of the poliomyelitis epidemics. Andrew Sallans, Historical Collections Specialist, researched and compiled the content for the online and physical exhibits. The design of the online exhibit was conceived and executed by Steve Stedman, Webmaster for the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library.","This online exhibit displays a digitized copy of Historical Collections and Services' rare book \"Plague and Public Health in Europe, with Special Reference to Sixteenth-Century England: An Introduction to Orders thought meete by her Maiestie ..., 1578.\"","Anne McKeithen, Janet Pearson, and Andrew Sallans, members of the staff of Historical Collections at The Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, compiled the material for the Plague Book exhibit under the direction of Joan Echtenkamp Klein. Joaquin Bueno designed the Web exhibit and graphics, with the programming architecture of David Moody and the assistance of Bart Ragon.","Unless otherwise noted, the images are courtesy of the Missouri Botanical Garden, © 1995-2006 Missouri Botanical Garden http://www.illustratedgarden.org). They deserve special thanks for their generous permission to reproduce their exquisite illustrations. Special thanks are also given to Duane J. Osheim, Ph.D., Professor and Chair, of the Corcoran Department of History at the University of Virginia for his paper, \"Plague and Public Health in Europe, with Special Reference to Sixteenth-Century England.\"","In 2001 Historical Collections in the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library created an exhibit that traces the history of the first century of the Hospital in words and images. One copy of the exhibit traveled from location to location in the Health System and beyond; the other set of panels were hung in a busy hospital corridor near the main entrance where they remain today. These panels form the basis for this online exhibit which now includes the addition of a section on the first 14 years of the Hospital's second century. We hope you enjoy following the history of the growth of the University of Virginia Health System as it seeks to fulfill its longstanding vision to benefit human health and improve quality of life through patient care, research, and education.","This exhibition was prepared by Hal Sharp and Janet Pearson of the Department of Historical Collections and Services, The Claude Moore Health Sciences Library.","This online exhibit aims to give viewers a view into more than 50 of Historical Collections and Services' most notable books and see how their authors over the years have documented their discoveries and concepts for contemporaries and for us.  There are digitized versions of many of the books in the Fulltext Books section, which offers links to the scanned images of over half of these rare books.","Sara Huyser, Anne McKeithen, and Janet Pearson, members of the staff of Historical Collections at The Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, wrote and compiled the material for Vaulted Treasures under the direction of Joan Echtenkamp Klein.","Joaquin Bueno designed the Web exhibit and graphics, with the server expertise of David Moody and the assistance of Bart Ragon. Special thanks to Claudia Sueyras who scanned many of the books and Andrew Sallans who provided technical assistance.","The 37 caricatures displayed in this exhibit are divided into two groups: English and French. The English prints are predominately drawn by two of the more famous British caricaturists, James Gillray and George Cruikshank. The French caricatures include artwork by J.J. Grandville, Louis-Léopold Boilly, and Edme Jean Pigal.","Mary Wagner donated the caricatures in this exhibit to Historical Collections and Services, The Claude Moore Health Sciences Library. Her husband, the late Robert R. Wagner, M.D., collected these when he was a post-doctoral fellow at the National Institute for Medical Research in London from 1950 to 1951. Wagner was Chair of the Department of Microbiology at the University of Virginia from 1967 to 1994, and Director of the UVa Cancer Center from 1983 to 1993. Thanks to Mary Wagner's generosity, the caricatures recently have been professionally treated, preserved, and reframed. The originals are on display in Historical Collections and Services and in the Department of Microbiology in the Robert R. Wagner Conference Room. These nineteenth-century satirical prints will thus continue to delight future generations.","This exhibit was written by Sara Huyser and Janet Pearson, members of the staff of Historical Collections and Services at the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia. Steve Stedman designed the Web exhibit. Special thanks to Joan Echtenkamp Klein and Andrew Sallans for their assistance.","Walter Reed's professional experiences with typhoid fever stand in marked contrast to his professional encounters with yellow fever. In the case of typhoid, he was more a messenger than a conqueror. Typhoid fever remained defiant during a career that oversaw the rout of yellow fever. Through a humanizing story that shows how fate brought Reed continuing frustration as well as talent and success, this exhibit seeks to render him a more accessible role model for students of medicine and history.","This exhibit was written by Noel G. Harrison, a graduate student in The Corcoran Department of History at the University of Virginia and an intern in Historical Collections and Services at the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia during the fall of 2002. The Web exhibit was prepared and designed by Mike Wilson and Sara Huyser. Special thanks to Bart Ragon, Joan Echtenkamp Klein, and Hal Sharp for their assistance.","This series includes records related to Historical Collections and Services, the special collections and archives department of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library. Records the public can access are related to exhibitions that were curated by staff and displayed in the library.","The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to records created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment, except scholarly and academic works.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this collection varies.","The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to the annual reports in this series.","The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia owns the copyright to records in this series that were created by the library directors while they were acting within the scope of their position, except scholarly and academic works. Copyright ownership for other materials in this series varies.","The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to the planning documents and reports created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this series varies.","The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to images created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this series varies.","The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to media created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this series varies.","The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to publications created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment, except scholarly and academic works.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this series varies.","The University of Virginia owns the copyrights to publications produced by the Health Sciences Library. Other copyright restrictions may apply to some materials.","Copyright restrictions may apply.","The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright for social media content (e.g. posts, photographs) created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment, except scholarly and academic works. The organizations that own the social media platforms might also hold licenses to all of the content posted by University of Virginia employees. Copyright ownership varies for other content that has been posted on the Library's social media platforms and archived here.","The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to blogs and blog posts created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment, except scholarly and academic works.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this series varies.","The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to records created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this series varies.","The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to records created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment, except scholarly and academic work.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this series varies.","The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to media created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment, except scholarly and academic work.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this series varies.","The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to conference records and programs created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment, except scholarly and academic work.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this series varies.","Copyright ownership for other materials in this series varies.","The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to reports created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment. Copyright ownership for other materials in this series varies.","The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to records created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment, except scholarly and academic work.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this series varies.","The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to the records in this series that were created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment.","The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to materials in this series created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment, except scholarly and academic work.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this series varies.","The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to exhibit content created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this series varies.","Claude Moore Health Sciences Library","English"],"unitid_tesim":["RG.17.4","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/7/resources/215"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library records"],"collection_title_tesim":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library records"],"collection_ssim":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library records"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"access_terms_ssm":["The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to records created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment, except scholarly and academic works.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this collection varies."],"access_subjects_ssim":["University of Virginia"],"access_subjects_ssm":["University of Virginia"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":["97 Volumes 97 bound volumes and enclosures on book shelves","8 Linear Feet 29 archival boxes"],"extent_tesim":["97 Volumes 97 bound volumes and enclosures on book shelves","8 Linear Feet 29 archival boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,2023,2024,2025],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe records of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library are open to researchers, except where it is noted. Decisions to close records to research are made in accordance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA), the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (VAFOIA), the policies of the University of Virginia, and other relevent laws, regulations, or policies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe annual reports are open to research.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese records are open to research.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe planning documents and reports are open to research.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe photographs and negatives are open to research.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe public relations files are open to research.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe publications are open to research.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions on access to the newsletters in this subseries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions on access to the publications of the Health Sciences Library.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe social media files are open to researchers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe blog files are open to researchers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe administrative organization and structure files are open to research.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe policies, procedures, and handbooks are open to research.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn accordance with the The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA), the library may restrict access to student-authored materials and other protected student records in this series. Course syllabi, course announcements, and other materials produced by University faculty and staff are open to research.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eConference programs and reports are open to research.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe historical and biographical files are open to research.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe reports in this series are open to research.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe committee records and meeting minutes are open to research.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe awards, honors, and commemorations records are open to research.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe lecture and presentation materials are open to research.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe exhibit records are open to research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The records of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library are open to researchers, except where it is noted. Decisions to close records to research are made in accordance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA), the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (VAFOIA), the policies of the University of Virginia, and other relevent laws, regulations, or policies.","The annual reports are open to research.","These records are open to research.","The planning documents and reports are open to research.","The photographs and negatives are open to research.","The public relations files are open to research.","The publications are open to research.","There are no restrictions on access to the newsletters in this subseries.","There are no restrictions on access to the publications of the Health Sciences Library.","The social media files are open to researchers.","The blog files are open to researchers.","The administrative organization and structure files are open to research.","The policies, procedures, and handbooks are open to research.","In accordance with the The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA), the library may restrict access to student-authored materials and other protected student records in this series. Course syllabi, course announcements, and other materials produced by University faculty and staff are open to research.","Conference programs and reports are open to research.","The historical and biographical files are open to research.","The reports in this series are open to research.","The committee records and meeting minutes are open to research.","The awards, honors, and commemorations records are open to research.","The lecture and presentation materials are open to research.","The exhibit records are open to research."],"accruals_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe annual reports of the Health Sciences Library are scheduled for permanent retention. There will be accruals to this series if the Health Sciences Library resumes the creation of annual reports.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe correspondence and subject files of the Health Sciences Library director are not scheduled for permanent retention and, in the past, have been transferred to the archives on an irregular basis. No further accruals of this material is expected.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHistorically significant planning documents and reports are scheduled for permanent retention in the archives. The head of the Historical Collections and Services Department at the Healh Sciences Library determines whether a document or report is historically significant. Accruals to this series are expected.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHistorically significant photographs and negatives are scheduled for permanent retention in the archives. The head of the Historical Collections and Services Department at the Healh Sciences Library determines whether a photograph or negative is historically significant. Accruals to this series are expected.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublic relations files are scheduled for permanent retention in the archives. These records are generally created by the University's marketing and communications departments and they are filed in the records groups associated with those units. However, the library does occasionally create its own public relations files that we expect to add to this series.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe publications of the Health Sciences Library are scheduled for permanent retention in the archives. Much of the content that the Library made available through publications is now made available on various online platforms. It is likely that accruals to this series will be infrequent.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAnnually, data is downloaded from the Library's active social media sites and added to this collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCopies of each existing blog are captured every year and added to the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe organizational charts of the Health Sciences Library are scheduled for permanent retention in the archives. Besides the charts, only historically significant records document administrative structure are retained in the archives. The head of the Historical Collections and Services Department at the Healh Sciences Library determines whether one of these records is historically significant. Accruals to this series are expected to occur occassionally.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHistorically significant policies, procedures, and handbooks produced by the Health Sciences Library are scheduled for permanent retention in the archives. The head of the Historical Collections and Services Department at the Healh Sciences Library determines whether a record is historically significant. Accruals to this series are expected.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHistorically significant syllabi and course materials are scheduled for permanent retention in the archives. The head of the Historical Collections and Services Department at the Healh Sciences Library determines whether a course record is historically significant. Accruals to this series are expected to occur infrequently.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHistorically significant conference programs and reports are scheduled for permanent retention in the archives. The head of the Historical Collections and Services Department at the Health Sciences Library determines whether a program or report is historically significant. Accruals to this series are expected.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSignificant historical and biographical materials are scheduled for permanent retention in the archives. The head of the Historical Collections and Services Department at the Health Sciences Library determines whether a record is significant. Accruals to this series are expected to occur infrequently.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHistorically significant reports are scheduled for permanent retention in the archives. The head of the Historical Collections and Services Department at the Health Sciences Library determines whether a report is historically significant. Accruals to this series are expected to occur infrequently.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHistorically significant exhibit records are scheduled for permanent retention in the archives. The head of the Historical Collections and Services Department at the Health Sciences Library determines whether a record is historically significant. Accruals to this series are expected to occur infrequently.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accruals_heading_ssm":["Accruals","Accruals","Accruals","Accruals","Accruals","Accruals","Accruals","Accruals","Accruals","Accruals","Accruals","Accruals","Accruals","Accruals","Accruals","Accruals","Accruals","Accruals","Accruals"],"accruals_tesim":["The annual reports of the Health Sciences Library are scheduled for permanent retention. There will be accruals to this series if the Health Sciences Library resumes the creation of annual reports.","The correspondence and subject files of the Health Sciences Library director are not scheduled for permanent retention and, in the past, have been transferred to the archives on an irregular basis. No further accruals of this material is expected.","Historically significant planning documents and reports are scheduled for permanent retention in the archives. The head of the Historical Collections and Services Department at the Healh Sciences Library determines whether a document or report is historically significant. Accruals to this series are expected.","Historically significant photographs and negatives are scheduled for permanent retention in the archives. The head of the Historical Collections and Services Department at the Healh Sciences Library determines whether a photograph or negative is historically significant. Accruals to this series are expected.","Public relations files are scheduled for permanent retention in the archives. These records are generally created by the University's marketing and communications departments and they are filed in the records groups associated with those units. However, the library does occasionally create its own public relations files that we expect to add to this series.","The publications of the Health Sciences Library are scheduled for permanent retention in the archives. Much of the content that the Library made available through publications is now made available on various online platforms. It is likely that accruals to this series will be infrequent.","Annually, data is downloaded from the Library's active social media sites and added to this collection.","Copies of each existing blog are captured every year and added to the collection.","The organizational charts of the Health Sciences Library are scheduled for permanent retention in the archives. Besides the charts, only historically significant records document administrative structure are retained in the archives. The head of the Historical Collections and Services Department at the Healh Sciences Library determines whether one of these records is historically significant. Accruals to this series are expected to occur occassionally.","Historically significant policies, procedures, and handbooks produced by the Health Sciences Library are scheduled for permanent retention in the archives. The head of the Historical Collections and Services Department at the Healh Sciences Library determines whether a record is historically significant. Accruals to this series are expected.","Historically significant syllabi and course materials are scheduled for permanent retention in the archives. The head of the Historical Collections and Services Department at the Healh Sciences Library determines whether a course record is historically significant. Accruals to this series are expected to occur infrequently.","Historically significant conference programs and reports are scheduled for permanent retention in the archives. The head of the Historical Collections and Services Department at the Health Sciences Library determines whether a program or report is historically significant. Accruals to this series are expected.","Significant historical and biographical materials are scheduled for permanent retention in the archives. The head of the Historical Collections and Services Department at the Health Sciences Library determines whether a record is significant. Accruals to this series are expected to occur infrequently.","Historically significant reports are scheduled for permanent retention in the archives. The head of the Historical Collections and Services Department at the Health Sciences Library determines whether a report is historically significant. Accruals to this series are expected to occur infrequently.","Historically significant exhibit records are scheduled for permanent retention in the archives. The head of the Historical Collections and Services Department at the Health Sciences Library determines whether a record is historically significant. Accruals to this series are expected to occur infrequently."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRecords are generally organized according to the records retention and disposition schedules series maintained by the Library of Virginia (LVA). When necessary, additional subdivisions have been created for materials that do not have clear equivalents in the LVA resources.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAnnual reports are arranged into 3 subseries: Medical Library, Health Sciences Libary, and Information Sciences Council. The subseries are arranged chornologically. Inside the subseries annual reports are placed into files that are arranged chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe correspondence and subject files are arranged into subseries according to the library director who created them. The subseries are then arranged chronologically by the date that each director began his or her term in this position. Beginning and end dates of the directors' terms are given after his or her name in the subseries title.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn this series, a file is created for each planning report and its associated documents. The files are arranged chronologically by the date of creation for the materials they contain.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe photographs and negatives are arranged into subseries by subject. The subseries are then arranged alphabetically by title. The arrangements of the files in the subseries vary.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe photographs and negatives of library artifacts are arranged alphabetically according to the name of the artifact shown.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe images of Health Sciences Library staff and interiors are arranged chronologically according to their date of creation.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe miscellaneous photographs are arranged chronologically according to the date of their creation.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe public relations files are arranged into subseries according to types of materials (e.g. clippings collections and press releases). The subseries are then arranged alphabetically. The files in the subseries are arranged chonologically.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe publications are arranged into subseries according to types of materials (e.g. journals and magazines, newsletters, patient education resources). The subseries are then arranged alphabetically. The arrangements of the files in the subseries vary.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe newsletters are arranged alphabetically by title.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe promotional brochures, flyers, and other publications are arranged chronologically according to their date of creation.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe social media content is arranged into files alphabetically by title.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBlogs are arranged into files alphabetically by title.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFiles in this series are arranged chronologically according to the date of their creation.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe policies, procedures, and handbooks are arranged into the following subseries in this order: Staff procedures and handbooks, and Library users procedures and handbooks. The files in each subseries are arranged chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSyllabi and course materials are arranged chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eConference records and programs are arranged into files by conference title. The files are arranged chronologically by the date each conference was held. All of the instances of a reoccurring conference are gathered together into the same file. If the conference is reoccurring, it is arranged in relation to the rest of the files according to the first instance of that conference.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMaterials in this series are arranged chronologically according to the date that they were created.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe reports are arranged into files. The files are then arranged chronologically by their date of creation. When a report is reoccurring, all of the reports in that series are placed together in a single file.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe directories are arranged by title into files. The files are arranged chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe records in this series are arranged into files according to committee or department (when the department is holding reccurring general meetings). The files are then arranged alphabetically.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe awards, honors, and commemorations are arranged into files. The files are then arranged chronologically by date. When an award, honor, or commemoration is reoccurring (e.g. annually), all of the records in that series are placed together in a single file.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe records for stand-alone lectures and presentations are arranged into a subseries called \"Single lectures and presentations\". The records of lectures and presentations that belong to a program or lecture series are arranged into subseries named after the program or lecture series. Following the subseries titled \"Single lectures and presentations\", the remaining lecture series are arranged alphabetically by title. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eRecords in all of the subseries are arranged into files titled with the names of the lectures and presentations. The files are then arranged chronologically by date of creation.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRecords in this subseries are arranged into files titled with the names of the lectures and presentations. The files are then arranged chronologically by date of creation.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRecords in this subseries are arranged into files titled with the names of the lectures and presentations. The files are then arranged chronologically by date of creation.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe materials are arranged into files, each file representing an exhibit. Files are arranged alphabetically by exhibit title.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese files are arranged alphabetically.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese items are arranged alphabetically.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Records are generally organized according to the records retention and disposition schedules series maintained by the Library of Virginia (LVA). When necessary, additional subdivisions have been created for materials that do not have clear equivalents in the LVA resources.","Annual reports are arranged into 3 subseries: Medical Library, Health Sciences Libary, and Information Sciences Council. The subseries are arranged chornologically. Inside the subseries annual reports are placed into files that are arranged chronologically.","The correspondence and subject files are arranged into subseries according to the library director who created them. The subseries are then arranged chronologically by the date that each director began his or her term in this position. Beginning and end dates of the directors' terms are given after his or her name in the subseries title.","In this series, a file is created for each planning report and its associated documents. The files are arranged chronologically by the date of creation for the materials they contain.","The photographs and negatives are arranged into subseries by subject. The subseries are then arranged alphabetically by title. The arrangements of the files in the subseries vary.","The photographs and negatives of library artifacts are arranged alphabetically according to the name of the artifact shown.","The images of Health Sciences Library staff and interiors are arranged chronologically according to their date of creation.","The miscellaneous photographs are arranged chronologically according to the date of their creation.","The public relations files are arranged into subseries according to types of materials (e.g. clippings collections and press releases). The subseries are then arranged alphabetically. The files in the subseries are arranged chonologically.","The publications are arranged into subseries according to types of materials (e.g. journals and magazines, newsletters, patient education resources). The subseries are then arranged alphabetically. The arrangements of the files in the subseries vary.","The newsletters are arranged alphabetically by title.","The promotional brochures, flyers, and other publications are arranged chronologically according to their date of creation.","The social media content is arranged into files alphabetically by title.","Blogs are arranged into files alphabetically by title.","Files in this series are arranged chronologically according to the date of their creation.","The policies, procedures, and handbooks are arranged into the following subseries in this order: Staff procedures and handbooks, and Library users procedures and handbooks. The files in each subseries are arranged chronologically.","Syllabi and course materials are arranged chronologically.","Conference records and programs are arranged into files by conference title. The files are arranged chronologically by the date each conference was held. All of the instances of a reoccurring conference are gathered together into the same file. If the conference is reoccurring, it is arranged in relation to the rest of the files according to the first instance of that conference.","Materials in this series are arranged chronologically according to the date that they were created.","The reports are arranged into files. The files are then arranged chronologically by their date of creation. When a report is reoccurring, all of the reports in that series are placed together in a single file.","The directories are arranged by title into files. The files are arranged chronologically.","The records in this series are arranged into files according to committee or department (when the department is holding reccurring general meetings). The files are then arranged alphabetically.","The awards, honors, and commemorations are arranged into files. The files are then arranged chronologically by date. When an award, honor, or commemoration is reoccurring (e.g. annually), all of the records in that series are placed together in a single file.","The records for stand-alone lectures and presentations are arranged into a subseries called \"Single lectures and presentations\". The records of lectures and presentations that belong to a program or lecture series are arranged into subseries named after the program or lecture series. Following the subseries titled \"Single lectures and presentations\", the remaining lecture series are arranged alphabetically by title. ","Records in all of the subseries are arranged into files titled with the names of the lectures and presentations. The files are then arranged chronologically by date of creation.","Records in this subseries are arranged into files titled with the names of the lectures and presentations. The files are then arranged chronologically by date of creation.","Records in this subseries are arranged into files titled with the names of the lectures and presentations. The files are then arranged chronologically by date of creation.","The materials are arranged into files, each file representing an exhibit. Files are arranged alphabetically by exhibit title.","These files are arranged alphabetically.","These items are arranged alphabetically."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\nBetween 1826 and 1929, the University of Virginia's collection of medical books and journals were kept with the general library collections in the Rotunda. In 1929, the University moved the collections to the new Medical Library inside the recently-constructed Medical School Building. \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nBetween 1929 and 1962, a medical librarian with a small staff of student and clerical workers stewarded the library's collections. The Medical Library at this time, although physically separate from the rest of the University's libraries, was administered as part of the central University library system with oversight from School of Medicine faculty serving on the Medical Library Committee. In addition to the management of collections, the medical librarians in this era began to curate exhibits and provide instruction. Only a few of the medical librarians who served in this period had professional library training.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nIn 1962, Wilhelm Moll was appointed the first Director of the Medical Library. During his tenure, Moll oversaw the radical trasnformation of a small branch library into an independent research library. The full-time library staff expanded from 4 to 30, the University built a new library building over Jefferson Park Avenue, the nursing and medical libraries merged to form the Health Sciences Library, a history of medicine program was founded, and the library began to adopt digital technologies.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nAfter Moll's death in 1979, the University apppointed Terry Thorkildsen as the Director of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library.  Thorkildsen and his successors Linda Watson (1990-2005) and Gretchen Arnold (2005-present) led the library during an era when revolutionary advances in digital technologies (e.g. the Internet, personal computers, databases) presented new challenges and opportunities for the Library.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cbr\u003e","\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSeptember 1826: The University of Virginia Library opens in the Rotunda and it includes a collection of medical books.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1911: The University Library's entire collection of medical books and journals are gathered together and moved to the basement of the Rotunda.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSeptember 13, 1915: Richard Henry Whitehead, Dean of the School of Medicine, creates the Medical Library Committee.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1919-June 1929: Ella Watson Johnson serves as the Medical Librarian.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJune 1929: The Medical Library moves from the basement of the Rotunda to its own space in the new Medical School Building, the Medical Library remains a department of the central University Library System.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJune 1929-September 1929: Margaret Otto serves as the Medical Librarian.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1929-1931: Anne Ashhurst Gwathmey serves as the Medical Librarian.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1931-1934: Caroline Hill Davis serves as the Medical Librarian.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMarch 1934-June 1934: Dora Mitchell Brown serves as the Medical Librarian.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1934-1936: Miriam Thomas Buchanan serves as the Medical Librarian.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1935: The Medical Library institutes its first orientation for first year medical students.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1936-1943: Anne Lewis Morris serves as the Medical Librarian.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1943-1944: Mary Elizabeth Mayo serves as the Medical Librarian.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1944-1947: Mabel Cook Wyllie serves as the Medical Librarian.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1945-1949: The Nursing Library is placed under the Supervision of the Medical Librarian until the appointment of a clerk to manage the Nursing collection.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1947-1962: Elizabeth Frances Adkins serves as the Medical Librarian.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSeptember 1962: Wilhelm Moll is appointed the Director of the Medical Library.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1962-1963: As the result of administrative reorganizations during this period, the Medical Library is separated from the central University Library system and placed under the control of the School of Medicine.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNovember 1970: Librarians conduct the first online searches of a database at the University of Virginia Medical Library using the experimental AIM-TWX service developed by the National Library of Medicine's Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNovember 1971: Librarians begin using the National Library of Medicine's MEDLINE system to conduct online searches for patrons.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAugust 1975: The Medical Library and Nursing Library are merged into the Health Sciences Library and Information Center and moved into a new building that spans over Jefferson Park Avenue. Wilhelm Moll is made the Director of the Health Sciences Library.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eApril 1976: The Health Sciences Library is formally dedicated and named after Claude Moore, an alumnus of and donor to the University of Virginia.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1979: Terry Thorkildsen is appointed the Director of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1989: The library card catalog is digitized and made available through computer terminals.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1990: Linda Watson is appointed the Director of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e2005: Gretchen Arnold is appointed the interim Director of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library and is then made Director in 2007.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e2022: Bart Ragon is appointed the Director of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(formerly Reference Department from 1987-1991)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHistorical Collections and Services was originally concieved in the 1980s by the first director of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Wilhelm Moll. His vision was to create a rare book room that would house the rare books that belonged to the Medical Library. During the Jeffersonian era and up until 1929, the books belonging to the school of medicine and anatomy were housed in the Rotunda Library on Grounds. In 1929, a new Medical School Building opened. This unified all the medical departments, which had been scattered throughout the Grounds. The Medical Collection became the Medical Library, and moved into new quarters in the Medical School Building. When Alderman, now Shannon, Library was built in 1937, the books moved there until the creation of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library in 1976. Following Dr. Moll's untimely death in 1979, Special Collections librarian Joan Echtenkamp Klein helped to make Moll's reality of a special collections department a reality. She became the curator and manager of Historical Collections and Services, serving in that role until 2015. Dan Cavanaugh took over the role of curator and manager until 2022. Meggan Cashwell became the curator and manager in 2023 and is currently serving in that position.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["\nBetween 1826 and 1929, the University of Virginia's collection of medical books and journals were kept with the general library collections in the Rotunda. In 1929, the University moved the collections to the new Medical Library inside the recently-constructed Medical School Building. \n","\nBetween 1929 and 1962, a medical librarian with a small staff of student and clerical workers stewarded the library's collections. The Medical Library at this time, although physically separate from the rest of the University's libraries, was administered as part of the central University library system with oversight from School of Medicine faculty serving on the Medical Library Committee. In addition to the management of collections, the medical librarians in this era began to curate exhibits and provide instruction. Only a few of the medical librarians who served in this period had professional library training.\n","\nIn 1962, Wilhelm Moll was appointed the first Director of the Medical Library. During his tenure, Moll oversaw the radical trasnformation of a small branch library into an independent research library. The full-time library staff expanded from 4 to 30, the University built a new library building over Jefferson Park Avenue, the nursing and medical libraries merged to form the Health Sciences Library, a history of medicine program was founded, and the library began to adopt digital technologies.\n","\nAfter Moll's death in 1979, the University apppointed Terry Thorkildsen as the Director of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library.  Thorkildsen and his successors Linda Watson (1990-2005) and Gretchen Arnold (2005-present) led the library during an era when revolutionary advances in digital technologies (e.g. the Internet, personal computers, databases) presented new challenges and opportunities for the Library.\n","","September 1826: The University of Virginia Library opens in the Rotunda and it includes a collection of medical books. 1911: The University Library's entire collection of medical books and journals are gathered together and moved to the basement of the Rotunda. September 13, 1915: Richard Henry Whitehead, Dean of the School of Medicine, creates the Medical Library Committee. 1919-June 1929: Ella Watson Johnson serves as the Medical Librarian. June 1929: The Medical Library moves from the basement of the Rotunda to its own space in the new Medical School Building, the Medical Library remains a department of the central University Library System. June 1929-September 1929: Margaret Otto serves as the Medical Librarian. 1929-1931: Anne Ashhurst Gwathmey serves as the Medical Librarian. 1931-1934: Caroline Hill Davis serves as the Medical Librarian. March 1934-June 1934: Dora Mitchell Brown serves as the Medical Librarian. 1934-1936: Miriam Thomas Buchanan serves as the Medical Librarian. 1935: The Medical Library institutes its first orientation for first year medical students. 1936-1943: Anne Lewis Morris serves as the Medical Librarian. 1943-1944: Mary Elizabeth Mayo serves as the Medical Librarian. 1944-1947: Mabel Cook Wyllie serves as the Medical Librarian. 1945-1949: The Nursing Library is placed under the Supervision of the Medical Librarian until the appointment of a clerk to manage the Nursing collection. 1947-1962: Elizabeth Frances Adkins serves as the Medical Librarian. September 1962: Wilhelm Moll is appointed the Director of the Medical Library. 1962-1963: As the result of administrative reorganizations during this period, the Medical Library is separated from the central University Library system and placed under the control of the School of Medicine. November 1970: Librarians conduct the first online searches of a database at the University of Virginia Medical Library using the experimental AIM-TWX service developed by the National Library of Medicine's Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications. November 1971: Librarians begin using the National Library of Medicine's MEDLINE system to conduct online searches for patrons. August 1975: The Medical Library and Nursing Library are merged into the Health Sciences Library and Information Center and moved into a new building that spans over Jefferson Park Avenue. Wilhelm Moll is made the Director of the Health Sciences Library. April 1976: The Health Sciences Library is formally dedicated and named after Claude Moore, an alumnus of and donor to the University of Virginia. 1979: Terry Thorkildsen is appointed the Director of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library. 1989: The library card catalog is digitized and made available through computer terminals. 1990: Linda Watson is appointed the Director of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library. 2005: Gretchen Arnold is appointed the interim Director of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library and is then made Director in 2007. 2022: Bart Ragon is appointed the Director of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library.","(formerly Reference Department from 1987-1991)","Historical Collections and Services was originally concieved in the 1980s by the first director of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Wilhelm Moll. His vision was to create a rare book room that would house the rare books that belonged to the Medical Library. During the Jeffersonian era and up until 1929, the books belonging to the school of medicine and anatomy were housed in the Rotunda Library on Grounds. In 1929, a new Medical School Building opened. This unified all the medical departments, which had been scattered throughout the Grounds. The Medical Collection became the Medical Library, and moved into new quarters in the Medical School Building. When Alderman, now Shannon, Library was built in 1937, the books moved there until the creation of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library in 1976. Following Dr. Moll's untimely death in 1979, Special Collections librarian Joan Echtenkamp Klein helped to make Moll's reality of a special collections department a reality. She became the curator and manager of Historical Collections and Services, serving in that role until 2015. Dan Cavanaugh took over the role of curator and manager until 2022. Meggan Cashwell became the curator and manager in 2023 and is currently serving in that position."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSome exhibit pages do not have creation dates listed anywhere, but they do have copyright dates at the bottom of the page. This can be confusing in understanding what is the true date of creation.\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Date Discrepancies"],"odd_tesim":["Some exhibit pages do not have creation dates listed anywhere, but they do have copyright dates at the bottom of the page. This can be confusing in understanding what is the true date of creation."],"originalsloc_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMany of these online exhibits were once physical exhibits on display in the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library. Exhibit placards, text, images, curation notes, and other preparation documents may be found in folders with the same exhibit title in this records group in the sub series entitled \"Exhibit Files, 1970-2019, undated.\"\u003c/p\u003e"],"originalsloc_heading_ssm":["Existence and Location of Originals"],"originalsloc_tesim":["Many of these online exhibits were once physical exhibits on display in the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library. Exhibit placards, text, images, curation notes, and other preparation documents may be found in folders with the same exhibit title in this records group in the sub series entitled \"Exhibit Files, 1970-2019, undated.\""],"phystech_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWhen the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library downloads content from a social media platform, the Library preserves all of the original files (e.g. jpeg files, html files, json files) from the capture.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePatrons may contact Historical Collections staff at the Library to request copies of files containing social media content. The files may be sent to the patron for remote viewing or they may be viewed in the Historical Collections reading room. The Library will provide patrons in the reading room with software to view the files. Patrons who request to view the files remotely are responsible for obtaining their own copies of the hardware and software required to render the files. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWhen the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library captures a copy of a blog, the Library preserves all of the its original files (e.g. jpeg files, html files) as well as an aggregated web archive file (warc). Both a directory containing the original files and the warc file are bundled together into a single digital object. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePatrons may contact Historical Collections staff at the Library to request copies of blog files. The files may be sent to the patron for remote viewing or they may be viewed in the Historical Collections reading room. The Library will provide patrons in the reading room with software to view the files. Patrons who request to view the files remotely are responsible for obtaining their own copies of the hardware and software required to render the files. \u003c/p\u003e"],"phystech_heading_ssm":["Physical Characteristics and Technical Requirements","Physical Characteristics and Technical Requirements"],"phystech_tesim":["When the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library downloads content from a social media platform, the Library preserves all of the original files (e.g. jpeg files, html files, json files) from the capture.","Patrons may contact Historical Collections staff at the Library to request copies of files containing social media content. The files may be sent to the patron for remote viewing or they may be viewed in the Historical Collections reading room. The Library will provide patrons in the reading room with software to view the files. Patrons who request to view the files remotely are responsible for obtaining their own copies of the hardware and software required to render the files. ","When the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library captures a copy of a blog, the Library preserves all of the its original files (e.g. jpeg files, html files) as well as an aggregated web archive file (warc). Both a directory containing the original files and the warc file are bundled together into a single digital object. ","Patrons may contact Historical Collections staff at the Library to request copies of blog files. The files may be sent to the patron for remote viewing or they may be viewed in the Historical Collections reading room. The Library will provide patrons in the reading room with software to view the files. Patrons who request to view the files remotely are responsible for obtaining their own copies of the hardware and software required to render the files. "],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eExhibit placards, text, images, curation notes, and other preparation documents may be found in folders with the same exhibit title in this records group in the sub series entitled \"Exhibit Files, 1970-2019, undated.\"\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Exhibit placards, text, images, curation notes, and other preparation documents may be found in folders with the same exhibit title in this records group in the sub series entitled \"Exhibit Files, 1970-2019, undated.\""],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of permanent and historically significant institutional records created by the University of Virginia Health Sciences Library and the antecedent Medical Library. These records include, but are not limited to: annual reports, planning documents, newsletters, online exhibits, blogs, social media content, conference programs, department histories, committee records, and library-sponsored lecture materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series consists of annual reports produced by the Medical Library (1929-1975), the Health Sciences Library (1975-Present), and the Information Sciences Council (1990-1996). Annual reports for the Health Sciences Library are missing from this collection for the period from 2006 to the present. Also, the annual reports for the Medical Library are missing from this collections for the period from 1929 to 1942. It is unclear whether the Medical and Health Sciences libraries wrote reports for the years.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe annual reports of the Medical Library contain comprehensive descriptions of the annual activities of the Medical Library. The Medical Library's annual reports from 1929 to 1942 are missing from this collection. It is not known if the reports were ever written by the library.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe annual reports of the Health Sciences Library contain comprehensive descriptions of the annual activities of the Health Sciences Library. The Health Sciences Library's annual reports from 2006 to the present are missing from this collection. It is not known if the reports were ever written by the library.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eInformal annual report-like documents and related material, including reports shared on the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library blog and an internal UVA Health System news website (HS Connect). Reports from: March 2007, September 2009 (written by Gretchen Arnold), January 2013 (written by Gretchen Arnold), and March 2018 (written by Gretchen Arnold).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series consists of correspondence and subject files that were created and assembeled by the directors of the Health Sciences Library while carrying out the responsibilities of their position.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include Curators of the HSL--Daniel Spikes, Cassandra Ruane, Frank C. Mevers, Todd L. Savitt, and Doris Leckie of the Smithsonian Institution\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes articles about Jesse Lazear, Carlos Finlay, Philip Hench and cortisone, Henry R. Carter, Nicolas Chervin, Joseph Y. Porter and Isaac Hulse\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents with Bean include Mary (Mrs. Philip) Hench, Atcheson L. Hench, Byrd S. Leavell, and Todd Savitt\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes news releases, news clippings, journal articles, and correspondence related to the gift by Mary Hench of the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes correspondence with William Bennett Bean\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes correspondence on Health System reorganization\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe records in this series document the planning of historically significant administrative initiatives, purchases, construction, and events at the Health Sciences Library.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series consists of digital and analog images that show the history and collections of the Health Sciences Library. Image formats in this series include, but are not limited to, photographic prints, film negatives, jpeg files, tiff files, 35mm film slides, CDs or other media containing digital images. The series does not include official identification photographs for faculty, students, and staff.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis subseries contains images of artifacts in the collections of the Health Sciences Library.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe images in this subseries show the staff, faculty, and interior spaces of the Health Sciences Library.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMoll, Bowers, Bowers, and Rudnick are photographed with ceramic vessels used in the early production of penicillin.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLIS officially started in 1989. Dr. Don Detmer is upper right of FF sheet\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePeople identified are: Inhye Son, Sarah Handley, Anne Humphries, Mike Wilson, Jonathan Lord, Elaine Banner, Julia Kochi, Marylin James, Mary Nightengale, Ophelia Payne, Nadine Ellero, Trisha Luby, Sue Daddezio, Diane Ricketson, Deborah Camden, Michael Sullivan, Betty Mickens, Dan Wilson, Shelby Miller John Sesody, Greatchen Arnold, Michelle Martin, Jeri Davis, Barbara Crawford, Cindy Saylor, Susan Yowell, Karen Collier, Pat Shannon, Rick Peterson, Brenda Bikos, Sandy Zoumbaris, Jana Maas, Joan Klein, Mark Mones, Jane Wagner, Eli Casarez, Aulia Gies, Cynthia Siedman-Willen, Catherine Anninos, Judy Shotwell, Linda Watson and Ann Carter.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIndividuals not identified.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFront: Kathleen Tracey, karen Collier, Deborah Camden, Ophelia Payne, Rick Peterson\nSecond: Marylin James, Jane Wagner, Barbara Crawford, Polly Sandridge, Linda Watson\nThird: Pat Shannon, Brenda Bikos, Gretchen Naisawald, Anne Humphries, Jeri Davis, Shelby Miller, Jonquil Feldman, Mike Wilson\nFourth: Judith Robinson, Susan Daddezio, Julia Hochi\nFifth: Thomas Speare, Catherine Anninos, Libby Colley, Judy Shotwell\nSixth: Hall Sharp, Rick Weaver, Ann Carter\nSeventh: Nadine Ellero, Megan McCaskey, Sarah Handley\nEighth: Jonathan Lord, Jake Appleford, Mary Nightengale, Inhye Son\nAbsent: Joan Klein, christopher Marks, Betty Mickens, Mark Mones, Diane Spears\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLeft to right: Dieter Groeschel, Joan Klein, Linda Watson, unidentified person\nIn back: unidentified, Janet Pearson\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOne photo individuals front left to right Dieter Groeschel, Joan Klein, Linda Watson, unidentified person, in the back an unidentified person and Janet Pearson\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCollection Services and Bibliographic Control\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIntellectual Access and Collection Development\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLibrary Administration\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEllen Ramsey, David Moody, Bart Ragon, Mike Wilson, Joan Klein, Dave Denton, Inhye Son, Wilma Lynch, Pat Shannon, Gretchen Arnold, Jeri Davis, Joy Nuckolls, Karen Knight, Elaine Attridge, Ann Carter, Jonathan Lord, Andrea Horne Denton, Stephanie Fielding, Adrienne Granitz, Sonya Coleman, Jason Bennett, Tony Hiserman, Tenzin Thosam, Roderick Martin, Nadine Ellero, Patricia Vaughn\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis subseries consists of images that do not belong in any other subseries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGordon was the coordinator of an exhibit on the history of gastroscopy and visited the medical school to open the exhibit. Photo taken by Ursula Ziolkowki.