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One black and white photograph possibly of Edson.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNewspaper clipping; blank greeting card; note to Edson encouraging her to write.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Eda Edson Federal Theatre Project papers contain personal papers collected by Edson from the 1930s to 1976. These papers include newspaper clippings highlighting her work in vaudeville in the early 1930s, correspondence regarding connections to the Federal Theatre Project, photographs of Edson and her orchestra, as well as scripts, production notes, and programs from the production Follow the Parade.","Programs for Follow the Parade; copies of correspondence and resignation letter regarding Federal Theatre and Follow the Parade; one page of sheet music; costume design sketch; photocopy of Los Angeles Federal Theatres volume 1 number 1; photocopies of photographs depicting Edson, theatres, and stages.","Programs for The Black Crook, Follow the Parade, The first performance of the Federal Theatre project staff of W.P.A. region number 5; synopsis of Follow the Parade; production number Crazy House Suite; synopsis for On a Holiday; notes for Follow the Parade; resignation letter.","Production notes / script.","Newspaper clippings, advertisements, correspondence about Edson's work before the Federal Theatre Project; Follow the Parade program, telegrams; articles about female conductors; handmade artwork/letters sent to Edson; photocopies of Federal Theatre correspondence regarding Black Crook.","Photocopies from unknown publication about Oscar winners; typed notes on Di Maggio, and conductors; eight photographs of movie stars \"before and after\".","Photographs of Edson; Edson and orchestra; one photograph with cardboard backing of Edson during a performance; one photograph on cardboard backing with unidentified people.","Power; Follow the Parade; The Black Crook; Los Angeles Federal Theatres vol. 1 no. 1.","Scrapbook pages with newspaper articles, correspondence, and telegrams. One black and white photograph possibly of Edson.","Newspaper clipping; blank greeting card; note to Edson encouraging her to write."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions on personal use. Permission to publish material from the Eda Edson papers must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions on personal use. Permission to publish material from the Eda Edson papers must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"ref23\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThe Eda Edson papers contain personal papers collected by Edson from the 1930s to 1976. 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Eda Edson worked on the Los Angeles Federal Theatre Project productions \"Follow the Parade\" and \"The Black Crook.\" Under the direction of Eda Edson, formerly employed in vaudeville as a conductor, the variety unit wrote the sketches, lyrics, and music of \"Follow the Parade.\" Part topical revue, part circus, part dramatic show, it ran in Los Angeles for ten weeks before large audiences, and then was taken to the Texas Centennial in Dallas, where it played for the rest of the summer in 1936.\nEdson later went on to more conducting work, and in 1953 she authored the short self help guide \"The world is your stage...learn how to be the leading lady: How acting in everyday life will reveal the vivid, lovely, effective you.\" ","Processing and EAD markup completed in September 2012 by Greta Kuriger Suiter.","The Works Progress Administration oral histories collection, the Federal Theatre Project collection, the Federal Theatre Project photograph collection, as well as numerous other personal papers.","The Eda Edson Federal Theatre Project papers contain personal papers collected by Edson from the 1930s to 1976. 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Eda Edson worked on the Los Angeles Federal Theatre Project productions \"Follow the Parade\" and \"The Black Crook.\" Under the direction of Eda Edson, formerly employed in vaudeville as a conductor, the variety unit wrote the sketches, lyrics, and music of \"Follow the Parade.\" Part topical revue, part circus, part dramatic show, it ran in Los Angeles for ten weeks before large audiences, and then was taken to the Texas Centennial in Dallas, where it played for the rest of the summer in 1936.\nEdson later went on to more conducting work, and in 1953 she authored the short self help guide \"The world is your stage...learn how to be the leading lady: How acting in everyday life will reveal the vivid, lovely, effective you.\" \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Federal Theatre Project was a division of the Works Progress Administration (WPA), which provided employment for large numbers of artists, writers, and performers during the Great Depression (1929-1939). 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Eda Edson worked on the Los Angeles Federal Theatre Project productions \"Follow the Parade\" and \"The Black Crook.\" Under the direction of Eda Edson, formerly employed in vaudeville as a conductor, the variety unit wrote the sketches, lyrics, and music of \"Follow the Parade.\" Part topical revue, part circus, part dramatic show, it ran in Los Angeles for ten weeks before large audiences, and then was taken to the Texas Centennial in Dallas, where it played for the rest of the summer in 1936.\nEdson later went on to more conducting work, and in 1953 she authored the short self help guide \"The world is your stage...learn how to be the leading lady: How acting in everyday life will reveal the vivid, lovely, effective you.\" "],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eEda Edson papers, C0218, Special Collections and Archives, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Eda Edson papers, C0218, Special Collections and Archives, George Mason University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessing and EAD markup completed in September 2012 by Greta Kuriger Suiter.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing and EAD markup completed in September 2012 by Greta Kuriger Suiter."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Works Progress Administration oral histories collection, the Federal Theatre Project collection, the Federal Theatre Project photograph collection, as well as numerous other personal papers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Works Progress Administration oral histories collection, the Federal Theatre Project collection, the Federal Theatre Project photograph collection, as well as numerous other personal papers."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Eda Edson Federal Theatre Project papers contain personal papers collected by Edson from the 1930s to 1976. These papers include newspaper clippings highlighting her work in vaudeville in the early 1930s, correspondence regarding connections to the Federal Theatre Project, photographs of Edson and her orchestra, as well as scripts, production notes, and programs from the production Follow the Parade.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePrograms for Follow the Parade; copies of correspondence and resignation letter regarding Federal Theatre and Follow the Parade; one page of sheet music; costume design sketch; photocopy of Los Angeles Federal Theatres volume 1 number 1; photocopies of photographs depicting Edson, theatres, and stages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePrograms for The Black Crook, Follow the Parade, The first performance of the Federal Theatre project staff of W.P.A. region number 5; synopsis of Follow the Parade; production number Crazy House Suite; synopsis for On a Holiday; notes for Follow the Parade; resignation letter.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eProduction notes / script.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNewspaper clippings, advertisements, correspondence about Edson's work before the Federal Theatre Project; Follow the Parade program, telegrams; articles about female conductors; handmade artwork/letters sent to Edson; photocopies of Federal Theatre correspondence regarding Black Crook.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotocopies from unknown publication about Oscar winners; typed notes on Di Maggio, and conductors; eight photographs of movie stars \"before and after\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs of Edson; Edson and orchestra; one photograph with cardboard backing of Edson during a performance; one photograph on cardboard backing with unidentified people.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePower; Follow the Parade; The Black Crook; Los Angeles Federal Theatres vol. 1 no. 1.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScrapbook pages with newspaper articles, correspondence, and telegrams. One black and white photograph possibly of Edson.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNewspaper clipping; blank greeting card; note to Edson encouraging her to write.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Eda Edson Federal Theatre Project papers contain personal papers collected by Edson from the 1930s to 1976. These papers include newspaper clippings highlighting her work in vaudeville in the early 1930s, correspondence regarding connections to the Federal Theatre Project, photographs of Edson and her orchestra, as well as scripts, production notes, and programs from the production Follow the Parade.","Programs for Follow the Parade; copies of correspondence and resignation letter regarding Federal Theatre and Follow the Parade; one page of sheet music; costume design sketch; photocopy of Los Angeles Federal Theatres volume 1 number 1; photocopies of photographs depicting Edson, theatres, and stages.","Programs for The Black Crook, Follow the Parade, The first performance of the Federal Theatre project staff of W.P.A. region number 5; synopsis of Follow the Parade; production number Crazy House Suite; synopsis for On a Holiday; notes for Follow the Parade; resignation letter.","Production notes / script.","Newspaper clippings, advertisements, correspondence about Edson's work before the Federal Theatre Project; Follow the Parade program, telegrams; articles about female conductors; handmade artwork/letters sent to Edson; photocopies of Federal Theatre correspondence regarding Black Crook.","Photocopies from unknown publication about Oscar winners; typed notes on Di Maggio, and conductors; eight photographs of movie stars \"before and after\".","Photographs of Edson; Edson and orchestra; one photograph with cardboard backing of Edson during a performance; one photograph on cardboard backing with unidentified people.","Power; Follow the Parade; The Black Crook; Los Angeles Federal Theatres vol. 1 no. 1.","Scrapbook pages with newspaper articles, correspondence, and telegrams. One black and white photograph possibly of Edson.","Newspaper clipping; blank greeting card; note to Edson encouraging her to write."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions on personal use. Permission to publish material from the Eda Edson papers must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions on personal use. Permission to publish material from the Eda Edson papers must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"ref23\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThe Eda Edson papers contain personal papers collected by Edson from the 1930s to 1976. These papers include newspaper clippings highlighting her work in vaudeville in the early 1930s, correspondence regarding connections to the Federal Theatre Project, photographs of Edson and her orchestra, as well as scripts, production notes, and programs from the production Follow the Parade.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The Eda Edson papers contain personal papers collected by Edson from the 1930s to 1976. These papers include newspaper clippings highlighting her work in vaudeville in the early 1930s, correspondence regarding connections to the Federal Theatre Project, photographs of Edson and her orchestra, as well as scripts, production notes, and programs from the production Follow the Parade."],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections \u0026 Archives","Federal Theatre Project (U.S.)","Federal Theatre Project (Los Angeles, Calif.)","Edson, Eda"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections \u0026 Archives","Federal Theatre Project (U.S.)","Federal Theatre Project (Los Angeles, Calif.)"],"persname_ssim":["Edson, Eda"],"language_ssim":["English\n\t\t"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":16,"online_item_count_is":5,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T06:10:19.040Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vifgm_edson","ead_ssi":"vifgm_edson","_root_":"vifgm_edson","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_edson","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/gmu/edson.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"http://sca.gmu.edu/finding_aids/edson.html","title_ssm":["Eda Edson papers"],"title_tesim":["Eda Edson papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1930-1976"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1930-1976"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0218"],"text":["C0218","Eda Edson papers","New Deal, 1933-1939.","Music--20th century.","Performing arts.","Theater--United States.","There are no access restrictions.","There are digital documents from this and other GMU FTP collections in the  . ","Organized alphabetically by folder title.","The Federal Theatre Project was a division of the Works Progress Administration (WPA), which provided employment for large numbers of artists, writers, and performers during the Great Depression (1929-1939). The Federal Theatre began in 1935 and, until its end in 1939, flourished as the first and only federally sponsored and subsidized theater program in the United States. Directed by Hallie Flanagan (1880-1969), it was a way for theatrical professionals to gain employment during the Depression.\n","The number of unemployed theatre workers in Los Angeles was second only to those in New York. Eda Edson worked on the Los Angeles Federal Theatre Project productions \"Follow the Parade\" and \"The Black Crook.\" Under the direction of Eda Edson, formerly employed in vaudeville as a conductor, the variety unit wrote the sketches, lyrics, and music of \"Follow the Parade.\" Part topical revue, part circus, part dramatic show, it ran in Los Angeles for ten weeks before large audiences, and then was taken to the Texas Centennial in Dallas, where it played for the rest of the summer in 1936.\nEdson later went on to more conducting work, and in 1953 she authored the short self help guide \"The world is your stage...learn how to be the leading lady: How acting in everyday life will reveal the vivid, lovely, effective you.\" ","Processing and EAD markup completed in September 2012 by Greta Kuriger Suiter.","The Works Progress Administration oral histories collection, the Federal Theatre Project collection, the Federal Theatre Project photograph collection, as well as numerous other personal papers.","The Eda Edson Federal Theatre Project papers contain personal papers collected by Edson from the 1930s to 1976. These papers include newspaper clippings highlighting her work in vaudeville in the early 1930s, correspondence regarding connections to the Federal Theatre Project, photographs of Edson and her orchestra, as well as scripts, production notes, and programs from the production Follow the Parade.","Programs for Follow the Parade; copies of correspondence and resignation letter regarding Federal Theatre and Follow the Parade; one page of sheet music; costume design sketch; photocopy of Los Angeles Federal Theatres volume 1 number 1; photocopies of photographs depicting Edson, theatres, and stages.","Programs for The Black Crook, Follow the Parade, The first performance of the Federal Theatre project staff of W.P.A. region number 5; synopsis of Follow the Parade; production number Crazy House Suite; synopsis for On a Holiday; notes for Follow the Parade; resignation letter.","Production notes / script.","Newspaper clippings, advertisements, correspondence about Edson's work before the Federal Theatre Project; Follow the Parade program, telegrams; articles about female conductors; handmade artwork/letters sent to Edson; photocopies of Federal Theatre correspondence regarding Black Crook.","Photocopies from unknown publication about Oscar winners; typed notes on Di Maggio, and conductors; eight photographs of movie stars \"before and after\".","Photographs of Edson; Edson and orchestra; one photograph with cardboard backing of Edson during a performance; one photograph on cardboard backing with unidentified people.","Power; Follow the Parade; The Black Crook; Los Angeles Federal Theatres vol. 1 no. 1.","Scrapbook pages with newspaper articles, correspondence, and telegrams. One black and white photograph possibly of Edson.","Newspaper clipping; blank greeting card; note to Edson encouraging her to write.","There are no restrictions on personal use. Permission to publish material from the Eda Edson papers must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.","The Eda Edson papers contain personal papers collected by Edson from the 1930s to 1976. These papers include newspaper clippings highlighting her work in vaudeville in the early 1930s, correspondence regarding connections to the Federal Theatre Project, photographs of Edson and her orchestra, as well as scripts, production notes, and programs from the production Follow the Parade.","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections \u0026 Archives","Federal Theatre Project (U.S.)","Federal Theatre Project (Los Angeles, Calif.)","Edson, Eda","English\n\t\t"],"unitid_tesim":["C0218"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Eda Edson papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Eda Edson papers"],"collection_ssim":["Eda Edson papers"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"access_terms_ssm":["There are no restrictions on personal use. 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"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOrganized alphabetically by folder title.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Organized alphabetically by folder title."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Federal Theatre Project was a division of the Works Progress Administration (WPA), which provided employment for large numbers of artists, writers, and performers during the Great Depression (1929-1939). The Federal Theatre began in 1935 and, until its end in 1939, flourished as the first and only federally sponsored and subsidized theater program in the United States. Directed by Hallie Flanagan (1880-1969), it was a way for theatrical professionals to gain employment during the Depression.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe number of unemployed theatre workers in Los Angeles was second only to those in New York. Eda Edson worked on the Los Angeles Federal Theatre Project productions \"Follow the Parade\" and \"The Black Crook.\" Under the direction of Eda Edson, formerly employed in vaudeville as a conductor, the variety unit wrote the sketches, lyrics, and music of \"Follow the Parade.\" Part topical revue, part circus, part dramatic show, it ran in Los Angeles for ten weeks before large audiences, and then was taken to the Texas Centennial in Dallas, where it played for the rest of the summer in 1936.\nEdson later went on to more conducting work, and in 1953 she authored the short self help guide \"The world is your stage...learn how to be the leading lady: How acting in everyday life will reveal the vivid, lovely, effective you.\" \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Federal Theatre Project was a division of the Works Progress Administration (WPA), which provided employment for large numbers of artists, writers, and performers during the Great Depression (1929-1939). The Federal Theatre began in 1935 and, until its end in 1939, flourished as the first and only federally sponsored and subsidized theater program in the United States. Directed by Hallie Flanagan (1880-1969), it was a way for theatrical professionals to gain employment during the Depression.\n","The number of unemployed theatre workers in Los Angeles was second only to those in New York. Eda Edson worked on the Los Angeles Federal Theatre Project productions \"Follow the Parade\" and \"The Black Crook.\" Under the direction of Eda Edson, formerly employed in vaudeville as a conductor, the variety unit wrote the sketches, lyrics, and music of \"Follow the Parade.\" Part topical revue, part circus, part dramatic show, it ran in Los Angeles for ten weeks before large audiences, and then was taken to the Texas Centennial in Dallas, where it played for the rest of the summer in 1936.\nEdson later went on to more conducting work, and in 1953 she authored the short self help guide \"The world is your stage...learn how to be the leading lady: How acting in everyday life will reveal the vivid, lovely, effective you.\" "],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eEda Edson papers, C0218, Special Collections and Archives, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Eda Edson papers, C0218, Special Collections and Archives, George Mason University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessing and EAD markup completed in September 2012 by Greta Kuriger Suiter.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing and EAD markup completed in September 2012 by Greta Kuriger Suiter."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Works Progress Administration oral histories collection, the Federal Theatre Project collection, the Federal Theatre Project photograph collection, as well as numerous other personal papers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Works Progress Administration oral histories collection, the Federal Theatre Project collection, the Federal Theatre Project photograph collection, as well as numerous other personal papers."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Eda Edson Federal Theatre Project papers contain personal papers collected by Edson from the 1930s to 1976. 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One black and white photograph possibly of Edson.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNewspaper clipping; blank greeting card; note to Edson encouraging her to write.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Eda Edson Federal Theatre Project papers contain personal papers collected by Edson from the 1930s to 1976. These papers include newspaper clippings highlighting her work in vaudeville in the early 1930s, correspondence regarding connections to the Federal Theatre Project, photographs of Edson and her orchestra, as well as scripts, production notes, and programs from the production Follow the Parade.","Programs for Follow the Parade; copies of correspondence and resignation letter regarding Federal Theatre and Follow the Parade; one page of sheet music; costume design sketch; photocopy of Los Angeles Federal Theatres volume 1 number 1; photocopies of photographs depicting Edson, theatres, and stages.","Programs for The Black Crook, Follow the Parade, The first performance of the Federal Theatre project staff of W.P.A. region number 5; synopsis of Follow the Parade; production number Crazy House Suite; synopsis for On a Holiday; notes for Follow the Parade; resignation letter.","Production notes / script.","Newspaper clippings, advertisements, correspondence about Edson's work before the Federal Theatre Project; Follow the Parade program, telegrams; articles about female conductors; handmade artwork/letters sent to Edson; photocopies of Federal Theatre correspondence regarding Black Crook.","Photocopies from unknown publication about Oscar winners; typed notes on Di Maggio, and conductors; eight photographs of movie stars \"before and after\".","Photographs of Edson; Edson and orchestra; one photograph with cardboard backing of Edson during a performance; one photograph on cardboard backing with unidentified people.","Power; Follow the Parade; The Black Crook; Los Angeles Federal Theatres vol. 1 no. 1.","Scrapbook pages with newspaper articles, correspondence, and telegrams. One black and white photograph possibly of Edson.","Newspaper clipping; blank greeting card; note to Edson encouraging her to write."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions on personal use. Permission to publish material from the Eda Edson papers must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions on personal use. Permission to publish material from the Eda Edson papers must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"ref23\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThe Eda Edson papers contain personal papers collected by Edson from the 1930s to 1976. These papers include newspaper clippings highlighting her work in vaudeville in the early 1930s, correspondence regarding connections to the Federal Theatre Project, photographs of Edson and her orchestra, as well as scripts, production notes, and programs from the production Follow the Parade.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The Eda Edson papers contain personal papers collected by Edson from the 1930s to 1976. These papers include newspaper clippings highlighting her work in vaudeville in the early 1930s, correspondence regarding connections to the Federal Theatre Project, photographs of Edson and her orchestra, as well as scripts, production notes, and programs from the production Follow the Parade."],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections \u0026 Archives","Federal Theatre Project (U.S.)","Federal Theatre Project (Los Angeles, Calif.)","Edson, Eda"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections \u0026 Archives","Federal Theatre Project (U.S.)","Federal Theatre Project (Los Angeles, Calif.)"],"persname_ssim":["Edson, Eda"],"language_ssim":["English\n\t\t"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":16,"online_item_count_is":5,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T06:10:19.040Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_edson"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1792","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Herbert Friedman Holocaust materials","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1792#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Friedman, Herbert, 1924-2006","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1792#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains the personal papers of Herbert Friedman (1924-2006), documenting his survival of the Holocaust from 1938 to 1940 in Vienna, including his two years in England, and his life afterward in the United States Army and as a successful pharmacist in Norfolk, Virginia. \u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1792#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1792","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1792","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1792","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1792","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1792.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/221482","title_filing_ssi":"Friedman, Herbert, Holocaust materials","title_ssm":["Herbert Friedman Holocaust materials"],"title_tesim":["Herbert Friedman Holocaust materials"],"unitdate_ssm":["1924-2006","1896"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1924-2006"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1896"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16906","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1792"],"text":["MSS 16906","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1792","Herbert Friedman Holocaust materials","Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)","Jews  -- Austria","Kindertransports (Rescue operations)","Jewish children in the Holocaust","Jews  -- Virginia","History of Childhood, Parenting and Family Building (UVA)","This collection is open for research.","Herbert Friedman was born in Vienna on December 11, 1924. He lived with his family in Austria until 1938 when the persecution of Jewish populations in Germany, Austria, and Poland forced the Friedman family's exit from Vienna. ","Before he departed from Austria, Herbert Friedman was involved in the rescue of a woman who was drowning in the Danube Canal. Herbert, then 13 years old, and his friend Ernst Fleischer, then 15, garnered media attention in Jewish newspapers. Months later, Vienna fell to German occupation. Herbert's friend, Ernst, died in a concentration camp in 1942. ","Due to the publicity from saving a woman's life, Herbert secured an appointment with the Rabbi of Austria. The Rabbi named Herbert as one of the one-thousand children slated for the Kultusgemeinde, a negotiation between the Nazis and Austrians for the transportation of children to safer locations. Herbert left on the Kindertransport to England on December 10, 1938. He remained in England for two years, where he was educated in various schools, the majority of which were bombed out of commission by the German Luftwaffe. For these two years he desperately tried to help his mother and younger sister leave Vienna. His father and brother were already in America living in Baltimore, Maryland with relatives. They could barely speak English and were working low paying jobs which did not allow enough money to help the family members escape. They felt despair that his mother and sister might be deported, as other family members had been.","By December 1940, Herbert joined his family in the United States, where they had secured papers the previous year. Herbert attended Forest Park High School in Baltimore, graduating in 1942. He joined the United States Army soon after, serving in the South Pacific until 1945. Herbert attended the University of Maryland School of Pharmacy and was recalled to the Army during the Korean War, in which he served as a First Lieutenant.","Content Warning Note: This collection contains racial imagery typical for the time that contemporary viewers may find offensive.\n The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials.","English translation with the letter","English translation with the letter","English translation with the letter","English translation with the letter","English translation with the letter","English translation with the letter","English translation with the letter","English translation with the letter","English translation with the letter","English translation with the letter","English translation with the letter","There is an English translation with the letter.","There is an English translation with the letter.","There is an English translation with the letter.","There is an English translation with the letter.","There is an English translation with the letter.","No English translation","There is an English translation with the letter.","There is an English translation with the letter.","There is an English translation with the article.","no translation","no translation","no translation","no translation","This collection contains the personal papers of Herbert Friedman  (1924-2006), documenting his survival of the Holocaust from 1938 to 1940 in Vienna, including his two years in England, and his life afterward in the United States Army and as a successful pharmacist in Norfolk, Virginia. ","The Holocaust and its memory influenced his life and inspired him to create and share this archive to teach about his experiences and give courage and empathy to others. Friedman's archive primarily chronicles his efforts to get his mother out of Austria, his travel on the Kindertransport to England where he was educated in various schools, the majority of which were bombed out of commission by the German Luftwaffe, and finally in 1940 his immigration to the United States. ","The collection came in as two binders of correspondence, family transcriptions, photographs, and notes. The first, labeled \"Volume 1\" contained information about the desperation of living and trying to escape the persecution of Jewish people in Germany, Austria, and Poland, which forced the Friedman family's exit from Vienna. \"Volume 2\" contained the correspondence and documents about Herbert Friedman's immigration to England and America. Volumes 3 and 4 contained photographs and writings, materials related to Herbert's later life in the army and his career as a pharmacist, and then his vocation as a speaker and teacher about living through the Holocaust. ","The collection contains biographical pieces written by and about Friedman, correspondence with his friends and family, legal identification (Reisepass), official documents about obtaining affidavits that would allow them to leave Austria for abroad, Palestine, Australia, or America and photographs from his youth and time in the army. ","The collection includes Herbert's numbered tag \"325\" that he wore as he fled with the first group of children out of Germany. The correspondence is also the highlight of the collection as the letters from his mother in particular, reveal the fear and urgency with which she needed his help to leave Vienna immediately as she could be deported any minute. The letters are in German, Hebrew, Yiddish,French, and English. Most of the letters are translated into English. All the letters from family and friends begin \"Lieber Herbert\" or Dear Herbert.","There is also information about daily life, Herbert's Barmitzvah before the invasion, and his swim card which allowed him to go swimming one week before the Nazis took over. There are descriptions about standing in lines at the American Embassy and the intimidation of the Nazis (referred to as \"The Black People\") who kicked people out of line or beat them if they did not stand upright, or worse, arrested them and sent them to death camps. ","There is also genealogical information, research to find out what happened to family members who died at concentration camps, and a framed article honoring Friedman at thirteen years old and his friend Ernst Fleisher (15 years old) for saving a drowning woman in the river in Austria in 1937. There are also letters from officials in the Austrian Government praising Herbert for this act of bravery, as well as letters apologizing for not recognizing his bravery at the time, and for the terrible time for Austrians during the Nazi reign.","The collection also contains four books, some inscribed by friends and family. The books,  Zur Erinnerung an die Barmizwah ,  Altneuland The Old New Land  by Theodor Herzl,  A Book of Jewish Thought , and  Pears Enclyclopaedia   were catalogued separately.","Last time Herbert Friedman used his swim team card on March 10, 1938. Hitler invaded Vienna March 12, 1938.","Her first letter from Baltimore, Maryland, USA","Includes card notification from the Hampstead National Registration Office that address must be updated to receive new ration book.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Friedman, Herbert, 1924-2006","English German Hebrew Yiddish French"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16906","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1792"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Herbert Friedman Holocaust materials"],"collection_title_tesim":["Herbert Friedman Holocaust materials"],"collection_ssim":["Herbert Friedman Holocaust materials"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Friedman, Herbert, 1924-2006"],"creator_ssim":["Friedman, Herbert, 1924-2006"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Friedman, Herbert, 1924-2006"],"creators_ssim":["Friedman, Herbert, 1924-2006"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was a gift from Mark Friedman and Ron Friedman to the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 3 December 2025."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)","Jews  -- Austria","Kindertransports (Rescue operations)","Jewish children in the Holocaust","Jews  -- Virginia","History of Childhood, Parenting and Family Building (UVA)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)","Jews  -- Austria","Kindertransports (Rescue operations)","Jewish children in the Holocaust","Jews  -- Virginia","History of Childhood, Parenting and Family Building (UVA)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":["1 Cubic Feet 2 legal size document boxes, and 1 half-width legal size document box"],"extent_tesim":["1 Cubic Feet 2 legal size document boxes, and 1 half-width legal size document box"],"date_range_isim":[1896,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eHerbert Friedman was born in Vienna on December 11, 1924. He lived with his family in Austria until 1938 when the persecution of Jewish populations in Germany, Austria, and Poland forced the Friedman family's exit from Vienna. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBefore he departed from Austria, Herbert Friedman was involved in the rescue of a woman who was drowning in the Danube Canal. Herbert, then 13 years old, and his friend Ernst Fleischer, then 15, garnered media attention in Jewish newspapers. Months later, Vienna fell to German occupation. Herbert's friend, Ernst, died in a concentration camp in 1942. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDue to the publicity from saving a woman's life, Herbert secured an appointment with the Rabbi of Austria. The Rabbi named Herbert as one of the one-thousand children slated for the Kultusgemeinde, a negotiation between the Nazis and Austrians for the transportation of children to safer locations. Herbert left on the Kindertransport to England on December 10, 1938. He remained in England for two years, where he was educated in various schools, the majority of which were bombed out of commission by the German Luftwaffe. For these two years he desperately tried to help his mother and younger sister leave Vienna. His father and brother were already in America living in Baltimore, Maryland with relatives. They could barely speak English and were working low paying jobs which did not allow enough money to help the family members escape. They felt despair that his mother and sister might be deported, as other family members had been.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBy December 1940, Herbert joined his family in the United States, where they had secured papers the previous year. Herbert attended Forest Park High School in Baltimore, graduating in 1942. He joined the United States Army soon after, serving in the South Pacific until 1945. Herbert attended the University of Maryland School of Pharmacy and was recalled to the Army during the Korean War, in which he served as a First Lieutenant.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Herbert Friedman was born in Vienna on December 11, 1924. He lived with his family in Austria until 1938 when the persecution of Jewish populations in Germany, Austria, and Poland forced the Friedman family's exit from Vienna. ","Before he departed from Austria, Herbert Friedman was involved in the rescue of a woman who was drowning in the Danube Canal. Herbert, then 13 years old, and his friend Ernst Fleischer, then 15, garnered media attention in Jewish newspapers. Months later, Vienna fell to German occupation. Herbert's friend, Ernst, died in a concentration camp in 1942. ","Due to the publicity from saving a woman's life, Herbert secured an appointment with the Rabbi of Austria. The Rabbi named Herbert as one of the one-thousand children slated for the Kultusgemeinde, a negotiation between the Nazis and Austrians for the transportation of children to safer locations. Herbert left on the Kindertransport to England on December 10, 1938. He remained in England for two years, where he was educated in various schools, the majority of which were bombed out of commission by the German Luftwaffe. For these two years he desperately tried to help his mother and younger sister leave Vienna. His father and brother were already in America living in Baltimore, Maryland with relatives. They could barely speak English and were working low paying jobs which did not allow enough money to help the family members escape. They felt despair that his mother and sister might be deported, as other family members had been.","By December 1940, Herbert joined his family in the United States, where they had secured papers the previous year. Herbert attended Forest Park High School in Baltimore, graduating in 1942. He joined the United States Army soon after, serving in the South Pacific until 1945. Herbert attended the University of Maryland School of Pharmacy and was recalled to the Army during the Korean War, in which he served as a First Lieutenant."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eContent Warning Note: This collection contains racial imagery typical for the time that contemporary viewers may find offensive.\n The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEnglish translation with the letter\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEnglish translation with the letter\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEnglish translation with the letter\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEnglish translation with the letter\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEnglish translation with the letter\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEnglish translation with the letter\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEnglish translation with the letter\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEnglish translation with the letter\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEnglish translation with the letter\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEnglish translation with the letter\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEnglish translation with the letter\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere is an English translation with the letter.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere is an English translation with the letter.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere is an English translation with the letter.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere is an English translation with the letter.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere is an English translation with the letter.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNo English translation\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere is an English translation with the letter.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere is an English translation with the letter.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere is an English translation with the article.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eno translation\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eno translation\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eno translation\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eno translation\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General"],"odd_tesim":["Content Warning Note: This collection contains racial imagery typical for the time that contemporary viewers may find offensive.\n The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials.","English translation with the letter","English translation with the letter","English translation with the letter","English translation with the letter","English translation with the letter","English translation with the letter","English translation with the letter","English translation with the letter","English translation with the letter","English translation with the letter","English translation with the letter","There is an English translation with the letter.","There is an English translation with the letter.","There is an English translation with the letter.","There is an English translation with the letter.","There is an English translation with the letter.","No English translation","There is an English translation with the letter.","There is an English translation with the letter.","There is an English translation with the article.","no translation","no translation","no translation","no translation"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains the personal papers of Herbert Friedman  (1924-2006), documenting his survival of the Holocaust from 1938 to 1940 in Vienna, including his two years in England, and his life afterward in the United States Army and as a successful pharmacist in Norfolk, Virginia. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Holocaust and its memory influenced his life and inspired him to create and share this archive to teach about his experiences and give courage and empathy to others. Friedman's archive primarily chronicles his efforts to get his mother out of Austria, his travel on the Kindertransport to England where he was educated in various schools, the majority of which were bombed out of commission by the German Luftwaffe, and finally in 1940 his immigration to the United States. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe collection came in as two binders of correspondence, family transcriptions, photographs, and notes. The first, labeled \"Volume 1\" contained information about the desperation of living and trying to escape the persecution of Jewish people in Germany, Austria, and Poland, which forced the Friedman family's exit from Vienna. \"Volume 2\" contained the correspondence and documents about Herbert Friedman's immigration to England and America. Volumes 3 and 4 contained photographs and writings, materials related to Herbert's later life in the army and his career as a pharmacist, and then his vocation as a speaker and teacher about living through the Holocaust. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains biographical pieces written by and about Friedman, correspondence with his friends and family, legal identification (Reisepass), official documents about obtaining affidavits that would allow them to leave Austria for abroad, Palestine, Australia, or America and photographs from his youth and time in the army. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe collection includes Herbert's numbered tag \"325\" that he wore as he fled with the first group of children out of Germany. The correspondence is also the highlight of the collection as the letters from his mother in particular, reveal the fear and urgency with which she needed his help to leave Vienna immediately as she could be deported any minute. The letters are in German, Hebrew, Yiddish,French, and English. Most of the letters are translated into English. All the letters from family and friends begin \"Lieber Herbert\" or Dear Herbert.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThere is also information about daily life, Herbert's Barmitzvah before the invasion, and his swim card which allowed him to go swimming one week before the Nazis took over. There are descriptions about standing in lines at the American Embassy and the intimidation of the Nazis (referred to as \"The Black People\") who kicked people out of line or beat them if they did not stand upright, or worse, arrested them and sent them to death camps. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThere is also genealogical information, research to find out what happened to family members who died at concentration camps, and a framed article honoring Friedman at thirteen years old and his friend Ernst Fleisher (15 years old) for saving a drowning woman in the river in Austria in 1937. There are also letters from officials in the Austrian Government praising Herbert for this act of bravery, as well as letters apologizing for not recognizing his bravery at the time, and for the terrible time for Austrians during the Nazi reign.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe collection also contains four books, some inscribed by friends and family. The books, \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eZur Erinnerung an die Barmizwah\u003c/emph\u003e, \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAltneuland The Old New Land\u003c/emph\u003e by Theodor Herzl, \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eA Book of Jewish Thought\u003c/emph\u003e, and \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003ePears Enclyclopaedia \u003c/emph\u003e were catalogued separately.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLast time Herbert Friedman used his swim team card on March 10, 1938. Hitler invaded Vienna March 12, 1938.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHer first letter from Baltimore, Maryland, USA\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes card notification from the Hampstead National Registration Office that address must be updated to receive new ration book.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains the personal papers of Herbert Friedman  (1924-2006), documenting his survival of the Holocaust from 1938 to 1940 in Vienna, including his two years in England, and his life afterward in the United States Army and as a successful pharmacist in Norfolk, Virginia. ","The Holocaust and its memory influenced his life and inspired him to create and share this archive to teach about his experiences and give courage and empathy to others. Friedman's archive primarily chronicles his efforts to get his mother out of Austria, his travel on the Kindertransport to England where he was educated in various schools, the majority of which were bombed out of commission by the German Luftwaffe, and finally in 1940 his immigration to the United States. ","The collection came in as two binders of correspondence, family transcriptions, photographs, and notes. The first, labeled \"Volume 1\" contained information about the desperation of living and trying to escape the persecution of Jewish people in Germany, Austria, and Poland, which forced the Friedman family's exit from Vienna. \"Volume 2\" contained the correspondence and documents about Herbert Friedman's immigration to England and America. Volumes 3 and 4 contained photographs and writings, materials related to Herbert's later life in the army and his career as a pharmacist, and then his vocation as a speaker and teacher about living through the Holocaust. ","The collection contains biographical pieces written by and about Friedman, correspondence with his friends and family, legal identification (Reisepass), official documents about obtaining affidavits that would allow them to leave Austria for abroad, Palestine, Australia, or America and photographs from his youth and time in the army. ","The collection includes Herbert's numbered tag \"325\" that he wore as he fled with the first group of children out of Germany. The correspondence is also the highlight of the collection as the letters from his mother in particular, reveal the fear and urgency with which she needed his help to leave Vienna immediately as she could be deported any minute. The letters are in German, Hebrew, Yiddish,French, and English. Most of the letters are translated into English. All the letters from family and friends begin \"Lieber Herbert\" or Dear Herbert.","There is also information about daily life, Herbert's Barmitzvah before the invasion, and his swim card which allowed him to go swimming one week before the Nazis took over. There are descriptions about standing in lines at the American Embassy and the intimidation of the Nazis (referred to as \"The Black People\") who kicked people out of line or beat them if they did not stand upright, or worse, arrested them and sent them to death camps. ","There is also genealogical information, research to find out what happened to family members who died at concentration camps, and a framed article honoring Friedman at thirteen years old and his friend Ernst Fleisher (15 years old) for saving a drowning woman in the river in Austria in 1937. There are also letters from officials in the Austrian Government praising Herbert for this act of bravery, as well as letters apologizing for not recognizing his bravery at the time, and for the terrible time for Austrians during the Nazi reign.","The collection also contains four books, some inscribed by friends and family. The books,  Zur Erinnerung an die Barmizwah ,  Altneuland The Old New Land  by Theodor Herzl,  A Book of Jewish Thought , and  Pears Enclyclopaedia   were catalogued separately.","Last time Herbert Friedman used his swim team card on March 10, 1938. Hitler invaded Vienna March 12, 1938.","Her first letter from Baltimore, Maryland, USA","Includes card notification from the Hampstead National Registration Office that address must be updated to receive new ration book."],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Friedman, Herbert, 1924-2006"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"persname_ssim":["Friedman, Herbert, 1924-2006"],"language_ssim":["English German Hebrew Yiddish French"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":236,"online_item_count_is":224,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-20T23:46:51.937Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1792","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1792","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1792","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1792","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1792.