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhoto was sent to Terry Thorkildson from the Area Health Education Centers Program Eastern Virginia Medical Authority\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series contains historically significant press releases, visual aids, clippings, and other items that record information about the Library that were produced for or by the news media.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis subseries contains print copies of news articles about the Health Sciences Library.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series consists of publications produced by the Health Sciences Library for public distribution or general internal distribution. Publications include, but are not limited to, magazines, journals, monographs, newsletters, weblogs, weekly announcements, online publications, marketing materials, and patient education resources. This series may contain both print and digital publications.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe materials in this subseries were produced to guide the use of collections housed at the Health Sciences Library.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis subseries consists of digital and print newsletters that provide information about the activities of the Health Sciences Library.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA \"scrapbook\" of Library milestones and appropriate photographs for each medical and nursing graduating class celebrating its reunion in a particular year. The print series was discontinued after 2000, but additional Journey Through Time content is available online through the Historical Collections web exhibits.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis subseries contains brochures, flyers, and other printed ephemera that provide information about the Health Sciences Library.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEnvelope has Dr. Wilhelm Moll handwritten on it. Brochure includes library statistics, what is needed in terms of money and space, various endorsements, and tax information.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series contains social media content that has been produced by the Health Sciences Library for platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe staff of the Health Sciences Library's Historical Collections and Services department maintains and contributes content to this Facebook page. Many posts and photographs on the page relate to the Department's services, collections, and events. Other posts share information related to the history of the health sciences and the work of libraries, museums, and archives.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series consists of blogs that were created by the Health Sciences Library. The files in this series were downloaded from the Internet by Library staff. Content in the blogs that are accessed through a link outside of the blog's parent directory (e.g. external YouTube videos, external web pages) are not downloaded and archived in this series.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Moore Library News (MLN) blog is produced by the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library. MLN blog posts provide information about Library collections, policies, services, and events.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe records in this series document the organizational structure of the Health Sciences Library. It also contains records that document administrative reorganizations of the Library. These materials include, but are not limited to, organizational charts and reports.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series contains policies, procedures, and handbooks produced by the Health Sciences Library to direct and guide the conduct of its faculty, staff, and patrons. These records may also formally describe and define the relationship between the Health Sciences Library and its faculty, staff, and patrons.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis subseries contains procedures and handbooks for the faculty and staff of the Health Sciences Library.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes items from the Printing Office with the new library name: The Claude Moore Health Sciences Library\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis subseries consists of procedures and handbooks for the patrons of the Health Sciences Library.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series contains course announcements, syllabi, notes, and other materials that document classes and workshops taught by the faculty and staff of the Health Sciences Library.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series consists of programs and reports that document the history of conferences and symposia hosted by the Health Sciences Library. Programs and reports often contain the following information: lists of speakers, presentation titles, schedules of events, and lecture abstracts. The following conference records are not included in this series: registration records, financial records, organization records, attendance lists.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series consists of significant material that conveys the history of the Health Sciences Library, its administration, its accomplishments, its officials or employees. Includes, but is not limited to, scrapbooks, photographs, articles, program notes and documentation of events sponsored or funded by the agency. Also included are narratives; printed, audio, or audiovisual histories; or matters of significant historical importance.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes many photos of the library interior and library staff. Some individuals identified. Probably an exhibit celebrating the library's 15th anniversary in 1991, but photos from 1993 are also in the folder.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes photos of library interiors, staff (some identified) and UVA buildings; library organization chart for 2/1995; and Library Building Funds chart, 1975.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series consists of reports, of a historically significant nature, that do not belong to any other series of the Health Sciences Library records.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series contains memos, correspondence, subject files, online resources, and meeting minutes of committees working within the Health Sciences Library.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file includes the meeting minutes, meeting agendas, and other documentation of the Library Management Group. The members of this committee were the leaders of the Health Sciences Library. They met once a month to discuss major library initiatives, provide updates and reports about library department activities, and share other information related to the management of the Library.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file consists of the meeting minutes, bylaws, constitution, and correspondence of the Medical History Society of the University of Virginia. The Society was formed to promote the knowledge and study of the history of medicine and the health sciences at the University of Virginia. For much of its history, Wilhelm Moll led the Society. It supported the development of historical collections and services at the Health Sciences Library and founded a lecture series that becsme the History of the Health Sciences Lecture Series in 1984.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series consists of records that document awards, honors, and commemorations presented by the Health Sciences Library. These records may include, but are not limited to, event programs, lists of recipients, and recipient biographies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe dedication ceremony included remarks by Donald S. Fredrickson, MD, Director, National Institutes of Health.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes a tribute to Wilhelm Moll by William B. Bean and another speech by an unidentified individual.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes remarks that were given by Dr. Don Detmer.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes remarks given by Donald Lindberg. The title of Lindberg's presentation was\"The Computer and the Academical Village\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series consists of records that document lectures and presentations sponsored by the Health Sciences Library. These records include, but are not limited to, audiovisual recordings, transcripts, announcements, handouts, and correspondence between presenters and event organizers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis subseries consists of records associated with standalone lectures and presentations sponsored by the Health Sciences Library.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis subseries contains records that are associated with the Health Sciences Library's History of the Health Sciences Lecture Series.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis subseries contains records that are associated with the Medical History Society of the University of Virginia Lecture Series.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePromotional posters for a medical history lecture series held at the UVA Health Sciences Library and organized by the UVA Medical History Society.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series consists of records that document exhibits created by the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library of an educational or promotional nature. Some records are physical, and others are archived websites crawled by the Internet Archives' Archive-It service and made accessible by their Wayback Machine.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese materials are physical materials containing exhibit plans and designs, text, labels, and images created for physical exhibits.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIdentified individuals in photos are John Guerrant, Ken Crispell, and Barry Marshall\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes print-out (109 pages) of \"Who's Who on the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection Website\" (2002) and supplemental list of compiled names.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"Robley Dunglison: 1798-1869\" Pamphlet produced for a library exhibit honoring the 200th anniversary of Dunglison's birth. 3 copies; 14 pp. Prepared by Historical Collections \u0026amp; Services, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library. Folder note indicates biography was written by Joby Topper. Includes reference list.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIntroduction by Joan Klein\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series contains web archived online exhibits created by Historical Collections and Services between 2007 and circa 2023, although some of the creation dates of the websites are questionable. These 21 exhibits were hosted on the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library website but are now available via the Internet Archives' Wayback Machine.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis online exhibit is centered on the book \"A History of Cancer Care at the University of Virginia, 1901-1911.\" This book provides vast insight into the teamwork, dedication, collegiality, and skill–as well as luck–which was necessary for the Cancer Center to exist today. Twenty-five oral history interviews were conducted in the course of researching the book and are included with the book or may be viewed in the videos section of this website. Written by Henry K. Sharp, Ph.D. and Morton C. Wilhelm, M.D. the Joseph Helms Farrow Professor Emeritus in Surgical Oncology, University of Virginia School of Medicine.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis online exhibit serves as an online \"scrapbook\" with some of the milestones of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Medical Center, and the School of Medicine and the School of Nursing. There are added appropriate photographs for each class year.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis exhibit recounts the origin and early history of the American Lung Association. The American Lung Association of Virginia (ALAV) Collection contains personal and official correspondence, financial and legal papers, minute books, organizational and scientific reports, educational publicity, photographs, and artifacts. ALAV donated its organization's papers to the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library in 1990 and 1991 made this exhibit possible. The ALAV made an additional donation in 2009.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis online exhibit presents images and summaries of the known uses of each instrument. The extant comments of medical writers from antiquity–including Oribasius, Galen, Soranus, Aetius, and the Hippocratic corpus–have provided scholars with some clues about the use of some instruments. Some instruments, such as mixing instruments and tweezers, probably had other household uses, such as the application of cosmetics and paints.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis online exhibit was created under the direction of Joan Echtenkamp Klein, the Alvin V. and Nancy Baird Curator for Historical Collections at The Claude Moore Health Sciences Library. Hal Sharp, a Historical Collections staff member, wrote the essay giving a brief history of anatomical drawing. The exhibit was designed by Janet Pearson, Historical Collections; Bart Ragon, the Associate Director for Knowledge Integration, Research and Technology; and Paulina Vaca, Web Communications Assistant. Emily Bowden, Historical Collections, photographed the Denoyer-Geppert Anatomy Series charts. William Crutchfield generously donated W. and A. K. Johnston's Charts of Anatomy and Physiology which were owned for 33 years by his father, Dr. William Gayle Crutchfield.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis exhibit was designed to highlight the UVA Hospital's involvement with supporting United States Army troops during World War I and World War II. It was created by Janet Pearson with the assistance of Joby Topper. Special thanks to Dr. John L. Guerrant, Dorothy Sandridge Gloor, and Elizabeth Harlin Drash for sharing their stories and helping us identify photographs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis online exhibit shows materials related to eugenics as it relates to UVA and Charlottesville, VA. Alison White and Ina Hofland, staff members of Historical Collections and Services at the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia, created this Web exhibit. They also created the physical exhibit of the same title on which it is based. The physical exhibit was displayed in the foyer of the Health Sciences Library April-September 2002. Steve Stedman designed the Web exhibit. Special thanks to Sara Huyser, Joan Echtenkamp Klein, Ophelia Payne, Bart Ragon, Hal Sharp, and Mike Wilson for their assistance. Web Exhibit Publish Date: February 13, 2004\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis exhibit was created under the direction of Joan Ectenkamp Klein, the Alvin V. and Nancy Baird Curator for Historical Collections at the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library. Dr. Morton C. Wilhelm, the Joseph Helms Farrow Professor in Surgical Oncology, wrote the essay with the editorial assistance of Janet Pearson. The web exhibit was designed by Janet Pearson, Historical Collections; Bart Ragon, the Associate Director for Knowledge Integration, Research and Technology; and Paulina Vaca, Web Communications Assistant.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis online exhibit offers a look into The Papers of James Carmichael and Son, a collection held at the UVA Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, and tells a story of the early nineteenth-century inhabitants of Fredericksburg, Virginia and its surrounding rural areas. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe exhibit is organized into two content areas: the Story and the Collection. Each of these areas, as well as the Home and About sections, are represented in the tabs near the top of every page. See the site map for more detail.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Story section sets the atmosphere for the exhibit. One can get a sense of what the practice of medicine was like for James and Edward Carmichael in the early nineteenth century by reading the essays describing the Pharmacy, the Tools of the Trade, and the Health Care of Slaves.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Collection section houses the images of the original Carmichael letters, which are meticulously transcribed and categorized to provide access not only to the words, but to the medical conditions, treatments, and philosophies of almost two centuries past. Particularly compelling is the use of Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) to categorize the letters along with a very detailed methodology and definition of MeSH terms. Other items of interest include the daybook kept by Doctor Carmichael from 1816-1817, newspaper clippings, court records \u0026amp; summaries, period maps, and Virginia WPA Historical Inventory Project records. Additionally, there is an exhaustive Who's Who list of names that appeared in the letters as well as a thorough list of Places Mentioned.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis online exhibit tells the story of how the U.S. Army Commission, comprised of Major Walter Reed, Dr. James Carroll, Dr. Aristides Agramonte, and Dr. Jesse Lazear, confirmed Carlos Finlay's theory about the transmission of yellow fever. By showing without a doubt that mosquitoes were the vector for yellow fever, the researchers empowered public health officials in the Americas to eradicate this devastating disease from much of the Western Hemisphere.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe exhibit is divided into three main sections. The first section, Archives, provides information about and links to the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection. The collection, most collected by Philip S. Hench and housed at the University of Virginia's Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, is a rich archive of materials that documents the history of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission. The second section, History, tells the story of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and the impact of its findings. Finally, the third section, Resources, provides access to biographies, bibliographies, and other resources visitors may want to consult to learn more about the Commission and the history of yellow fever.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis exhibit tells the story about 12 physicians practicing in Charlottesville, VA in 1848 mutually agreed to create an agreed rate of medical charges for services.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJoan Echtenkamp Klein, the Alvin V. and Nancy Baird Curator for Historical Collections \u0026amp; Services at The Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia, conceived the idea for the fee bill project and directed it. Todd L. Savitt, Ph.D., wrote the background information essay on fee bills in general and the Charlottesville fee bill in particular. He is a faculty member at East Carolina University in the Department of Bioethics \u0026amp; Interdisciplinary Studies. Janet Pearson wrote the introduction and the biographical sketches of the twelve signers. She gathered images and took photographs in the University of Virginia Cemetery and Columbarium and in downtown Charlottesville. She is a member of the staff of Historical Collections and Services. Sonya Coleman, also a member of the staff of Historical Collections, contributed to the design elements. David Moody, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library Webmaster, and Jason Bennett, Technology in Education Consultant, provided the programming architecture for the Web exhibit.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJoan Echtenkamp Klein, the Alvin V. and Nancy Baird Curator for Historical Collections \u0026amp; Services at the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia, conceived the idea for the \"Fever Fighters\" project after the generous donation of Dr. Hanson's diary by his granddaughter, Jane H. Monroe.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eStaff members at Historical Collections, Leigh Mantle, Susan Yowell, and Janet Pearson, contributed content and created the GIS Map. Caitlin Summers, a dedicated intern at Historical Collections, also provided editorial assistance in the spring of 2012.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDavid Moody, Library Webmaster; Mike Wilson, Information Services Specialist; and Jason Bennett, Technology Specialist, provided the programming architecture for the Web exhibit.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis exhibit was inspired by The Mineral Springs of Western Virginia by William Burke, the first volume purchased by the Weaver Family Endowed Rare Book and Medical Materials Fund. Published in 1846, the book describes the setting and development of eleven springs in what are now Virginia and West Virginia. Dr. Burke, a one-time owner and resident physician at Red Sulphur Springs, remarks on the usefulness of the various mineral waters in certain diseases as well as contraindications to their use. The springs range from those that are well known today such as the White Sulphur Springs, currently the Greenbrier resort in West Virginia, to the Blue Sulphur Springs, once able to accommodate several hundred people and now represented by a lone Greek Revival pavilion in the middle of a field near Smoot, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThis exhibit was written and organized by Janet Pearson, a member of the staff of Historical Collections and Services, under the direction of Joan Echtenkamp Klein, the Alvin V. and Nancy Baird Curator for Historical Collections at The Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia. Claudia Sueyras, Normajean Hultman, and Sonya Coleman did preliminary research. Rod Martin and Victoria Meyer scanned items from Historical Collections and the Charles L. Brown Science \u0026amp; Engineering Library. David Moody, with the assistance of Bart Ragon, provided the programming architecture for the Web exhibit. Sonya Coleman contributed to the design elements. Special thanks has been given to the staff at the Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia, as they retrieved dozens of documents and also to the Digital Curation Services staff for their scanning of the documents.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Anatomical Theatre at the University of Virginia online exhibit tells the story of the Theatre's presence at the University for more than a century. While not included in the earliest plans of the University, the need for the Theatre became clear before the first classes were ever held. Thomas Jefferson himself drew the design which includes two floor plans, a front elevation view, and a cross section. The exhibit traces the construction and later changes to the building, its demise, and archeological investigations at the site. It also gives a glimpse of what happened inside the building and the deeds that were done to procure cadavers so that medical students could learn anatomy.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThis exhibit was sparked by the interest of the late Dr. M.C. Wilhelm in the model of the Anatomical Theatre housed in Historical Collections at the University of Virginia Claude Moore Health Sciences Library. A retired surgeon and volunteer in Historical Collections, Dr. Wilhelm gathered resources and did preliminary writing. It was decided to further develop the project, and the result is this exhibit, written and organized by Janet Pearson, a Historical Collections staff member. Originally done under the direction of Joan Echtenkamp Klein, who was the Alvin V. and Nancy Baird Curator for Historical Collections until her untimely death, project support was continued under Dan Cavanaugh, who stepped into Joan's role and position.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOthers associated with the University of Virginia community freely shared their ideas and research. These individuals include Garth Anderson, the Facilities Management Historian; Kirt von Daacke, Assistant Dean and Professor, College of Arts \u0026amp; Sciences; Louis Nelson, Professor in the Department of Architectural History and Associate Provost for Outreach; Robert Bloodgood, Professor in the School of Medicine; Benjamin Ford, Principal Investigator with Rivanna Archaeological Services, LLC; and Sonya Coleman, formerly a staff member in Historical Collections and now at the Library of Virginia. Emily Bowden, the Historical Collections Specialist, answered many technical queries as well as gave editorial assistance. Anson Parker and Jason Bennett provided the programming architecture for the Web exhibit.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis exhibit explores the development of the iron lung during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century and considers the reasons for its success during the height of the poliomyelitis epidemics. Andrew Sallans, Historical Collections Specialist, researched and compiled the content for the online and physical exhibits. The design of the online exhibit was conceived and executed by Steve Stedman, Webmaster for the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis online exhibit displays a digitized copy of Historical Collections and Services' rare book \"Plague and Public Health in Europe, with Special Reference to Sixteenth-Century England: An Introduction to Orders thought meete by her Maiestie ..., 1578.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAnne McKeithen, Janet Pearson, and Andrew Sallans, members of the staff of Historical Collections at The Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, compiled the material for the Plague Book exhibit under the direction of Joan Echtenkamp Klein. Joaquin Bueno designed the Web exhibit and graphics, with the programming architecture of David Moody and the assistance of Bart Ragon.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eUnless otherwise noted, the images are courtesy of the Missouri Botanical Garden, © 1995-2006 Missouri Botanical Garden http://www.illustratedgarden.org). They deserve special thanks for their generous permission to reproduce their exquisite illustrations. Special thanks are also given to Duane J. Osheim, Ph.D., Professor and Chair, of the Corcoran Department of History at the University of Virginia for his paper, \"Plague and Public Health in Europe, with Special Reference to Sixteenth-Century England.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 2001 Historical Collections in the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library created an exhibit that traces the history of the first century of the Hospital in words and images. One copy of the exhibit traveled from location to location in the Health System and beyond; the other set of panels were hung in a busy hospital corridor near the main entrance where they remain today. These panels form the basis for this online exhibit which now includes the addition of a section on the first 14 years of the Hospital's second century. We hope you enjoy following the history of the growth of the University of Virginia Health System as it seeks to fulfill its longstanding vision to benefit human health and improve quality of life through patient care, research, and education.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThis exhibition was prepared by Hal Sharp and Janet Pearson of the Department of Historical Collections and Services, The Claude Moore Health Sciences Library.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis online exhibit aims to give viewers a view into more than 50 of Historical Collections and Services' most notable books and see how their authors over the years have documented their discoveries and concepts for contemporaries and for us.  There are digitized versions of many of the books in the Fulltext Books section, which offers links to the scanned images of over half of these rare books.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSara Huyser, Anne McKeithen, and Janet Pearson, members of the staff of Historical Collections at The Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, wrote and compiled the material for Vaulted Treasures under the direction of Joan Echtenkamp Klein.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJoaquin Bueno designed the Web exhibit and graphics, with the server expertise of David Moody and the assistance of Bart Ragon. Special thanks to Claudia Sueyras who scanned many of the books and Andrew Sallans who provided technical assistance.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe 37 caricatures displayed in this exhibit are divided into two groups: English and French. The English prints are predominately drawn by two of the more famous British caricaturists, James Gillray and George Cruikshank. The French caricatures include artwork by J.J. Grandville, Louis-Léopold Boilly, and Edme Jean Pigal.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMary Wagner donated the caricatures in this exhibit to Historical Collections and Services, The Claude Moore Health Sciences Library. Her husband, the late Robert R. Wagner, M.D., collected these when he was a post-doctoral fellow at the National Institute for Medical Research in London from 1950 to 1951. Wagner was Chair of the Department of Microbiology at the University of Virginia from 1967 to 1994, and Director of the UVa Cancer Center from 1983 to 1993. Thanks to Mary Wagner's generosity, the caricatures recently have been professionally treated, preserved, and reframed. The originals are on display in Historical Collections and Services and in the Department of Microbiology in the Robert R. Wagner Conference Room. These nineteenth-century satirical prints will thus continue to delight future generations.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThis exhibit was written by Sara Huyser and Janet Pearson, members of the staff of Historical Collections and Services at the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia. Steve Stedman designed the Web exhibit. Special thanks to Joan Echtenkamp Klein and Andrew Sallans for their assistance.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWalter Reed's professional experiences with typhoid fever stand in marked contrast to his professional encounters with yellow fever. In the case of typhoid, he was more a messenger than a conqueror. Typhoid fever remained defiant during a career that oversaw the rout of yellow fever. Through a humanizing story that shows how fate brought Reed continuing frustration as well as talent and success, this exhibit seeks to render him a more accessible role model for students of medicine and history.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThis exhibit was written by Noel G. Harrison, a graduate student in The Corcoran Department of History at the University of Virginia and an intern in Historical Collections and Services at the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia during the fall of 2002. The Web exhibit was prepared and designed by Mike Wilson and Sara Huyser. Special thanks to Bart Ragon, Joan Echtenkamp Klein, and Hal Sharp for their assistance.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series includes records related to Historical Collections and Services, the special collections and archives department of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library. Records the public can access are related to exhibitions that were curated by staff and displayed in the library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection consists of permanent and historically significant institutional records created by the University of Virginia Health Sciences Library and the antecedent Medical Library. These records include, but are not limited to: annual reports, planning documents, newsletters, online exhibits, blogs, social media content, conference programs, department histories, committee records, and library-sponsored lecture materials.","This series consists of annual reports produced by the Medical Library (1929-1975), the Health Sciences Library (1975-Present), and the Information Sciences Council (1990-1996). Annual reports for the Health Sciences Library are missing from this collection for the period from 2006 to the present. Also, the annual reports for the Medical Library are missing from this collections for the period from 1929 to 1942. It is unclear whether the Medical and Health Sciences libraries wrote reports for the years.","The annual reports of the Medical Library contain comprehensive descriptions of the annual activities of the Medical Library. The Medical Library's annual reports from 1929 to 1942 are missing from this collection. It is not known if the reports were ever written by the library.","The annual reports of the Health Sciences Library contain comprehensive descriptions of the annual activities of the Health Sciences Library. The Health Sciences Library's annual reports from 2006 to the present are missing from this collection. It is not known if the reports were ever written by the library.","Informal annual report-like documents and related material, including reports shared on the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library blog and an internal UVA Health System news website (HS Connect). Reports from: March 2007, September 2009 (written by Gretchen Arnold), January 2013 (written by Gretchen Arnold), and March 2018 (written by Gretchen Arnold).","This series consists of correspondence and subject files that were created and assembeled by the directors of the Health Sciences Library while carrying out the responsibilities of their position.","Correspondents include Curators of the HSL--Daniel Spikes, Cassandra Ruane, Frank C. Mevers, Todd L. Savitt, and Doris Leckie of the Smithsonian Institution","Includes articles about Jesse Lazear, Carlos Finlay, Philip Hench and cortisone, Henry R. Carter, Nicolas Chervin, Joseph Y. Porter and Isaac Hulse","Correspondents with Bean include Mary (Mrs. Philip) Hench, Atcheson L. Hench, Byrd S. Leavell, and Todd Savitt","Includes news releases, news clippings, journal articles, and correspondence related to the gift by Mary Hench of the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever collection.","Includes correspondence with William Bennett Bean","Includes correspondence on Health System reorganization","The records in this series document the planning of historically significant administrative initiatives, purchases, construction, and events at the Health Sciences Library.","This series consists of digital and analog images that show the history and collections of the Health Sciences Library. Image formats in this series include, but are not limited to, photographic prints, film negatives, jpeg files, tiff files, 35mm film slides, CDs or other media containing digital images. The series does not include official identification photographs for faculty, students, and staff.","This subseries contains images of artifacts in the collections of the Health Sciences Library.","The images in this subseries show the staff, faculty, and interior spaces of the Health Sciences Library.","Moll, Bowers, Bowers, and Rudnick are photographed with ceramic vessels used in the early production of penicillin.","LIS officially started in 1989. Dr. Don Detmer is upper right of FF sheet","People identified are: Inhye Son, Sarah Handley, Anne Humphries, Mike Wilson, Jonathan Lord, Elaine Banner, Julia Kochi, Marylin James, Mary Nightengale, Ophelia Payne, Nadine Ellero, Trisha Luby, Sue Daddezio, Diane Ricketson, Deborah Camden, Michael Sullivan, Betty Mickens, Dan Wilson, Shelby Miller John Sesody, Greatchen Arnold, Michelle Martin, Jeri Davis, Barbara Crawford, Cindy Saylor, Susan Yowell, Karen Collier, Pat Shannon, Rick Peterson, Brenda Bikos, Sandy Zoumbaris, Jana Maas, Joan Klein, Mark Mones, Jane Wagner, Eli Casarez, Aulia Gies, Cynthia Siedman-Willen, Catherine Anninos, Judy Shotwell, Linda Watson and Ann Carter.","Individuals not identified.","Front: Kathleen Tracey, karen Collier, Deborah Camden, Ophelia Payne, Rick Peterson\nSecond: Marylin James, Jane Wagner, Barbara Crawford, Polly Sandridge, Linda Watson\nThird: Pat Shannon, Brenda Bikos, Gretchen Naisawald, Anne Humphries, Jeri Davis, Shelby Miller, Jonquil Feldman, Mike Wilson\nFourth: Judith Robinson, Susan Daddezio, Julia Hochi\nFifth: Thomas Speare, Catherine Anninos, Libby Colley, Judy Shotwell\nSixth: Hall Sharp, Rick Weaver, Ann Carter\nSeventh: Nadine Ellero, Megan McCaskey, Sarah Handley\nEighth: Jonathan Lord, Jake Appleford, Mary Nightengale, Inhye Son\nAbsent: Joan Klein, christopher Marks, Betty Mickens, Mark Mones, Diane Spears","Left to right: Dieter Groeschel, Joan Klein, Linda Watson, unidentified person\nIn back: unidentified, Janet Pearson","One photo individuals front left to right Dieter Groeschel, Joan Klein, Linda Watson, unidentified person, in the back an unidentified person and Janet Pearson","Collection Services and Bibliographic Control","Intellectual Access and Collection Development","Library Administration","Ellen Ramsey, David Moody, Bart Ragon, Mike Wilson, Joan Klein, Dave Denton, Inhye Son, Wilma Lynch, Pat Shannon, Gretchen Arnold, Jeri Davis, Joy Nuckolls, Karen Knight, Elaine Attridge, Ann Carter, Jonathan Lord, Andrea Horne Denton, Stephanie Fielding, Adrienne Granitz, Sonya Coleman, Jason Bennett, Tony Hiserman, Tenzin Thosam, Roderick Martin, Nadine Ellero, Patricia Vaughn","This subseries consists of images that do not belong in any other subseries.","Gordon was the coordinator of an exhibit on the history of gastroscopy and visited the medical school to open the exhibit. Photo taken by Ursula Ziolkowki.","Photo was sent to Terry Thorkildson from the Area Health Education Centers Program Eastern Virginia Medical Authority","This series contains historically significant press releases, visual aids, clippings, and other items that record information about the Library that were produced for or by the news media.","This subseries contains print copies of news articles about the Health Sciences Library.","This series consists of publications produced by the Health Sciences Library for public distribution or general internal distribution. Publications include, but are not limited to, magazines, journals, monographs, newsletters, weblogs, weekly announcements, online publications, marketing materials, and patient education resources. This series may contain both print and digital publications.","The materials in this subseries were produced to guide the use of collections housed at the Health Sciences Library.","This subseries consists of digital and print newsletters that provide information about the activities of the Health Sciences Library.","A \"scrapbook\" of Library milestones and appropriate photographs for each medical and nursing graduating class celebrating its reunion in a particular year. The print series was discontinued after 2000, but additional Journey Through Time content is available online through the Historical Collections web exhibits.","This subseries contains brochures, flyers, and other printed ephemera that provide information about the Health Sciences Library.","Envelope has Dr. Wilhelm Moll handwritten on it. Brochure includes library statistics, what is needed in terms of money and space, various endorsements, and tax information.","This series contains social media content that has been produced by the Health Sciences Library for platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter.","The staff of the Health Sciences Library's Historical Collections and Services department maintains and contributes content to this Facebook page. Many posts and photographs on the page relate to the Department's services, collections, and events. Other posts share information related to the history of the health sciences and the work of libraries, museums, and archives.","This series consists of blogs that were created by the Health Sciences Library. The files in this series were downloaded from the Internet by Library staff. Content in the blogs that are accessed through a link outside of the blog's parent directory (e.g. external YouTube videos, external web pages) are not downloaded and archived in this series.","The Moore Library News (MLN) blog is produced by the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library. MLN blog posts provide information about Library collections, policies, services, and events.","The records in this series document the organizational structure of the Health Sciences Library. It also contains records that document administrative reorganizations of the Library. These materials include, but are not limited to, organizational charts and reports.","This series contains policies, procedures, and handbooks produced by the Health Sciences Library to direct and guide the conduct of its faculty, staff, and patrons. These records may also formally describe and define the relationship between the Health Sciences Library and its faculty, staff, and patrons.","This subseries contains procedures and handbooks for the faculty and staff of the Health Sciences Library.","Includes items from the Printing Office with the new library name: The Claude Moore Health Sciences Library","This subseries consists of procedures and handbooks for the patrons of the Health Sciences Library.","This series contains course announcements, syllabi, notes, and other materials that document classes and workshops taught by the faculty and staff of the Health Sciences Library.","This series consists of programs and reports that document the history of conferences and symposia hosted by the Health Sciences Library. Programs and reports often contain the following information: lists of speakers, presentation titles, schedules of events, and lecture abstracts. The following conference records are not included in this series: registration records, financial records, organization records, attendance lists.","This series consists of significant material that conveys the history of the Health Sciences Library, its administration, its accomplishments, its officials or employees. Includes, but is not limited to, scrapbooks, photographs, articles, program notes and documentation of events sponsored or funded by the agency. Also included are narratives; printed, audio, or audiovisual histories; or matters of significant historical importance.","Includes many photos of the library interior and library staff. Some individuals identified. Probably an exhibit celebrating the library's 15th anniversary in 1991, but photos from 1993 are also in the folder.","Includes photos of library interiors, staff (some identified) and UVA buildings; library organization chart for 2/1995; and Library Building Funds chart, 1975.","This series consists of reports, of a historically significant nature, that do not belong to any other series of the Health Sciences Library records.","This series contains memos, correspondence, subject files, online resources, and meeting minutes of committees working within the Health Sciences Library.","This file includes the meeting minutes, meeting agendas, and other documentation of the Library Management Group. The members of this committee were the leaders of the Health Sciences Library. They met once a month to discuss major library initiatives, provide updates and reports about library department activities, and share other information related to the management of the Library.","This file consists of the meeting minutes, bylaws, constitution, and correspondence of the Medical History Society of the University of Virginia. The Society was formed to promote the knowledge and study of the history of medicine and the health sciences at the University of Virginia. For much of its history, Wilhelm Moll led the Society. It supported the development of historical collections and services at the Health Sciences Library and founded a lecture series that becsme the History of the Health Sciences Lecture Series in 1984.","This series consists of records that document awards, honors, and commemorations presented by the Health Sciences Library. These records may include, but are not limited to, event programs, lists of recipients, and recipient biographies.","The dedication ceremony included remarks by Donald S. Fredrickson, MD, Director, National Institutes of Health.","Includes a tribute to Wilhelm Moll by William B. Bean and another speech by an unidentified individual.","Includes remarks that were given by Dr. Don Detmer.","Includes remarks given by Donald Lindberg. The title of Lindberg's presentation was\"The Computer and the Academical Village\".","This series consists of records that document lectures and presentations sponsored by the Health Sciences Library. These records include, but are not limited to, audiovisual recordings, transcripts, announcements, handouts, and correspondence between presenters and event organizers.","This subseries consists of records associated with standalone lectures and presentations sponsored by the Health Sciences Library.","This subseries contains records that are associated with the Health Sciences Library's History of the Health Sciences Lecture Series.","This subseries contains records that are associated with the Medical History Society of the University of Virginia Lecture Series.","Promotional posters for a medical history lecture series held at the UVA Health Sciences Library and organized by the UVA Medical History Society.","This series consists of records that document exhibits created by the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library of an educational or promotional nature. Some records are physical, and others are archived websites crawled by the Internet Archives' Archive-It service and made accessible by their Wayback Machine.","These materials are physical materials containing exhibit plans and designs, text, labels, and images created for physical exhibits.","Identified individuals in photos are John Guerrant, Ken Crispell, and Barry Marshall","Includes print-out (109 pages) of \"Who's Who on the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection Website\" (2002) and supplemental list of compiled names.","\"Robley Dunglison: 1798-1869\" Pamphlet produced for a library exhibit honoring the 200th anniversary of Dunglison's birth. 3 copies; 14 pp. Prepared by Historical Collections \u0026 Services, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library. Folder note indicates biography was written by Joby Topper. Includes reference list.","Introduction by Joan Klein","This series contains web archived online exhibits created by Historical Collections and Services between 2007 and circa 2023, although some of the creation dates of the websites are questionable. These 21 exhibits were hosted on the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library website but are now available via the Internet Archives' Wayback Machine.","This online exhibit is centered on the book \"A History of Cancer Care at the University of Virginia, 1901-1911.\" This book provides vast insight into the teamwork, dedication, collegiality, and skill–as well as luck–which was necessary for the Cancer Center to exist today. Twenty-five oral history interviews were conducted in the course of researching the book and are included with the book or may be viewed in the videos section of this website. Written by Henry K. Sharp, Ph.D. and Morton C. Wilhelm, M.D. the Joseph Helms Farrow Professor Emeritus in Surgical Oncology, University of Virginia School of Medicine.","This online exhibit serves as an online \"scrapbook\" with some of the milestones of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Medical Center, and the School of Medicine and the School of Nursing. There are added appropriate photographs for each class year.","This exhibit recounts the origin and early history of the American Lung Association. The American Lung Association of Virginia (ALAV) Collection contains personal and official correspondence, financial and legal papers, minute books, organizational and scientific reports, educational publicity, photographs, and artifacts. ALAV donated its organization's papers to the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library in 1990 and 1991 made this exhibit possible. The ALAV made an additional donation in 2009.","This online exhibit presents images and summaries of the known uses of each instrument. The extant comments of medical writers from antiquity–including Oribasius, Galen, Soranus, Aetius, and the Hippocratic corpus–have provided scholars with some clues about the use of some instruments. Some instruments, such as mixing instruments and tweezers, probably had other household uses, such as the application of cosmetics and paints.","This online exhibit was created under the direction of Joan Echtenkamp Klein, the Alvin V. and Nancy Baird Curator for Historical Collections at The Claude Moore Health Sciences Library. Hal Sharp, a Historical Collections staff member, wrote the essay giving a brief history of anatomical drawing. The exhibit was designed by Janet Pearson, Historical Collections; Bart Ragon, the Associate Director for Knowledge Integration, Research and Technology; and Paulina Vaca, Web Communications Assistant. Emily Bowden, Historical Collections, photographed the Denoyer-Geppert Anatomy Series charts. William Crutchfield generously donated W. and A. K. Johnston's Charts of Anatomy and Physiology which were owned for 33 years by his father, Dr. William Gayle Crutchfield.","This exhibit was designed to highlight the UVA Hospital's involvement with supporting United States Army troops during World War I and World War II. It was created by Janet Pearson with the assistance of Joby Topper. Special thanks to Dr. John L. Guerrant, Dorothy Sandridge Gloor, and Elizabeth Harlin Drash for sharing their stories and helping us identify photographs.","This online exhibit shows materials related to eugenics as it relates to UVA and Charlottesville, VA. Alison White and Ina Hofland, staff members of Historical Collections and Services at the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia, created this Web exhibit. They also created the physical exhibit of the same title on which it is based. The physical exhibit was displayed in the foyer of the Health Sciences Library April-September 2002. Steve Stedman designed the Web exhibit. Special thanks to Sara Huyser, Joan Echtenkamp Klein, Ophelia Payne, Bart Ragon, Hal Sharp, and Mike Wilson for their assistance. Web Exhibit Publish Date: February 13, 2004","This exhibit was created under the direction of Joan Ectenkamp Klein, the Alvin V. and Nancy Baird Curator for Historical Collections at the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library. Dr. Morton C. Wilhelm, the Joseph Helms Farrow Professor in Surgical Oncology, wrote the essay with the editorial assistance of Janet Pearson. The web exhibit was designed by Janet Pearson, Historical Collections; Bart Ragon, the Associate Director for Knowledge Integration, Research and Technology; and Paulina Vaca, Web Communications Assistant.","This online exhibit offers a look into The Papers of James Carmichael and Son, a collection held at the UVA Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, and tells a story of the early nineteenth-century inhabitants of Fredericksburg, Virginia and its surrounding rural areas. ","The exhibit is organized into two content areas: the Story and the Collection. Each of these areas, as well as the Home and About sections, are represented in the tabs near the top of every page. See the site map for more detail.","The Story section sets the atmosphere for the exhibit. One can get a sense of what the practice of medicine was like for James and Edward Carmichael in the early nineteenth century by reading the essays describing the Pharmacy, the Tools of the Trade, and the Health Care of Slaves.","The Collection section houses the images of the original Carmichael letters, which are meticulously transcribed and categorized to provide access not only to the words, but to the medical conditions, treatments, and philosophies of almost two centuries past. Particularly compelling is the use of Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) to categorize the letters along with a very detailed methodology and definition of MeSH terms. Other items of interest include the daybook kept by Doctor Carmichael from 1816-1817, newspaper clippings, court records \u0026 summaries, period maps, and Virginia WPA Historical Inventory Project records. Additionally, there is an exhaustive Who's Who list of names that appeared in the letters as well as a thorough list of Places Mentioned.","This online exhibit tells the story of how the U.S. Army Commission, comprised of Major Walter Reed, Dr. James Carroll, Dr. Aristides Agramonte, and Dr. Jesse Lazear, confirmed Carlos Finlay's theory about the transmission of yellow fever. By showing without a doubt that mosquitoes were the vector for yellow fever, the researchers empowered public health officials in the Americas to eradicate this devastating disease from much of the Western Hemisphere.","The exhibit is divided into three main sections. The first section, Archives, provides information about and links to the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection. The collection, most collected by Philip S. Hench and housed at the University of Virginia's Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, is a rich archive of materials that documents the history of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission. The second section, History, tells the story of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and the impact of its findings. Finally, the third section, Resources, provides access to biographies, bibliographies, and other resources visitors may want to consult to learn more about the Commission and the history of yellow fever.","This exhibit tells the story about 12 physicians practicing in Charlottesville, VA in 1848 mutually agreed to create an agreed rate of medical charges for services.","Joan Echtenkamp Klein, the Alvin V. and Nancy Baird Curator for Historical Collections \u0026 Services at The Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia, conceived the idea for the fee bill project and directed it. Todd L. Savitt, Ph.D., wrote the background information essay on fee bills in general and the Charlottesville fee bill in particular. He is a faculty member at East Carolina University in the Department of Bioethics \u0026 Interdisciplinary Studies. Janet Pearson wrote the introduction and the biographical sketches of the twelve signers. She gathered images and took photographs in the University of Virginia Cemetery and Columbarium and in downtown Charlottesville. She is a member of the staff of Historical Collections and Services. Sonya Coleman, also a member of the staff of Historical Collections, contributed to the design elements. David Moody, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library Webmaster, and Jason Bennett, Technology in Education Consultant, provided the programming architecture for the Web exhibit.","Joan Echtenkamp Klein, the Alvin V. and Nancy Baird Curator for Historical Collections \u0026 Services at the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia, conceived the idea for the \"Fever Fighters\" project after the generous donation of Dr. Hanson's diary by his granddaughter, Jane H. Monroe.","Staff members at Historical Collections, Leigh Mantle, Susan Yowell, and Janet Pearson, contributed content and created the GIS Map. Caitlin Summers, a dedicated intern at Historical Collections, also provided editorial assistance in the spring of 2012.","David Moody, Library Webmaster; Mike Wilson, Information Services Specialist; and Jason Bennett, Technology Specialist, provided the programming architecture for the Web exhibit.","This exhibit was inspired by The Mineral Springs of Western Virginia by William Burke, the first volume purchased by the Weaver Family Endowed Rare Book and Medical Materials Fund. Published in 1846, the book describes the setting and development of eleven springs in what are now Virginia and West Virginia. Dr. Burke, a one-time owner and resident physician at Red Sulphur Springs, remarks on the usefulness of the various mineral waters in certain diseases as well as contraindications to their use. The springs range from those that are well known today such as the White Sulphur Springs, currently the Greenbrier resort in West Virginia, to the Blue Sulphur Springs, once able to accommodate several hundred people and now represented by a lone Greek Revival pavilion in the middle of a field near Smoot, West Virginia.","This exhibit was written and organized by Janet Pearson, a member of the staff of Historical Collections and Services, under the direction of Joan Echtenkamp Klein, the Alvin V. and Nancy Baird Curator for Historical Collections at The Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia. Claudia Sueyras, Normajean Hultman, and Sonya Coleman did preliminary research. Rod Martin and Victoria Meyer scanned items from Historical Collections and the Charles L. Brown Science \u0026 Engineering Library. David Moody, with the assistance of Bart Ragon, provided the programming architecture for the Web exhibit. Sonya Coleman contributed to the design elements. Special thanks has been given to the staff at the Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia, as they retrieved dozens of documents and also to the Digital Curation Services staff for their scanning of the documents.","The Anatomical Theatre at the University of Virginia online exhibit tells the story of the Theatre's presence at the University for more than a century. While not included in the earliest plans of the University, the need for the Theatre became clear before the first classes were ever held. Thomas Jefferson himself drew the design which includes two floor plans, a front elevation view, and a cross section. The exhibit traces the construction and later changes to the building, its demise, and archeological investigations at the site. It also gives a glimpse of what happened inside the building and the deeds that were done to procure cadavers so that medical students could learn anatomy.","This exhibit was sparked by the interest of the late Dr. M.C. Wilhelm in the model of the Anatomical Theatre housed in Historical Collections at the University of Virginia Claude Moore Health Sciences Library. A retired surgeon and volunteer in Historical Collections, Dr. Wilhelm gathered resources and did preliminary writing. It was decided to further develop the project, and the result is this exhibit, written and organized by Janet Pearson, a Historical Collections staff member. Originally done under the direction of Joan Echtenkamp Klein, who was the Alvin V. and Nancy Baird Curator for Historical Collections until her untimely death, project support was continued under Dan Cavanaugh, who stepped into Joan's role and position.","Others associated with the University of Virginia community freely shared their ideas and research. These individuals include Garth Anderson, the Facilities Management Historian; Kirt von Daacke, Assistant Dean and Professor, College of Arts \u0026 Sciences; Louis Nelson, Professor in the Department of Architectural History and Associate Provost for Outreach; Robert Bloodgood, Professor in the School of Medicine; Benjamin Ford, Principal Investigator with Rivanna Archaeological Services, LLC; and Sonya Coleman, formerly a staff member in Historical Collections and now at the Library of Virginia. Emily Bowden, the Historical Collections Specialist, answered many technical queries as well as gave editorial assistance. Anson Parker and Jason Bennett provided the programming architecture for the Web exhibit.","This exhibit explores the development of the iron lung during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century and considers the reasons for its success during the height of the poliomyelitis epidemics. Andrew Sallans, Historical Collections Specialist, researched and compiled the content for the online and physical exhibits. The design of the online exhibit was conceived and executed by Steve Stedman, Webmaster for the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library.","This online exhibit displays a digitized copy of Historical Collections and Services' rare book \"Plague and Public Health in Europe, with Special Reference to Sixteenth-Century England: An Introduction to Orders thought meete by her Maiestie ..., 1578.\"","Anne McKeithen, Janet Pearson, and Andrew Sallans, members of the staff of Historical Collections at The Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, compiled the material for the Plague Book exhibit under the direction of Joan Echtenkamp Klein. Joaquin Bueno designed the Web exhibit and graphics, with the programming architecture of David Moody and the assistance of Bart Ragon.","Unless otherwise noted, the images are courtesy of the Missouri Botanical Garden, © 1995-2006 Missouri Botanical Garden http://www.illustratedgarden.org). They deserve special thanks for their generous permission to reproduce their exquisite illustrations. Special thanks are also given to Duane J. Osheim, Ph.D., Professor and Chair, of the Corcoran Department of History at the University of Virginia for his paper, \"Plague and Public Health in Europe, with Special Reference to Sixteenth-Century England.\"","In 2001 Historical Collections in the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library created an exhibit that traces the history of the first century of the Hospital in words and images. One copy of the exhibit traveled from location to location in the Health System and beyond; the other set of panels were hung in a busy hospital corridor near the main entrance where they remain today. These panels form the basis for this online exhibit which now includes the addition of a section on the first 14 years of the Hospital's second century. We hope you enjoy following the history of the growth of the University of Virginia Health System as it seeks to fulfill its longstanding vision to benefit human health and improve quality of life through patient care, research, and education.","This exhibition was prepared by Hal Sharp and Janet Pearson of the Department of Historical Collections and Services, The Claude Moore Health Sciences Library.","This online exhibit aims to give viewers a view into more than 50 of Historical Collections and Services' most notable books and see how their authors over the years have documented their discoveries and concepts for contemporaries and for us.  