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/221482","title_filing_ssi":"Friedman, Herbert, Holocaust materials","title_ssm":["Herbert Friedman Holocaust materials"],"title_tesim":["Herbert Friedman Holocaust materials"],"unitdate_ssm":["1924-2006","1896"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1924-2006"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1896"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16906","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1792"],"text":["MSS 16906","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1792","Herbert Friedman Holocaust materials","Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)","Jews  -- Austria","Kindertransports (Rescue operations)","Jewish children in the Holocaust","Jews  -- Virginia","History of Childhood, Parenting and Family Building (UVA)","This collection is open for research.","Herbert Friedman was born in Vienna on December 11, 1924. He lived with his family in Austria until 1938 when the persecution of Jewish populations in Germany, Austria, and Poland forced the Friedman family's exit from Vienna. ","Before he departed from Austria, Herbert Friedman was involved in the rescue of a woman who was drowning in the Danube Canal. Herbert, then 13 years old, and his friend Ernst Fleischer, then 15, garnered media attention in Jewish newspapers. Months later, Vienna fell to German occupation. Herbert's friend, Ernst, died in a concentration camp in 1942. ","Due to the publicity from saving a woman's life, Herbert secured an appointment with the Rabbi of Austria. The Rabbi named Herbert as one of the one-thousand children slated for the Kultusgemeinde, a negotiation between the Nazis and Austrians for the transportation of children to safer locations. Herbert left on the Kindertransport to England on December 10, 1938. He remained in England for two years, where he was educated in various schools, the majority of which were bombed out of commission by the German Luftwaffe. For these two years he desperately tried to help his mother and younger sister leave Vienna. His father and brother were already in America living in Baltimore, Maryland with relatives. They could barely speak English and were working low paying jobs which did not allow enough money to help the family members escape. They felt despair that his mother and sister might be deported, as other family members had been.","By December 1940, Herbert joined his family in the United States, where they had secured papers the previous year. Herbert attended Forest Park High School in Baltimore, graduating in 1942. He joined the United States Army soon after, serving in the South Pacific until 1945. Herbert attended the University of Maryland School of Pharmacy and was recalled to the Army during the Korean War, in which he served as a First Lieutenant.","Content Warning Note: This collection contains racial imagery typical for the time that contemporary viewers may find offensive.\n The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials.","English translation with the letter","English translation with the letter","English translation with the letter","English translation with the letter","English translation with the letter","English translation with the letter","English translation with the letter","English translation with the letter","English translation with the letter","English translation with the letter","English translation with the letter","There is an English translation with the letter.","There is an English translation with the letter.","There is an English translation with the letter.","There is an English translation with the letter.","There is an English translation with the letter.","No English translation","There is an English translation with the letter.","There is an English translation with the letter.","There is an English translation with the article.","no translation","no translation","no translation","no translation","This collection contains the personal papers of Herbert Friedman  (1924-2006), documenting his survival of the Holocaust from 1938 to 1940 in Vienna, including his two years in England, and his life afterward in the United States Army and as a successful pharmacist in Norfolk, Virginia. ","The Holocaust and its memory influenced his life and inspired him to create and share this archive to teach about his experiences and give courage and empathy to others. Friedman's archive primarily chronicles his efforts to get his mother out of Austria, his travel on the Kindertransport to England where he was educated in various schools, the majority of which were bombed out of commission by the German Luftwaffe, and finally in 1940 his immigration to the United States. ","The collection came in as two binders of correspondence, family transcriptions, photographs, and notes. The first, labeled \"Volume 1\" contained information about the desperation of living and trying to escape the persecution of Jewish people in Germany, Austria, and Poland, which forced the Friedman family's exit from Vienna. \"Volume 2\" contained the correspondence and documents about Herbert Friedman's immigration to England and America. Volumes 3 and 4 contained photographs and writings, materials related to Herbert's later life in the army and his career as a pharmacist, and then his vocation as a speaker and teacher about living through the Holocaust. ","The collection contains biographical pieces written by and about Friedman, correspondence with his friends and family, legal identification (Reisepass), official documents about obtaining affidavits that would allow them to leave Austria for abroad, Palestine, Australia, or America and photographs from his youth and time in the army. ","The collection includes Herbert's numbered tag \"325\" that he wore as he fled with the first group of children out of Germany. The correspondence is also the highlight of the collection as the letters from his mother in particular, reveal the fear and urgency with which she needed his help to leave Vienna immediately as she could be deported any minute. The letters are in German, Hebrew, Yiddish,French, and English. Most of the letters are translated into English. All the letters from family and friends begin \"Lieber Herbert\" or Dear Herbert.","There is also information about daily life, Herbert's Barmitzvah before the invasion, and his swim card which allowed him to go swimming one week before the Nazis took over. There are descriptions about standing in lines at the American Embassy and the intimidation of the Nazis (referred to as \"The Black People\") who kicked people out of line or beat them if they did not stand upright, or worse, arrested them and sent them to death camps. ","There is also genealogical information, research to find out what happened to family members who died at concentration camps, and a framed article honoring Friedman at thirteen years old and his friend Ernst Fleisher (15 years old) for saving a drowning woman in the river in Austria in 1937. There are also letters from officials in the Austrian Government praising Herbert for this act of bravery, as well as letters apologizing for not recognizing his bravery at the time, and for the terrible time for Austrians during the Nazi reign.","The collection also contains four books, some inscribed by friends and family. The books,  Zur Erinnerung an die Barmizwah ,  Altneuland The Old New Land  by Theodor Herzl,  A Book of Jewish Thought , and  Pears Enclyclopaedia   were catalogued separately.","Last time Herbert Friedman used his swim team card on March 10, 1938. Hitler invaded Vienna March 12, 1938.","Her first letter from Baltimore, Maryland, USA","Includes card notification from the Hampstead National Registration Office that address must be updated to receive new ration book.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Friedman, Herbert, 1924-2006","English German Hebrew Yiddish French"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16906","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1792"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Herbert Friedman Holocaust materials"],"collection_title_tesim":["Herbert Friedman Holocaust materials"],"collection_ssim":["Herbert Friedman Holocaust materials"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Friedman, Herbert, 1924-2006"],"creator_ssim":["Friedman, Herbert, 1924-2006"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Friedman, Herbert, 1924-2006"],"creators_ssim":["Friedman, Herbert, 1924-2006"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was a gift from Mark Friedman and Ron Friedman to the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 3 December 2025."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)","Jews  -- Austria","Kindertransports (Rescue operations)","Jewish children in the Holocaust","Jews  -- Virginia","History of Childhood, Parenting and Family Building (UVA)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)","Jews  -- Austria","Kindertransports (Rescue operations)","Jewish children in the Holocaust","Jews  -- Virginia","History of Childhood, Parenting and Family Building (UVA)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":["1 Cubic Feet 2 legal size document boxes, and 1 half-width legal size document box"],"extent_tesim":["1 Cubic Feet 2 legal size document boxes, and 1 half-width legal size document box"],"date_range_isim":[1896,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eHerbert Friedman was born in Vienna on December 11, 1924. He lived with his family in Austria until 1938 when the persecution of Jewish populations in Germany, Austria, and Poland forced the Friedman family's exit from Vienna. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBefore he departed from Austria, Herbert Friedman was involved in the rescue of a woman who was drowning in the Danube Canal. Herbert, then 13 years old, and his friend Ernst Fleischer, then 15, garnered media attention in Jewish newspapers. Months later, Vienna fell to German occupation. Herbert's friend, Ernst, died in a concentration camp in 1942. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDue to the publicity from saving a woman's life, Herbert secured an appointment with the Rabbi of Austria. The Rabbi named Herbert as one of the one-thousand children slated for the Kultusgemeinde, a negotiation between the Nazis and Austrians for the transportation of children to safer locations. Herbert left on the Kindertransport to England on December 10, 1938. He remained in England for two years, where he was educated in various schools, the majority of which were bombed out of commission by the German Luftwaffe. For these two years he desperately tried to help his mother and younger sister leave Vienna. His father and brother were already in America living in Baltimore, Maryland with relatives. They could barely speak English and were working low paying jobs which did not allow enough money to help the family members escape. They felt despair that his mother and sister might be deported, as other family members had been.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBy December 1940, Herbert joined his family in the United States, where they had secured papers the previous year. Herbert attended Forest Park High School in Baltimore, graduating in 1942. He joined the United States Army soon after, serving in the South Pacific until 1945. Herbert attended the University of Maryland School of Pharmacy and was recalled to the Army during the Korean War, in which he served as a First Lieutenant.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Herbert Friedman was born in Vienna on December 11, 1924. He lived with his family in Austria until 1938 when the persecution of Jewish populations in Germany, Austria, and Poland forced the Friedman family's exit from Vienna. ","Before he departed from Austria, Herbert Friedman was involved in the rescue of a woman who was drowning in the Danube Canal. Herbert, then 13 years old, and his friend Ernst Fleischer, then 15, garnered media attention in Jewish newspapers. Months later, Vienna fell to German occupation. Herbert's friend, Ernst, died in a concentration camp in 1942. ","Due to the publicity from saving a woman's life, Herbert secured an appointment with the Rabbi of Austria. The Rabbi named Herbert as one of the one-thousand children slated for the Kultusgemeinde, a negotiation between the Nazis and Austrians for the transportation of children to safer locations. Herbert left on the Kindertransport to England on December 10, 1938. He remained in England for two years, where he was educated in various schools, the majority of which were bombed out of commission by the German Luftwaffe. For these two years he desperately tried to help his mother and younger sister leave Vienna. His father and brother were already in America living in Baltimore, Maryland with relatives. They could barely speak English and were working low paying jobs which did not allow enough money to help the family members escape. They felt despair that his mother and sister might be deported, as other family members had been.","By December 1940, Herbert joined his family in the United States, where they had secured papers the previous year. Herbert attended Forest Park High School in Baltimore, graduating in 1942. He joined the United States Army soon after, serving in the South Pacific until 1945. Herbert attended the University of Maryland School of Pharmacy and was recalled to the Army during the Korean War, in which he served as a First Lieutenant."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eContent Warning Note: This collection contains racial imagery typical for the time that contemporary viewers may find offensive.\n The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEnglish translation with the letter\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEnglish translation with the letter\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEnglish translation with the letter\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEnglish translation with the letter\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEnglish translation with the letter\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEnglish translation with the letter\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEnglish translation with the letter\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEnglish translation with the letter\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEnglish translation with the letter\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEnglish translation with the letter\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEnglish translation with the letter\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere is an English translation with the letter.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere is an English translation with the letter.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere is an English translation with the letter.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere is an English translation with the letter.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere is an English translation with the letter.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNo English translation\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere is an English translation with the letter.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere is an English translation with the letter.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere is an English translation with the article.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eno translation\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eno translation\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eno translation\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eno translation\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General"],"odd_tesim":["Content Warning Note: This collection contains racial imagery typical for the time that contemporary viewers may find offensive.\n The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials.","English translation with the letter","English translation with the letter","English translation with the letter","English translation with the letter","English translation with the letter","English translation with the letter","English translation with the letter","English translation with the letter","English translation with the letter","English translation with the letter","English translation with the letter","There is an English translation with the letter.","There is an English translation with the letter.","There is an English translation with the letter.","There is an English translation with the letter.","There is an English translation with the letter.","No English translation","There is an English translation with the letter.","There is an English translation with the letter.","There is an English translation with the article.","no translation","no translation","no translation","no translation"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains the personal papers of Herbert Friedman  (1924-2006), documenting his survival of the Holocaust from 1938 to 1940 in Vienna, including his two years in England, and his life afterward in the United States Army and as a successful pharmacist in Norfolk, Virginia. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Holocaust and its memory influenced his life and inspired him to create and share this archive to teach about his experiences and give courage and empathy to others. Friedman's archive primarily chronicles his efforts to get his mother out of Austria, his travel on the Kindertransport to England where he was educated in various schools, the majority of which were bombed out of commission by the German Luftwaffe, and finally in 1940 his immigration to the United States. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe collection came in as two binders of correspondence, family transcriptions, photographs, and notes. The first, labeled \"Volume 1\" contained information about the desperation of living and trying to escape the persecution of Jewish people in Germany, Austria, and Poland, which forced the Friedman family's exit from Vienna. \"Volume 2\" contained the correspondence and documents about Herbert Friedman's immigration to England and America. Volumes 3 and 4 contained photographs and writings, materials related to Herbert's later life in the army and his career as a pharmacist, and then his vocation as a speaker and teacher about living through the Holocaust. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains biographical pieces written by and about Friedman, correspondence with his friends and family, legal identification (Reisepass), official documents about obtaining affidavits that would allow them to leave Austria for abroad, Palestine, Australia, or America and photographs from his youth and time in the army. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe collection includes Herbert's numbered tag \"325\" that he wore as he fled with the first group of children out of Germany. The correspondence is also the highlight of the collection as the letters from his mother in particular, reveal the fear and urgency with which she needed his help to leave Vienna immediately as she could be deported any minute. The letters are in German, Hebrew, Yiddish,French, and English. Most of the letters are translated into English. All the letters from family and friends begin \"Lieber Herbert\" or Dear Herbert.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThere is also information about daily life, Herbert's Barmitzvah before the invasion, and his swim card which allowed him to go swimming one week before the Nazis took over. There are descriptions about standing in lines at the American Embassy and the intimidation of the Nazis (referred to as \"The Black People\") who kicked people out of line or beat them if they did not stand upright, or worse, arrested them and sent them to death camps. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThere is also genealogical information, research to find out what happened to family members who died at concentration camps, and a framed article honoring Friedman at thirteen years old and his friend Ernst Fleisher (15 years old) for saving a drowning woman in the river in Austria in 1937. There are also letters from officials in the Austrian Government praising Herbert for this act of bravery, as well as letters apologizing for not recognizing his bravery at the time, and for the terrible time for Austrians during the Nazi reign.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe collection also contains four books, some inscribed by friends and family. The books, \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eZur Erinnerung an die Barmizwah\u003c/emph\u003e, \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAltneuland The Old New Land\u003c/emph\u003e by Theodor Herzl, \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eA Book of Jewish Thought\u003c/emph\u003e, and \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003ePears Enclyclopaedia \u003c/emph\u003e were catalogued separately.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLast time Herbert Friedman used his swim team card on March 10, 1938. Hitler invaded Vienna March 12, 1938.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHer first letter from Baltimore, Maryland, USA\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes card notification from the Hampstead National Registration Office that address must be updated to receive new ration book.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains the personal papers of Herbert Friedman  (1924-2006), documenting his survival of the Holocaust from 1938 to 1940 in Vienna, including his two years in England, and his life afterward in the United States Army and as a successful pharmacist in Norfolk, Virginia. ","The Holocaust and its memory influenced his life and inspired him to create and share this archive to teach about his experiences and give courage and empathy to others. Friedman's archive primarily chronicles his efforts to get his mother out of Austria, his travel on the Kindertransport to England where he was educated in various schools, the majority of which were bombed out of commission by the German Luftwaffe, and finally in 1940 his immigration to the United States. ","The collection came in as two binders of correspondence, family transcriptions, photographs, and notes. The first, labeled \"Volume 1\" contained information about the desperation of living and trying to escape the persecution of Jewish people in Germany, Austria, and Poland, which forced the Friedman family's exit from Vienna. \"Volume 2\" contained the correspondence and documents about Herbert Friedman's immigration to England and America. Volumes 3 and 4 contained photographs and writings, materials related to Herbert's later life in the army and his career as a pharmacist, and then his vocation as a speaker and teacher about living through the Holocaust. ","The collection contains biographical pieces written by and about Friedman, correspondence with his friends and family, legal identification (Reisepass), official documents about obtaining affidavits that would allow them to leave Austria for abroad, Palestine, Australia, or America and photographs from his youth and time in the army. ","The collection includes Herbert's numbered tag \"325\" that he wore as he fled with the first group of children out of Germany. The correspondence is also the highlight of the collection as the letters from his mother in particular, reveal the fear and urgency with which she needed his help to leave Vienna immediately as she could be deported any minute. The letters are in German, Hebrew, Yiddish,French, and English. Most of the letters are translated into English. All the letters from family and friends begin \"Lieber Herbert\" or Dear Herbert.","There is also information about daily life, Herbert's Barmitzvah before the invasion, and his swim card which allowed him to go swimming one week before the Nazis took over. There are descriptions about standing in lines at the American Embassy and the intimidation of the Nazis (referred to as \"The Black People\") who kicked people out of line or beat them if they did not stand upright, or worse, arrested them and sent them to death camps. ","There is also genealogical information, research to find out what happened to family members who died at concentration camps, and a framed article honoring Friedman at thirteen years old and his friend Ernst Fleisher (15 years old) for saving a drowning woman in the river in Austria in 1937. There are also letters from officials in the Austrian Government praising Herbert for this act of bravery, as well as letters apologizing for not recognizing his bravery at the time, and for the terrible time for Austrians during the Nazi reign.","The collection also contains four books, some inscribed by friends and family. The books,  Zur Erinnerung an die Barmizwah ,  Altneuland The Old New Land  by Theodor Herzl,  A Book of Jewish Thought , and  Pears Enclyclopaedia   were catalogued separately.","Last time Herbert Friedman used his swim team card on March 10, 1938. Hitler invaded Vienna March 12, 1938.","Her first letter from Baltimore, Maryland, USA","Includes card notification from the Hampstead National Registration Office that address must be updated to receive new ration book."],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Friedman, Herbert, 1924-2006"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"persname_ssim":["Friedman, Herbert, 1924-2006"],"language_ssim":["English German Hebrew Yiddish French"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":236,"online_item_count_is":224,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-20T23:46:51.937Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1792"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1591","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Howard W. Smith Papers","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1591#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of the files and working papers of Howard Worth Smith who represented Virginia in Congress for some thirty-five years as representative from the Eighth Congressional District. Included are correspondence received and carbon copies of replies, clippings, printed government and other publications, copies of printed bills, reports, press releases, speeches, notes, memoranda, financial records, tape and disc recordings, drawings, and other materials. The papers cover the years 1933 to 1966 when Smith retired from Congress.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1591#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1591","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1591","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1591","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1591","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1591.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/192326","title_filing_ssi":"Smith, Howard W. Papers","title_ssm":["Howard W. Smith Papers"],"title_tesim":["Howard W. Smith Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1933-1966"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1933-1966"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 8731","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1591"],"text":["MSS 8731","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1591","Howard W. Smith Papers","Democratic Party (Va.)","United States. Congress. House. ","United States. Congress. House. Committee on Rules","United States. National Labor Relations Board","Labor laws and legislation United States","Virginia -- Politics and government","Civil rights -- United States","Conservatism -- United States","architectural drawings (visual works)","letters (correspondence)","reports","government records","federal government records","state government records","Resolutions (administrative records)","This collection is open for research.","Series I: Bills Introduced in Congress by Judge Smith Boxes 1-12 In general, this series comprises a chronological arrangement by Congress, and an alphabetical series of topics within each Congress. The folders usually contain a copy of the printed bill plus pertinent correspondence, notes, and other helpful material.","Series II: Miscellaneous Legislation Boxes 13-111 This series comprises a chronological series by Congress with an alphabetical arrangement of topics within each Congress. There is generally one folder for each topic, but occasionally there are more. The folders contain correspondence, notes, printed materials, copies of the printed bill, and anything Judge Smith or his staff found pertinent. When material identified as belonging to an earlier Congress appears under a later one, it has been left where it was found on the presumption that the legislation may have carried over or that it was placed there for good reason. Note especially the sub-series on Civil rights in boxes 100-111.","Series III: Miscellaneous Correspondence Boxes 112-187 Boxes 112-187\nAgain, the arrangement in this series is by Congress, and within the Congress, the arrangement is alphabetical. The series begins with the 84th Congress. The topics range from the Democratic National Committee to the Fish and Wildlife Service.","Series IV: Private Bills Boxes 188, 189 Bills introduced by Smith \"for the relief of\" constituents or other private individuals.","Series V: Speeches, Articles, Recordings, Etc. Boxes 190-193; [oversize box] This series contains offprints of articles by and about Smith, copies of the Congressional Record containing Smith's speeches in \"Congress, and other publications containing interviews with, or articles by Smith. Drafts and texts of speeches by Smith are found. The materials are arranged by Congress. There are a number of tape and disc recordings of speeches by Smith, or interviews of him.","Series VI: Campaign Record Boxes 194-210 In this series are found campaign literature, clippings, returns, correspondence with workers and supporters, lists of votes, expense accounts, research files on hi sopponents and their remarks, and folders on areas in Smith's district. Also present are folders on other Virginia elections, and some materials on national elections. The file is organized chronologically by the campaign beginnings with 1938, but materials are sparce until 1950.","Series VII: Endorsement and Patronage Correspondence Boxes 211-213 This correspondence is filed chronologically by the Congress, and alphabetically within the Congress, and covers the 83rd to 89th Congresses.","Series VIII: Correspondence re Petitions; Qualified Voters Boxes 214-217 Arranged by area within his district. Last two boxes contain mailing lists of qualified voters.","Series IX: National Labor Relations Board Files Boxes 219-229 An alphabetical file of materials generated by the Special Committee of the House headed by Smith which investigated the NLRB, 1939-1942. Three scrapbooks, listed at the end of the listings of boxes in this inventory, contain pertinent newspaper clippings and cartoons. For Smith's continuing interest in labor legislation, one should consult Series 1 and 2.","Series X: Strasbourg Conference Records Boxes 230, 231 Smith attended the conference held in Strasbourg in 1951 to discuss problems common to Europe and North America as a member of the U.S. delegation. most of the records in this series are printed reports and debates, but there are a few clippings and letters.","Series XI: Virginia Post Office Correspondence Boxes 232-254 This series contains an alphabetical arrangement by the name of the post office of correspondence concerning postmasterships, location of new post offices and the like. Much patronage material appears here.","Series XII: Service Academies Correspondence Boxes 255-264 A chronological series with folders for each academy for each year beginning with 1945, re appointments.","Series XIII: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Commission Records Boxes 265-270 This series contains, in no particular order, records of the work of the Commission appointed to determine a suitable memorial to Thomas Jefferson in Washington, D.C. There are minutes of the meetings of the commission, blue prints, correspondence, printed materials, etc. One should also note the existance of the architectural drawings submitted in competition for the design award. These are listed separately at the end of the listings of the contents of the boxes of the main collection.","Series XIV: Miscellaneous Files Boxes 271-274 Miscellaneous files, and clippings and articles about Smith.","Series XV: Scrapbooks This is a series of books, 1938-1966, filled with clippings about Smith and his career, organized chronologically, with some miscellaenous books at the end.","Series XVI: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Architectural Competition Drawings ","Howard Worth Smith was born in Broad Run, Fauquier County, Virginia, on 2 February 1883. He attended the public schools there and was graduated from Bethel Military Academy, Warrenton, Va., in 1901. In 1903, he received his law degree from the University of Virginia, and entered the practice of law in Alexandria where he remained for the next eighteen years. He served as Commonwealth's attorney (1918-1922), judge of the corporation court (1922-1928), and judge of the 16th circuit court (1928-1930).","In 1931, he was elected to Congress from the Eighth Congressional District, and remained in office for thirty-five years. He served as chairman, Committee on Rules (Eighty-fourth through Eighty-ninth Congresses) and sponsor of the Smith Act of 1940. Smith was defeated for renomination in the Democratic primary in 1966.","Judge Smith resumed the practice of law in Alexandria, Va., where he died October 3, 1976. He was buried in Georgetown Cemetery, Broad Run, Va.","\nhttps://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=uva-sc/viu03824.xml;query=;#bioghist_1.1","When Judge Smith was ready to leave his congressional offices, he called upon the National Archives and Records Service to clean out his files, and pack the materials; this is a service offered to Congressmen by NARS. NARS boxed up all the materials, and moved them across the Potomac to the Federal Records Center in Alexandria early in 1967.","Shortly thereafter, Judge Smith agreed to open his papers to the researchers of the Institute for Social Science Research, and the papers were moved a few blocks from the Federal Records Center to the third floor of Judge Smith's son's law office building where space was made available to the Institute.","The Institute staff worked through the material and removed from the boxes those papers which interested them particularly. These papers they placed in eight filing cabinets in the offices, and a card index file was prepared to assist in locating the materials. The remainder of the papers were kept in the NARS boxes and were stacked about the walls of the rooms. The collection was appraised at this time, and Mr. Robert Metzdorf's notes on the contents give a good summary of its research value.","It took the Institute fifteen or sixteen months to complete its work in the files. They made notes, and copied all materials which they found pertinent their research. By agreement with Judge Smith, the Institute has the right of prior publication of any material from the collection.","This finding aid was created for the purpose of access to Series XVI, and exists in addition to the the guide found at: https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=uva-sc/viu03824.xml;query=;.","The papers have, in general, been kept in the order in which they were received from the Institute for Social Science Research. Because of the removal of a portion of the collection from the NARS boxes, it was not always possible for the Library staff to determine exactly what the original order of the collection had been. We have moved certain blocks of materials that seemed to belong together to create series within the collection, but very little moving of individual file folders has taken place. Thus, the researcher will find that there are minor inconsistencies in the chronological or alphabetical order in certain portions of the series.","Not accounted for","Not accounted for","Not accounted for","Not accounted for","Not accounted for","Not accounted for","Not accounted for","Not accounted for","Not accounted for","The records/guides for this collection's original acquisition and other previous additions can be found in VIRGO, the Library's online catalog, as well as (in many cases) on the Archival Repositories of the Virginias (ARVAS) website.","For best results, search using the collection's Identifier/Call Number.","This collection consists of the files and working papers of  Howard Worth Smith  who represented  Virginia  in Congress for some thirty-five years as representative from the Eighth Congressional District. Included are correspondence received and carbon copies of replies, clippings, printed government and other publications, copies of printed bills, reports, press releases, speeches, notes, memoranda, financial records, tape and disc recordings, drawings, and other materials. The papers cover the years  1933  to  1966  when Smith retired from Congress.","The collection is now contained in 274 Hollinger storage boxes (ca. 5\"x15\"x10\"), one oversize box; additionally, there are eighteen looseleaf and scrapbooks, and forty-four architectural drawings. The collection fills approximately 150 shelf feet.","Smith's influence in Congress came chiefly from his early appointment to the Rules Committee. In  1955 , he became its chairman, an exceedingly powerful position as the committee can determine the \"length and manner of debate\" on any measure moving from a committee to the floor of the House. \"Although it was initially designed as a traffic committee to ease and expedite the flow of legislation in the House, the Rules Committee by postponing or refusing to grant a bill a rule bottled up measures which did not win the approval of its conservative majority.\" (J. Harvie Wilkinson, III, H arry Byrd and the Changing Face of Virginia Politics, 1945-1966 [Charlottesville, 1968], 71.","Other research interests which may be studied in the collection, according to Mr. Robert Metzdorf, are: \"political history of Virginia, relations of the Virginia and Southern Democrats to the rest of the Democratic Party, labor unions and labor laws, lobbying, investigation of Un-Americian activities, alien registration, the Smith Act and subversion, history of the District of Columbia 1930-1966 [and legislation in Congress pertaining to it as Smith sat on the District Committee], conservation and water pollution, Selective Service and other war-time legislation, the Supreme Court and State's rights, memorials to Jefferson and Madison, the history of workmen's compensation, reappointment and the federal courts, civil rights, the Rules Committee and its role in the legislative process, the history of foreign aid, federal aid to education, the history of immigration, relation between the legislative and executive branches, the history of conservatism in the United States, 1930-1966.\" To these notes may be added the study of unique northern Virginia politics, patronage, and the continuing work of a Congressman in relation to his colleagues and in particular to his constituents. There does not appear to be much material in the collection which shows Smith's relation to Senator Harry Byrd in the political sense, although there is interesting correspondence. Naturally, the collection will be the basis for any biography of Judge Smith, an important historical task which, hopefully, will be undertaken soon. ","https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=uva-sc/viu03824.xml;query=;#bioghist_1.1","[First Tidal Basin Scheme A (Pantheon), small general plan]","[First Tidal Basin Scheme A (Pantheon), front elevation]","[First Tidal Basin Scheme A (Pantheon), section (section applies also to Scheme B)]","[First Tidal Basin Scheme A (Pantheon) plan]","[First Tidal Basin Scheme A (Pantheon) Perspective]","[Scheme D (Anacostia Park Site) Perspective]","[Scheme D (Anacostia Park Site) Plan]","[Scheme D (Anacostia Park Site) General Plan]","[Scheme A (Pantheon Scheme in Tidal Basin) Perspective]","[Scheme A (Pantheon Scheme in Tidal Basin) Perspective]","[Scheme A (Pantheon Scheme in Tidal Basin) Plan]","[Scheme A (Pantheon Scheme in Tidal Basin) Front Elevation]","[Scheme A (Pantheon Scheme in Tidal Basin) General Plan]","[Scheme A (Pantheon Scheme in Tidal Basin) Plan showing areas covered by various estimates]","[Scheme A (Pantheon Scheme in Tidal Basin) elevation at 45º angle to main axis]","[Scheme A (Pantheon Scheme in Tidal Basin), South elevation","[Scheme F (Circular Open Colonnade) Elevation]","drawn at a scale of 20 feet equal 1 inch for comparison with elevations of proposed Thomas Jefferson Memorial drawn at the same scale","[Scheme G (circular open colonnade) side elevation","Plan [Scheme F (circular open colonnade) plan]","[Scheme G (circular open colonnade) general plan]","Plan Scheme E showing memorial site with slight change in contour of present Tidal Basin development of south axis of the mall for the Thomas Jefferson Memorial, John Russell Pope, Architect, July 21, 1937","https://www.library.virginia.edu/policies/use-of-materials","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Howard Worth Smith","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 8731","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1591"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Howard W. Smith Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Howard W. Smith Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Howard W. Smith Papers"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"access_terms_ssm":["https://www.library.virginia.edu/policies/use-of-materials"],"acqinfo_ssim":["The papers were given to the University of Virginia Library on October 18, 1967 by Judge Smith."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Democratic Party (Va.)","United States. Congress. House. ","United States. Congress. House. Committee on Rules","United States. National Labor Relations Board","Labor laws and legislation United States","Virginia -- Politics and government","Civil rights -- United States","Conservatism -- United States","architectural drawings (visual works)","letters (correspondence)","reports","government records","federal government records","state government records","Resolutions (administrative records)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Democratic Party (Va.)","United States. Congress. House. ","United States. Congress. House. Committee on Rules","United States. National Labor Relations Board","Labor laws and legislation United States","Virginia -- Politics and government","Civil rights -- United States","Conservatism -- United States","architectural drawings (visual works)","letters (correspondence)","reports","government records","federal government records","state government records","Resolutions (administrative records)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":["187 Cubic Feet"],"extent_tesim":["187 Cubic Feet"],"genreform_ssim":["architectural drawings (visual works)","letters (correspondence)","reports","government records","federal government records","state government records","Resolutions (administrative records)"],"date_range_isim":[1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSeries I: Bills Introduced in Congress by Judge Smith Boxes 1-12 In general, this series comprises a chronological arrangement by Congress, and an alphabetical series of topics within each Congress. The folders usually contain a copy of the printed bill plus pertinent correspondence, notes, and other helpful material.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries II: Miscellaneous Legislation Boxes 13-111 This series comprises a chronological series by Congress with an alphabetical arrangement of topics within each Congress. There is generally one folder for each topic, but occasionally there are more. The folders contain correspondence, notes, printed materials, copies of the printed bill, and anything Judge Smith or his staff found pertinent. When material identified as belonging to an earlier Congress appears under a later one, it has been left where it was found on the presumption that the legislation may have carried over or that it was placed there for good reason. Note especially the sub-series on Civil rights in boxes 100-111.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries III: Miscellaneous Correspondence Boxes 112-187 Boxes 112-187\nAgain, the arrangement in this series is by Congress, and within the Congress, the arrangement is alphabetical. The series begins with the 84th Congress. The topics range from the Democratic National Committee to the Fish and Wildlife Service.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries IV: Private Bills Boxes 188, 189 Bills introduced by Smith \"for the relief of\" constituents or other private individuals.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries V: Speeches, Articles, Recordings, Etc. Boxes 190-193; [oversize box] This series contains offprints of articles by and about Smith, copies of the Congressional Record containing Smith's speeches in \"Congress, and other publications containing interviews with, or articles by Smith. Drafts and texts of speeches by Smith are found. The materials are arranged by Congress. There are a number of tape and disc recordings of speeches by Smith, or interviews of him.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries VI: Campaign Record Boxes 194-210 In this series are found campaign literature, clippings, returns, correspondence with workers and supporters, lists of votes, expense accounts, research files on hi sopponents and their remarks, and folders on areas in Smith's district. Also present are folders on other Virginia elections, and some materials on national elections. The file is organized chronologically by the campaign beginnings with 1938, but materials are sparce until 1950.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries VII: Endorsement and Patronage Correspondence Boxes 211-213 This correspondence is filed chronologically by the Congress, and alphabetically within the Congress, and covers the 83rd to 89th Congresses.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries VIII: Correspondence re Petitions; Qualified Voters Boxes 214-217 Arranged by area within his district. Last two boxes contain mailing lists of qualified voters.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries IX: National Labor Relations Board Files Boxes 219-229 An alphabetical file of materials generated by the Special Committee of the House headed by Smith which investigated the NLRB, 1939-1942. Three scrapbooks, listed at the end of the listings of boxes in this inventory, contain pertinent newspaper clippings and cartoons. For Smith's continuing interest in labor legislation, one should consult Series 1 and 2.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries X: Strasbourg Conference Records Boxes 230, 231 Smith attended the conference held in Strasbourg in 1951 to discuss problems common to Europe and North America as a member of the U.S. delegation. most of the records in this series are printed reports and debates, but there are a few clippings and letters.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries XI: Virginia Post Office Correspondence Boxes 232-254 This series contains an alphabetical arrangement by the name of the post office of correspondence concerning postmasterships, location of new post offices and the like. Much patronage material appears here.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries XII: Service Academies Correspondence Boxes 255-264 A chronological series with folders for each academy for each year beginning with 1945, re appointments.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries XIII: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Commission Records Boxes 265-270 This series contains, in no particular order, records of the work of the Commission appointed to determine a suitable memorial to Thomas Jefferson in Washington, D.C. There are minutes of the meetings of the commission, blue prints, correspondence, printed materials, etc. One should also note the existance of the architectural drawings submitted in competition for the design award. These are listed separately at the end of the listings of the contents of the boxes of the main collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries XIV: Miscellaneous Files Boxes 271-274 Miscellaneous files, and clippings and articles about Smith.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries XV: Scrapbooks This is a series of books, 1938-1966, filled with clippings about Smith and his career, organized chronologically, with some miscellaenous books at the end.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries XVI: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Architectural Competition Drawings \u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Series I: Bills Introduced in Congress by Judge Smith Boxes 1-12 In general, this series comprises a chronological arrangement by Congress, and an alphabetical series of topics within each Congress. The folders usually contain a copy of the printed bill plus pertinent correspondence, notes, and other helpful material.","Series II: Miscellaneous Legislation Boxes 13-111 This series comprises a chronological series by Congress with an alphabetical arrangement of topics within each Congress. There is generally one folder for each topic, but occasionally there are more. The folders contain correspondence, notes, printed materials, copies of the printed bill, and anything Judge Smith or his staff found pertinent. When material identified as belonging to an earlier Congress appears under a later one, it has been left where it was found on the presumption that the legislation may have carried over or that it was placed there for good reason. Note especially the sub-series on Civil rights in boxes 100-111.","Series III: Miscellaneous Correspondence Boxes 112-187 Boxes 112-187\nAgain, the arrangement in this series is by Congress, and within the Congress, the arrangement is alphabetical. The series begins with the 84th Congress. The topics range from the Democratic National Committee to the Fish and Wildlife Service.","Series IV: Private Bills Boxes 188, 189 Bills introduced by Smith \"for the relief of\" constituents or other private individuals.","Series V: Speeches, Articles, Recordings, Etc. Boxes 190-193; [oversize box] This series contains offprints of articles by and about Smith, copies of the Congressional Record containing Smith's speeches in \"Congress, and other publications containing interviews with, or articles by Smith. Drafts and texts of speeches by Smith are found. The materials are arranged by Congress. There are a number of tape and disc recordings of speeches by Smith, or interviews of him.","Series VI: Campaign Record Boxes 194-210 In this series are found campaign literature, clippings, returns, correspondence with workers and supporters, lists of votes, expense accounts, research files on hi sopponents and their remarks, and folders on areas in Smith's district. Also present are folders on other Virginia elections, and some materials on national elections. The file is organized chronologically by the campaign beginnings with 1938, but materials are sparce until 1950.","Series VII: Endorsement and Patronage Correspondence Boxes 211-213 This correspondence is filed chronologically by the Congress, and alphabetically within the Congress, and covers the 83rd to 89th Congresses.","Series VIII: Correspondence re Petitions; Qualified Voters Boxes 214-217 Arranged by area within his district. Last two boxes contain mailing lists of qualified voters.","Series IX: National Labor Relations Board Files Boxes 219-229 An alphabetical file of materials generated by the Special Committee of the House headed by Smith which investigated the NLRB, 1939-1942. Three scrapbooks, listed at the end of the listings of boxes in this inventory, contain pertinent newspaper clippings and cartoons. For Smith's continuing interest in labor legislation, one should consult Series 1 and 2.","Series X: Strasbourg Conference Records Boxes 230, 231 Smith attended the conference held in Strasbourg in 1951 to discuss problems common to Europe and North America as a member of the U.S. delegation. most of the records in this series are printed reports and debates, but there are a few clippings and letters.","Series XI: Virginia Post Office Correspondence Boxes 232-254 This series contains an alphabetical arrangement by the name of the post office of correspondence concerning postmasterships, location of new post offices and the like. Much patronage material appears here.","Series XII: Service Academies Correspondence Boxes 255-264 A chronological series with folders for each academy for each year beginning with 1945, re appointments.","Series XIII: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Commission Records Boxes 265-270 This series contains, in no particular order, records of the work of the Commission appointed to determine a suitable memorial to Thomas Jefferson in Washington, D.C. There are minutes of the meetings of the commission, blue prints, correspondence, printed materials, etc. One should also note the existance of the architectural drawings submitted in competition for the design award. These are listed separately at the end of the listings of the contents of the boxes of the main collection.","Series XIV: Miscellaneous Files Boxes 271-274 Miscellaneous files, and clippings and articles about Smith.","Series XV: Scrapbooks This is a series of books, 1938-1966, filled with clippings about Smith and his career, organized chronologically, with some miscellaenous books at the end.","Series XVI: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Architectural Competition Drawings "],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eHoward Worth Smith was born in Broad Run, Fauquier County, Virginia, on 2 February 1883. He attended the public schools there and was graduated from Bethel Military Academy, Warrenton, Va., in 1901. In 1903, he received his law degree from the University of Virginia, and entered the practice of law in Alexandria where he remained for the next eighteen years. He served as Commonwealth's attorney (1918-1922), judge of the corporation court (1922-1928), and judge of the 16th circuit court (1928-1930).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1931, he was elected to Congress from the Eighth Congressional District, and remained in office for thirty-five years. He served as chairman, Committee on Rules (Eighty-fourth through Eighty-ninth Congresses) and sponsor of the Smith Act of 1940. Smith was defeated for renomination in the Democratic primary in 1966.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJudge Smith resumed the practice of law in Alexandria, Va., where he died October 3, 1976. He was buried in Georgetown Cemetery, Broad Run, Va.