There are digitized versions of many of the books in the Fulltext Books section, which offers links to the scanned images of over half of these rare books.","Sara Huyser, Anne McKeithen, and Janet Pearson, members of the staff of Historical Collections at The Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, wrote and compiled the material for Vaulted Treasures under the direction of Joan Echtenkamp Klein.","Joaquin Bueno designed the Web exhibit and graphics, with the server expertise of David Moody and the assistance of Bart Ragon. Special thanks to Claudia Sueyras who scanned many of the books and Andrew Sallans who provided technical assistance.","The 37 caricatures displayed in this exhibit are divided into two groups: English and French. The English prints are predominately drawn by two of the more famous British caricaturists, James Gillray and George Cruikshank. The French caricatures include artwork by J.J. Grandville, Louis-Léopold Boilly, and Edme Jean Pigal.","Mary Wagner donated the caricatures in this exhibit to Historical Collections and Services, The Claude Moore Health Sciences Library. Her husband, the late Robert R. Wagner, M.D., collected these when he was a post-doctoral fellow at the National Institute for Medical Research in London from 1950 to 1951. Wagner was Chair of the Department of Microbiology at the University of Virginia from 1967 to 1994, and Director of the UVa Cancer Center from 1983 to 1993. Thanks to Mary Wagner's generosity, the caricatures recently have been professionally treated, preserved, and reframed. The originals are on display in Historical Collections and Services and in the Department of Microbiology in the Robert R. Wagner Conference Room. These nineteenth-century satirical prints will thus continue to delight future generations.","This exhibit was written by Sara Huyser and Janet Pearson, members of the staff of Historical Collections and Services at the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia. Steve Stedman designed the Web exhibit. Special thanks to Joan Echtenkamp Klein and Andrew Sallans for their assistance.","Walter Reed's professional experiences with typhoid fever stand in marked contrast to his professional encounters with yellow fever. In the case of typhoid, he was more a messenger than a conqueror. Typhoid fever remained defiant during a career that oversaw the rout of yellow fever. Through a humanizing story that shows how fate brought Reed continuing frustration as well as talent and success, this exhibit seeks to render him a more accessible role model for students of medicine and history.","This exhibit was written by Noel G. Harrison, a graduate student in The Corcoran Department of History at the University of Virginia and an intern in Historical Collections and Services at the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia during the fall of 2002. The Web exhibit was prepared and designed by Mike Wilson and Sara Huyser. Special thanks to Bart Ragon, Joan Echtenkamp Klein, and Hal Sharp for their assistance.","This series includes records related to Historical Collections and Services, the special collections and archives department of the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library. Records the public can access are related to exhibitions that were curated by staff and displayed in the library."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to records created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment, except scholarly and academic works.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this collection varies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to the annual reports in this series.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia owns the copyright to records in this series that were created by the library directors while they were acting within the scope of their position, except scholarly and academic works. Copyright ownership for other materials in this series varies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to the planning documents and reports created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this series varies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to images created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this series varies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to media created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this series varies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to publications created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment, except scholarly and academic works.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this series varies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe University of Virginia owns the copyrights to publications produced by the Health Sciences Library. Other copyright restrictions may apply to some materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCopyright restrictions may apply.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright for social media content (e.g. posts, photographs) created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment, except scholarly and academic works. The organizations that own the social media platforms might also hold licenses to all of the content posted by University of Virginia employees. Copyright ownership varies for other content that has been posted on the Library's social media platforms and archived here.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to blogs and blog posts created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment, except scholarly and academic works.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this series varies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to records created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this series varies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to records created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment, except scholarly and academic work.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this series varies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to media created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment, except scholarly and academic work.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this series varies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to conference records and programs created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment, except scholarly and academic work.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this series varies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCopyright ownership for other materials in this series varies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to reports created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment. Copyright ownership for other materials in this series varies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to records created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment, except scholarly and academic work.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this series varies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to the records in this series that were created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to materials in this series created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment, except scholarly and academic work.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this series varies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to exhibit content created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this series varies.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use","Conditions Governing Use","Conditions Governing Use","Conditions Governing Use","Conditions Governing Use","Conditions Governing Use","Conditions Governing Use","Conditions Governing Use","Conditions Governing Use","Conditions Governing Use","Conditions Governing Use","Conditions Governing Use","Conditions Governing Use","Conditions Governing Use","Conditions Governing Use","Conditions Governing Use","Conditions Governing Use","Conditions Governing Use","Conditions Governing Use","Conditions Governing Use","Conditions Governing Use","Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to records created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment, except scholarly and academic works.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this collection varies.","The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to the annual reports in this series.","The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia owns the copyright to records in this series that were created by the library directors while they were acting within the scope of their position, except scholarly and academic works. Copyright ownership for other materials in this series varies.","The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to the planning documents and reports created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this series varies.","The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to images created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this series varies.","The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to media created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this series varies.","The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to publications created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment, except scholarly and academic works.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this series varies.","The University of Virginia owns the copyrights to publications produced by the Health Sciences Library. Other copyright restrictions may apply to some materials.","Copyright restrictions may apply.","The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright for social media content (e.g. posts, photographs) created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment, except scholarly and academic works. The organizations that own the social media platforms might also hold licenses to all of the content posted by University of Virginia employees. Copyright ownership varies for other content that has been posted on the Library's social media platforms and archived here.","The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to blogs and blog posts created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment, except scholarly and academic works.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this series varies.","The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to records created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this series varies.","The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to records created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment, except scholarly and academic work.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this series varies.","The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to media created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment, except scholarly and academic work.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this series varies.","The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to conference records and programs created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment, except scholarly and academic work.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this series varies.","Copyright ownership for other materials in this series varies.","The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to reports created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment. Copyright ownership for other materials in this series varies.","The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to records created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment, except scholarly and academic work.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this series varies.","The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to the records in this series that were created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment.","The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to materials in this series created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment, except scholarly and academic work.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this series varies.","The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia own the copyright to exhibit content created by University employees while acting within the scope of their employment.  Copyright ownership for other materials in this series varies."],"names_ssim":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library"],"corpname_ssim":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":471,"online_item_count_is":26,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-20T23:41:23.997Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_7_resources_215_c08"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_754_c02","type":"Series","attributes":{"title":"Born-Digital Materials","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_754_c02#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThe materials in this series contain offensive and harmful language and imagery including racist and violent references and imagery. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials. \u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_754_c02#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_754_c02","ref_ssm":["viu_repositories_3_resources_754_c02"],"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_754_c02","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_754","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_754","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_754","parent_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_754","parent_ssim":["viu_repositories_3_resources_754"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_repositories_3_resources_754"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["The University of Virginia Collection on the Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["The University of Virginia Collection on the Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017"],"text":["The University of Virginia Collection on the Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017","Born-Digital Materials","English","The materials in this series contain offensive and harmful language and imagery including racist and violent references and imagery. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials. ","\nThe Born-digital materials series consists of digital photographs, video recordings, typed narratives, archived web pages, archived tweets and twitter IDs, and digitial audio files.","\nThe Stories and audiovisual materials submitted via online collection site subseries consists of digital photographs, video recordings, and typed narratives submitted via an online portal on the University of Virginia Collection on the Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017 digital collection website, and include descriptive information, dates, and locations provided by the donors.","\nThe digital photographs and video recordings include documentation of KKK members and of protesters taken during the July 8 KKK rally, pictures of \"Unite the Right\" protesters, counter-protesters, and police taken during the August 12 \"Unite the Right\" rally, and pictures of events, memorials, memorabilia that document the community response to the events of August 11 and 12, 2017. The contents of these materials detail the movements of people in Charlottesville leading up to the confrontations that took place on July 8, and on August 12 at Market Street Park (formerly known as Lee Park and later Emancipation Park) when violence errupted. They also exhibit the many examples of the responses from the community of Charlottesville in the form of temporary memorials, like flowers, signs, messages written on walls.","\nThe narratives describe the personal accounts and experiences of individuals from events that occurred on August 11 and 12, 2017, and also reflections on white supremacy and violence in Charlottesville. They also document some of the emotional responses to events of August 11 and 12, 2017. This subseries also includes a small number of emails sent to University of Virginia President Teresa Sullivan.","\nThe Archived webpages subseries is divided into two separate files, each of which is a collection of archived websites. Each consists of archived websites and webpages relating to the events in Charlottesville, VA on August 11 and 12, 2017 made accessible via the provided hyperlinks.","\nThe first directs researchers to the University of Virginia Collection on Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017 web archive on the Archive-It website. The second directs researchers to the web archive collection titled, \"MSS16386_WARNING_OFFENSIVECONTENT\" accessible on the ReplayWeb website. The collections include archived websites and webpages in various formats (blogs, forums, news websites, and social media) relating to the events of August 11 and 12, 2017 in Charlottesville, VA and their aftermath. Hyperlinks to articles, blogs, listservs, community sites, and other web content from the wake of August 11 and 12, 2017 were gathered and archived from 2017 through 2020.","\nThe Arhived tweets and Twitter datasets subseries includes archived social media that reveals some of the conversation around Charlottesville as a political focal point on Twitter. Tweets that were captured, and Tweet IDs and Twitter datasets that were harvested using Twarc, Twitter APIs, Archive-It, and webrecorder during and after August 11 and 12, 2017, and on the one-year anniversary of the \"Unite the Right\" rally are distributed across the political spectrum. A wide range of hashtags for Charlottesville, hoosagainsthate, and hoostogether were captured for the collection, as well as timelines and accounts from the university and from the city of Charlottesville. At this time this subseries is not open for research, but will be made available when it is processed.","\nThe Audio-cassette subseries consists of digital audio files from the download card that was included with the set of two audio-cassettes. The content of the audio-cassettes, and of the digital files are recorded songs created in response to the events of August 11 and 12, 2017, and were donated with a printed track listing."],"title_filing_ssi":"Born-Digital Materials","title_ssm":["Born-Digital Materials"],"title_tesim":["Born-Digital Materials"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["2017-07-08-2020"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["2015-01-13-2020"],"normalized_date_ssm":["2015/2020, bulk 2017/2020"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Born-Digital Materials"],"component_level_isim":[1],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["The University of Virginia Collection on the Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"child_component_count_isi":3,"level_ssm":["Series"],"level_ssim":["Series"],"sort_isi":22,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Archive-It can be difficult to navigate. Captured websites are not arranged or displayed in any particular order, and sub-pages from the same \tbroader site may not be presented together. Not all pages within a site may have been captured. After clicking on the desired link from the list of websites, the webpages as they were archived can viewed by clicking on the hyperlinked date-of-capture above the calendar. Clicking the url hyperlink will navigate out of the Archive-It website to the live webpage if it still exists. The easiest way to find sites of interest is likely to use the search bar to search for topics/keywords.","Materials accessible on Replayweb.page must be viewed using the Google Chrome web browser. ReplayWeb.page can be difficult to navigate. Captured websites are not arranged or displayed in any particular order, and sub-pages from the same broader site may not be presented together. Not all pages within a site may have been captured. If a page was not captured you will be given the option to load the live version of the page, meaning the version of the page that is currently available online. It is important to note that loading the live page will cause you to leave the collection within Replay Web.page. The easiest way to find sites of interest is likely to use the search bar to search for topics/keywords. In order for the search functionality to work correctly, scroll to the very bottom of the list of urls before searching."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Because of the assembled nature of this collection, copyright status varies across the collection. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator."],"date_range_isim":[2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020],"language_ssim":["English"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe materials in this series contain offensive and harmful language and imagery including racist and violent references and imagery. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nThe Born-digital materials series consists of digital photographs, video recordings, typed narratives, archived web pages, archived tweets and twitter IDs, and digitial audio files.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nThe Stories and audiovisual materials submitted via online collection site subseries consists of digital photographs, video recordings, and typed narratives submitted via an online portal on the University of Virginia Collection on the Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017 digital collection website, and include descriptive information, dates, and locations provided by the donors.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nThe digital photographs and video recordings include documentation of KKK members and of protesters taken during the July 8 KKK rally, pictures of \"Unite the Right\" protesters, counter-protesters, and police taken during the August 12 \"Unite the Right\" rally, and pictures of events, memorials, memorabilia that document the community response to the events of August 11 and 12, 2017. The contents of these materials detail the movements of people in Charlottesville leading up to the confrontations that took place on July 8, and on August 12 at Market Street Park (formerly known as Lee Park and later Emancipation Park) when violence errupted. They also exhibit the many examples of the responses from the community of Charlottesville in the form of temporary memorials, like flowers, signs, messages written on walls.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nThe narratives describe the personal accounts and experiences of individuals from events that occurred on August 11 and 12, 2017, and also reflections on white supremacy and violence in Charlottesville. They also document some of the emotional responses to events of August 11 and 12, 2017. This subseries also includes a small number of emails sent to University of Virginia President Teresa Sullivan.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nThe Archived webpages subseries is divided into two separate files, each of which is a collection of archived websites. Each consists of archived websites and webpages relating to the events in Charlottesville, VA on August 11 and 12, 2017 made accessible via the provided hyperlinks.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nThe first directs researchers to the University of Virginia Collection on Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017 web archive on the Archive-It website. The second directs researchers to the web archive collection titled, \"MSS16386_WARNING_OFFENSIVECONTENT\" accessible on the ReplayWeb website. The collections include archived websites and webpages in various formats (blogs, forums, news websites, and social media) relating to the events of August 11 and 12, 2017 in Charlottesville, VA and their aftermath. Hyperlinks to articles, blogs, listservs, community sites, and other web content from the wake of August 11 and 12, 2017 were gathered and archived from 2017 through 2020.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nThe Arhived tweets and Twitter datasets subseries includes archived social media that reveals some of the conversation around Charlottesville as a political focal point on Twitter. Tweets that were captured, and Tweet IDs and Twitter datasets that were harvested using Twarc, Twitter APIs, Archive-It, and webrecorder during and after August 11 and 12, 2017, and on the one-year anniversary of the \"Unite the Right\" rally are distributed across the political spectrum. A wide range of hashtags for Charlottesville, hoosagainsthate, and hoostogether were captured for the collection, as well as timelines and accounts from the university and from the city of Charlottesville. At this time this subseries is not open for research, but will be made available when it is processed.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nThe Audio-cassette subseries consists of digital audio files from the download card that was included with the set of two audio-cassettes. The content of the audio-cassettes, and of the digital files are recorded songs created in response to the events of August 11 and 12, 2017, and were donated with a printed track listing.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The materials in this series contain offensive and harmful language and imagery including racist and violent references and imagery. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials. ","\nThe Born-digital materials series consists of digital photographs, video recordings, typed narratives, archived web pages, archived tweets and twitter IDs, and digitial audio files.","\nThe Stories and audiovisual materials submitted via online collection site subseries consists of digital photographs, video recordings, and typed narratives submitted via an online portal on the University of Virginia Collection on the Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017 digital collection website, and include descriptive information, dates, and locations provided by the donors.","\nThe digital photographs and video recordings include documentation of KKK members and of protesters taken during the July 8 KKK rally, pictures of \"Unite the Right\" protesters, counter-protesters, and police taken during the August 12 \"Unite the Right\" rally, and pictures of events, memorials, memorabilia that document the community response to the events of August 11 and 12, 2017. The contents of these materials detail the movements of people in Charlottesville leading up to the confrontations that took place on July 8, and on August 12 at Market Street Park (formerly known as Lee Park and later Emancipation Park) when violence errupted. They also exhibit the many examples of the responses from the community of Charlottesville in the form of temporary memorials, like flowers, signs, messages written on walls.","\nThe narratives describe the personal accounts and experiences of individuals from events that occurred on August 11 and 12, 2017, and also reflections on white supremacy and violence in Charlottesville. They also document some of the emotional responses to events of August 11 and 12, 2017. This subseries also includes a small number of emails sent to University of Virginia President Teresa Sullivan.","\nThe Archived webpages subseries is divided into two separate files, each of which is a collection of archived websites. Each consists of archived websites and webpages relating to the events in Charlottesville, VA on August 11 and 12, 2017 made accessible via the provided hyperlinks.","\nThe first directs researchers to the University of Virginia Collection on Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017 web archive on the Archive-It website. The second directs researchers to the web archive collection titled, \"MSS16386_WARNING_OFFENSIVECONTENT\" accessible on the ReplayWeb website. The collections include archived websites and webpages in various formats (blogs, forums, news websites, and social media) relating to the events of August 11 and 12, 2017 in Charlottesville, VA and their aftermath. Hyperlinks to articles, blogs, listservs, community sites, and other web content from the wake of August 11 and 12, 2017 were gathered and archived from 2017 through 2020.","\nThe Arhived tweets and Twitter datasets subseries includes archived social media that reveals some of the conversation around Charlottesville as a political focal point on Twitter. Tweets that were captured, and Tweet IDs and Twitter datasets that were harvested using Twarc, Twitter APIs, Archive-It, and webrecorder during and after August 11 and 12, 2017, and on the one-year anniversary of the \"Unite the Right\" rally are distributed across the political spectrum. A wide range of hashtags for Charlottesville, hoosagainsthate, and hoostogether were captured for the collection, as well as timelines and accounts from the university and from the city of Charlottesville. At this time this subseries is not open for research, but will be made available when it is processed.","\nThe Audio-cassette subseries consists of digital audio files from the download card that was included with the set of two audio-cassettes. The content of the audio-cassettes, and of the digital files are recorded songs created in response to the events of August 11 and 12, 2017, and were donated with a printed track listing."],"_nest_path_":"/components#1","timestamp":"2026-05-20T23:33:37.307Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_754","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_754","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_754","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_754","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_754.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/148780","title_filing_ssi":"The University of Virginia Collection on the Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017","title_ssm":["The University of Virginia Collection on the Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017"],"title_tesim":["The University of Virginia Collection on the Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017"],"unitdate_ssm":["2015-01-13-2020","2017-01-03-2020"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["2017-01-03-2020"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["2015-01-13-2020"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16386","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival 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Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/754","The University of Virginia Collection on the Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017","race relations -- Virginia -- Charlottesville","Unite the Right Rally, Charlottesville, Va., 2017","Correspondence","posters","Buttons (information artifacts)","letters (correspondence)","electronic mail","clippings (information artifacts)","newspapers","fanzines","Digital images","Web pages (documents)","social media ","The majority of the collection is open for research use.","The story donated by Michael McGee is restricted and requires permission from the donor prior to use. Consult repository for details.","The original audio-cassette format of the music album, \"Together\" cannot be handled directly by patrons. The digital files for each song are included and can be accessed in the second series, 'Born-Digital materials'.","Archive-It can be difficult to navigate. Captured websites are not arranged or displayed in any particular order, and sub-pages from the same \tbroader site may not be presented together. Not all pages within a site may have been captured. After clicking on the desired link from the list of websites, the webpages as they were archived can viewed by clicking on the hyperlinked date-of-capture above the calendar. Clicking the url hyperlink will navigate out of the Archive-It website to the live webpage if it still exists. The easiest way to find sites of interest is likely to use the search bar to search for topics/keywords.","Materials accessible on Replayweb.page must be viewed using the Google Chrome web browser. ReplayWeb.page can be difficult to navigate. Captured websites are not arranged or displayed in any particular order, and sub-pages from the same broader site may not be presented together. Not all pages within a site may have been captured. If a page was not captured you will be given the option to load the live version of the page, meaning the version of the page that is currently available online. It is important to note that loading the live page will cause you to leave the collection within Replay Web.page. The easiest way to find sites of interest is likely to use the search bar to search for topics/keywords. In order for the search functionality to work correctly, scroll to the very bottom of the list of urls before searching.","The Michael McGee Donation is restricted and requires permission from the donor to view the item.","\nThe audio-cassettes are restricted. The contents can be accessed using the link found in the Audio-cassette subseries of the Born Digital series.","Original media formats such as LPs, audiotapes, reel-to-reels, videotapes, films, CDs, and DVDs cannot be handled directly by patrons. The digital files for each song are included and can be accessed in the second series, 'Born-Digital materials'.","Arranged in two series: 1. Physical (Analog) Materials. 2. Born-Digital materials.","\nThe University of Virginia Collection on the Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017 is arranged in two series, each of which has been further arranged into subseries. Series 1, Pysical (Analog) Materials, is arranged into three subseries, and each subseries is arranged into files. Each subseries in Series 1 is arranged chronologically relative to August 11 and 12, 2017. The contents of each subseries in Series 1 are arranged by type or format. Series 2, Digital Materials, is arranged into 4 subseries. The contents of Series 2 are arranged in general type or format, and each subseries is arranged by format. The series, subseries, and files are as follows:","Series 1, Physal (Analog) Materials:","\nSubseries 1, Materials leading up to August 11 and 12, 2017 and the \"Unite the Right\" rally, 6/6/2017 - 8/10/2017:","\nFile 1, Correnspondence materials. \nFile 2, Announcements, flyers, pamphlets, publications. \nFile 3, Posters. \nFile 4, Artifacts.","\nSubseries 2, Materials from August 11 and 12, 2017, and the \"Unite the Right\" rally, 8/11/2017 - 8/12/2017:","\nFile 1, Correnspondence materials. \nFile 2, Announcements, flyers, pamphlets, publications. \nFile 3, Posters and signs. \nFile 4, Artifacts.","\nSubseries 3, Materials following August 11 and 12, 2017, and the \"Unite the Right\" rally, 8/13/2017 - 2020:","\nFile 1, Correspondence materials: letters of support and other correspondence. \nFile 2, Announcements, flyers, pamphlets, publications. \nFile 3, Legal documents, official reports. \nFile 4, Artifacts. \nFile 5, Audio-visual materials.","\nSeries 2, Born-Digital materials:","\nSubseries 1, Stories and audio-visual materials submitted via online collection site, 8/13/2017-2018. ","\nSubseries 2, Archived web pages, 1/13/2015-2020:","\nFile 1, Archive-It webpages.\nFile 2, ReplayWeb/Webrecorder/Conifer webpages.","\nSubseries 3, Archived tweets and Twitter datasets, 8/11/17-2018.","\nSubseries 4, Audio files (songs on audio-cassette), 2/26/2018.","\nThe collection of Twitter data is not yet open for research, and will be made available when it is processed.","On the night of Friday August 11, 2017, the \"Unite the Right\" organizers held an unpermitted torchlit march at the University of Virginia. A group of several hundred men and women, identified by many sources as Alt-right members and white nationalists, gathered on UVA's \"nameless\" field with lit torches in hand. They then marched on the main quadrangle of the University of Virginia's grounds while chanting \"You will not replace us\" and \"Jews will not replace us\". They continued to walk around the Rotunda, then to the statue of Thomas Jefferson. At the base of the statue, the mob of white nationalists surrounded a small group of counter protesters before attacking them and injuring some.","\nAccording to news sources, University officials were informed of the planned march hours before it began. However, no action was taken to prevent the mob's tresspass onto University grounds, despite their violation of University policy. Nor was there any attempt made to prevent possible violence. Reports state that University officials and University Police were unprepared for the event, and University Police only dispersed the crowd after aid was provided by the Charlottesville Police Department.","\nOn August 12, 2017, right-wing and white-nationalist groups gathered in Charlottesville to oppose a plan to remove the statue of Robert E. Lee from Emancipation Park. This same plan also prompted a similar protest in May, 2017, led by white nationalist Richard Spencer, and a Ku Klux Klan rally on July 8, 2017. Jason Kessler had obtained a permit prior to August 12 to convene a rally at the Lee Statue, an event that was called \"Unite the Right\". The rally was much larger than the July KKK rally that took place in Charlottesville, and was a more significant public safety challenge for officials and authorities, despite the attempt by city council to move the event's location to McIntire Park.","\nViolence broke out ahead of the rally's scheduled noon start, after which Virginia Governor, Terry McAuliffe, declared a state of emergency. The Charlottesville Police Department and the Virginia State Police's failure to coordinate in a unified command, in combination with general planning and coordination breakdowns, resulted in their inability to intervene in violent altercations, and to protect public safety. When unlawful assembly was declared, law enforcement officers pushed Alt-Right protesters in Emancipation Park back towards counter-protesters with whom they had been in conflict, generating even more violence.","\nThe violence spread beyond the park to Market Street, Justice Park, High Street, Water Street, and the Downtown Mall, culminating in the death of 32-year-old paralegal, Heather Heyer, who was killed when James Alex Fields, Jr. drove his car into a crowd of counter-protesters at 4th and Water Streets. Nineteen people were injured when the car drove into the crowd, and at least 15 others were injured that day, including DeAndre Harris, a man beaten in an altercation with \"Unite the Right\" ralliers. Several hours after the incident that killed Heather Heyer, two Virginia state troopers, Lt. H. Jay Cullen and Trooper Berke M. M. Bates, died in a helicopter accident while monitoring the demonstrations.","For accessing rolled oversized materials (tubes 6-11):","These items are stored rolled around the exterior of the tube.","2 people are needed for rolling. Each item should\nremain face-up with the painted/drawn/sketched side visible.","Sandwich each item between the Hollytex, placed on top, and\nthe sheet of Tyvek, placed underneath.","The sheet of Tyvek should remain on the underside/\nunmarked backing of the item.","Once these protective coverings are in place,\ncarefully roll up the item around the exterior of the tube\n(Hollytex side IN)","Now rolled, gently secure the item by\nusing the 3 ties, one near each end and one in the center. ","The original title of the University of Virginia Collection on the Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017 was the \"Unite the Right\" Rally and Community Response collection. It was changed on August 3, 2022.","Related materials documenting the July 8, 2017 KKK rally, and the events in Charlotteville, VA on August 11 and 12, 2017 can be found here:","Boggs, Jeremy, 2017, \"Charlottesville KKK Tweet IDs\", https://doi.org/10.18130/V3/MSCNLT, University of Virginia Dataverse, V1.\n \nDeeyah Khan, 2017, \"White Right - Meeting the Enemy\", https://avalon.lib.virginia.edu/media_objects/sj1392079, University of Virginia Robertson Media Center Streaming Content.\n \nPaul Tait Roberts, 2018, \"Charlottesville\" (Unite the Right Rally), https://avalon.lib.virginia.edu/media_objects/w0892b08k, University of Virginia Robertson Media Center Streaming Content."," Littman, Justin, 2018, \"Charlottesville Tweet Ids\", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/DVLJTO, Harvard Dataverse, V1.","This collection contains offensive and harmful language and imagery including racist and violent references and imagery. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials. ","\nThis collection documents the events of August 11 and 12, 2017 that occurred in  Charlottesville, Virginia , and the circumstances surrounding them. It also documents the responses to those events from communities in and outside the city of Charlottesville. The contents of this collection include analog and born-digital materials. Some materials were donated, and physically collected by library staff and Charlottesville residents. A significant portion of the physical materials were created by individuals and communities outside of Charlottesville, which were then sent to  Charlottesville City Hall , which donated them to the University of Virginia. Library staff also collected born digital materials by means of web crawling and harvesting Twitter data, and by means of participatory archival efforts with the Charlottesville community, and from communities outside Charlottesville.","\nSeveral community identities can be identified throughout the collection, most notably residents of Charlottesville and its surrounding areas, many of whom were creators of first-hand documentaion donated to the archive and represented in the collection records. This particular community also includes  University of Virginia  students, faculty, and staff. Other community identities include those of the ralliers, the counter protesters, people expressing solidarity with and support for Charlotteville residents and the victims of the August 11 and 12 rallies, and people expressing support for the \"Unite the Right\" ralliers. In addition to the physical materials and the photo and video documentaion, evidence of these different communities can also be found in the collections of archived webpages and tweets, which lend themselves to the participatory aspect of the collection.","\nThe Physical (Analog) series follows a chronological organization beginning with the Materials leading up to August 11 and 12, 2017 and the \"Unite the Right\" rally subseries. The collection begins with materials from the  July 8, 2017  KKK rally and documents regarding that rally and its aftermath, and some printed email correspondence from police and Charlottesville City Council. These materials document some of the context and backdrop of the \"Unite the Right\" rally.","\nIn the Materials from August 11 and 12, 2017 and the \"Unite the Right\" rally subseries, there is documentation of the events that took place on those days and some of the circumstances surrounding those events. Printed email correspondence disclose some of the activities of the Charlottesville Police Department and of city council members during and after the demonstrations. Artifacts from the  August 11, 2017  torch-lit rally, and from the August 12 \"Unite the Right\" rally provide evidence of the activities during those events. Printed ephemera, like pamphlets, zines, and flyers reveal some of the activities of Charlottesville's residents and their expressions in anticipation of, and in response to the day's events.","\nThe Materials following August 11 and 12, 2017 and the \"Unite the Right\" rally subseries contains materials relating to the \"Unite the Right\" rally from after  August 12, 2017 . The majority of the correspondents in this subseries are condolence materials. Condolence letters and letters of support include those sent or addressed to Mayor Michael Signer, Vice Mayor Wes Bellamy, members of the Charlottesville City Council, Charlottesville City Hall, the city of  Charlottesville , and Heather Heyer. Condolence letters and letters of support were sent from public offices and municipalities, religious organizations, educational and professional institutions, businesses, non-profit organizations, political organizations, and from individuals and communities from around the world. Many of the condolence letters and letters of support that were sent from public offices and municipalities include motions reached at town meetings, proclamations, and resolutions in support of Charlottesville's citizens denouncing white supremacy, white nationalism, and groups demonstrating hate and bigotry. Pledges of solidarity with the city of Charlottesville signed by the citizens were also sent to city hall. Condolence artifacts of various formats were also sent to Charlottesville City Hall and document the varied kinds of expressions of support and solidarity. The artifacts in this subseries also includes the broken nose of the \"Faith\" statue, which is the front of the Stonewall Jackson statute's granite pedestal in Court Square Park.","\nThe other types of correspondence in this subseries include letters, and one restricted typed narrative that presents one person's assessment of the events of August 12, 2017. Some of the letters are addressed to members of Charlottesville City Hall and City Council that express severe criticism of the manner in which the mayor and members of city council, and the Charlottesville Police Department handled the events of August 12, 2017. Other letters also express dissatisfaction of Charlottesville City Council's decision to remove the Lee and Jackson statues, while also attempting to convey a particular narrative of southern history. Some correspondence also express severely racist comments towards black people and people of color, in general.","\nAlso in this subseries are materials that demonstrate Charlottesville community plans and responses for the anniversaries of the \"Unite the Right\" Rally. These include flyers for protests one year after the event, fliers and brochures handed out during the \"Reclaim the Park\" anniversary event in 2020, a press conference announcement, zines, and a listing of anti-racist events with a collection of comments from Charlottesville anti-racist activists.","\nThe periodical issues with articles about the events of August 11 and 12 portray the mainstream local and national reactions. The physical (analog) materials and ephemera collected after August 12, the copy of a legal complaint filed against Jason Kessler and other parties, the official report released by lawyers in Charlottesville, and the audio-cassette recording of songs by local musicians all document some of the responses of Charlottesville's communities and residents.","\nThe Born-Digital materials series consists of digital photo and video documentation, text files, archived email files, archived websites and Twitter data, and Audio files (songs on audio-cassette). Some documentation was contributed by a number of Charlottesville community members, city residents, students, and university staff alike via the University of Virginia Collection on the Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017 digital collection website created by the  University of Virginia Library . While some digital photographs were taken at the July 8 KKK rally, the majority were taken during and after the August 12 \"Unite the Right\" rally. The photographs and videos of protesters and anti-protesters, of police, of symbols and messages, and of people and artwork away from the activities demonstrate the circumstances of the events, and of the community response to the violence and turmoil that unfolded. The written narratives provide documentation of the events and of the community response, as well, but also provide evidence of the emotional responses.","\nThe growing collection of archived web pages provides a different kind of record of how the August 12 \"Unite the Right\" rally was perceived and documented. The collection of news and opinion articles from local, regional, and national sources, along with blogs, reddit threads, and a YouTube music video provides a small representation of responses to August 11 and 12, 2017 on the internet. The archived tweets and Twitter data-sets exhibit other forms of communication, like hashtags and emojis that can be included in the larger community of people responding to the events of August 12, 2017.","The Physical (Analog) materials series contains offensive and harmful language and imagery including racist and violent references and imagery. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials. ","\nThe Materials leading up to August 11 and 12, 2017, and the \"Unite the Right\" Rally subseries contains items that help to contextualize these events as part of the \"summer of hate\". Most notably, a tear gas canister used by the police was recovered from the July 8 rally. Some of the materials that capture the community's reaction to July 8 and its reaction to the planned August 12 rally include notes from a July 14 city meeting, articles about the KKK rally, a July 14 press conference release, flyers and a zine regarding the Lee and Jackson statues and the \"Unite the Right\" rally, and a printout of an online announcement from the Office of the President of the University of Virginia about the rally scheduled for August 12. There are also printed email correspondence between members of city council, and Charlottesville police officers from August 10, 2017.","\nThe Materials from August 11 and 12, 2017, and the \"Unite the Right\" Rally subseries relates to the events and ongoings of August 11 and 12, 2017. Correspondence among Charlottesville police officers and among members of Charlottesville City Council reveal the plans, logistics, and reactions in real time to the incidents taking place on the night of August 11, 2017 when white nationalists/white supremacists gathered holding 'Tiki' torches, five of which are included in this subseries as the first 5 tube boxes. Materials included from the August 12 rally are posters and signs expressing opposition to white supremacy and fascism that were carried by counter-protesters, and artifacts like a red armband, a red flag, and a remnant of kekistan flag burned in Justice Park. There are also printed materials recovered from that day, such as flyers and programs for church services, an educational zine, an anti-fascist flyer, and a white supremacy flyer.","\nThe Materials following August 11 and 12, 2017, and the \"Unite the Right\" Rally subseries contains materials created in response to the events of August 11 and 12, 2017. Most of the correspondence materials consist of letters, postcards, cards, and handmade cards from around the world expressing support and solidarity for the leaders and people of Charlottesville. These correspondence were sent from public officials, public offices, businesses, organizations, institutions, individuals, and communities. A smaller section of correspondence, titled 'other correspondence', express either support not related to August 11 and 12, severe criticism of members of Charlottesville City Council and the Charlottesville Police Department, hateful and derogatory messages towards the Mayor and Vice Mayor of Charlottesville, a particular narrative of southern history, or extreme racism towards black people and people of color, in general.","In this subseries there are printed materials that include announcements, pamphlets, flyers and programs for church services and counseling sessions, informational zines, and fascist and anti-fascist paraphernalia. There are responses from the University of Virginia, legal documents, and official reports, as well, about the events of August 11 and 12, 2017. Additionally, printed publications, like newspapers are included, as well as a double-cassette album of music dedicated to the events, the digital files of which are included in the second series, \"Born-Digital materials\".","\nThe condolence artifacts in this subseries include handmade banners, tablecloths and painted canvases, some of which are signed by communities showing support. There are also other trinkets like wrists bands and bottons sent as forms of support.","The materials in this subseries contain offensive and harmful language and/or imagery including racist and violent references and imagery. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials. ","Some materials in this subseries contain offensive and harmful language and/or imagery including racist and violent references and imagery. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials. ","The materials in this subseries contain offensive and harmful language and/or imagery including racist and violent references and imagery. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials. ","The materials in this series contain offensive and harmful language and imagery including racist and violent references and imagery. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials. ","\nThe Born-digital materials series consists of digital photographs, video recordings, typed narratives, archived web pages, archived tweets and twitter IDs, and digitial audio files.","\nThe Stories and audiovisual materials submitted via online collection site subseries consists of digital photographs, video recordings, and typed narratives submitted via an online portal on the University of Virginia Collection on the Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017 digital collection website, and include descriptive information, dates, and locations provided by the donors.","\nThe digital photographs and video recordings include documentation of KKK members and of protesters taken during the July 8 KKK rally, pictures of \"Unite the Right\" protesters, counter-protesters, and police taken during the August 12 \"Unite the Right\" rally, and pictures of events, memorials, memorabilia that document the community response to the events of August 11 and 12, 2017. The contents of these materials detail the movements of people in Charlottesville leading up to the confrontations that took place on July 8, and on August 12 at Market Street Park (formerly known as Lee Park and later Emancipation Park) when violence errupted. They also exhibit the many examples of the responses from the community of Charlottesville in the form of temporary memorials, like flowers, signs, messages written on walls.","\nThe narratives describe the personal accounts and experiences of individuals from events that occurred on August 11 and 12, 2017, and also reflections on white supremacy and violence in Charlottesville. They also document some of the emotional responses to events of August 11 and 12, 2017. This subseries also includes a small number of emails sent to University of Virginia President Teresa Sullivan.","\nThe Archived webpages subseries is divided into two separate files, each of which is a collection of archived websites. Each consists of archived websites and webpages relating to the events in Charlottesville, VA on August 11 and 12, 2017 made accessible via the provided hyperlinks.","\nThe first directs researchers to the University of Virginia Collection on Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017 web archive on the Archive-It website. The second directs researchers to the web archive collection titled, \"MSS16386_WARNING_OFFENSIVECONTENT\" accessible on the ReplayWeb website. The collections include archived websites and webpages in various formats (blogs, forums, news websites, and social media) relating to the events of August 11 and 12, 2017 in Charlottesville, VA and their aftermath. Hyperlinks to articles, blogs, listservs, community sites, and other web content from the wake of August 11 and 12, 2017 were gathered and archived from 2017 through 2020.","\nThe Arhived tweets and Twitter datasets subseries includes archived social media that reveals some of the conversation around Charlottesville as a political focal point on Twitter. Tweets that were captured, and Tweet IDs and Twitter datasets that were harvested using Twarc, Twitter APIs, Archive-It, and webrecorder during and after August 11 and 12, 2017, and on the one-year anniversary of the \"Unite the Right\" rally are distributed across the political spectrum. A wide range of hashtags for Charlottesville, hoosagainsthate, and hoostogether were captured for the collection, as well as timelines and accounts from the university and from the city of Charlottesville. At this time this subseries is not open for research, but will be made available when it is processed.","\nThe Audio-cassette subseries consists of digital audio files from the download card that was included with the set of two audio-cassettes. The content of the audio-cassettes, and of the digital files are recorded songs created in response to the events of August 11 and 12, 2017, and were donated with a printed track listing.","The materials in this subseries contain offensive and harmful language and/or imagery including racist and violent references and imagery. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials. ","The materials in this subseries contain offensive and harmful language and/or imagery including racist and violent references and imagery. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials.","\nThis subseries includes two separate collections of archived webpages. One collection was captured using Archive-It web crawling tools and is accessible via Archive-It.org. The second collection was captured using Webrecorder and is accessible via ReplayWeb.page. Web content are based on user preferences and interests, and are thus adaptive, dynamic, and quickly changing. This can lead researchers to a number of challenges in viewing archived websites, including necessitating the use of multiple tools and a variety of search strategies. ","Archive-It can be difficult to navigate. Captured websites are not arranged or displayed in any particular order, and sub-pages from the same \tbroader site may not be presented together. Not all pages within a site may have been captured. After clicking on the desired link from the list of websites, the webpages as they were archived can viewed by clicking on the hyperlinked date-of-capture above the calendar. Clicking the url hyperlink will navigate out of the Archive-It website to the live webpage if it still exists. The easiest way to find sites of interest is likely to use the search bar to search for topics/keywords.","Materials accessible on Replayweb.page must be viewed using the Google Chrome web browser. ReplayWeb.page can be difficult to navigate. Captured websites are not arranged or displayed in any particular order, and sub-pages from the same broader site may not be presented together. Not all pages within a site may have been captured. If a page was not captured you will be given the option to load the live version of the page, meaning the version of the page that is currently available online. It is important to note that loading the live page will cause you to leave the collection within Replay Web.page. The easiest way to find sites of interest is likely to use the search bar to search for topics/keywords. In order for the search functionality to work correctly, scroll to the very bottom of the list of urls before searching.","The materials in this web archive collection on Archive-It.org contain offensive and harmful language and/or imagery including racist and violent references and imagery. Because the websites are not arranged in any particular order, it may be difficult to avoid sites containing racist, and/or violent language and imagery when navigating the collection. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials. ","\nWebsites in this sub-series were captured using Archive-It web crawling tools and are being made available through Archive-It.org. These include archived websites and webpages in various formats, such as blogs, news websites, and social media related to the \"Unite the Right\" rally and its aftermath. Hyperlinks to articles, blogs, listservs, community sites, and other web content created in the wake of August 11 and 12, 2017 were gathered and archived from 2017 through 2020.","\nArchive-It can be difficult to navigate. Captured websites are not arranged or displayed in any particular order, and sub-pages from the same \tbroader site may not be presented together. Not all pages within a site may have been captured. After clicking on the desired link from the list of websites, the webpages as they were archived can viewed by clicking on the hyperlinked date-of-capture above the calendar. Clicking the url hyperlink will navigate out of the Archive-It website to the live webpage if it still exists. The easiest way to find sites of interest is likely to use the search bar to search for topics/keywords.","\tThe materials in this collection of webpages on ReplayWab.page contains offensive and harmful language and/or imagery including racist and violent references and imagery. Because the websites are not arranged in any particular order, it may be difficult to avoid sites containing racist, and/or violent language and imagery when navigating the collection. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials.","\nWebsites and webpages in this sub-series were captured using a tool called Webrecorder and are being made available through ReplayWeb.page. Archived content is presented in various formats relating to the events and aftermath of the \"Unite the Right\" rally held in Charlottesville, Virginia on August 11 and 12, 2017.  These include blogs, news websites, articles by the Southern Poverty Law Center, pages from the GoFundMe crowdfunding platform, pages from the Reddit and Daily Stormer discussion websites, and pages from the anonymous imageboard site 4chan. Hyperlinks to the web content created in the wake of August 11 and 12, 2017 were gathered and captured from 2017 through 2020. The November 2019 additions were due to Unicorn Riot's access to the Vimeo streaming server archive no longer being financially supported. UVA administration asked that these materials be archived.   ","\nThese materials must be viewed using the Google Chrome web browser. ReplayWeb.page can be difficult to navigate. Captured websites are not arranged or displayed in any particular order, and sub-pages from the same broader site may not be presented together. Not all pages within a site may have been captured. If a page was not captured you will be given the option to load the live version of the page, meaning the version of the page that is currently available online. It is important to note that loading the live page will cause you to leave the collection within Replay Web.page. The easiest way to find sites of interest is likely to use the search bar to search for topics/keywords. In order for the search functionality to work correctly, scroll to the very bottom of the list of urls before searching.","The contents include recorded songs dedicated to the events of August 11 and 12, 2017. The cassette included a digital download code. The digital files can be accessed using the link in the finding aid (digital object).","Because of the assembled nature of this collection, copyright status varies across the collection. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Unite the Right Rally (Location of meeting: Charlottesville (Va.)). Date of meeting or treaty signing: (2017 :.)","Charlottesville City Hall","University of Virginia","University of Virginia Library","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16386","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/754"],"normalized_title_ssm":["The University of Virginia Collection on the Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017"],"collection_title_tesim":["The University of Virginia Collection on the Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017"],"collection_ssim":["The University of Virginia Collection on the Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Unite the Right Rally (Location of meeting: Charlottesville (Va.)). Date of meeting or treaty signing: (2017 :.)"],"creator_ssim":["Unite the Right Rally (Location of meeting: Charlottesville (Va.)). Date of meeting or treaty signing: (2017 :.)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Unite the Right Rally (Location of meeting: Charlottesville (Va.)). Date of meeting or treaty signing: (2017 :.)"],"creators_ssim":["Unite the Right Rally (Location of meeting: Charlottesville (Va.)). Date of meeting or treaty signing: (2017 :.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["Because of the assembled nature of this collection, copyright status varies across the collection. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Anonymous donors.\nUniversity of Virginia Library staff.\nCharlottesville residents.