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nhttps://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=uva-sc/viu03824.xml;query=;#bioghist_1.1\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Howard Worth Smith was born in Broad Run, Fauquier County, Virginia, on 2 February 1883. He attended the public schools there and was graduated from Bethel Military Academy, Warrenton, Va., in 1901. In 1903, he received his law degree from the University of Virginia, and entered the practice of law in Alexandria where he remained for the next eighteen years. He served as Commonwealth's attorney (1918-1922), judge of the corporation court (1922-1928), and judge of the 16th circuit court (1928-1930).","In 1931, he was elected to Congress from the Eighth Congressional District, and remained in office for thirty-five years. He served as chairman, Committee on Rules (Eighty-fourth through Eighty-ninth Congresses) and sponsor of the Smith Act of 1940. Smith was defeated for renomination in the Democratic primary in 1966.","Judge Smith resumed the practice of law in Alexandria, Va., where he died October 3, 1976. He was buried in Georgetown Cemetery, Broad Run, Va.","\nhttps://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=uva-sc/viu03824.xml;query=;#bioghist_1.1"],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWhen Judge Smith was ready to leave his congressional offices, he called upon the National Archives and Records Service to clean out his files, and pack the materials; this is a service offered to Congressmen by NARS. NARS boxed up all the materials, and moved them across the Potomac to the Federal Records Center in Alexandria early in 1967.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eShortly thereafter, Judge Smith agreed to open his papers to the researchers of the Institute for Social Science Research, and the papers were moved a few blocks from the Federal Records Center to the third floor of Judge Smith's son's law office building where space was made available to the Institute.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Institute staff worked through the material and removed from the boxes those papers which interested them particularly. These papers they placed in eight filing cabinets in the offices, and a card index file was prepared to assist in locating the materials. The remainder of the papers were kept in the NARS boxes and were stacked about the walls of the rooms. The collection was appraised at this time, and Mr. Robert Metzdorf's notes on the contents give a good summary of its research value.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIt took the Institute fifteen or sixteen months to complete its work in the files. They made notes, and copied all materials which they found pertinent their research. By agreement with Judge Smith, the Institute has the right of prior publication of any material from the collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History"],"custodhist_tesim":["When Judge Smith was ready to leave his congressional offices, he called upon the National Archives and Records Service to clean out his files, and pack the materials; this is a service offered to Congressmen by NARS. NARS boxed up all the materials, and moved them across the Potomac to the Federal Records Center in Alexandria early in 1967.","Shortly thereafter, Judge Smith agreed to open his papers to the researchers of the Institute for Social Science Research, and the papers were moved a few blocks from the Federal Records Center to the third floor of Judge Smith's son's law office building where space was made available to the Institute.","The Institute staff worked through the material and removed from the boxes those papers which interested them particularly. These papers they placed in eight filing cabinets in the offices, and a card index file was prepared to assist in locating the materials. The remainder of the papers were kept in the NARS boxes and were stacked about the walls of the rooms. The collection was appraised at this time, and Mr. Robert Metzdorf's notes on the contents give a good summary of its research value.","It took the Institute fifteen or sixteen months to complete its work in the files. They made notes, and copied all materials which they found pertinent their research. By agreement with Judge Smith, the Institute has the right of prior publication of any material from the collection."],"otherfindaid_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ehttps://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=uva-sc/viu03824.xml;query=;#bioghist_1.1\u003c/p\u003e"],"otherfindaid_heading_ssm":["Other Finding Aids"],"otherfindaid_tesim":["https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=uva-sc/viu03824.xml;query=;#bioghist_1.1"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 8731, Howard W. Smith Papers, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, Charlottesville, VA\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 8731, Howard W. Smith Papers, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, Charlottesville, VA"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis finding aid was created for the purpose of access to Series XVI, and exists in addition to the the guide found at: https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=uva-sc/viu03824.xml;query=;.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe papers have, in general, been kept in the order in which they were received from the Institute for Social Science Research. Because of the removal of a portion of the collection from the NARS boxes, it was not always possible for the Library staff to determine exactly what the original order of the collection had been. We have moved certain blocks of materials that seemed to belong together to create series within the collection, but very little moving of individual file folders has taken place. Thus, the researcher will find that there are minor inconsistencies in the chronological or alphabetical order in certain portions of the series.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNot accounted for\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNot accounted for\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNot accounted for\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNot accounted for\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNot accounted for\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNot accounted for\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNot accounted for\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNot accounted for\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNot accounted for\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information","Processing Information","Processing Information","Processing Information","Processing Information","Processing Information","Processing Information","Processing Information","Processing Information","Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["This finding aid was created for the purpose of access to Series XVI, and exists in addition to the the guide found at: https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=uva-sc/viu03824.xml;query=;.","The papers have, in general, been kept in the order in which they were received from the Institute for Social Science Research. Because of the removal of a portion of the collection from the NARS boxes, it was not always possible for the Library staff to determine exactly what the original order of the collection had been. We have moved certain blocks of materials that seemed to belong together to create series within the collection, but very little moving of individual file folders has taken place. Thus, the researcher will find that there are minor inconsistencies in the chronological or alphabetical order in certain portions of the series.","Not accounted for","Not accounted for","Not accounted for","Not accounted for","Not accounted for","Not accounted for","Not accounted for","Not accounted for","Not accounted for"],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe records/guides for this collection's original acquisition and other previous additions can be found in VIRGO, the Library's online catalog, as well as (in many cases) on the Archival Repositories of the Virginias (ARVAS) website.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFor best results, search using the collection's Identifier/Call Number.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The records/guides for this collection's original acquisition and other previous additions can be found in VIRGO, the Library's online catalog, as well as (in many cases) on the Archival Repositories of the Virginias (ARVAS) website.","For best results, search using the collection's Identifier/Call Number."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of the files and working papers of \u003cpersname\u003eHoward Worth Smith\u003c/persname\u003e who represented \u003cgeogname\u003eVirginia\u003c/geogname\u003e in Congress for some thirty-five years as representative from the Eighth Congressional District. Included are correspondence received and carbon copies of replies, clippings, printed government and other publications, copies of printed bills, reports, press releases, speeches, notes, memoranda, financial records, tape and disc recordings, drawings, and other materials. The papers cover the years \u003cdate\u003e1933\u003c/date\u003e to \u003cdate\u003e1966\u003c/date\u003e when Smith retired from Congress.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe collection is now contained in 274 Hollinger storage boxes (ca. 5\"x15\"x10\"), one oversize box; additionally, there are eighteen looseleaf and scrapbooks, and forty-four architectural drawings. The collection fills approximately 150 shelf feet.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSmith's influence in Congress came chiefly from his early appointment to the Rules Committee. In \u003cdate\u003e1955\u003c/date\u003e, he became its chairman, an exceedingly powerful position as the committee can determine the \"length and manner of debate\" on any measure moving from a committee to the floor of the House. \"Although it was initially designed as a traffic committee to ease and expedite the flow of legislation in the House, the Rules Committee by postponing or refusing to grant a bill a rule bottled up measures which did not win the approval of its conservative majority.\" (J. Harvie Wilkinson, III, H arry Byrd and the Changing Face of Virginia Politics, 1945-1966 [Charlottesville, 1968], 71.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOther research interests which may be studied in the collection, according to Mr. Robert Metzdorf, are: \"political history of Virginia, relations of the Virginia and Southern Democrats to the rest of the Democratic Party, labor unions and labor laws, lobbying, investigation of Un-Americian activities, alien registration, the Smith Act and subversion, history of the District of Columbia 1930-1966 [and legislation in Congress pertaining to it as Smith sat on the District Committee], conservation and water pollution, Selective Service and other war-time legislation, the Supreme Court and State's rights, memorials to Jefferson and Madison, the history of workmen's compensation, reappointment and the federal courts, civil rights, the Rules Committee and its role in the legislative process, the history of foreign aid, federal aid to education, the history of immigration, relation between the legislative and executive branches, the history of conservatism in the United States, 1930-1966.\" To these notes may be added the study of unique northern Virginia politics, patronage, and the continuing work of a Congressman in relation to his colleagues and in particular to his constituents. There does not appear to be much material in the collection which shows Smith's relation to Senator Harry Byrd in the political sense, although there is interesting correspondence. Naturally, the collection will be the basis for any biography of Judge Smith, an important historical task which, hopefully, will be undertaken soon. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ehttps://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=uva-sc/viu03824.xml;query=;#bioghist_1.1\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[First Tidal Basin Scheme A (Pantheon), small general plan]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[First Tidal Basin Scheme A (Pantheon), front elevation]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[First Tidal Basin Scheme A (Pantheon), section (section applies also to Scheme B)]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[First Tidal Basin Scheme A (Pantheon) plan]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[First Tidal Basin Scheme A (Pantheon) Perspective]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Scheme D (Anacostia Park Site) Perspective]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Scheme D (Anacostia Park Site) Plan]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Scheme D (Anacostia Park Site) General Plan]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Scheme A (Pantheon Scheme in Tidal Basin) Perspective]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Scheme A (Pantheon Scheme in Tidal Basin) Perspective]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Scheme A (Pantheon Scheme in Tidal Basin) Plan]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Scheme A (Pantheon Scheme in Tidal Basin) Front Elevation]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Scheme A (Pantheon Scheme in Tidal Basin) General Plan]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Scheme A (Pantheon Scheme in Tidal Basin) Plan showing areas covered by various estimates]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Scheme A (Pantheon Scheme in Tidal Basin) elevation at 45º angle to main axis]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Scheme A (Pantheon Scheme in Tidal Basin), South elevation\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Scheme F (Circular Open Colonnade) Elevation]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003edrawn at a scale of 20 feet equal 1 inch for comparison with elevations of proposed Thomas Jefferson Memorial drawn at the same scale\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Scheme G (circular open colonnade) side elevation\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePlan [Scheme F (circular open colonnade) plan]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Scheme G (circular open colonnade) general plan]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePlan Scheme E showing memorial site with slight change in contour of present Tidal Basin development of south axis of the mall for the Thomas Jefferson Memorial, John Russell Pope, Architect, July 21, 1937\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection consists of the files and working papers of  Howard Worth Smith  who represented  Virginia  in Congress for some thirty-five years as representative from the Eighth Congressional District. Included are correspondence received and carbon copies of replies, clippings, printed government and other publications, copies of printed bills, reports, press releases, speeches, notes, memoranda, financial records, tape and disc recordings, drawings, and other materials. The papers cover the years  1933  to  1966  when Smith retired from Congress.","The collection is now contained in 274 Hollinger storage boxes (ca. 5\"x15\"x10\"), one oversize box; additionally, there are eighteen looseleaf and scrapbooks, and forty-four architectural drawings. The collection fills approximately 150 shelf feet.","Smith's influence in Congress came chiefly from his early appointment to the Rules Committee. In  1955 , he became its chairman, an exceedingly powerful position as the committee can determine the \"length and manner of debate\" on any measure moving from a committee to the floor of the House. \"Although it was initially designed as a traffic committee to ease and expedite the flow of legislation in the House, the Rules Committee by postponing or refusing to grant a bill a rule bottled up measures which did not win the approval of its conservative majority.\" (J. Harvie Wilkinson, III, H arry Byrd and the Changing Face of Virginia Politics, 1945-1966 [Charlottesville, 1968], 71.","Other research interests which may be studied in the collection, according to Mr. Robert Metzdorf, are: \"political history of Virginia, relations of the Virginia and Southern Democrats to the rest of the Democratic Party, labor unions and labor laws, lobbying, investigation of Un-Americian activities, alien registration, the Smith Act and subversion, history of the District of Columbia 1930-1966 [and legislation in Congress pertaining to it as Smith sat on the District Committee], conservation and water pollution, Selective Service and other war-time legislation, the Supreme Court and State's rights, memorials to Jefferson and Madison, the history of workmen's compensation, reappointment and the federal courts, civil rights, the Rules Committee and its role in the legislative process, the history of foreign aid, federal aid to education, the history of immigration, relation between the legislative and executive branches, the history of conservatism in the United States, 1930-1966.\" To these notes may be added the study of unique northern Virginia politics, patronage, and the continuing work of a Congressman in relation to his colleagues and in particular to his constituents. There does not appear to be much material in the collection which shows Smith's relation to Senator Harry Byrd in the political sense, although there is interesting correspondence. Naturally, the collection will be the basis for any biography of Judge Smith, an important historical task which, hopefully, will be undertaken soon. ","https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=uva-sc/viu03824.xml;query=;#bioghist_1.1","[First Tidal Basin Scheme A (Pantheon), small general plan]","[First Tidal Basin Scheme A (Pantheon), front elevation]","[First Tidal Basin Scheme A (Pantheon), section (section applies also to Scheme B)]","[First Tidal Basin Scheme A (Pantheon) plan]","[First Tidal Basin Scheme A (Pantheon) Perspective]","[Scheme D (Anacostia Park Site) Perspective]","[Scheme D (Anacostia Park Site) Plan]","[Scheme D (Anacostia Park Site) General Plan]","[Scheme A (Pantheon Scheme in Tidal Basin) Perspective]","[Scheme A (Pantheon Scheme in Tidal Basin) Perspective]","[Scheme A (Pantheon Scheme in Tidal Basin) Plan]","[Scheme A (Pantheon Scheme in Tidal Basin) Front Elevation]","[Scheme A (Pantheon Scheme in Tidal Basin) General Plan]","[Scheme A (Pantheon Scheme in Tidal Basin) Plan showing areas covered by various estimates]","[Scheme A (Pantheon Scheme in Tidal Basin) elevation at 45º angle to main axis]","[Scheme A (Pantheon Scheme in Tidal Basin), South elevation","[Scheme F (Circular Open Colonnade) Elevation]","drawn at a scale of 20 feet equal 1 inch for comparison with elevations of proposed Thomas Jefferson Memorial drawn at the same scale","[Scheme G (circular open colonnade) side elevation","Plan [Scheme F (circular open colonnade) plan]","[Scheme G (circular open colonnade) general plan]","Plan Scheme E showing memorial site with slight change in contour of present Tidal Basin development of south axis of the mall for the Thomas Jefferson Memorial, John Russell Pope, Architect, July 21, 1937"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ehttps://www.library.virginia.edu/policies/use-of-materials\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["https://www.library.virginia.edu/policies/use-of-materials"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Howard Worth Smith"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"persname_ssim":["Howard Worth Smith"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":45,"online_item_count_is":44,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-20T23:33:01.301Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1591","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1591","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1591","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1591","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1591.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/192326","title_filing_ssi":"Smith, Howard W. Papers","title_ssm":["Howard W. Smith Papers"],"title_tesim":["Howard W. Smith Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1933-1966"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1933-1966"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 8731","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1591"],"text":["MSS 8731","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1591","Howard W. Smith Papers","Democratic Party (Va.)","United States. Congress. House. ","United States. Congress. House. Committee on Rules","United States. National Labor Relations Board","Labor laws and legislation United States","Virginia -- Politics and government","Civil rights -- United States","Conservatism -- United States","architectural drawings (visual works)","letters (correspondence)","reports","government records","federal government records","state government records","Resolutions (administrative records)","This collection is open for research.","Series I: Bills Introduced in Congress by Judge Smith Boxes 1-12 In general, this series comprises a chronological arrangement by Congress, and an alphabetical series of topics within each Congress. The folders usually contain a copy of the printed bill plus pertinent correspondence, notes, and other helpful material.","Series II: Miscellaneous Legislation Boxes 13-111 This series comprises a chronological series by Congress with an alphabetical arrangement of topics within each Congress. There is generally one folder for each topic, but occasionally there are more. The folders contain correspondence, notes, printed materials, copies of the printed bill, and anything Judge Smith or his staff found pertinent. When material identified as belonging to an earlier Congress appears under a later one, it has been left where it was found on the presumption that the legislation may have carried over or that it was placed there for good reason. Note especially the sub-series on Civil rights in boxes 100-111.","Series III: Miscellaneous Correspondence Boxes 112-187 Boxes 112-187\nAgain, the arrangement in this series is by Congress, and within the Congress, the arrangement is alphabetical. The series begins with the 84th Congress. The topics range from the Democratic National Committee to the Fish and Wildlife Service.","Series IV: Private Bills Boxes 188, 189 Bills introduced by Smith \"for the relief of\" constituents or other private individuals.","Series V: Speeches, Articles, Recordings, Etc. Boxes 190-193; [oversize box] This series contains offprints of articles by and about Smith, copies of the Congressional Record containing Smith's speeches in \"Congress, and other publications containing interviews with, or articles by Smith. Drafts and texts of speeches by Smith are found. The materials are arranged by Congress. There are a number of tape and disc recordings of speeches by Smith, or interviews of him.","Series VI: Campaign Record Boxes 194-210 In this series are found campaign literature, clippings, returns, correspondence with workers and supporters, lists of votes, expense accounts, research files on hi sopponents and their remarks, and folders on areas in Smith's district. Also present are folders on other Virginia elections, and some materials on national elections. The file is organized chronologically by the campaign beginnings with 1938, but materials are sparce until 1950.","Series VII: Endorsement and Patronage Correspondence Boxes 211-213 This correspondence is filed chronologically by the Congress, and alphabetically within the Congress, and covers the 83rd to 89th Congresses.","Series VIII: Correspondence re Petitions; Qualified Voters Boxes 214-217 Arranged by area within his district. Last two boxes contain mailing lists of qualified voters.","Series IX: National Labor Relations Board Files Boxes 219-229 An alphabetical file of materials generated by the Special Committee of the House headed by Smith which investigated the NLRB, 1939-1942. Three scrapbooks, listed at the end of the listings of boxes in this inventory, contain pertinent newspaper clippings and cartoons. For Smith's continuing interest in labor legislation, one should consult Series 1 and 2.","Series X: Strasbourg Conference Records Boxes 230, 231 Smith attended the conference held in Strasbourg in 1951 to discuss problems common to Europe and North America as a member of the U.S. delegation. most of the records in this series are printed reports and debates, but there are a few clippings and letters.","Series XI: Virginia Post Office Correspondence Boxes 232-254 This series contains an alphabetical arrangement by the name of the post office of correspondence concerning postmasterships, location of new post offices and the like. Much patronage material appears here.","Series XII: Service Academies Correspondence Boxes 255-264 A chronological series with folders for each academy for each year beginning with 1945, re appointments.","Series XIII: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Commission Records Boxes 265-270 This series contains, in no particular order, records of the work of the Commission appointed to determine a suitable memorial to Thomas Jefferson in Washington, D.C. There are minutes of the meetings of the commission, blue prints, correspondence, printed materials, etc. One should also note the existance of the architectural drawings submitted in competition for the design award. These are listed separately at the end of the listings of the contents of the boxes of the main collection.","Series XIV: Miscellaneous Files Boxes 271-274 Miscellaneous files, and clippings and articles about Smith.","Series XV: Scrapbooks This is a series of books, 1938-1966, filled with clippings about Smith and his career, organized chronologically, with some miscellaenous books at the end.","Series XVI: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Architectural Competition Drawings ","Howard Worth Smith was born in Broad Run, Fauquier County, Virginia, on 2 February 1883. He attended the public schools there and was graduated from Bethel Military Academy, Warrenton, Va., in 1901. In 1903, he received his law degree from the University of Virginia, and entered the practice of law in Alexandria where he remained for the next eighteen years. He served as Commonwealth's attorney (1918-1922), judge of the corporation court (1922-1928), and judge of the 16th circuit court (1928-1930).","In 1931, he was elected to Congress from the Eighth Congressional District, and remained in office for thirty-five years. He served as chairman, Committee on Rules (Eighty-fourth through Eighty-ninth Congresses) and sponsor of the Smith Act of 1940. Smith was defeated for renomination in the Democratic primary in 1966.","Judge Smith resumed the practice of law in Alexandria, Va., where he died October 3, 1976. He was buried in Georgetown Cemetery, Broad Run, Va.","\nhttps://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=uva-sc/viu03824.xml;query=;#bioghist_1.1","When Judge Smith was ready to leave his congressional offices, he called upon the National Archives and Records Service to clean out his files, and pack the materials; this is a service offered to Congressmen by NARS. NARS boxed up all the materials, and moved them across the Potomac to the Federal Records Center in Alexandria early in 1967.","Shortly thereafter, Judge Smith agreed to open his papers to the researchers of the Institute for Social Science Research, and the papers were moved a few blocks from the Federal Records Center to the third floor of Judge Smith's son's law office building where space was made available to the Institute.","The Institute staff worked through the material and removed from the boxes those papers which interested them particularly. These papers they placed in eight filing cabinets in the offices, and a card index file was prepared to assist in locating the materials. The remainder of the papers were kept in the NARS boxes and were stacked about the walls of the rooms. The collection was appraised at this time, and Mr. Robert Metzdorf's notes on the contents give a good summary of its research value.","It took the Institute fifteen or sixteen months to complete its work in the files. They made notes, and copied all materials which they found pertinent their research. By agreement with Judge Smith, the Institute has the right of prior publication of any material from the collection.","This finding aid was created for the purpose of access to Series XVI, and exists in addition to the the guide found at: https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=uva-sc/viu03824.xml;query=;.","The papers have, in general, been kept in the order in which they were received from the Institute for Social Science Research. Because of the removal of a portion of the collection from the NARS boxes, it was not always possible for the Library staff to determine exactly what the original order of the collection had been. We have moved certain blocks of materials that seemed to belong together to create series within the collection, but very little moving of individual file folders has taken place. Thus, the researcher will find that there are minor inconsistencies in the chronological or alphabetical order in certain portions of the series.","Not accounted for","Not accounted for","Not accounted for","Not accounted for","Not accounted for","Not accounted for","Not accounted for","Not accounted for","Not accounted for","The records/guides for this collection's original acquisition and other previous additions can be found in VIRGO, the Library's online catalog, as well as (in many cases) on the Archival Repositories of the Virginias (ARVAS) website.","For best results, search using the collection's Identifier/Call Number.","This collection consists of the files and working papers of  Howard Worth Smith  who represented  Virginia  in Congress for some thirty-five years as representative from the Eighth Congressional District. Included are correspondence received and carbon copies of replies, clippings, printed government and other publications, copies of printed bills, reports, press releases, speeches, notes, memoranda, financial records, tape and disc recordings, drawings, and other materials. The papers cover the years  1933  to  1966  when Smith retired from Congress.","The collection is now contained in 274 Hollinger storage boxes (ca. 5\"x15\"x10\"), one oversize box; additionally, there are eighteen looseleaf and scrapbooks, and forty-four architectural drawings. The collection fills approximately 150 shelf feet.","Smith's influence in Congress came chiefly from his early appointment to the Rules Committee. In  1955 , he became its chairman, an exceedingly powerful position as the committee can determine the \"length and manner of debate\" on any measure moving from a committee to the floor of the House. \"Although it was initially designed as a traffic committee to ease and expedite the flow of legislation in the House, the Rules Committee by postponing or refusing to grant a bill a rule bottled up measures which did not win the approval of its conservative majority.\" (J. Harvie Wilkinson, III, H arry Byrd and the Changing Face of Virginia Politics, 1945-1966 [Charlottesville, 1968], 71.","Other research interests which may be studied in the collection, according to Mr. Robert Metzdorf, are: \"political history of Virginia, relations of the Virginia and Southern Democrats to the rest of the Democratic Party, labor unions and labor laws, lobbying, investigation of Un-Americian activities, alien registration, the Smith Act and subversion, history of the District of Columbia 1930-1966 [and legislation in Congress pertaining to it as Smith sat on the District Committee], conservation and water pollution, Selective Service and other war-time legislation, the Supreme Court and State's rights, memorials to Jefferson and Madison, the history of workmen's compensation, reappointment and the federal courts, civil rights, the Rules Committee and its role in the legislative process, the history of foreign aid, federal aid to education, the history of immigration, relation between the legislative and executive branches, the history of conservatism in the United States, 1930-1966.\" To these notes may be added the study of unique northern Virginia politics, patronage, and the continuing work of a Congressman in relation to his colleagues and in particular to his constituents. There does not appear to be much material in the collection which shows Smith's relation to Senator Harry Byrd in the political sense, although there is interesting correspondence. Naturally, the collection will be the basis for any biography of Judge Smith, an important historical task which, hopefully, will be undertaken soon. ","https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=uva-sc/viu03824.xml;query=;#bioghist_1.1","[First Tidal Basin Scheme A (Pantheon), small general plan]","[First Tidal Basin Scheme A (Pantheon), front elevation]","[First Tidal Basin Scheme A (Pantheon), section (section applies also to Scheme B)]","[First Tidal Basin Scheme A (Pantheon) plan]","[First Tidal Basin Scheme A (Pantheon) Perspective]","[Scheme D (Anacostia Park Site) Perspective]","[Scheme D (Anacostia Park Site) Plan]","[Scheme D (Anacostia Park Site) General Plan]","[Scheme A (Pantheon Scheme in Tidal Basin) Perspective]","[Scheme A (Pantheon Scheme in Tidal Basin) Perspective]","[Scheme A (Pantheon Scheme in Tidal Basin) Plan]","[Scheme A (Pantheon Scheme in Tidal Basin) Front Elevation]","[Scheme A (Pantheon Scheme in Tidal Basin) General Plan]","[Scheme A (Pantheon Scheme in Tidal Basin) Plan showing areas covered by various estimates]","[Scheme A (Pantheon Scheme in Tidal Basin) elevation at 45º angle to main axis]","[Scheme A (Pantheon Scheme in Tidal Basin), South elevation","[Scheme F (Circular Open Colonnade) Elevation]","drawn at a scale of 20 feet equal 1 inch for comparison with elevations of proposed Thomas Jefferson Memorial drawn at the same scale","[Scheme G (circular open colonnade) side elevation","Plan [Scheme F (circular open colonnade) plan]","[Scheme G (circular open colonnade) general plan]","Plan Scheme E showing memorial site with slight change in contour of present Tidal Basin development of south axis of the mall for the Thomas Jefferson Memorial, John Russell Pope, Architect, July 21, 1937","https://www.library.virginia.edu/policies/use-of-materials","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Howard Worth Smith","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 8731","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1591"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Howard W. Smith Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Howard W. Smith Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Howard W. Smith Papers"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"access_terms_ssm":["https://www.library.virginia.edu/policies/use-of-materials"],"acqinfo_ssim":["The papers were given to the University of Virginia Library on October 18, 1967 by Judge Smith."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Democratic Party (Va.)","United States. Congress. House. ","United States. Congress. House. Committee on Rules","United States. National Labor Relations Board","Labor laws and legislation United States","Virginia -- Politics and government","Civil rights -- United States","Conservatism -- United States","architectural drawings (visual works)","letters (correspondence)","reports","government records","federal government records","state government records","Resolutions (administrative records)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Democratic Party (Va.)","United States. Congress. House. ","United States. Congress. House. Committee on Rules","United States. National Labor Relations Board","Labor laws and legislation United States","Virginia -- Politics and government","Civil rights -- United States","Conservatism -- United States","architectural drawings (visual works)","letters (correspondence)","reports","government records","federal government records","state government records","Resolutions (administrative records)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":["187 Cubic Feet"],"extent_tesim":["187 Cubic Feet"],"genreform_ssim":["architectural drawings (visual works)","letters (correspondence)","reports","government records","federal government records","state government records","Resolutions (administrative records)"],"date_range_isim":[1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSeries I: Bills Introduced in Congress by Judge Smith Boxes 1-12 In general, this series comprises a chronological arrangement by Congress, and an alphabetical series of topics within each Congress. The folders usually contain a copy of the printed bill plus pertinent correspondence, notes, and other helpful material.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries II: Miscellaneous Legislation Boxes 13-111 This series comprises a chronological series by Congress with an alphabetical arrangement of topics within each Congress. There is generally one folder for each topic, but occasionally there are more. The folders contain correspondence, notes, printed materials, copies of the printed bill, and anything Judge Smith or his staff found pertinent. When material identified as belonging to an earlier Congress appears under a later one, it has been left where it was found on the presumption that the legislation may have carried over or that it was placed there for good reason. Note especially the sub-series on Civil rights in boxes 100-111.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries III: Miscellaneous Correspondence Boxes 112-187 Boxes 112-187\nAgain, the arrangement in this series is by Congress, and within the Congress, the arrangement is alphabetical. The series begins with the 84th Congress. The topics range from the Democratic National Committee to the Fish and Wildlife Service.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries IV: Private Bills Boxes 188, 189 Bills introduced by Smith \"for the relief of\" constituents or other private individuals.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries V: Speeches, Articles, Recordings, Etc. Boxes 190-193; [oversize box] This series contains offprints of articles by and about Smith, copies of the Congressional Record containing Smith's speeches in \"Congress, and other publications containing interviews with, or articles by Smith. Drafts and texts of speeches by Smith are found. The materials are arranged by Congress. There are a number of tape and disc recordings of speeches by Smith, or interviews of him.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries VI: Campaign Record Boxes 194-210 In this series are found campaign literature, clippings, returns, correspondence with workers and supporters, lists of votes, expense accounts, research files on hi sopponents and their remarks, and folders on areas in Smith's district. Also present are folders on other Virginia elections, and some materials on national elections. The file is organized chronologically by the campaign beginnings with 1938, but materials are sparce until 1950.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries VII: Endorsement and Patronage Correspondence Boxes 211-213 This correspondence is filed chronologically by the Congress, and alphabetically within the Congress, and covers the 83rd to 89th Congresses.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries VIII: Correspondence re Petitions; Qualified Voters Boxes 214-217 Arranged by area within his district. Last two boxes contain mailing lists of qualified voters.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries IX: National Labor Relations Board Files Boxes 219-229 An alphabetical file of materials generated by the Special Committee of the House headed by Smith which investigated the NLRB, 1939-1942. Three scrapbooks, listed at the end of the listings of boxes in this inventory, contain pertinent newspaper clippings and cartoons. For Smith's continuing interest in labor legislation, one should consult Series 1 and 2.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries X: Strasbourg Conference Records Boxes 230, 231 Smith attended the conference held in Strasbourg in 1951 to discuss problems common to Europe and North America as a member of the U.S. delegation. most of the records in this series are printed reports and debates, but there are a few clippings and letters.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries XI: Virginia Post Office Correspondence Boxes 232-254 This series contains an alphabetical arrangement by the name of the post office of correspondence concerning postmasterships, location of new post offices and the like. Much patronage material appears here.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries XII: Service Academies Correspondence Boxes 255-264 A chronological series with folders for each academy for each year beginning with 1945, re appointments.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries XIII: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Commission Records Boxes 265-270 This series contains, in no particular order, records of the work of the Commission appointed to determine a suitable memorial to Thomas Jefferson in Washington, D.C. There are minutes of the meetings of the commission, blue prints, correspondence, printed materials, etc. One should also note the existance of the architectural drawings submitted in competition for the design award. These are listed separately at the end of the listings of the contents of the boxes of the main collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries XIV: Miscellaneous Files Boxes 271-274 Miscellaneous files, and clippings and articles about Smith.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries XV: Scrapbooks This is a series of books, 1938-1966, filled with clippings about Smith and his career, organized chronologically, with some miscellaenous books at the end.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries XVI: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Architectural Competition Drawings \u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Series I: Bills Introduced in Congress by Judge Smith Boxes 1-12 In general, this series comprises a chronological arrangement by Congress, and an alphabetical series of topics within each Congress. The folders usually contain a copy of the printed bill plus pertinent correspondence, notes, and other helpful material.","Series II: Miscellaneous Legislation Boxes 13-111 This series comprises a chronological series by Congress with an alphabetical arrangement of topics within each Congress. There is generally one folder for each topic, but occasionally there are more. The folders contain correspondence, notes, printed materials, copies of the printed bill, and anything Judge Smith or his staff found pertinent. When material identified as belonging to an earlier Congress appears under a later one, it has been left where it was found on the presumption that the legislation may have carried over or that it was placed there for good reason. Note especially the sub-series on Civil rights in boxes 100-111.","Series III: Miscellaneous Correspondence Boxes 112-187 Boxes 112-187\nAgain, the arrangement in this series is by Congress, and within the Congress, the arrangement is alphabetical. The series begins with the 84th Congress. The topics range from the Democratic National Committee to the Fish and Wildlife Service.","Series IV: Private Bills Boxes 188, 189 Bills introduced by Smith \"for the relief of\" constituents or other private individuals.","Series V: Speeches, Articles, Recordings, Etc. Boxes 190-193; [oversize box] This series contains offprints of articles by and about Smith, copies of the Congressional Record containing Smith's speeches in \"Congress, and other publications containing interviews with, or articles by Smith. Drafts and texts of speeches by Smith are found. The materials are arranged by Congress. There are a number of tape and disc recordings of speeches by Smith, or interviews of him.","Series VI: Campaign Record Boxes 194-210 In this series are found campaign literature, clippings, returns, correspondence with workers and supporters, lists of votes, expense accounts, research files on hi sopponents and their remarks, and folders on areas in Smith's district. Also present are folders on other Virginia elections, and some materials on national elections. The file is organized chronologically by the campaign beginnings with 1938, but materials are sparce until 1950.","Series VII: Endorsement and Patronage Correspondence Boxes 211-213 This correspondence is filed chronologically by the Congress, and alphabetically within the Congress, and covers the 83rd to 89th Congresses.","Series VIII: Correspondence re Petitions; Qualified Voters Boxes 214-217 Arranged by area within his district. Last two boxes contain mailing lists of qualified voters.","Series IX: National Labor Relations Board Files Boxes 219-229 An alphabetical file of materials generated by the Special Committee of the House headed by Smith which investigated the NLRB, 1939-1942. Three scrapbooks, listed at the end of the listings of boxes in this inventory, contain pertinent newspaper clippings and cartoons. For Smith's continuing interest in labor legislation, one should consult Series 1 and 2.","Series X: Strasbourg Conference Records Boxes 230, 231 Smith attended the conference held in Strasbourg in 1951 to discuss problems common to Europe and North America as a member of the U.S. delegation. most of the records in this series are printed reports and debates, but there are a few clippings and letters.","Series XI: Virginia Post Office Correspondence Boxes 232-254 This series contains an alphabetical arrangement by the name of the post office of correspondence concerning postmasterships, location of new post offices and the like. Much patronage material appears here.","Series XII: Service Academies Correspondence Boxes 255-264 A chronological series with folders for each academy for each year beginning with 1945, re appointments.","Series XIII: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Commission Records Boxes 265-270 This series contains, in no particular order, records of the work of the Commission appointed to determine a suitable memorial to Thomas Jefferson in Washington, D.C. There are minutes of the meetings of the commission, blue prints, correspondence, printed materials, etc. One should also note the existance of the architectural drawings submitted in competition for the design award. These are listed separately at the end of the listings of the contents of the boxes of the main collection.","Series XIV: Miscellaneous Files Boxes 271-274 Miscellaneous files, and clippings and articles about Smith.","Series XV: Scrapbooks This is a series of books, 1938-1966, filled with clippings about Smith and his career, organized chronologically, with some miscellaenous books at the end.","Series XVI: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Architectural Competition Drawings "],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eHoward Worth Smith was born in Broad Run, Fauquier County, Virginia, on 2 February 1883. He attended the public schools there and was graduated from Bethel Military Academy, Warrenton, Va., in 1901. In 1903, he received his law degree from the University of Virginia, and entered the practice of law in Alexandria where he remained for the next eighteen years. He served as Commonwealth's attorney (1918-1922), judge of the corporation court (1922-1928), and judge of the 16th circuit court (1928-1930).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1931, he was elected to Congress from the Eighth Congressional District, and remained in office for thirty-five years. He served as chairman, Committee on Rules (Eighty-fourth through Eighty-ninth Congresses) and sponsor of the Smith Act of 1940. Smith was defeated for renomination in the Democratic primary in 1966.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJudge Smith resumed the practice of law in Alexandria, Va., where he died October 3, 1976. He was buried in Georgetown Cemetery, Broad Run, Va.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nhttps://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=uva-sc/viu03824.xml;query=;#bioghist_1.1\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Howard Worth Smith was born in Broad Run, Fauquier County, Virginia, on 2 February 1883. He attended the public schools there and was graduated from Bethel Military Academy, Warrenton, Va., in 1901. In 1903, he received his law degree from the University of Virginia, and entered the practice of law in Alexandria where he remained for the next eighteen years. He served as Commonwealth's attorney (1918-1922), judge of the corporation court (1922-1928), and judge of the 16th circuit court (1928-1930).","In 1931, he was elected to Congress from the Eighth Congressional District, and remained in office for thirty-five years. He served as chairman, Committee on Rules (Eighty-fourth through Eighty-ninth Congresses) and sponsor of the Smith Act of 1940. Smith was defeated for renomination in the Democratic primary in 1966.","Judge Smith resumed the practice of law in Alexandria, Va., where he died October 3, 1976. He was buried in Georgetown Cemetery, Broad Run, Va.","\nhttps://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=uva-sc/viu03824.xml;query=;#bioghist_1.1"],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWhen Judge Smith was ready to leave his congressional offices, he called upon the National Archives and Records Service to clean out his files, and pack the materials; this is a service offered to Congressmen by NARS. NARS boxed up all the materials, and moved them across the Potomac to the Federal Records Center in Alexandria early in 1967.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eShortly thereafter, Judge Smith agreed to open his papers to the researchers of the Institute for Social Science Research, and the papers were moved a few blocks from the Federal Records Center to the third floor of Judge Smith's son's law office building where space was made available to the Institute.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Institute staff worked through the material and removed from the boxes those papers which interested them particularly. These papers they placed in eight filing cabinets in the offices, and a card index file was prepared to assist in locating the materials. The remainder of the papers were kept in the NARS boxes and were stacked about the walls of the rooms. The collection was appraised at this time, and Mr. Robert Metzdorf's notes on the contents give a good summary of its research value.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIt took the Institute fifteen or sixteen months to complete its work in the files. They made notes, and copied all materials which they found pertinent their research. By agreement with Judge Smith, the Institute has the right of prior publication of any material from the collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History"],"custodhist_tesim":["When Judge Smith was ready to leave his congressional offices, he called upon the National Archives and Records Service to clean out his files, and pack the materials; this is a service offered to Congressmen by NARS. NARS boxed up all the materials, and moved them across the Potomac to the Federal Records Center in Alexandria early in 1967.","Shortly thereafter, Judge Smith agreed to open his papers to the researchers of the Institute for Social Science Research, and the papers were moved a few blocks from the Federal Records Center to the third floor of Judge Smith's son's law office building where space was made available to the Institute.","The Institute staff worked through the material and removed from the boxes those papers which interested them particularly. These papers they placed in eight filing cabinets in the offices, and a card index file was prepared to assist in locating the materials. The remainder of the papers were kept in the NARS boxes and were stacked about the walls of the rooms. The collection was appraised at this time, and Mr. Robert Metzdorf's notes on the contents give a good summary of its research value.","It took the Institute fifteen or sixteen months to complete its work in the files. They made notes, and copied all materials which they found pertinent their research. By agreement with Judge Smith, the Institute has the right of prior publication of any material from the collection."],"otherfindaid_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ehttps://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=uva-sc/viu03824.xml;query=;#bioghist_1.1\u003c/p\u003e"],"otherfindaid_heading_ssm":["Other Finding Aids"],"otherfindaid_tesim":["https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=uva-sc/viu03824.xml;query=;#bioghist_1.1"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 8731, Howard W. Smith Papers, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, Charlottesville, VA\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 8731, Howard W. Smith Papers, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, Charlottesville, VA"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis finding aid was created for the purpose of access to Series XVI, and exists in addition to the the guide found at: https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=uva-sc/viu03824.xml;query=;.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe papers have, in general, been kept in the order in which they were received from the Institute for Social Science Research. Because of the removal of a portion of the collection from the NARS boxes, it was not always possible for the Library staff to determine exactly what the original order of the collection had been. We have moved certain blocks of materials that seemed to belong together to create series within the collection, but very little moving of individual file folders has taken place. Thus, the researcher will find that there are minor inconsistencies in the chronological or alphabetical order in certain portions of the series.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNot accounted for\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNot accounted for\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNot accounted for\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNot accounted for\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNot accounted for\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNot accounted for\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNot accounted for\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNot accounted for\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNot accounted for\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information","Processing Information","Processing Information","Processing Information","Processing Information","Processing Information","Processing Information","Processing Information","Processing Information","Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["This finding aid was created for the purpose of access to Series XVI, and exists in addition to the the guide found at: https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=uva-sc/viu03824.xml;query=;.","The papers have, in general, been kept in the order in which they were received from the Institute for Social Science Research. Because of the removal of a portion of the collection from the NARS boxes, it was not always possible for the Library staff to determine exactly what the original order of the collection had been. We have moved certain blocks of materials that seemed to belong together to create series within the collection, but very little moving of individual file folders has taken place. Thus, the researcher will find that there are minor inconsistencies in the chronological or alphabetical order in certain portions of the series.","Not accounted for","Not accounted for","Not accounted for","Not accounted for","Not accounted for","Not accounted for","Not accounted for","Not accounted for","Not accounted for"],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe records/guides for this collection's original acquisition and other previous additions can be found in VIRGO, the Library's online catalog, as well as (in many cases) on the Archival Repositories of the Virginias (ARVAS) website.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFor best results, search using the collection's Identifier/Call Number.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The records/guides for this collection's original acquisition and other previous additions can be found in VIRGO, the Library's online catalog, as well as (in many cases) on the Archival Repositories of the Virginias (ARVAS) website.","For best results, search using the collection's Identifier/Call Number."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of the files and working papers of \u003cpersname\u003eHoward Worth Smith\u003c/persname\u003e who represented \u003cgeogname\u003eVirginia\u003c/geogname\u003e in Congress for some thirty-five years as representative from the Eighth Congressional District. Included are correspondence received and carbon copies of replies, clippings, printed government and other publications, copies of printed bills, reports, press releases, speeches, notes, memoranda, financial records, tape and disc recordings, drawings, and other materials. The papers cover the years \u003cdate\u003e1933\u003c/date\u003e to \u003cdate\u003e1966\u003c/date\u003e when Smith retired from Congress.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe collection is now contained in 274 Hollinger storage boxes (ca. 5\"x15\"x10\"), one oversize box; additionally, there are eighteen looseleaf and scrapbooks, and forty-four architectural drawings. The collection fills approximately 150 shelf feet.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSmith's influence in Congress came chiefly from his early appointment to the Rules Committee. In \u003cdate\u003e1955\u003c/date\u003e, he became its chairman, an exceedingly powerful position as the committee can determine the \"length and manner of debate\" on any measure moving from a committee to the floor of the House. \"Although it was initially designed as a traffic committee to ease and expedite the flow of legislation in the House, the Rules Committee by postponing or refusing to grant a bill a rule bottled up measures which did not win the approval of its conservative majority.\" (J. Harvie Wilkinson, III, H arry Byrd and the Changing Face of Virginia Politics, 1945-1966 [Charlottesville, 1968], 71.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOther research interests which may be studied in the collection, according to Mr. Robert Metzdorf, are: \"political history of Virginia, relations of the Virginia and Southern Democrats to the rest of the Democratic Party, labor unions and labor laws, lobbying, investigation of Un-Americian activities, alien registration, the Smith Act and subversion, history of the District of Columbia 1930-1966 [and legislation in Congress pertaining to it as Smith sat on the District Committee], conservation and water pollution, Selective Service and other war-time legislation, the Supreme Court and State's rights, memorials to Jefferson and Madison, the history of workmen's compensation, reappointment and the federal courts, civil rights, the Rules Committee and its role in the legislative process, the history of foreign aid, federal aid to education, the history of immigration, relation between the legislative and executive branches, the history of conservatism in the United States, 1930-1966.\" To these notes may be added the study of unique northern Virginia politics, patronage, and the continuing work of a Congressman in relation to his colleagues and in particular to his constituents. There does not appear to be much material in the collection which shows Smith's relation to Senator Harry Byrd in the political sense, although there is interesting correspondence. Naturally, the collection will be the basis for any biography of Judge Smith, an important historical task which, hopefully, will be undertaken soon. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ehttps://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=uva-sc/viu03824.xml;query=;#bioghist_1.1\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[First Tidal Basin Scheme A (Pantheon), small general plan]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[First Tidal Basin Scheme A (Pantheon), front elevation]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[First Tidal Basin Scheme A (Pantheon), section (section applies also to Scheme B)]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[First Tidal Basin Scheme A (Pantheon) plan]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[First Tidal Basin Scheme A (Pantheon) Perspective]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Scheme D (Anacostia Park Site) Perspective]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Scheme D (Anacostia Park Site) Plan]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Scheme D (Anacostia Park Site) General Plan]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Scheme A (Pantheon Scheme in Tidal Basin) Perspective]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Scheme A (Pantheon Scheme in Tidal Basin) Perspective]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Scheme A (Pantheon Scheme in Tidal Basin) Plan]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Scheme A (Pantheon Scheme in Tidal Basin) Front Elevation]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Scheme A (Pantheon Scheme in Tidal Basin) General Plan]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Scheme A (Pantheon Scheme in Tidal Basin) Plan showing areas covered by various estimates]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Scheme A (Pantheon Scheme in Tidal Basin) elevation at 45º angle to main axis]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Scheme A (Pantheon Scheme in Tidal Basin), South elevation\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Scheme F (Circular Open Colonnade) Elevation]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003edrawn at a scale of 20 feet equal 1 inch for comparison with elevations of proposed Thomas Jefferson Memorial drawn at the same scale\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Scheme G (circular open colonnade) side elevation\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePlan [Scheme F (circular open colonnade) plan]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Scheme G (circular open colonnade) general plan]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePlan Scheme E showing memorial site with slight change in contour of present Tidal Basin development of south axis of the mall for the Thomas Jefferson Memorial, John Russell Pope, Architect, July 21, 1937\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection consists of the files and working papers of  Howard Worth Smith  who represented  Virginia  in Congress for some thirty-five years as representative from the Eighth Congressional District. Included are correspondence received and carbon copies of replies, clippings, printed government and other publications, copies of printed bills, reports, press releases, speeches, notes, memoranda, financial records, tape and disc recordings, drawings, and other materials. The papers cover the years  1933  to  1966  when Smith retired from Congress.","The collection is now contained in 274 Hollinger storage boxes (ca. 5\"x15\"x10\"), one oversize box; additionally, there are eighteen looseleaf and scrapbooks, and forty-four architectural drawings. The collection fills approximately 150 shelf feet.","Smith's influence in Congress came chiefly from his early appointment to the Rules Committee. In  1955 , he became its chairman, an exceedingly powerful position as the committee can determine the \"length and manner of debate\" on any measure moving from a committee to the floor of the House. \"Although it was initially designed as a traffic committee to ease and expedite the flow of legislation in the House, the Rules Committee by postponing or refusing to grant a bill a rule bottled up measures which did not win the approval of its conservative majority.\" (J. Harvie Wilkinson, III, H arry Byrd and the Changing Face of Virginia Politics, 1945-1966 [Charlottesville, 1968], 71.","Other research interests which may be studied in the collection, according to Mr. Robert Metzdorf, are: \"political history of Virginia, relations of the Virginia and Southern Democrats to the rest of the Democratic Party, labor unions and labor laws, lobbying, investigation of Un-Americian activities, alien registration, the Smith Act and subversion, history of the District of Columbia 1930-1966 [and legislation in Congress pertaining to it as Smith sat on the District Committee], conservation and water pollution, Selective Service and other war-time legislation, the Supreme Court and State's rights, memorials to Jefferson and Madison, the history of workmen's compensation, reappointment and the federal courts, civil rights, the Rules Committee and its role in the legislative process, the history of foreign aid, federal aid to education, the history of immigration, relation between the legislative and executive branches, the history of conservatism in the United States, 1930-1966.\" To these notes may be added the study of unique northern Virginia politics, patronage, and the continuing work of a Congressman in relation to his colleagues and in particular to his constituents. There does not appear to be much material in the collection which shows Smith's relation to Senator Harry Byrd in the political sense, although there is interesting correspondence. Naturally, the collection will be the basis for any biography of Judge Smith, an important historical task which, hopefully, will be undertaken soon. ","https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=uva-sc/viu03824.xml;query=;#bioghist_1.1","[First Tidal Basin Scheme A (Pantheon), small general plan]","[First Tidal Basin Scheme A (Pantheon), front elevation]","[First Tidal Basin Scheme A (Pantheon), section (section applies also to Scheme B)]","[First Tidal Basin Scheme A (Pantheon) plan]","[First Tidal Basin Scheme A (Pantheon) Perspective]","[Scheme D (Anacostia Park Site) Perspective]","[Scheme D (Anacostia Park Site) Plan]","[Scheme D (Anacostia Park Site) General Plan]","[Scheme A (Pantheon Scheme in Tidal Basin) Perspective]","[Scheme A (Pantheon Scheme in Tidal Basin) Perspective]","[Scheme A (Pantheon Scheme in Tidal Basin) Plan]","[Scheme A (Pantheon Scheme in Tidal Basin) Front Elevation]","[Scheme A (Pantheon Scheme in Tidal Basin) General Plan]","[Scheme A (Pantheon Scheme in Tidal Basin) Plan showing areas covered by various estimates]","[Scheme A (Pantheon Scheme in Tidal Basin) elevation at 45º angle to main axis]","[Scheme A (Pantheon Scheme in Tidal Basin), South elevation","[Scheme F (Circular Open Colonnade) Elevation]","drawn at a scale of 20 feet equal 1 inch for comparison with elevations of proposed Thomas Jefferson Memorial drawn at the same scale","[Scheme G (circular open colonnade) side elevation","Plan [Scheme F (circular open colonnade) plan]","[Scheme G (circular open colonnade) general plan]","Plan Scheme E showing memorial site with slight change in contour of present Tidal Basin development of south axis of the mall for the Thomas Jefferson Memorial, John Russell Pope, Architect, July 21, 1937"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ehttps://www.library.virginia.edu/policies/use-of-materials\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["https://www.library.virginia.edu/policies/use-of-materials"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Howard Worth Smith"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"persname_ssim":["Howard Worth Smith"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":45,"online_item_count_is":44,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-20T23:33:01.301Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1591"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1446","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Hugh Carr family papers and River View Farm","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1446#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of the history of Hugh Carr, an African American born in enslavement in 1843 and his family who lived on a tract of land (River View Farm) that Carr and his wife Texie Mae Hawkins bought in 1870 after emancipation. He became one of the largest African American landowners in Albemarle County, where he raised several generations of his family in the Union Ridge Hydraulic Mills community, until his death in 1914.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1446#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1446","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1446","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1446","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1446","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1446.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/147972","title_filing_ssi":"Hugh Carr family and River View Farm ","title_ssm":["Hugh Carr family papers and River View Farm"],"title_tesim":["Hugh Carr family papers and River View Farm"],"unitdate_ssm":["1843-1978"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1843-1978"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 10176","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1446"],"text":["MSS 10176","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1446","Hugh Carr family papers and River View Farm","Charlottesville (Va.) -- History -- 19th Century","Reconstruction (U.S. history, 1865-1877)","African American families","Dwellings -- Virginia -- Albemarle County.","The collection is open for research use.","During the Reconstruction period of Virginia history, Hugh Carr (1843-1914), who was formerly enslaved by Richard Wingfield, began the long process of purchasing various tracts of land that eventually made up the model farm along Ivy Creek known as \"River View\" in the Union Ridge Hydraulic Mills community.","He and his wife, Texie Mae Hawkins,(1865-1899) raised seven children at River View Farm: Mary Louise Carr Greer, (1884-1973), Fannie Carr Washington (1887-?), Peachie Carr Jackson (1889-1977), Emma Clorinda Carr (1892-1974), Virginia Carr Brown (1893-1935), Ann Hazel Carr (1895-?), and one son Marshall Hubert Carr (1886-1916).The farm continued to grow and by 1890 it was over 125 acres making Carr among the largest African American landowner in Albemarle County. ","\nAs Hugh Carr was deprived of any formal education, he placed an emphasis on education for his daughters and son, all of whom went to school. Many of his children earned college degrees, becoming teachers and community leaders. ","His oldest, Mary Louise Carr became principal of Albemarle Training School and was an influential educator in the local community. Later, she was honored for her commitment to education with the naming of Greer Elementary School after her. In 1916, Mary Carr married Conly Greer, the first African American extension agent for Albemarle County and the last family member to farm at Riverview Farm. After his death in 1957, Mary Carr Greer continued to live there but the land was rented to local farmers to farm. When she died in 1973, she left the estate to her only child, Evangeline Greer Jones, who in turn sold it.","Following its sale, the farm was slated to become one of Charlottesville's newest subdivisions with a projected 200 homes. Elizabeth Conant, a biology teacher at the University of Virginia, realized that the land was ideal for a nature preserve. She contacted the Nature Conservancy who bought the farm and held it until the City of Charlottesville and Albemarle County were able to buy the land. The Ivy Creek Foundation was incorporated on May 23, 1979, and the future management of the land lies with them. Paul Saunier, former University of Virginia administrator, was the first president of the Foundation.","The Ivy Creek Natural Area, which currently borders the South Rivanna Reservoir of the City of Charlottesville and consists of 215 acres of forest, field, and stream, was formed from several tracts of land. These include the original tract from the Mary Carr Greer Estate of eighty acres in 1975, a thirty-eight-acre tract from the City of Charlottesville in 1979, the James Fleming tract of eighty-acres in 1981, the Flamenco tract of sixteen acres in 1981, and four tenths of an acre from Bedford Moore in 1981. The Greer property was named the Rann Preserve when purchased by the Nature Conservancy and was renamed the Ivy Creek Natural Area. The organizers of the Ivy Creek Natural Area recognized the history of the Carr family and worked to save and preserve the land as well as the family documents that were found in the farmhouse. ","Sources: Ivy Creek Foundation, Accessed 1/27/2023 https://ivycreekfoundation.org/cultural-history ","Some items in this collection sustained damage from pests and/or mold prior to coming to the Library. Preservation staff has frozen and stabilized the items to prevent further damage from pests or mold and cleaned the items to facilitate handling.","This collection MSS 10176 is related to the Ivy Creek Natural Area MSS 10770, about the history of River View farm and Hugh Carr family which is now the Ivy Creek Natural Area. MSS 10770 is a deposit. It also contains the history of Ivy Creek Natural Area and how it was purchased by the local government to preserve the land and history.","This collection consists of the history of Hugh Carr, an African American born in enslavement in 1843 and his family who lived on a tract of land (River View Farm) that Carr and his wife Texie Mae Hawkins bought in 1870 after emancipation. He became one of the largest African American landowners in Albemarle County, where he raised several generations of his family in the Union Ridge Hydraulic Mills community, until his death in 1914.","The papers show that Carr highly valued education for his daughters as well as his son. His eldest daughter, Mary Louise Carr Greer became a well-known educator and principal of Albemarle Training School. Her family continued to live on the farm until 1978 when it became the Ivy Creek Natural Area with the support of the Nature Conservancy. ","There are documents, newspaper clippings, photographs pertaining to the history of this prominent African American family. ","Included is the original receipt for the purchase of land for the farm by Hugh Carr in 1870 in the amount of $100 and contracts for when Carr worked as a farm manager for Richard Wingfield and A. A. Southerland. ","There are legal and financial papers of Conly Greer (1883-1956) and correspondence of Mary Carr Greer and her husband, Conly Greer.  Included is a letter written for Hugh Carr giving Conly approval to marry his daughter. (Hugh Carr could not read and write but he would sign his name with an X). There is also correspondence of their daughter, Evangeline Greer Jones while courting her husband, Hinton C. Jones.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 10176","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1446"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Hugh Carr family papers and River View Farm"],"collection_title_tesim":["Hugh Carr family papers and River View Farm"],"collection_ssim":["Hugh Carr family papers and River View Farm"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["Charlottesville (Va.) -- History -- 19th Century"],"geogname_ssim":["Charlottesville (Va.) -- History -- 19th Century"],"places_ssim":["Charlottesville (Va.) -- History -- 19th Century"],"acqinfo_ssim":["MSS 10176,The Hugh Carr family papers and River View Farm  was a gift from Evangeline Greer Jones to the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library 25 October, 1976."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Reconstruction (U.S. history, 1865-1877)","African American families","Dwellings -- Virginia -- Albemarle County."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Reconstruction (U.S. history, 1865-1877)","African American families","Dwellings -- Virginia -- Albemarle County."],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":["1 Cubic Feet"],"extent_tesim":["1 Cubic Feet"],"date_range_isim":[1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eDuring the Reconstruction period of Virginia history, Hugh Carr (1843-1914), who was formerly enslaved by Richard Wingfield, began the long process of purchasing various tracts of land that eventually made up the model farm along Ivy Creek known as \"River View\" in the Union Ridge Hydraulic Mills community.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHe and his wife, Texie Mae Hawkins,(1865-1899) raised seven children at River View Farm: Mary Louise Carr Greer, (1884-1973), Fannie Carr Washington (1887-?), Peachie Carr Jackson (1889-1977), Emma Clorinda Carr (1892-1974), Virginia Carr Brown (1893-1935), Ann Hazel Carr (1895-?), and one son Marshall Hubert Carr (1886-1916).The farm continued to grow and by 1890 it was over 125 acres making Carr among the largest African American landowner in Albemarle County. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nAs Hugh Carr was deprived of any formal education, he placed an emphasis on education for his daughters and son, all of whom went to school. Many of his children earned college degrees, becoming teachers and community leaders. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHis oldest, Mary Louise Carr became principal of Albemarle Training School and was an influential educator in the local community. Later, she was honored for her commitment to education with the naming of Greer Elementary School after her. In 1916, Mary Carr married Conly Greer, the first African American extension agent for Albemarle County and the last family member to farm at Riverview Farm. After his death in 1957, Mary Carr Greer continued to live there but the land was rented to local farmers to farm. When she died in 1973, she left the estate to her only child, Evangeline Greer Jones, who in turn sold it.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFollowing its sale, the farm was slated to become one of Charlottesville's newest subdivisions with a projected 200 homes. Elizabeth Conant, a biology teacher at the University of Virginia, realized that the land was ideal for a nature preserve. She contacted the Nature Conservancy who bought the farm and held it until the City of Charlottesville and Albemarle County were able to buy the land. The Ivy Creek Foundation was incorporated on May 23, 1979, and the future management of the land lies with them. Paul Saunier, former University of Virginia administrator, was the first president of the Foundation.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Ivy Creek Natural Area, which currently borders the South Rivanna Reservoir of the City of Charlottesville and consists of 215 acres of forest, field, and stream, was formed from several tracts of land. These include the original tract from the Mary Carr Greer Estate of eighty acres in 1975, a thirty-eight-acre tract from the City of Charlottesville in 1979, the James Fleming tract of eighty-acres in 1981, the Flamenco tract of sixteen acres in 1981, and four tenths of an acre from Bedford Moore in 1981. The Greer property was named the Rann Preserve when purchased by the Nature Conservancy and was renamed the Ivy Creek Natural Area. The organizers of the Ivy Creek Natural Area recognized the history of the Carr family and worked to save and preserve the land as well as the family documents that were found in the farmhouse. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSources: Ivy Creek Foundation, Accessed 1/27/2023 https://ivycreekfoundation.org/cultural-history \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["During the Reconstruction period of Virginia history, Hugh Carr (1843-1914), who was formerly enslaved by Richard Wingfield, began the long process of purchasing various tracts of land that eventually made up the model farm along Ivy Creek known as \"River View\" in the Union Ridge Hydraulic Mills community.","He and his wife, Texie Mae Hawkins,(1865-1899) raised seven children at River View Farm: Mary Louise Carr Greer, (1884-1973), Fannie Carr Washington (1887-?), Peachie Carr Jackson (1889-1977), Emma Clorinda Carr (1892-1974), Virginia Carr Brown (1893-1935), Ann Hazel Carr (1895-?), and one son Marshall Hubert Carr (1886-1916).The farm continued to grow and by 1890 it was over 125 acres making Carr among the largest African American landowner in Albemarle County. ","\nAs Hugh Carr was deprived of any formal education, he placed an emphasis on education for his daughters and son, all of whom went to school. Many of his children earned college degrees, becoming teachers and community leaders. ","His oldest, Mary Louise Carr became principal of Albemarle Training School and was an influential educator in the local community. Later, she was honored for her commitment to education with the naming of Greer Elementary School after her. In 1916, Mary Carr married Conly Greer, the first African American extension agent for Albemarle County and the last family member to farm at Riverview Farm. After his death in 1957, Mary Carr Greer continued to live there but the land was rented to local farmers to farm. When she died in 1973, she left the estate to her only child, Evangeline Greer Jones, who in turn sold it.","Following its sale, the farm was slated to become one of Charlottesville's newest subdivisions with a projected 200 homes. Elizabeth Conant, a biology teacher at the University of Virginia, realized that the land was ideal for a nature preserve. She contacted the Nature Conservancy who bought the farm and held it until the City of Charlottesville and Albemarle County were able to buy the land. The Ivy Creek Foundation was incorporated on May 23, 1979, and the future management of the land lies with them. Paul Saunier, former University of Virginia administrator, was the first president of the Foundation.","The Ivy Creek Natural Area, which currently borders the South Rivanna Reservoir of the City of Charlottesville and consists of 215 acres of forest, field, and stream, was formed from several tracts of land. These include the original tract from the Mary Carr Greer Estate of eighty acres in 1975, a thirty-eight-acre tract from the City of Charlottesville in 1979, the James Fleming tract of eighty-acres in 1981, the Flamenco tract of sixteen acres in 1981, and four tenths of an acre from Bedford Moore in 1981. The Greer property was named the Rann Preserve when purchased by the Nature Conservancy and was renamed the Ivy Creek Natural Area. The organizers of the Ivy Creek Natural Area recognized the history of the Carr family and worked to save and preserve the land as well as the family documents that were found in the farmhouse. ","Sources: Ivy Creek Foundation, Accessed 1/27/2023 https://ivycreekfoundation.org/cultural-history "],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSome items in this collection sustained damage from pests and/or mold prior to coming to the Library. Preservation staff has frozen and stabilized the items to prevent further damage from pests or mold and cleaned the items to facilitate handling.\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Conservation"],"odd_tesim":["Some items in this collection sustained damage from pests and/or mold prior to coming to the Library. Preservation staff has frozen and stabilized the items to prevent further damage from pests or mold and cleaned the items to facilitate handling."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 10176, Hugh Carr family papers and River View Farm, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 10176, Hugh Carr family papers and River View Farm, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection MSS 10176 is related to the Ivy Creek Natural Area MSS 10770, about the history of River View farm and Hugh Carr family which is now the Ivy Creek Natural Area. MSS 10770 is a deposit. It also contains the history of Ivy Creek Natural Area and how it was purchased by the local government to preserve the land and history.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["This collection MSS 10176 is related to the Ivy Creek Natural Area MSS 10770, about the history of River View farm and Hugh Carr family which is now the Ivy Creek Natural Area. MSS 10770 is a deposit. It also contains the history of Ivy Creek Natural Area and how it was purchased by the local government to preserve the land and history."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of the history of Hugh Carr, an African American born in enslavement in 1843 and his family who lived on a tract of land (River View Farm) that Carr and his wife Texie Mae Hawkins bought in 1870 after emancipation. He became one of the largest African American landowners in Albemarle County, where he raised several generations of his family in the Union Ridge Hydraulic Mills community, until his death in 1914.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe papers show that Carr highly valued education for his daughters as well as his son. His eldest daughter, Mary Louise Carr Greer became a well-known educator and principal of Albemarle Training School. Her family continued to live on the farm until 1978 when it became the Ivy Creek Natural Area with the support of the Nature Conservancy. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThere are documents, newspaper clippings, photographs pertaining to the history of this prominent African American family. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIncluded is the original receipt for the purchase of land for the farm by Hugh Carr in 1870 in the amount of $100 and contracts for when Carr worked as a farm manager for Richard Wingfield and A. A. Southerland. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThere are legal and financial papers of Conly Greer (1883-1956) and correspondence of Mary Carr Greer and her husband, Conly Greer.  Included is a letter written for Hugh Carr giving Conly approval to marry his daughter. (Hugh Carr could not read and write but he would sign his name with an X). There is also correspondence of their daughter, Evangeline Greer Jones while courting her husband, Hinton C. Jones.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection consists of the history of Hugh Carr, an African American born in enslavement in 1843 and his family who lived on a tract of land (River View Farm) that Carr and his wife Texie Mae Hawkins bought in 1870 after emancipation. He became one of the largest African American landowners in Albemarle County, where he raised several generations of his family in the Union Ridge Hydraulic Mills community, until his death in 1914.","The papers show that Carr highly valued education for his daughters as well as his son. His eldest daughter, Mary Louise Carr Greer became a well-known educator and principal of Albemarle Training School. Her family continued to live on the farm until 1978 when it became the Ivy Creek Natural Area with the support of the Nature Conservancy. ","There are documents, newspaper clippings, photographs pertaining to the history of this prominent African American family. ","Included is the original receipt for the purchase of land for the farm by Hugh Carr in 1870 in the amount of $100 and contracts for when Carr worked as a farm manager for Richard Wingfield and A. A. Southerland. ","There are legal and financial papers of Conly Greer (1883-1956) and correspondence of Mary Carr Greer and her husband, Conly Greer.  Included is a letter written for Hugh Carr giving Conly approval to marry his daughter. (Hugh Carr could not read and write but he would sign his name with an X). There is also correspondence of their daughter, Evangeline Greer Jones while courting her husband, Hinton C. Jones."],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":29,"online_item_count_is":21,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-20T23:45:23.850Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1446","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1446","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1446","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1446","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1446.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/147972","title_filing_ssi":"Hugh Carr family and River View Farm ","title_ssm":["Hugh Carr family papers and River View Farm"],"title_tesim":["Hugh Carr family papers and River View Farm"],"unitdate_ssm":["1843-1978"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1843-1978"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 10176","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1446"],"text":["MSS 10176","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1446","Hugh Carr family papers and River View Farm","Charlottesville (Va.) -- History -- 19th Century","Reconstruction (U.S. history, 1865-1877)","African American families","Dwellings -- Virginia -- Albemarle County.","The collection is open for research use.","During the Reconstruction period of Virginia history, Hugh Carr (1843-1914), who was formerly enslaved by Richard Wingfield, began the long process of purchasing various tracts of land that eventually made up the model farm along Ivy Creek known as \"River View\" in the Union Ridge Hydraulic Mills community.","He and his wife, Texie Mae Hawkins,(1865-1899) raised seven children at River View Farm: Mary Louise Carr Greer, (1884-1973), Fannie Carr Washington (1887-?), Peachie Carr Jackson (1889-1977), Emma Clorinda Carr (1892-1974), Virginia Carr Brown (1893-1935), Ann Hazel Carr (1895-?), and one son Marshall Hubert Carr (1886-1916).The farm continued to grow and by 1890 it was over 125 acres making Carr among the largest African American landowner in Albemarle County. ","\nAs Hugh Carr was deprived of any formal education, he placed an emphasis on education for his daughters and son, all of whom went to school. Many of his children earned college degrees, becoming teachers and community leaders. ","His oldest, Mary Louise Carr became principal of Albemarle Training School and was an influential educator in the local community. Later, she was honored for her commitment to education with the naming of Greer Elementary School after her. In 1916, Mary Carr married Conly Greer, the first African American extension agent for Albemarle County and the last family member to farm at Riverview Farm. After his death in 1957, Mary Carr Greer continued to live there but the land was rented to local farmers to farm. When she died in 1973, she left the estate to her only child, Evangeline Greer Jones, who in turn sold it.","Following its sale, the farm was slated to become one of Charlottesville's newest subdivisions with a projected 200 homes. Elizabeth Conant, a biology teacher at the University of Virginia, realized that the land was ideal for a nature preserve. She contacted the Nature Conservancy who bought the farm and held it until the City of Charlottesville and Albemarle County were able to buy the land. The Ivy Creek Foundation was incorporated on May 23, 1979, and the future management of the land lies with them. Paul Saunier, former University of Virginia administrator, was the first president of the Foundation.","The Ivy Creek Natural Area, which currently borders the South Rivanna Reservoir of the City of Charlottesville and consists of 215 acres of forest, field, and stream, was formed from several tracts of land. These include the original tract from the Mary Carr Greer Estate of eighty acres in 1975, a thirty-eight-acre tract from the City of Charlottesville in 1979, the James Fleming tract of eighty-acres in 1981, the Flamenco tract of sixteen acres in 1981, and four tenths of an acre from Bedford Moore in 1981. The Greer property was named the Rann Preserve when purchased by the Nature Conservancy and was renamed the Ivy Creek Natural Area. The organizers of the Ivy Creek Natural Area recognized the history of the Carr family and worked to save and preserve the land as well as the family documents that were found in the farmhouse. ","Sources: Ivy Creek Foundation, Accessed 1/27/2023 https://ivycreekfoundation.org/cultural-history ","Some items in this collection sustained damage from pests and/or mold prior to coming to the Library. Preservation staff has frozen and stabilized the items to prevent further damage from pests or mold and cleaned the items to facilitate handling.","This collection MSS 10176 is related to the Ivy Creek Natural Area MSS 10770, about the history of River View farm and Hugh Carr family which is now the Ivy Creek Natural Area. MSS 10770 is a deposit. It also contains the history of Ivy Creek Natural Area and how it was purchased by the local government to preserve the land and history.","This collection consists of the history of Hugh Carr, an African American born in enslavement in 1843 and his family who lived on a tract of land (River View Farm) that Carr and his wife Texie Mae Hawkins bought in 1870 after emancipation. He became one of the largest African American landowners in Albemarle County, where he raised several generations of his family in the Union Ridge Hydraulic Mills community, until his death in 1914.","The papers show that Carr highly valued education for his daughters as well as his son. His eldest daughter, Mary Louise Carr Greer became a well-known educator and principal of Albemarle Training School. Her family continued to live on the farm until 1978 when it became the Ivy Creek Natural Area with the support of the Nature Conservancy. ","There are documents, newspaper clippings, photographs pertaining to the history of this prominent African American family. ","Included is the original receipt for the purchase of land for the farm by Hugh Carr in 1870 in the amount of $100 and contracts for when Carr worked as a farm manager for Richard Wingfield and A. A. Southerland. ","There are legal and financial papers of Conly Greer (1883-1956) and correspondence of Mary Carr Greer and her husband, Conly Greer.  Included is a letter written for Hugh Carr giving Conly approval to marry his daughter. (Hugh Carr could not read and write but he would sign his name with an X). There is also correspondence of their daughter, Evangeline Greer Jones while courting her husband, Hinton C. Jones.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 10176","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1446"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Hugh Carr family papers and River View Farm"],"collection_title_tesim":["Hugh Carr family papers and River View Farm"],"collection_ssim":["Hugh Carr family papers and River View Farm"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["Charlottesville (Va.) -- History -- 19th Century"],"geogname_ssim":["Charlottesville (Va.) -- History -- 19th Century"],"places_ssim":["Charlottesville (Va.) -- History -- 19th Century"],"acqinfo_ssim":["MSS 10176,The Hugh Carr family papers and River View Farm  was a gift from Evangeline Greer Jones to the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library 25 October, 1976."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Reconstruction (U.S. history, 1865-1877)","African American families","Dwellings -- Virginia -- Albemarle County."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Reconstruction (U.S. history, 1865-1877)","African American families","Dwellings -- Virginia -- Albemarle County."],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":["1 Cubic Feet"],"extent_tesim":["1 Cubic Feet"],"date_range_isim":[1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eDuring the Reconstruction period of Virginia history, Hugh Carr (1843-1914), who was formerly enslaved by Richard Wingfield, began the long process of purchasing various tracts of land that eventually made up the model farm along Ivy Creek known as \"River View\" in the Union Ridge Hydraulic Mills community.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHe and his wife, Texie Mae Hawkins,(1865-1899) raised seven children at River View Farm: Mary Louise Carr Greer, (1884-1973), Fannie Carr Washington (1887-?), Peachie Carr Jackson (1889-1977), Emma Clorinda Carr (1892-1974), Virginia Carr Brown (1893-1935), Ann Hazel Carr (1895-?), and one son Marshall Hubert Carr (1886-1916).The farm continued to grow and by 1890 it was over 125 acres making Carr among the largest African American landowner in Albemarle County. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nAs Hugh Carr was deprived of any formal education, he placed an emphasis on education for his daughters and son, all of whom went to school. Many of his children earned college degrees, becoming teachers and community leaders. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHis oldest, Mary Louise Carr became principal of Albemarle Training School and was an influential educator in the local community. Later, she was honored for her commitment to education with the naming of Greer Elementary School after her. In 1916, Mary Carr married Conly Greer, the first African American extension agent for Albemarle County and the last family member to farm at Riverview Farm. After his death in 1957, Mary Carr Greer continued to live there but the land was rented to local farmers to farm. When she died in 1973, she left the estate to her only child, Evangeline Greer Jones, who in turn sold it.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFollowing its sale, the farm was slated to become one of Charlottesville's newest subdivisions with a projected 200 homes. Elizabeth Conant, a biology teacher at the University of Virginia, realized that the land was ideal for a nature preserve. She contacted the Nature Conservancy who bought the farm and held it until the City of Charlottesville and Albemarle County were able to buy the land. The Ivy Creek Foundation was incorporated on May 23, 1979, and the future management of the land lies with them. Paul Saunier, former University of Virginia administrator, was the first president of the Foundation.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Ivy Creek Natural Area, which currently borders the South Rivanna Reservoir of the City of Charlottesville and consists of 215 acres of forest, field, and stream, was formed from several tracts of land. These include the original tract from the Mary Carr Greer Estate of eighty acres in 1975, a thirty-eight-acre tract from the City of Charlottesville in 1979, the James Fleming tract of eighty-acres in 1981, the Flamenco tract of sixteen acres in 1981, and four tenths of an acre from Bedford Moore in 1981. The Greer property was named the Rann Preserve when purchased by the Nature Conservancy and was renamed the Ivy Creek Natural Area. The organizers of the Ivy Creek Natural Area recognized the history of the Carr family and worked to save and preserve the land as well as the family documents that were found in the farmhouse. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSources: Ivy Creek Foundation, Accessed 1/27/2023 https://ivycreekfoundation.org/cultural-history \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["During the Reconstruction period of Virginia history, Hugh Carr (1843-1914), who was formerly enslaved by Richard Wingfield, began the long process of purchasing various tracts of land that eventually made up the model farm along Ivy Creek known as \"River View\" in the Union Ridge Hydraulic Mills community.","He and his wife, Texie Mae Hawkins,(1865-1899) raised seven children at River View Farm: Mary Louise Carr Greer, (1884-1973), Fannie Carr Washington (1887-?), Peachie Carr Jackson (1889-1977), Emma Clorinda Carr (1892-1974), Virginia Carr Brown (1893-1935), Ann Hazel Carr (1895-?), and one son Marshall Hubert Carr (1886-1916).The farm continued to grow and by 1890 it was over 125 acres making Carr among the largest African American landowner in Albemarle County. ","\nAs Hugh Carr was deprived of any formal education, he placed an emphasis on education for his daughters and son, all of whom went to school. Many of his children earned college degrees, becoming teachers and community leaders. ","His oldest, Mary Louise Carr became principal of Albemarle Training School and was an influential educator in the local community. Later, she was honored for her commitment to education with the naming of Greer Elementary School after her. In 1916, Mary Carr married Conly Greer, the first African American extension agent for Albemarle County and the last family member to farm at Riverview Farm. After his death in 1957, Mary Carr Greer continued to live there but the land was rented to local farmers to farm. When she died in 1973, she left the estate to her only child, Evangeline Greer Jones, who in turn sold it.","Following its sale, the farm was slated to become one of Charlottesville's newest subdivisions with a projected 200 homes. Elizabeth Conant, a biology teacher at the University of Virginia, realized that the land was ideal for a nature preserve. She contacted the Nature Conservancy who bought the farm and held it until the City of Charlottesville and Albemarle County were able to buy the land. The Ivy Creek Foundation was incorporated on May 23, 1979, and the future management of the land lies with them. Paul Saunier, former University of Virginia administrator, was the first president of the Foundation.","The Ivy Creek Natural Area, which currently borders the South Rivanna Reservoir of the City of Charlottesville and consists of 215 acres of forest, field, and stream, was formed from several tracts of land. These include the original tract from the Mary Carr Greer Estate of eighty acres in 1975, a thirty-eight-acre tract from the City of Charlottesville in 1979, the James Fleming tract of eighty-acres in 1981, the Flamenco tract of sixteen acres in 1981, and four tenths of an acre from Bedford Moore in 1981. The Greer property was named the Rann Preserve when purchased by the Nature Conservancy and was renamed the Ivy Creek Natural Area. The organizers of the Ivy Creek Natural Area recognized the history of the Carr family and worked to save and preserve the land as well as the family documents that were found in the farmhouse. ","Sources: Ivy Creek Foundation, Accessed 1/27/2023 https://ivycreekfoundation.org/cultural-history "],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSome items in this collection sustained damage from pests and/or mold prior to coming to the Library. Preservation staff has frozen and stabilized the items to prevent further damage from pests or mold and cleaned the items to facilitate handling.\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Conservation"],"odd_tesim":["Some items in this collection sustained damage from pests and/or mold prior to coming to the Library. Preservation staff has frozen and stabilized the items to prevent further damage from pests or mold and cleaned the items to facilitate handling."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 10176, Hugh Carr family papers and River View Farm, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 10176, Hugh Carr family papers and River View Farm, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection MSS 10176 is related to the Ivy Creek Natural Area MSS 10770, about the history of River View farm and Hugh Carr family which is now the Ivy Creek Natural Area. MSS 10770 is a deposit. It also contains the history of Ivy Creek Natural Area and how it was purchased by the local government to preserve the land and history.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["This collection MSS 10176 is related to the Ivy Creek Natural Area MSS 10770, about the history of River View farm and Hugh Carr family which is now the Ivy Creek Natural Area. MSS 10770 is a deposit. It also contains the history of Ivy Creek Natural Area and how it was purchased by the local government to preserve the land and history."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of the history of Hugh Carr, an African American born in enslavement in 1843 and his family who lived on a tract of land (River View Farm) that Carr and his wife Texie Mae Hawkins bought in 1870 after emancipation. He became one of the largest African American landowners in Albemarle County, where he raised several generations of his family in the Union Ridge Hydraulic Mills community, until his death in 1914.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe papers show that Carr highly valued education for his daughters as well as his son. His eldest daughter, Mary Louise Carr Greer became a well-known educator and principal of Albemarle Training School. Her family continued to live on the farm until 1978 when it became the Ivy Creek Natural Area with the support of the Nature Conservancy. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThere are documents, newspaper clippings, photographs pertaining to the history of this prominent African American family. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIncluded is the original receipt for the purchase of land for the farm by Hugh Carr in 1870 in the amount of $100 and contracts for when Carr worked as a farm manager for Richard Wingfield and A. A. Southerland. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThere are legal and financial papers of Conly Greer (1883-1956) and correspondence of Mary Carr Greer and her husband, Conly Greer.  Included is a letter written for Hugh Carr giving Conly approval to marry his daughter. (Hugh Carr could not read and write but he would sign his name with an X). There is also correspondence of their daughter, Evangeline Greer Jones while courting her husband, Hinton C. Jones.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection consists of the history of Hugh Carr, an African American born in enslavement in 1843 and his family who lived on a tract of land (River View Farm) that Carr and his wife Texie Mae Hawkins bought in 1870 after emancipation. He became one of the largest African American landowners in Albemarle County, where he raised several generations of his family in the Union Ridge Hydraulic Mills community, until his death in 1914.","The papers show that Carr highly valued education for his daughters as well as his son. His eldest daughter, Mary Louise Carr Greer became a well-known educator and principal of Albemarle Training School. Her family continued to live on the farm until 1978 when it became the Ivy Creek Natural Area with the support of the Nature Conservancy. ","There are documents, newspaper clippings, photographs pertaining to the history of this prominent African American family. ","Included is the original receipt for the purchase of land for the farm by Hugh Carr in 1870 in the amount of $100 and contracts for when Carr worked as a farm manager for Richard Wingfield and A. A. Southerland. ","There are legal and financial papers of Conly Greer (1883-1956) and correspondence of Mary Carr Greer and her husband, Conly Greer.  Included is a letter written for Hugh Carr giving Conly approval to marry his daughter. (Hugh Carr could not read and write but he would sign his name with an X). There is also correspondence of their daughter, Evangeline Greer Jones while courting her husband, Hinton C. Jones."],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":29,"online_item_count_is":21,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-20T23:45:23.850Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1446"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1521","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Jefferson Cable Corporation collection","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1521#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThe majority of the collection is composed of videotape recordings of local-origination programming aired on the Jefferson Cable Corporation, including City Council Meetings and local news specials.