\nCharlottesville City hall. \nOther, Individual donors, e.g: Michael McGee, Rosemary Balister, Derek Brown, Arlyn Newcomb, Tyler Magill, Sarah Brazelton."],"access_subjects_ssim":["race relations -- Virginia -- Charlottesville","Unite the Right Rally, Charlottesville, Va., 2017","Correspondence","posters","Buttons (information artifacts)","letters (correspondence)","electronic mail","clippings (information artifacts)","newspapers","fanzines","Digital images","Web pages (documents)","social media "],"access_subjects_ssm":["race relations -- Virginia -- Charlottesville","Unite the Right Rally, Charlottesville, Va., 2017","Correspondence","posters","Buttons (information artifacts)","letters (correspondence)","electronic mail","clippings (information artifacts)","newspapers","fanzines","Digital images","Web pages (documents)","social media "],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":["50 Cubic Feet","19.74 Gigabytes"],"extent_tesim":["50 Cubic Feet","19.74 Gigabytes"],"genreform_ssim":["Correspondence","posters","Buttons (information artifacts)","letters (correspondence)","electronic mail","clippings (information artifacts)","newspapers","fanzines","Digital images","Web pages (documents)","social media "],"date_range_isim":[2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe majority of the collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe story donated by Michael McGee is restricted and requires permission from the donor prior to use. Consult repository for details.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe original audio-cassette format of the music album, \"Together\" cannot be handled directly by patrons. The digital files for each song are included and can be accessed in the second series, 'Born-Digital materials'.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eArchive-It can be difficult to navigate. Captured websites are not arranged or displayed in any particular order, and sub-pages from the same \tbroader site may not be presented together. Not all pages within a site may have been captured. After clicking on the desired link from the list of websites, the webpages as they were archived can viewed by clicking on the hyperlinked date-of-capture above the calendar. Clicking the url hyperlink will navigate out of the Archive-It website to the live webpage if it still exists. The easiest way to find sites of interest is likely to use the search bar to search for topics/keywords.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMaterials accessible on Replayweb.page must be viewed using the Google Chrome web browser. ReplayWeb.page can be difficult to navigate. Captured websites are not arranged or displayed in any particular order, and sub-pages from the same broader site may not be presented together. Not all pages within a site may have been captured. If a page was not captured you will be given the option to load the live version of the page, meaning the version of the page that is currently available online. It is important to note that loading the live page will cause you to leave the collection within Replay Web.page. The easiest way to find sites of interest is likely to use the search bar to search for topics/keywords. In order for the search functionality to work correctly, scroll to the very bottom of the list of urls before searching.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Michael McGee Donation is restricted and requires permission from the donor to view the item.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nThe audio-cassettes are restricted. The contents can be accessed using the link found in the Audio-cassette subseries of the Born Digital series.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOriginal media formats such as LPs, audiotapes, reel-to-reels, videotapes, films, CDs, and DVDs cannot be handled directly by patrons. The digital files for each song are included and can be accessed in the second series, 'Born-Digital materials'.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access","Access of born-digital materials - archived webpages","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The majority of the collection is open for research use.","The story donated by Michael McGee is restricted and requires permission from the donor prior to use. Consult repository for details.","The original audio-cassette format of the music album, \"Together\" cannot be handled directly by patrons. The digital files for each song are included and can be accessed in the second series, 'Born-Digital materials'.","Archive-It can be difficult to navigate. Captured websites are not arranged or displayed in any particular order, and sub-pages from the same \tbroader site may not be presented together. Not all pages within a site may have been captured. After clicking on the desired link from the list of websites, the webpages as they were archived can viewed by clicking on the hyperlinked date-of-capture above the calendar. Clicking the url hyperlink will navigate out of the Archive-It website to the live webpage if it still exists. The easiest way to find sites of interest is likely to use the search bar to search for topics/keywords.","Materials accessible on Replayweb.page must be viewed using the Google Chrome web browser. ReplayWeb.page can be difficult to navigate. Captured websites are not arranged or displayed in any particular order, and sub-pages from the same broader site may not be presented together. Not all pages within a site may have been captured. If a page was not captured you will be given the option to load the live version of the page, meaning the version of the page that is currently available online. It is important to note that loading the live page will cause you to leave the collection within Replay Web.page. The easiest way to find sites of interest is likely to use the search bar to search for topics/keywords. In order for the search functionality to work correctly, scroll to the very bottom of the list of urls before searching.","The Michael McGee Donation is restricted and requires permission from the donor to view the item.","\nThe audio-cassettes are restricted. The contents can be accessed using the link found in the Audio-cassette subseries of the Born Digital series.","Original media formats such as LPs, audiotapes, reel-to-reels, videotapes, films, CDs, and DVDs cannot be handled directly by patrons. The digital files for each song are included and can be accessed in the second series, 'Born-Digital materials'."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eArranged in two series: 1. Physical (Analog) Materials. 2. Born-Digital materials.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nThe University of Virginia Collection on the Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017 is arranged in two series, each of which has been further arranged into subseries. Series 1, Pysical (Analog) Materials, is arranged into three subseries, and each subseries is arranged into files. Each subseries in Series 1 is arranged chronologically relative to August 11 and 12, 2017. The contents of each subseries in Series 1 are arranged by type or format. Series 2, Digital Materials, is arranged into 4 subseries. The contents of Series 2 are arranged in general type or format, and each subseries is arranged by format. The series, subseries, and files are as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1, Physal (Analog) Materials:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSubseries 1, Materials leading up to August 11 and 12, 2017 and the \"Unite the Right\" rally, 6/6/2017 - 8/10/2017:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nFile 1, Correnspondence materials. \nFile 2, Announcements, flyers, pamphlets, publications. \nFile 3, Posters. \nFile 4, Artifacts.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSubseries 2, Materials from August 11 and 12, 2017, and the \"Unite the Right\" rally, 8/11/2017 - 8/12/2017:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nFile 1, Correnspondence materials. \nFile 2, Announcements, flyers, pamphlets, publications. \nFile 3, Posters and signs. \nFile 4, Artifacts.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSubseries 3, Materials following August 11 and 12, 2017, and the \"Unite the Right\" rally, 8/13/2017 - 2020:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nFile 1, Correspondence materials: letters of support and other correspondence. \nFile 2, Announcements, flyers, pamphlets, publications. \nFile 3, Legal documents, official reports. \nFile 4, Artifacts. \nFile 5, Audio-visual materials.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries 2, Born-Digital materials:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSubseries 1, Stories and audio-visual materials submitted via online collection site, 8/13/2017-2018. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSubseries 2, Archived web pages, 1/13/2015-2020:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nFile 1, Archive-It webpages.\nFile 2, ReplayWeb/Webrecorder/Conifer webpages.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSubseries 3, Archived tweets and Twitter datasets, 8/11/17-2018.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSubseries 4, Audio files (songs on audio-cassette), 2/26/2018.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nThe collection of Twitter data is not yet open for research, and will be made available when it is processed.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Arranged in two series: 1. Physical (Analog) Materials. 2. Born-Digital materials.","\nThe University of Virginia Collection on the Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017 is arranged in two series, each of which has been further arranged into subseries. Series 1, Pysical (Analog) Materials, is arranged into three subseries, and each subseries is arranged into files. Each subseries in Series 1 is arranged chronologically relative to August 11 and 12, 2017. The contents of each subseries in Series 1 are arranged by type or format. Series 2, Digital Materials, is arranged into 4 subseries. The contents of Series 2 are arranged in general type or format, and each subseries is arranged by format. The series, subseries, and files are as follows:","Series 1, Physal (Analog) Materials:","\nSubseries 1, Materials leading up to August 11 and 12, 2017 and the \"Unite the Right\" rally, 6/6/2017 - 8/10/2017:","\nFile 1, Correnspondence materials. \nFile 2, Announcements, flyers, pamphlets, publications. \nFile 3, Posters. \nFile 4, Artifacts.","\nSubseries 2, Materials from August 11 and 12, 2017, and the \"Unite the Right\" rally, 8/11/2017 - 8/12/2017:","\nFile 1, Correnspondence materials. \nFile 2, Announcements, flyers, pamphlets, publications. \nFile 3, Posters and signs. \nFile 4, Artifacts.","\nSubseries 3, Materials following August 11 and 12, 2017, and the \"Unite the Right\" rally, 8/13/2017 - 2020:","\nFile 1, Correspondence materials: letters of support and other correspondence. \nFile 2, Announcements, flyers, pamphlets, publications. \nFile 3, Legal documents, official reports. \nFile 4, Artifacts. \nFile 5, Audio-visual materials.","\nSeries 2, Born-Digital materials:","\nSubseries 1, Stories and audio-visual materials submitted via online collection site, 8/13/2017-2018. ","\nSubseries 2, Archived web pages, 1/13/2015-2020:","\nFile 1, Archive-It webpages.\nFile 2, ReplayWeb/Webrecorder/Conifer webpages.","\nSubseries 3, Archived tweets and Twitter datasets, 8/11/17-2018.","\nSubseries 4, Audio files (songs on audio-cassette), 2/26/2018.","\nThe collection of Twitter data is not yet open for research, and will be made available when it is processed."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOn the night of Friday August 11, 2017, the \"Unite the Right\" organizers held an unpermitted torchlit march at the University of Virginia. A group of several hundred men and women, identified by many sources as Alt-right members and white nationalists, gathered on UVA's \"nameless\" field with lit torches in hand. They then marched on the main quadrangle of the University of Virginia's grounds while chanting \"You will not replace us\" and \"Jews will not replace us\". They continued to walk around the Rotunda, then to the statue of Thomas Jefferson. At the base of the statue, the mob of white nationalists surrounded a small group of counter protesters before attacking them and injuring some.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nAccording to news sources, University officials were informed of the planned march hours before it began. However, no action was taken to prevent the mob's tresspass onto University grounds, despite their violation of University policy. Nor was there any attempt made to prevent possible violence. Reports state that University officials and University Police were unprepared for the event, and University Police only dispersed the crowd after aid was provided by the Charlottesville Police Department.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nOn August 12, 2017, right-wing and white-nationalist groups gathered in Charlottesville to oppose a plan to remove the statue of Robert E. Lee from Emancipation Park. This same plan also prompted a similar protest in May, 2017, led by white nationalist Richard Spencer, and a Ku Klux Klan rally on July 8, 2017. Jason Kessler had obtained a permit prior to August 12 to convene a rally at the Lee Statue, an event that was called \"Unite the Right\". The rally was much larger than the July KKK rally that took place in Charlottesville, and was a more significant public safety challenge for officials and authorities, despite the attempt by city council to move the event's location to McIntire Park.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nViolence broke out ahead of the rally's scheduled noon start, after which Virginia Governor, Terry McAuliffe, declared a state of emergency. The Charlottesville Police Department and the Virginia State Police's failure to coordinate in a unified command, in combination with general planning and coordination breakdowns, resulted in their inability to intervene in violent altercations, and to protect public safety. When unlawful assembly was declared, law enforcement officers pushed Alt-Right protesters in Emancipation Park back towards counter-protesters with whom they had been in conflict, generating even more violence.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nThe violence spread beyond the park to Market Street, Justice Park, High Street, Water Street, and the Downtown Mall, culminating in the death of 32-year-old paralegal, Heather Heyer, who was killed when James Alex Fields, Jr. drove his car into a crowd of counter-protesters at 4th and Water Streets. Nineteen people were injured when the car drove into the crowd, and at least 15 others were injured that day, including DeAndre Harris, a man beaten in an altercation with \"Unite the Right\" ralliers. Several hours after the incident that killed Heather Heyer, two Virginia state troopers, Lt. H. Jay Cullen and Trooper Berke M. M. Bates, died in a helicopter accident while monitoring the demonstrations.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["On the night of Friday August 11, 2017, the \"Unite the Right\" organizers held an unpermitted torchlit march at the University of Virginia. A group of several hundred men and women, identified by many sources as Alt-right members and white nationalists, gathered on UVA's \"nameless\" field with lit torches in hand. They then marched on the main quadrangle of the University of Virginia's grounds while chanting \"You will not replace us\" and \"Jews will not replace us\". They continued to walk around the Rotunda, then to the statue of Thomas Jefferson. At the base of the statue, the mob of white nationalists surrounded a small group of counter protesters before attacking them and injuring some.","\nAccording to news sources, University officials were informed of the planned march hours before it began. However, no action was taken to prevent the mob's tresspass onto University grounds, despite their violation of University policy. Nor was there any attempt made to prevent possible violence. Reports state that University officials and University Police were unprepared for the event, and University Police only dispersed the crowd after aid was provided by the Charlottesville Police Department.","\nOn August 12, 2017, right-wing and white-nationalist groups gathered in Charlottesville to oppose a plan to remove the statue of Robert E. Lee from Emancipation Park. This same plan also prompted a similar protest in May, 2017, led by white nationalist Richard Spencer, and a Ku Klux Klan rally on July 8, 2017. Jason Kessler had obtained a permit prior to August 12 to convene a rally at the Lee Statue, an event that was called \"Unite the Right\". The rally was much larger than the July KKK rally that took place in Charlottesville, and was a more significant public safety challenge for officials and authorities, despite the attempt by city council to move the event's location to McIntire Park.","\nViolence broke out ahead of the rally's scheduled noon start, after which Virginia Governor, Terry McAuliffe, declared a state of emergency. The Charlottesville Police Department and the Virginia State Police's failure to coordinate in a unified command, in combination with general planning and coordination breakdowns, resulted in their inability to intervene in violent altercations, and to protect public safety. When unlawful assembly was declared, law enforcement officers pushed Alt-Right protesters in Emancipation Park back towards counter-protesters with whom they had been in conflict, generating even more violence.","\nThe violence spread beyond the park to Market Street, Justice Park, High Street, Water Street, and the Downtown Mall, culminating in the death of 32-year-old paralegal, Heather Heyer, who was killed when James Alex Fields, Jr. drove his car into a crowd of counter-protesters at 4th and Water Streets. Nineteen people were injured when the car drove into the crowd, and at least 15 others were injured that day, including DeAndre Harris, a man beaten in an altercation with \"Unite the Right\" ralliers. Several hours after the incident that killed Heather Heyer, two Virginia state troopers, Lt. H. Jay Cullen and Trooper Berke M. M. Bates, died in a helicopter accident while monitoring the demonstrations."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFor accessing rolled oversized materials (tubes 6-11):\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThese items are stored rolled around the exterior of the tube.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e2 people are needed for rolling. Each item should\nremain face-up with the painted/drawn/sketched side visible.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSandwich each item between the Hollytex, placed on top, and\nthe sheet of Tyvek, placed underneath.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe sheet of Tyvek should remain on the underside/\nunmarked backing of the item.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOnce these protective coverings are in place,\ncarefully roll up the item around the exterior of the tube\n(Hollytex side IN)\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNow rolled, gently secure the item by\nusing the 3 ties, one near each end and one in the center. \u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Physical Access"],"odd_tesim":["For accessing rolled oversized materials (tubes 6-11):","These items are stored rolled around the exterior of the tube.","2 people are needed for rolling. Each item should\nremain face-up with the painted/drawn/sketched side visible.","Sandwich each item between the Hollytex, placed on top, and\nthe sheet of Tyvek, placed underneath.","The sheet of Tyvek should remain on the underside/\nunmarked backing of the item.","Once these protective coverings are in place,\ncarefully roll up the item around the exterior of the tube\n(Hollytex side IN)","Now rolled, gently secure the item by\nusing the 3 ties, one near each end and one in the center. "],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16386, The University of Virginia Collection on the Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16386, The University of Virginia Collection on the Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe original title of the University of Virginia Collection on the Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017 was the \"Unite the Right\" Rally and Community Response collection. It was changed on August 3, 2022.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The original title of the University of Virginia Collection on the Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017 was the \"Unite the Right\" Rally and Community Response collection. It was changed on August 3, 2022."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRelated materials documenting the July 8, 2017 KKK rally, and the events in Charlotteville, VA on August 11 and 12, 2017 can be found here:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBoggs, Jeremy, 2017, \"Charlottesville KKK Tweet IDs\", https://doi.org/10.18130/V3/MSCNLT, University of Virginia Dataverse, V1.\n \nDeeyah Khan, 2017, \"White Right - Meeting the Enemy\", https://avalon.lib.virginia.edu/media_objects/sj1392079, University of Virginia Robertson Media Center Streaming Content.\n \nPaul Tait Roberts, 2018, \"Charlottesville\" (Unite the Right Rally), https://avalon.lib.virginia.edu/media_objects/w0892b08k, University of Virginia Robertson Media Center Streaming Content.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Littman, Justin, 2018, \"Charlottesville Tweet Ids\", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/DVLJTO, Harvard Dataverse, V1.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Related materials documenting the July 8, 2017 KKK rally, and the events in Charlotteville, VA on August 11 and 12, 2017 can be found here:","Boggs, Jeremy, 2017, \"Charlottesville KKK Tweet IDs\", https://doi.org/10.18130/V3/MSCNLT, University of Virginia Dataverse, V1.\n \nDeeyah Khan, 2017, \"White Right - Meeting the Enemy\", https://avalon.lib.virginia.edu/media_objects/sj1392079, University of Virginia Robertson Media Center Streaming Content.\n \nPaul Tait Roberts, 2018, \"Charlottesville\" (Unite the Right Rally), https://avalon.lib.virginia.edu/media_objects/w0892b08k, University of Virginia Robertson Media Center Streaming Content."," Littman, Justin, 2018, \"Charlottesville Tweet Ids\", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/DVLJTO, Harvard Dataverse, V1."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains offensive and harmful language and imagery including racist and violent references and imagery. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nThis collection documents the events of August 11 and 12, 2017 that occurred in \u003cgeogname\u003eCharlottesville, Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003e, and the circumstances surrounding them. It also documents the responses to those events from communities in and outside the city of Charlottesville. The contents of this collection include analog and born-digital materials. Some materials were donated, and physically collected by library staff and Charlottesville residents. A significant portion of the physical materials were created by individuals and communities outside of Charlottesville, which were then sent to \u003ccorpname\u003eCharlottesville City Hall\u003c/corpname\u003e, which donated them to the University of Virginia. Library staff also collected born digital materials by means of web crawling and harvesting Twitter data, and by means of participatory archival efforts with the Charlottesville community, and from communities outside Charlottesville.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeveral community identities can be identified throughout the collection, most notably residents of Charlottesville and its surrounding areas, many of whom were creators of first-hand documentaion donated to the archive and represented in the collection records. This particular community also includes \u003ccorpname\u003eUniversity of Virginia\u003c/corpname\u003e students, faculty, and staff. Other community identities include those of the ralliers, the counter protesters, people expressing solidarity with and support for Charlotteville residents and the victims of the August 11 and 12 rallies, and people expressing support for the \"Unite the Right\" ralliers. In addition to the physical materials and the photo and video documentaion, evidence of these different communities can also be found in the collections of archived webpages and tweets, which lend themselves to the participatory aspect of the collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nThe Physical (Analog) series follows a chronological organization beginning with the Materials leading up to August 11 and 12, 2017 and the \"Unite the Right\" rally subseries. The collection begins with materials from the \u003cdate\u003eJuly 8, 2017\u003c/date\u003e KKK rally and documents regarding that rally and its aftermath, and some printed email correspondence from police and Charlottesville City Council. These materials document some of the context and backdrop of the \"Unite the Right\" rally.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nIn the Materials from August 11 and 12, 2017 and the \"Unite the Right\" rally subseries, there is documentation of the events that took place on those days and some of the circumstances surrounding those events. Printed email correspondence disclose some of the activities of the Charlottesville Police Department and of city council members during and after the demonstrations. Artifacts from the \u003cdate\u003eAugust 11, 2017\u003c/date\u003e torch-lit rally, and from the August 12 \"Unite the Right\" rally provide evidence of the activities during those events. Printed ephemera, like pamphlets, zines, and flyers reveal some of the activities of Charlottesville's residents and their expressions in anticipation of, and in response to the day's events.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nThe Materials following August 11 and 12, 2017 and the \"Unite the Right\" rally subseries contains materials relating to the \"Unite the Right\" rally from after \u003cdate\u003eAugust 12, 2017\u003c/date\u003e. The majority of the correspondents in this subseries are condolence materials. Condolence letters and letters of support include those sent or addressed to Mayor Michael Signer, Vice Mayor Wes Bellamy, members of the Charlottesville City Council, Charlottesville City Hall, the city of \u003cgeogname\u003eCharlottesville\u003c/geogname\u003e, and Heather Heyer. Condolence letters and letters of support were sent from public offices and municipalities, religious organizations, educational and professional institutions, businesses, non-profit organizations, political organizations, and from individuals and communities from around the world. Many of the condolence letters and letters of support that were sent from public offices and municipalities include motions reached at town meetings, proclamations, and resolutions in support of Charlottesville's citizens denouncing white supremacy, white nationalism, and groups demonstrating hate and bigotry. Pledges of solidarity with the city of Charlottesville signed by the citizens were also sent to city hall. Condolence artifacts of various formats were also sent to Charlottesville City Hall and document the varied kinds of expressions of support and solidarity. The artifacts in this subseries also includes the broken nose of the \"Faith\" statue, which is the front of the Stonewall Jackson statute's granite pedestal in Court Square Park.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nThe other types of correspondence in this subseries include letters, and one restricted typed narrative that presents one person's assessment of the events of August 12, 2017. Some of the letters are addressed to members of Charlottesville City Hall and City Council that express severe criticism of the manner in which the mayor and members of city council, and the Charlottesville Police Department handled the events of August 12, 2017. Other letters also express dissatisfaction of Charlottesville City Council's decision to remove the Lee and Jackson statues, while also attempting to convey a particular narrative of southern history. Some correspondence also express severely racist comments towards black people and people of color, in general.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nAlso in this subseries are materials that demonstrate Charlottesville community plans and responses for the anniversaries of the \"Unite the Right\" Rally. These include flyers for protests one year after the event, fliers and brochures handed out during the \"Reclaim the Park\" anniversary event in 2020, a press conference announcement, zines, and a listing of anti-racist events with a collection of comments from Charlottesville anti-racist activists.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nThe periodical issues with articles about the events of August 11 and 12 portray the mainstream local and national reactions. The physical (analog) materials and ephemera collected after August 12, the copy of a legal complaint filed against Jason Kessler and other parties, the official report released by lawyers in Charlottesville, and the audio-cassette recording of songs by local musicians all document some of the responses of Charlottesville's communities and residents.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nThe Born-Digital materials series consists of digital photo and video documentation, text files, archived email files, archived websites and Twitter data, and Audio files (songs on audio-cassette). Some documentation was contributed by a number of Charlottesville community members, city residents, students, and university staff alike via the University of Virginia Collection on the Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017 digital collection website created by the \u003ccorpname\u003eUniversity of Virginia Library\u003c/corpname\u003e. While some digital photographs were taken at the July 8 KKK rally, the majority were taken during and after the August 12 \"Unite the Right\" rally. The photographs and videos of protesters and anti-protesters, of police, of symbols and messages, and of people and artwork away from the activities demonstrate the circumstances of the events, and of the community response to the violence and turmoil that unfolded. The written narratives provide documentation of the events and of the community response, as well, but also provide evidence of the emotional responses.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nThe growing collection of archived web pages provides a different kind of record of how the August 12 \"Unite the Right\" rally was perceived and documented. The collection of news and opinion articles from local, regional, and national sources, along with blogs, reddit threads, and a YouTube music video provides a small representation of responses to August 11 and 12, 2017 on the internet. The archived tweets and Twitter data-sets exhibit other forms of communication, like hashtags and emojis that can be included in the larger community of people responding to the events of August 12, 2017.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Physical (Analog) materials series contains offensive and harmful language and imagery including racist and violent references and imagery. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nThe Materials leading up to August 11 and 12, 2017, and the \"Unite the Right\" Rally subseries contains items that help to contextualize these events as part of the \"summer of hate\". Most notably, a tear gas canister used by the police was recovered from the July 8 rally. Some of the materials that capture the community's reaction to July 8 and its reaction to the planned August 12 rally include notes from a July 14 city meeting, articles about the KKK rally, a July 14 press conference release, flyers and a zine regarding the Lee and Jackson statues and the \"Unite the Right\" rally, and a printout of an online announcement from the Office of the President of the University of Virginia about the rally scheduled for August 12. There are also printed email correspondence between members of city council, and Charlottesville police officers from August 10, 2017.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nThe Materials from August 11 and 12, 2017, and the \"Unite the Right\" Rally subseries relates to the events and ongoings of August 11 and 12, 2017. Correspondence among Charlottesville police officers and among members of Charlottesville City Council reveal the plans, logistics, and reactions in real time to the incidents taking place on the night of August 11, 2017 when white nationalists/white supremacists gathered holding 'Tiki' torches, five of which are included in this subseries as the first 5 tube boxes. Materials included from the August 12 rally are posters and signs expressing opposition to white supremacy and fascism that were carried by counter-protesters, and artifacts like a red armband, a red flag, and a remnant of kekistan flag burned in Justice Park. There are also printed materials recovered from that day, such as flyers and programs for church services, an educational zine, an anti-fascist flyer, and a white supremacy flyer.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nThe Materials following August 11 and 12, 2017, and the \"Unite the Right\" Rally subseries contains materials created in response to the events of August 11 and 12, 2017. Most of the correspondence materials consist of letters, postcards, cards, and handmade cards from around the world expressing support and solidarity for the leaders and people of Charlottesville. These correspondence were sent from public officials, public offices, businesses, organizations, institutions, individuals, and communities. A smaller section of correspondence, titled 'other correspondence', express either support not related to August 11 and 12, severe criticism of members of Charlottesville City Council and the Charlottesville Police Department, hateful and derogatory messages towards the Mayor and Vice Mayor of Charlottesville, a particular narrative of southern history, or extreme racism towards black people and people of color, in general.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn this subseries there are printed materials that include announcements, pamphlets, flyers and programs for church services and counseling sessions, informational zines, and fascist and anti-fascist paraphernalia. There are responses from the University of Virginia, legal documents, and official reports, as well, about the events of August 11 and 12, 2017. Additionally, printed publications, like newspapers are included, as well as a double-cassette album of music dedicated to the events, the digital files of which are included in the second series, \"Born-Digital materials\".\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nThe condolence artifacts in this subseries include handmade banners, tablecloths and painted canvases, some of which are signed by communities showing support. There are also other trinkets like wrists bands and bottons sent as forms of support.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe materials in this subseries contain offensive and harmful language and/or imagery including racist and violent references and imagery. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSome materials in this subseries contain offensive and harmful language and/or imagery including racist and violent references and imagery. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe materials in this subseries contain offensive and harmful language and/or imagery including racist and violent references and imagery. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe materials in this series contain offensive and harmful language and imagery including racist and violent references and imagery. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nThe Born-digital materials series consists of digital photographs, video recordings, typed narratives, archived web pages, archived tweets and twitter IDs, and digitial audio files.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nThe Stories and audiovisual materials submitted via online collection site subseries consists of digital photographs, video recordings, and typed narratives submitted via an online portal on the University of Virginia Collection on the Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017 digital collection website, and include descriptive information, dates, and locations provided by the donors.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nThe digital photographs and video recordings include documentation of KKK members and of protesters taken during the July 8 KKK rally, pictures of \"Unite the Right\" protesters, counter-protesters, and police taken during the August 12 \"Unite the Right\" rally, and pictures of events, memorials, memorabilia that document the community response to the events of August 11 and 12, 2017. The contents of these materials detail the movements of people in Charlottesville leading up to the confrontations that took place on July 8, and on August 12 at Market Street Park (formerly known as Lee Park and later Emancipation Park) when violence errupted. They also exhibit the many examples of the responses from the community of Charlottesville in the form of temporary memorials, like flowers, signs, messages written on walls.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nThe narratives describe the personal accounts and experiences of individuals from events that occurred on August 11 and 12, 2017, and also reflections on white supremacy and violence in Charlottesville. They also document some of the emotional responses to events of August 11 and 12, 2017. This subseries also includes a small number of emails sent to University of Virginia President Teresa Sullivan.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nThe Archived webpages subseries is divided into two separate files, each of which is a collection of archived websites. Each consists of archived websites and webpages relating to the events in Charlottesville, VA on August 11 and 12, 2017 made accessible via the provided hyperlinks.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nThe first directs researchers to the University of Virginia Collection on Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017 web archive on the Archive-It website. The second directs researchers to the web archive collection titled, \"MSS16386_WARNING_OFFENSIVECONTENT\" accessible on the ReplayWeb website. The collections include archived websites and webpages in various formats (blogs, forums, news websites, and social media) relating to the events of August 11 and 12, 2017 in Charlottesville, VA and their aftermath. Hyperlinks to articles, blogs, listservs, community sites, and other web content from the wake of August 11 and 12, 2017 were gathered and archived from 2017 through 2020.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nThe Arhived tweets and Twitter datasets subseries includes archived social media that reveals some of the conversation around Charlottesville as a political focal point on Twitter. Tweets that were captured, and Tweet IDs and Twitter datasets that were harvested using Twarc, Twitter APIs, Archive-It, and webrecorder during and after August 11 and 12, 2017, and on the one-year anniversary of the \"Unite the Right\" rally are distributed across the political spectrum. A wide range of hashtags for Charlottesville, hoosagainsthate, and hoostogether were captured for the collection, as well as timelines and accounts from the university and from the city of Charlottesville. At this time this subseries is not open for research, but will be made available when it is processed.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nThe Audio-cassette subseries consists of digital audio files from the download card that was included with the set of two audio-cassettes. The content of the audio-cassettes, and of the digital files are recorded songs created in response to the events of August 11 and 12, 2017, and were donated with a printed track listing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe materials in this subseries contain offensive and harmful language and/or imagery including racist and violent references and imagery. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe materials in this subseries contain offensive and harmful language and/or imagery including racist and violent references and imagery. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nThis subseries includes two separate collections of archived webpages. One collection was captured using Archive-It web crawling tools and is accessible via Archive-It.org. The second collection was captured using Webrecorder and is accessible via ReplayWeb.page. Web content are based on user preferences and interests, and are thus adaptive, dynamic, and quickly changing. This can lead researchers to a number of challenges in viewing archived websites, including necessitating the use of multiple tools and a variety of search strategies. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eArchive-It can be difficult to navigate. Captured websites are not arranged or displayed in any particular order, and sub-pages from the same \tbroader site may not be presented together. Not all pages within a site may have been captured. After clicking on the desired link from the list of websites, the webpages as they were archived can viewed by clicking on the hyperlinked date-of-capture above the calendar. Clicking the url hyperlink will navigate out of the Archive-It website to the live webpage if it still exists. The easiest way to find sites of interest is likely to use the search bar to search for topics/keywords.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMaterials accessible on Replayweb.page must be viewed using the Google Chrome web browser. ReplayWeb.page can be difficult to navigate. Captured websites are not arranged or displayed in any particular order, and sub-pages from the same broader site may not be presented together. Not all pages within a site may have been captured. If a page was not captured you will be given the option to load the live version of the page, meaning the version of the page that is currently available online. It is important to note that loading the live page will cause you to leave the collection within Replay Web.page. The easiest way to find sites of interest is likely to use the search bar to search for topics/keywords. In order for the search functionality to work correctly, scroll to the very bottom of the list of urls before searching.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe materials in this web archive collection on Archive-It.org contain offensive and harmful language and/or imagery including racist and violent references and imagery. Because the websites are not arranged in any particular order, it may be difficult to avoid sites containing racist, and/or violent language and imagery when navigating the collection. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nWebsites in this sub-series were captured using Archive-It web crawling tools and are being made available through Archive-It.org. These include archived websites and webpages in various formats, such as blogs, news websites, and social media related to the \"Unite the Right\" rally and its aftermath. Hyperlinks to articles, blogs, listservs, community sites, and other web content created in the wake of August 11 and 12, 2017 were gathered and archived from 2017 through 2020.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nArchive-It can be difficult to navigate. Captured websites are not arranged or displayed in any particular order, and sub-pages from the same \tbroader site may not be presented together. Not all pages within a site may have been captured. After clicking on the desired link from the list of websites, the webpages as they were archived can viewed by clicking on the hyperlinked date-of-capture above the calendar. Clicking the url hyperlink will navigate out of the Archive-It website to the live webpage if it still exists. The easiest way to find sites of interest is likely to use the search bar to search for topics/keywords.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\tThe materials in this collection of webpages on ReplayWab.page contains offensive and harmful language and/or imagery including racist and violent references and imagery. Because the websites are not arranged in any particular order, it may be difficult to avoid sites containing racist, and/or violent language and imagery when navigating the collection. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nWebsites and webpages in this sub-series were captured using a tool called Webrecorder and are being made available through ReplayWeb.page. Archived content is presented in various formats relating to the events and aftermath of the \"Unite the Right\" rally held in Charlottesville, Virginia on August 11 and 12, 2017.  These include blogs, news websites, articles by the Southern Poverty Law Center, pages from the GoFundMe crowdfunding platform, pages from the Reddit and Daily Stormer discussion websites, and pages from the anonymous imageboard site 4chan. Hyperlinks to the web content created in the wake of August 11 and 12, 2017 were gathered and captured from 2017 through 2020. The November 2019 additions were due to Unicorn Riot's access to the Vimeo streaming server archive no longer being financially supported. UVA administration asked that these materials be archived.   \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nThese materials must be viewed using the Google Chrome web browser. ReplayWeb.page can be difficult to navigate. Captured websites are not arranged or displayed in any particular order, and sub-pages from the same broader site may not be presented together. Not all pages within a site may have been captured. If a page was not captured you will be given the option to load the live version of the page, meaning the version of the page that is currently available online. It is important to note that loading the live page will cause you to leave the collection within Replay Web.page. The easiest way to find sites of interest is likely to use the search bar to search for topics/keywords. In order for the search functionality to work correctly, scroll to the very bottom of the list of urls before searching.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe contents include recorded songs dedicated to the events of August 11 and 12, 2017. The cassette included a digital download code. The digital files can be accessed using the link in the finding aid (digital object).\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains offensive and harmful language and imagery including racist and violent references and imagery. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials. ","\nThis collection documents the events of August 11 and 12, 2017 that occurred in  Charlottesville, Virginia , and the circumstances surrounding them. It also documents the responses to those events from communities in and outside the city of Charlottesville. The contents of this collection include analog and born-digital materials. Some materials were donated, and physically collected by library staff and Charlottesville residents. A significant portion of the physical materials were created by individuals and communities outside of Charlottesville, which were then sent to  Charlottesville City Hall , which donated them to the University of Virginia. Library staff also collected born digital materials by means of web crawling and harvesting Twitter data, and by means of participatory archival efforts with the Charlottesville community, and from communities outside Charlottesville.","\nSeveral community identities can be identified throughout the collection, most notably residents of Charlottesville and its surrounding areas, many of whom were creators of first-hand documentaion donated to the archive and represented in the collection records. This particular community also includes  University of Virginia  students, faculty, and staff. Other community identities include those of the ralliers, the counter protesters, people expressing solidarity with and support for Charlotteville residents and the victims of the August 11 and 12 rallies, and people expressing support for the \"Unite the Right\" ralliers. In addition to the physical materials and the photo and video documentaion, evidence of these different communities can also be found in the collections of archived webpages and tweets, which lend themselves to the participatory aspect of the collection.","\nThe Physical (Analog) series follows a chronological organization beginning with the Materials leading up to August 11 and 12, 2017 and the \"Unite the Right\" rally subseries. The collection begins with materials from the  July 8, 2017  KKK rally and documents regarding that rally and its aftermath, and some printed email correspondence from police and Charlottesville City Council. These materials document some of the context and backdrop of the \"Unite the Right\" rally.","\nIn the Materials from August 11 and 12, 2017 and the \"Unite the Right\" rally subseries, there is documentation of the events that took place on those days and some of the circumstances surrounding those events. Printed email correspondence disclose some of the activities of the Charlottesville Police Department and of city council members during and after the demonstrations. Artifacts from the  August 11, 2017  torch-lit rally, and from the August 12 \"Unite the Right\" rally provide evidence of the activities during those events. Printed ephemera, like pamphlets, zines, and flyers reveal some of the activities of Charlottesville's residents and their expressions in anticipation of, and in response to the day's events.","\nThe Materials following August 11 and 12, 2017 and the \"Unite the Right\" rally subseries contains materials relating to the \"Unite the Right\" rally from after  August 12, 2017 . The majority of the correspondents in this subseries are condolence materials. Condolence letters and letters of support include those sent or addressed to Mayor Michael Signer, Vice Mayor Wes Bellamy, members of the Charlottesville City Council, Charlottesville City Hall, the city of  Charlottesville , and Heather Heyer. Condolence letters and letters of support were sent from public offices and municipalities, religious organizations, educational and professional institutions, businesses, non-profit organizations, political organizations, and from individuals and communities from around the world. Many of the condolence letters and letters of support that were sent from public offices and municipalities include motions reached at town meetings, proclamations, and resolutions in support of Charlottesville's citizens denouncing white supremacy, white nationalism, and groups demonstrating hate and bigotry. Pledges of solidarity with the city of Charlottesville signed by the citizens were also sent to city hall. Condolence artifacts of various formats were also sent to Charlottesville City Hall and document the varied kinds of expressions of support and solidarity. The artifacts in this subseries also includes the broken nose of the \"Faith\" statue, which is the front of the Stonewall Jackson statute's granite pedestal in Court Square Park.","\nThe other types of correspondence in this subseries include letters, and one restricted typed narrative that presents one person's assessment of the events of August 12, 2017. Some of the letters are addressed to members of Charlottesville City Hall and City Council that express severe criticism of the manner in which the mayor and members of city council, and the Charlottesville Police Department handled the events of August 12, 2017. Other letters also express dissatisfaction of Charlottesville City Council's decision to remove the Lee and Jackson statues, while also attempting to convey a particular narrative of southern history. Some correspondence also express severely racist comments towards black people and people of color, in general.","\nAlso in this subseries are materials that demonstrate Charlottesville community plans and responses for the anniversaries of the \"Unite the Right\" Rally. These include flyers for protests one year after the event, fliers and brochures handed out during the \"Reclaim the Park\" anniversary event in 2020, a press conference announcement, zines, and a listing of anti-racist events with a collection of comments from Charlottesville anti-racist activists.","\nThe periodical issues with articles about the events of August 11 and 12 portray the mainstream local and national reactions. The physical (analog) materials and ephemera collected after August 12, the copy of a legal complaint filed against Jason Kessler and other parties, the official report released by lawyers in Charlottesville, and the audio-cassette recording of songs by local musicians all document some of the responses of Charlottesville's communities and residents.","\nThe Born-Digital materials series consists of digital photo and video documentation, text files, archived email files, archived websites and Twitter data, and Audio files (songs on audio-cassette). Some documentation was contributed by a number of Charlottesville community members, city residents, students, and university staff alike via the University of Virginia Collection on the Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017 digital collection website created by the  University of Virginia Library . While some digital photographs were taken at the July 8 KKK rally, the majority were taken during and after the August 12 \"Unite the Right\" rally. The photographs and videos of protesters and anti-protesters, of police, of symbols and messages, and of people and artwork away from the activities demonstrate the circumstances of the events, and of the community response to the violence and turmoil that unfolded. The written narratives provide documentation of the events and of the community response, as well, but also provide evidence of the emotional responses.","\nThe growing collection of archived web pages provides a different kind of record of how the August 12 \"Unite the Right\" rally was perceived and documented. The collection of news and opinion articles from local, regional, and national sources, along with blogs, reddit threads, and a YouTube music video provides a small representation of responses to August 11 and 12, 2017 on the internet. The archived tweets and Twitter data-sets exhibit other forms of communication, like hashtags and emojis that can be included in the larger community of people responding to the events of August 12, 2017.","The Physical (Analog) materials series contains offensive and harmful language and imagery including racist and violent references and imagery. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials. ","\nThe Materials leading up to August 11 and 12, 2017, and the \"Unite the Right\" Rally subseries contains items that help to contextualize these events as part of the \"summer of hate\". Most notably, a tear gas canister used by the police was recovered from the July 8 rally. Some of the materials that capture the community's reaction to July 8 and its reaction to the planned August 12 rally include notes from a July 14 city meeting, articles about the KKK rally, a July 14 press conference release, flyers and a zine regarding the Lee and Jackson statues and the \"Unite the Right\" rally, and a printout of an online announcement from the Office of the President of the University of Virginia about the rally scheduled for August 12. There are also printed email correspondence between members of city council, and Charlottesville police officers from August 10, 2017.","\nThe Materials from August 11 and 12, 2017, and the \"Unite the Right\" Rally subseries relates to the events and ongoings of August 11 and 12, 2017. Correspondence among Charlottesville police officers and among members of Charlottesville City Council reveal the plans, logistics, and reactions in real time to the incidents taking place on the night of August 11, 2017 when white nationalists/white supremacists gathered holding 'Tiki' torches, five of which are included in this subseries as the first 5 tube boxes. Materials included from the August 12 rally are posters and signs expressing opposition to white supremacy and fascism that were carried by counter-protesters, and artifacts like a red armband, a red flag, and a remnant of kekistan flag burned in Justice Park. There are also printed materials recovered from that day, such as flyers and programs for church services, an educational zine, an anti-fascist flyer, and a white supremacy flyer.","\nThe Materials following August 11 and 12, 2017, and the \"Unite the Right\" Rally subseries contains materials created in response to the events of August 11 and 12, 2017. Most of the correspondence materials consist of letters, postcards, cards, and handmade cards from around the world expressing support and solidarity for the leaders and people of Charlottesville. These correspondence were sent from public officials, public offices, businesses, organizations, institutions, individuals, and communities. A smaller section of correspondence, titled 'other correspondence', express either support not related to August 11 and 12, severe criticism of members of Charlottesville City Council and the Charlottesville Police Department, hateful and derogatory messages towards the Mayor and Vice Mayor of Charlottesville, a particular narrative of southern history, or extreme racism towards black people and people of color, in general.","In this subseries there are printed materials that include announcements, pamphlets, flyers and programs for church services and counseling sessions, informational zines, and fascist and anti-fascist paraphernalia. There are responses from the University of Virginia, legal documents, and official reports, as well, about the events of August 11 and 12, 2017. Additionally, printed publications, like newspapers are included, as well as a double-cassette album of music dedicated to the events, the digital files of which are included in the second series, \"Born-Digital materials\".","\nThe condolence artifacts in this subseries include handmade banners, tablecloths and painted canvases, some of which are signed by communities showing support. There are also other trinkets like wrists bands and bottons sent as forms of support.","The materials in this subseries contain offensive and harmful language and/or imagery including racist and violent references and imagery. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials. ","Some materials in this subseries contain offensive and harmful language and/or imagery including racist and violent references and imagery. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials. ","The materials in this subseries contain offensive and harmful language and/or imagery including racist and violent references and imagery. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials. ","The materials in this series contain offensive and harmful language and imagery including racist and violent references and imagery. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials. ","\nThe Born-digital materials series consists of digital photographs, video recordings, typed narratives, archived web pages, archived tweets and twitter IDs, and digitial audio files.","\nThe Stories and audiovisual materials submitted via online collection site subseries consists of digital photographs, video recordings, and typed narratives submitted via an online portal on the University of Virginia Collection on the Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017 digital collection website, and include descriptive information, dates, and locations provided by the donors.","\nThe digital photographs and video recordings include documentation of KKK members and of protesters taken during the July 8 KKK rally, pictures of \"Unite the Right\" protesters, counter-protesters, and police taken during the August 12 \"Unite the Right\" rally, and pictures of events, memorials, memorabilia that document the community response to the events of August 11 and 12, 2017. The contents of these materials detail the movements of people in Charlottesville leading up to the confrontations that took place on July 8, and on August 12 at Market Street Park (formerly known as Lee Park and later Emancipation Park) when violence errupted. They also exhibit the many examples of the responses from the community of Charlottesville in the form of temporary memorials, like flowers, signs, messages written on walls.","\nThe narratives describe the personal accounts and experiences of individuals from events that occurred on August 11 and 12, 2017, and also reflections on white supremacy and violence in Charlottesville. They also document some of the emotional responses to events of August 11 and 12, 2017. This subseries also includes a small number of emails sent to University of Virginia President Teresa Sullivan.","\nThe Archived webpages subseries is divided into two separate files, each of which is a collection of archived websites. Each consists of archived websites and webpages relating to the events in Charlottesville, VA on August 11 and 12, 2017 made accessible via the provided hyperlinks.","\nThe first directs researchers to the University of Virginia Collection on Events in Charlottesville, VA, August 11-13, 2017 web archive on the Archive-It website. The second directs researchers to the web archive collection titled, \"MSS16386_WARNING_OFFENSIVECONTENT\" accessible on the ReplayWeb website. The collections include archived websites and webpages in various formats (blogs, forums, news websites, and social media) relating to the events of August 11 and 12, 2017 in Charlottesville, VA and their aftermath. Hyperlinks to articles, blogs, listservs, community sites, and other web content from the wake of August 11 and 12, 2017 were gathered and archived from 2017 through 2020.","\nThe Arhived tweets and Twitter datasets subseries includes archived social media that reveals some of the conversation around Charlottesville as a political focal point on Twitter. Tweets that were captured, and Tweet IDs and Twitter datasets that were harvested using Twarc, Twitter APIs, Archive-It, and webrecorder during and after August 11 and 12, 2017, and on the one-year anniversary of the \"Unite the Right\" rally are distributed across the political spectrum. A wide range of hashtags for Charlottesville, hoosagainsthate, and hoostogether were captured for the collection, as well as timelines and accounts from the university and from the city of Charlottesville. At this time this subseries is not open for research, but will be made available when it is processed.","\nThe Audio-cassette subseries consists of digital audio files from the download card that was included with the set of two audio-cassettes. The content of the audio-cassettes, and of the digital files are recorded songs created in response to the events of August 11 and 12, 2017, and were donated with a printed track listing.","The materials in this subseries contain offensive and harmful language and/or imagery including racist and violent references and imagery. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials. ","The materials in this subseries contain offensive and harmful language and/or imagery including racist and violent references and imagery. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials.","\nThis subseries includes two separate collections of archived webpages. One collection was captured using Archive-It web crawling tools and is accessible via Archive-It.org. The second collection was captured using Webrecorder and is accessible via ReplayWeb.page. Web content are based on user preferences and interests, and are thus adaptive, dynamic, and quickly changing. This can lead researchers to a number of challenges in viewing archived websites, including necessitating the use of multiple tools and a variety of search strategies. ","Archive-It can be difficult to navigate. Captured websites are not arranged or displayed in any particular order, and sub-pages from the same \tbroader site may not be presented together. Not all pages within a site may have been captured. After clicking on the desired link from the list of websites, the webpages as they were archived can viewed by clicking on the hyperlinked date-of-capture above the calendar. Clicking the url hyperlink will navigate out of the Archive-It website to the live webpage if it still exists. The easiest way to find sites of interest is likely to use the search bar to search for topics/keywords.","Materials accessible on Replayweb.page must be viewed using the Google Chrome web browser. ReplayWeb.page can be difficult to navigate. Captured websites are not arranged or displayed in any particular order, and sub-pages from the same broader site may not be presented together. Not all pages within a site may have been captured. If a page was not captured you will be given the option to load the live version of the page, meaning the version of the page that is currently available online. It is important to note that loading the live page will cause you to leave the collection within Replay Web.page. The easiest way to find sites of interest is likely to use the search bar to search for topics/keywords. In order for the search functionality to work correctly, scroll to the very bottom of the list of urls before searching.","The materials in this web archive collection on Archive-It.org contain offensive and harmful language and/or imagery including racist and violent references and imagery. Because the websites are not arranged in any particular order, it may be difficult to avoid sites containing racist, and/or violent language and imagery when navigating the collection. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials. ","\nWebsites in this sub-series were captured using Archive-It web crawling tools and are being made available through Archive-It.org. These include archived websites and webpages in various formats, such as blogs, news websites, and social media related to the \"Unite the Right\" rally and its aftermath. Hyperlinks to articles, blogs, listservs, community sites, and other web content created in the wake of August 11 and 12, 2017 were gathered and archived from 2017 through 2020.","\nArchive-It can be difficult to navigate. Captured websites are not arranged or displayed in any particular order, and sub-pages from the same \tbroader site may not be presented together. Not all pages within a site may have been captured. After clicking on the desired link from the list of websites, the webpages as they were archived can viewed by clicking on the hyperlinked date-of-capture above the calendar. Clicking the url hyperlink will navigate out of the Archive-It website to the live webpage if it still exists. The easiest way to find sites of interest is likely to use the search bar to search for topics/keywords.","\tThe materials in this collection of webpages on ReplayWab.page contains offensive and harmful language and/or imagery including racist and violent references and imagery. Because the websites are not arranged in any particular order, it may be difficult to avoid sites containing racist, and/or violent language and imagery when navigating the collection. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials.","\nWebsites and webpages in this sub-series were captured using a tool called Webrecorder and are being made available through ReplayWeb.page. Archived content is presented in various formats relating to the events and aftermath of the \"Unite the Right\" rally held in Charlottesville, Virginia on August 11 and 12, 2017.  These include blogs, news websites, articles by the Southern Poverty Law Center, pages from the GoFundMe crowdfunding platform, pages from the Reddit and Daily Stormer discussion websites, and pages from the anonymous imageboard site 4chan. Hyperlinks to the web content created in the wake of August 11 and 12, 2017 were gathered and captured from 2017 through 2020. The November 2019 additions were due to Unicorn Riot's access to the Vimeo streaming server archive no longer being financially supported. UVA administration asked that these materials be archived.   ","\nThese materials must be viewed using the Google Chrome web browser. ReplayWeb.page can be difficult to navigate. Captured websites are not arranged or displayed in any particular order, and sub-pages from the same broader site may not be presented together. Not all pages within a site may have been captured. If a page was not captured you will be given the option to load the live version of the page, meaning the version of the page that is currently available online. It is important to note that loading the live page will cause you to leave the collection within Replay Web.page. The easiest way to find sites of interest is likely to use the search bar to search for topics/keywords. In order for the search functionality to work correctly, scroll to the very bottom of the list of urls before searching.","The contents include recorded songs dedicated to the events of August 11 and 12, 2017. The cassette included a digital download code. The digital files can be accessed using the link in the finding aid (digital object)."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBecause of the assembled nature of this collection, copyright status varies across the collection. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Because of the assembled nature of this collection, copyright status varies across the collection. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator."],"names_coll_ssim":["Unite the Right Rally (Location of meeting: Charlottesville (Va.)). Date of meeting or treaty signing: (2017 :.)"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Unite the Right Rally (Location of meeting: Charlottesville (Va.)). Date of meeting or treaty signing: (2017 :.)","Charlottesville City Hall","University of Virginia","University of Virginia Library"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Unite the Right Rally (Location of meeting: Charlottesville (Va.)). Date of meeting or treaty signing: (2017 :.)","Charlottesville City Hall","University of Virginia","University of Virginia Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":27,"online_item_count_is":4,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-20T23:33:37.307Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_754_c02"}},{"id":"viu_viu01838_c01","type":"Series","attributes":{"title":"c01: Manuscripts","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu01838_c01#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_viu01838_c01","ref_ssm":["viu_viu01838_c01"],"id":"viu_viu01838_c01","ead_ssi":"viu_viu01838","_root_":"viu_viu01838","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu01838","parent_ssi":"viu_viu01838","parent_ssim":["viu_viu01838"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_viu01838"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["James and John Booker Collection \n         1861-1864"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["James and John Booker Collection \n         1861-1864"],"text":["James and John Booker Collection \n         1861-1864","c01: Manuscripts"],"title_filing_ssi":"Manuscripts","title_ssm":["c01: Manuscripts"],"title_tesim":["c01: Manuscripts"],"normalized_title_ssm":["c01: Manuscripts"],"component_level_isim":[1],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["James and John Booker Collection \n         1861-1864"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"child_component_count_isi":22,"level_ssm":["Series"],"level_ssim":["Series"],"sort_isi":1,"_nest_path_":"/components#0","timestamp":"2026-05-21T13:07:18.853Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_viu01838","ead_ssi":"viu_viu01838","_root_":"viu_viu01838","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu01838","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/uva-sc/viu01838.xml","title_ssm":["James and John Booker Collection \n         1861-1864"],"title_tesim":["James and John Booker Collection \n         1861-1864"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["11237"],"text":["11237","James and John Booker Collection \n         1861-1864","26 items","There are no restrictions.","Print Sources Encyclopedia of the\n                  Confederacy . Richard N. Current, Ed. NY: Simon \u0026\n                  Schuster, 1993. Gregory, G. Howard. \n                   38th Virginia Infantry .\n                  Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1988. (part of \n                   The Virginia Regimental Histories\n                  Series ) Hewett, Janet B., ed. \n                   Roster of Confederate Soldiers\n                  1861-1865 . Vol 8. Wilmington NC: Broadfoot\n                  Publishing Company, 1996. Sublett, Charles W. \n                   57th Virginia Infantry .\n                  Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1985. (part of The\n                  Virginia Regimental Histories Series)","Encyclopedia of the\n                  Confederacy . Richard N. Current, Ed. NY: Simon \u0026\n                  Schuster, 1993.","Gregory, G. Howard. \n                   38th Virginia Infantry .\n                  Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1988. (part of \n                   The Virginia Regimental Histories\n                  Series )","Hewett, Janet B., ed. \n                   Roster of Confederate Soldiers\n                  1861-1865 . Vol 8. Wilmington NC: Broadfoot\n                  Publishing Company, 1996.","Sublett, Charles W. \n                   57th Virginia Infantry .\n                  Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1985. (part of The\n                  Virginia Regimental Histories Series)","Electronic Sources Austin, Gayle. \"Pittsylvania Co. VA Homepage.\" 1997. \n                   \n                  http://www.rootsweb.com/~vapittsy/ (9 September,\n               1997). \"Southside on the Net, Directory of Churches and\n                  Religious Organizations.\" 1997. \n                   \n                  http://www.petersburg.com/c/c1.htm (9 September\n                  1997). Webb, Kerry. \"U.S. Civil War Generals.\" 1997. \n                   \n                  http://funnelweb.utcc.utk.edu/~hoemann/generals.html (28\n                  August 1997).","Austin, Gayle. \"Pittsylvania Co. VA Homepage.\" 1997. \n                   \n                  http://www.rootsweb.com/~vapittsy/ (9 September,\n               1997).","\"Southside on the Net, Directory of Churches and\n                  Religious Organizations.\" 1997. \n                   \n                  http://www.petersburg.com/c/c1.htm (9 September\n                  1997).","Webb, Kerry. \"U.S. Civil War Generals.\" 1997. \n                   \n                  http://funnelweb.utcc.utk.edu/~hoemann/generals.html (28\n                  August 1997).","Other Civil War Sites on the World\n               Wide Web Index of Civil War Information on the Web \n                   \n                  http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/civlink.htm Civil War Miscellany \n                   \n                  http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/6806/ Pickett's Division \n                      \n                     http://home.ptd.net/~jeff1863/pickett.html War Links \n                      \n                     http://members.aol.com/histcw/civil.html/","Index of Civil War Information on the Web \n                   \n                  http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/civlink.htm","Civil War Miscellany \n                   \n                  http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/6806/","Pickett's Division \n                      \n                     http://home.ptd.net/~jeff1863/pickett.html","War Links \n                      \n                     http://members.aol.com/histcw/civil.html/","James Booker and John Booker The twins, John and James, were born to \n             John Booker (1797-1859) and \n             Nancy Blair Reynolds Booker\n            (1796-1859) on October 10, 1840. Nancy and John\n            had been married since November 15, 1824 and had four other\n            children besides the twins: Mary Ann Booker Sparks\n            (1825-1872), Armistead M. Booker (1827-1838), Caroline\n            Booker (1833-1859) and William Booker (1836-1859). Nancy also had another child --Margaret Benson Reynolds\n            (1815-1867) --from a previous marriage to William Reynolds\n            (March 29, 1814) (Austin). In the first three months of 1859, typhoid fever struck\n            the Booker family, killing Nancy, John Sr., Caroline and\n            William. James and John were 19 years old. For the next two\n            years, the twins stayed with relatives, including Aunt\n            Kitty and Uncle John Blair, who later moved to Texas in\n            1860 (James Booker, September 6, 1861). At the age of 21, James and John enlisted in the\n            Confederate Army, the 38th Regiment of Virginia, on May 24,\n            1861 in \n             Whitmell, Virginia , in \n             Company D, 38th Virginia Regiment, Infantry (also\n            known as \"the Whitmell Guards\"). For more\n            information about the regiment see \n             38th Virginia Infantry by G. Howard Gregory\n            (E 581.5 38th .G73 1988) . The Booker brothers\n            remained in service throughout the war, and were both\n            promoted to Sergeant sometime before April, 1864 (Gregory,\n            82). In March of 1862, James was hospitalized in Richmond\n            with chronic diarrhea, but returned to his company soon\n            after. Both brothers were severely wounded at the \n             Battle of Drewry's Bluff near Petersburg,\n            Virginia , on May 16, 1864 and transferred to \n             Chimborazo Hospital . John received a\n            chest wound and James was wounded in the right thigh. Only\n            James, however, would survive. John died of his wound on\n            August 26, 1864. After the war, James returned to Pittsylvania County and\n            on October 31, 1867, he married \n             Martha Ann Fulton (?-1923) (nicknamed\n            \"Pat\") of \n             Pittsylvania County , on October 31,\n            1867. She was one of the \"sweethearts\" mentioned in his\n            letters. James and Pat Booker had seven children. They died\n            within two months of each other in 1923. A typed page\n            listing their children and mentioning her relatives can be\n            found with the copies of the typescripts of the brothers'\n            letters.","The twins, John and James, were born to \n             John Booker (1797-1859) and \n             Nancy Blair Reynolds Booker\n            (1796-1859) on October 10, 1840. Nancy and John\n            had been married since November 15, 1824 and had four other\n            children besides the twins: Mary Ann Booker Sparks\n            (1825-1872), Armistead M. Booker (1827-1838), Caroline\n            Booker (1833-1859) and William Booker (1836-1859).","Nancy also had another child --Margaret Benson Reynolds\n            (1815-1867) --from a previous marriage to William Reynolds\n            (March 29, 1814) (Austin).","In the first three months of 1859, typhoid fever struck\n            the Booker family, killing Nancy, John Sr., Caroline and\n            William. James and John were 19 years old. For the next two\n            years, the twins stayed with relatives, including Aunt\n            Kitty and Uncle John Blair, who later moved to Texas in\n            1860 (James Booker, September 6, 1861).","At the age of 21, James and John enlisted in the\n            Confederate Army, the 38th Regiment of Virginia, on May 24,\n            1861 in \n             Whitmell, Virginia , in \n             Company D, 38th Virginia Regiment, Infantry (also\n            known as \"the Whitmell Guards\"). For more\n            information about the regiment see \n             38th Virginia Infantry by G. Howard Gregory\n            (E 581.5 38th .G73 1988) . The Booker brothers\n            remained in service throughout the war, and were both\n            promoted to Sergeant sometime before April, 1864 (Gregory,\n            82).","In March of 1862, James was hospitalized in Richmond\n            with chronic diarrhea, but returned to his company soon\n            after. Both brothers were severely wounded at the \n             Battle of Drewry's Bluff near Petersburg,\n            Virginia , on May 16, 1864 and transferred to \n             Chimborazo Hospital . John received a\n            chest wound and James was wounded in the right thigh. Only\n            James, however, would survive. John died of his wound on\n            August 26, 1864.","After the war, James returned to Pittsylvania County and\n            on October 31, 1867, he married \n             Martha Ann Fulton (?-1923) (nicknamed\n            \"Pat\") of \n             Pittsylvania County , on October 31,\n            1867. She was one of the \"sweethearts\" mentioned in his\n            letters. James and Pat Booker had seven children. They died\n            within two months of each other in 1923. A typed page\n            listing their children and mentioning her relatives can be\n            found with the copies of the typescripts of the brothers'\n            letters.","Chloe Unity Blair Chloe Unity Blair (1833-1875) was born to Chloe Coleman\n            Blair (1801-1854) and Drury Blair (1801-1864). Her father\n            was Nancy Booker's younger brother, making James and John\n            her first cousins. Chloe Unity had several brothers and\n            sisters, some of whom James and John mention in their\n            letters: Polly Ann, William, and Drury Addison \"Addie\"\n            Blair, who briefly served in the 38th Regiment with the\n            Bookers. Unfortunately, all of Chloe Unity's letters to her\n            Booker cousins were either destroyed or are as yet\n            undiscovered. From their responses, however, we can see\n            that both John and James greatly appreciated her letters.\n            They depended upon her for news of the family and they\n            often asked her to \"remember\" them to different family\n            members. The Bookers also periodically asked their cousin\n            to have their sister Mary forward certain items such as\n            clothing or James' \"soldier likeness\" (October 4, 1863).\n            Chloe Unity would send them gifts and provisions as well,\n            prompting James to write, \"I am under many obligations to\n            you all for send ing us such a fine box it was a great\n            treat to us,\" (October 4, 1863). James and John are always\n            polite and solicitous in tone to their cousin, and yet the\n            letters also convey warmth and friendship: having lost\n            their parents and two siblings just before the war, John\n            and James may have been especially close to \"cousin Unity,\"\n            who along with their sister Mary may have served as a kind\n            of surrogate mother. Indeed, when John married Martha Ann Fulton in October\n            of 1867, he became Chloe's step-son-in-law, since Chloe had\n            married Martha's father William Fulton (1821-18?) just a\n            few months before. It is easy to imagine that the two\n            cousins were pleased by this relationship, as their\n            respective marriages unified and tightened the Booker and\n            Blair families which had suffered so many losses during the\n            war years.","Chloe Unity Blair (1833-1875) was born to Chloe Coleman\n            Blair (1801-1854) and Drury Blair (1801-1864). Her father\n            was Nancy Booker's younger brother, making James and John\n            her first cousins. Chloe Unity had several brothers and\n            sisters, some of whom James and John mention in their\n            letters: Polly Ann, William, and Drury Addison \"Addie\"\n            Blair, who briefly served in the 38th Regiment with the\n            Bookers.","Unfortunately, all of Chloe Unity's letters to her\n            Booker cousins were either destroyed or are as yet\n            undiscovered. From their responses, however, we can see\n            that both John and James greatly appreciated her letters.\n            They depended upon her for news of the family and they\n            often asked her to \"remember\" them to different family\n            members. The Bookers also periodically asked their cousin\n            to have their sister Mary forward certain items such as\n            clothing or James' \"soldier likeness\" (October 4, 1863).\n            Chloe Unity would send them gifts and provisions as well,\n            prompting James to write, \"I am under many obligations to\n            you all for send ing us such a fine box it was a great\n            treat to us,\" (October 4, 1863). James and John are always\n            polite and solicitous in tone to their cousin, and yet the\n            letters also convey warmth and friendship: having lost\n            their parents and two siblings just before the war, John\n            and James may have been especially close to \"cousin Unity,\"\n            who along with their sister Mary may have served as a kind\n            of surrogate mother.","Indeed, when John married Martha Ann Fulton in October\n            of 1867, he became Chloe's step-son-in-law, since Chloe had\n            married Martha's father William Fulton (1821-18?) just a\n            few months before. It is easy to imagine that the two\n            cousins were pleased by this relationship, as their\n            respective marriages unified and tightened the Booker and\n            Blair families which had suffered so many losses during the\n            war years.","The 38th Virginia Infantry: A Brief History of the\n            Regiment On May 3, 1861, Governor John Letcher called for the men\n            of Virginia to leave their families and occupations and\n            join the Confederate Army. Soon after, the 38th Virginia\n            Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed, lead by Colonel\n            Edward Edmonds, Lieutenant Colonel Powhatan Whittle and\n            Major Isaac Carrington. During the course of the war, the\n            38th was assigned to several different brigades, including\n            Smith's, Early's and Armistead's Brigade. There was also\n            considerable turnover of officers, as some were wounded,\n            killed, or not re-elected. The 38th consisted of ten companies, most of which were\n            organized in Pittsylvania County, VA. Company D, which the\n            Bookers joined, was organized at Whitmell. Its initial\n            leader was Captain Ralph Herndon. Engagements and Assignments of the 38th\n                  Virginia Infantry May 5, 1862: The Battle of Williamsburg:\n                  Whittle is wounded. May 31, 1862: The Battle of Seven Pines: The\n                  38th suffers a casualty rate of 42%. July 1, 1862: The Battle of Malvern Hill: The\n                  38th suffers severely with 11 killed, 72 wounded and\n                  11 missing. September 15, 1862: The 38th takes part in\n                  capturing Harper's Ferry. September 16, 1862: The 38th joins the Battle\n                  of Sharpsburg. July 3, 1863: The 38th is part of Pickett's\n                  Charge at the Battle of Gettysburg; Colonel Edmonds\n                  is killed; of the 481 members of the 38th who\n                  participated in the battle, \"40 were killed on the\n                  battlefield (8%); 51 were wounded (10%); and 103 were\n                  captured (21%)\" (Gregory 43). May 10, 1864: The Battle of Chester Station;\n                  Colonel Cabell is killed; Lieutenant Colonel Griggs\n                  is promoted to Colonel of the 38th. May 16, 1864: The Battle of Drewry's Bluff;\n                  from the 38th, 23 killed and 77 wounded. September 3, 1864: Brigadier General George\n                  Steuart assumes command of Armistead's Brigade.\n                  Desertions are frequent. November 17, 1864: The 38th captures the Union\n                  line near Petersburg. April 1, 1865: The Battle of Five Forks. April 6, 1865: The Battle of Sayler's\n                  Creek--the 38th's final battle. April 9, 1865: Lee surrenders at Appomattox\n                  Court House; the 38th is nearby at \"Pleasant\n                  Retreat,\" two miles east of the court house. April 13, 1865: The 38th breaks camp and heads\n                  home.","On May 3, 1861, Governor John Letcher called for the men\n            of Virginia to leave their families and occupations and\n            join the Confederate Army. Soon after, the 38th Virginia\n            Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed, lead by Colonel\n            Edward Edmonds, Lieutenant Colonel Powhatan Whittle and\n            Major Isaac Carrington. During the course of the war, the\n            38th was assigned to several different brigades, including\n            Smith's, Early's and Armistead's Brigade. There was also\n            considerable turnover of officers, as some were wounded,\n            killed, or not re-elected.","The 38th consisted of ten companies, most of which were\n            organized in Pittsylvania County, VA. Company D, which the\n            Bookers joined, was organized at Whitmell. Its initial\n            leader was Captain Ralph Herndon.","Engagements and Assignments of the 38th\n                  Virginia Infantry May 5, 1862: The Battle of Williamsburg:\n                  Whittle is wounded. May 31, 1862: The Battle of Seven Pines: The\n                  38th suffers a casualty rate of 42%. July 1, 1862: The Battle of Malvern Hill: The\n                  38th suffers severely with 11 killed, 72 wounded and\n                  11 missing. September 15, 1862: The 38th takes part in\n                  capturing Harper's Ferry. September 16, 1862: The 38th joins the Battle\n                  of Sharpsburg. July 3, 1863: The 38th is part of Pickett's\n                  Charge at the Battle of Gettysburg; Colonel Edmonds\n                  is killed; of the 481 members of the 38th who\n                  participated in the battle, \"40 were killed on the\n                  battlefield (8%); 51 were wounded (10%); and 103 were\n                  captured (21%)\" (Gregory 43). May 10, 1864: The Battle of Chester Station;\n                  Colonel Cabell is killed; Lieutenant Colonel Griggs\n                  is promoted to Colonel of the 38th. May 16, 1864: The Battle of Drewry's Bluff;\n                  from the 38th, 23 killed and 77 wounded. September 3, 1864: Brigadier General George\n                  Steuart assumes command of Armistead's Brigade.\n                  Desertions are frequent. November 17, 1864: The 38th captures the Union\n                  line near Petersburg. April 1, 1865: The Battle of Five Forks. April 6, 1865: The Battle of Sayler's\n                  Creek--the 38th's final battle. April 9, 1865: Lee surrenders at Appomattox\n                  Court House; the 38th is nearby at \"Pleasant\n                  Retreat,\" two miles east of the court house. April 13, 1865: The 38th breaks camp and heads\n                  home.","Funded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n            for the Humanities","Scope and Content This collection consists of ca. twenty-six items,\n            1861-1864, chiefly the letters of \n             John Booker (1840-1864) and \n             James Booker (1840-1923) of \n             Pittsylvania County, Virginia, to their\n            cousin, \n             Chloe Unity Blair (1839-1875) ;\n            electrostatic copies of Bible records for the Booker and\n            Blair families; and electrostatic copies of typed\n            transcripts of the letters. The original bound volume of\n            the transcripts was returned to the donor.","This collection consists of ca. twenty-six items,\n            1861-1864, chiefly the letters of \n             John Booker (1840-1864) and \n             James Booker (1840-1923) of \n             Pittsylvania County, Virginia, to their\n            cousin, \n             Chloe Unity Blair (1839-1875) ;\n            electrostatic copies of Bible records for the Booker and\n            Blair families; and electrostatic copies of typed\n            transcripts of the letters. The original bound volume of\n            the transcripts was returned to the donor.","Overview of Themes Discussed in the Letters The letters of James and John Booker give a sense of\n            what life was like for an ordinary soldier serving in the\n            Confederate army. Of course, the Bookers depict the drama\n            of battle --describing gunfire and cannonades, listing the\n            dead and wounded, and giving thanks for their own escapes\n            from death or imprisonment--but the letters are more\n            concerned with the rhythms of everyday life at camp. The\n            Bookers worry over their health and their comrades'; enjoy\n            the plenty or (more often) lament the lack of food and\n            supplies; report on the interactions between civilians and\n            soldiers; and describe religious revivals held at the camp.\n            As the war goes on, the Bookers begin to articulate with\n            more intensity not only what happens to them, but how they\n            feel about it. Whereas John fumes against the elites\n            (officers, politicians, and the wealthy) for evading their\n            responsibilities and mistreating the common soldier, James\n            grows more fatalistic and religious, trusting that his\n            suffering is God's will.","The letters of James and John Booker give a sense of\n            what life was like for an ordinary soldier serving in the\n            Confederate army. Of course, the Bookers depict the drama\n            of battle --describing gunfire and cannonades, listing the\n            dead and wounded, and giving thanks for their own escapes\n            from death or imprisonment--but the letters are more\n            concerned with the rhythms of everyday life at camp. The\n            Bookers worry over their health and their comrades'; enjoy\n            the plenty or (more often) lament the lack of food and\n            supplies; report on the interactions between civilians and\n            soldiers; and describe religious revivals held at the camp.\n            As the war goes on, the Bookers begin to articulate with\n            more intensity not only what happens to them, but how they\n            feel about it. Whereas John fumes against the elites\n            (officers, politicians, and the wealthy) for evading their\n            responsibilities and mistreating the common soldier, James\n            grows more fatalistic and religious, trusting that his\n            suffering is God's will.","Preparing for Battle The members of the 38th Virginia spent much of their\n            time drilling, marching, serving picket duty, and\n            speculating about when and where the next battle would be.\n            Indeed, the Bookers seem to devote more energy to\n            anticipating battles than to describing them (perhaps\n            because they did not want to upset their cousin). They\n            acquired much of the information that fueled their\n            speculations from gossipping with citizens and other\n            soldiers. In a letter from 1861, for instance, James Booker\n            predicts that a \"hard battle\" will break out soon, basing\n            his prediction on a conversation he had with a soldier\n            whose company is located closer to the front (October 8).\n            Sometimes more immediate experiences led the Bookers to\n            forecast a battle, especially when they could see Union\n            troops or hear cannonades and gunfire nearby. Writing from\n            a rain-soaked outpost near Yorktown, Virginia in 1862, for\n            instance, James reports that the Union forces have been\n            \"shooting at our men constantly tho it is very cildom thay\n            hit eny of them\" (April 19). He predicts that soon a battle\n            will occur that will decide the war, since he has heard\n            that Yankee prisoners \"say that thay have got to whip or\n            die here\" (April 19, 1862). But in this prediction, as in\n            others, James was disappointed. As the war dragged on, the\n            Bookers stopped assuming that it would reach a speedy\n            conclusion; indeed, by 1864 John came to the conclusion\n            that the \"leaden men\" were not really interested in\n            achieving peace (March 1, 1864). Although the Bookers participated in several battles and\n            skirmishes, the most devastating battle for their regiment\n            was Gettysburg (see the section on Regimental History for a\n            complete list of the engagements that the 38th took part\n            in). While participating in Pickett's Charge, the 38th\n            Virginia lost Colonel Edmonds, whom James Booker describes\n            as \"one of the best men in service,\" and many other\n            officers and soldiers (July 11, 1863). The Booker brothers\n            themselves had to scramble to avoid being captured by Union\n            troops; several of their companions, however, \"let the\n            Yankees take them\" (John Booker, July 11, 1863). Not only were the Bookers shocked by their experiences\n            in battle, but by chilling events that upset camp routines.\n            In the first weeks of the war, James Booker reports, a\n            young man accidentally shot another soldier from his\n            hometown and now is \"about to grieve himself to death about\n            it\" (July 14, 1861). But James passes on an even more\n            shocking story in a later letter: two soldiers were caught\n            conspiring to kill their commanding officer and were\n            executed. In an attempt to \"save their souls,\" the\n            condemned soldiers \"gave the Roman Catholic Priest 25\n            dollars apiece\" (December 15, 1861).","The members of the 38th Virginia spent much of their\n            time drilling, marching, serving picket duty, and\n            speculating about when and where the next battle would be.\n            Indeed, the Bookers seem to devote more energy to\n            anticipating battles than to describing them (perhaps\n            because they did not want to upset their cousin). They\n            acquired much of the information that fueled their\n            speculations from gossipping with citizens and other\n            soldiers. In a letter from 1861, for instance, James Booker\n            predicts that a \"hard battle\" will break out soon, basing\n            his prediction on a conversation he had with a soldier\n            whose company is located closer to the front (October 8).\n            Sometimes more immediate experiences led the Bookers to\n            forecast a battle, especially when they could see Union\n            troops or hear cannonades and gunfire nearby. Writing from\n            a rain-soaked outpost near Yorktown, Virginia in 1862, for\n            instance, James reports that the Union forces have been\n            \"shooting at our men constantly tho it is very cildom thay\n            hit eny of them\" (April 19). He predicts that soon a battle\n            will occur that will decide the war, since he has heard\n            that Yankee prisoners \"say that thay have got to whip or\n            die here\" (April 19, 1862). But in this prediction, as in\n            others, James was disappointed. As the war dragged on, the\n            Bookers stopped assuming that it would reach a speedy\n            conclusion; indeed, by 1864 John came to the conclusion\n            that the \"leaden men\" were not really interested in\n            achieving peace (March 1, 1864).","Although the Bookers participated in several battles and\n            skirmishes, the most devastating battle for their regiment\n            was Gettysburg (see the section on Regimental History for a\n            complete list of the engagements that the 38th took part\n            in). While participating in Pickett's Charge, the 38th\n            Virginia lost Colonel Edmonds, whom James Booker describes\n            as \"one of the best men in service,\" and many other\n            officers and soldiers (July 11, 1863). The Booker brothers\n            themselves had to scramble to avoid being captured by Union\n            troops; several of their companions, however, \"let the\n            Yankees take them\" (John Booker, July 11, 1863).","Not only were the Bookers shocked by their experiences\n            in battle, but by chilling events that upset camp routines.\n            In the first weeks of the war, James Booker reports, a\n            young man accidentally shot another soldier from his\n            hometown and now is \"about to grieve himself to death about\n            it\" (July 14, 1861). But James passes on an even more\n            shocking story in a later letter: two soldiers were caught\n            conspiring to kill their commanding officer and were\n            executed. In an attempt to \"save their souls,\" the\n            condemned soldiers \"gave the Roman Catholic Priest 25\n            dollars apiece\" (December 15, 1861).","Health More explainable than violence in the camps, but\n            ultimately more destructive, was disease. Illness and\n            disease killed two-thirds of the Southern soldiers who died\n            during the Civil War, so not surprisingly the Bookers often\n            detail the health problems that they and their fellow\n            soldiers were suffering (Robertson 88-89). These ailments\n            include jaundice, typhoid, stomach disorders, fever, and\n            mumps. The Bookers imply that much of the illness is due to\n            the conditions the soldiers must face; sometimes the\n            soldiers lacked adequate shelter, at times they would have\n            to wade rivers and then march miles wearing wet clothing,\n            and often they lacked adequate provisions (John Booker,\n            April 29, 1862). Although sick soldiers were typically sent\n            to the hospital, the men also took care of each other. In\n            the fall of 1861, James and John Booker, apparently just\n            recovering from sickness themselves, were responsible for\n            nursing three members of their company (James Booker,\n            September 6). Several months later, James Booker fell sick\n            with chronic diarrhea and was sent to Greaner's Hospital in\n            Richmond to recuperate. While in the hospital, Booker was\n            stuck in a Catch-22: he wanted to get a furlough so that he\n            could recover his health at home, but he did not know where\n            his company was, so he could not get the permission of his\n            commanding officer to return to Pittsylvania. Eventually\n            James re-joined his company, but he did not receive the\n            furlough that he wished for.","More explainable than violence in the camps, but\n            ultimately more destructive, was disease. Illness and\n            disease killed two-thirds of the Southern soldiers who died\n            during the Civil War, so not surprisingly the Bookers often\n            detail the health problems that they and their fellow\n            soldiers were suffering (Robertson 88-89). These ailments\n            include jaundice, typhoid, stomach disorders, fever, and\n            mumps. The Bookers imply that much of the illness is due to\n            the conditions the soldiers must face; sometimes the\n            soldiers lacked adequate shelter, at times they would have\n            to wade rivers and then march miles wearing wet clothing,\n            and often they lacked adequate provisions (John Booker,\n            April 29, 1862). Although sick soldiers were typically sent\n            to the hospital, the men also took care of each other. In\n            the fall of 1861, James and John Booker, apparently just\n            recovering from sickness themselves, were responsible for\n            nursing three members of their company (James Booker,\n            September 6). Several months later, James Booker fell sick\n            with chronic diarrhea and was sent to Greaner's Hospital in\n            Richmond to recuperate. While in the hospital, Booker was\n            stuck in a Catch-22: he wanted to get a furlough so that he\n            could recover his health at home, but he did not know where\n            his company was, so he could not get the permission of his\n            commanding officer to return to Pittsylvania. Eventually\n            James re-joined his company, but he did not receive the\n            furlough that he wished for.","Food and Supplies Although in his first letter James Booker claims that\n            the soldiers get \"plenty of good pervision,\" the Bookers\n            later complained that they often didn't get enough to eat\n            (July 14, 1861). As James writes in 1862, \"the rations has\n            bin very scanty a large portion of the time sence we have\n            bin marching\" (September 30). But sometimes the 38th\n            Virginia did enjoy plentiful supplies, particularly when\n            they camped in locations where food was abundant. When the\n            38th Virginia arrived near Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, for\n            instance, James Booker reported that \"we can get plenty of\n            milk \u0026 butter and apple butter that is verry good\"\n            (June 30, 1863). Often civilians would supply soldiers with\n            food, whether because they feared or supported the\n            troops.","Although in his first letter James Booker claims that\n            the soldiers get \"plenty of good pervision,\" the Bookers\n            later complained that they often didn't get enough to eat\n            (July 14, 1861). As James writes in 1862, \"the rations has\n            bin very scanty a large portion of the time sence we have\n            bin marching\" (September 30). But sometimes the 38th\n            Virginia did enjoy plentiful supplies, particularly when\n            they camped in locations where food was abundant. When the\n            38th Virginia arrived near Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, for\n            instance, James Booker reported that \"we can get plenty of\n            milk \u0026 butter and apple butter that is verry good\"\n            (June 30, 1863). Often civilians would supply soldiers with\n            food, whether because they feared or supported the\n            troops.","Interactions with Civilians Throughout the letters, the Bookers demonstrate their\n            consciousness of the effect the war is having on the\n            civilians. At the beginning of the war, James Booker\n            describes the friendly exchanges between Southern soldiers\n            and civilians, reporting gleefully from a camp near\n            Winchester that the men have \"a fine chance of beautiful\n            young Ladies, and the kindest that I ever saw\" (July 14,\n            1861). Besides providing moral support, Southern civilians\n            would exchange information about the war with the\n            Confederate troops (James Booker, November 24, 1862). Both\n            Southern and Northern civilians would sell or give supplies\n            to Confederate troops. Writing from Winchester, Virginia in\n            1862, James Booker even claims that he prefers Yankees to\n            Quakers, since \"the Yankees will sell us eny thing cheap\n            for the specia\" while \"the quakers will sell any thing thay\n            have got when the spirit moves them, tho we cant catch them\n            rite half our time\" (James Booker, October 17, 1862).\n            Likewise, in Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania, the Yankee\n            citizens treated the Confederate soldiers \"verry kind,\"\n            providing them food without charging them for it, though\n            James suggests that \"it is don through fear\" (June 30,\n            1863). While in Fredericksburg, James enjoyed a mutually\n            supportive relationship with a local civilian, guarding his\n            home in exchange for lodging. Although civilians and soldiers often cooperated with\n            each other, the Bookers realized that the war was damaging\n            the lives of those not directly involved in the fighting.\n            In particular, James argues, citizens who live near the\n            \"line of the enemy\" \"have great deal to see trouble about\"\n            (June 14, 1863). Even those areas not yet scarred by the\n            war would soon be, James predicts. As he says of\n            Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania,\"this is a verry flourishing\n            looking Country the crops all look fine. it has never felt\n            the affect of the war, though I guess if we stay here long\n            it will feel the affect of it\" (June 30, 1863). James\n            especially blames Northern soldiers for looting the homes\n            of Southern citizens, claiming that \"the yankees is geting\n            too mean to live\" (June 14, 1863). But he admits that some\n            Confederate soldiers likewise have stolen from citizens,\n            disobeying General Lee's orders. Indeed, one woman stormed\n            into the Confederate camp near Kinston, North Carolina,\n            hoping to recover a skillet of soup that had been stolen\n            (June 30, 1863; January 1, 1864). Confederate soldiers also\n            stole over 18,000 dollars from the Quarter Master (January\n            1, 1864). Despite these incidents, James Booker was\n            offended when Confederate General Seth Maxwell Barton\n            called the members of his brigade \"rags and thieves,\" since\n            \"it is not healthy for him to gave honist people such a bad\n            name because some men does wrong\" (January 1, 1864).","Throughout the letters, the Bookers demonstrate their\n            consciousness of the effect the war is having on the\n            civilians. At the beginning of the war, James Booker\n            describes the friendly exchanges between Southern soldiers\n            and civilians, reporting gleefully from a camp near\n            Winchester that the men have \"a fine chance of beautiful\n            young Ladies, and the kindest that I ever saw\" (July 14,\n            1861). Besides providing moral support, Southern civilians\n            would exchange information about the war with the\n            Confederate troops (James Booker, November 24, 1862). Both\n            Southern and Northern civilians would sell or give supplies\n            to Confederate troops. Writing from Winchester, Virginia in\n            1862, James Booker even claims that he prefers Yankees to\n            Quakers, since \"the Yankees will sell us eny thing cheap\n            for the specia\" while \"the quakers will sell any thing thay\n            have got when the spirit moves them, tho we cant catch them\n            rite half our time\" (James Booker, October 17, 1862).\n            Likewise, in Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania, the Yankee\n            citizens treated the Confederate soldiers \"verry kind,\"\n            providing them food without charging them for it, though\n            James suggests that \"it is don through fear\" (June 30,\n            1863). While in Fredericksburg, James enjoyed a mutually\n            supportive relationship with a local civilian, guarding his\n            home in exchange for lodging.","Although civilians and soldiers often cooperated with\n            each other, the Bookers realized that the war was damaging\n            the lives of those not directly involved in the fighting.\n            In particular, James argues, citizens who live near the\n            \"line of the enemy\" \"have great deal to see trouble about\"\n            (June 14, 1863). Even those areas not yet scarred by the\n            war would soon be, James predicts. As he says of\n            Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania,\"this is a verry flourishing\n            looking Country the crops all look fine. it has never felt\n            the affect of the war, though I guess if we stay here long\n            it will feel the affect of it\" (June 30, 1863). James\n            especially blames Northern soldiers for looting the homes\n            of Southern citizens, claiming that \"the yankees is geting\n            too mean to live\" (June 14, 1863). But he admits that some\n            Confederate soldiers likewise have stolen from citizens,\n            disobeying General Lee's orders. Indeed, one woman stormed\n            into the Confederate camp near Kinston, North Carolina,\n            hoping to recover a skillet of soup that had been stolen\n            (June 30, 1863; January 1, 1864). Confederate soldiers also\n            stole over 18,000 dollars from the Quarter Master (January\n            1, 1864). Despite these incidents, James Booker was\n            offended when Confederate General Seth Maxwell Barton\n            called the members of his brigade \"rags and thieves,\" since\n            \"it is not healthy for him to gave honist people such a bad\n            name because some men does wrong\" (January 1, 1864).","Morale Early in the war, James and John Booker seemed to\n            believe that the South would defeat the North swiftly. They\n            contended that the South had a stronger army, and they\n            noted that Northerners \"dont unite like our people do,\"\n            since the Democrats and the Republicans were at odds (James\n            Booker, June 30, 1863). Soon their hope had begun to fade. Though James Booker\n            longed to return home, by 1863 he no longer believed that\n            the North and South would achieve a quick peace: \n             \"I am a fread it will be a long time first if ever, I\n               think the prosspect for peece is very gloomy now it dont\n               look like eather side is make in any prepperration for\n               Piece, thare are greater preperation for fighten than\n               ever\" (September 23, 1863). John Booker was even more pessimistic, and\n            certainly much more cynical, as he accused the Southern\n            leadership of needlessly prolonging the war: \n             \"I beleave that we mout have hud piece be fore this\n               time if our head leaden men would would have tride\"\n               (March 1, 1864). The Bookers, particularly John, felt that while Southern\n            elites were making decisions that extended the war, the\n            poor were actually fighting most of the battles and\n            suffering the consequences of those decisions. Because the\n            First Conscription Act allowed a drafted man to hire a\n            \"substitute\" to serve his term in the army, wealthy men\n            could evade service (Current, 396-99). This provision\n            enraged many of the Confederate soldiers, who contended\n            that it placed the burden of the war on those who could not\n            afford to pay for a substitute. Not only did substitution\n            fan class tensions, but it also failed to bring competent\n            soldiers into the army. James Booker mentions that that the\n            substitute for John Millner deserted, and many other\n            substitutes did likewise (August 3, 1862). Some men even\n            made a business of agreeing to substitute for one person,\n            deserting, and then collecting money to substitute for\n            someone else. Although James Booker did not get angry about\n            the practice of substitution, he understood that it\n            weakened the Confederate Army: \n             \"I dont blame no man to put in a substitute if he\n               can, tho I think if it is kept up much long er it will\n               ruin our army\" (August 3, 1862). His brother John, however, was less tentative in\n            condemning substitution: \n             \"I say put every one on equal foottin for this is a\n               rich mans war an a por mans fight, I be leave thare are\n               some of the men that have but in substitute are dooen a\n               great [d]eal of good but the most of them are doo en\n               more harm than good they are just speculaten on the poor\n               people, an soldiers\" (December 22, 1863). Further feeding John Booker's indignation was the\n            distribution of furloughs. According to the First\n            Conscription Act, a \"twelvemonth man\" was entitled to a\n            sixty-day furlough each year, but neither Booker received a\n            furlough during his time in the army (Current, 396-99).\n            John Booker noted that while officers freely took furloughs\n            themselves, the captain in charge of his company, John\n            Herndon, was \"too lazy\" to give his exhausted men a break\n            (Decemeber 22, 1863). As a result of the inequalities and inefficiencies of\n            miltary adminstration, John Booker believed that soldiers\n            should refuse to re-enlist. In his March 1, 1864 letter, he\n            derides the miltary pagaent staged by Virginia Governor\n            William \"Extra Billy\" Smith and Colonel Cabell in an\n            attempt to persuade the men to re-enlist. After commanding\n            the soldiers to line up, the Colonel ordered that the\n            Colors (the flags of the regiment) be borne to the front\n            and asked \"all who wer determen to be freemen to step out\n            on the line with the cullars and all who wer willen to be\n            slaves for thare enemyes to stand fast\" (March 1, 1864).\n            Angry that he hadn't yet received a furlough, and convinced\n            that re-enlisting would only encourage the Southern\n            leadership to continue the war, John Booker rejected the\n            Colonel's challenge that he re-enlist; two-thirds of the\n            soldiers stood back with him. As he explains, \"I dideant\n            inten to reinlist nor I wes not willen to be a Slave for my\n            enemyes and I dident go on line with the reinlisted, and I\n            dideant wish to bee in eather line\" (March 1, 1864).","Early in the war, James and John Booker seemed to\n            believe that the South would defeat the North swiftly. They\n            contended that the South had a stronger army, and they\n            noted that Northerners \"dont unite like our people do,\"\n            since the Democrats and the Republicans were at odds (James\n            Booker, June 30, 1863).","Soon their hope had begun to fade. Though James Booker\n            longed to return home, by 1863 he no longer believed that\n            the North and South would achieve a quick peace: \n             \"I am a fread it will be a long time first if ever, I\n               think the prosspect for peece is very gloomy now it dont\n               look like eather side is make in any prepperration for\n               Piece, thare are greater preperation for fighten than\n               ever\" (September 23, 1863). John Booker was even more pessimistic, and\n            certainly much more cynical, as he accused the Southern\n            leadership of needlessly prolonging the war: \n             \"I beleave that we mout have hud piece be fore this\n               time if our head leaden men would would have tride\"\n               (March 1, 1864).","The Bookers, particularly John, felt that while Southern\n            elites were making decisions that extended the war, the\n            poor were actually fighting most of the battles and\n            suffering the consequences of those decisions. Because the\n            First Conscription Act allowed a drafted man to hire a\n            \"substitute\" to serve his term in the army, wealthy men\n            could evade service (Current, 396-99). This provision\n            enraged many of the Confederate soldiers, who contended\n            that it placed the burden of the war on those who could not\n            afford to pay for a substitute. Not only did substitution\n            fan class tensions, but it also failed to bring competent\n            soldiers into the army. James Booker mentions that that the\n            substitute for John Millner deserted, and many other\n            substitutes did likewise (August 3, 1862). Some men even\n            made a business of agreeing to substitute for one person,\n            deserting, and then collecting money to substitute for\n            someone else. Although James Booker did not get angry about\n            the practice of substitution, he understood that it\n            weakened the Confederate Army: \n             \"I dont blame no man to put in a substitute if he\n               can, tho I think if it is kept up much long er it will\n               ruin our army\" (August 3, 1862).","His brother John, however, was less tentative in\n            condemning substitution: \n             \"I say put every one on equal foottin for this is a\n               rich mans war an a por mans fight, I be leave thare are\n               some of the men that have but in substitute are dooen a\n               great [d]eal of good but the most of them are doo en\n               more harm than good they are just speculaten on the poor\n               people, an soldiers\" (December 22, 1863).","Further feeding John Booker's indignation was the\n            distribution of furloughs. According to the First\n            Conscription Act, a \"twelvemonth man\" was entitled to a\n            sixty-day furlough each year, but neither Booker received a\n            furlough during his time in the army (Current, 396-99).\n            John Booker noted that while officers freely took furloughs\n            themselves, the captain in charge of his company, John\n            Herndon, was \"too lazy\" to give his exhausted men a break\n            (Decemeber 22, 1863).","As a result of the inequalities and inefficiencies of\n            miltary adminstration, John Booker believed that soldiers\n            should refuse to re-enlist. In his March 1, 1864 letter, he\n            derides the miltary pagaent staged by Virginia Governor\n            William \"Extra Billy\" Smith and Colonel Cabell in an\n            attempt to persuade the men to re-enlist. After commanding\n            the soldiers to line up, the Colonel ordered that the\n            Colors (the flags of the regiment) be borne to the front\n            and asked \"all who wer determen to be freemen to step out\n            on the line with the cullars and all who wer willen to be\n            slaves for thare enemyes to stand fast\" (March 1, 1864).\n            Angry that he hadn't yet received a furlough, and convinced\n            that re-enlisting would only encourage the Southern\n            leadership to continue the war, John Booker rejected the\n            Colonel's challenge that he re-enlist; two-thirds of the\n            soldiers stood back with him. As he explains, \"I dideant\n            inten to reinlist nor I wes not willen to be a Slave for my\n            enemyes and I dident go on line with the reinlisted, and I\n            dideant wish to bee in eather line\" (March 1, 1864).","Religion Whereas John Booker responded to terrible conditions by\n            getting angry, his brother James turned to religion as a\n            way of making sense of his suffering and connecting with\n            home. As he writes of his homesickness, James Booker\n            occasionally expresses his desire to join his relatives at\n            the religious revivals held at Mount Hermon Baptist Church\n            near Danville, Virginia (August 3, 1862). But he reassures\n            his cousin that revivals often take place in the camp and\n            that many soldiers have been converted. According to James,\n            a sense of gratitude in war-time motivates many of the men\n            to convert: \"I think it is time for them to turn after\n            being blesed so plainley as they have bin in the past\n            battles\" (October 17, 1862). Likewise, James' faith seems\n            to have strengthened him and given him hope of returning\n            home, whether to Pittsylvania County or to Heaven. In a\n            letter written on New Years Day of 1864, James includes two\n            quotations about coming home to and through God. Quoting\n            from the third stanza of \"Amazing Grace,\" James writes, \n             Tis grace that brought me safe thus far And grace\n               will lead me home. In March of 1864, however, James believed that he might\n            not arrive home safely, at least not home to Pittsylvania,\n            since the spring campaign would soon open and \"then we poor\n            soldiers will see a hard time\" (March 16, 1864). But James\n            embraced a spirit of Christian fatalism, contending that\n            his life was in God's hands: \"If it is the will of [my]\n            maker for me to be cut down in this war I dont ask to be\n            spared for I beleave that he will do what is the best for\n            me, thare is but few things that I would ask to stay in\n            this trouble some world for\" (March 16, 1864). After\n            writing this letter, James Booker lived for almost sixty\n            more years, but his twin John died five months later of\n            wounds he received at Drewry's Bluff.","Whereas John Booker responded to terrible conditions by\n            getting angry, his brother James turned to religion as a\n            way of making sense of his suffering and connecting with\n            home. As he writes of his homesickness, James Booker\n            occasionally expresses his desire to join his relatives at\n            the religious revivals held at Mount Hermon Baptist Church\n            near Danville, Virginia (August 3, 1862). But he reassures\n            his cousin that revivals often take place in the camp and\n            that many soldiers have been converted. According to James,\n            a sense of gratitude in war-time motivates many of the men\n            to convert: \"I think it is time for them to turn after\n            being blesed so plainley as they have bin in the past\n            battles\" (October 17, 1862). Likewise, James' faith seems\n            to have strengthened him and given him hope of returning\n            home, whether to Pittsylvania County or to Heaven. In a\n            letter written on New Years Day of 1864, James includes two\n            quotations about coming home to and through God. Quoting\n            from the third stanza of \"Amazing Grace,\" James writes, \n             Tis grace that brought me safe thus far And grace\n               will lead me home.","In March of 1864, however, James believed that he might\n            not arrive home safely, at least not home to Pittsylvania,\n            since the spring campaign would soon open and \"then we poor\n            soldiers will see a hard time\" (March 16, 1864). But James\n            embraced a spirit of Christian fatalism, contending that\n            his life was in God's hands: \"If it is the will of [my]\n            maker for me to be cut down in this war I dont ask to be\n            spared for I beleave that he will do what is the best for\n            me, thare is but few things that I would ask to stay in\n            this trouble some world for\" (March 16, 1864). After\n            writing this letter, James Booker lived for almost sixty\n            more years, but his twin John died five months later of\n            wounds he received at Drewry's Bluff.","Optimistic at the beginning of the war, James\n                  Booker praises the \"elegant water,\" \"beautiful young\n                  Ladies,\" and \"most beautiful country\" he finds at the\n                  38th's camp at Winchester. But he notes that one\n                  member of the regiment accidentally shot another\n                  member from his hometown and now feel terrible. He\n                  warns that \"cowardly boys\" who are avoiding service\n                  should beware, since they are likely to be drafted or\n                  made to put up breastworks. After salutations and\n                  greetings, James indicates where letters should be\n                  sent. A. Blair, a relative of James' and possibly\n                  Chloe Blair's brother, writes a short note to be\n                  included. Blair indicates that he is including a\n                  letter that \"brother William\" received from\n                  \"brother,\" who was expecting to go to Manassas. Blair\n                  finishes by saying that all are well.","James Booker complains of not hearing from his\n                  family. He mentions being too ill to serve and that\n                  he, consequently, works in the hospital. He talks\n                  about patients suffering from jaundice and yellow\n                  fever and mentions the poor health of James May, Hugh\n                  Norton and Josiah Burnett, as well as the death of\n                  Billy Pruett from eating \"too much beef liver.