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1521#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1521","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1521","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1521","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1521","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1521.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/189393","title_filing_ssi":"Jefferson Cable Corporation collection","title_ssm":["Jefferson Cable Corporation collection"],"title_tesim":["Jefferson Cable Corporation collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1885-1982"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1885-1982"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 11458","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1521"],"text":["MSS 11458","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1521","Jefferson Cable Corporation collection","Charlottesville (Va.) -- History","University of Virginia","The collection is open for research use.","Original media formats such as LPs, audiotapes, reel-to-reels, videotapes, films, CDs, and DVDs cannot be handled directly by patrons. Please contact Special Collections via our online Reference Request form, https://small.library.virginia.edu/services/reference-request, to request access to these materials. Please be aware that additional actions may be required to make these items available. Items will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis before access can be made. Depending on the size of the request, it may take some time to make them available for use. ","The Jefferson Cable Corporation was founded by Robert Monroe (1915–1995) in 1963 to serve Charlottesville as well as Waynesboro, Virginia, 40 miles to the west over the Blue Ridge Mountains. Monroe had an extensive radio production background, moved into managing radio stations in North Carolina and Virginia, and became intrigued by the developing market for cable television systems. Monroe is an unusual figure in that his passion outside of broadcasting was the exploration of human consciousness—he popularized the term \"out of body experience\" and experimented extensively with attempting to alter brain patterns via sound. He would go on to sell the station in 1975, founding The Monroe Institute in nearby Nelson County, Virginia to focus full time on such research.","As in other areas where topographical variation limited the ability to reliably receive broadcast television signals, this early community antenna system gained a healthy pool of subscribers. We know their subscriber base exceeded 3,500 subscribers at the time of the Federal Communications Commission's (FCC) 1969 ruling that cable stations of this size would be required to provide some locally originating programming, rather than simply aggregating the content of other stations. Production of local origination content began at the station's 324 West Main Street studio in Charlottesville in 1970 with the launch of the station WJCC 11. The videotapes in this collection are predominantly recordings of this local origination programming. ","In 1993, Adelphia Communications purchased the existing cable system, and the tape library and equipment were salvaged by collection donor Steve Ashby.","\nSources:","Stockton, B. 1989. Catapult: The biography of Robert A. Monroe. Norfolk, Virginia: The Donning Company.","https://www.charlottesville.gov/195/CPA-TV","The majority of the collection is composed of videotape recordings of local-origination programming aired on the Jefferson Cable Corporation, including City Council Meetings and local news specials.","\nThe collection includes approximately 300 color slides used in productions; color slides of a University of Virginia baseball game, 1970; photographic negatives of Lawrence Halpin's model of the Downtown Mall; Charlottesville City Council agenda, 1971 October 4, with an item concerning Jefferson Cable's franchise renewal; news clippings and miscellaneous printed materials concerning Robert Allan Monroe and the Monroe Institute; and several pieces of advertising ephemera, circa 1907.","Of interest are two letters from James Lawrence Cabell to William Beverley Towles, 1885 August 1 and 3, concerning Towles' daughter's health.There is also a letter from Dumas Malone to Fredson Bowers, concerning printing Bowers' book \"The fairy knight\" on 18 April 1940.","Charlottesville City Council agenda with an item about Jefferson Cable's franchise renewal.","Tucker, Paige. \"A Tale of Two Authors.\" Fredson Bowers and Nancy Hale have shared a long lifetime in the world of literature. Creator Magazine. March/April 1982 Volume 1, Number 3.","Two letters from James Lawrence Cabell to William Beverley Towles, 1885 August 1 and 3, concerning Towles' daughter's health. There is also a letter from Dumas Malone to Fredson Bowers, concerning printing Bowers' book \"The fairy knight\" on 18 April 1940.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 11458","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1521"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Jefferson Cable Corporation collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Jefferson Cable Corporation collection"],"collection_ssim":["Jefferson Cable Corporation collection"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["Charlottesville (Va.) -- History"],"geogname_ssim":["Charlottesville (Va.) -- History"],"places_ssim":["Charlottesville (Va.) -- History"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was a gift from Stephen Ashby to the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 22 November 2013."],"access_subjects_ssim":["University of Virginia"],"access_subjects_ssm":["University of Virginia"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":["23.5 Cubic Feet","239 open reel videotapes"],"extent_tesim":["23.5 Cubic Feet","239 open reel videotapes"],"physfacet_tesim":["letters, ads, programs, agenda, newspaper clippings, articles, and production slides"],"date_range_isim":[1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOriginal media formats such as LPs, audiotapes, reel-to-reels, videotapes, films, CDs, and DVDs cannot be handled directly by patrons. Please contact Special Collections via our online Reference Request form, https://small.library.virginia.edu/services/reference-request, to request access to these materials. Please be aware that additional actions may be required to make these items available. Items will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis before access can be made. Depending on the size of the request, it may take some time to make them available for use. \u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use.","Original media formats such as LPs, audiotapes, reel-to-reels, videotapes, films, CDs, and DVDs cannot be handled directly by patrons. Please contact Special Collections via our online Reference Request form, https://small.library.virginia.edu/services/reference-request, to request access to these materials. Please be aware that additional actions may be required to make these items available. Items will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis before access can be made. Depending on the size of the request, it may take some time to make them available for use. "],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Jefferson Cable Corporation was founded by Robert Monroe (1915–1995) in 1963 to serve Charlottesville as well as Waynesboro, Virginia, 40 miles to the west over the Blue Ridge Mountains. Monroe had an extensive radio production background, moved into managing radio stations in North Carolina and Virginia, and became intrigued by the developing market for cable television systems. Monroe is an unusual figure in that his passion outside of broadcasting was the exploration of human consciousness—he popularized the term \"out of body experience\" and experimented extensively with attempting to alter brain patterns via sound. He would go on to sell the station in 1975, founding The Monroe Institute in nearby Nelson County, Virginia to focus full time on such research.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAs in other areas where topographical variation limited the ability to reliably receive broadcast television signals, this early community antenna system gained a healthy pool of subscribers. We know their subscriber base exceeded 3,500 subscribers at the time of the Federal Communications Commission's (FCC) 1969 ruling that cable stations of this size would be required to provide some locally originating programming, rather than simply aggregating the content of other stations. Production of local origination content began at the station's 324 West Main Street studio in Charlottesville in 1970 with the launch of the station WJCC 11. The videotapes in this collection are predominantly recordings of this local origination programming. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1993, Adelphia Communications purchased the existing cable system, and the tape library and equipment were salvaged by collection donor Steve Ashby.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSources:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eStockton, B. 1989. Catapult: The biography of Robert A. Monroe. Norfolk, Virginia: The Donning Company.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ehttps://www.charlottesville.gov/195/CPA-TV\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Jefferson Cable Corporation was founded by Robert Monroe (1915–1995) in 1963 to serve Charlottesville as well as Waynesboro, Virginia, 40 miles to the west over the Blue Ridge Mountains. Monroe had an extensive radio production background, moved into managing radio stations in North Carolina and Virginia, and became intrigued by the developing market for cable television systems. Monroe is an unusual figure in that his passion outside of broadcasting was the exploration of human consciousness—he popularized the term \"out of body experience\" and experimented extensively with attempting to alter brain patterns via sound. He would go on to sell the station in 1975, founding The Monroe Institute in nearby Nelson County, Virginia to focus full time on such research.","As in other areas where topographical variation limited the ability to reliably receive broadcast television signals, this early community antenna system gained a healthy pool of subscribers. We know their subscriber base exceeded 3,500 subscribers at the time of the Federal Communications Commission's (FCC) 1969 ruling that cable stations of this size would be required to provide some locally originating programming, rather than simply aggregating the content of other stations. Production of local origination content began at the station's 324 West Main Street studio in Charlottesville in 1970 with the launch of the station WJCC 11. The videotapes in this collection are predominantly recordings of this local origination programming. ","In 1993, Adelphia Communications purchased the existing cable system, and the tape library and equipment were salvaged by collection donor Steve Ashby.","\nSources:","Stockton, B. 1989. Catapult: The biography of Robert A. Monroe. Norfolk, Virginia: The Donning Company.","https://www.charlottesville.gov/195/CPA-TV"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 11458, Jefferson Cable Corporation collection, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 11458, Jefferson Cable Corporation collection, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe majority of the collection is composed of videotape recordings of local-origination programming aired on the Jefferson Cable Corporation, including City Council Meetings and local news specials.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nThe collection includes approximately 300 color slides used in productions; color slides of a University of Virginia baseball game, 1970; photographic negatives of Lawrence Halpin's model of the Downtown Mall; Charlottesville City Council agenda, 1971 October 4, with an item concerning Jefferson Cable's franchise renewal; news clippings and miscellaneous printed materials concerning Robert Allan Monroe and the Monroe Institute; and several pieces of advertising ephemera, circa 1907.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOf interest are two letters from James Lawrence Cabell to William Beverley Towles, 1885 August 1 and 3, concerning Towles' daughter's health.There is also a letter from Dumas Malone to Fredson Bowers, concerning printing Bowers' book \"The fairy knight\" on 18 April 1940.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCharlottesville City Council agenda with an item about Jefferson Cable's franchise renewal.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTucker, Paige. \"A Tale of Two Authors.\" Fredson Bowers and Nancy Hale have shared a long lifetime in the world of literature. Creator Magazine. March/April 1982 Volume 1, Number 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTwo letters from James Lawrence Cabell to William Beverley Towles, 1885 August 1 and 3, concerning Towles' daughter's health. There is also a letter from Dumas Malone to Fredson Bowers, concerning printing Bowers' book \"The fairy knight\" on 18 April 1940.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The majority of the collection is composed of videotape recordings of local-origination programming aired on the Jefferson Cable Corporation, including City Council Meetings and local news specials.","\nThe collection includes approximately 300 color slides used in productions; color slides of a University of Virginia baseball game, 1970; photographic negatives of Lawrence Halpin's model of the Downtown Mall; Charlottesville City Council agenda, 1971 October 4, with an item concerning Jefferson Cable's franchise renewal; news clippings and miscellaneous printed materials concerning Robert Allan Monroe and the Monroe Institute; and several pieces of advertising ephemera, circa 1907.","Of interest are two letters from James Lawrence Cabell to William Beverley Towles, 1885 August 1 and 3, concerning Towles' daughter's health.There is also a letter from Dumas Malone to Fredson Bowers, concerning printing Bowers' book \"The fairy knight\" on 18 April 1940.","Charlottesville City Council agenda with an item about Jefferson Cable's franchise renewal.","Tucker, Paige. \"A Tale of Two Authors.\" Fredson Bowers and Nancy Hale have shared a long lifetime in the world of literature. Creator Magazine. March/April 1982 Volume 1, Number 3.","Two letters from James Lawrence Cabell to William Beverley Towles, 1885 August 1 and 3, concerning Towles' daughter's health. There is also a letter from Dumas Malone to Fredson Bowers, concerning printing Bowers' book \"The fairy knight\" on 18 April 1940."],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":247,"online_item_count_is":39,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-20T23:52:36.377Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1521","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1521","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1521","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1521","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1521.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/189393","title_filing_ssi":"Jefferson Cable Corporation collection","title_ssm":["Jefferson Cable Corporation collection"],"title_tesim":["Jefferson Cable Corporation collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1885-1982"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1885-1982"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 11458","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1521"],"text":["MSS 11458","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1521","Jefferson Cable Corporation collection","Charlottesville (Va.) -- History","University of Virginia","The collection is open for research use.","Original media formats such as LPs, audiotapes, reel-to-reels, videotapes, films, CDs, and DVDs cannot be handled directly by patrons. Please contact Special Collections via our online Reference Request form, https://small.library.virginia.edu/services/reference-request, to request access to these materials. Please be aware that additional actions may be required to make these items available. Items will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis before access can be made. Depending on the size of the request, it may take some time to make them available for use. ","The Jefferson Cable Corporation was founded by Robert Monroe (1915–1995) in 1963 to serve Charlottesville as well as Waynesboro, Virginia, 40 miles to the west over the Blue Ridge Mountains. Monroe had an extensive radio production background, moved into managing radio stations in North Carolina and Virginia, and became intrigued by the developing market for cable television systems. Monroe is an unusual figure in that his passion outside of broadcasting was the exploration of human consciousness—he popularized the term \"out of body experience\" and experimented extensively with attempting to alter brain patterns via sound. He would go on to sell the station in 1975, founding The Monroe Institute in nearby Nelson County, Virginia to focus full time on such research.","As in other areas where topographical variation limited the ability to reliably receive broadcast television signals, this early community antenna system gained a healthy pool of subscribers. We know their subscriber base exceeded 3,500 subscribers at the time of the Federal Communications Commission's (FCC) 1969 ruling that cable stations of this size would be required to provide some locally originating programming, rather than simply aggregating the content of other stations. Production of local origination content began at the station's 324 West Main Street studio in Charlottesville in 1970 with the launch of the station WJCC 11. The videotapes in this collection are predominantly recordings of this local origination programming. ","In 1993, Adelphia Communications purchased the existing cable system, and the tape library and equipment were salvaged by collection donor Steve Ashby.","\nSources:","Stockton, B. 1989. Catapult: The biography of Robert A. Monroe. Norfolk, Virginia: The Donning Company.","https://www.charlottesville.gov/195/CPA-TV","The majority of the collection is composed of videotape recordings of local-origination programming aired on the Jefferson Cable Corporation, including City Council Meetings and local news specials.","\nThe collection includes approximately 300 color slides used in productions; color slides of a University of Virginia baseball game, 1970; photographic negatives of Lawrence Halpin's model of the Downtown Mall; Charlottesville City Council agenda, 1971 October 4, with an item concerning Jefferson Cable's franchise renewal; news clippings and miscellaneous printed materials concerning Robert Allan Monroe and the Monroe Institute; and several pieces of advertising ephemera, circa 1907.","Of interest are two letters from James Lawrence Cabell to William Beverley Towles, 1885 August 1 and 3, concerning Towles' daughter's health.There is also a letter from Dumas Malone to Fredson Bowers, concerning printing Bowers' book \"The fairy knight\" on 18 April 1940.","Charlottesville City Council agenda with an item about Jefferson Cable's franchise renewal.","Tucker, Paige. \"A Tale of Two Authors.\" Fredson Bowers and Nancy Hale have shared a long lifetime in the world of literature. Creator Magazine. March/April 1982 Volume 1, Number 3.","Two letters from James Lawrence Cabell to William Beverley Towles, 1885 August 1 and 3, concerning Towles' daughter's health. There is also a letter from Dumas Malone to Fredson Bowers, concerning printing Bowers' book \"The fairy knight\" on 18 April 1940.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 11458","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1521"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Jefferson Cable Corporation collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Jefferson Cable Corporation collection"],"collection_ssim":["Jefferson Cable Corporation collection"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["Charlottesville (Va.) -- History"],"geogname_ssim":["Charlottesville (Va.) -- History"],"places_ssim":["Charlottesville (Va.) -- History"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was a gift from Stephen Ashby to the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 22 November 2013."],"access_subjects_ssim":["University of Virginia"],"access_subjects_ssm":["University of Virginia"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":["23.5 Cubic Feet","239 open reel videotapes"],"extent_tesim":["23.5 Cubic Feet","239 open reel videotapes"],"physfacet_tesim":["letters, ads, programs, agenda, newspaper clippings, articles, and production slides"],"date_range_isim":[1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOriginal media formats such as LPs, audiotapes, reel-to-reels, videotapes, films, CDs, and DVDs cannot be handled directly by patrons. Please contact Special Collections via our online Reference Request form, https://small.library.virginia.edu/services/reference-request, to request access to these materials. Please be aware that additional actions may be required to make these items available. Items will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis before access can be made. Depending on the size of the request, it may take some time to make them available for use. \u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use.","Original media formats such as LPs, audiotapes, reel-to-reels, videotapes, films, CDs, and DVDs cannot be handled directly by patrons. Please contact Special Collections via our online Reference Request form, https://small.library.virginia.edu/services/reference-request, to request access to these materials. Please be aware that additional actions may be required to make these items available. Items will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis before access can be made. Depending on the size of the request, it may take some time to make them available for use. "],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Jefferson Cable Corporation was founded by Robert Monroe (1915–1995) in 1963 to serve Charlottesville as well as Waynesboro, Virginia, 40 miles to the west over the Blue Ridge Mountains. Monroe had an extensive radio production background, moved into managing radio stations in North Carolina and Virginia, and became intrigued by the developing market for cable television systems. Monroe is an unusual figure in that his passion outside of broadcasting was the exploration of human consciousness—he popularized the term \"out of body experience\" and experimented extensively with attempting to alter brain patterns via sound. He would go on to sell the station in 1975, founding The Monroe Institute in nearby Nelson County, Virginia to focus full time on such research.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAs in other areas where topographical variation limited the ability to reliably receive broadcast television signals, this early community antenna system gained a healthy pool of subscribers. We know their subscriber base exceeded 3,500 subscribers at the time of the Federal Communications Commission's (FCC) 1969 ruling that cable stations of this size would be required to provide some locally originating programming, rather than simply aggregating the content of other stations. Production of local origination content began at the station's 324 West Main Street studio in Charlottesville in 1970 with the launch of the station WJCC 11. The videotapes in this collection are predominantly recordings of this local origination programming. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1993, Adelphia Communications purchased the existing cable system, and the tape library and equipment were salvaged by collection donor Steve Ashby.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSources:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eStockton, B. 1989. Catapult: The biography of Robert A. Monroe. Norfolk, Virginia: The Donning Company.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ehttps://www.charlottesville.gov/195/CPA-TV\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Jefferson Cable Corporation was founded by Robert Monroe (1915–1995) in 1963 to serve Charlottesville as well as Waynesboro, Virginia, 40 miles to the west over the Blue Ridge Mountains. Monroe had an extensive radio production background, moved into managing radio stations in North Carolina and Virginia, and became intrigued by the developing market for cable television systems. Monroe is an unusual figure in that his passion outside of broadcasting was the exploration of human consciousness—he popularized the term \"out of body experience\" and experimented extensively with attempting to alter brain patterns via sound. He would go on to sell the station in 1975, founding The Monroe Institute in nearby Nelson County, Virginia to focus full time on such research.","As in other areas where topographical variation limited the ability to reliably receive broadcast television signals, this early community antenna system gained a healthy pool of subscribers. We know their subscriber base exceeded 3,500 subscribers at the time of the Federal Communications Commission's (FCC) 1969 ruling that cable stations of this size would be required to provide some locally originating programming, rather than simply aggregating the content of other stations. Production of local origination content began at the station's 324 West Main Street studio in Charlottesville in 1970 with the launch of the station WJCC 11. The videotapes in this collection are predominantly recordings of this local origination programming. ","In 1993, Adelphia Communications purchased the existing cable system, and the tape library and equipment were salvaged by collection donor Steve Ashby.","\nSources:","Stockton, B. 1989. Catapult: The biography of Robert A. Monroe. Norfolk, Virginia: The Donning Company.","https://www.charlottesville.gov/195/CPA-TV"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 11458, Jefferson Cable Corporation collection, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 11458, Jefferson Cable Corporation collection, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe majority of the collection is composed of videotape recordings of local-origination programming aired on the Jefferson Cable Corporation, including City Council Meetings and local news specials.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nThe collection includes approximately 300 color slides used in productions; color slides of a University of Virginia baseball game, 1970; photographic negatives of Lawrence Halpin's model of the Downtown Mall; Charlottesville City Council agenda, 1971 October 4, with an item concerning Jefferson Cable's franchise renewal; news clippings and miscellaneous printed materials concerning Robert Allan Monroe and the Monroe Institute; and several pieces of advertising ephemera, circa 1907.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOf interest are two letters from James Lawrence Cabell to William Beverley Towles, 1885 August 1 and 3, concerning Towles' daughter's health.There is also a letter from Dumas Malone to Fredson Bowers, concerning printing Bowers' book \"The fairy knight\" on 18 April 1940.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCharlottesville City Council agenda with an item about Jefferson Cable's franchise renewal.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTucker, Paige. \"A Tale of Two Authors.\" Fredson Bowers and Nancy Hale have shared a long lifetime in the world of literature. Creator Magazine. March/April 1982 Volume 1, Number 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTwo letters from James Lawrence Cabell to William Beverley Towles, 1885 August 1 and 3, concerning Towles' daughter's health. There is also a letter from Dumas Malone to Fredson Bowers, concerning printing Bowers' book \"The fairy knight\" on 18 April 1940.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The majority of the collection is composed of videotape recordings of local-origination programming aired on the Jefferson Cable Corporation, including City Council Meetings and local news specials.","\nThe collection includes approximately 300 color slides used in productions; color slides of a University of Virginia baseball game, 1970; photographic negatives of Lawrence Halpin's model of the Downtown Mall; Charlottesville City Council agenda, 1971 October 4, with an item concerning Jefferson Cable's franchise renewal; news clippings and miscellaneous printed materials concerning Robert Allan Monroe and the Monroe Institute; and several pieces of advertising ephemera, circa 1907.","Of interest are two letters from James Lawrence Cabell to William Beverley Towles, 1885 August 1 and 3, concerning Towles' daughter's health.There is also a letter from Dumas Malone to Fredson Bowers, concerning printing Bowers' book \"The fairy knight\" on 18 April 1940.","Charlottesville City Council agenda with an item about Jefferson Cable's franchise renewal.","Tucker, Paige. \"A Tale of Two Authors.\" Fredson Bowers and Nancy Hale have shared a long lifetime in the world of literature. Creator Magazine. March/April 1982 Volume 1, Number 3.","Two letters from James Lawrence Cabell to William Beverley Towles, 1885 August 1 and 3, concerning Towles' daughter's health. There is also a letter from Dumas Malone to Fredson Bowers, concerning printing Bowers' book \"The fairy knight\" on 18 April 1940."],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":247,"online_item_count_is":39,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-20T23:52:36.377Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1521"}},{"id":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_65","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"John Augustine Washington III and Mount Vernon Ladies' Association (MVLA) collection","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_65#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Washington, John Augustine, III, 1821-1861","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_65#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection concerns the inheritance, maintenance, and sale of the Mount Vernon estate by its last private owner, John Augustine Washington III. A large majority of the collection is correspondence to or from John Augustine Washington III with a significant portion relating to the purchase of the estate by the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. Three diaries kept by John Augustine are also included and contain important information about his slaves, agricultural practices, and finances. Other types of material in the collection include legal documents, receipts, photographs, and ephemera. Photocopies were made for most of the manuscripts and can be viewed as surrogates to the originals. \u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_65#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_65","ead_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_65","_root_":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_65","_nest_parent_":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_65","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/MV/repositories_3_resources_65.xml","title_ssm":["John Augustine Washington III and Mount Vernon Ladies' Association (MVLA) collection"],"title_tesim":["John Augustine Washington III and Mount Vernon Ladies' Association (MVLA) collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1834-1957"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1834-1957"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["RM.848","/repositories/3/resources/65"],"text":["RM.848","/repositories/3/resources/65","John Augustine Washington III and Mount Vernon Ladies' Association (MVLA) collection","This collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes.","The collection is arranged chronologically with undated material listed at the beginning in alphabetical order by folder title. Addenda, photocopies, and bound volumes are described at the end of the collection.","(Taken from the Digital Encyclopedia entry by Matthew Costello, George Washington's Mount Vernon website)","John Augustine Washington III was the great-grand nephew of George Washington and the last private owner of Mount Vernon. The fourth of five children, he was born on May 3, 1821 to John Augustine Washington II and Jane Charlotte Blackburn Washington. John Augustine spent his young childhood at his parents' Blakeley plantation near present day Charles Town, West Virginia, but after the deaths of Bushrod Washington and his wife Julia in 1829, the Mount Vernon estate became the possession of Bushrod's nephew, John Augustine Washington II. As the son of a wealthy Virginia planter, John Augustine enjoyed a comfortable lifestyle at Mount Vernon, developing interests in politics, hunting, and agriculture. After John Augustine Washington II passed away in June 1832, the estate was left to his widow Jane Charlotte, who vowed to maintain the estate to the best of her ability without involving her children's inheritances. While John Augustine Washington III preferred his more aristocratic pastimes, Jane insisted that he attend college after his father's death. He graduated from the University of Virginia in 1840, returning to Mount Vernon in September 1841 with a proposition to manage the estate for his mother. She agreed, loaning him twenty-two slaves and contracting his employment for five hundred dollars per year for seven years.","As the oldest living male heir, John Augustine Washington III positioned himself to take possession of Mount Vernon from his mother. While she did not pass away until 1855, she gave John Augustine the proverbial keys to the kingdom, granting him full autonomy to run the plantation as he saw fit. However, John Augustine quickly realized that the deteriorating Mount Vernon estate was a far cry from the profitable plantation that his great-great uncle George Washington once presided over. His primary means of income came from wheat and potato production, woodcutting, selling slaves and outsourcing slave labor, collecting land rents, and his herring operation on the Potomac River. However, soil degradation, poor harvests, temperamental weather, and the devastation of crops by insects and pests limited his agricultural returns. While he managed to slow Mount Vernon's financial decline, these endeavors were not enough to stop the downward spiral. In addition to facing these hardships, John Augustine also experienced constant interruptions by sightseers, many of whom wanted the meet the living descendent of General George Washington, see the Mansion, and ask questions about Washington's life. ","These visitors were considered a nuisance to John Augustine's family, and their presence slowed plantation work for slaves, overseers, and hired farm laborers. Initially John Augustine followed the precedential policies of his mother, father, and uncle Bushrod, publishing trespassing notices around the property, requesting letters of introduction to enter the Mansion, and denying the landing of steamboats on the Potomac River. But with his lands yielding such little profit, John Augustine decided to embrace this historical tourism, implementing business strategies to extract money from the thousands of visitors who journeyed to the home of George Washington. In order to bring more people to the estate, he entered into a contract with the proprietors of the Thomas Collyer to permit their steamboat to dock directly at Mount Vernon. He also promoted and invested in the construction of the Alexandria, Mount Vernon, and Accotink Turnpike Road, which was designed to make travel easier to Mount Vernon over land. As more visitors descended upon the grounds, he instructed slaves and laborers to sell bouquets of flowers, fruit, milk, and hand-carved canes to tourists. Beyond the property boundaries, he went into business with James Crutchett, who purchased timber from the estate and manufactured wooden Washington trinkets near the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad depot in the nation's capital. While John Augustine Washington capitalized on the American fascination with George Washington, these sales were not substantial enough to convince him to retain Mount Vernon. He attempted to sell the property to both the federal government and the state of Virginia, but both bodies were deeply mired in sectional and political partisanship. Convinced that neither would meet his terms, he agreed to sell 200 acres of the Mount Vernon estate, which included the Mansion, outlying buildings, and the family tomb to the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association (MVLA) in 1858 for $200,000. ","John Augustine and his family vacated Mount Vernon for their new home Waveland plantation in February 1860. About a year later the state of Virginia called for a convention to debate the issue of secession, and in April 1861, Virginia delegates responded to the firing on Fort Sumter by voting in favor of leaving the Union. John Augustine joined the Confederate Army as a lieutenant colonel, and he served as aide-de-camp to his relative by marriage, General Robert E. Lee. In September 1861, John Augustine was killed during a reconnaissance mission at the Battle of Cheat Mountain by a Union bushwhacker. In a letter to John's teenage daughter Louisa, Lee painfully informed her that her father \"fell in the cause to which he had devoted all his energies, and which his noble heart was earnestly enlisted.\" The two men had shared many conversations and moments together as tent mates, and Lee admired his unflinching \"devotion to Almighty God,\" assuring Louisa that \"He is now safely in Heaven.\" John Augustine was buried in the Zion Episcopal Churchyard in Charles Town, West Virginia, one of several Washington family members who fought and died for Southern independence. ","This diary may not actually be part of accession RM-848 as it is not mentioned in the initial inventory/correspondence. However, it was in the same box as the other diaries and the almanac when found on the shelf, therefore it was described with the collection.","Early Records of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association ;\nPapers of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association ;\nJohn Augustine Washington III and Eleanor Love Selden Correspondence ;\nJohn Augustine Washington III and Descendants Papers ;\nHistoric Manuscripts Collection","This collection concerns the inheritance, maintenance, and sale of the Mount Vernon estate by its last private owner, John Augustine Washington III. A large majority of the collection is correspondence to or from John Augustine Washington III with a significant portion relating to the purchase of the estate by the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. Three diaries kept by John Augustine are also included and contain important information about his slaves, agricultural practices, and finances. Other types of material in the collection include legal documents, receipts, photographs, and ephemera. Photocopies were made for most of the manuscripts and can be viewed as surrogates to the originals. ","Descendants of John Augustine Washington III maintained ownership of these records until 1990 when they were sold to Gary Hendershott, a manuscripts dealer from Little Rock, Arkansas. The Mount Vernon Ladies' Association purchased the collection in October 1990.","Lists signatures and states that all members of Congress would sign if requested.","States they are now the \"best of friends.\" She is angry at people who denigrate his motives. Wants to make known his true nature.","Mrs. Ritchie requests he arrive at the theatre a little after 12:00 so all guests may be seated prior to the rise of the curtain.","She had sent her present of flowers to Mrs. Madison, and they were \"greatfully\" received.","His mother wants help valuing her sheep. Describes one offer for Mount Vernon with great disdain. They want to have entertainments there. He has great respect for \"your manly pride.\"","Apologizes for having intruded too much on his privacy during a recent visit when Mrs. Ritchie and others of the ladies \"took forcible possession of me\" and requested cuttings of flowers. Hopes he will establish a Botanic Garden and suggests a location for a Mausoleum.","Describes her return from Mount Vernon in much rain. Discusses crops. Gives instructions for sending things to her. Asks report of conversation that was \"highly derogatory to me.\" Feels items should be sold to visitors so they will not pilfer mementos.","Urges sale of Mount Vernon to Virginia rather than to a private sale.","Resolution wants to change the site of the Military Asylum to Mount Vernon if a part of the estate can be purchased at a reasonable price.","Introduces some friends who wish to visit Mount Vernon.","Gives family news and an account of a visit by a gentleman who spent the night at Mount Vernon and gave $5 to West Ford. Discusses sale of a slave to his cousin. Has heard of a bill by the federal government to purchase Mount Vernon and wishes it would be accepted. Mentions prices and terms.","Is sending oats and other items to Mount Vernon. Urges him to pursue his studies. Wishes him to send some oysters and sugar.","Sends funds for completing the vault at Mount Vernon and authorizes him to take more money from his bank if necessary.","Thanks him for the many civilities experienced by them during their visit to Mount Vernon. Sends a piece of a branch of a fig tree cut from the birth spot of \"your immortal ancestor.\"","Is against his plans for Mount Vernon and opening it to \"every low idler.\" Discusses payments and what form they would take.","Brief note of regards, translated by J. Perkins.","Heard about people being charged to enter the garden. Wishes he would stop this.","Wants to know price and terms of sale of Mount Vernon. If not for sale, could it be leased. (Contains typed transcript.)","Was glad to hear that Mount Vernon was not for sale as it should remain in the hands of the Washington family. Wishes to \"establish a house of entertainment in the vicinity of Mount Vernon.\" Asks questions as to materials and location of such. (Contains typed transcript.)","Is in the market to purchase negroes as one of his men, Alfred, has run off. Wants to know whether she still wishes to dispose of her negroes and what her price would be. He could pay $500 cash and then pay off the principal in a year or two.","Lists names of executors and legatees and their shares and values.","Tells him of an upcoming visit to Washington and Mount Vernon by a \"highly respectable volunteer corps.\" They wish to arrive by boat and see the tomb of Washington. He understands permission to do so is necessary.","Is worried his health is suffering by his labors at Mount Vernon. Hopes he will accept any reasonable offer by the U.S. Government for it. Went into town to have magistrates witness her acknowledgment of the deed of release. Discusses a suit brought by Judge Douglass and the health of various family members.","Doubts whether an offer will be made by the U.S. Government. Hopes it would as she feels his health is suffering from attending to business at Mount Vernon. Recommends someone to help him acquire an overseer. Was paid money for him. Discusses the failing health of Dr. Alexander's mother and others.","Is horrified to learn of auction of Wood Lawn. Proposes to run a steamboat between Washington to Wood Lawn, Fort Washington, Mount Vernon, and the White House. Gives references. Pledges to bring members of Congress there and feels it would enhance the chances of the purchase of Mount Vernon by the government. Suggests it could be used as a summer home for the President. Discusses various items left by Washington and the soon to be completed Chesapeake \u0026 Ohio Canal. (contains typed transcript)","Tells him of a letter he received from an unknown man who wants to obtain a tree from Mount Vernon to transplant in France to shade the bench of Christopher Columbus which he possesses.","Recommends leaving it to Congress to propose a price for the purchase of Mount Vernon. She feels he wants too much for it, and that it really should not be sold. Gives family news. Gives advice on his search for an overseer.","First letter discusses the Supreme Court taking on the suit of Mr. Hammond against General Washington. Bassett says he discharged all debts owed by Captain Lewis. There is another copy of the names of executors and legatees and their shares and values. Discussions of various debts owed to different people.","Discusses various suits, mostly Hammonds, against the estate and their current status. Many people have died since 1827 when they were last listed. Will take a long time to find people.","Discussion of the Hammond suit and payments still owed to various creditors, to be paid by all the legatees of General Washington's estate. Most dollar figures are left blank to be filled in later. Prompt payment by all legatees is required.","Discusses his father's will and his lack of knowledge of the whereabouts of various other people mentioned in JAW's letter.","Answering his inquiries as to various relatives. Suggests he write to the clerk of Kanawha County for the information he requires. Suggests he contact Andrew Parks who probably has all the facts.","Discusses sale of swamp land. He paid the taxes on it for the Washington heirs. The land is not worth much since the timber had been taken from it by many people over the years. Would like to be reimbursed for the money he paid.","He wishes to meet with him in the middle of November, at which time they can conclude their business.","Discusses the bill in Congress to purchase Mount Vernon. Wants assets divided up between her children so all are taken care of. Tells of Charles' upcoming marriage before he leaves for California.","Discusses the codicil of his father's will. Mrs. Washington is not compelled to sell. Upon her death, the heirs may sell despite the codicil. Suggests Mrs. Washington partition the land before her death in order that JAW may do \"what you please with the land.\"","Invites him to the wedding of his oldest daughter the next week.","Has been in Charlestown attending services for the week. Is amazed at the prospect of $200,000 being paid for Mount Vernon by the government. Wants him to send fish and to pickle some \"Rock.\"","(Typed transcription included) George Page and a surveyor from Maryland wanted to survey land in the Potomac River adjacent to Mount Vernon with the object of bringing steamboats there. Was notified he would be charged with some offense by Maryland. Makes him aware that the compact between the states means they have no claim on him.","First letter – wants to know if Mount Vernon Estate will be sold. Second letter – understands the government might become the owner of the estate and wants to meet.","Wants him to petition the Court to finally settle the estate of General Washington.","First letter – wants to examine Mount Vernon with a view to the establishment of a military asylum for the relief of soldiers. Second letter – tells him the price for Mount Vernon is too high, and purchase of a location nearer Washington will be undertaken.","An account by a boat company of receipts over the past year.","Discusses the landing of boats at Mount Vernon without JAW's previous knowledge. Wants them to be allowed to dock if they pay the usual fare to him.","Acknowledges payment for the pianoforte. Wants four walking sticks cut from near General Washington's tomb to be sent to monks in Italy.","Agreement to sell 200 acres of Mount Vernon for $200,000. Includes all buildings and the tomb, as well as furnishings currently there. Also will allow heirs to be buried there. He may not sell the estate without first offering it to the U.S. Government and the State of Virginia for no more than $350,000.","Has been unable to contact other parties to the contract. Hopes to be able to do so soon.","A committee of the House of Delegates has been appointed to consider the purchase of Mount Vernon. Wants to meet him in Alexandria to discuss this.","Encloses a newspaper clipping about the acquisition of Mount Vernon by the State of Virginia. Tells him the committee of five will look into the will of the people as to this acquisition.","Addressed only to \"Mrs. Washington.\" Unclear whether it is addressed to Mrs. Jane C.B. Washington or Mrs. Eleanor L.S. Washington. (Typed transcription included) Has heard that Mount Vernon is for sale, possibly to northern people. Feels the Ladies of the South might instead procure it and wants to know the price.","Does not wish to part with Mount Vernon but wishes to keep it from the changeable fortunes of a family and to ally it to the State. Would sell 200 acres with stipulations for $200,000. If the State wants to establish a model farm there, he would sell an additional 1,000 acres for $300,000. Invites them to visit.","Discusses his offer to sell Mount Vernon to the state. Says $200,000 is less than the property could sell for on the market. Talks about having a model farm as nothing meant more to Washington than farming. Would welcome them to visit. Reminds them that his terms cannot be materially modified.","(Typed transcription included) Says he is asking less money of the state than he had been offered by others. Tells them of his desire for a model farm as the pursuit of an improved system of agriculture was of great importance to General Washington. Would welcome a visit from them.","Wants to clear up suggestions that he is falsely referring to higher offers for Mount Vernon.","The Committee feels the price for Mount Vernon \"is enormous.\" Would prefer the money to be used for a rail road.","Draft in writing of John Augustine Washington III. Addressed to \"Miss Cunningham\" but could also be a response to Louisa Cunningham's letter instead of Ann Pamela Cunningham. Praises the women of the south for their affection for Washington. Does not wish to dispose of the property except to the government of the United States or Virginia and so declines the proposition from the \"Ladies of the South.\"","Draft thought to be in the writing of Jane C.B. Washington. Identical text to previous letter (draft in the hand of John Augustine Washington III).","Encloses a power of attorney and some other letters. Has agreed to reduction of $50,000 on 1000 acres. Will accept nothing less than $200,000 for the 200 acres. Agrees to pay him 5% of what he gets from either government agency, provided it occurs in the current session.","The state might be willing to pay $50,000 per year for four years for Mount Vernon but not the total of $200,000 at once. Wonders what is happening with the federal government. \"Things are coming to a head rapidly.\"","As long as negotiations with Virginia remain open, it would not be proper for him to entertain any proposals from other parties for the purchase of Mount Vernon. Might be interested in the future in making an offer.","Feels priority should be given to Congress to purchase Mount Vernon, and therefore Virginia is holding off on more committee meetings. Wants him to be there for future committee meetings.","Urges him to meet with Arthur Taylor as his representative in the proposed sale of Mount Vernon. Requests that he not send papers to Col. Bissell before meeting with him.","Has the papers from Mr. Washington and wants to meet with him to discuss the sale of Mount Vernon to the U.S. Government.","Assures him that he has not given the letters from him to Mr. Bissell and has requested Mr. Taylor to come see him.","Encloses the previous letter and hopes they will be able to meet soon. Feels it best to not commit to any course with the U.S. until a definite answer comes from the Virginia Legislature.","Invites him to come to his lodgings at any time at 9 a.m.","Is unable to return to his \"hospitable roof\" at this time. Values the time she was there and having been \"entrusted with the training of such bright intelligences.\"","Reports on his share of earnings from \"Washington's Writings.\" Many copies of the book were destroyed in a fire, but the stereotype and engraved plates were in a fire proof vault.","Feels it is very important for him to communicate with the federal government and is willing to help in any way.","Mr. Taylor shared his letter proposing to bring the subject of the purchase of Mount Vernon again before Congress. His terms are already known to him – the same as those agreed to for the State of Virginia.","Wants to bring up the purchase of Mount Vernon in Congress but wants to know just what terms he agreed to with Virginia. Wants the Northern States to purchase it.","Gives terms of sale, including that family members still living may also be buried there. Additional property to total 1000 acres may be purchased for $300,000, for a model farm as suggested by Gen. Washington. Tells him the state of Virginia had proposed the sale for less than he wanted which he refused.","Encloses a copy of the bill reported to the House of Delegates Committee for the purchase of Mount Vernon. He told them it would not meet with JAW's approval. Urges him to move quickly on the Turnpike matter for this session.","Is very desirous of having the State of Virginia take possession of Mount Vernon and \"have the sole control and ownership forever.\" Wants to know what terms he proposes.","Gives him the terms of sale. The Washington family shall be permitted to be buried on the site, and no remains shall ever be disturbed. The price shall be $200,000, with an additional 800 acres available for $100,000 more","Will not accede to propositions of the steamboat company. Will be busy for a few weeks but wants to see a copy of the agreement currently in effect.","Tells him of Mrs. Mason presenting \"a remonstrance against your turnpike.\" Wants access to $250 at Farmers Bank in Alexandria.","Discusses payments based on sales of \"Washington's Writings.\" Tells percentages paid to various legatees.","Discusses quarrelling and squabbling among the ladies purchasing Mount Vernon. Is concerned about security around the remains of George Washington.","Wants him to send a letter to him so he may correct disparaging remarks made about his impending sale of Mount Vernon.","Is writing to her as requested by JAW. Describes a woman mourning her deceased eight-year-old son. Includes a poem about grief and moving on after death of a child.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Mr. Mason very much wants to meet him and getting a letter from JAW that would announce the news of their \"progress.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) Thanks him for the kindness of him and Mrs. Washington on her recent visit to Mount Vernon. Urges him to send a letter to be published about the sale of Mount Vernon before the news is released by someone else.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Assures her he does not care what others say about him and remains hopeful of selling Mount Vernon to the State of Virginia.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Explains the absence of Mr. Toombs when JAW came to see him. Tells him why she is now dealing with Mr. Toombs rather than Mr. Mason.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Hopes to meet him in Washington City as she will be there for a few days during her travel south. Wants a thorough understanding of his wishes and intentions before meeting with the governor of Virginia.","Wants him to reconsider his determination as expressed in his letter in the National Intelligencer and put the estate under the care of the State of Virginia. (This is a copy of a letter written by Anna's husband.) Second letter, dated March 5, 1857 on same paper: Refers to letter copied out by her. Is certain a sufficient sum will have been raised by February 22 to enable Virginia to purchase Mount Vernon.","Urges him to reconsider his determination as expressed in his letter to the National Intelligencer and consent to place the estate once more at the disposal of Virginia which has an arrangement with the \"Ladies' Mount Vernon Association of the Union.\"","His musical association played a concert on behalf of the \"Ladies Mt. Vernon Association\" at which $100 was raised. The musical group would benefit greatly from receiving this money back if Mr. Washington has no plans to sell to the Ladies Association.","Would love to spend time at Mount Vernon, but his schedule will not allow at this time. His book will be published during the winter and spring, but he doesn't feel a visit would add anything.","He remains willing to place Mount Vernon in the hands of the State of Virginia, under his terms which the state has not seemed to want to meet. The proposal to have Mount Vernon by under the Mount Vernon Ladies Association of the Union is unacceptable to him. Doubts they could maintain the estate in perpetuity. It would then be taken over by the state.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Identical to previous letter.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Responding to his letter to Mr. Ritchie. Urges him to put out that the Ladies are to raise $200,000 on behalf of the State of Virginia for the purchase of Mount Vernon.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Does not wish to publish parts of letters. Feels \"nothing but silent contempt can put them at rest.\"","(W.L. Underwood – most likely Warner Lewis Underwood, Kentucky Senator) Tells JAW that if his current negotiations for Mount Vernon should fall through that his organization would be pleased to enter into further discussions.","Again says he wishes Mount Vernon to go to the State of Virginia, to be decided upon by the current session of the General Assembly.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants to know who told her that he was \"willing… for a pecuniary consideration to break engagements and promises.\"","The Masonic Brotherhood is interested in purchasing Mount Vernon. Thanks him for the tour the previous day. Apologizes for the bad behavior of one member and hopes that will not prejudice him against the Fraternity.","(Typed transcription enclosed) She met with the governor who told her the \"Extra Session\" of the Legislature was for the \"presidential contest,\" so the Legislature will not be meeting again until the next winter. Realizes this delay is not pleasing to him.","Inquires whether any action has been taken by the Legislature or is likely to be.","Tells him no action has yet been taken by the Legislature but feels sure it will be taken up after the Christmas recess, after which the ladies will be enabled to purchase Mount Vernon and have its title transferred to Virginia.","Discusses various prices for Mount Vernon and quotes JAW as vehemently denying that he wanted the remains of General Washington moved. He wishes the estate to be the property of the United States and all the people.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells him she has been very ill but is sure that the Legislature will act.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Labeled as Private. Tells him Gov. Wise is \"inimical to our 'cause'\" which is the reason the Legislature has not taken up the subject of the purchase of Mount Vernon.\" Talks of the financial crisis which is being felt by \"we victimized cotton planters.\" Tells him of the impending sale of copies of a portrait of Washington.","(Typed transcription enclosed) She writes of her illness and lack of strength. The Constitution of the Association was signed by the governor. Tells him various Masonic orders have decided to become allies of the Association. Hopes to have the contract signed between Virginia and him on the 22nd of February.","Invites recipient to the elevation of the Statue of Washington on February 22 in Richmond.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Labeled as Private. Is looking forward to the inauguration of the Washington statue. Wants him to vow that the Ladies of the Association are the \"very best friends you have in the world.\" Tells him that Gov. Wise is no friend to him or to her and this cause.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Has a document that states Virginia will purchase Mount Vernon from him and encloses a copy of the bill. Is sure the governor will act strongly to defeat this. Wants him to attend the address by Mr. Everett a few days before the 22nd of February. Tells him how lucky he is to get $200,000 in \"these awful times.\"","Gives price of sale of $200,000 for 200 acres of the Mount Vernon estate and pledges the MVLA to guarantee to not disturb any remains currently there and to allow descendants of JAW to also be interred there.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Praises him for agreeing that Mount Vernon is to be a public shrine and to limit interments there. Gen. Chapman included that in the third reading of the bill. Discusses the building of a new mausoleum for Washington which would not go against his will. Talks of her illness.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells her the disposition of family remains, as well as those of General Washington, are his biggest concerns in the sale.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Hopes he is happy about the bill as read in the Legislature. Tells him it is she and not the Committee who wants to arrange for a magnificent mausoleum. Closes by saying she is too exhausted to \"even give a hint of the nature of woman's revenge should you not be in a state of delight over our bill!!!\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) Remains adamant as to a future mausoleum as Washington stated where he wished his remains to be. Cannot travel to Richmond at present due to the illness of Mrs. Washington.","(Agreement ends with reference to the 10th of February) Deals with payment of $6,000 to heirs of W.F. Alexander and Anna Alexander as a share of Mount Vernon. Expressly says none of these heirs have any claim to the proceeds arising from a sale of Mount Vernon, other than the $6,000.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells him that though Gov. Wise is no friend to the Mount Vernon cause, he did not intend to put his remarks under the head of Lunatic Asylum. It was a complete accident.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses another article by Mr. Pryor who is \"using his art to arouse the fear, \u0026 cupidity of the timid \u0026 narrow minded of this Legislature.\" Asks him about his previous offer from a company to purchase the estate, and that he wanted to wait for Congress to act.","(Typed transcription enclosed) States that his price for Mount Vernon has always been $200,000, since he gained control of it in 1849. Asks whether he ever made an offer for Mount Vernon for $100,000. If so, under whose authority was it made?","(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants to confirm with him that his offer to sell Mount Vernon as a site for the Military Asylum in 1851 was for $200,000 and not $100,000.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells her of a contract with a gentleman to sell him 200 acres of Mount Vernon for $200,000 with the condition that the property should be offered to the U.S. and to Virginia. If neither purchased it, he should take the property. He then offered $50,000 to release him from that obligation, but JAW refused. Says he never has offered it for sale in public or private.","Says he was authorized by JAW to offer Mount Vernon for a Military Asylum for $100,000. Will search for papers to confirm this.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Advises that on March 25, 1851, he made an offer to sell about 150 acres of the Mount Vernon estate for $200,000 for an Army Asylum or some other government purpose.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Labeled as Private. Thanks him for sending a copy of the correspondence of Gen. Scott. Miss C. is intensely engaged in getting past Mr. Pryor's malicious misrepresentation of the Bill. If he can defeat us, he will.","Reiterates that Alexander and his heirs have no claim to any proceeds arising from a sale of Mount Vernon beyond the agreed upon $6,000 and requests him to add a paragraph to that effect to the agreement they will both sign.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants him to come see her in Richmond, despite his recent fall. Refers to the animosity of Mr. Pryor toward the bill. Wishes there could be an Extra Session for it to pass.","Again states his disagreement with Mr. McKenzie's assertion of his having offered $100,000 for Mount Vernon. No one else knew of such an offer. Gen. Scott agrees with JAW in his recollections. Tells her of a recent fall from a horse which will prevent his visit to Richmond on the 22nd.","Urges him and his family to attend the inauguration of the equestrian statue of Washington on the Capital Square in Richmond. Says he would be pleased to host them at their home near the city.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Is uncertain whether he will be able to travel to Richmond and wants her to update him on matters related to the Bill as \"I have not in any manner approached\" any of his friends or acquaintances on the subject. It is important for her to convince members that the association only needs the name of the State which will not be called upon to pay any of the money for the purchase.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham begs him to attend Mr. Everett's oration and hopes to speak to him on the Square tomorrow.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Continues to be unwell. Introduces him to Mr. A.H.H. Dawson of Georgia, \"an eccentric genius.\" He is devoted to the purposes of the Association and has delivered an address about it in 30 towns in Georgia. Urges him to come to Richmond to meet with members of the Legislature.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Is sorry he was unable to call on her before leaving Richmond. Wants clarification about alterations Mr. Yancy thought necessary in the paper he left with her. He wants a decision by the Legislature, yes or no, soon.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells him that the Legislature is \"in a row\" and will not pass any bills before an Extra Session. Wants him to bring a contract to her so they are prepared for any contingencies. Tells him of her illness of the lungs and her treatment.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Reiterates the importance of the sanctity of the family burying ground. Wants to have some alterations and additions of a substantial permanent character made to the present vault, with a durable enclosure around it. He is open to payment in stocks or cash for the estate. Says they should have an act of incorporation before signing a contract.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Gen. Chapman was drawing up an act of incorporation before the bill comes up. He said Virginia must not hold the tomb; the Association must hold it. She remains very ill. \"yrs in much suffering\"","Is preparing a pamphlet to defend JAW against detractors and wants copies of correspondence he had with Gen. Scott and others about possible purchase of Mount Vernon.","(Typed transcription enclosed) The bill in Virginia for the purchase of Mount Vernon, to be refunded by the MVLA, was defeated in the House of Delegates. In addition Congress cannot purchase land in a sovereign state without its consent. Tells him it should be the property of the Nation and should be sold to the MVLA. \"With grateful women pledged to guard the sacred ashes of Washington and to adorn his home for a national shrine.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) Says it has become obvious that neither Virginia nor the U.S. wish to purchase Mount Vernon. Therefore \"the women of the land will probably be the safest as they will certainly be the purest guardians of a national shrine.\" He waits for her to make a proposal to him.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham requests that he answer the letter she gave him relating to the purchase of Mount Vernon and to return it to her. She will give him a copy.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Is returning her letter to him as it seemed to be improperly dated and lacked her signature. When she remedies those defects, he will send an answer.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants to meet with him on Saturday morning in Alexandria to sign the contract.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Is very unhappy about delays put forth by Messrs. Macfarland \u0026 Myers. They felt there had to be an acceptance of the contract by all or a majority of the Vice Regents before it could be signed. They can do this by telegraph, permitting Mrs. Ritchie to act for them.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Urges him to come without delay. It was thought things would be delayed as Mrs. Walton's husband had died, but now Mr. McFarland advised them to send for him at once. Miss Cunningham is not good and needs to bring matters to a close \"ere it be too late.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants him to come see her that afternoon or evening as Dr. Beale \"considers it necessary to apply a severe blister without delay.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Upon reflection she feels the letter she sent him for publication is not to be published. She does not wish to \"make enemies even in a State which has given me so little cause to respect it.\" Mrs. Ritchie will work on a better worded one which she will send to him.","He deposited money to his credit for the contract and wants to know if this was correct. Tells him the pony he was inquiring about is not for sale. Also felt much concern about the accounts of the fisheries. Looks forward to a visit with him.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses the plat of the 200 acres of land he agreed to sell to the MVLA. Wants him to sign it and return it.","(Typed transcription enclosed) About the plat, he is having the land resurveyed and \"have the necessary corners stones set.\" He will send it back with a signature after that. Also encloses her letter of March 12 and wants a copy of her letter as published with her signature.","Wants to know if George Thorburn may visit Mount Vernon in the 28th of May to inspect the grounds in regards to the improvements to be made. He is \"no doubt the first horticulturist in America\" and a plain, unpolished person. It would be good for JAW's surveyor to meet with Mr. Thorburn to go over the grounds.","He is \"exceedingly provoked\" at the newspaper coverage in connection with the sale of Mount Vernon. As a college friend he felt he had to contact an editor and correct the information. He hopes he did not make the situation worse.","Again requests he host the \"celebrated florist\" at Mount Vernon to look over the grounds before they come to Mount Vernon on the 29th for a few hours.","Agrees to have Mr. Thorburn come and meet with surveyors. Asks if Mr. Thorburn could be appointed the Agent of the Association in drawing up with the surveyors the lines of the 200 acres. He will \"grant any reasonable request of the Association.\" Hopes to see Mr. Ritchie and her while he yet resides at Mount Vernon.","The first attests to receipt of interest on the $6,000 owed to Mrs. Jane Washington. \tThe second is for $2,000 as part of the $6,000 owed.","Urges him to reduce the price of Mount Vernon to $150,000 so as to better fund all the expenses associated with its ownership by the MVLA. Tells him to buy land in \"some of the new states\" with that money.","Wants to know what stocks or bonds would be acceptable as part of the purchase price. Gives the current rate of Virginia stock.","Acknowledges his decline to the proposition.","Replying to a previous letter. Cannot answer the questions of Miss Lewis as he does not remember where Col. Fielding Lewis died. Her wishes are an illusion. Wonders if some land in Kentucky is what she is dreaming of. Hopes the Ladies will be able to preserve Mount Vernon after they complete the purchase.","As a new Mason, wants to know if he will amend the contract to state that the property will revert to the United States or the Masonic Fraternity in the event of a dissolution of the MVLA and not to the state of Virginia.","Writes to her cousin about an article in the paper that morning that was a \"vile abolition libel on you.\" Wants to assure her lady friends that it is untrue.","Is involved in illustrating an article about Mount Vernon as it is of interest to the American people. Wants to visit to sketch objects that have not been drawn. The MVLA is in favor of such an article to assist with their fund raising.","Is amazed at the scurrilous attacks made on him by Northern Papers which are calculated to embarrass the Mount Vernon Association.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Thanks him for his letter about the calumnies in some Northern newspapers but has no desire to enter into a controversy with the papers.","(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Wants him to tell her of his agreement with Mr. Crutchett of Mount Vernon Cane Factory who was given permission to come and cut trees on the estate. Asks what value he puts on the remainder of the estate contiguous to the 200 acres.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Gives details of his contract with Mr. Crutchett which expired in February 1856. He was permitted to take more trees before January 1857. He has no right to \"come upon the property I have sold the Association to cut timber.\" Has not put a price on the remainder of Mount Vernon.","Thanks him for the hospitality given to him and his sister on their visit to Mount Vernon.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham was happy to hear his account of the transactions with Mr. Crutchett. Wants him to come to Philadelphia to confer upon private matters of great importance to the Association and himself. She is equally interested in the final settlement of the boundary lines.","First letter (incomplete) congratulates him on the sale of Mount Vernon. Requests return of portrait of his mother. Second letter thanks him for agreeing to return the portrait. He and his family would very much like to visit Mount Vernon again before it becomes public.","Hopes he can come to Washington to meet with him. Wants Mr. Washington to stay with him to \"pay off the debt of visiting you at Mt. Vernon.\" Miss Cunningham is making arrangements to pay the first bond with interest in December.","(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Looks forward to making payment of the first installment. Mr. Riggs will pay sums of $5,000 as soon as it is raised. Hopes to be able to pay the remainder of 2d installment on 1st of January 1859. Begs him to keep these matters as a \"profound secret.\"","Miss Cunningham wants to make the first payment on December 14, the anniversary of Washington's death.","Tells him of payment to Burke \u0026 Herbert of $10,000 on that day.","Tells him the box containing the chairs has not yet arrived. He wants to be allowed to pay for the repairs necessary to the chairs. Invites him and his family to visit him in Richmond before they go farther away from it.","(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Wants to make the first payment on the 1st, but this is a holiday. Urges him not to risk sending the plat executed by Washington himself but to have it be lithographed. Wants to clear up the boundaries. Tells him to keep the discussion of the sale of additional land private.","Wants to gather branches from the estate in order to make canes to sell to aid in the purchase of Mount Vernon.","Their project would require the consent of the Regent of the MVLA.","(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Confidential) Miss Cunningham is too ill to reply to his last letter. Lets him know his presence might be required on the 22nd but all arrangements must be kept private. The upcoming payment will be about $14,000.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Urges him to accept the money already paid to him (for the \"selling your relations bones.\") He already received more money than the estate was worth. Note on the letter states he ensured his control over the remains in \"such a way that they can never be sold by any one.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) Does not want to go to Philadelphia unless it is absolutely necessary. He recently heard that Mrs. Esther M. Lewis (widow of Lorenzo Lewis) wants to present the harpsichord that was given to Nelly to the MVLA.","Thanks him for copy of the inscription on a bust. He realized he had not copied the pencil sketch of the Destruction of the Bastille. Would JAW please have a photograph of it sent to him for an upcoming book on the history of Mount Vernon. Will send a copy of the book to him in September when it is published.","Acknowledges receipt of $1,000 which completes the payment of $6,000 owed to Mrs. Jane Washington.","The Regent wants JAW to not allow any more sketches to be made of Mount Vernon or the grounds without her consent. Attached is a copy of an advertisement for sale of a portrait of Washington. The Mount Vernon Record gives an account of fund raising to date. Mr. Everett thanks Devereux for sending him a copy of the Farewell Address.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Requests her to send him definite instructions to enable him to prohibit people from making sketches of Mount Vernon.","Tells them he has written to the Regent requesting her instructions about the matter they raised with him.","(Typed transcription enclosed) The Regent now feels that it would \"not be practicable for you to refuse privileges hitherto granted\" in the matter of sketches. There is also a newspaper clipping with letters from JAW and the Regent about the sale of Mount Vernon.","They wrote to him on the 14th as the Regent was prostrated. Requests any material he might have about the area in England where Washington's ancestor came from.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells her of terms under which they ran their steamboat to Mount Vernon. They paid him money with the understanding that he would make repairs to the wharf and footway, under the agreement, but he did not. He ordered his captain to have it done and will retain that money.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses a copy of the previous letter and asks him to advise her as to her response to Mr. Bryan.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham much enjoyed his previous letter and its humor. Hopes he will waive the requisition of 10 days notice before receiving payments. Can give him at least 30 days notice before requiring possession, and hopefully 60 days. She has \"been very much of an invalid for many weeks.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants him to come to Philadelphia around the 10th or 12th so they may consult in regard to the future. They can have the boundary line settled and put many business affairs in order. Miss Cunningham intends to make a payment on the last installment as soon \"as you will receive it.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) He will travel to Philadelphia and meet with her on Wednesday. Will give directions to Messrs. Burke \u0026 Herbert for the last installment.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham wants him to arrive on Thursday and then accompany her to hear Mr. Everett in the evening. She and Mr. Everett would then meet with him on Friday.","(Typed transcription enclosed) He agrees to come to Philadelphia on Thursday and meet as she suggests.","(Typed transcription enclosed) The Regent wants him to \"have the kindness not to speak of the particulars of your interview with her.\" She also requests him to confer with Mr. Herbert, after which Mr. Herbert should meet with Mr. Riggs and let her know the arrangements he would be willing to make. \"This matter she particularly desires should be confidential.\"","Wants him to send him the photographs of the Picture of the Bastille and let him know what he owes for this service. Thanks him for his kindness in all this matter.","Again asks for the photograph of the Bastille picture as his book is finished, and he is only waiting for that.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham regrets that he and Mr. Riggs were unable to meet at Mount Vernon to discuss all it is possible to do without annoyance to the family. Would like to commence work on the outbuildings near the garden and to rebuild the roof and pillars of the piazza. Also wants to do work around the Tomb.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Apologizes for delay in responding to his recent letter, but the news of Captain Cunningham's decease has made it impossible for Miss Cunningham to \"think of even the most pressing business.\"","Thanks him for sending the photograph and encloses $5. Apologizes for keeping three documents for so long. Wants to return the documents and send him a copy of the book in September. Asks whether he may keep the Pohick elevation as it is in Washington's hand.","Details work done on various dresses.","Is sorry to hear that JAW will be leaving Mount Vernon before Hubard can get there to visit. Wants to know whether Mr. Mills does possess the moulds made by Houdon. Wants to see a cast made from the mould as he is convinced it is a fraud.","Cannot say whether the Richmond statue is accurate but to him the head looks identical to the Mount Vernon bust. Has never heard of the moulds being left at Mount Vernon and does not believe Mr. Mills would have removed anything without his permission.","Wants to clarify his original assertion that he feels Houdon did not use the moulds made from Washington's face as he asserts they are very different from the head of Houdon. Also wants to know whether the table on which Washington lay when the moulds were made is still at Mount Vernon.","Thanks him for sending money from the steamboat company for the MVLA.","Will be writing an article for Encyclopedia Britannica and is \"desirous of stating the facts relative to the emancipation of the Genl's slaves.\" Also wants to know whether Mrs. Washington left a will and whether she freed her slaves in it.","Wishes to obtain a copy of the inventory of General Washington's estate.","Makes assertion that General Washington was sued and judgment rendered against him. Also some northern papers are speculating that he lost his money and had mortgaged the Mount Vernon estate for $400,000. Encloses a copy of the certificate of the appraiser as entered in 1810.","Is returning the papers lent to him and sending a copy of his book on Mount Vernon. Thanks him for the use of the papers.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Reminds her that his request for her lawyer to sift through an abstract of his title to Mount Vernon has not been complied with. This would answer questions raised by anonymous persons which have \"caused you some uneasiness.\"","Miss Cunningham wants to conclusively prove the falsehood of assertions of the invalidity of his title to the estate. The Clerk of Fairfax County will attest to the truth but wants to see his father's will and evidence of the payment of $6,000 charged to the estate. Looks forward to putting to rest this falsehood.","Is still waiting for the certificate from the Clerk of Fairfax County. That will give the \"lie to any slander of title.\" Is unable to visit due to his duties in the Legislature.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham thanks him for sending the package of papers and hopes to be able to write herself in a few days about other matters.","Thanks him for sending the papers. Does not appear from them that \"Mrs. Washington emancipated the dower negroes.\" Requests more information on that point.","Sees that Miss Cunningham has published an abstract of title furnished her by the Clerk of Fairfax Court, so imagines she will not require further information. Will soon return the other papers.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Has forwarded to her a package of papers which he recovered, apparently detailing the kinds and locations of trees planted at Mount Vernon.","Tells her his lack of response to her letter is due to being away most of the month and having visits from friends, possibly for the last time at Mount Vernon. Pointed out the lines of the old vistas marked by ancient trees. The insurance policies he had were on the house only, not the outbuildings. Recommends she make a new road. Also recommends repairing the wharf.","Sends a newspaper copy of an advertisement she placed wishing to obtain a copy of the photograph taken the previous August at the tomb of Washington which included her daughter, now deceased. She would like to know if she could obtain a list of the attendees of that day so she might write and request this as it is the only photograph of her daughter.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells her the Association still must raise $140,000 to support the Estate which will require extraordinary effort on the part of the Association. Asks her to address visitors at Mount Vernon on the imperative nature of this.","(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Wants to arrange a \"Grand Ceremonial in connection with the taking of the title\" in order to let people know fund raising is not complete after the purchase. Refers to political turmoil and the impending dissolution of the Union and all the difficulties this will cause. Plans to be at Mount Vernon for 10 days and wants to meet with him to finalize things.","He is fine with executing a deed for the sale of Mount Vernon to the Association and feels there would be no difficulty in the event of his death. He worries about Virginia's seceding from the Union that she might object to selling part of her soil to a corporation composed \"in part of unfriendly foreigners.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham is gratified that he concurs in her proposition and feels her decease would be the most serious difficulty to be apprehended. Wants to meet him at Mount Vernon to place the deed in escrow. Does not feel the possibilities for Virginia he suggested would form a significant barrier.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses an order to Mr. Riggs for steamboat receipts through December 31st. Would be happy to meet her at Mount Vernon.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses the order on Mr. Bryan for the steamboat receipts. Has been paying insurance which continues until June next and has deducted that from the receipts.","Acknowledges his letter but does not need receipts for premiums of insurance.","Reports that Mr. Herbert only wants to clear the lot of land offered him. Also Mr. Norris has rented out his farm. Turner is not sure where he moved to in Kentucky. Discusses acquisition of material to make shirts for servants.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Had not replied to his earlier letter due to excessive fatigue from her journey from Columbia. Hopes to use patriotic influence to get the \"Agent\" to remit or reduce his fee.","Tells him of a minister who will be in Alexandria and is looking for a vacant church where he could officiate.","Funeral was conducted at Waveland. There is a description of the body and the family. Invoked the Gospel. JAW began family prayers following the death of his wife. Description of his activities over the following days.","Asks Mrs. Howard for a biographical sketch of her father (John Augustine Washington III) for the National Cyclopedia of American Biography.","Two leaflets advertising the writings of Dr. Lyon G. Tyler.","Full title \"A Confederate catechism: The war of 1861-1865.\" Third edition, November 21, 1929. Series of 20 questions and answers about the war.","Wants to know whether the Ladies will discuss the purchase of the pictures and maps he has been offering. He will offer them elsewhere.","Photographic print, cabinet card of a drawing of the east view of the Mansion by unknown artist. Reverse side of card reads \"D.H. Naramore, Photographer, No. 321 King Street, Alexandria, VA.\"","Small engraving probably clipped from a publication. Unknown location or residence shown in image.","Hair clippings in envelope with note \"Hair of the late Lawrence Washington - 1856 - Found among articles bequested to MVLA by Miss Cunningham. Miss Comegys, Regent (1923) directs Supt. to send this to the widow of Mr. Lawrence W.\"","Small black and white photographic print showing the gravestone for Lt. Col. John Augustine Washington.","Black and white photographic print mounted on gray board. Shows Waveland residence with man, two women, and several children visible (unidentified).","Boston: Published by Charles Bowen. Front page signed \"Jane C. Washington, Mount Vernon, 1834.\"","Diary inscribed \"Account of all my recpts. \u0026 expenditures beginning with Sept. 16th, 1841, that being the date at which I came to Mount Vernon to reside.\" There are intermittent entries through November 1859. This is not as full a diary but includes lists of food, clothing, and china, table, and cookware.","Includes \"List of Negroes\" and Mount Vernon farming and maintenance details. Loose note at the front reads \"Extracts from the diary of my father\" with notes on this diary and previous ones.","Includes \"List of Negroes\" and Mount Vernon farming and maintenance details.","Photocopies of undated manuscripts from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1834-1838 from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1841-1845 from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1846-1849 from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1851-1853 from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1854-1855 from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1856-1857 from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1858 from the collection. (1 of 2)","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1858 from the collection. (2 of 2)","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1859 from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1860-1861 from the collection.","Handwritten notes probably by a librarian or other Mount Vernon staff member including summaries of the letters within the collection.","Special Collections at The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon","Washington, John Augustine, III, 1821-1861","Cunningham, Ann Pamela, 1816-1875","Ritchie, Anna Cora Mowatt, 1819-1870","Washington, Jane Charlotte Blackburn, 1786-1855","Lossing, Benson John, 1813-1891","Everett, Edward, 1794-1865","Washington, George Corbin, 1789-1854","Lewis, Lawrence, 1767-1839","Lewis, Eleanor Parke Custis, 1779-1852","Davis, Henry Winter, 1817-1865","Bassett, George Washington, 1800-1878","Johnson, Joseph, 1785-1877","Corcoran, W.W. (William Wilson), 1798-1888","Custis, George Washington Parke, 1781-1857","McKenzie, Lewis, 1810-1895","Cunningham, Louisa Bird, 1794-1873","Washington, Eleanor Love Selden, 1824-1860","Taylor, John L. (John Lampkin), 1805-1870","Sparks, Jared, 1789-1866","Washington, Bushrod C. (Bushrod Corbin), 1839-1919","Tyler, Nathaniel, 1828-1917","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["RM.848","/repositories/3/resources/65"],"normalized_title_ssm":["John Augustine Washington III and Mount Vernon Ladies' Association (MVLA) collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["John Augustine Washington III and Mount Vernon Ladies' Association (MVLA) collection"],"collection_ssim":["John Augustine Washington III and Mount Vernon Ladies' Association (MVLA) collection"],"repository_ssm":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"repository_ssim":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"creator_ssm":["Washington, John Augustine, III, 1821-1861","Cunningham, Ann Pamela, 1816-1875","Ritchie, Anna Cora Mowatt, 1819-1870","Washington, Jane Charlotte Blackburn, 1786-1855","Lossing, Benson John, 1813-1891","Everett, Edward, 1794-1865"],"creator_ssim":["Washington, John Augustine, III, 1821-1861","Cunningham, Ann Pamela, 1816-1875","Ritchie, Anna Cora Mowatt, 1819-1870","Washington, Jane Charlotte Blackburn, 1786-1855","Lossing, Benson John, 1813-1891","Everett, Edward, 1794-1865"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Washington, John Augustine, III, 1821-1861","Cunningham, Ann Pamela, 1816-1875","Ritchie, Anna Cora Mowatt, 1819-1870","Washington, Jane Charlotte Blackburn, 1786-1855","Lossing, Benson John, 1813-1891","Everett, Edward, 1794-1865"],"creators_ssim":["Washington, John Augustine, III, 1821-1861","Cunningham, Ann Pamela, 1816-1875","Ritchie, Anna Cora Mowatt, 1819-1870","Washington, Jane Charlotte Blackburn, 1786-1855","Lossing, Benson John, 1813-1891","Everett, Edward, 1794-1865"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":["3 Linear Feet 7 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["3 Linear Feet 7 boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged chronologically with undated material listed at the beginning in alphabetical order by folder title. Addenda, photocopies, and bound volumes are described at the end of the collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged chronologically with undated material listed at the beginning in alphabetical order by folder title. Addenda, photocopies, and bound volumes are described at the end of the collection."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e(Taken from the Digital Encyclopedia entry by Matthew Costello, George Washington's Mount Vernon website)\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJohn Augustine Washington III was the great-grand nephew of George Washington and the last private owner of Mount Vernon. The fourth of five children, he was born on May 3, 1821 to John Augustine Washington II and Jane Charlotte Blackburn Washington. John Augustine spent his young childhood at his parents' Blakeley plantation near present day Charles Town, West Virginia, but after the deaths of Bushrod Washington and his wife Julia in 1829, the Mount Vernon estate became the possession of Bushrod's nephew, John Augustine Washington II. As the son of a wealthy Virginia planter, John Augustine enjoyed a comfortable lifestyle at Mount Vernon, developing interests in politics, hunting, and agriculture. After John Augustine Washington II passed away in June 1832, the estate was left to his widow Jane Charlotte, who vowed to maintain the estate to the best of her ability without involving her children's inheritances. While John Augustine Washington III preferred his more aristocratic pastimes, Jane insisted that he attend college after his father's death. He graduated from the University of Virginia in 1840, returning to Mount Vernon in September 1841 with a proposition to manage the estate for his mother. She agreed, loaning him twenty-two slaves and contracting his employment for five hundred dollars per year for seven years.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAs the oldest living male heir, John Augustine Washington III positioned himself to take possession of Mount Vernon from his mother. While she did not pass away until 1855, she gave John Augustine the proverbial keys to the kingdom, granting him full autonomy to run the plantation as he saw fit. However, John Augustine quickly realized that the deteriorating Mount Vernon estate was a far cry from the profitable plantation that his great-great uncle George Washington once presided over. His primary means of income came from wheat and potato production, woodcutting, selling slaves and outsourcing slave labor, collecting land rents, and his herring operation on the Potomac River. However, soil degradation, poor harvests, temperamental weather, and the devastation of crops by insects and pests limited his agricultural returns. While he managed to slow Mount Vernon's financial decline, these endeavors were not enough to stop the downward spiral. In addition to facing these hardships, John Augustine also experienced constant interruptions by sightseers, many of whom wanted the meet the living descendent of General George Washington, see the Mansion, and ask questions about Washington's life. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThese visitors were considered a nuisance to John Augustine's family, and their presence slowed plantation work for slaves, overseers, and hired farm laborers. Initially John Augustine followed the precedential policies of his mother, father, and uncle Bushrod, publishing trespassing notices around the property, requesting letters of introduction to enter the Mansion, and denying the landing of steamboats on the Potomac River. But with his lands yielding such little profit, John Augustine decided to embrace this historical tourism, implementing business strategies to extract money from the thousands of visitors who journeyed to the home of George Washington. In order to bring more people to the estate, he entered into a contract with the proprietors of the Thomas Collyer to permit their steamboat to dock directly at Mount Vernon. He also promoted and invested in the construction of the Alexandria, Mount Vernon, and Accotink Turnpike Road, which was designed to make travel easier to Mount Vernon over land. As more visitors descended upon the grounds, he instructed slaves and laborers to sell bouquets of flowers, fruit, milk, and hand-carved canes to tourists. Beyond the property boundaries, he went into business with James Crutchett, who purchased timber from the estate and manufactured wooden Washington trinkets near the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad depot in the nation's capital. While John Augustine Washington capitalized on the American fascination with George Washington, these sales were not substantial enough to convince him to retain Mount Vernon. He attempted to sell the property to both the federal government and the state of Virginia, but both bodies were deeply mired in sectional and political partisanship. Convinced that neither would meet his terms, he agreed to sell 200 acres of the Mount Vernon estate, which included the Mansion, outlying buildings, and the family tomb to the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association (MVLA) in 1858 for $200,000. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJohn Augustine and his family vacated Mount Vernon for their new home Waveland plantation in February 1860. About a year later the state of Virginia called for a convention to debate the issue of secession, and in April 1861, Virginia delegates responded to the firing on Fort Sumter by voting in favor of leaving the Union. John Augustine joined the Confederate Army as a lieutenant colonel, and he served as aide-de-camp to his relative by marriage, General Robert E. Lee. In September 1861, John Augustine was killed during a reconnaissance mission at the Battle of Cheat Mountain by a Union bushwhacker. In a letter to John's teenage daughter Louisa, Lee painfully informed her that her father \"fell in the cause to which he had devoted all his energies, and which his noble heart was earnestly enlisted.\" The two men had shared many conversations and moments together as tent mates, and Lee admired his unflinching \"devotion to Almighty God,\" assuring Louisa that \"He is now safely in Heaven.\" John Augustine was buried in the Zion Episcopal Churchyard in Charles Town, West Virginia, one of several Washington family members who fought and died for Southern independence. \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["(Taken from the Digital Encyclopedia entry by Matthew Costello, George Washington's Mount Vernon website)","John Augustine Washington III was the great-grand nephew of George Washington and the last private owner of Mount Vernon. The fourth of five children, he was born on May 3, 1821 to John Augustine Washington II and Jane Charlotte Blackburn Washington. John Augustine spent his young childhood at his parents' Blakeley plantation near present day Charles Town, West Virginia, but after the deaths of Bushrod Washington and his wife Julia in 1829, the Mount Vernon estate became the possession of Bushrod's nephew, John Augustine Washington II. As the son of a wealthy Virginia planter, John Augustine enjoyed a comfortable lifestyle at Mount Vernon, developing interests in politics, hunting, and agriculture. After John Augustine Washington II passed away in June 1832, the estate was left to his widow Jane Charlotte, who vowed to maintain the estate to the best of her ability without involving her children's inheritances. While John Augustine Washington III preferred his more aristocratic pastimes, Jane insisted that he attend college after his father's death. He graduated from the University of Virginia in 1840, returning to Mount Vernon in September 1841 with a proposition to manage the estate for his mother. She agreed, loaning him twenty-two slaves and contracting his employment for five hundred dollars per year for seven years.","As the oldest living male heir, John Augustine Washington III positioned himself to take possession of Mount Vernon from his mother. While she did not pass away until 1855, she gave John Augustine the proverbial keys to the kingdom, granting him full autonomy to run the plantation as he saw fit. However, John Augustine quickly realized that the deteriorating Mount Vernon estate was a far cry from the profitable plantation that his great-great uncle George Washington once presided over. His primary means of income came from wheat and potato production, woodcutting, selling slaves and outsourcing slave labor, collecting land rents, and his herring operation on the Potomac River. However, soil degradation, poor harvests, temperamental weather, and the devastation of crops by insects and pests limited his agricultural returns. While he managed to slow Mount Vernon's financial decline, these endeavors were not enough to stop the downward spiral. In addition to facing these hardships, John Augustine also experienced constant interruptions by sightseers, many of whom wanted the meet the living descendent of General George Washington, see the Mansion, and ask questions about Washington's life. ","These visitors were considered a nuisance to John Augustine's family, and their presence slowed plantation work for slaves, overseers, and hired farm laborers. Initially John Augustine followed the precedential policies of his mother, father, and uncle Bushrod, publishing trespassing notices around the property, requesting letters of introduction to enter the Mansion, and denying the landing of steamboats on the Potomac River. But with his lands yielding such little profit, John Augustine decided to embrace this historical tourism, implementing business strategies to extract money from the thousands of visitors who journeyed to the home of George Washington. In order to bring more people to the estate, he entered into a contract with the proprietors of the Thomas Collyer to permit their steamboat to dock directly at Mount Vernon. He also promoted and invested in the construction of the Alexandria, Mount Vernon, and Accotink Turnpike Road, which was designed to make travel easier to Mount Vernon over land. As more visitors descended upon the grounds, he instructed slaves and laborers to sell bouquets of flowers, fruit, milk, and hand-carved canes to tourists. Beyond the property boundaries, he went into business with James Crutchett, who purchased timber from the estate and manufactured wooden Washington trinkets near the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad depot in the nation's capital. While John Augustine Washington capitalized on the American fascination with George Washington, these sales were not substantial enough to convince him to retain Mount Vernon. He attempted to sell the property to both the federal government and the state of Virginia, but both bodies were deeply mired in sectional and political partisanship. Convinced that neither would meet his terms, he agreed to sell 200 acres of the Mount Vernon estate, which included the Mansion, outlying buildings, and the family tomb to the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association (MVLA) in 1858 for $200,000. ","John Augustine and his family vacated Mount Vernon for their new home Waveland plantation in February 1860. About a year later the state of Virginia called for a convention to debate the issue of secession, and in April 1861, Virginia delegates responded to the firing on Fort Sumter by voting in favor of leaving the Union. John Augustine joined the Confederate Army as a lieutenant colonel, and he served as aide-de-camp to his relative by marriage, General Robert E. Lee. In September 1861, John Augustine was killed during a reconnaissance mission at the Battle of Cheat Mountain by a Union bushwhacker. In a letter to John's teenage daughter Louisa, Lee painfully informed her that her father \"fell in the cause to which he had devoted all his energies, and which his noble heart was earnestly enlisted.\" The two men had shared many conversations and moments together as tent mates, and Lee admired his unflinching \"devotion to Almighty God,\" assuring Louisa that \"He is now safely in Heaven.\" John Augustine was buried in the Zion Episcopal Churchyard in Charles Town, West Virginia, one of several Washington family members who fought and died for Southern independence. "],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Name and date of item], John Augustine Washington III and Mount Vernon Ladies' Association (MVLA) Collection, [Folder], Special Collections, The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon [hereafter Washington Library], Mount Vernon, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Name and date of item], John Augustine Washington III and Mount Vernon Ladies' Association (MVLA) Collection, [Folder], Special Collections, The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon [hereafter Washington Library], Mount Vernon, Virginia."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis diary may not actually be part of accession RM-848 as it is not mentioned in the initial inventory/correspondence. However, it was in the same box as the other diaries and the almanac when found on the shelf, therefore it was described with the collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["This diary may not actually be part of accession RM-848 as it is not mentioned in the initial inventory/correspondence. However, it was in the same box as the other diaries and the almanac when found on the shelf, therefore it was described with the collection."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eEarly Records of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association ;\nPapers of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association ;\nJohn Augustine Washington III and Eleanor Love Selden Correspondence ;\nJohn Augustine Washington III and Descendants Papers ;\nHistoric Manuscripts Collection\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Early Records of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association ;\nPapers of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association ;\nJohn Augustine Washington III and Eleanor Love Selden Correspondence ;\nJohn Augustine Washington III and Descendants Papers ;\nHistoric Manuscripts Collection"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection concerns the inheritance, maintenance, and sale of the Mount Vernon estate by its last private owner, John Augustine Washington III. A large majority of the collection is correspondence to or from John Augustine Washington III with a significant portion relating to the purchase of the estate by the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. Three diaries kept by John Augustine are also included and contain important information about his slaves, agricultural practices, and finances. Other types of material in the collection include legal documents, receipts, photographs, and ephemera. Photocopies were made for most of the manuscripts and can be viewed as surrogates to the originals. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDescendants of John Augustine Washington III maintained ownership of these records until 1990 when they were sold to Gary Hendershott, a manuscripts dealer from Little Rock, Arkansas. The Mount Vernon Ladies' Association purchased the collection in October 1990.