\" In\n                  spite of their complaints, he notes that the health\n                  of the men in camp is improving. He alludes to having\n                  received bad news from Texas, and then states that he\n                  will probably not come home as long as he is healthy\n                  or until peace is declared. The postscript states\n                  that James will try to send for things via any\n                  returning soldiers.","James Booker reports that his company is healthier\n                  than it has been for some time. He has heard about\n                  fighting at Falls Church the day before, and reports\n                  a conversation with a man from the Danville Grays,\n                  who told him that the Yankees are within four miles\n                  of his company at Fairfax Court House. From this\n                  information, James Booker predicts that a \"hard\n                  battle\" will soon take place. He mentions getting a\n                  letter from Addie (perhaps Drury Addison Blair),\n                  whose condition is improving.","This letter is a reply to one or more letters that\n                  James had received from his cousin and \"sweethearts\"\n                  a few days earlier. He has just heard that his\n                  regiment is about to move into their winter quarters\n                  in Gainesville. He will join it when the winter\n                  quarters are ready. Meanwhile, the work in his\n                  current quarters is lighter and the pay better. He\n                  believes the fighting in Centreville will not\n                  continue past winter. He mentions meeting a man who\n                  had been captured by the Union and who was recently\n                  released. According to this man, there are 60,000\n                  sick Yankees in Washington. He also adds that he has\n                  heard that two men in Centreville were shot for\n                  trying to kill their commanding officer. James closes\n                  the letter by asking to be remembered to cousin Eliza\n                  Ann Williams and to all the \"ladies\" at Christmas\n                  time.","Writing from the company's winter quarters near\n                  the battlefield of First Manassas, John Booker\n                  describes his brother James' sickness, which has left\n                  him weak and without an appetite. Other soldiers,\n                  including Nathaniel Robertson and Neal Gilbert, have\n                  struggled with illness; one, Josiah Burnett, has\n                  died. Booker ends his letter by expressing his\n                  pleasure at having received his cousin Unity's letter\n                  and apologizing that his brother James was unable to\n                  write.","James Booker explains why he has been so long in\n                  answering Unity's latest letters, stating that he has\n                  been in hospital, too ill to write. He had hoped to\n                  come home on furlough, but has been separated from\n                  his regiment and could not obtain leave. He asks that\n                  Unity write to him with the location of his regiment.\n                  He also complains about the quality of the food and\n                  mentions seeing many acquaintances on their way to\n                  the front. He closes by asking his cousin to direct\n                  her replies to Greaner's Hospital, care of Surgeon R.\n                  G. Banks.","James Booker writes to inform his cousin of the\n                  location of his regiment. He indicates that they have\n                  been shot at but infrequently hit. He mentions that a\n                  man named Tucker, who was wounded in the chin, was\n                  the only man from his regiment (he was attached to\n                  Captain Carter's Company F) to have been shot. He\n                  also notes that many men, mainly Yankees, were killed\n                  at last Wednesday's battle and that this evening the\n                  Yankees flew a truce flag in order to safely bury\n                  their dead. He feels that, because the best of both\n                  armies are here, the war will be settled here. He\n                  closes by asking that Unity write soon, and direct\n                  her letters to him at Yorktown. He also asks her to\n                  notify \"sister Mary\" that Pickney has not yet\n                  arrived.","John Booker describes a new posting and notes\n                  that, since leaving the Orange Court House, the\n                  troops are living without tents. They stay in the\n                  entrenchments every other day and night, and are\n                  under constant bombardment by the Yankees. He\n                  mentions that there is a good deal of sickness and\n                  many are being wounded. Also, he notes that they have\n                  elected officers for the next two years. John closes\n                  by asking Unity to direct her letter to him at\n                  Yorktown.","James begins by apologizing for the tardiness of\n                  his letter: he explains that he has been ill. He then\n                  discusses the practice of substitution (arranging for\n                  a replacement in the army), concluding that it is\n                  having a bad effect on the Confederate Army. He also\n                  discusses his work assignment and his health. In a\n                  separate letter on the same paper, John tells his\n                  cousin about his cold and sore throat. He also states\n                  that there is currently no fighting, but he can hear\n                  the Yankees firing cannonade \"down on the river.\"","James Booker writes that he and his brother John\n                  are in good health. They have been marching hard but\n                  usually have not gotten enough to eat. Booker reports\n                  that the general feeling in the camp is that peace\n                  will come soon. Four sick conscripts have arrived\n                  (and are named). James complains of having to march\n                  in wet clothing after crossing bridge-less streams.\n                  He also notes that the sick and wounded have been\n                  ordered from Winchester to Staunton and thinks that\n                  everyone else will be going to Richmond soon. James\n                  looks forward to going there since he has not heard\n                  from home since leaving Richmond. He greets other\n                  family members and mentions that John will write\n                  soon.","Claiming that he would be able to \"stand\" being a\n                  soldier if he received enough to eat, James Booker\n                  notes that recently the supply of food has been\n                  adequate, but that the men have not gotten enough\n                  salt. James Booker notes the illnesses of two men in\n                  camp, Bage Pritchett and John Hundley. He compares\n                  the entrepreneurship of the Yankees with the more\n                  whimsical quality of the Quakers' mercantilism and\n                  notes the use of Confederate money and specie to buy\n                  provisions. He also describes a month-long religious\n                  revival meeting underway in camp.","After reporting that he and his brother John are\n                  well, James Booker writes that the company has been\n                  marching for the past four days and has finally\n                  arrived at its camp near Fredericksburg. Many Union\n                  soldiers are nearby, and he predicts that the Union\n                  troops will soon begin shelling the Confederates. He\n                  expects a \"hard\" battle to commence soon.","Writing on the Sabbath, James Booker tells his\n                  cousin that both he and his brother are well. The\n                  members of Company D marched for the past ten days,\n                  and they expect to march again the next day, since\n                  they are following the movements of the Union troops.\n                  A few days previously, the Union had surprised the\n                  Confederate cavalry, but the Confederates managed to\n                  drive their enemies across the river and take several\n                  hundred prisoners. Complaining that \"the Yankees is\n                  getting too mean to live,\" James Booker writes that\n                  they steal and destroy Southern property, such as\n                  meat, corn, and horses. He notes, \"I still live in\n                  hope of peace soon though I may not live to see it.\"\n                  He observes that at a \"very interesting\" camp meeting\n                  several men, including Captain Herndon, were\n                  converted.","James Booker reports that he and his brother John\n                  are well. He mentions that local residents seem\n                  fearful of the army and that General Robert E. Lee\n                  has ordered his troops to respect private property.\n                  He describes the flourishing condition of\n                  Pennsylvania farms, noting that this part of the\n                  country has not yet felt the effects of the war.\n                  James perceives disunity in the people's attitude\n                  toward the war, comments on the abolitionists'\n                  motives, and mentions that he is boarding at a\n                  private house for free in return for guarding the\n                  owner's property. He closes by asking that Unity\n                  write soon, for he the last letter he received was\n                  dated the 13th.","Writing a few days after Gettysburg, James Booker\n                  describes the heavy losses suffered by his division\n                  during Pickett's Charge; most of the regiment's\n                  officers and many of the enlisted men were killed,\n                  wounded, or captured during the assault. James and\n                  John Booker escaped harm, though they were nearly\n                  taken prisoner by the Union forces. His division has\n                  been assigned to escort 5000-6000 Union prisoners to\n                  the South. He reports hearing daily of small battles\n                  and expects another major battle imminently, although\n                  he does not expect his division to be involved\n                  because it is on guard in Williamsport, a city where\n                  most of the citizens appear to favor the North.","John Booker writes that he is happy that Chloe\n                  enjoyed the revival meeting at Hermon (perhaps the\n                  Mount Hermon Baptist Church near Danville), then\n                  notes that there is \"good preaching\" at the camp. He\n                  contends that \"the prosspect for peece is very gloomy\n                  now,\" given that both sides are preparing for war\n                  with more intensity than ever. He reports that,\n                  despite rumors, Pickett's division will remain in\n                  Virginia. The troops are elated at this news, even\n                  though they have little more to do than guard camp\n                  and drill three times a day. In a postscript, James\n                  Booker asks Chloe Unity Blair to send his letter to\n                  his sister soon.","Apparently upset that he did not receive a\n                  furlough, James Booker wishes for the warmth and\n                  comforts of home, writing, \"there is none of them\n                  that knows how to appreciate a blessing until they\n                  are deprived of it.\" Still, he admits, in wartime he\n                  should find satisfaction simply in having enough to\n                  eat and enjoying good health; but he cannot be\n                  satisfied when speculators sell food to women and\n                  children at inflated prices. He observes that the\n                  married soldiers have sent for their wives and were\n                  boarding them at the homes of local citizens. He\n                  observes that General Corse's Brigade had been at the\n                  camp near Petersburg, but that they were sent to\n                  Tennessee. He also mentions writing to his sister\n                  Mary, telling her that he did not need clothing, as\n                  he received the box that \"you all\" sent him. The\n                  letter closes with a one-page postscript stating that\n                  John made a potato pie, and Cousin Tom ate with the\n                  two of them. He sends his regards to Cousin Pollie\n                  Ann and mentions that Cousin William Blair and Luther\n                  are stationed nearby but will be leaving for\n                  Chatanooga, Tennessee, within the next two days. He\n                  closes asking for Unity to return his \"soldier\n                  likeness\" to him so he can exchange it for a new\n                  one.","After observing that letters from home bring him\n                  great pleasure, John Booker chastises his cousin for\n                  not writing sooner. He notes that \"Flem\" Gregory has\n                  been ill, but is recuperating. Then he launches into\n                  a complaint that energizes the letter: Captain John\n                  Herndon is too \"lazy\" to grant the soldiers in his\n                  company furloughs, even though it is Christmas time,\n                  and even though the men are not doing anything, not\n                  even picket duty. So discontented are the soldiers\n                  that many say they will not re-enlist. John Booker\n                  claims that he opposes desertion, but that the\n                  wealthier men who paid substitutes to serve in the\n                  army should have to join, while veteran soldiers\n                  should receive furloughs. Angered at the inequality,\n                  John exclaims, \"this is a rich mans war an a poor\n                  mans fight.\" He ends his letter by observing that\n                  Memory Inman, another member of the D Company, is\n                  heading home to get married.","Booker reports that although his regiment had\n                  begun to march to meet the Yankees in battle, the\n                  Union had attacked --and been defeated by --another\n                  group of Confederate soldiers thirty-five miles away.\n                  He reports that the winter has been fairly pleasant\n                  and that food is cheap and plentiful. Despite such\n                  abundance, he notes, soldiers have been stealing food\n                  from local residents. He mentions a serious theft of\n                  $18,000 from the Quarter Master; soldiers are\n                  suspected of the deed. James expresses concern over\n                  General Barton's attitude towards the Regiment.\n                  (Barton has said his men come from \"rags and\n                  thieves.\") James complains that after three years of\n                  service he has still not received a furlough. He\n                  closes the letter with a stanza from \"Amazing\n                  Grace.\"","John Booker describes the attempt by Virginia\n                  Governor William \"Extra Billy\" Smith and Colonel\n                  [Joseph Robert] Cabell to make the men of the 38th\n                  Regiment re-enlist. He deplores the strategies they\n                  used: calling the men to stand before the \"Colors,\"\n                  declaring that any man who wanted to be a slave to\n                  the enemy should not re-enlist. John fears that his\n                  leaders want to continue to fight at all costs,\n                  rather than press for peace; and as long as men\n                  re-enlist the war will go on. John also expresses his\n                  dissatisfaction with the administration of the\n                  Regiment: only the men who re-enlist are granted\n                  furloughs, and John has still not received the\n                  furlough owed to him in 1862. He mentions that the\n                  two new recrutes to Company D are receiving their\n                  furloughs ahead of him. Changing the subject, John\n                  writes of nearby Union activity and says that they\n                  have been expecting a raid. Finally, he writes of\n                  Memory Inman's court martial and Captain John\n                  Herndon's marriage. He closes the letter by\n                  apologizing for its angry tone, writing, \"I have bin\n                  mad all day.\"","James Booker informs his cousin of his and his\n                  brother's good health. He discusses the treatment of\n                  prisoners of war, the unavailability of certain types\n                  of foodstuffs and the deprivations of civilians due\n                  to the war. He further comments on the weather and\n                  his coming duty in the field. He laments the lack of\n                  correspondence from home and closes his\n                  correspondence with salutations and wishes for his\n                  family's good health He apologizes for his poor\n                  writing, attributing it to having to finish the\n                  letter by firelight.","James Booker replies to Unity's letters of the\n                  17th and 24th. He mentions that his company has been\n                  fishing about 20 miles away and that the Yankees are\n                  getting closer and are expected to drive the men out\n                  of the fishery. He states that the Yankees are\n                  believed to be heading for Richmond. James hopes that\n                  \"this cruel war\" may end soon and \"in our favor.\" He\n                  closes with a quotation from \n                   1 John . The postscript,\n                  written on April 30th, states that the rumor that the\n                  Yankees are coming may be false.","See the \n             \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy.","","University of Virginia. Library. Special\n            Collections Dept.","Company D, 38th Virginia Regiment, Infantry (also\n            known as \"the Whitmell Guards\").","Chimborazo Hospital","John Booker (1797-1859)","Nancy Blair Reynolds Booker\n            (1796-1859)","Martha Ann Fulton (?-1923)","John Booker (1840-1864)","James Booker (1840-1923)","Chloe Unity Blair (1839-1875)","English"],"unitid_tesim":["11237"],"normalized_title_ssm":["James and John Booker Collection \n         1861-1864"],"collection_title_tesim":["James and John Booker Collection \n         1861-1864"],"collection_ssim":["James and John Booker Collection \n         1861-1864"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":[""],"creator_ssim":[""],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was given to the University of Virginia\n            Library on May 20, 1996, by Mrs. Mary H. Payne, Danville,\n            Virginia, through P. L. Anderson, Jr., Danville,\n            Virginia."],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"physdesc_tesim":["26 items"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cbibliography\u003e\n               \u003chead\u003ePrint Sources\u003c/head\u003e\n               \u003cbibref\u003e\n                  \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eEncyclopedia of the\n                  Confederacy\u003c/emph\u003e. Richard N. Current, Ed. NY: Simon \u0026amp;\n                  Schuster, 1993.\u003c/bibref\u003e\n               \u003cbibref\u003eGregory, G. Howard. \n                  \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003e38th Virginia Infantry\u003c/emph\u003e.\n                  Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1988. (part of \n                  \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Virginia Regimental Histories\n                  Series\u003c/emph\u003e)\u003c/bibref\u003e\n               \u003cbibref\u003eHewett, Janet B., ed. \n                  \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eRoster of Confederate Soldiers\n                  1861-1865\u003c/emph\u003e. Vol 8. Wilmington NC: Broadfoot\n                  Publishing Company, 1996.\u003c/bibref\u003e\n               \u003cbibref\u003eSublett, Charles W. \n                  \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003e57th Virginia Infantry\u003c/emph\u003e.\n                  Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1985. (part of The\n                  Virginia Regimental Histories Series)\u003c/bibref\u003e\n            \u003c/bibliography\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003e\n                  \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eEncyclopedia of the\n                  Confederacy\u003c/emph\u003e. Richard N. Current, Ed. NY: Simon \u0026amp;\n                  Schuster, 1993.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eGregory, G. Howard. \n                  \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003e38th Virginia Infantry\u003c/emph\u003e.\n                  Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1988. (part of \n                  \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Virginia Regimental Histories\n                  Series\u003c/emph\u003e)\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eHewett, Janet B., ed. \n                  \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eRoster of Confederate Soldiers\n                  1861-1865\u003c/emph\u003e. Vol 8. Wilmington NC: Broadfoot\n                  Publishing Company, 1996.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eSublett, Charles W. \n                  \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003e57th Virginia Infantry\u003c/emph\u003e.\n                  Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1985. (part of The\n                  Virginia Regimental Histories Series)\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibliography\u003e\n               \u003chead\u003eElectronic Sources\u003c/head\u003e\n               \u003cbibref\u003eAustin, Gayle. \"Pittsylvania Co. VA Homepage.\" 1997. \n                  \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.rootsweb.com/~vapittsy/\"\u003e\n                  http://www.rootsweb.com/~vapittsy/\u003c/extref\u003e(9 September,\n               1997).\u003c/bibref\u003e\n               \u003cbibref\u003e\"Southside on the Net, Directory of Churches and\n                  Religious Organizations.\" 1997. \n                  \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.petersburg.com/c/c1.htm\"\u003e\n                  http://www.petersburg.com/c/c1.htm\u003c/extref\u003e(9 September\n                  1997).\u003c/bibref\u003e\n               \u003cbibref\u003eWebb, Kerry. \"U.S. Civil War Generals.\" 1997. \n                  \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://funnelweb.utcc.utk.edu/~hoemann/generals.html\"\u003e\n                  http://funnelweb.utcc.utk.edu/~hoemann/generals.html\u003c/extref\u003e(28\n                  August 1997).\u003c/bibref\u003e\n            \u003c/bibliography\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eAustin, Gayle. \"Pittsylvania Co. VA Homepage.\" 1997. \n                  \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.rootsweb.com/~vapittsy/\"\u003e\n                  http://www.rootsweb.com/~vapittsy/\u003c/extref\u003e(9 September,\n               1997).\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003e\"Southside on the Net, Directory of Churches and\n                  Religious Organizations.\" 1997. \n                  \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.petersburg.com/c/c1.htm\"\u003e\n                  http://www.petersburg.com/c/c1.htm\u003c/extref\u003e(9 September\n                  1997).\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eWebb, Kerry. \"U.S. Civil War Generals.\" 1997. \n                  \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://funnelweb.utcc.utk.edu/~hoemann/generals.html\"\u003e\n                  http://funnelweb.utcc.utk.edu/~hoemann/generals.html\u003c/extref\u003e(28\n                  August 1997).\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibliography\u003e\n               \u003chead\u003eOther Civil War Sites on the World\n               Wide Web\u003c/head\u003e\n               \u003cbibref\u003eIndex of Civil War Information on the Web \n                  \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/civlink.htm\"\u003e\n                  http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/civlink.htm\u003c/extref\u003e\n               \u003c/bibref\u003e\n               \u003cbibref\u003eCivil War Miscellany \n                  \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/6806/\"\u003e\n                  http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/6806/\u003c/extref\u003e\n               \u003c/bibref\u003e\n               \u003cbibref\u003ePickett's Division \n                     \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://home.ptd.net/~jeff1863/pickett.html\"\u003e\n                     http://home.ptd.net/~jeff1863/pickett.html\u003c/extref\u003e\n               \u003c/bibref\u003e\n               \u003cbibref\u003eWar Links \n                     \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://members.aol.com/histcw/civil.html/\"\u003e\n                     http://members.aol.com/histcw/civil.html/\u003c/extref\u003e\n               \u003c/bibref\u003e\n            \u003c/bibliography\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eIndex of Civil War Information on the Web \n                  \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/civlink.htm\"\u003e\n                  http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/civlink.htm\u003c/extref\u003e\n               \u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eCivil War Miscellany \n                  \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/6806/\"\u003e\n                  http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/6806/\u003c/extref\u003e\n               \u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003ePickett's Division \n                     \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://home.ptd.net/~jeff1863/pickett.html\"\u003e\n                     http://home.ptd.net/~jeff1863/pickett.html\u003c/extref\u003e\n               \u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eWar Links \n                     \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://members.aol.com/histcw/civil.html/\"\u003e\n                     http://members.aol.com/histcw/civil.html/\u003c/extref\u003e\n               \u003c/bibref\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography","Print Sources","Electronic Sources","Other Civil War Sites on the World\n               Wide Web"],"bibliography_tesim":["Print Sources Encyclopedia of the\n                  Confederacy . Richard N. Current, Ed. NY: Simon \u0026\n                  Schuster, 1993. Gregory, G. Howard. \n                   38th Virginia Infantry .\n                  Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1988. (part of \n                   The Virginia Regimental Histories\n                  Series ) Hewett, Janet B., ed. \n                   Roster of Confederate Soldiers\n                  1861-1865 . Vol 8. Wilmington NC: Broadfoot\n                  Publishing Company, 1996. Sublett, Charles W. \n                   57th Virginia Infantry .\n                  Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1985. (part of The\n                  Virginia Regimental Histories Series)","Encyclopedia of the\n                  Confederacy . Richard N. Current, Ed. NY: Simon \u0026\n                  Schuster, 1993.","Gregory, G. Howard. \n                   38th Virginia Infantry .\n                  Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1988. (part of \n                   The Virginia Regimental Histories\n                  Series )","Hewett, Janet B., ed. \n                   Roster of Confederate Soldiers\n                  1861-1865 . Vol 8. Wilmington NC: Broadfoot\n                  Publishing Company, 1996.","Sublett, Charles W. \n                   57th Virginia Infantry .\n                  Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1985. (part of The\n                  Virginia Regimental Histories Series)","Electronic Sources Austin, Gayle. \"Pittsylvania Co. VA Homepage.\" 1997. \n                   \n                  http://www.rootsweb.com/~vapittsy/ (9 September,\n               1997). \"Southside on the Net, Directory of Churches and\n                  Religious Organizations.\" 1997. \n                   \n                  http://www.petersburg.com/c/c1.htm (9 September\n                  1997). Webb, Kerry. \"U.S. Civil War Generals.\" 1997. \n                   \n                  http://funnelweb.utcc.utk.edu/~hoemann/generals.html (28\n                  August 1997).","Austin, Gayle. \"Pittsylvania Co. VA Homepage.\" 1997. \n                   \n                  http://www.rootsweb.com/~vapittsy/ (9 September,\n               1997).","\"Southside on the Net, Directory of Churches and\n                  Religious Organizations.\" 1997. \n                   \n                  http://www.petersburg.com/c/c1.htm (9 September\n                  1997).","Webb, Kerry. \"U.S. Civil War Generals.\" 1997. \n                   \n                  http://funnelweb.utcc.utk.edu/~hoemann/generals.html (28\n                  August 1997).","Other Civil War Sites on the World\n               Wide Web Index of Civil War Information on the Web \n                   \n                  http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/civlink.htm Civil War Miscellany \n                   \n                  http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/6806/ Pickett's Division \n                      \n                     http://home.ptd.net/~jeff1863/pickett.html War Links \n                      \n                     http://members.aol.com/histcw/civil.html/","Index of Civil War Information on the Web \n                   \n                  http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/civlink.htm","Civil War Miscellany \n                   \n                  http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/6806/","Pickett's Division \n                      \n                     http://home.ptd.net/~jeff1863/pickett.html","War Links \n                      \n                     http://members.aol.com/histcw/civil.html/"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cbioghist\u003e\n            \u003chead\u003eJames Booker and John Booker\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe twins, John and James, were born to \n            \u003cpersname\u003eJohn Booker (1797-1859)\u003c/persname\u003eand \n            \u003cpersname\u003eNancy Blair Reynolds Booker\n            (1796-1859)\u003c/persname\u003eon October 10, 1840. Nancy and John\n            had been married since November 15, 1824 and had four other\n            children besides the twins: Mary Ann Booker Sparks\n            (1825-1872), Armistead M. Booker (1827-1838), Caroline\n            Booker (1833-1859) and William Booker (1836-1859).\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eNancy also had another child --Margaret Benson Reynolds\n            (1815-1867) --from a previous marriage to William Reynolds\n            (March 29, 1814) (Austin).\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eIn the first three months of 1859, typhoid fever struck\n            the Booker family, killing Nancy, John Sr., Caroline and\n            William. James and John were 19 years old. For the next two\n            years, the twins stayed with relatives, including Aunt\n            Kitty and Uncle John Blair, who later moved to Texas in\n            1860 (James Booker, September 6, 1861).\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eAt the age of 21, James and John enlisted in the\n            Confederate Army, the 38th Regiment of Virginia, on May 24,\n            1861 in \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eWhitmell, Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003e, in \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eCompany D, 38th Virginia Regiment, Infantry (also\n            known as \"the Whitmell Guards\").\u003c/corpname\u003eFor more\n            information about the regiment see \n            \u003cbibref\u003e\n                  \u003ctitle\u003e38th Virginia Infantry\u003c/title\u003eby G. Howard Gregory\n            (E 581.5 38th .G73 1988)\u003c/bibref\u003e. The Booker brothers\n            remained in service throughout the war, and were both\n            promoted to Sergeant sometime before April, 1864 (Gregory,\n            82).\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eIn March of 1862, James was hospitalized in Richmond\n            with chronic diarrhea, but returned to his company soon\n            after. Both brothers were severely wounded at the \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eBattle of Drewry's Bluff near Petersburg,\n            Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003e, on May 16, 1864 and transferred to \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eChimborazo Hospital\u003c/corpname\u003e. John received a\n            chest wound and James was wounded in the right thigh. Only\n            James, however, would survive. John died of his wound on\n            August 26, 1864.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eAfter the war, James returned to Pittsylvania County and\n            on October 31, 1867, he married \n            \u003cpersname\u003eMartha Ann Fulton (?-1923)\u003c/persname\u003e(nicknamed\n            \"Pat\") of \n            \u003cgeogname\u003ePittsylvania County\u003c/geogname\u003e, on October 31,\n            1867. She was one of the \"sweethearts\" mentioned in his\n            letters. James and Pat Booker had seven children. They died\n            within two months of each other in 1923. A typed page\n            listing their children and mentioning her relatives can be\n            found with the copies of the typescripts of the brothers'\n            letters.\u003c/p\u003e\n         \u003c/bioghist\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe twins, John and James, were born to \n            \u003cpersname\u003eJohn Booker (1797-1859)\u003c/persname\u003eand \n            \u003cpersname\u003eNancy Blair Reynolds Booker\n            (1796-1859)\u003c/persname\u003eon October 10, 1840. Nancy and John\n            had been married since November 15, 1824 and had four other\n            children besides the twins: Mary Ann Booker Sparks\n            (1825-1872), Armistead M. Booker (1827-1838), Caroline\n            Booker (1833-1859) and William Booker (1836-1859).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNancy also had another child --Margaret Benson Reynolds\n            (1815-1867) --from a previous marriage to William Reynolds\n            (March 29, 1814) (Austin).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the first three months of 1859, typhoid fever struck\n            the Booker family, killing Nancy, John Sr., Caroline and\n            William. James and John were 19 years old. For the next two\n            years, the twins stayed with relatives, including Aunt\n            Kitty and Uncle John Blair, who later moved to Texas in\n            1860 (James Booker, September 6, 1861).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAt the age of 21, James and John enlisted in the\n            Confederate Army, the 38th Regiment of Virginia, on May 24,\n            1861 in \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eWhitmell, Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003e, in \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eCompany D, 38th Virginia Regiment, Infantry (also\n            known as \"the Whitmell Guards\").\u003c/corpname\u003eFor more\n            information about the regiment see \n            \u003cbibref\u003e\n                  \u003ctitle\u003e38th Virginia Infantry\u003c/title\u003eby G. Howard Gregory\n            (E 581.5 38th .G73 1988)\u003c/bibref\u003e. The Booker brothers\n            remained in service throughout the war, and were both\n            promoted to Sergeant sometime before April, 1864 (Gregory,\n            82).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn March of 1862, James was hospitalized in Richmond\n            with chronic diarrhea, but returned to his company soon\n            after. Both brothers were severely wounded at the \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eBattle of Drewry's Bluff near Petersburg,\n            Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003e, on May 16, 1864 and transferred to \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eChimborazo Hospital\u003c/corpname\u003e. John received a\n            chest wound and James was wounded in the right thigh. Only\n            James, however, would survive. John died of his wound on\n            August 26, 1864.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter the war, James returned to Pittsylvania County and\n            on October 31, 1867, he married \n            \u003cpersname\u003eMartha Ann Fulton (?-1923)\u003c/persname\u003e(nicknamed\n            \"Pat\") of \n            \u003cgeogname\u003ePittsylvania County\u003c/geogname\u003e, on October 31,\n            1867. She was one of the \"sweethearts\" mentioned in his\n            letters. James and Pat Booker had seven children. They died\n            within two months of each other in 1923. A typed page\n            listing their children and mentioning her relatives can be\n            found with the copies of the typescripts of the brothers'\n            letters.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cbioghist\u003e\n            \u003chead\u003eChloe Unity Blair\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eChloe Unity Blair (1833-1875) was born to Chloe Coleman\n            Blair (1801-1854) and Drury Blair (1801-1864). Her father\n            was Nancy Booker's younger brother, making James and John\n            her first cousins. Chloe Unity had several brothers and\n            sisters, some of whom James and John mention in their\n            letters: Polly Ann, William, and Drury Addison \"Addie\"\n            Blair, who briefly served in the 38th Regiment with the\n            Bookers.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eUnfortunately, all of Chloe Unity's letters to her\n            Booker cousins were either destroyed or are as yet\n            undiscovered. From their responses, however, we can see\n            that both John and James greatly appreciated her letters.\n            They depended upon her for news of the family and they\n            often asked her to \"remember\" them to different family\n            members. The Bookers also periodically asked their cousin\n            to have their sister Mary forward certain items such as\n            clothing or James' \"soldier likeness\" (October 4, 1863).\n            Chloe Unity would send them gifts and provisions as well,\n            prompting James to write, \"I am under many obligations to\n            you all for send ing us such a fine box it was a great\n            treat to us,\" (October 4, 1863). James and John are always\n            polite and solicitous in tone to their cousin, and yet the\n            letters also convey warmth and friendship: having lost\n            their parents and two siblings just before the war, John\n            and James may have been especially close to \"cousin Unity,\"\n            who along with their sister Mary may have served as a kind\n            of surrogate mother.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eIndeed, when John married Martha Ann Fulton in October\n            of 1867, he became Chloe's step-son-in-law, since Chloe had\n            married Martha's father William Fulton (1821-18?) just a\n            few months before. It is easy to imagine that the two\n            cousins were pleased by this relationship, as their\n            respective marriages unified and tightened the Booker and\n            Blair families which had suffered so many losses during the\n            war years.\u003c/p\u003e\n         \u003c/bioghist\u003e","\u003cp\u003eChloe Unity Blair (1833-1875) was born to Chloe Coleman\n            Blair (1801-1854) and Drury Blair (1801-1864). Her father\n            was Nancy Booker's younger brother, making James and John\n            her first cousins. Chloe Unity had several brothers and\n            sisters, some of whom James and John mention in their\n            letters: Polly Ann, William, and Drury Addison \"Addie\"\n            Blair, who briefly served in the 38th Regiment with the\n            Bookers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUnfortunately, all of Chloe Unity's letters to her\n            Booker cousins were either destroyed or are as yet\n            undiscovered. From their responses, however, we can see\n            that both John and James greatly appreciated her letters.\n            They depended upon her for news of the family and they\n            often asked her to \"remember\" them to different family\n            members. The Bookers also periodically asked their cousin\n            to have their sister Mary forward certain items such as\n            clothing or James' \"soldier likeness\" (October 4, 1863).\n            Chloe Unity would send them gifts and provisions as well,\n            prompting James to write, \"I am under many obligations to\n            you all for send ing us such a fine box it was a great\n            treat to us,\" (October 4, 1863). James and John are always\n            polite and solicitous in tone to their cousin, and yet the\n            letters also convey warmth and friendship: having lost\n            their parents and two siblings just before the war, John\n            and James may have been especially close to \"cousin Unity,\"\n            who along with their sister Mary may have served as a kind\n            of surrogate mother.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIndeed, when John married Martha Ann Fulton in October\n            of 1867, he became Chloe's step-son-in-law, since Chloe had\n            married Martha's father William Fulton (1821-18?) just a\n            few months before. It is easy to imagine that the two\n            cousins were pleased by this relationship, as their\n            respective marriages unified and tightened the Booker and\n            Blair families which had suffered so many losses during the\n            war years.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cbioghist\u003e\n            \u003chead\u003eThe 38th Virginia Infantry: A Brief History of the\n            Regiment\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eOn May 3, 1861, Governor John Letcher called for the men\n            of Virginia to leave their families and occupations and\n            join the Confederate Army. Soon after, the 38th Virginia\n            Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed, lead by Colonel\n            Edward Edmonds, Lieutenant Colonel Powhatan Whittle and\n            Major Isaac Carrington. During the course of the war, the\n            38th was assigned to several different brigades, including\n            Smith's, Early's and Armistead's Brigade. There was also\n            considerable turnover of officers, as some were wounded,\n            killed, or not re-elected.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe 38th consisted of ten companies, most of which were\n            organized in Pittsylvania County, VA. Company D, which the\n            Bookers joined, was organized at Whitmell. Its initial\n            leader was Captain Ralph Herndon.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e\n               \u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\n                  \u003chead\u003eEngagements and Assignments of the 38th\n                  Virginia Infantry\u003c/head\u003e\n                  \u003citem\u003eMay 5, 1862: The Battle of Williamsburg:\n                  Whittle is wounded.\u003c/item\u003e\n                  \u003citem\u003eMay 31, 1862: The Battle of Seven Pines: The\n                  38th suffers a casualty rate of 42%.\u003c/item\u003e\n                  \u003citem\u003eJuly 1, 1862: The Battle of Malvern Hill: The\n                  38th suffers severely with 11 killed, 72 wounded and\n                  11 missing.\u003c/item\u003e\n                  \u003citem\u003eSeptember 15, 1862: The 38th takes part in\n                  capturing Harper's Ferry.\u003c/item\u003e\n                  \u003citem\u003eSeptember 16, 1862: The 38th joins the Battle\n                  of Sharpsburg.\u003c/item\u003e\n                  \u003citem\u003eJuly 3, 1863: The 38th is part of Pickett's\n                  Charge at the Battle of Gettysburg; Colonel Edmonds\n                  is killed; of the 481 members of the 38th who\n                  participated in the battle, \"40 were killed on the\n                  battlefield (8%); 51 were wounded (10%); and 103 were\n                  captured (21%)\" (Gregory 43).\u003c/item\u003e\n                  \u003citem\u003eMay 10, 1864: The Battle of Chester Station;\n                  Colonel Cabell is killed; Lieutenant Colonel Griggs\n                  is promoted to Colonel of the 38th.\u003c/item\u003e\n                  \u003citem\u003eMay 16, 1864: The Battle of Drewry's Bluff;\n                  from the 38th, 23 killed and 77 wounded.\u003c/item\u003e\n                  \u003citem\u003eSeptember 3, 1864: Brigadier General George\n                  Steuart assumes command of Armistead's Brigade.\n                  Desertions are frequent.\u003c/item\u003e\n                  \u003citem\u003eNovember 17, 1864: The 38th captures the Union\n                  line near Petersburg.\u003c/item\u003e\n                  \u003citem\u003eApril 1, 1865: The Battle of Five Forks.\u003c/item\u003e\n                  \u003citem\u003eApril 6, 1865: The Battle of Sayler's\n                  Creek--the 38th's final battle.\u003c/item\u003e\n                  \u003citem\u003eApril 9, 1865: Lee surrenders at Appomattox\n                  Court House; the 38th is nearby at \"Pleasant\n                  Retreat,\" two miles east of the court house.\u003c/item\u003e\n                  \u003citem\u003eApril 13, 1865: The 38th breaks camp and heads\n                  home.\u003c/item\u003e\n               \u003c/list\u003e\n            \u003c/p\u003e\n         \u003c/bioghist\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOn May 3, 1861, Governor John Letcher called for the men\n            of Virginia to leave their families and occupations and\n            join the Confederate Army. Soon after, the 38th Virginia\n            Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed, lead by Colonel\n            Edward Edmonds, Lieutenant Colonel Powhatan Whittle and\n            Major Isaac Carrington. During the course of the war, the\n            38th was assigned to several different brigades, including\n            Smith's, Early's and Armistead's Brigade. There was also\n            considerable turnover of officers, as some were wounded,\n            killed, or not re-elected.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe 38th consisted of ten companies, most of which were\n            organized in Pittsylvania County, VA. Company D, which the\n            Bookers joined, was organized at Whitmell. Its initial\n            leader was Captain Ralph Herndon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\n               \u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\n                  \u003chead\u003eEngagements and Assignments of the 38th\n                  Virginia Infantry\u003c/head\u003e\n                  \u003citem\u003eMay 5, 1862: The Battle of Williamsburg:\n                  Whittle is wounded.\u003c/item\u003e\n                  \u003citem\u003eMay 31, 1862: The Battle of Seven Pines: The\n                  38th suffers a casualty rate of 42%.\u003c/item\u003e\n                  \u003citem\u003eJuly 1, 1862: The Battle of Malvern Hill: The\n                  38th suffers severely with 11 killed, 72 wounded and\n                  11 missing.\u003c/item\u003e\n                  \u003citem\u003eSeptember 15, 1862: The 38th takes part in\n                  capturing Harper's Ferry.\u003c/item\u003e\n                  \u003citem\u003eSeptember 16, 1862: The 38th joins the Battle\n                  of Sharpsburg.\u003c/item\u003e\n                  \u003citem\u003eJuly 3, 1863: The 38th is part of Pickett's\n                  Charge at the Battle of Gettysburg; Colonel Edmonds\n                  is killed; of the 481 members of the 38th who\n                  participated in the battle, \"40 were killed on the\n                  battlefield (8%); 51 were wounded (10%); and 103 were\n                  captured (21%)\" (Gregory 43).\u003c/item\u003e\n                  \u003citem\u003eMay 10, 1864: The Battle of Chester Station;\n                  Colonel Cabell is killed; Lieutenant Colonel Griggs\n                  is promoted to Colonel of the 38th.\u003c/item\u003e\n                  \u003citem\u003eMay 16, 1864: The Battle of Drewry's Bluff;\n                  from the 38th, 23 killed and 77 wounded.\u003c/item\u003e\n                  \u003citem\u003eSeptember 3, 1864: Brigadier General George\n                  Steuart assumes command of Armistead's Brigade.\n                  Desertions are frequent.\u003c/item\u003e\n                  \u003citem\u003eNovember 17, 1864: The 38th captures the Union\n                  line near Petersburg.\u003c/item\u003e\n                  \u003citem\u003eApril 1, 1865: The Battle of Five Forks.\u003c/item\u003e\n                  \u003citem\u003eApril 6, 1865: The Battle of Sayler's\n                  Creek--the 38th's final battle.\u003c/item\u003e\n                  \u003citem\u003eApril 9, 1865: Lee surrenders at Appomattox\n                  Court House; the 38th is nearby at \"Pleasant\n                  Retreat,\" two miles east of the court house.\u003c/item\u003e\n                  \u003citem\u003eApril 13, 1865: The 38th breaks camp and heads\n                  home.\u003c/item\u003e\n               \u003c/list\u003e\n            \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information","James Booker and John Booker","Chloe Unity Blair","The 38th Virginia Infantry: A Brief History of the\n            Regiment"],"bioghist_tesim":["James Booker and John Booker The twins, John and James, were born to \n             John Booker (1797-1859) and \n             Nancy Blair Reynolds Booker\n            (1796-1859) on October 10, 1840. Nancy and John\n            had been married since November 15, 1824 and had four other\n            children besides the twins: Mary Ann Booker Sparks\n            (1825-1872), Armistead M. Booker (1827-1838), Caroline\n            Booker (1833-1859) and William Booker (1836-1859). Nancy also had another child --Margaret Benson Reynolds\n            (1815-1867) --from a previous marriage to William Reynolds\n            (March 29, 1814) (Austin). In the first three months of 1859, typhoid fever struck\n            the Booker family, killing Nancy, John Sr., Caroline and\n            William. James and John were 19 years old. For the next two\n            years, the twins stayed with relatives, including Aunt\n            Kitty and Uncle John Blair, who later moved to Texas in\n            1860 (James Booker, September 6, 1861). At the age of 21, James and John enlisted in the\n            Confederate Army, the 38th Regiment of Virginia, on May 24,\n            1861 in \n             Whitmell, Virginia , in \n             Company D, 38th Virginia Regiment, Infantry (also\n            known as \"the Whitmell Guards\"). For more\n            information about the regiment see \n             38th Virginia Infantry by G. Howard Gregory\n            (E 581.5 38th .G73 1988) . The Booker brothers\n            remained in service throughout the war, and were both\n            promoted to Sergeant sometime before April, 1864 (Gregory,\n            82). In March of 1862, James was hospitalized in Richmond\n            with chronic diarrhea, but returned to his company soon\n            after. Both brothers were severely wounded at the \n             Battle of Drewry's Bluff near Petersburg,\n            Virginia , on May 16, 1864 and transferred to \n             Chimborazo Hospital . John received a\n            chest wound and James was wounded in the right thigh. Only\n            James, however, would survive. John died of his wound on\n            August 26, 1864. After the war, James returned to Pittsylvania County and\n            on October 31, 1867, he married \n             Martha Ann Fulton (?-1923) (nicknamed\n            \"Pat\") of \n             Pittsylvania County , on October 31,\n            1867. She was one of the \"sweethearts\" mentioned in his\n            letters. James and Pat Booker had seven children. They died\n            within two months of each other in 1923. A typed page\n            listing their children and mentioning her relatives can be\n            found with the copies of the typescripts of the brothers'\n            letters.","The twins, John and James, were born to \n             John Booker (1797-1859) and \n             Nancy Blair Reynolds Booker\n            (1796-1859) on October 10, 1840. Nancy and John\n            had been married since November 15, 1824 and had four other\n            children besides the twins: Mary Ann Booker Sparks\n            (1825-1872), Armistead M. Booker (1827-1838), Caroline\n            Booker (1833-1859) and William Booker (1836-1859).","Nancy also had another child --Margaret Benson Reynolds\n            (1815-1867) --from a previous marriage to William Reynolds\n            (March 29, 1814) (Austin).","In the first three months of 1859, typhoid fever struck\n            the Booker family, killing Nancy, John Sr., Caroline and\n            William. James and John were 19 years old. For the next two\n            years, the twins stayed with relatives, including Aunt\n            Kitty and Uncle John Blair, who later moved to Texas in\n            1860 (James Booker, September 6, 1861).","At the age of 21, James and John enlisted in the\n            Confederate Army, the 38th Regiment of Virginia, on May 24,\n            1861 in \n             Whitmell, Virginia , in \n             Company D, 38th Virginia Regiment, Infantry (also\n            known as \"the Whitmell Guards\"). For more\n            information about the regiment see \n             38th Virginia Infantry by G. Howard Gregory\n            (E 581.5 38th .G73 1988) . The Booker brothers\n            remained in service throughout the war, and were both\n            promoted to Sergeant sometime before April, 1864 (Gregory,\n            82).","In March of 1862, James was hospitalized in Richmond\n            with chronic diarrhea, but returned to his company soon\n            after. Both brothers were severely wounded at the \n             Battle of Drewry's Bluff near Petersburg,\n            Virginia , on May 16, 1864 and transferred to \n             Chimborazo Hospital . John received a\n            chest wound and James was wounded in the right thigh. Only\n            James, however, would survive. John died of his wound on\n            August 26, 1864.","After the war, James returned to Pittsylvania County and\n            on October 31, 1867, he married \n             Martha Ann Fulton (?-1923) (nicknamed\n            \"Pat\") of \n             Pittsylvania County , on October 31,\n            1867. She was one of the \"sweethearts\" mentioned in his\n            letters. James and Pat Booker had seven children. They died\n            within two months of each other in 1923. A typed page\n            listing their children and mentioning her relatives can be\n            found with the copies of the typescripts of the brothers'\n            letters.","Chloe Unity Blair Chloe Unity Blair (1833-1875) was born to Chloe Coleman\n            Blair (1801-1854) and Drury Blair (1801-1864). Her father\n            was Nancy Booker's younger brother, making James and John\n            her first cousins. Chloe Unity had several brothers and\n            sisters, some of whom James and John mention in their\n            letters: Polly Ann, William, and Drury Addison \"Addie\"\n            Blair, who briefly served in the 38th Regiment with the\n            Bookers. Unfortunately, all of Chloe Unity's letters to her\n            Booker cousins were either destroyed or are as yet\n            undiscovered. From their responses, however, we can see\n            that both John and James greatly appreciated her letters.\n            They depended upon her for news of the family and they\n            often asked her to \"remember\" them to different family\n            members. The Bookers also periodically asked their cousin\n            to have their sister Mary forward certain items such as\n            clothing or James' \"soldier likeness\" (October 4, 1863).\n            Chloe Unity would send them gifts and provisions as well,\n            prompting James to write, \"I am under many obligations to\n            you all for send ing us such a fine box it was a great\n            treat to us,\" (October 4, 1863). James and John are always\n            polite and solicitous in tone to their cousin, and yet the\n            letters also convey warmth and friendship: having lost\n            their parents and two siblings just before the war, John\n            and James may have been especially close to \"cousin Unity,\"\n            who along with their sister Mary may have served as a kind\n            of surrogate mother. Indeed, when John married Martha Ann Fulton in October\n            of 1867, he became Chloe's step-son-in-law, since Chloe had\n            married Martha's father William Fulton (1821-18?) just a\n            few months before. It is easy to imagine that the two\n            cousins were pleased by this relationship, as their\n            respective marriages unified and tightened the Booker and\n            Blair families which had suffered so many losses during the\n            war years.","Chloe Unity Blair (1833-1875) was born to Chloe Coleman\n            Blair (1801-1854) and Drury Blair (1801-1864). Her father\n            was Nancy Booker's younger brother, making James and John\n            her first cousins. Chloe Unity had several brothers and\n            sisters, some of whom James and John mention in their\n            letters: Polly Ann, William, and Drury Addison \"Addie\"\n            Blair, who briefly served in the 38th Regiment with the\n            Bookers.","Unfortunately, all of Chloe Unity's letters to her\n            Booker cousins were either destroyed or are as yet\n            undiscovered. From their responses, however, we can see\n            that both John and James greatly appreciated her letters.\n            They depended upon her for news of the family and they\n            often asked her to \"remember\" them to different family\n            members. The Bookers also periodically asked their cousin\n            to have their sister Mary forward certain items such as\n            clothing or James' \"soldier likeness\" (October 4, 1863).\n            Chloe Unity would send them gifts and provisions as well,\n            prompting James to write, \"I am under many obligations to\n            you all for send ing us such a fine box it was a great\n            treat to us,\" (October 4, 1863). James and John are always\n            polite and solicitous in tone to their cousin, and yet the\n            letters also convey warmth and friendship: having lost\n            their parents and two siblings just before the war, John\n            and James may have been especially close to \"cousin Unity,\"\n            who along with their sister Mary may have served as a kind\n            of surrogate mother.","Indeed, when John married Martha Ann Fulton in October\n            of 1867, he became Chloe's step-son-in-law, since Chloe had\n            married Martha's father William Fulton (1821-18?) just a\n            few months before. It is easy to imagine that the two\n            cousins were pleased by this relationship, as their\n            respective marriages unified and tightened the Booker and\n            Blair families which had suffered so many losses during the\n            war years.","The 38th Virginia Infantry: A Brief History of the\n            Regiment On May 3, 1861, Governor John Letcher called for the men\n            of Virginia to leave their families and occupations and\n            join the Confederate Army. Soon after, the 38th Virginia\n            Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed, lead by Colonel\n            Edward Edmonds, Lieutenant Colonel Powhatan Whittle and\n            Major Isaac Carrington. During the course of the war, the\n            38th was assigned to several different brigades, including\n            Smith's, Early's and Armistead's Brigade. There was also\n            considerable turnover of officers, as some were wounded,\n            killed, or not re-elected. The 38th consisted of ten companies, most of which were\n            organized in Pittsylvania County, VA. Company D, which the\n            Bookers joined, was organized at Whitmell. Its initial\n            leader was Captain Ralph Herndon. Engagements and Assignments of the 38th\n                  Virginia Infantry May 5, 1862: The Battle of Williamsburg:\n                  Whittle is wounded. May 31, 1862: The Battle of Seven Pines: The\n                  38th suffers a casualty rate of 42%. July 1, 1862: The Battle of Malvern Hill: The\n                  38th suffers severely with 11 killed, 72 wounded and\n                  11 missing. September 15, 1862: The 38th takes part in\n                  capturing Harper's Ferry. September 16, 1862: The 38th joins the Battle\n                  of Sharpsburg. July 3, 1863: The 38th is part of Pickett's\n                  Charge at the Battle of Gettysburg; Colonel Edmonds\n                  is killed; of the 481 members of the 38th who\n                  participated in the battle, \"40 were killed on the\n                  battlefield (8%); 51 were wounded (10%); and 103 were\n                  captured (21%)\" (Gregory 43). May 10, 1864: The Battle of Chester Station;\n                  Colonel Cabell is killed; Lieutenant Colonel Griggs\n                  is promoted to Colonel of the 38th. May 16, 1864: The Battle of Drewry's Bluff;\n                  from the 38th, 23 killed and 77 wounded. September 3, 1864: Brigadier General George\n                  Steuart assumes command of Armistead's Brigade.\n                  Desertions are frequent. November 17, 1864: The 38th captures the Union\n                  line near Petersburg. April 1, 1865: The Battle of Five Forks. April 6, 1865: The Battle of Sayler's\n                  Creek--the 38th's final battle. April 9, 1865: Lee surrenders at Appomattox\n                  Court House; the 38th is nearby at \"Pleasant\n                  Retreat,\" two miles east of the court house. April 13, 1865: The 38th breaks camp and heads\n                  home.","On May 3, 1861, Governor John Letcher called for the men\n            of Virginia to leave their families and occupations and\n            join the Confederate Army. Soon after, the 38th Virginia\n            Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed, lead by Colonel\n            Edward Edmonds, Lieutenant Colonel Powhatan Whittle and\n            Major Isaac Carrington. During the course of the war, the\n            38th was assigned to several different brigades, including\n            Smith's, Early's and Armistead's Brigade. There was also\n            considerable turnover of officers, as some were wounded,\n            killed, or not re-elected.","The 38th consisted of ten companies, most of which were\n            organized in Pittsylvania County, VA. Company D, which the\n            Bookers joined, was organized at Whitmell. Its initial\n            leader was Captain Ralph Herndon.","Engagements and Assignments of the 38th\n                  Virginia Infantry May 5, 1862: The Battle of Williamsburg:\n                  Whittle is wounded. May 31, 1862: The Battle of Seven Pines: The\n                  38th suffers a casualty rate of 42%. July 1, 1862: The Battle of Malvern Hill: The\n                  38th suffers severely with 11 killed, 72 wounded and\n                  11 missing. September 15, 1862: The 38th takes part in\n                  capturing Harper's Ferry. September 16, 1862: The 38th joins the Battle\n                  of Sharpsburg. July 3, 1863: The 38th is part of Pickett's\n                  Charge at the Battle of Gettysburg; Colonel Edmonds\n                  is killed; of the 481 members of the 38th who\n                  participated in the battle, \"40 were killed on the\n                  battlefield (8%); 51 were wounded (10%); and 103 were\n                  captured (21%)\" (Gregory 43). May 10, 1864: The Battle of Chester Station;\n                  Colonel Cabell is killed; Lieutenant Colonel Griggs\n                  is promoted to Colonel of the 38th. May 16, 1864: The Battle of Drewry's Bluff;\n                  from the 38th, 23 killed and 77 wounded. September 3, 1864: Brigadier General George\n                  Steuart assumes command of Armistead's Brigade.\n                  Desertions are frequent. November 17, 1864: The 38th captures the Union\n                  line near Petersburg. April 1, 1865: The Battle of Five Forks. April 6, 1865: The Battle of Sayler's\n                  Creek--the 38th's final battle. April 9, 1865: Lee surrenders at Appomattox\n                  Court House; the 38th is nearby at \"Pleasant\n                  Retreat,\" two miles east of the court house. April 13, 1865: The 38th breaks camp and heads\n                  home."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJames and John Booker\n            Collection, Accession 11237, Special Collections Department, University of\n         Virginia Library\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["James and John Booker\n            Collection, Accession 11237, Special Collections Department, University of\n         Virginia Library"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFunded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n            for the Humanities\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Funding Note"],"processinfo_tesim":["Funded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n            for the Humanities"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content Information","Scope and Content","Overview of Themes Discussed in the Letters","Preparing for Battle","Health","Food and Supplies","Interactions with Civilians","Morale","Religion"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Scope and Content This collection consists of ca. twenty-six items,\n            1861-1864, chiefly the letters of \n             John Booker (1840-1864) and \n             James Booker (1840-1923) of \n             Pittsylvania County, Virginia, to their\n            cousin, \n             Chloe Unity Blair (1839-1875) ;\n            electrostatic copies of Bible records for the Booker and\n            Blair families; and electrostatic copies of typed\n            transcripts of the letters. The original bound volume of\n            the transcripts was returned to the donor.","This collection consists of ca. twenty-six items,\n            1861-1864, chiefly the letters of \n             John Booker (1840-1864) and \n             James Booker (1840-1923) of \n             Pittsylvania County, Virginia, to their\n            cousin, \n             Chloe Unity Blair (1839-1875) ;\n            electrostatic copies of Bible records for the Booker and\n            Blair families; and electrostatic copies of typed\n            transcripts of the letters. The original bound volume of\n            the transcripts was returned to the donor.","Overview of Themes Discussed in the Letters The letters of James and John Booker give a sense of\n            what life was like for an ordinary soldier serving in the\n            Confederate army. Of course, the Bookers depict the drama\n            of battle --describing gunfire and cannonades, listing the\n            dead and wounded, and giving thanks for their own escapes\n            from death or imprisonment--but the letters are more\n            concerned with the rhythms of everyday life at camp. The\n            Bookers worry over their health and their comrades'; enjoy\n            the plenty or (more often) lament the lack of food and\n            supplies; report on the interactions between civilians and\n            soldiers; and describe religious revivals held at the camp.\n            As the war goes on, the Bookers begin to articulate with\n            more intensity not only what happens to them, but how they\n            feel about it. Whereas John fumes against the elites\n            (officers, politicians, and the wealthy) for evading their\n            responsibilities and mistreating the common soldier, James\n            grows more fatalistic and religious, trusting that his\n            suffering is God's will.","The letters of James and John Booker give a sense of\n            what life was like for an ordinary soldier serving in the\n            Confederate army. Of course, the Bookers depict the drama\n            of battle --describing gunfire and cannonades, listing the\n            dead and wounded, and giving thanks for their own escapes\n            from death or imprisonment--but the letters are more\n            concerned with the rhythms of everyday life at camp. The\n            Bookers worry over their health and their comrades'; enjoy\n            the plenty or (more often) lament the lack of food and\n            supplies; report on the interactions between civilians and\n            soldiers; and describe religious revivals held at the camp.\n            As the war goes on, the Bookers begin to articulate with\n            more intensity not only what happens to them, but how they\n            feel about it. Whereas John fumes against the elites\n            (officers, politicians, and the wealthy) for evading their\n            responsibilities and mistreating the common soldier, James\n            grows more fatalistic and religious, trusting that his\n            suffering is God's will.","Preparing for Battle The members of the 38th Virginia spent much of their\n            time drilling, marching, serving picket duty, and\n            speculating about when and where the next battle would be.\n            Indeed, the Bookers seem to devote more energy to\n            anticipating battles than to describing them (perhaps\n            because they did not want to upset their cousin). They\n            acquired much of the information that fueled their\n            speculations from gossipping with citizens and other\n            soldiers. In a letter from 1861, for instance, James Booker\n            predicts that a \"hard battle\" will break out soon, basing\n            his prediction on a conversation he had with a soldier\n            whose company is located closer to the front (October 8).\n            Sometimes more immediate experiences led the Bookers to\n            forecast a battle, especially when they could see Union\n            troops or hear cannonades and gunfire nearby. Writing from\n            a rain-soaked outpost near Yorktown, Virginia in 1862, for\n            instance, James reports that the Union forces have been\n            \"shooting at our men constantly tho it is very cildom thay\n            hit eny of them\" (April 19). He predicts that soon a battle\n            will occur that will decide the war, since he has heard\n            that Yankee prisoners \"say that thay have got to whip or\n            die here\" (April 19, 1862). But in this prediction, as in\n            others, James was disappointed. As the war dragged on, the\n            Bookers stopped assuming that it would reach a speedy\n            conclusion; indeed, by 1864 John came to the conclusion\n            that the \"leaden men\" were not really interested in\n            achieving peace (March 1, 1864). Although the Bookers participated in several battles and\n            skirmishes, the most devastating battle for their regiment\n            was Gettysburg (see the section on Regimental History for a\n            complete list of the engagements that the 38th took part\n            in). While participating in Pickett's Charge, the 38th\n            Virginia lost Colonel Edmonds, whom James Booker describes\n            as \"one of the best men in service,\" and many other\n            officers and soldiers (July 11, 1863). The Booker brothers\n            themselves had to scramble to avoid being captured by Union\n            troops; several of their companions, however, \"let the\n            Yankees take them\" (John Booker, July 11, 1863). Not only were the Bookers shocked by their experiences\n            in battle, but by chilling events that upset camp routines.\n            In the first weeks of the war, James Booker reports, a\n            young man accidentally shot another soldier from his\n            hometown and now is \"about to grieve himself to death about\n            it\" (July 14, 1861). But James passes on an even more\n            shocking story in a later letter: two soldiers were caught\n            conspiring to kill their commanding officer and were\n            executed. In an attempt to \"save their souls,\" the\n            condemned soldiers \"gave the Roman Catholic Priest 25\n            dollars apiece\" (December 15, 1861).","The members of the 38th Virginia spent much of their\n            time drilling, marching, serving picket duty, and\n            speculating about when and where the next battle would be.\n            Indeed, the Bookers seem to devote more energy to\n            anticipating battles than to describing them (perhaps\n            because they did not want to upset their cousin). They\n            acquired much of the information that fueled their\n            speculations from gossipping with citizens and other\n            soldiers. In a letter from 1861, for instance, James Booker\n            predicts that a \"hard battle\" will break out soon, basing\n            his prediction on a conversation he had with a soldier\n            whose company is located closer to the front (October 8).\n            Sometimes more immediate experiences led the Bookers to\n            forecast a battle, especially when they could see Union\n            troops or hear cannonades and gunfire nearby. Writing from\n            a rain-soaked outpost near Yorktown, Virginia in 1862, for\n            instance, James reports that the Union forces have been\n            \"shooting at our men constantly tho it is very cildom thay\n            hit eny of them\" (April 19). He predicts that soon a battle\n            will occur that will decide the war, since he has heard\n            that Yankee prisoners \"say that thay have got to whip or\n            die here\" (April 19, 1862). But in this prediction, as in\n            others, James was disappointed. As the war dragged on, the\n            Bookers stopped assuming that it would reach a speedy\n            conclusion; indeed, by 1864 John came to the conclusion\n            that the \"leaden men\" were not really interested in\n            achieving peace (March 1, 1864).","Although the Bookers participated in several battles and\n            skirmishes, the most devastating battle for their regiment\n            was Gettysburg (see the section on Regimental History for a\n            complete list of the engagements that the 38th took part\n            in). While participating in Pickett's Charge, the 38th\n            Virginia lost Colonel Edmonds, whom James Booker describes\n            as \"one of the best men in service,\" and many other\n            officers and soldiers (July 11, 1863). The Booker brothers\n            themselves had to scramble to avoid being captured by Union\n            troops; several of their companions, however, \"let the\n            Yankees take them\" (John Booker, July 11, 1863).","Not only were the Bookers shocked by their experiences\n            in battle, but by chilling events that upset camp routines.\n            In the first weeks of the war, James Booker reports, a\n            young man accidentally shot another soldier from his\n            hometown and now is \"about to grieve himself to death about\n            it\" (July 14, 1861). But James passes on an even more\n            shocking story in a later letter: two soldiers were caught\n            conspiring to kill their commanding officer and were\n            executed. In an attempt to \"save their souls,\" the\n            condemned soldiers \"gave the Roman Catholic Priest 25\n            dollars apiece\" (December 15, 1861).","Health More explainable than violence in the camps, but\n            ultimately more destructive, was disease. Illness and\n            disease killed two-thirds of the Southern soldiers who died\n            during the Civil War, so not surprisingly the Bookers often\n            detail the health problems that they and their fellow\n            soldiers were suffering (Robertson 88-89). These ailments\n            include jaundice, typhoid, stomach disorders, fever, and\n            mumps. The Bookers imply that much of the illness is due to\n            the conditions the soldiers must face; sometimes the\n            soldiers lacked adequate shelter, at times they would have\n            to wade rivers and then march miles wearing wet clothing,\n            and often they lacked adequate provisions (John Booker,\n            April 29, 1862). Although sick soldiers were typically sent\n            to the hospital, the men also took care of each other. In\n            the fall of 1861, James and John Booker, apparently just\n            recovering from sickness themselves, were responsible for\n            nursing three members of their company (James Booker,\n            September 6). Several months later, James Booker fell sick\n            with chronic diarrhea and was sent to Greaner's Hospital in\n            Richmond to recuperate. While in the hospital, Booker was\n            stuck in a Catch-22: he wanted to get a furlough so that he\n            could recover his health at home, but he did not know where\n            his company was, so he could not get the permission of his\n            commanding officer to return to Pittsylvania. Eventually\n            James re-joined his company, but he did not receive the\n            furlough that he wished for.","More explainable than violence in the camps, but\n            ultimately more destructive, was disease. Illness and\n            disease killed two-thirds of the Southern soldiers who died\n            during the Civil War, so not surprisingly the Bookers often\n            detail the health problems that they and their fellow\n            soldiers were suffering (Robertson 88-89). These ailments\n            include jaundice, typhoid, stomach disorders, fever, and\n            mumps. The Bookers imply that much of the illness is due to\n            the conditions the soldiers must face; sometimes the\n            soldiers lacked adequate shelter, at times they would have\n            to wade rivers and then march miles wearing wet clothing,\n            and often they lacked adequate provisions (John Booker,\n            April 29, 1862). Although sick soldiers were typically sent\n            to the hospital, the men also took care of each other. In\n            the fall of 1861, James and John Booker, apparently just\n            recovering from sickness themselves, were responsible for\n            nursing three members of their company (James Booker,\n            September 6). Several months later, James Booker fell sick\n            with chronic diarrhea and was sent to Greaner's Hospital in\n            Richmond to recuperate. While in the hospital, Booker was\n            stuck in a Catch-22: he wanted to get a furlough so that he\n            could recover his health at home, but he did not know where\n            his company was, so he could not get the permission of his\n            commanding officer to return to Pittsylvania. Eventually\n            James re-joined his company, but he did not receive the\n            furlough that he wished for.","Food and Supplies Although in his first letter James Booker claims that\n            the soldiers get \"plenty of good pervision,\" the Bookers\n            later complained that they often didn't get enough to eat\n            (July 14, 1861). As James writes in 1862, \"the rations has\n            bin very scanty a large portion of the time sence we have\n            bin marching\" (September 30). But sometimes the 38th\n            Virginia did enjoy plentiful supplies, particularly when\n            they camped in locations where food was abundant. When the\n            38th Virginia arrived near Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, for\n            instance, James Booker reported that \"we can get plenty of\n            milk \u0026 butter and apple butter that is verry good\"\n            (June 30, 1863). Often civilians would supply soldiers with\n            food, whether because they feared or supported the\n            troops.","Although in his first letter James Booker claims that\n            the soldiers get \"plenty of good pervision,\" the Bookers\n            later complained that they often didn't get enough to eat\n            (July 14, 1861). As James writes in 1862, \"the rations has\n            bin very scanty a large portion of the time sence we have\n            bin marching\" (September 30). But sometimes the 38th\n            Virginia did enjoy plentiful supplies, particularly when\n            they camped in locations where food was abundant. When the\n            38th Virginia arrived near Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, for\n            instance, James Booker reported that \"we can get plenty of\n            milk \u0026 butter and apple butter that is verry good\"\n            (June 30, 1863). Often civilians would supply soldiers with\n            food, whether because they feared or supported the\n            troops.","Interactions with Civilians Throughout the letters, the Bookers demonstrate their\n            consciousness of the effect the war is having on the\n            civilians. At the beginning of the war, James Booker\n            describes the friendly exchanges between Southern soldiers\n            and civilians, reporting gleefully from a camp near\n            Winchester that the men have \"a fine chance of beautiful\n            young Ladies, and the kindest that I ever saw\" (July 14,\n            1861). Besides providing moral support, Southern civilians\n            would exchange information about the war with the\n            Confederate troops (James Booker, November 24, 1862). Both\n            Southern and Northern civilians would sell or give supplies\n            to Confederate troops. Writing from Winchester, Virginia in\n            1862, James Booker even claims that he prefers Yankees to\n            Quakers, since \"the Yankees will sell us eny thing cheap\n            for the specia\" while \"the quakers will sell any thing thay\n            have got when the spirit moves them, tho we cant catch them\n            rite half our time\" (James Booker, October 17, 1862).\n            Likewise, in Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania, the Yankee\n            citizens treated the Confederate soldiers \"verry kind,\"\n            providing them food without charging them for it, though\n            James suggests that \"it is don through fear\" (June 30,\n            1863). While in Fredericksburg, James enjoyed a mutually\n            supportive relationship with a local civilian, guarding his\n            home in exchange for lodging. Although civilians and soldiers often cooperated with\n            each other, the Bookers realized that the war was damaging\n            the lives of those not directly involved in the fighting.\n            In particular, James argues, citizens who live near the\n            \"line of the enemy\" \"have great deal to see trouble about\"\n            (June 14, 1863). Even those areas not yet scarred by the\n            war would soon be, James predicts. As he says of\n            Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania,\"this is a verry flourishing\n            looking Country the crops all look fine. it has never felt\n            the affect of the war, though I guess if we stay here long\n            it will feel the affect of it\" (June 30, 1863). James\n            especially blames Northern soldiers for looting the homes\n            of Southern citizens, claiming that \"the yankees is geting\n            too mean to live\" (June 14, 1863). But he admits that some\n            Confederate soldiers likewise have stolen from citizens,\n            disobeying General Lee's orders. Indeed, one woman stormed\n            into the Confederate camp near Kinston, North Carolina,\n            hoping to recover a skillet of soup that had been stolen\n            (June 30, 1863; January 1, 1864). Confederate soldiers also\n            stole over 18,000 dollars from the Quarter Master (January\n            1, 1864). Despite these incidents, James Booker was\n            offended when Confederate General Seth Maxwell Barton\n            called the members of his brigade \"rags and thieves,\" since\n            \"it is not healthy for him to gave honist people such a bad\n            name because some men does wrong\" (January 1, 1864).","Throughout the letters, the Bookers demonstrate their\n            consciousness of the effect the war is having on the\n            civilians. At the beginning of the war, James Booker\n            describes the friendly exchanges between Southern soldiers\n            and civilians, reporting gleefully from a camp near\n            Winchester that the men have \"a fine chance of beautiful\n            young Ladies, and the kindest that I ever saw\" (July 14,\n            1861). Besides providing moral support, Southern civilians\n            would exchange information about the war with the\n            Confederate troops (James Booker, November 24, 1862). Both\n            Southern and Northern civilians would sell or give supplies\n            to Confederate troops. Writing from Winchester, Virginia in\n            1862, James Booker even claims that he prefers Yankees to\n            Quakers, since \"the Yankees will sell us eny thing cheap\n            for the specia\" while \"the quakers will sell any thing thay\n            have got when the spirit moves them, tho we cant catch them\n            rite half our time\" (James Booker, October 17, 1862).\n            Likewise, in Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania, the Yankee\n            citizens treated the Confederate soldiers \"verry kind,\"\n            providing them food without charging them for it, though\n            James suggests that \"it is don through fear\" (June 30,\n            1863). While in Fredericksburg, James enjoyed a mutually\n            supportive relationship with a local civilian, guarding his\n            home in exchange for lodging.","Although civilians and soldiers often cooperated with\n            each other, the Bookers realized that the war was damaging\n            the lives of those not directly involved in the fighting.\n            In particular, James argues, citizens who live near the\n            \"line of the enemy\" \"have great deal to see trouble about\"\n            (June 14, 1863). Even those areas not yet scarred by the\n            war would soon be, James predicts. As he says of\n            Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania,\"this is a verry flourishing\n            looking Country the crops all look fine. it has never felt\n            the affect of the war, though I guess if we stay here long\n            it will feel the affect of it\" (June 30, 1863). James\n            especially blames Northern soldiers for looting the homes\n            of Southern citizens, claiming that \"the yankees is geting\n            too mean to live\" (June 14, 1863). But he admits that some\n            Confederate soldiers likewise have stolen from citizens,\n            disobeying General Lee's orders. Indeed, one woman stormed\n            into the Confederate camp near Kinston, North Carolina,\n            hoping to recover a skillet of soup that had been stolen\n            (June 30, 1863; January 1, 1864). Confederate soldiers also\n            stole over 18,000 dollars from the Quarter Master (January\n            1, 1864). Despite these incidents, James Booker was\n            offended when Confederate General Seth Maxwell Barton\n            called the members of his brigade \"rags and thieves,\" since\n            \"it is not healthy for him to gave honist people such a bad\n            name because some men does wrong\" (January 1, 1864).","Morale Early in the war, James and John Booker seemed to\n            believe that the South would defeat the North swiftly. They\n            contended that the South had a stronger army, and they\n            noted that Northerners \"dont unite like our people do,\"\n            since the Democrats and the Republicans were at odds (James\n            Booker, June 30, 1863). Soon their hope had begun to fade. Though James Booker\n            longed to return home, by 1863 he no longer believed that\n            the North and South would achieve a quick peace: \n             \"I am a fread it will be a long time first if ever, I\n               think the prosspect for peece is very gloomy now it dont\n               look like eather side is make in any prepperration for\n               Piece, thare are greater preperation for fighten than\n               ever\" (September 23, 1863). John Booker was even more pessimistic, and\n            certainly much more cynical, as he accused the Southern\n            leadership of needlessly prolonging the war: \n             \"I beleave that we mout have hud piece be fore this\n               time if our head leaden men would would have tride\"\n               (March 1, 1864). The Bookers, particularly John, felt that while Southern\n            elites were making decisions that extended the war, the\n            poor were actually fighting most of the battles and\n            suffering the consequences of those decisions. Because the\n            First Conscription Act allowed a drafted man to hire a\n            \"substitute\" to serve his term in the army, wealthy men\n            could evade service (Current, 396-99). This provision\n            enraged many of the Confederate soldiers, who contended\n            that it placed the burden of the war on those who could not\n            afford to pay for a substitute. Not only did substitution\n            fan class tensions, but it also failed to bring competent\n            soldiers into the army. James Booker mentions that that the\n            substitute for John Millner deserted, and many other\n            substitutes did likewise (August 3, 1862). Some men even\n            made a business of agreeing to substitute for one person,\n            deserting, and then collecting money to substitute for\n            someone else. Although James Booker did not get angry about\n            the practice of substitution, he understood that it\n            weakened the Confederate Army: \n             \"I dont blame no man to put in a substitute if he\n               can, tho I think if it is kept up much long er it will\n               ruin our army\" (August 3, 1862). His brother John, however, was less tentative in\n            condemning substitution: \n             \"I say put every one on equal foottin for this is a\n               rich mans war an a por mans fight, I be leave thare are\n               some of the men that have but in substitute are dooen a\n               great [d]eal of good but the most of them are doo en\n               more harm than good they are just speculaten on the poor\n               people, an soldiers\" (December 22, 1863). Further feeding John Booker's indignation was the\n            distribution of furloughs. According to the First\n            Conscription Act, a \"twelvemonth man\" was entitled to a\n            sixty-day furlough each year, but neither Booker received a\n            furlough during his time in the army (Current, 396-99).\n            John Booker noted that while officers freely took furloughs\n            themselves, the captain in charge of his company, John\n            Herndon, was \"too lazy\" to give his exhausted men a break\n            (Decemeber 22, 1863). As a result of the inequalities and inefficiencies of\n            miltary adminstration, John Booker believed that soldiers\n            should refuse to re-enlist. In his March 1, 1864 letter, he\n            derides the miltary pagaent staged by Virginia Governor\n            William \"Extra Billy\" Smith and Colonel Cabell in an\n            attempt to persuade the men to re-enlist. After commanding\n            the soldiers to line up, the Colonel ordered that the\n            Colors (the flags of the regiment) be borne to the front\n            and asked \"all who wer determen to be freemen to step out\n            on the line with the cullars and all who wer willen to be\n            slaves for thare enemyes to stand fast\" (March 1, 1864).\n            Angry that he hadn't yet received a furlough, and convinced\n            that re-enlisting would only encourage the Southern\n            leadership to continue the war, John Booker rejected the\n            Colonel's challenge that he re-enlist; two-thirds of the\n            soldiers stood back with him. As he explains, \"I dideant\n            inten to reinlist nor I wes not willen to be a Slave for my\n            enemyes and I dident go on line with the reinlisted, and I\n            dideant wish to bee in eather line\" (March 1, 1864).","Early in the war, James and John Booker seemed to\n            believe that the South would defeat the North swiftly. They\n            contended that the South had a stronger army, and they\n            noted that Northerners \"dont unite like our people do,\"\n            since the Democrats and the Republicans were at odds (James\n            Booker, June 30, 1863).","Soon their hope had begun to fade. Though James Booker\n            longed to return home, by 1863 he no longer believed that\n            the North and South would achieve a quick peace: \n             \"I am a fread it will be a long time first if ever, I\n               think the prosspect for peece is very gloomy now it dont\n               look like eather side is make in any prepperration for\n               Piece, thare are greater preperation for fighten than\n               ever\" (September 23, 1863). John Booker was even more pessimistic, and\n            certainly much more cynical, as he accused the Southern\n            leadership of needlessly prolonging the war: \n             \"I beleave that we mout have hud piece be fore this\n               time if our head leaden men would would have tride\"\n               (March 1, 1864).","The Bookers, particularly John, felt that while Southern\n            elites were making decisions that extended the war, the\n            poor were actually fighting most of the battles and\n            suffering the consequences of those decisions. Because the\n            First Conscription Act allowed a drafted man to hire a\n            \"substitute\" to serve his term in the army, wealthy men\n            could evade service (Current, 396-99). This provision\n            enraged many of the Confederate soldiers, who contended\n            that it placed the burden of the war on those who could not\n            afford to pay for a substitute. Not only did substitution\n            fan class tensions, but it also failed to bring competent\n            soldiers into the army. James Booker mentions that that the\n            substitute for John Millner deserted, and many other\n            substitutes did likewise (August 3, 1862). Some men even\n            made a business of agreeing to substitute for one person,\n            deserting, and then collecting money to substitute for\n            someone else. Although James Booker did not get angry about\n            the practice of substitution, he understood that it\n            weakened the Confederate Army: \n             \"I dont blame no man to put in a substitute if he\n               can, tho I think if it is kept up much long er it will\n               ruin our army\" (August 3, 1862).","His brother John, however, was less tentative in\n            condemning substitution: \n             \"I say put every one on equal foottin for this is a\n               rich mans war an a por mans fight, I be leave thare are\n               some of the men that have but in substitute are dooen a\n               great [d]eal of good but the most of them are doo en\n               more harm than good they are just speculaten on the poor\n               people, an soldiers\" (December 22, 1863).","Further feeding John Booker's indignation was the\n            distribution of furloughs. According to the First\n            Conscription Act, a \"twelvemonth man\" was entitled to a\n            sixty-day furlough each year, but neither Booker received a\n            furlough during his time in the army (Current, 396-99).\n            John Booker noted that while officers freely took furloughs\n            themselves, the captain in charge of his company, John\n            Herndon, was \"too lazy\" to give his exhausted men a break\n            (Decemeber 22, 1863).","As a result of the inequalities and inefficiencies of\n            miltary adminstration, John Booker believed that soldiers\n            should refuse to re-enlist. In his March 1, 1864 letter, he\n            derides the miltary pagaent staged by Virginia Governor\n            William \"Extra Billy\" Smith and Colonel Cabell in an\n            attempt to persuade the men to re-enlist. After commanding\n            the soldiers to line up, the Colonel ordered that the\n            Colors (the flags of the regiment) be borne to the front\n            and asked \"all who wer determen to be freemen to step out\n            on the line with the cullars and all who wer willen to be\n            slaves for thare enemyes to stand fast\" (March 1, 1864).\n            Angry that he hadn't yet received a furlough, and convinced\n            that re-enlisting would only encourage the Southern\n            leadership to continue the war, John Booker rejected the\n            Colonel's challenge that he re-enlist; two-thirds of the\n            soldiers stood back with him. As he explains, \"I dideant\n            inten to reinlist nor I wes not willen to be a Slave for my\n            enemyes and I dident go on line with the reinlisted, and I\n            dideant wish to bee in eather line\" (March 1, 1864).","Religion Whereas John Booker responded to terrible conditions by\n            getting angry, his brother James turned to religion as a\n            way of making sense of his suffering and connecting with\n            home. As he writes of his homesickness, James Booker\n            occasionally expresses his desire to join his relatives at\n            the religious revivals held at Mount Hermon Baptist Church\n            near Danville, Virginia (August 3, 1862). But he reassures\n            his cousin that revivals often take place in the camp and\n            that many soldiers have been converted. According to James,\n            a sense of gratitude in war-time motivates many of the men\n            to convert: \"I think it is time for them to turn after\n            being blesed so plainley as they have bin in the past\n            battles\" (October 17, 1862). Likewise, James' faith seems\n            to have strengthened him and given him hope of returning\n            home, whether to Pittsylvania County or to Heaven. In a\n            letter written on New Years Day of 1864, James includes two\n            quotations about coming home to and through God. Quoting\n            from the third stanza of \"Amazing Grace,\" James writes, \n             Tis grace that brought me safe thus far And grace\n               will lead me home. In March of 1864, however, James believed that he might\n            not arrive home safely, at least not home to Pittsylvania,\n            since the spring campaign would soon open and \"then we poor\n            soldiers will see a hard time\" (March 16, 1864). But James\n            embraced a spirit of Christian fatalism, contending that\n            his life was in God's hands: \"If it is the will of [my]\n            maker for me to be cut down in this war I dont ask to be\n            spared for I beleave that he will do what is the best for\n            me, thare is but few things that I would ask to stay in\n            this trouble some world for\" (March 16, 1864). After\n            writing this letter, James Booker lived for almost sixty\n            more years, but his twin John died five months later of\n            wounds he received at Drewry's Bluff.","Whereas John Booker responded to terrible conditions by\n            getting angry, his brother James turned to religion as a\n            way of making sense of his suffering and connecting with\n            home. As he writes of his homesickness, James Booker\n            occasionally expresses his desire to join his relatives at\n            the religious revivals held at Mount Hermon Baptist Church\n            near Danville, Virginia (August 3, 1862). But he reassures\n            his cousin that revivals often take place in the camp and\n            that many soldiers have been converted. According to James,\n            a sense of gratitude in war-time motivates many of the men\n            to convert: \"I think it is time for them to turn after\n            being blesed so plainley as they have bin in the past\n            battles\" (October 17, 1862). Likewise, James' faith seems\n            to have strengthened him and given him hope of returning\n            home, whether to Pittsylvania County or to Heaven. In a\n            letter written on New Years Day of 1864, James includes two\n            quotations about coming home to and through God. Quoting\n            from the third stanza of \"Amazing Grace,\" James writes, \n             Tis grace that brought me safe thus far And grace\n               will lead me home.","In March of 1864, however, James believed that he might\n            not arrive home safely, at least not home to Pittsylvania,\n            since the spring campaign would soon open and \"then we poor\n            soldiers will see a hard time\" (March 16, 1864). But James\n            embraced a spirit of Christian fatalism, contending that\n            his life was in God's hands: \"If it is the will of [my]\n            maker for me to be cut down in this war I dont ask to be\n            spared for I beleave that he will do what is the best for\n            me, thare is but few things that I would ask to stay in\n            this trouble some world for\" (March 16, 1864). After\n            writing this letter, James Booker lived for almost sixty\n            more years, but his twin John died five months later of\n            wounds he received at Drewry's Bluff.","Optimistic at the beginning of the war, James\n                  Booker praises the \"elegant water,\" \"beautiful young\n                  Ladies,\" and \"most beautiful country\" he finds at the\n                  38th's camp at Winchester. But he notes that one\n                  member of the regiment accidentally shot another\n                  member from his hometown and now feel terrible. He\n                  warns that \"cowardly boys\" who are avoiding service\n                  should beware, since they are likely to be drafted or\n                  made to put up breastworks. After salutations and\n                  greetings, James indicates where letters should be\n                  sent. A. Blair, a relative of James' and possibly\n                  Chloe Blair's brother, writes a short note to be\n                  included. Blair indicates that he is including a\n                  letter that \"brother William\" received from\n                  \"brother,\" who was expecting to go to Manassas. Blair\n                  finishes by saying that all are well.","James Booker complains of not hearing from his\n                  family. He mentions being too ill to serve and that\n                  he, consequently, works in the hospital. He talks\n                  about patients suffering from jaundice and yellow\n                  fever and mentions the poor health of James May, Hugh\n                  Norton and Josiah Burnett, as well as the death of\n                  Billy Pruett from eating \"too much beef liver.\" In\n                  spite of their complaints, he notes that the health\n                  of the men in camp is improving. He alludes to having\n                  received bad news from Texas, and then states that he\n                  will probably not come home as long as he is healthy\n                  or until peace is declared. The postscript states\n                  that James will try to send for things via any\n                  returning soldiers.","James Booker reports that his company is healthier\n                  than it has been for some time. He has heard about\n                  fighting at Falls Church the day before, and reports\n                  a conversation with a man from the Danville Grays,\n                  who told him that the Yankees are within four miles\n                  of his company at Fairfax Court House. From this\n                  information, James Booker predicts that a \"hard\n                  battle\" will soon take place. He mentions getting a\n                  letter from Addie (perhaps Drury Addison Blair),\n                  whose condition is improving.","This letter is a reply to one or more letters that\n                  James had received from his cousin and \"sweethearts\"\n                  a few days earlier. He has just heard that his\n                  regiment is about to move into their winter quarters\n                  in Gainesville. He will join it when the winter\n                  quarters are ready. Meanwhile, the work in his\n                  current quarters is lighter and the pay better. He\n                  believes the fighting in Centreville will not\n                  continue past winter. He mentions meeting a man who\n                  had been captured by the Union and who was recently\n                  released. According to this man, there are 60,000\n                  sick Yankees in Washington. He also adds that he has\n                  heard that two men in Centreville were shot for\n                  trying to kill their commanding officer. James closes\n                  the letter by asking to be remembered to cousin Eliza\n                  Ann Williams and to all the \"ladies\" at Christmas\n                  time.","Writing from the company's winter quarters near\n                  the battlefield of First Manassas, John Booker\n                  describes his brother James' sickness, which has left\n                  him weak and without an appetite. Other soldiers,\n                  including Nathaniel Robertson and Neal Gilbert, have\n                  struggled with illness; one, Josiah Burnett, has\n                  died. Booker ends his letter by expressing his\n                  pleasure at having received his cousin Unity's letter\n                  and apologizing that his brother James was unable to\n                  write.","James Booker explains why he has been so long in\n                  answering Unity's latest letters, stating that he has\n                  been in hospital, too ill to write. He had hoped to\n                  come home on furlough, but has been separated from\n                  his regiment and could not obtain leave. He asks that\n                  Unity write to him with the location of his regiment.\n                  He also complains about the quality of the food and\n                  mentions seeing many acquaintances on their way to\n                  the front. He closes by asking his cousin to direct\n                  her replies to Greaner's Hospital, care of Surgeon R.\n                  G. Banks.","James Booker writes to inform his cousin of the\n                  location of his regiment. He indicates that they have\n                  been shot at but infrequently hit. He mentions that a\n                  man named Tucker, who was wounded in the chin, was\n                  the only man from his regiment (he was attached to\n                  Captain Carter's Company F) to have been shot. He\n                  also notes that many men, mainly Yankees, were killed\n                  at last Wednesday's battle and that this evening the\n                  Yankees flew a truce flag in order to safely bury\n                  their dead. He feels that, because the best of both\n                  armies are here, the war will be settled here. He\n                  closes by asking that Unity write soon, and direct\n                  her letters to him at Yorktown. He also asks her to\n                  notify \"sister Mary\" that Pickney has not yet\n                  arrived.","John Booker describes a new posting and notes\n                  that, since leaving the Orange Court House, the\n                  troops are living without tents. They stay in the\n                  entrenchments every other day and night, and are\n                  under constant bombardment by the Yankees. He\n                  mentions that there is a good deal of sickness and\n                  many are being wounded. Also, he notes that they have\n                  elected officers for the next two years. John closes\n                  by asking Unity to direct her letter to him at\n                  Yorktown.","James begins by apologizing for the tardiness of\n                  his letter: he explains that he has been ill. He then\n                  discusses the practice of substitution (arranging for\n                  a replacement in the army), concluding that it is\n                  having a bad effect on the Confederate Army. He also\n                  discusses his work assignment and his health. In a\n                  separate letter on the same paper, John tells his\n                  cousin about his cold and sore throat. He also states\n                  that there is currently no fighting, but he can hear\n                  the Yankees firing cannonade \"down on the river.\"","James Booker writes that he and his brother John\n                  are in good health. They have been marching hard but\n                  usually have not gotten enough to eat. Booker reports\n                  that the general feeling in the camp is that peace\n                  will come soon. Four sick conscripts have arrived\n                  (and are named). James complains of having to march\n                  in wet clothing after crossing bridge-less streams.\n                  He also notes that the sick and wounded have been\n                  ordered from Winchester to Staunton and thinks that\n                  everyone else will be going to Richmond soon. James\n                  looks forward to going there since he has not heard\n                  from home since leaving Richmond. He greets other\n                  family members and mentions that John will write\n                  soon.","Claiming that he would be able to \"stand\" being a\n                  soldier if he received enough to eat, James Booker\n                  notes that recently the supply of food has been\n                  adequate, but that the men have not gotten enough\n                  salt. James Booker notes the illnesses of two men in\n                  camp, Bage Pritchett and John Hundley. He compares\n                  the entrepreneurship of the Yankees with the more\n                  whimsical quality of the Quakers' mercantilism and\n                  notes the use of Confederate money and specie to buy\n                  provisions. He also describes a month-long religious\n                  revival meeting underway in camp.","After reporting that he and his brother John are\n                  well, James Booker writes that the company has been\n                  marching for the past four days and has finally\n                  arrived at its camp near Fredericksburg. Many Union\n                  soldiers are nearby, and he predicts that the Union\n                  troops will soon begin shelling the Confederates. He\n                  expects a \"hard\" battle to commence soon.","Writing on the Sabbath, James Booker tells his\n                  cousin that both he and his brother are well. The\n                  members of Company D marched for the past ten days,\n                  and they expect to march again the next day, since\n                  they are following the movements of the Union troops.\n                  A few days previously, the Union had surprised the\n                  Confederate cavalry, but the Confederates managed to\n                  drive their enemies across the river and take several\n                  hundred prisoners. Complaining that \"the Yankees is\n                  getting too mean to live,\" James Booker writes that\n                  they steal and destroy Southern property, such as\n                  meat, corn, and horses. He notes, \"I still live in\n                  hope of peace soon though I may not live to see it.\"\n                  He observes that at a \"very interesting\" camp meeting\n                  several men, including Captain Herndon, were\n                  converted.","James Booker reports that he and his brother John\n                  are well. He mentions that local residents seem\n                  fearful of the army and that General Robert E. Lee\n                  has ordered his troops to respect private property.\n                  He describes the flourishing condition of\n                  Pennsylvania farms, noting that this part of the\n                  country has not yet felt the effects of the war.\n                  James perceives disunity in the people's attitude\n                  toward the war, comments on the abolitionists'\n                  motives, and mentions that he is boarding at a\n                  private house for free in return for guarding the\n                  owner's property. He closes by asking that Unity\n                  write soon, for he the last letter he received was\n                  dated the 13th.","Writing a few days after Gettysburg, James Booker\n                  describes the heavy losses suffered by his division\n                  during Pickett's Charge; most of the regiment's\n                  officers and many of the enlisted men were killed,\n                  wounded, or captured during the assault. James and\n                  John Booker escaped harm, though they were nearly\n                  taken prisoner by the Union forces. His division has\n                  been assigned to escort 5000-6000 Union prisoners to\n                  the South. He reports hearing daily of small battles\n                  and expects another major battle imminently, although\n                  he does not expect his division to be involved\n                  because it is on guard in Williamsport, a city where\n                  most of the citizens appear to favor the North.","John Booker writes that he is happy that Chloe\n                  enjoyed the revival meeting at Hermon (perhaps the\n                  Mount Hermon Baptist Church near Danville), then\n                  notes that there is \"good preaching\" at the camp. He\n                  contends that \"the prosspect for peece is very gloomy\n                  now,\" given that both sides are preparing for war\n                  with more intensity than ever. He reports that,\n                  despite rumors, Pickett's division will remain in\n                  Virginia. The troops are elated at this news, even\n                  though they have little more to do than guard camp\n                  and drill three times a day. In a postscript, James\n                  Booker asks Chloe Unity Blair to send his letter to\n                  his sister soon.","Apparently upset that he did not receive a\n                  furlough, James Booker wishes for the warmth and\n                  comforts of home, writing, \"there is none of them\n                  that knows how to appreciate a blessing until they\n                  are deprived of it.\" Still, he admits, in wartime he\n                  should find satisfaction simply in having enough to\n                  eat and enjoying good health; but he cannot be\n                  satisfied when speculators sell food to women and\n                  children at inflated prices. He observes that the\n                  married soldiers have sent for their wives and were\n                  boarding them at the homes of local citizens. He\n                  observes that General Corse's Brigade had been at the\n                  camp near Petersburg, but that they were sent to\n                  Tennessee. He also mentions writing to his sister\n                  Mary, telling her that he did not need clothing, as\n                  he received the box that \"you all\" sent him. The\n                  letter closes with a one-page postscript stating that\n                  John made a potato pie, and Cousin Tom ate with the\n                  two of them. He sends his regards to Cousin Pollie\n                  Ann and mentions that Cousin William Blair and Luther\n                  are stationed nearby but will be leaving for\n                  Chatanooga, Tennessee, within the next two days. He\n                  closes asking for Unity to return his \"soldier\n                  likeness\" to him so he can exchange it for a new\n                  one.","After observing that letters from home bring him\n                  great pleasure, John Booker chastises his cousin for\n                  not writing sooner. He notes that \"Flem\" Gregory has\n                  been ill, but is recuperating. Then he launches into\n                  a complaint that energizes the letter: Captain John\n                  Herndon is too \"lazy\" to grant the soldiers in his\n                  company furloughs, even though it is Christmas time,\n                  and even though the men are not doing anything, not\n                  even picket duty. So discontented are the soldiers\n                  that many say they will not re-enlist. John Booker\n                  claims that he opposes desertion, but that the\n                  wealthier men who paid substitutes to serve in the\n                  army should have to join, while veteran soldiers\n                  should receive furloughs. Angered at the inequality,\n                  John exclaims, \"this is a rich mans war an a poor\n                  mans fight.\" He ends his letter by observing that\n                  Memory Inman, another member of the D Company, is\n                  heading home to get married.","Booker reports that although his regiment had\n                  begun to march to meet the Yankees in battle, the\n                  Union had attacked --and been defeated by --another\n                  group of Confederate soldiers thirty-five miles away.\n                  He reports that the winter has been fairly pleasant\n                  and that food is cheap and plentiful. Despite such\n                  abundance, he notes, soldiers have been stealing food\n                  from local residents. He mentions a serious theft of\n                  $18,000 from the Quarter Master; soldiers are\n                  suspected of the deed. James expresses concern over\n                  General Barton's attitude towards the Regiment.\n                  (Barton has said his men come from \"rags and\n                  thieves.\") James complains that after three years of\n                  service he has still not received a furlough. He\n                  closes the letter with a stanza from \"Amazing\n                  Grace.\"","John Booker describes the attempt by Virginia\n                  Governor William \"Extra Billy\" Smith and Colonel\n                  [Joseph Robert] Cabell to make the men of the 38th\n                  Regiment re-enlist. He deplores the strategies they\n                  used: calling the men to stand before the \"Colors,\"\n                  declaring that any man who wanted to be a slave to\n                  the enemy should not re-enlist. John fears that his\n                  leaders want to continue to fight at all costs,\n                  rather than press for peace; and as long as men\n                  re-enlist the war will go on. John also expresses his\n                  dissatisfaction with the administration of the\n                  Regiment: only the men who re-enlist are granted\n                  furloughs, and John has still not received the\n                  furlough owed to him in 1862. He mentions that the\n                  two new recrutes to Company D are receiving their\n                  furloughs ahead of him. Changing the subject, John\n                  writes of nearby Union activity and says that they\n                  have been expecting a raid. Finally, he writes of\n                  Memory Inman's court martial and Captain John\n                  Herndon's marriage. He closes the letter by\n                  apologizing for its angry tone, writing, \"I have bin\n                  mad all day.\"","James Booker informs his cousin of his and his\n                  brother's good health. He discusses the treatment of\n                  prisoners of war, the unavailability of certain types\n                  of foodstuffs and the deprivations of civilians due\n                  to the war. He further comments on the weather and\n                  his coming duty in the field. He laments the lack of\n                  correspondence from home and closes his\n                  correspondence with salutations and wishes for his\n                  family's good health He apologizes for his poor\n                  writing, attributing it to having to finish the\n                  letter by firelight.","James Booker replies to Unity's letters of the\n                  17th and 24th. He mentions that his company has been\n                  fishing about 20 miles away and that the Yankees are\n                  getting closer and are expected to drive the men out\n                  of the fishery. He states that the Yankees are\n                  believed to be heading for Richmond. James hopes that\n                  \"this cruel war\" may end soon and \"in our favor.\" He\n                  closes with a quotation from \n                   1 John . The postscript,\n                  written on April 30th, states that the rumor that the\n                  Yankees are coming may be false."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee the \n            \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.library.virginia.edu/policies/use-of-materials\"\u003e\n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy.\u003c/extref\u003e\n            \u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["See the \n             \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc/\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":[""],"names_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. Special\n            Collections Dept.","Company D, 38th Virginia Regiment, Infantry (also\n            known as \"the Whitmell Guards\").","Chimborazo Hospital","John Booker (1797-1859)","Nancy Blair Reynolds Booker\n            (1796-1859)","Martha Ann Fulton (?