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLists signatures and states that all members of Congress would sign if requested.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eStates they are now the \"best of friends.\" She is angry at people who denigrate his motives. Wants to make known his true nature.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Ritchie requests he arrive at the theatre a little after 12:00 so all guests may be seated prior to the rise of the curtain.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eShe had sent her present of flowers to Mrs. Madison, and they were \"greatfully\" received.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHis mother wants help valuing her sheep. Describes one offer for Mount Vernon with great disdain. They want to have entertainments there. He has great respect for \"your manly pride.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eApologizes for having intruded too much on his privacy during a recent visit when Mrs. Ritchie and others of the ladies \"took forcible possession of me\" and requested cuttings of flowers. Hopes he will establish a Botanic Garden and suggests a location for a Mausoleum.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDescribes her return from Mount Vernon in much rain. Discusses crops. Gives instructions for sending things to her. Asks report of conversation that was \"highly derogatory to me.\" Feels items should be sold to visitors so they will not pilfer mementos.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUrges sale of Mount Vernon to Virginia rather than to a private sale.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eResolution wants to change the site of the Military Asylum to Mount Vernon if a part of the estate can be purchased at a reasonable price.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIntroduces some friends who wish to visit Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGives family news and an account of a visit by a gentleman who spent the night at Mount Vernon and gave $5 to West Ford. Discusses sale of a slave to his cousin. Has heard of a bill by the federal government to purchase Mount Vernon and wishes it would be accepted. Mentions prices and terms.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs sending oats and other items to Mount Vernon. Urges him to pursue his studies. Wishes him to send some oysters and sugar.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSends funds for completing the vault at Mount Vernon and authorizes him to take more money from his bank if necessary.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThanks him for the many civilities experienced by them during their visit to Mount Vernon. Sends a piece of a branch of a fig tree cut from the birth spot of \"your immortal ancestor.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs against his plans for Mount Vernon and opening it to \"every low idler.\" Discusses payments and what form they would take.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBrief note of regards, translated by J. Perkins.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHeard about people being charged to enter the garden. Wishes he would stop this.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWants to know price and terms of sale of Mount Vernon. If not for sale, could it be leased. (Contains typed transcript.)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWas glad to hear that Mount Vernon was not for sale as it should remain in the hands of the Washington family. Wishes to \"establish a house of entertainment in the vicinity of Mount Vernon.\" Asks questions as to materials and location of such. (Contains typed transcript.)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs in the market to purchase negroes as one of his men, Alfred, has run off. Wants to know whether she still wishes to dispose of her negroes and what her price would be. He could pay $500 cash and then pay off the principal in a year or two.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLists names of executors and legatees and their shares and values.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTells him of an upcoming visit to Washington and Mount Vernon by a \"highly respectable volunteer corps.\" They wish to arrive by boat and see the tomb of Washington. He understands permission to do so is necessary.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs worried his health is suffering by his labors at Mount Vernon. Hopes he will accept any reasonable offer by the U.S. Government for it. Went into town to have magistrates witness her acknowledgment of the deed of release. Discusses a suit brought by Judge Douglass and the health of various family members.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDoubts whether an offer will be made by the U.S. Government. Hopes it would as she feels his health is suffering from attending to business at Mount Vernon. Recommends someone to help him acquire an overseer. Was paid money for him. Discusses the failing health of Dr. Alexander's mother and others.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs horrified to learn of auction of Wood Lawn. Proposes to run a steamboat between Washington to Wood Lawn, Fort Washington, Mount Vernon, and the White House. Gives references. Pledges to bring members of Congress there and feels it would enhance the chances of the purchase of Mount Vernon by the government. Suggests it could be used as a summer home for the President. Discusses various items left by Washington and the soon to be completed Chesapeake \u0026amp; Ohio Canal. (contains typed transcript)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTells him of a letter he received from an unknown man who wants to obtain a tree from Mount Vernon to transplant in France to shade the bench of Christopher Columbus which he possesses.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRecommends leaving it to Congress to propose a price for the purchase of Mount Vernon. She feels he wants too much for it, and that it really should not be sold. Gives family news. Gives advice on his search for an overseer.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFirst letter discusses the Supreme Court taking on the suit of Mr. Hammond against General Washington. Bassett says he discharged all debts owed by Captain Lewis. There is another copy of the names of executors and legatees and their shares and values. Discussions of various debts owed to different people.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscusses various suits, mostly Hammonds, against the estate and their current status. Many people have died since 1827 when they were last listed. Will take a long time to find people.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscussion of the Hammond suit and payments still owed to various creditors, to be paid by all the legatees of General Washington's estate. Most dollar figures are left blank to be filled in later. Prompt payment by all legatees is required.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscusses his father's will and his lack of knowledge of the whereabouts of various other people mentioned in JAW's letter.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAnswering his inquiries as to various relatives. Suggests he write to the clerk of Kanawha County for the information he requires. Suggests he contact Andrew Parks who probably has all the facts.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscusses sale of swamp land. He paid the taxes on it for the Washington heirs. The land is not worth much since the timber had been taken from it by many people over the years. Would like to be reimbursed for the money he paid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe wishes to meet with him in the middle of November, at which time they can conclude their business.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscusses the bill in Congress to purchase Mount Vernon. Wants assets divided up between her children so all are taken care of. Tells of Charles' upcoming marriage before he leaves for California.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscusses the codicil of his father's will. Mrs. Washington is not compelled to sell. Upon her death, the heirs may sell despite the codicil. Suggests Mrs. Washington partition the land before her death in order that JAW may do \"what you please with the land.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eInvites him to the wedding of his oldest daughter the next week.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHas been in Charlestown attending services for the week. Is amazed at the prospect of $200,000 being paid for Mount Vernon by the government. Wants him to send fish and to pickle some \"Rock.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription included) George Page and a surveyor from Maryland wanted to survey land in the Potomac River adjacent to Mount Vernon with the object of bringing steamboats there. Was notified he would be charged with some offense by Maryland. Makes him aware that the compact between the states means they have no claim on him.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFirst letter – wants to know if Mount Vernon Estate will be sold. Second letter – understands the government might become the owner of the estate and wants to meet.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWants him to petition the Court to finally settle the estate of General Washington.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFirst letter – wants to examine Mount Vernon with a view to the establishment of a military asylum for the relief of soldiers. Second letter – tells him the price for Mount Vernon is too high, and purchase of a location nearer Washington will be undertaken.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAn account by a boat company of receipts over the past year.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscusses the landing of boats at Mount Vernon without JAW's previous knowledge. Wants them to be allowed to dock if they pay the usual fare to him.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAcknowledges payment for the pianoforte. Wants four walking sticks cut from near General Washington's tomb to be sent to monks in Italy.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAgreement to sell 200 acres of Mount Vernon for $200,000. Includes all buildings and the tomb, as well as furnishings currently there. Also will allow heirs to be buried there. He may not sell the estate without first offering it to the U.S. Government and the State of Virginia for no more than $350,000.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHas been unable to contact other parties to the contract. Hopes to be able to do so soon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA committee of the House of Delegates has been appointed to consider the purchase of Mount Vernon. Wants to meet him in Alexandria to discuss this.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEncloses a newspaper clipping about the acquisition of Mount Vernon by the State of Virginia. Tells him the committee of five will look into the will of the people as to this acquisition.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAddressed only to \"Mrs. Washington.\" Unclear whether it is addressed to Mrs. Jane C.B. Washington or Mrs. Eleanor L.S. Washington. (Typed transcription included) Has heard that Mount Vernon is for sale, possibly to northern people. Feels the Ladies of the South might instead procure it and wants to know the price.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDoes not wish to part with Mount Vernon but wishes to keep it from the changeable fortunes of a family and to ally it to the State. Would sell 200 acres with stipulations for $200,000. If the State wants to establish a model farm there, he would sell an additional 1,000 acres for $300,000. Invites them to visit.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscusses his offer to sell Mount Vernon to the state. Says $200,000 is less than the property could sell for on the market. Talks about having a model farm as nothing meant more to Washington than farming. Would welcome them to visit. Reminds them that his terms cannot be materially modified.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription included) Says he is asking less money of the state than he had been offered by others. Tells them of his desire for a model farm as the pursuit of an improved system of agriculture was of great importance to General Washington. Would welcome a visit from them.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWants to clear up suggestions that he is falsely referring to higher offers for Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Committee feels the price for Mount Vernon \"is enormous.\" Would prefer the money to be used for a rail road.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDraft in writing of John Augustine Washington III. Addressed to \"Miss Cunningham\" but could also be a response to Louisa Cunningham's letter instead of Ann Pamela Cunningham. Praises the women of the south for their affection for Washington. Does not wish to dispose of the property except to the government of the United States or Virginia and so declines the proposition from the \"Ladies of the South.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDraft thought to be in the writing of Jane C.B. Washington. Identical text to previous letter (draft in the hand of John Augustine Washington III).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEncloses a power of attorney and some other letters. Has agreed to reduction of $50,000 on 1000 acres. Will accept nothing less than $200,000 for the 200 acres. Agrees to pay him 5% of what he gets from either government agency, provided it occurs in the current session.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe state might be willing to pay $50,000 per year for four years for Mount Vernon but not the total of $200,000 at once. Wonders what is happening with the federal government. \"Things are coming to a head rapidly.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs long as negotiations with Virginia remain open, it would not be proper for him to entertain any proposals from other parties for the purchase of Mount Vernon. Might be interested in the future in making an offer.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFeels priority should be given to Congress to purchase Mount Vernon, and therefore Virginia is holding off on more committee meetings. Wants him to be there for future committee meetings.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUrges him to meet with Arthur Taylor as his representative in the proposed sale of Mount Vernon. Requests that he not send papers to Col. Bissell before meeting with him.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHas the papers from Mr. Washington and wants to meet with him to discuss the sale of Mount Vernon to the U.S. Government.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssures him that he has not given the letters from him to Mr. Bissell and has requested Mr. Taylor to come see him.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEncloses the previous letter and hopes they will be able to meet soon. Feels it best to not commit to any course with the U.S. until a definite answer comes from the Virginia Legislature.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eInvites him to come to his lodgings at any time at 9 a.m.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs unable to return to his \"hospitable roof\" at this time. Values the time she was there and having been \"entrusted with the training of such bright intelligences.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReports on his share of earnings from \"Washington's Writings.\" Many copies of the book were destroyed in a fire, but the stereotype and engraved plates were in a fire proof vault.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFeels it is very important for him to communicate with the federal government and is willing to help in any way.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Taylor shared his letter proposing to bring the subject of the purchase of Mount Vernon again before Congress. His terms are already known to him – the same as those agreed to for the State of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWants to bring up the purchase of Mount Vernon in Congress but wants to know just what terms he agreed to with Virginia. Wants the Northern States to purchase it.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGives terms of sale, including that family members still living may also be buried there. Additional property to total 1000 acres may be purchased for $300,000, for a model farm as suggested by Gen. Washington. Tells him the state of Virginia had proposed the sale for less than he wanted which he refused.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEncloses a copy of the bill reported to the House of Delegates Committee for the purchase of Mount Vernon. He told them it would not meet with JAW's approval. Urges him to move quickly on the Turnpike matter for this session.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs very desirous of having the State of Virginia take possession of Mount Vernon and \"have the sole control and ownership forever.\" Wants to know what terms he proposes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGives him the terms of sale. The Washington family shall be permitted to be buried on the site, and no remains shall ever be disturbed. The price shall be $200,000, with an additional 800 acres available for $100,000 more\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWill not accede to propositions of the steamboat company. Will be busy for a few weeks but wants to see a copy of the agreement currently in effect.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTells him of Mrs. Mason presenting \"a remonstrance against your turnpike.\" Wants access to $250 at Farmers Bank in Alexandria.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscusses payments based on sales of \"Washington's Writings.\" Tells percentages paid to various legatees.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscusses quarrelling and squabbling among the ladies purchasing Mount Vernon. Is concerned about security around the remains of George Washington.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWants him to send a letter to him so he may correct disparaging remarks made about his impending sale of Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs writing to her as requested by JAW. Describes a woman mourning her deceased eight-year-old son. Includes a poem about grief and moving on after death of a child.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Mr. Mason very much wants to meet him and getting a letter from JAW that would announce the news of their \"progress.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Thanks him for the kindness of him and Mrs. Washington on her recent visit to Mount Vernon. Urges him to send a letter to be published about the sale of Mount Vernon before the news is released by someone else.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Assures her he does not care what others say about him and remains hopeful of selling Mount Vernon to the State of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Explains the absence of Mr. Toombs when JAW came to see him. Tells him why she is now dealing with Mr. Toombs rather than Mr. Mason.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Hopes to meet him in Washington City as she will be there for a few days during her travel south. Wants a thorough understanding of his wishes and intentions before meeting with the governor of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWants him to reconsider his determination as expressed in his letter in the National Intelligencer and put the estate under the care of the State of Virginia. (This is a copy of a letter written by Anna's husband.) Second letter, dated March 5, 1857 on same paper: Refers to letter copied out by her. Is certain a sufficient sum will have been raised by February 22 to enable Virginia to purchase Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUrges him to reconsider his determination as expressed in his letter to the National Intelligencer and consent to place the estate once more at the disposal of Virginia which has an arrangement with the \"Ladies' Mount Vernon Association of the Union.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHis musical association played a concert on behalf of the \"Ladies Mt. Vernon Association\" at which $100 was raised. The musical group would benefit greatly from receiving this money back if Mr. Washington has no plans to sell to the Ladies Association.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWould love to spend time at Mount Vernon, but his schedule will not allow at this time. His book will be published during the winter and spring, but he doesn't feel a visit would add anything.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe remains willing to place Mount Vernon in the hands of the State of Virginia, under his terms which the state has not seemed to want to meet. The proposal to have Mount Vernon by under the Mount Vernon Ladies Association of the Union is unacceptable to him. Doubts they could maintain the estate in perpetuity. It would then be taken over by the state.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Identical to previous letter.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Responding to his letter to Mr. Ritchie. Urges him to put out that the Ladies are to raise $200,000 on behalf of the State of Virginia for the purchase of Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Does not wish to publish parts of letters. Feels \"nothing but silent contempt can put them at rest.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(W.L. Underwood – most likely Warner Lewis Underwood, Kentucky Senator) Tells JAW that if his current negotiations for Mount Vernon should fall through that his organization would be pleased to enter into further discussions.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAgain says he wishes Mount Vernon to go to the State of Virginia, to be decided upon by the current session of the General Assembly.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants to know who told her that he was \"willing… for a pecuniary consideration to break engagements and promises.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Masonic Brotherhood is interested in purchasing Mount Vernon. Thanks him for the tour the previous day. Apologizes for the bad behavior of one member and hopes that will not prejudice him against the Fraternity.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) She met with the governor who told her the \"Extra Session\" of the Legislature was for the \"presidential contest,\" so the Legislature will not be meeting again until the next winter. Realizes this delay is not pleasing to him.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eInquires whether any action has been taken by the Legislature or is likely to be.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTells him no action has yet been taken by the Legislature but feels sure it will be taken up after the Christmas recess, after which the ladies will be enabled to purchase Mount Vernon and have its title transferred to Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscusses various prices for Mount Vernon and quotes JAW as vehemently denying that he wanted the remains of General Washington moved. He wishes the estate to be the property of the United States and all the people.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells him she has been very ill but is sure that the Legislature will act.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Labeled as Private. Tells him Gov. Wise is \"inimical to our 'cause'\" which is the reason the Legislature has not taken up the subject of the purchase of Mount Vernon.\" Talks of the financial crisis which is being felt by \"we victimized cotton planters.\" Tells him of the impending sale of copies of a portrait of Washington.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) She writes of her illness and lack of strength. The Constitution of the Association was signed by the governor. Tells him various Masonic orders have decided to become allies of the Association. Hopes to have the contract signed between Virginia and him on the 22nd of February.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eInvites recipient to the elevation of the Statue of Washington on February 22 in Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Labeled as Private. Is looking forward to the inauguration of the Washington statue. Wants him to vow that the Ladies of the Association are the \"very best friends you have in the world.\" Tells him that Gov. Wise is no friend to him or to her and this cause.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Has a document that states Virginia will purchase Mount Vernon from him and encloses a copy of the bill. Is sure the governor will act strongly to defeat this. Wants him to attend the address by Mr. Everett a few days before the 22nd of February. Tells him how lucky he is to get $200,000 in \"these awful times.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGives price of sale of $200,000 for 200 acres of the Mount Vernon estate and pledges the MVLA to guarantee to not disturb any remains currently there and to allow descendants of JAW to also be interred there.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Praises him for agreeing that Mount Vernon is to be a public shrine and to limit interments there. Gen. Chapman included that in the third reading of the bill. Discusses the building of a new mausoleum for Washington which would not go against his will. Talks of her illness.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells her the disposition of family remains, as well as those of General Washington, are his biggest concerns in the sale.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Hopes he is happy about the bill as read in the Legislature. Tells him it is she and not the Committee who wants to arrange for a magnificent mausoleum. Closes by saying she is too exhausted to \"even give a hint of the nature of woman's revenge should you not be in a state of delight over our bill!!!\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Remains adamant as to a future mausoleum as Washington stated where he wished his remains to be. Cannot travel to Richmond at present due to the illness of Mrs. Washington.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Agreement ends with reference to the 10th of February) Deals with payment of $6,000 to heirs of W.F. Alexander and Anna Alexander as a share of Mount Vernon. Expressly says none of these heirs have any claim to the proceeds arising from a sale of Mount Vernon, other than the $6,000.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells him that though Gov. Wise is no friend to the Mount Vernon cause, he did not intend to put his remarks under the head of Lunatic Asylum. It was a complete accident.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses another article by Mr. Pryor who is \"using his art to arouse the fear, \u0026amp; cupidity of the timid \u0026amp; narrow minded of this Legislature.\" Asks him about his previous offer from a company to purchase the estate, and that he wanted to wait for Congress to act.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) States that his price for Mount Vernon has always been $200,000, since he gained control of it in 1849. Asks whether he ever made an offer for Mount Vernon for $100,000. If so, under whose authority was it made?\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants to confirm with him that his offer to sell Mount Vernon as a site for the Military Asylum in 1851 was for $200,000 and not $100,000.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells her of a contract with a gentleman to sell him 200 acres of Mount Vernon for $200,000 with the condition that the property should be offered to the U.S. and to Virginia. If neither purchased it, he should take the property. He then offered $50,000 to release him from that obligation, but JAW refused. Says he never has offered it for sale in public or private.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSays he was authorized by JAW to offer Mount Vernon for a Military Asylum for $100,000. Will search for papers to confirm this.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Advises that on March 25, 1851, he made an offer to sell about 150 acres of the Mount Vernon estate for $200,000 for an Army Asylum or some other government purpose.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Labeled as Private. Thanks him for sending a copy of the correspondence of Gen. Scott. Miss C. is intensely engaged in getting past Mr. Pryor's malicious misrepresentation of the Bill. If he can defeat us, he will.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReiterates that Alexander and his heirs have no claim to any proceeds arising from a sale of Mount Vernon beyond the agreed upon $6,000 and requests him to add a paragraph to that effect to the agreement they will both sign.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants him to come see her in Richmond, despite his recent fall. Refers to the animosity of Mr. Pryor toward the bill. Wishes there could be an Extra Session for it to pass.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAgain states his disagreement with Mr. McKenzie's assertion of his having offered $100,000 for Mount Vernon. No one else knew of such an offer. Gen. Scott agrees with JAW in his recollections. Tells her of a recent fall from a horse which will prevent his visit to Richmond on the 22nd.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUrges him and his family to attend the inauguration of the equestrian statue of Washington on the Capital Square in Richmond. Says he would be pleased to host them at their home near the city.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Is uncertain whether he will be able to travel to Richmond and wants her to update him on matters related to the Bill as \"I have not in any manner approached\" any of his friends or acquaintances on the subject. It is important for her to convince members that the association only needs the name of the State which will not be called upon to pay any of the money for the purchase.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham begs him to attend Mr. Everett's oration and hopes to speak to him on the Square tomorrow.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Continues to be unwell. Introduces him to Mr. A.H.H. Dawson of Georgia, \"an eccentric genius.\" He is devoted to the purposes of the Association and has delivered an address about it in 30 towns in Georgia. Urges him to come to Richmond to meet with members of the Legislature.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Is sorry he was unable to call on her before leaving Richmond. Wants clarification about alterations Mr. Yancy thought necessary in the paper he left with her. He wants a decision by the Legislature, yes or no, soon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells him that the Legislature is \"in a row\" and will not pass any bills before an Extra Session. Wants him to bring a contract to her so they are prepared for any contingencies. Tells him of her illness of the lungs and her treatment.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Reiterates the importance of the sanctity of the family burying ground. Wants to have some alterations and additions of a substantial permanent character made to the present vault, with a durable enclosure around it. He is open to payment in stocks or cash for the estate. Says they should have an act of incorporation before signing a contract.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Gen. Chapman was drawing up an act of incorporation before the bill comes up. He said Virginia must not hold the tomb; the Association must hold it. She remains very ill. \"yrs in much suffering\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs preparing a pamphlet to defend JAW against detractors and wants copies of correspondence he had with Gen. Scott and others about possible purchase of Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) The bill in Virginia for the purchase of Mount Vernon, to be refunded by the MVLA, was defeated in the House of Delegates. In addition Congress cannot purchase land in a sovereign state without its consent. Tells him it should be the property of the Nation and should be sold to the MVLA. \"With grateful women pledged to guard the sacred ashes of Washington and to adorn his home for a national shrine.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Says it has become obvious that neither Virginia nor the U.S. wish to purchase Mount Vernon. Therefore \"the women of the land will probably be the safest as they will certainly be the purest guardians of a national shrine.\" He waits for her to make a proposal to him.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham requests that he answer the letter she gave him relating to the purchase of Mount Vernon and to return it to her. She will give him a copy.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Is returning her letter to him as it seemed to be improperly dated and lacked her signature. When she remedies those defects, he will send an answer.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants to meet with him on Saturday morning in Alexandria to sign the contract.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Is very unhappy about delays put forth by Messrs. Macfarland \u0026amp; Myers. They felt there had to be an acceptance of the contract by all or a majority of the Vice Regents before it could be signed. They can do this by telegraph, permitting Mrs. Ritchie to act for them.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Urges him to come without delay. It was thought things would be delayed as Mrs. Walton's husband had died, but now Mr. McFarland advised them to send for him at once. Miss Cunningham is not good and needs to bring matters to a close \"ere it be too late.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants him to come see her that afternoon or evening as Dr. Beale \"considers it necessary to apply a severe blister without delay.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Upon reflection she feels the letter she sent him for publication is not to be published. She does not wish to \"make enemies even in a State which has given me so little cause to respect it.\" Mrs. Ritchie will work on a better worded one which she will send to him.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe deposited money to his credit for the contract and wants to know if this was correct. Tells him the pony he was inquiring about is not for sale. Also felt much concern about the accounts of the fisheries. Looks forward to a visit with him.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses the plat of the 200 acres of land he agreed to sell to the MVLA. Wants him to sign it and return it.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) About the plat, he is having the land resurveyed and \"have the necessary corners stones set.\" He will send it back with a signature after that. Also encloses her letter of March 12 and wants a copy of her letter as published with her signature.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWants to know if George Thorburn may visit Mount Vernon in the 28th of May to inspect the grounds in regards to the improvements to be made. He is \"no doubt the first horticulturist in America\" and a plain, unpolished person. It would be good for JAW's surveyor to meet with Mr. Thorburn to go over the grounds.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe is \"exceedingly provoked\" at the newspaper coverage in connection with the sale of Mount Vernon. As a college friend he felt he had to contact an editor and correct the information. He hopes he did not make the situation worse.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAgain requests he host the \"celebrated florist\" at Mount Vernon to look over the grounds before they come to Mount Vernon on the 29th for a few hours.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAgrees to have Mr. Thorburn come and meet with surveyors. Asks if Mr. Thorburn could be appointed the Agent of the Association in drawing up with the surveyors the lines of the 200 acres. He will \"grant any reasonable request of the Association.\" Hopes to see Mr. Ritchie and her while he yet resides at Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe first attests to receipt of interest on the $6,000 owed to Mrs. Jane Washington. \tThe second is for $2,000 as part of the $6,000 owed.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUrges him to reduce the price of Mount Vernon to $150,000 so as to better fund all the expenses associated with its ownership by the MVLA. Tells him to buy land in \"some of the new states\" with that money.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWants to know what stocks or bonds would be acceptable as part of the purchase price. Gives the current rate of Virginia stock.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAcknowledges his decline to the proposition.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReplying to a previous letter. Cannot answer the questions of Miss Lewis as he does not remember where Col. Fielding Lewis died. Her wishes are an illusion. Wonders if some land in Kentucky is what she is dreaming of. Hopes the Ladies will be able to preserve Mount Vernon after they complete the purchase.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs a new Mason, wants to know if he will amend the contract to state that the property will revert to the United States or the Masonic Fraternity in the event of a dissolution of the MVLA and not to the state of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWrites to her cousin about an article in the paper that morning that was a \"vile abolition libel on you.\" Wants to assure her lady friends that it is untrue.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs involved in illustrating an article about Mount Vernon as it is of interest to the American people. Wants to visit to sketch objects that have not been drawn. The MVLA is in favor of such an article to assist with their fund raising.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs amazed at the scurrilous attacks made on him by Northern Papers which are calculated to embarrass the Mount Vernon Association.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Thanks him for his letter about the calumnies in some Northern newspapers but has no desire to enter into a controversy with the papers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Wants him to tell her of his agreement with Mr. Crutchett of Mount Vernon Cane Factory who was given permission to come and cut trees on the estate. Asks what value he puts on the remainder of the estate contiguous to the 200 acres.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Gives details of his contract with Mr. Crutchett which expired in February 1856. He was permitted to take more trees before January 1857. He has no right to \"come upon the property I have sold the Association to cut timber.\" Has not put a price on the remainder of Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThanks him for the hospitality given to him and his sister on their visit to Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham was happy to hear his account of the transactions with Mr. Crutchett. Wants him to come to Philadelphia to confer upon private matters of great importance to the Association and himself. She is equally interested in the final settlement of the boundary lines.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFirst letter (incomplete) congratulates him on the sale of Mount Vernon. Requests return of portrait of his mother. Second letter thanks him for agreeing to return the portrait. He and his family would very much like to visit Mount Vernon again before it becomes public.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHopes he can come to Washington to meet with him. Wants Mr. Washington to stay with him to \"pay off the debt of visiting you at Mt. Vernon.\" Miss Cunningham is making arrangements to pay the first bond with interest in December.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Looks forward to making payment of the first installment. Mr. Riggs will pay sums of $5,000 as soon as it is raised. Hopes to be able to pay the remainder of 2d installment on 1st of January 1859. Begs him to keep these matters as a \"profound secret.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMiss Cunningham wants to make the first payment on December 14, the anniversary of Washington's death.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTells him of payment to Burke \u0026amp; Herbert of $10,000 on that day.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTells him the box containing the chairs has not yet arrived. He wants to be allowed to pay for the repairs necessary to the chairs. Invites him and his family to visit him in Richmond before they go farther away from it.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Wants to make the first payment on the 1st, but this is a holiday. Urges him not to risk sending the plat executed by Washington himself but to have it be lithographed. Wants to clear up the boundaries. Tells him to keep the discussion of the sale of additional land private.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWants to gather branches from the estate in order to make canes to sell to aid in the purchase of Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTheir project would require the consent of the Regent of the MVLA.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Confidential) Miss Cunningham is too ill to reply to his last letter. Lets him know his presence might be required on the 22nd but all arrangements must be kept private. The upcoming payment will be about $14,000.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Urges him to accept the money already paid to him (for the \"selling your relations bones.\") He already received more money than the estate was worth. Note on the letter states he ensured his control over the remains in \"such a way that they can never be sold by any one.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Does not want to go to Philadelphia unless it is absolutely necessary. He recently heard that Mrs. Esther M. Lewis (widow of Lorenzo Lewis) wants to present the harpsichord that was given to Nelly to the MVLA.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThanks him for copy of the inscription on a bust. He realized he had not copied the pencil sketch of the Destruction of the Bastille. Would JAW please have a photograph of it sent to him for an upcoming book on the history of Mount Vernon. Will send a copy of the book to him in September when it is published.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAcknowledges receipt of $1,000 which completes the payment of $6,000 owed to Mrs. Jane Washington.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Regent wants JAW to not allow any more sketches to be made of Mount Vernon or the grounds without her consent. Attached is a copy of an advertisement for sale of a portrait of Washington. The Mount Vernon Record gives an account of fund raising to date. Mr. Everett thanks Devereux for sending him a copy of the Farewell Address.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Requests her to send him definite instructions to enable him to prohibit people from making sketches of Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTells them he has written to the Regent requesting her instructions about the matter they raised with him.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) The Regent now feels that it would \"not be practicable for you to refuse privileges hitherto granted\" in the matter of sketches. There is also a newspaper clipping with letters from JAW and the Regent about the sale of Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThey wrote to him on the 14th as the Regent was prostrated. Requests any material he might have about the area in England where Washington's ancestor came from.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells her of terms under which they ran their steamboat to Mount Vernon. They paid him money with the understanding that he would make repairs to the wharf and footway, under the agreement, but he did not. He ordered his captain to have it done and will retain that money.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses a copy of the previous letter and asks him to advise her as to her response to Mr. Bryan.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham much enjoyed his previous letter and its humor. Hopes he will waive the requisition of 10 days notice before receiving payments. Can give him at least 30 days notice before requiring possession, and hopefully 60 days. She has \"been very much of an invalid for many weeks.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants him to come to Philadelphia around the 10th or 12th so they may consult in regard to the future. They can have the boundary line settled and put many business affairs in order. Miss Cunningham intends to make a payment on the last installment as soon \"as you will receive it.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) He will travel to Philadelphia and meet with her on Wednesday. Will give directions to Messrs. Burke \u0026amp; Herbert for the last installment.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham wants him to arrive on Thursday and then accompany her to hear Mr. Everett in the evening. She and Mr. Everett would then meet with him on Friday.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) He agrees to come to Philadelphia on Thursday and meet as she suggests.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) The Regent wants him to \"have the kindness not to speak of the particulars of your interview with her.\" She also requests him to confer with Mr. Herbert, after which Mr. Herbert should meet with Mr. Riggs and let her know the arrangements he would be willing to make. \"This matter she particularly desires should be confidential.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWants him to send him the photographs of the Picture of the Bastille and let him know what he owes for this service. Thanks him for his kindness in all this matter.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAgain asks for the photograph of the Bastille picture as his book is finished, and he is only waiting for that.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham regrets that he and Mr. Riggs were unable to meet at Mount Vernon to discuss all it is possible to do without annoyance to the family. Would like to commence work on the outbuildings near the garden and to rebuild the roof and pillars of the piazza. Also wants to do work around the Tomb.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Apologizes for delay in responding to his recent letter, but the news of Captain Cunningham's decease has made it impossible for Miss Cunningham to \"think of even the most pressing business.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThanks him for sending the photograph and encloses $5. Apologizes for keeping three documents for so long. Wants to return the documents and send him a copy of the book in September. Asks whether he may keep the Pohick elevation as it is in Washington's hand.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDetails work done on various dresses.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs sorry to hear that JAW will be leaving Mount Vernon before Hubard can get there to visit. Wants to know whether Mr. Mills does possess the moulds made by Houdon. Wants to see a cast made from the mould as he is convinced it is a fraud.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCannot say whether the Richmond statue is accurate but to him the head looks identical to the Mount Vernon bust. Has never heard of the moulds being left at Mount Vernon and does not believe Mr. Mills would have removed anything without his permission.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWants to clarify his original assertion that he feels Houdon did not use the moulds made from Washington's face as he asserts they are very different from the head of Houdon. Also wants to know whether the table on which Washington lay when the moulds were made is still at Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThanks him for sending money from the steamboat company for the MVLA.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWill be writing an article for Encyclopedia Britannica and is \"desirous of stating the facts relative to the emancipation of the Genl's slaves.\" Also wants to know whether Mrs. Washington left a will and whether she freed her slaves in it.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWishes to obtain a copy of the inventory of General Washington's estate.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMakes assertion that General Washington was sued and judgment rendered against him. Also some northern papers are speculating that he lost his money and had mortgaged the Mount Vernon estate for $400,000. Encloses a copy of the certificate of the appraiser as entered in 1810.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs returning the papers lent to him and sending a copy of his book on Mount Vernon. Thanks him for the use of the papers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Reminds her that his request for her lawyer to sift through an abstract of his title to Mount Vernon has not been complied with. This would answer questions raised by anonymous persons which have \"caused you some uneasiness.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMiss Cunningham wants to conclusively prove the falsehood of assertions of the invalidity of his title to the estate. The Clerk of Fairfax County will attest to the truth but wants to see his father's will and evidence of the payment of $6,000 charged to the estate. Looks forward to putting to rest this falsehood.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs still waiting for the certificate from the Clerk of Fairfax County. That will give the \"lie to any slander of title.\" Is unable to visit due to his duties in the Legislature.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham thanks him for sending the package of papers and hopes to be able to write herself in a few days about other matters.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThanks him for sending the papers. Does not appear from them that \"Mrs. Washington emancipated the dower negroes.\" Requests more information on that point.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSees that Miss Cunningham has published an abstract of title furnished her by the Clerk of Fairfax Court, so imagines she will not require further information. Will soon return the other papers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Has forwarded to her a package of papers which he recovered, apparently detailing the kinds and locations of trees planted at Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTells her his lack of response to her letter is due to being away most of the month and having visits from friends, possibly for the last time at Mount Vernon. Pointed out the lines of the old vistas marked by ancient trees. The insurance policies he had were on the house only, not the outbuildings. Recommends she make a new road. Also recommends repairing the wharf.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSends a newspaper copy of an advertisement she placed wishing to obtain a copy of the photograph taken the previous August at the tomb of Washington which included her daughter, now deceased. She would like to know if she could obtain a list of the attendees of that day so she might write and request this as it is the only photograph of her daughter.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells her the Association still must raise $140,000 to support the Estate which will require extraordinary effort on the part of the Association. Asks her to address visitors at Mount Vernon on the imperative nature of this.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Wants to arrange a \"Grand Ceremonial in connection with the taking of the title\" in order to let people know fund raising is not complete after the purchase. Refers to political turmoil and the impending dissolution of the Union and all the difficulties this will cause. Plans to be at Mount Vernon for 10 days and wants to meet with him to finalize things.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe is fine with executing a deed for the sale of Mount Vernon to the Association and feels there would be no difficulty in the event of his death. He worries about Virginia's seceding from the Union that she might object to selling part of her soil to a corporation composed \"in part of unfriendly foreigners.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham is gratified that he concurs in her proposition and feels her decease would be the most serious difficulty to be apprehended. Wants to meet him at Mount Vernon to place the deed in escrow. Does not feel the possibilities for Virginia he suggested would form a significant barrier.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses an order to Mr. Riggs for steamboat receipts through December 31st. Would be happy to meet her at Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses the order on Mr. Bryan for the steamboat receipts. Has been paying insurance which continues until June next and has deducted that from the receipts.