-1923)","John Booker (1840-1864)","James Booker (1840-1923)","Chloe Unity Blair (1839-1875)"],"corpname_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. Special\n            Collections Dept.","Company D, 38th Virginia Regiment, Infantry (also\n            known as \"the Whitmell Guards\").","Chimborazo Hospital"],"persname_ssim":["John Booker (1797-1859)","Nancy Blair Reynolds Booker\n            (1796-1859)","Martha Ann Fulton (?-1923)","John Booker (1840-1864)","James Booker (1840-1923)","Chloe Unity Blair (1839-1875)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":23,"online_item_count_is":22,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T13:07:18.853Z","scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n            \u003chead\u003eScope and Content\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of ca. twenty-six items,\n            1861-1864, chiefly the letters of \n            \u003cpersname\u003eJohn Booker (1840-1864)\u003c/persname\u003eand \n            \u003cpersname\u003eJames Booker (1840-1923)\u003c/persname\u003eof \n            \u003cgeogname\u003ePittsylvania County, Virginia,\u003c/geogname\u003eto their\n            cousin, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eChloe Unity Blair (1839-1875)\u003c/persname\u003e;\n            electrostatic copies of Bible records for the Booker and\n            Blair families; and electrostatic copies of typed\n            transcripts of the letters. The original bound volume of\n            the transcripts was returned to the donor.\u003c/p\u003e\n         \u003c/scopecontent\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of ca. twenty-six items,\n            1861-1864, chiefly the letters of \n            \u003cpersname\u003eJohn Booker (1840-1864)\u003c/persname\u003eand \n            \u003cpersname\u003eJames Booker (1840-1923)\u003c/persname\u003eof \n            \u003cgeogname\u003ePittsylvania County, Virginia,\u003c/geogname\u003eto their\n            cousin, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eChloe Unity Blair (1839-1875)\u003c/persname\u003e;\n            electrostatic copies of Bible records for the Booker and\n            Blair families; and electrostatic copies of typed\n            transcripts of the letters. The original bound volume of\n            the transcripts was returned to the donor.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n            \u003chead\u003eOverview of Themes Discussed in the Letters\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe letters of James and John Booker give a sense of\n            what life was like for an ordinary soldier serving in the\n            Confederate army. Of course, the Bookers depict the drama\n            of battle --describing gunfire and cannonades, listing the\n            dead and wounded, and giving thanks for their own escapes\n            from death or imprisonment--but the letters are more\n            concerned with the rhythms of everyday life at camp. The\n            Bookers worry over their health and their comrades'; enjoy\n            the plenty or (more often) lament the lack of food and\n            supplies; report on the interactions between civilians and\n            soldiers; and describe religious revivals held at the camp.\n            As the war goes on, the Bookers begin to articulate with\n            more intensity not only what happens to them, but how they\n            feel about it. Whereas John fumes against the elites\n            (officers, politicians, and the wealthy) for evading their\n            responsibilities and mistreating the common soldier, James\n            grows more fatalistic and religious, trusting that his\n            suffering is God's will.\u003c/p\u003e\n         \u003c/scopecontent\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe letters of James and John Booker give a sense of\n            what life was like for an ordinary soldier serving in the\n            Confederate army. Of course, the Bookers depict the drama\n            of battle --describing gunfire and cannonades, listing the\n            dead and wounded, and giving thanks for their own escapes\n            from death or imprisonment--but the letters are more\n            concerned with the rhythms of everyday life at camp. The\n            Bookers worry over their health and their comrades'; enjoy\n            the plenty or (more often) lament the lack of food and\n            supplies; report on the interactions between civilians and\n            soldiers; and describe religious revivals held at the camp.\n            As the war goes on, the Bookers begin to articulate with\n            more intensity not only what happens to them, but how they\n            feel about it. Whereas John fumes against the elites\n            (officers, politicians, and the wealthy) for evading their\n            responsibilities and mistreating the common soldier, James\n            grows more fatalistic and religious, trusting that his\n            suffering is God's will.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n            \u003chead\u003ePreparing for Battle\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe members of the 38th Virginia spent much of their\n            time drilling, marching, serving picket duty, and\n            speculating about when and where the next battle would be.\n            Indeed, the Bookers seem to devote more energy to\n            anticipating battles than to describing them (perhaps\n            because they did not want to upset their cousin). They\n            acquired much of the information that fueled their\n            speculations from gossipping with citizens and other\n            soldiers. In a letter from 1861, for instance, James Booker\n            predicts that a \"hard battle\" will break out soon, basing\n            his prediction on a conversation he had with a soldier\n            whose company is located closer to the front (October 8).\n            Sometimes more immediate experiences led the Bookers to\n            forecast a battle, especially when they could see Union\n            troops or hear cannonades and gunfire nearby. Writing from\n            a rain-soaked outpost near Yorktown, Virginia in 1862, for\n            instance, James reports that the Union forces have been\n            \"shooting at our men constantly tho it is very cildom thay\n            hit eny of them\" (April 19). He predicts that soon a battle\n            will occur that will decide the war, since he has heard\n            that Yankee prisoners \"say that thay have got to whip or\n            die here\" (April 19, 1862). But in this prediction, as in\n            others, James was disappointed. As the war dragged on, the\n            Bookers stopped assuming that it would reach a speedy\n            conclusion; indeed, by 1864 John came to the conclusion\n            that the \"leaden men\" were not really interested in\n            achieving peace (March 1, 1864).\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eAlthough the Bookers participated in several battles and\n            skirmishes, the most devastating battle for their regiment\n            was Gettysburg (see the section on Regimental History for a\n            complete list of the engagements that the 38th took part\n            in). While participating in Pickett's Charge, the 38th\n            Virginia lost Colonel Edmonds, whom James Booker describes\n            as \"one of the best men in service,\" and many other\n            officers and soldiers (July 11, 1863). The Booker brothers\n            themselves had to scramble to avoid being captured by Union\n            troops; several of their companions, however, \"let the\n            Yankees take them\" (John Booker, July 11, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eNot only were the Bookers shocked by their experiences\n            in battle, but by chilling events that upset camp routines.\n            In the first weeks of the war, James Booker reports, a\n            young man accidentally shot another soldier from his\n            hometown and now is \"about to grieve himself to death about\n            it\" (July 14, 1861). But James passes on an even more\n            shocking story in a later letter: two soldiers were caught\n            conspiring to kill their commanding officer and were\n            executed. In an attempt to \"save their souls,\" the\n            condemned soldiers \"gave the Roman Catholic Priest 25\n            dollars apiece\" (December 15, 1861).\u003c/p\u003e\n         \u003c/scopecontent\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe members of the 38th Virginia spent much of their\n            time drilling, marching, serving picket duty, and\n            speculating about when and where the next battle would be.\n            Indeed, the Bookers seem to devote more energy to\n            anticipating battles than to describing them (perhaps\n            because they did not want to upset their cousin). They\n            acquired much of the information that fueled their\n            speculations from gossipping with citizens and other\n            soldiers. In a letter from 1861, for instance, James Booker\n            predicts that a \"hard battle\" will break out soon, basing\n            his prediction on a conversation he had with a soldier\n            whose company is located closer to the front (October 8).\n            Sometimes more immediate experiences led the Bookers to\n            forecast a battle, especially when they could see Union\n            troops or hear cannonades and gunfire nearby. Writing from\n            a rain-soaked outpost near Yorktown, Virginia in 1862, for\n            instance, James reports that the Union forces have been\n            \"shooting at our men constantly tho it is very cildom thay\n            hit eny of them\" (April 19). He predicts that soon a battle\n            will occur that will decide the war, since he has heard\n            that Yankee prisoners \"say that thay have got to whip or\n            die here\" (April 19, 1862). But in this prediction, as in\n            others, James was disappointed. As the war dragged on, the\n            Bookers stopped assuming that it would reach a speedy\n            conclusion; indeed, by 1864 John came to the conclusion\n            that the \"leaden men\" were not really interested in\n            achieving peace (March 1, 1864).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlthough the Bookers participated in several battles and\n            skirmishes, the most devastating battle for their regiment\n            was Gettysburg (see the section on Regimental History for a\n            complete list of the engagements that the 38th took part\n            in). While participating in Pickett's Charge, the 38th\n            Virginia lost Colonel Edmonds, whom James Booker describes\n            as \"one of the best men in service,\" and many other\n            officers and soldiers (July 11, 1863). The Booker brothers\n            themselves had to scramble to avoid being captured by Union\n            troops; several of their companions, however, \"let the\n            Yankees take them\" (John Booker, July 11, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNot only were the Bookers shocked by their experiences\n            in battle, but by chilling events that upset camp routines.\n            In the first weeks of the war, James Booker reports, a\n            young man accidentally shot another soldier from his\n            hometown and now is \"about to grieve himself to death about\n            it\" (July 14, 1861). But James passes on an even more\n            shocking story in a later letter: two soldiers were caught\n            conspiring to kill their commanding officer and were\n            executed. In an attempt to \"save their souls,\" the\n            condemned soldiers \"gave the Roman Catholic Priest 25\n            dollars apiece\" (December 15, 1861).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n            \u003chead\u003eHealth\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eMore explainable than violence in the camps, but\n            ultimately more destructive, was disease. Illness and\n            disease killed two-thirds of the Southern soldiers who died\n            during the Civil War, so not surprisingly the Bookers often\n            detail the health problems that they and their fellow\n            soldiers were suffering (Robertson 88-89). These ailments\n            include jaundice, typhoid, stomach disorders, fever, and\n            mumps. The Bookers imply that much of the illness is due to\n            the conditions the soldiers must face; sometimes the\n            soldiers lacked adequate shelter, at times they would have\n            to wade rivers and then march miles wearing wet clothing,\n            and often they lacked adequate provisions (John Booker,\n            April 29, 1862). Although sick soldiers were typically sent\n            to the hospital, the men also took care of each other. In\n            the fall of 1861, James and John Booker, apparently just\n            recovering from sickness themselves, were responsible for\n            nursing three members of their company (James Booker,\n            September 6). Several months later, James Booker fell sick\n            with chronic diarrhea and was sent to Greaner's Hospital in\n            Richmond to recuperate. While in the hospital, Booker was\n            stuck in a Catch-22: he wanted to get a furlough so that he\n            could recover his health at home, but he did not know where\n            his company was, so he could not get the permission of his\n            commanding officer to return to Pittsylvania. Eventually\n            James re-joined his company, but he did not receive the\n            furlough that he wished for.\u003c/p\u003e\n         \u003c/scopecontent\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMore explainable than violence in the camps, but\n            ultimately more destructive, was disease. Illness and\n            disease killed two-thirds of the Southern soldiers who died\n            during the Civil War, so not surprisingly the Bookers often\n            detail the health problems that they and their fellow\n            soldiers were suffering (Robertson 88-89). These ailments\n            include jaundice, typhoid, stomach disorders, fever, and\n            mumps. The Bookers imply that much of the illness is due to\n            the conditions the soldiers must face; sometimes the\n            soldiers lacked adequate shelter, at times they would have\n            to wade rivers and then march miles wearing wet clothing,\n            and often they lacked adequate provisions (John Booker,\n            April 29, 1862). Although sick soldiers were typically sent\n            to the hospital, the men also took care of each other. In\n            the fall of 1861, James and John Booker, apparently just\n            recovering from sickness themselves, were responsible for\n            nursing three members of their company (James Booker,\n            September 6). Several months later, James Booker fell sick\n            with chronic diarrhea and was sent to Greaner's Hospital in\n            Richmond to recuperate. While in the hospital, Booker was\n            stuck in a Catch-22: he wanted to get a furlough so that he\n            could recover his health at home, but he did not know where\n            his company was, so he could not get the permission of his\n            commanding officer to return to Pittsylvania. Eventually\n            James re-joined his company, but he did not receive the\n            furlough that he wished for.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n            \u003chead\u003eFood and Supplies\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eAlthough in his first letter James Booker claims that\n            the soldiers get \"plenty of good pervision,\" the Bookers\n            later complained that they often didn't get enough to eat\n            (July 14, 1861). As James writes in 1862, \"the rations has\n            bin very scanty a large portion of the time sence we have\n            bin marching\" (September 30). But sometimes the 38th\n            Virginia did enjoy plentiful supplies, particularly when\n            they camped in locations where food was abundant. When the\n            38th Virginia arrived near Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, for\n            instance, James Booker reported that \"we can get plenty of\n            milk \u0026amp; butter and apple butter that is verry good\"\n            (June 30, 1863). Often civilians would supply soldiers with\n            food, whether because they feared or supported the\n            troops.\u003c/p\u003e\n         \u003c/scopecontent\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlthough in his first letter James Booker claims that\n            the soldiers get \"plenty of good pervision,\" the Bookers\n            later complained that they often didn't get enough to eat\n            (July 14, 1861). As James writes in 1862, \"the rations has\n            bin very scanty a large portion of the time sence we have\n            bin marching\" (September 30). But sometimes the 38th\n            Virginia did enjoy plentiful supplies, particularly when\n            they camped in locations where food was abundant. When the\n            38th Virginia arrived near Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, for\n            instance, James Booker reported that \"we can get plenty of\n            milk \u0026amp; butter and apple butter that is verry good\"\n            (June 30, 1863). Often civilians would supply soldiers with\n            food, whether because they feared or supported the\n            troops.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n            \u003chead\u003eInteractions with Civilians\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThroughout the letters, the Bookers demonstrate their\n            consciousness of the effect the war is having on the\n            civilians. At the beginning of the war, James Booker\n            describes the friendly exchanges between Southern soldiers\n            and civilians, reporting gleefully from a camp near\n            Winchester that the men have \"a fine chance of beautiful\n            young Ladies, and the kindest that I ever saw\" (July 14,\n            1861). Besides providing moral support, Southern civilians\n            would exchange information about the war with the\n            Confederate troops (James Booker, November 24, 1862). Both\n            Southern and Northern civilians would sell or give supplies\n            to Confederate troops. Writing from Winchester, Virginia in\n            1862, James Booker even claims that he prefers Yankees to\n            Quakers, since \"the Yankees will sell us eny thing cheap\n            for the specia\" while \"the quakers will sell any thing thay\n            have got when the spirit moves them, tho we cant catch them\n            rite half our time\" (James Booker, October 17, 1862).\n            Likewise, in Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania, the Yankee\n            citizens treated the Confederate soldiers \"verry kind,\"\n            providing them food without charging them for it, though\n            James suggests that \"it is don through fear\" (June 30,\n            1863). While in Fredericksburg, James enjoyed a mutually\n            supportive relationship with a local civilian, guarding his\n            home in exchange for lodging.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eAlthough civilians and soldiers often cooperated with\n            each other, the Bookers realized that the war was damaging\n            the lives of those not directly involved in the fighting.\n            In particular, James argues, citizens who live near the\n            \"line of the enemy\" \"have great deal to see trouble about\"\n            (June 14, 1863). Even those areas not yet scarred by the\n            war would soon be, James predicts. As he says of\n            Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania,\"this is a verry flourishing\n            looking Country the crops all look fine. it has never felt\n            the affect of the war, though I guess if we stay here long\n            it will feel the affect of it\" (June 30, 1863). James\n            especially blames Northern soldiers for looting the homes\n            of Southern citizens, claiming that \"the yankees is geting\n            too mean to live\" (June 14, 1863). But he admits that some\n            Confederate soldiers likewise have stolen from citizens,\n            disobeying General Lee's orders. Indeed, one woman stormed\n            into the Confederate camp near Kinston, North Carolina,\n            hoping to recover a skillet of soup that had been stolen\n            (June 30, 1863; January 1, 1864). Confederate soldiers also\n            stole over 18,000 dollars from the Quarter Master (January\n            1, 1864). Despite these incidents, James Booker was\n            offended when Confederate General Seth Maxwell Barton\n            called the members of his brigade \"rags and thieves,\" since\n            \"it is not healthy for him to gave honist people such a bad\n            name because some men does wrong\" (January 1, 1864).\u003c/p\u003e\n         \u003c/scopecontent\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThroughout the letters, the Bookers demonstrate their\n            consciousness of the effect the war is having on the\n            civilians. At the beginning of the war, James Booker\n            describes the friendly exchanges between Southern soldiers\n            and civilians, reporting gleefully from a camp near\n            Winchester that the men have \"a fine chance of beautiful\n            young Ladies, and the kindest that I ever saw\" (July 14,\n            1861). Besides providing moral support, Southern civilians\n            would exchange information about the war with the\n            Confederate troops (James Booker, November 24, 1862). Both\n            Southern and Northern civilians would sell or give supplies\n            to Confederate troops. Writing from Winchester, Virginia in\n            1862, James Booker even claims that he prefers Yankees to\n            Quakers, since \"the Yankees will sell us eny thing cheap\n            for the specia\" while \"the quakers will sell any thing thay\n            have got when the spirit moves them, tho we cant catch them\n            rite half our time\" (James Booker, October 17, 1862).\n            Likewise, in Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania, the Yankee\n            citizens treated the Confederate soldiers \"verry kind,\"\n            providing them food without charging them for it, though\n            James suggests that \"it is don through fear\" (June 30,\n            1863). While in Fredericksburg, James enjoyed a mutually\n            supportive relationship with a local civilian, guarding his\n            home in exchange for lodging.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlthough civilians and soldiers often cooperated with\n            each other, the Bookers realized that the war was damaging\n            the lives of those not directly involved in the fighting.\n            In particular, James argues, citizens who live near the\n            \"line of the enemy\" \"have great deal to see trouble about\"\n            (June 14, 1863). Even those areas not yet scarred by the\n            war would soon be, James predicts. As he says of\n            Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania,\"this is a verry flourishing\n            looking Country the crops all look fine. it has never felt\n            the affect of the war, though I guess if we stay here long\n            it will feel the affect of it\" (June 30, 1863). James\n            especially blames Northern soldiers for looting the homes\n            of Southern citizens, claiming that \"the yankees is geting\n            too mean to live\" (June 14, 1863). But he admits that some\n            Confederate soldiers likewise have stolen from citizens,\n            disobeying General Lee's orders. Indeed, one woman stormed\n            into the Confederate camp near Kinston, North Carolina,\n            hoping to recover a skillet of soup that had been stolen\n            (June 30, 1863; January 1, 1864). Confederate soldiers also\n            stole over 18,000 dollars from the Quarter Master (January\n            1, 1864). Despite these incidents, James Booker was\n            offended when Confederate General Seth Maxwell Barton\n            called the members of his brigade \"rags and thieves,\" since\n            \"it is not healthy for him to gave honist people such a bad\n            name because some men does wrong\" (January 1, 1864).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n            \u003chead\u003eMorale\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eEarly in the war, James and John Booker seemed to\n            believe that the South would defeat the North swiftly. They\n            contended that the South had a stronger army, and they\n            noted that Northerners \"dont unite like our people do,\"\n            since the Democrats and the Republicans were at odds (James\n            Booker, June 30, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eSoon their hope had begun to fade. Though James Booker\n            longed to return home, by 1863 he no longer believed that\n            the North and South would achieve a quick peace: \n            \u003cblockquote\u003e\n                  \u003cp\u003e\"I am a fread it will be a long time first if ever, I\n               think the prosspect for peece is very gloomy now it dont\n               look like eather side is make in any prepperration for\n               Piece, thare are greater preperation for fighten than\n               ever\" (September 23, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e\n               \u003c/blockquote\u003eJohn Booker was even more pessimistic, and\n            certainly much more cynical, as he accused the Southern\n            leadership of needlessly prolonging the war: \n            \u003cblockquote\u003e\n                  \u003cp\u003e\"I beleave that we mout have hud piece be fore this\n               time if our head leaden men would would have tride\"\n               (March 1, 1864).\u003c/p\u003e\n               \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n            \u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe Bookers, particularly John, felt that while Southern\n            elites were making decisions that extended the war, the\n            poor were actually fighting most of the battles and\n            suffering the consequences of those decisions. Because the\n            First Conscription Act allowed a drafted man to hire a\n            \"substitute\" to serve his term in the army, wealthy men\n            could evade service (Current, 396-99). This provision\n            enraged many of the Confederate soldiers, who contended\n            that it placed the burden of the war on those who could not\n            afford to pay for a substitute. Not only did substitution\n            fan class tensions, but it also failed to bring competent\n            soldiers into the army. James Booker mentions that that the\n            substitute for John Millner deserted, and many other\n            substitutes did likewise (August 3, 1862). Some men even\n            made a business of agreeing to substitute for one person,\n            deserting, and then collecting money to substitute for\n            someone else. Although James Booker did not get angry about\n            the practice of substitution, he understood that it\n            weakened the Confederate Army: \n            \u003cblockquote\u003e\n                  \u003cp\u003e\"I dont blame no man to put in a substitute if he\n               can, tho I think if it is kept up much long er it will\n               ruin our army\" (August 3, 1862).\u003c/p\u003e\n               \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n            \u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eHis brother John, however, was less tentative in\n            condemning substitution: \n            \u003cblockquote\u003e\n                  \u003cp\u003e\"I say put every one on equal foottin for this is a\n               rich mans war an a por mans fight, I be leave thare are\n               some of the men that have but in substitute are dooen a\n               great [d]eal of good but the most of them are doo en\n               more harm than good they are just speculaten on the poor\n               people, an soldiers\" (December 22, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e\n               \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n            \u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eFurther feeding John Booker's indignation was the\n            distribution of furloughs. According to the First\n            Conscription Act, a \"twelvemonth man\" was entitled to a\n            sixty-day furlough each year, but neither Booker received a\n            furlough during his time in the army (Current, 396-99).\n            John Booker noted that while officers freely took furloughs\n            themselves, the captain in charge of his company, John\n            Herndon, was \"too lazy\" to give his exhausted men a break\n            (Decemeber 22, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eAs a result of the inequalities and inefficiencies of\n            miltary adminstration, John Booker believed that soldiers\n            should refuse to re-enlist. In his March 1, 1864 letter, he\n            derides the miltary pagaent staged by Virginia Governor\n            William \"Extra Billy\" Smith and Colonel Cabell in an\n            attempt to persuade the men to re-enlist. After commanding\n            the soldiers to line up, the Colonel ordered that the\n            Colors (the flags of the regiment) be borne to the front\n            and asked \"all who wer determen to be freemen to step out\n            on the line with the cullars and all who wer willen to be\n            slaves for thare enemyes to stand fast\" (March 1, 1864).\n            Angry that he hadn't yet received a furlough, and convinced\n            that re-enlisting would only encourage the Southern\n            leadership to continue the war, John Booker rejected the\n            Colonel's challenge that he re-enlist; two-thirds of the\n            soldiers stood back with him. As he explains, \"I dideant\n            inten to reinlist nor I wes not willen to be a Slave for my\n            enemyes and I dident go on line with the reinlisted, and I\n            dideant wish to bee in eather line\" (March 1, 1864).\u003c/p\u003e\n         \u003c/scopecontent\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEarly in the war, James and John Booker seemed to\n            believe that the South would defeat the North swiftly. They\n            contended that the South had a stronger army, and they\n            noted that Northerners \"dont unite like our people do,\"\n            since the Democrats and the Republicans were at odds (James\n            Booker, June 30, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSoon their hope had begun to fade. Though James Booker\n            longed to return home, by 1863 he no longer believed that\n            the North and South would achieve a quick peace: \n            \u003cblockquote\u003e\n                  \u003cp\u003e\"I am a fread it will be a long time first if ever, I\n               think the prosspect for peece is very gloomy now it dont\n               look like eather side is make in any prepperration for\n               Piece, thare are greater preperation for fighten than\n               ever\" (September 23, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e\n               \u003c/blockquote\u003eJohn Booker was even more pessimistic, and\n            certainly much more cynical, as he accused the Southern\n            leadership of needlessly prolonging the war: \n            \u003cblockquote\u003e\n                  \u003cp\u003e\"I beleave that we mout have hud piece be fore this\n               time if our head leaden men would would have tride\"\n               (March 1, 1864).\u003c/p\u003e\n               \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n            \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Bookers, particularly John, felt that while Southern\n            elites were making decisions that extended the war, the\n            poor were actually fighting most of the battles and\n            suffering the consequences of those decisions. Because the\n            First Conscription Act allowed a drafted man to hire a\n            \"substitute\" to serve his term in the army, wealthy men\n            could evade service (Current, 396-99). This provision\n            enraged many of the Confederate soldiers, who contended\n            that it placed the burden of the war on those who could not\n            afford to pay for a substitute. Not only did substitution\n            fan class tensions, but it also failed to bring competent\n            soldiers into the army. James Booker mentions that that the\n            substitute for John Millner deserted, and many other\n            substitutes did likewise (August 3, 1862). Some men even\n            made a business of agreeing to substitute for one person,\n            deserting, and then collecting money to substitute for\n            someone else. Although James Booker did not get angry about\n            the practice of substitution, he understood that it\n            weakened the Confederate Army: \n            \u003cblockquote\u003e\n                  \u003cp\u003e\"I dont blame no man to put in a substitute if he\n               can, tho I think if it is kept up much long er it will\n               ruin our army\" (August 3, 1862).\u003c/p\u003e\n               \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n            \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHis brother John, however, was less tentative in\n            condemning substitution: \n            \u003cblockquote\u003e\n                  \u003cp\u003e\"I say put every one on equal foottin for this is a\n               rich mans war an a por mans fight, I be leave thare are\n               some of the men that have but in substitute are dooen a\n               great [d]eal of good but the most of them are doo en\n               more harm than good they are just speculaten on the poor\n               people, an soldiers\" (December 22, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e\n               \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n            \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFurther feeding John Booker's indignation was the\n            distribution of furloughs. According to the First\n            Conscription Act, a \"twelvemonth man\" was entitled to a\n            sixty-day furlough each year, but neither Booker received a\n            furlough during his time in the army (Current, 396-99).\n            John Booker noted that while officers freely took furloughs\n            themselves, the captain in charge of his company, John\n            Herndon, was \"too lazy\" to give his exhausted men a break\n            (Decemeber 22, 1863).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs a result of the inequalities and inefficiencies of\n            miltary adminstration, John Booker believed that soldiers\n            should refuse to re-enlist. In his March 1, 1864 letter, he\n            derides the miltary pagaent staged by Virginia Governor\n            William \"Extra Billy\" Smith and Colonel Cabell in an\n            attempt to persuade the men to re-enlist. After commanding\n            the soldiers to line up, the Colonel ordered that the\n            Colors (the flags of the regiment) be borne to the front\n            and asked \"all who wer determen to be freemen to step out\n            on the line with the cullars and all who wer willen to be\n            slaves for thare enemyes to stand fast\" (March 1, 1864).\n            Angry that he hadn't yet received a furlough, and convinced\n            that re-enlisting would only encourage the Southern\n            leadership to continue the war, John Booker rejected the\n            Colonel's challenge that he re-enlist; two-thirds of the\n            soldiers stood back with him. As he explains, \"I dideant\n            inten to reinlist nor I wes not willen to be a Slave for my\n            enemyes and I dident go on line with the reinlisted, and I\n            dideant wish to bee in eather line\" (March 1, 1864).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n            \u003chead\u003eReligion\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eWhereas John Booker responded to terrible conditions by\n            getting angry, his brother James turned to religion as a\n            way of making sense of his suffering and connecting with\n            home. As he writes of his homesickness, James Booker\n            occasionally expresses his desire to join his relatives at\n            the religious revivals held at Mount Hermon Baptist Church\n            near Danville, Virginia (August 3, 1862). But he reassures\n            his cousin that revivals often take place in the camp and\n            that many soldiers have been converted. According to James,\n            a sense of gratitude in war-time motivates many of the men\n            to convert: \"I think it is time for them to turn after\n            being blesed so plainley as they have bin in the past\n            battles\" (October 17, 1862). Likewise, James' faith seems\n            to have strengthened him and given him hope of returning\n            home, whether to Pittsylvania County or to Heaven. In a\n            letter written on New Years Day of 1864, James includes two\n            quotations about coming home to and through God. Quoting\n            from the third stanza of \"Amazing Grace,\" James writes, \n            \u003cblockquote\u003e\n                  \u003cp\u003eTis grace that brought me safe thus far And grace\n               will lead me home.\u003c/p\u003e\n               \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n            \u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eIn March of 1864, however, James believed that he might\n            not arrive home safely, at least not home to Pittsylvania,\n            since the spring campaign would soon open and \"then we poor\n            soldiers will see a hard time\" (March 16, 1864). But James\n            embraced a spirit of Christian fatalism, contending that\n            his life was in God's hands: \"If it is the will of [my]\n            maker for me to be cut down in this war I dont ask to be\n            spared for I beleave that he will do what is the best for\n            me, thare is but few things that I would ask to stay in\n            this trouble some world for\" (March 16, 1864). After\n            writing this letter, James Booker lived for almost sixty\n            more years, but his twin John died five months later of\n            wounds he received at Drewry's Bluff.\u003c/p\u003e\n         \u003c/scopecontent\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWhereas John Booker responded to terrible conditions by\n            getting angry, his brother James turned to religion as a\n            way of making sense of his suffering and connecting with\n            home. As he writes of his homesickness, James Booker\n            occasionally expresses his desire to join his relatives at\n            the religious revivals held at Mount Hermon Baptist Church\n            near Danville, Virginia (August 3, 1862). But he reassures\n            his cousin that revivals often take place in the camp and\n            that many soldiers have been converted. According to James,\n            a sense of gratitude in war-time motivates many of the men\n            to convert: \"I think it is time for them to turn after\n            being blesed so plainley as they have bin in the past\n            battles\" (October 17, 1862). Likewise, James' faith seems\n            to have strengthened him and given him hope of returning\n            home, whether to Pittsylvania County or to Heaven. In a\n            letter written on New Years Day of 1864, James includes two\n            quotations about coming home to and through God. Quoting\n            from the third stanza of \"Amazing Grace,\" James writes, \n            \u003cblockquote\u003e\n                  \u003cp\u003eTis grace that brought me safe thus far And grace\n               will lead me home.\u003c/p\u003e\n               \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n            \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn March of 1864, however, James believed that he might\n            not arrive home safely, at least not home to Pittsylvania,\n            since the spring campaign would soon open and \"then we poor\n            soldiers will see a hard time\" (March 16, 1864). But James\n            embraced a spirit of Christian fatalism, contending that\n            his life was in God's hands: \"If it is the will of [my]\n            maker for me to be cut down in this war I dont ask to be\n            spared for I beleave that he will do what is the best for\n            me, thare is but few things that I would ask to stay in\n            this trouble some world for\" (March 16, 1864). After\n            writing this letter, James Booker lived for almost sixty\n            more years, but his twin John died five months later of\n            wounds he received at Drewry's Bluff.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOptimistic at the beginning of the war, James\n                  Booker praises the \"elegant water,\" \"beautiful young\n                  Ladies,\" and \"most beautiful country\" he finds at the\n                  38th's camp at Winchester. But he notes that one\n                  member of the regiment accidentally shot another\n                  member from his hometown and now feel terrible. He\n                  warns that \"cowardly boys\" who are avoiding service\n                  should beware, since they are likely to be drafted or\n                  made to put up breastworks. After salutations and\n                  greetings, James indicates where letters should be\n                  sent. A. Blair, a relative of James' and possibly\n                  Chloe Blair's brother, writes a short note to be\n                  included. Blair indicates that he is including a\n                  letter that \"brother William\" received from\n                  \"brother,\" who was expecting to go to Manassas. Blair\n                  finishes by saying that all are well.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Booker complains of not hearing from his\n                  family. He mentions being too ill to serve and that\n                  he, consequently, works in the hospital. He talks\n                  about patients suffering from jaundice and yellow\n                  fever and mentions the poor health of James May, Hugh\n                  Norton and Josiah Burnett, as well as the death of\n                  Billy Pruett from eating \"too much beef liver.\" In\n                  spite of their complaints, he notes that the health\n                  of the men in camp is improving. He alludes to having\n                  received bad news from Texas, and then states that he\n                  will probably not come home as long as he is healthy\n                  or until peace is declared. The postscript states\n                  that James will try to send for things via any\n                  returning soldiers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Booker reports that his company is healthier\n                  than it has been for some time. He has heard about\n                  fighting at Falls Church the day before, and reports\n                  a conversation with a man from the Danville Grays,\n                  who told him that the Yankees are within four miles\n                  of his company at Fairfax Court House. From this\n                  information, James Booker predicts that a \"hard\n                  battle\" will soon take place. He mentions getting a\n                  letter from Addie (perhaps Drury Addison Blair),\n                  whose condition is improving.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis letter is a reply to one or more letters that\n                  James had received from his cousin and \"sweethearts\"\n                  a few days earlier. He has just heard that his\n                  regiment is about to move into their winter quarters\n                  in Gainesville. He will join it when the winter\n                  quarters are ready. Meanwhile, the work in his\n                  current quarters is lighter and the pay better. He\n                  believes the fighting in Centreville will not\n                  continue past winter. He mentions meeting a man who\n                  had been captured by the Union and who was recently\n                  released. According to this man, there are 60,000\n                  sick Yankees in Washington. He also adds that he has\n                  heard that two men in Centreville were shot for\n                  trying to kill their commanding officer. James closes\n                  the letter by asking to be remembered to cousin Eliza\n                  Ann Williams and to all the \"ladies\" at Christmas\n                  time.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWriting from the company's winter quarters near\n                  the battlefield of First Manassas, John Booker\n                  describes his brother James' sickness, which has left\n                  him weak and without an appetite. Other soldiers,\n                  including Nathaniel Robertson and Neal Gilbert, have\n                  struggled with illness; one, Josiah Burnett, has\n                  died. Booker ends his letter by expressing his\n                  pleasure at having received his cousin Unity's letter\n                  and apologizing that his brother James was unable to\n                  write.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Booker explains why he has been so long in\n                  answering Unity's latest letters, stating that he has\n                  been in hospital, too ill to write. He had hoped to\n                  come home on furlough, but has been separated from\n                  his regiment and could not obtain leave. He asks that\n                  Unity write to him with the location of his regiment.\n                  He also complains about the quality of the food and\n                  mentions seeing many acquaintances on their way to\n                  the front. He closes by asking his cousin to direct\n                  her replies to Greaner's Hospital, care of Surgeon R.\n                  G. Banks.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Booker writes to inform his cousin of the\n                  location of his regiment. He indicates that they have\n                  been shot at but infrequently hit. He mentions that a\n                  man named Tucker, who was wounded in the chin, was\n                  the only man from his regiment (he was attached to\n                  Captain Carter's Company F) to have been shot. He\n                  also notes that many men, mainly Yankees, were killed\n                  at last Wednesday's battle and that this evening the\n                  Yankees flew a truce flag in order to safely bury\n                  their dead. He feels that, because the best of both\n                  armies are here, the war will be settled here. He\n                  closes by asking that Unity write soon, and direct\n                  her letters to him at Yorktown. He also asks her to\n                  notify \"sister Mary\" that Pickney has not yet\n                  arrived.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJohn Booker describes a new posting and notes\n                  that, since leaving the Orange Court House, the\n                  troops are living without tents. They stay in the\n                  entrenchments every other day and night, and are\n                  under constant bombardment by the Yankees. He\n                  mentions that there is a good deal of sickness and\n                  many are being wounded. Also, he notes that they have\n                  elected officers for the next two years. John closes\n                  by asking Unity to direct her letter to him at\n                  Yorktown.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames begins by apologizing for the tardiness of\n                  his letter: he explains that he has been ill. He then\n                  discusses the practice of substitution (arranging for\n                  a replacement in the army), concluding that it is\n                  having a bad effect on the Confederate Army. He also\n                  discusses his work assignment and his health. In a\n                  separate letter on the same paper, John tells his\n                  cousin about his cold and sore throat. He also states\n                  that there is currently no fighting, but he can hear\n                  the Yankees firing cannonade \"down on the river.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Booker writes that he and his brother John\n                  are in good health. They have been marching hard but\n                  usually have not gotten enough to eat. Booker reports\n                  that the general feeling in the camp is that peace\n                  will come soon. Four sick conscripts have arrived\n                  (and are named). James complains of having to march\n                  in wet clothing after crossing bridge-less streams.\n                  He also notes that the sick and wounded have been\n                  ordered from Winchester to Staunton and thinks that\n                  everyone else will be going to Richmond soon. James\n                  looks forward to going there since he has not heard\n                  from home since leaving Richmond. He greets other\n                  family members and mentions that John will write\n                  soon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eClaiming that he would be able to \"stand\" being a\n                  soldier if he received enough to eat, James Booker\n                  notes that recently the supply of food has been\n                  adequate, but that the men have not gotten enough\n                  salt. James Booker notes the illnesses of two men in\n                  camp, Bage Pritchett and John Hundley. He compares\n                  the entrepreneurship of the Yankees with the more\n                  whimsical quality of the Quakers' mercantilism and\n                  notes the use of Confederate money and specie to buy\n                  provisions. He also describes a month-long religious\n                  revival meeting underway in camp.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter reporting that he and his brother John are\n                  well, James Booker writes that the company has been\n                  marching for the past four days and has finally\n                  arrived at its camp near Fredericksburg. Many Union\n                  soldiers are nearby, and he predicts that the Union\n                  troops will soon begin shelling the Confederates. He\n                  expects a \"hard\" battle to commence soon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWriting on the Sabbath, James Booker tells his\n                  cousin that both he and his brother are well. The\n                  members of Company D marched for the past ten days,\n                  and they expect to march again the next day, since\n                  they are following the movements of the Union troops.\n                  A few days previously, the Union had surprised the\n                  Confederate cavalry, but the Confederates managed to\n                  drive their enemies across the river and take several\n                  hundred prisoners. Complaining that \"the Yankees is\n                  getting too mean to live,\" James Booker writes that\n                  they steal and destroy Southern property, such as\n                  meat, corn, and horses. He notes, \"I still live in\n                  hope of peace soon though I may not live to see it.\"\n                  He observes that at a \"very interesting\" camp meeting\n                  several men, including Captain Herndon, were\n                  converted.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Booker reports that he and his brother John\n                  are well. He mentions that local residents seem\n                  fearful of the army and that General Robert E. Lee\n                  has ordered his troops to respect private property.\n                  He describes the flourishing condition of\n                  Pennsylvania farms, noting that this part of the\n                  country has not yet felt the effects of the war.\n                  James perceives disunity in the people's attitude\n                  toward the war, comments on the abolitionists'\n                  motives, and mentions that he is boarding at a\n                  private house for free in return for guarding the\n                  owner's property. He closes by asking that Unity\n                  write soon, for he the last letter he received was\n                  dated the 13th.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWriting a few days after Gettysburg, James Booker\n                  describes the heavy losses suffered by his division\n                  during Pickett's Charge; most of the regiment's\n                  officers and many of the enlisted men were killed,\n                  wounded, or captured during the assault. James and\n                  John Booker escaped harm, though they were nearly\n                  taken prisoner by the Union forces. His division has\n                  been assigned to escort 5000-6000 Union prisoners to\n                  the South. He reports hearing daily of small battles\n                  and expects another major battle imminently, although\n                  he does not expect his division to be involved\n                  because it is on guard in Williamsport, a city where\n                  most of the citizens appear to favor the North.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJohn Booker writes that he is happy that Chloe\n                  enjoyed the revival meeting at Hermon (perhaps the\n                  Mount Hermon Baptist Church near Danville), then\n                  notes that there is \"good preaching\" at the camp. He\n                  contends that \"the prosspect for peece is very gloomy\n                  now,\" given that both sides are preparing for war\n                  with more intensity than ever. He reports that,\n                  despite rumors, Pickett's division will remain in\n                  Virginia. The troops are elated at this news, even\n                  though they have little more to do than guard camp\n                  and drill three times a day. In a postscript, James\n                  Booker asks Chloe Unity Blair to send his letter to\n                  his sister soon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eApparently upset that he did not receive a\n                  furlough, James Booker wishes for the warmth and\n                  comforts of home, writing, \"there is none of them\n                  that knows how to appreciate a blessing until they\n                  are deprived of it.\" Still, he admits, in wartime he\n                  should find satisfaction simply in having enough to\n                  eat and enjoying good health; but he cannot be\n                  satisfied when speculators sell food to women and\n                  children at inflated prices. He observes that the\n                  married soldiers have sent for their wives and were\n                  boarding them at the homes of local citizens. He\n                  observes that General Corse's Brigade had been at the\n                  camp near Petersburg, but that they were sent to\n                  Tennessee. He also mentions writing to his sister\n                  Mary, telling her that he did not need clothing, as\n                  he received the box that \"you all\" sent him. The\n                  letter closes with a one-page postscript stating that\n                  John made a potato pie, and Cousin Tom ate with the\n                  two of them. He sends his regards to Cousin Pollie\n                  Ann and mentions that Cousin William Blair and Luther\n                  are stationed nearby but will be leaving for\n                  Chatanooga, Tennessee, within the next two days. He\n                  closes asking for Unity to return his \"soldier\n                  likeness\" to him so he can exchange it for a new\n                  one.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter observing that letters from home bring him\n                  great pleasure, John Booker chastises his cousin for\n                  not writing sooner. He notes that \"Flem\" Gregory has\n                  been ill, but is recuperating. Then he launches into\n                  a complaint that energizes the letter: Captain John\n                  Herndon is too \"lazy\" to grant the soldiers in his\n                  company furloughs, even though it is Christmas time,\n                  and even though the men are not doing anything, not\n                  even picket duty. So discontented are the soldiers\n                  that many say they will not re-enlist. John Booker\n                  claims that he opposes desertion, but that the\n                  wealthier men who paid substitutes to serve in the\n                  army should have to join, while veteran soldiers\n                  should receive furloughs. Angered at the inequality,\n                  John exclaims, \"this is a rich mans war an a poor\n                  mans fight.\" He ends his letter by observing that\n                  Memory Inman, another member of the D Company, is\n                  heading home to get married.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBooker reports that although his regiment had\n                  begun to march to meet the Yankees in battle, the\n                  Union had attacked --and been defeated by --another\n                  group of Confederate soldiers thirty-five miles away.\n                  He reports that the winter has been fairly pleasant\n                  and that food is cheap and plentiful. Despite such\n                  abundance, he notes, soldiers have been stealing food\n                  from local residents. He mentions a serious theft of\n                  $18,000 from the Quarter Master; soldiers are\n                  suspected of the deed. James expresses concern over\n                  General Barton's attitude towards the Regiment.\n                  (Barton has said his men come from \"rags and\n                  thieves.\") James complains that after three years of\n                  service he has still not received a furlough. He\n                  closes the letter with a stanza from \"Amazing\n                  Grace.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJohn Booker describes the attempt by Virginia\n                  Governor William \"Extra Billy\" Smith and Colonel\n                  [Joseph Robert] Cabell to make the men of the 38th\n                  Regiment re-enlist. He deplores the strategies they\n                  used: calling the men to stand before the \"Colors,\"\n                  declaring that any man who wanted to be a slave to\n                  the enemy should not re-enlist. John fears that his\n                  leaders want to continue to fight at all costs,\n                  rather than press for peace; and as long as men\n                  re-enlist the war will go on. John also expresses his\n                  dissatisfaction with the administration of the\n                  Regiment: only the men who re-enlist are granted\n                  furloughs, and John has still not received the\n                  furlough owed to him in 1862. He mentions that the\n                  two new recrutes to Company D are receiving their\n                  furloughs ahead of him. Changing the subject, John\n                  writes of nearby Union activity and says that they\n                  have been expecting a raid. Finally, he writes of\n                  Memory Inman's court martial and Captain John\n                  Herndon's marriage. He closes the letter by\n                  apologizing for its angry tone, writing, \"I have bin\n                  mad all day.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Booker informs his cousin of his and his\n                  brother's good health. He discusses the treatment of\n                  prisoners of war, the unavailability of certain types\n                  of foodstuffs and the deprivations of civilians due\n                  to the war. He further comments on the weather and\n                  his coming duty in the field. He laments the lack of\n                  correspondence from home and closes his\n                  correspondence with salutations and wishes for his\n                  family's good health He apologizes for his poor\n                  writing, attributing it to having to finish the\n                  letter by firelight.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Booker replies to Unity's letters of the\n                  17th and 24th. He mentions that his company has been\n                  fishing about 20 miles away and that the Yankees are\n                  getting closer and are expected to drive the men out\n                  of the fishery. He states that the Yankees are\n                  believed to be heading for Richmond. James hopes that\n                  \"this cruel war\" may end soon and \"in our favor.\" He\n                  closes with a quotation from \n                  \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003e1 John\u003c/emph\u003e. The postscript,\n                  written on April 30th, states that the rumor that the\n                  Yankees are coming may be false.\u003c/p\u003e"]}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu01838_c01"}}],"included":[{"type":"facet","id":"repository_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Repository","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"George Mason University","value":"George Mason University","hits":24},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess%5D%5B%5D=online\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Series\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Library of Virginia","value":"Library of Virginia","hits":5},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess%5D%5B%5D=online\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Series\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Library+of+Virginia"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Longwood University","value":"Longwood 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