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAcknowledges his letter but does not need receipts for premiums of insurance.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReports that Mr. Herbert only wants to clear the lot of land offered him. Also Mr. Norris has rented out his farm. Turner is not sure where he moved to in Kentucky. Discusses acquisition of material to make shirts for servants.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Had not replied to his earlier letter due to excessive fatigue from her journey from Columbia. Hopes to use patriotic influence to get the \"Agent\" to remit or reduce his fee.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTells him of a minister who will be in Alexandria and is looking for a vacant church where he could officiate.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFuneral was conducted at Waveland. There is a description of the body and the family. Invoked the Gospel. JAW began family prayers following the death of his wife. Description of his activities over the following days.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAsks Mrs. Howard for a biographical sketch of her father (John Augustine Washington III) for the National Cyclopedia of American Biography.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTwo leaflets advertising the writings of Dr. Lyon G. Tyler.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFull title \"A Confederate catechism: The war of 1861-1865.\" Third edition, November 21, 1929. Series of 20 questions and answers about the war.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWants to know whether the Ladies will discuss the purchase of the pictures and maps he has been offering. He will offer them elsewhere.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographic print, cabinet card of a drawing of the east view of the Mansion by unknown artist. Reverse side of card reads \"D.H. Naramore, Photographer, No. 321 King Street, Alexandria, VA.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSmall engraving probably clipped from a publication. Unknown location or residence shown in image.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHair clippings in envelope with note \"Hair of the late Lawrence Washington - 1856 - Found among articles bequested to MVLA by Miss Cunningham. Miss Comegys, Regent (1923) directs Supt. to send this to the widow of Mr. Lawrence W.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSmall black and white photographic print showing the gravestone for Lt. Col. John Augustine Washington.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBlack and white photographic print mounted on gray board. Shows Waveland residence with man, two women, and several children visible (unidentified).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBoston: Published by Charles Bowen. Front page signed \"Jane C. Washington, Mount Vernon, 1834.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiary inscribed \"Account of all my recpts. \u0026amp; expenditures beginning with Sept. 16th, 1841, that being the date at which I came to Mount Vernon to reside.\" There are intermittent entries through November 1859. This is not as full a diary but includes lists of food, clothing, and china, table, and cookware.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes \"List of Negroes\" and Mount Vernon farming and maintenance details. Loose note at the front reads \"Extracts from the diary of my father\" with notes on this diary and previous ones.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes \"List of Negroes\" and Mount Vernon farming and maintenance details.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotocopies of undated manuscripts from the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotocopies of manuscripts dated 1834-1838 from the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotocopies of manuscripts dated 1841-1845 from the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotocopies of manuscripts dated 1846-1849 from the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotocopies of manuscripts dated 1851-1853 from the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotocopies of manuscripts dated 1854-1855 from the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotocopies of manuscripts dated 1856-1857 from the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotocopies of manuscripts dated 1858 from the collection. (1 of 2)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotocopies of manuscripts dated 1858 from the collection. (2 of 2)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotocopies of manuscripts dated 1859 from the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotocopies of manuscripts dated 1860-1861 from the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHandwritten notes probably by a librarian or other Mount Vernon staff member including summaries of the letters within the collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and 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Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection concerns the inheritance, maintenance, and sale of the Mount Vernon estate by its last private owner, John Augustine Washington III. A large majority of the collection is correspondence to or from John Augustine Washington III with a significant portion relating to the purchase of the estate by the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. Three diaries kept by John Augustine are also included and contain important information about his slaves, agricultural practices, and finances. Other types of material in the collection include legal documents, receipts, photographs, and ephemera. Photocopies were made for most of the manuscripts and can be viewed as surrogates to the originals. ","Descendants of John Augustine Washington III maintained ownership of these records until 1990 when they were sold to Gary Hendershott, a manuscripts dealer from Little Rock, Arkansas. The Mount Vernon Ladies' Association purchased the collection in October 1990.","Lists signatures and states that all members of Congress would sign if requested.","States they are now the \"best of friends.\" She is angry at people who denigrate his motives. Wants to make known his true nature.","Mrs. Ritchie requests he arrive at the theatre a little after 12:00 so all guests may be seated prior to the rise of the curtain.","She had sent her present of flowers to Mrs. Madison, and they were \"greatfully\" received.","His mother wants help valuing her sheep. Describes one offer for Mount Vernon with great disdain. They want to have entertainments there. He has great respect for \"your manly pride.\"","Apologizes for having intruded too much on his privacy during a recent visit when Mrs. Ritchie and others of the ladies \"took forcible possession of me\" and requested cuttings of flowers. Hopes he will establish a Botanic Garden and suggests a location for a Mausoleum.","Describes her return from Mount Vernon in much rain. Discusses crops. Gives instructions for sending things to her. Asks report of conversation that was \"highly derogatory to me.\" Feels items should be sold to visitors so they will not pilfer mementos.","Urges sale of Mount Vernon to Virginia rather than to a private sale.","Resolution wants to change the site of the Military Asylum to Mount Vernon if a part of the estate can be purchased at a reasonable price.","Introduces some friends who wish to visit Mount Vernon.","Gives family news and an account of a visit by a gentleman who spent the night at Mount Vernon and gave $5 to West Ford. Discusses sale of a slave to his cousin. Has heard of a bill by the federal government to purchase Mount Vernon and wishes it would be accepted. Mentions prices and terms.","Is sending oats and other items to Mount Vernon. Urges him to pursue his studies. Wishes him to send some oysters and sugar.","Sends funds for completing the vault at Mount Vernon and authorizes him to take more money from his bank if necessary.","Thanks him for the many civilities experienced by them during their visit to Mount Vernon. Sends a piece of a branch of a fig tree cut from the birth spot of \"your immortal ancestor.\"","Is against his plans for Mount Vernon and opening it to \"every low idler.\" Discusses payments and what form they would take.","Brief note of regards, translated by J. Perkins.","Heard about people being charged to enter the garden. Wishes he would stop this.","Wants to know price and terms of sale of Mount Vernon. If not for sale, could it be leased. (Contains typed transcript.)","Was glad to hear that Mount Vernon was not for sale as it should remain in the hands of the Washington family. Wishes to \"establish a house of entertainment in the vicinity of Mount Vernon.\" Asks questions as to materials and location of such. (Contains typed transcript.)","Is in the market to purchase negroes as one of his men, Alfred, has run off. Wants to know whether she still wishes to dispose of her negroes and what her price would be. He could pay $500 cash and then pay off the principal in a year or two.","Lists names of executors and legatees and their shares and values.","Tells him of an upcoming visit to Washington and Mount Vernon by a \"highly respectable volunteer corps.\" They wish to arrive by boat and see the tomb of Washington. He understands permission to do so is necessary.","Is worried his health is suffering by his labors at Mount Vernon. Hopes he will accept any reasonable offer by the U.S. Government for it. Went into town to have magistrates witness her acknowledgment of the deed of release. Discusses a suit brought by Judge Douglass and the health of various family members.","Doubts whether an offer will be made by the U.S. Government. Hopes it would as she feels his health is suffering from attending to business at Mount Vernon. Recommends someone to help him acquire an overseer. Was paid money for him. Discusses the failing health of Dr. Alexander's mother and others.","Is horrified to learn of auction of Wood Lawn. Proposes to run a steamboat between Washington to Wood Lawn, Fort Washington, Mount Vernon, and the White House. Gives references. Pledges to bring members of Congress there and feels it would enhance the chances of the purchase of Mount Vernon by the government. Suggests it could be used as a summer home for the President. Discusses various items left by Washington and the soon to be completed Chesapeake \u0026 Ohio Canal. (contains typed transcript)","Tells him of a letter he received from an unknown man who wants to obtain a tree from Mount Vernon to transplant in France to shade the bench of Christopher Columbus which he possesses.","Recommends leaving it to Congress to propose a price for the purchase of Mount Vernon. She feels he wants too much for it, and that it really should not be sold. Gives family news. Gives advice on his search for an overseer.","First letter discusses the Supreme Court taking on the suit of Mr. Hammond against General Washington. Bassett says he discharged all debts owed by Captain Lewis. There is another copy of the names of executors and legatees and their shares and values. Discussions of various debts owed to different people.","Discusses various suits, mostly Hammonds, against the estate and their current status. Many people have died since 1827 when they were last listed. Will take a long time to find people.","Discussion of the Hammond suit and payments still owed to various creditors, to be paid by all the legatees of General Washington's estate. Most dollar figures are left blank to be filled in later. Prompt payment by all legatees is required.","Discusses his father's will and his lack of knowledge of the whereabouts of various other people mentioned in JAW's letter.","Answering his inquiries as to various relatives. Suggests he write to the clerk of Kanawha County for the information he requires. Suggests he contact Andrew Parks who probably has all the facts.","Discusses sale of swamp land. He paid the taxes on it for the Washington heirs. The land is not worth much since the timber had been taken from it by many people over the years. Would like to be reimbursed for the money he paid.","He wishes to meet with him in the middle of November, at which time they can conclude their business.","Discusses the bill in Congress to purchase Mount Vernon. Wants assets divided up between her children so all are taken care of. Tells of Charles' upcoming marriage before he leaves for California.","Discusses the codicil of his father's will. Mrs. Washington is not compelled to sell. Upon her death, the heirs may sell despite the codicil. Suggests Mrs. Washington partition the land before her death in order that JAW may do \"what you please with the land.\"","Invites him to the wedding of his oldest daughter the next week.","Has been in Charlestown attending services for the week. Is amazed at the prospect of $200,000 being paid for Mount Vernon by the government. Wants him to send fish and to pickle some \"Rock.\"","(Typed transcription included) George Page and a surveyor from Maryland wanted to survey land in the Potomac River adjacent to Mount Vernon with the object of bringing steamboats there. Was notified he would be charged with some offense by Maryland. Makes him aware that the compact between the states means they have no claim on him.","First letter – wants to know if Mount Vernon Estate will be sold. Second letter – understands the government might become the owner of the estate and wants to meet.","Wants him to petition the Court to finally settle the estate of General Washington.","First letter – wants to examine Mount Vernon with a view to the establishment of a military asylum for the relief of soldiers. Second letter – tells him the price for Mount Vernon is too high, and purchase of a location nearer Washington will be undertaken.","An account by a boat company of receipts over the past year.","Discusses the landing of boats at Mount Vernon without JAW's previous knowledge. Wants them to be allowed to dock if they pay the usual fare to him.","Acknowledges payment for the pianoforte. Wants four walking sticks cut from near General Washington's tomb to be sent to monks in Italy.","Agreement to sell 200 acres of Mount Vernon for $200,000. Includes all buildings and the tomb, as well as furnishings currently there. Also will allow heirs to be buried there. He may not sell the estate without first offering it to the U.S. Government and the State of Virginia for no more than $350,000.","Has been unable to contact other parties to the contract. Hopes to be able to do so soon.","A committee of the House of Delegates has been appointed to consider the purchase of Mount Vernon. Wants to meet him in Alexandria to discuss this.","Encloses a newspaper clipping about the acquisition of Mount Vernon by the State of Virginia. Tells him the committee of five will look into the will of the people as to this acquisition.","Addressed only to \"Mrs. Washington.\" Unclear whether it is addressed to Mrs. Jane C.B. Washington or Mrs. Eleanor L.S. Washington. (Typed transcription included) Has heard that Mount Vernon is for sale, possibly to northern people. Feels the Ladies of the South might instead procure it and wants to know the price.","Does not wish to part with Mount Vernon but wishes to keep it from the changeable fortunes of a family and to ally it to the State. Would sell 200 acres with stipulations for $200,000. If the State wants to establish a model farm there, he would sell an additional 1,000 acres for $300,000. Invites them to visit.","Discusses his offer to sell Mount Vernon to the state. Says $200,000 is less than the property could sell for on the market. Talks about having a model farm as nothing meant more to Washington than farming. Would welcome them to visit. Reminds them that his terms cannot be materially modified.","(Typed transcription included) Says he is asking less money of the state than he had been offered by others. Tells them of his desire for a model farm as the pursuit of an improved system of agriculture was of great importance to General Washington. Would welcome a visit from them.","Wants to clear up suggestions that he is falsely referring to higher offers for Mount Vernon.","The Committee feels the price for Mount Vernon \"is enormous.\" Would prefer the money to be used for a rail road.","Draft in writing of John Augustine Washington III. Addressed to \"Miss Cunningham\" but could also be a response to Louisa Cunningham's letter instead of Ann Pamela Cunningham. Praises the women of the south for their affection for Washington. Does not wish to dispose of the property except to the government of the United States or Virginia and so declines the proposition from the \"Ladies of the South.\"","Draft thought to be in the writing of Jane C.B. Washington. Identical text to previous letter (draft in the hand of John Augustine Washington III).","Encloses a power of attorney and some other letters. Has agreed to reduction of $50,000 on 1000 acres. Will accept nothing less than $200,000 for the 200 acres. Agrees to pay him 5% of what he gets from either government agency, provided it occurs in the current session.","The state might be willing to pay $50,000 per year for four years for Mount Vernon but not the total of $200,000 at once. Wonders what is happening with the federal government. \"Things are coming to a head rapidly.\"","As long as negotiations with Virginia remain open, it would not be proper for him to entertain any proposals from other parties for the purchase of Mount Vernon. Might be interested in the future in making an offer.","Feels priority should be given to Congress to purchase Mount Vernon, and therefore Virginia is holding off on more committee meetings. Wants him to be there for future committee meetings.","Urges him to meet with Arthur Taylor as his representative in the proposed sale of Mount Vernon. Requests that he not send papers to Col. Bissell before meeting with him.","Has the papers from Mr. Washington and wants to meet with him to discuss the sale of Mount Vernon to the U.S. Government.","Assures him that he has not given the letters from him to Mr. Bissell and has requested Mr. Taylor to come see him.","Encloses the previous letter and hopes they will be able to meet soon. Feels it best to not commit to any course with the U.S. until a definite answer comes from the Virginia Legislature.","Invites him to come to his lodgings at any time at 9 a.m.","Is unable to return to his \"hospitable roof\" at this time. Values the time she was there and having been \"entrusted with the training of such bright intelligences.\"","Reports on his share of earnings from \"Washington's Writings.\" Many copies of the book were destroyed in a fire, but the stereotype and engraved plates were in a fire proof vault.","Feels it is very important for him to communicate with the federal government and is willing to help in any way.","Mr. Taylor shared his letter proposing to bring the subject of the purchase of Mount Vernon again before Congress. His terms are already known to him – the same as those agreed to for the State of Virginia.","Wants to bring up the purchase of Mount Vernon in Congress but wants to know just what terms he agreed to with Virginia. Wants the Northern States to purchase it.","Gives terms of sale, including that family members still living may also be buried there. Additional property to total 1000 acres may be purchased for $300,000, for a model farm as suggested by Gen. Washington. Tells him the state of Virginia had proposed the sale for less than he wanted which he refused.","Encloses a copy of the bill reported to the House of Delegates Committee for the purchase of Mount Vernon. He told them it would not meet with JAW's approval. Urges him to move quickly on the Turnpike matter for this session.","Is very desirous of having the State of Virginia take possession of Mount Vernon and \"have the sole control and ownership forever.\" Wants to know what terms he proposes.","Gives him the terms of sale. The Washington family shall be permitted to be buried on the site, and no remains shall ever be disturbed. The price shall be $200,000, with an additional 800 acres available for $100,000 more","Will not accede to propositions of the steamboat company. Will be busy for a few weeks but wants to see a copy of the agreement currently in effect.","Tells him of Mrs. Mason presenting \"a remonstrance against your turnpike.\" Wants access to $250 at Farmers Bank in Alexandria.","Discusses payments based on sales of \"Washington's Writings.\" Tells percentages paid to various legatees.","Discusses quarrelling and squabbling among the ladies purchasing Mount Vernon. Is concerned about security around the remains of George Washington.","Wants him to send a letter to him so he may correct disparaging remarks made about his impending sale of Mount Vernon.","Is writing to her as requested by JAW. Describes a woman mourning her deceased eight-year-old son. Includes a poem about grief and moving on after death of a child.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Mr. Mason very much wants to meet him and getting a letter from JAW that would announce the news of their \"progress.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) Thanks him for the kindness of him and Mrs. Washington on her recent visit to Mount Vernon. Urges him to send a letter to be published about the sale of Mount Vernon before the news is released by someone else.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Assures her he does not care what others say about him and remains hopeful of selling Mount Vernon to the State of Virginia.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Explains the absence of Mr. Toombs when JAW came to see him. Tells him why she is now dealing with Mr. Toombs rather than Mr. Mason.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Hopes to meet him in Washington City as she will be there for a few days during her travel south. Wants a thorough understanding of his wishes and intentions before meeting with the governor of Virginia.","Wants him to reconsider his determination as expressed in his letter in the National Intelligencer and put the estate under the care of the State of Virginia. (This is a copy of a letter written by Anna's husband.) Second letter, dated March 5, 1857 on same paper: Refers to letter copied out by her. Is certain a sufficient sum will have been raised by February 22 to enable Virginia to purchase Mount Vernon.","Urges him to reconsider his determination as expressed in his letter to the National Intelligencer and consent to place the estate once more at the disposal of Virginia which has an arrangement with the \"Ladies' Mount Vernon Association of the Union.\"","His musical association played a concert on behalf of the \"Ladies Mt. Vernon Association\" at which $100 was raised. The musical group would benefit greatly from receiving this money back if Mr. Washington has no plans to sell to the Ladies Association.","Would love to spend time at Mount Vernon, but his schedule will not allow at this time. His book will be published during the winter and spring, but he doesn't feel a visit would add anything.","He remains willing to place Mount Vernon in the hands of the State of Virginia, under his terms which the state has not seemed to want to meet. The proposal to have Mount Vernon by under the Mount Vernon Ladies Association of the Union is unacceptable to him. Doubts they could maintain the estate in perpetuity. It would then be taken over by the state.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Identical to previous letter.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Responding to his letter to Mr. Ritchie. Urges him to put out that the Ladies are to raise $200,000 on behalf of the State of Virginia for the purchase of Mount Vernon.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Does not wish to publish parts of letters. Feels \"nothing but silent contempt can put them at rest.\"","(W.L. Underwood – most likely Warner Lewis Underwood, Kentucky Senator) Tells JAW that if his current negotiations for Mount Vernon should fall through that his organization would be pleased to enter into further discussions.","Again says he wishes Mount Vernon to go to the State of Virginia, to be decided upon by the current session of the General Assembly.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants to know who told her that he was \"willing… for a pecuniary consideration to break engagements and promises.\"","The Masonic Brotherhood is interested in purchasing Mount Vernon. Thanks him for the tour the previous day. Apologizes for the bad behavior of one member and hopes that will not prejudice him against the Fraternity.","(Typed transcription enclosed) She met with the governor who told her the \"Extra Session\" of the Legislature was for the \"presidential contest,\" so the Legislature will not be meeting again until the next winter. Realizes this delay is not pleasing to him.","Inquires whether any action has been taken by the Legislature or is likely to be.","Tells him no action has yet been taken by the Legislature but feels sure it will be taken up after the Christmas recess, after which the ladies will be enabled to purchase Mount Vernon and have its title transferred to Virginia.","Discusses various prices for Mount Vernon and quotes JAW as vehemently denying that he wanted the remains of General Washington moved. He wishes the estate to be the property of the United States and all the people.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells him she has been very ill but is sure that the Legislature will act.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Labeled as Private. Tells him Gov. Wise is \"inimical to our 'cause'\" which is the reason the Legislature has not taken up the subject of the purchase of Mount Vernon.\" Talks of the financial crisis which is being felt by \"we victimized cotton planters.\" Tells him of the impending sale of copies of a portrait of Washington.","(Typed transcription enclosed) She writes of her illness and lack of strength. The Constitution of the Association was signed by the governor. Tells him various Masonic orders have decided to become allies of the Association. Hopes to have the contract signed between Virginia and him on the 22nd of February.","Invites recipient to the elevation of the Statue of Washington on February 22 in Richmond.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Labeled as Private. Is looking forward to the inauguration of the Washington statue. Wants him to vow that the Ladies of the Association are the \"very best friends you have in the world.\" Tells him that Gov. Wise is no friend to him or to her and this cause.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Has a document that states Virginia will purchase Mount Vernon from him and encloses a copy of the bill. Is sure the governor will act strongly to defeat this. Wants him to attend the address by Mr. Everett a few days before the 22nd of February. Tells him how lucky he is to get $200,000 in \"these awful times.\"","Gives price of sale of $200,000 for 200 acres of the Mount Vernon estate and pledges the MVLA to guarantee to not disturb any remains currently there and to allow descendants of JAW to also be interred there.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Praises him for agreeing that Mount Vernon is to be a public shrine and to limit interments there. Gen. Chapman included that in the third reading of the bill. Discusses the building of a new mausoleum for Washington which would not go against his will. Talks of her illness.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells her the disposition of family remains, as well as those of General Washington, are his biggest concerns in the sale.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Hopes he is happy about the bill as read in the Legislature. Tells him it is she and not the Committee who wants to arrange for a magnificent mausoleum. Closes by saying she is too exhausted to \"even give a hint of the nature of woman's revenge should you not be in a state of delight over our bill!!!\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) Remains adamant as to a future mausoleum as Washington stated where he wished his remains to be. Cannot travel to Richmond at present due to the illness of Mrs. Washington.","(Agreement ends with reference to the 10th of February) Deals with payment of $6,000 to heirs of W.F. Alexander and Anna Alexander as a share of Mount Vernon. Expressly says none of these heirs have any claim to the proceeds arising from a sale of Mount Vernon, other than the $6,000.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells him that though Gov. Wise is no friend to the Mount Vernon cause, he did not intend to put his remarks under the head of Lunatic Asylum. It was a complete accident.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses another article by Mr. Pryor who is \"using his art to arouse the fear, \u0026 cupidity of the timid \u0026 narrow minded of this Legislature.\" Asks him about his previous offer from a company to purchase the estate, and that he wanted to wait for Congress to act.","(Typed transcription enclosed) States that his price for Mount Vernon has always been $200,000, since he gained control of it in 1849. Asks whether he ever made an offer for Mount Vernon for $100,000. If so, under whose authority was it made?","(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants to confirm with him that his offer to sell Mount Vernon as a site for the Military Asylum in 1851 was for $200,000 and not $100,000.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells her of a contract with a gentleman to sell him 200 acres of Mount Vernon for $200,000 with the condition that the property should be offered to the U.S. and to Virginia. If neither purchased it, he should take the property. He then offered $50,000 to release him from that obligation, but JAW refused. Says he never has offered it for sale in public or private.","Says he was authorized by JAW to offer Mount Vernon for a Military Asylum for $100,000. Will search for papers to confirm this.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Advises that on March 25, 1851, he made an offer to sell about 150 acres of the Mount Vernon estate for $200,000 for an Army Asylum or some other government purpose.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Labeled as Private. Thanks him for sending a copy of the correspondence of Gen. Scott. Miss C. is intensely engaged in getting past Mr. Pryor's malicious misrepresentation of the Bill. If he can defeat us, he will.","Reiterates that Alexander and his heirs have no claim to any proceeds arising from a sale of Mount Vernon beyond the agreed upon $6,000 and requests him to add a paragraph to that effect to the agreement they will both sign.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants him to come see her in Richmond, despite his recent fall. Refers to the animosity of Mr. Pryor toward the bill. Wishes there could be an Extra Session for it to pass.","Again states his disagreement with Mr. McKenzie's assertion of his having offered $100,000 for Mount Vernon. No one else knew of such an offer. Gen. Scott agrees with JAW in his recollections. Tells her of a recent fall from a horse which will prevent his visit to Richmond on the 22nd.","Urges him and his family to attend the inauguration of the equestrian statue of Washington on the Capital Square in Richmond. Says he would be pleased to host them at their home near the city.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Is uncertain whether he will be able to travel to Richmond and wants her to update him on matters related to the Bill as \"I have not in any manner approached\" any of his friends or acquaintances on the subject. It is important for her to convince members that the association only needs the name of the State which will not be called upon to pay any of the money for the purchase.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham begs him to attend Mr. Everett's oration and hopes to speak to him on the Square tomorrow.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Continues to be unwell. Introduces him to Mr. A.H.H. Dawson of Georgia, \"an eccentric genius.\" He is devoted to the purposes of the Association and has delivered an address about it in 30 towns in Georgia. Urges him to come to Richmond to meet with members of the Legislature.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Is sorry he was unable to call on her before leaving Richmond. Wants clarification about alterations Mr. Yancy thought necessary in the paper he left with her. He wants a decision by the Legislature, yes or no, soon.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells him that the Legislature is \"in a row\" and will not pass any bills before an Extra Session. Wants him to bring a contract to her so they are prepared for any contingencies. Tells him of her illness of the lungs and her treatment.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Reiterates the importance of the sanctity of the family burying ground. Wants to have some alterations and additions of a substantial permanent character made to the present vault, with a durable enclosure around it. He is open to payment in stocks or cash for the estate. Says they should have an act of incorporation before signing a contract.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Gen. Chapman was drawing up an act of incorporation before the bill comes up. He said Virginia must not hold the tomb; the Association must hold it. She remains very ill. \"yrs in much suffering\"","Is preparing a pamphlet to defend JAW against detractors and wants copies of correspondence he had with Gen. Scott and others about possible purchase of Mount Vernon.","(Typed transcription enclosed) The bill in Virginia for the purchase of Mount Vernon, to be refunded by the MVLA, was defeated in the House of Delegates. In addition Congress cannot purchase land in a sovereign state without its consent. Tells him it should be the property of the Nation and should be sold to the MVLA. \"With grateful women pledged to guard the sacred ashes of Washington and to adorn his home for a national shrine.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) Says it has become obvious that neither Virginia nor the U.S. wish to purchase Mount Vernon. Therefore \"the women of the land will probably be the safest as they will certainly be the purest guardians of a national shrine.\" He waits for her to make a proposal to him.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham requests that he answer the letter she gave him relating to the purchase of Mount Vernon and to return it to her. She will give him a copy.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Is returning her letter to him as it seemed to be improperly dated and lacked her signature. When she remedies those defects, he will send an answer.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants to meet with him on Saturday morning in Alexandria to sign the contract.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Is very unhappy about delays put forth by Messrs. Macfarland \u0026 Myers. They felt there had to be an acceptance of the contract by all or a majority of the Vice Regents before it could be signed. They can do this by telegraph, permitting Mrs. Ritchie to act for them.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Urges him to come without delay. It was thought things would be delayed as Mrs. Walton's husband had died, but now Mr. McFarland advised them to send for him at once. Miss Cunningham is not good and needs to bring matters to a close \"ere it be too late.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants him to come see her that afternoon or evening as Dr. Beale \"considers it necessary to apply a severe blister without delay.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Upon reflection she feels the letter she sent him for publication is not to be published. She does not wish to \"make enemies even in a State which has given me so little cause to respect it.\" Mrs. Ritchie will work on a better worded one which she will send to him.","He deposited money to his credit for the contract and wants to know if this was correct. Tells him the pony he was inquiring about is not for sale. Also felt much concern about the accounts of the fisheries. Looks forward to a visit with him.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses the plat of the 200 acres of land he agreed to sell to the MVLA. Wants him to sign it and return it.","(Typed transcription enclosed) About the plat, he is having the land resurveyed and \"have the necessary corners stones set.\" He will send it back with a signature after that. Also encloses her letter of March 12 and wants a copy of her letter as published with her signature.","Wants to know if George Thorburn may visit Mount Vernon in the 28th of May to inspect the grounds in regards to the improvements to be made. He is \"no doubt the first horticulturist in America\" and a plain, unpolished person. It would be good for JAW's surveyor to meet with Mr. Thorburn to go over the grounds.","He is \"exceedingly provoked\" at the newspaper coverage in connection with the sale of Mount Vernon. As a college friend he felt he had to contact an editor and correct the information. He hopes he did not make the situation worse.","Again requests he host the \"celebrated florist\" at Mount Vernon to look over the grounds before they come to Mount Vernon on the 29th for a few hours.","Agrees to have Mr. Thorburn come and meet with surveyors. Asks if Mr. Thorburn could be appointed the Agent of the Association in drawing up with the surveyors the lines of the 200 acres. He will \"grant any reasonable request of the Association.\" Hopes to see Mr. Ritchie and her while he yet resides at Mount Vernon.","The first attests to receipt of interest on the $6,000 owed to Mrs. Jane Washington. \tThe second is for $2,000 as part of the $6,000 owed.","Urges him to reduce the price of Mount Vernon to $150,000 so as to better fund all the expenses associated with its ownership by the MVLA. Tells him to buy land in \"some of the new states\" with that money.","Wants to know what stocks or bonds would be acceptable as part of the purchase price. Gives the current rate of Virginia stock.","Acknowledges his decline to the proposition.","Replying to a previous letter. Cannot answer the questions of Miss Lewis as he does not remember where Col. Fielding Lewis died. Her wishes are an illusion. Wonders if some land in Kentucky is what she is dreaming of. Hopes the Ladies will be able to preserve Mount Vernon after they complete the purchase.","As a new Mason, wants to know if he will amend the contract to state that the property will revert to the United States or the Masonic Fraternity in the event of a dissolution of the MVLA and not to the state of Virginia.","Writes to her cousin about an article in the paper that morning that was a \"vile abolition libel on you.\" Wants to assure her lady friends that it is untrue.","Is involved in illustrating an article about Mount Vernon as it is of interest to the American people. Wants to visit to sketch objects that have not been drawn. The MVLA is in favor of such an article to assist with their fund raising.","Is amazed at the scurrilous attacks made on him by Northern Papers which are calculated to embarrass the Mount Vernon Association.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Thanks him for his letter about the calumnies in some Northern newspapers but has no desire to enter into a controversy with the papers.","(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Wants him to tell her of his agreement with Mr. Crutchett of Mount Vernon Cane Factory who was given permission to come and cut trees on the estate. Asks what value he puts on the remainder of the estate contiguous to the 200 acres.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Gives details of his contract with Mr. Crutchett which expired in February 1856. He was permitted to take more trees before January 1857. He has no right to \"come upon the property I have sold the Association to cut timber.\" Has not put a price on the remainder of Mount Vernon.","Thanks him for the hospitality given to him and his sister on their visit to Mount Vernon.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham was happy to hear his account of the transactions with Mr. Crutchett. Wants him to come to Philadelphia to confer upon private matters of great importance to the Association and himself. She is equally interested in the final settlement of the boundary lines.","First letter (incomplete) congratulates him on the sale of Mount Vernon. Requests return of portrait of his mother. Second letter thanks him for agreeing to return the portrait. He and his family would very much like to visit Mount Vernon again before it becomes public.","Hopes he can come to Washington to meet with him. Wants Mr. Washington to stay with him to \"pay off the debt of visiting you at Mt. Vernon.\" Miss Cunningham is making arrangements to pay the first bond with interest in December.","(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Looks forward to making payment of the first installment. Mr. Riggs will pay sums of $5,000 as soon as it is raised. Hopes to be able to pay the remainder of 2d installment on 1st of January 1859. Begs him to keep these matters as a \"profound secret.\"","Miss Cunningham wants to make the first payment on December 14, the anniversary of Washington's death.","Tells him of payment to Burke \u0026 Herbert of $10,000 on that day.","Tells him the box containing the chairs has not yet arrived. He wants to be allowed to pay for the repairs necessary to the chairs. Invites him and his family to visit him in Richmond before they go farther away from it.","(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Wants to make the first payment on the 1st, but this is a holiday. Urges him not to risk sending the plat executed by Washington himself but to have it be lithographed. Wants to clear up the boundaries. Tells him to keep the discussion of the sale of additional land private.","Wants to gather branches from the estate in order to make canes to sell to aid in the purchase of Mount Vernon.","Their project would require the consent of the Regent of the MVLA.","(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Confidential) Miss Cunningham is too ill to reply to his last letter. Lets him know his presence might be required on the 22nd but all arrangements must be kept private. The upcoming payment will be about $14,000.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Urges him to accept the money already paid to him (for the \"selling your relations bones.\") He already received more money than the estate was worth. Note on the letter states he ensured his control over the remains in \"such a way that they can never be sold by any one.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) Does not want to go to Philadelphia unless it is absolutely necessary. He recently heard that Mrs. Esther M. Lewis (widow of Lorenzo Lewis) wants to present the harpsichord that was given to Nelly to the MVLA.","Thanks him for copy of the inscription on a bust. He realized he had not copied the pencil sketch of the Destruction of the Bastille. Would JAW please have a photograph of it sent to him for an upcoming book on the history of Mount Vernon. Will send a copy of the book to him in September when it is published.","Acknowledges receipt of $1,000 which completes the payment of $6,000 owed to Mrs. Jane Washington.","The Regent wants JAW to not allow any more sketches to be made of Mount Vernon or the grounds without her consent. Attached is a copy of an advertisement for sale of a portrait of Washington. The Mount Vernon Record gives an account of fund raising to date. Mr. Everett thanks Devereux for sending him a copy of the Farewell Address.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Requests her to send him definite instructions to enable him to prohibit people from making sketches of Mount Vernon.","Tells them he has written to the Regent requesting her instructions about the matter they raised with him.","(Typed transcription enclosed) The Regent now feels that it would \"not be practicable for you to refuse privileges hitherto granted\" in the matter of sketches. There is also a newspaper clipping with letters from JAW and the Regent about the sale of Mount Vernon.","They wrote to him on the 14th as the Regent was prostrated. Requests any material he might have about the area in England where Washington's ancestor came from.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells her of terms under which they ran their steamboat to Mount Vernon. They paid him money with the understanding that he would make repairs to the wharf and footway, under the agreement, but he did not. He ordered his captain to have it done and will retain that money.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses a copy of the previous letter and asks him to advise her as to her response to Mr. Bryan.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham much enjoyed his previous letter and its humor. Hopes he will waive the requisition of 10 days notice before receiving payments. Can give him at least 30 days notice before requiring possession, and hopefully 60 days. She has \"been very much of an invalid for many weeks.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants him to come to Philadelphia around the 10th or 12th so they may consult in regard to the future. They can have the boundary line settled and put many business affairs in order. Miss Cunningham intends to make a payment on the last installment as soon \"as you will receive it.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) He will travel to Philadelphia and meet with her on Wednesday. Will give directions to Messrs. Burke \u0026 Herbert for the last installment.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham wants him to arrive on Thursday and then accompany her to hear Mr. Everett in the evening. She and Mr. Everett would then meet with him on Friday.","(Typed transcription enclosed) He agrees to come to Philadelphia on Thursday and meet as she suggests.","(Typed transcription enclosed) The Regent wants him to \"have the kindness not to speak of the particulars of your interview with her.\" She also requests him to confer with Mr. Herbert, after which Mr. Herbert should meet with Mr. Riggs and let her know the arrangements he would be willing to make. \"This matter she particularly desires should be confidential.\"","Wants him to send him the photographs of the Picture of the Bastille and let him know what he owes for this service. Thanks him for his kindness in all this matter.","Again asks for the photograph of the Bastille picture as his book is finished, and he is only waiting for that.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham regrets that he and Mr. Riggs were unable to meet at Mount Vernon to discuss all it is possible to do without annoyance to the family. Would like to commence work on the outbuildings near the garden and to rebuild the roof and pillars of the piazza. Also wants to do work around the Tomb.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Apologizes for delay in responding to his recent letter, but the news of Captain Cunningham's decease has made it impossible for Miss Cunningham to \"think of even the most pressing business.\"","Thanks him for sending the photograph and encloses $5. Apologizes for keeping three documents for so long. Wants to return the documents and send him a copy of the book in September. Asks whether he may keep the Pohick elevation as it is in Washington's hand.","Details work done on various dresses.","Is sorry to hear that JAW will be leaving Mount Vernon before Hubard can get there to visit. Wants to know whether Mr. Mills does possess the moulds made by Houdon. Wants to see a cast made from the mould as he is convinced it is a fraud.","Cannot say whether the Richmond statue is accurate but to him the head looks identical to the Mount Vernon bust. Has never heard of the moulds being left at Mount Vernon and does not believe Mr. Mills would have removed anything without his permission.","Wants to clarify his original assertion that he feels Houdon did not use the moulds made from Washington's face as he asserts they are very different from the head of Houdon. Also wants to know whether the table on which Washington lay when the moulds were made is still at Mount Vernon.","Thanks him for sending money from the steamboat company for the MVLA.","Will be writing an article for Encyclopedia Britannica and is \"desirous of stating the facts relative to the emancipation of the Genl's slaves.\" Also wants to know whether Mrs. Washington left a will and whether she freed her slaves in it.","Wishes to obtain a copy of the inventory of General Washington's estate.","Makes assertion that General Washington was sued and judgment rendered against him. Also some northern papers are speculating that he lost his money and had mortgaged the Mount Vernon estate for $400,000. Encloses a copy of the certificate of the appraiser as entered in 1810.","Is returning the papers lent to him and sending a copy of his book on Mount Vernon. Thanks him for the use of the papers.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Reminds her that his request for her lawyer to sift through an abstract of his title to Mount Vernon has not been complied with. This would answer questions raised by anonymous persons which have \"caused you some uneasiness.\"","Miss Cunningham wants to conclusively prove the falsehood of assertions of the invalidity of his title to the estate. The Clerk of Fairfax County will attest to the truth but wants to see his father's will and evidence of the payment of $6,000 charged to the estate. Looks forward to putting to rest this falsehood.","Is still waiting for the certificate from the Clerk of Fairfax County. That will give the \"lie to any slander of title.\" Is unable to visit due to his duties in the Legislature.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham thanks him for sending the package of papers and hopes to be able to write herself in a few days about other matters.","Thanks him for sending the papers. Does not appear from them that \"Mrs. Washington emancipated the dower negroes.\" Requests more information on that point.","Sees that Miss Cunningham has published an abstract of title furnished her by the Clerk of Fairfax Court, so imagines she will not require further information. Will soon return the other papers.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Has forwarded to her a package of papers which he recovered, apparently detailing the kinds and locations of trees planted at Mount Vernon.","Tells her his lack of response to her letter is due to being away most of the month and having visits from friends, possibly for the last time at Mount Vernon. Pointed out the lines of the old vistas marked by ancient trees. The insurance policies he had were on the house only, not the outbuildings. Recommends she make a new road. Also recommends repairing the wharf.","Sends a newspaper copy of an advertisement she placed wishing to obtain a copy of the photograph taken the previous August at the tomb of Washington which included her daughter, now deceased. She would like to know if she could obtain a list of the attendees of that day so she might write and request this as it is the only photograph of her daughter.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells her the Association still must raise $140,000 to support the Estate which will require extraordinary effort on the part of the Association. Asks her to address visitors at Mount Vernon on the imperative nature of this.","(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Wants to arrange a \"Grand Ceremonial in connection with the taking of the title\" in order to let people know fund raising is not complete after the purchase. Refers to political turmoil and the impending dissolution of the Union and all the difficulties this will cause. Plans to be at Mount Vernon for 10 days and wants to meet with him to finalize things.","He is fine with executing a deed for the sale of Mount Vernon to the Association and feels there would be no difficulty in the event of his death. He worries about Virginia's seceding from the Union that she might object to selling part of her soil to a corporation composed \"in part of unfriendly foreigners.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham is gratified that he concurs in her proposition and feels her decease would be the most serious difficulty to be apprehended. Wants to meet him at Mount Vernon to place the deed in escrow. Does not feel the possibilities for Virginia he suggested would form a significant barrier.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses an order to Mr. Riggs for steamboat receipts through December 31st. Would be happy to meet her at Mount Vernon.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses the order on Mr. Bryan for the steamboat receipts. Has been paying insurance which continues until June next and has deducted that from the receipts.","Acknowledges his letter but does not need receipts for premiums of insurance.","Reports that Mr. Herbert only wants to clear the lot of land offered him. Also Mr. Norris has rented out his farm. Turner is not sure where he moved to in Kentucky. Discusses acquisition of material to make shirts for servants.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Had not replied to his earlier letter due to excessive fatigue from her journey from Columbia. Hopes to use patriotic influence to get the \"Agent\" to remit or reduce his fee.","Tells him of a minister who will be in Alexandria and is looking for a vacant church where he could officiate.","Funeral was conducted at Waveland. There is a description of the body and the family. Invoked the Gospel. JAW began family prayers following the death of his wife. Description of his activities over the following days.","Asks Mrs. Howard for a biographical sketch of her father (John Augustine Washington III) for the National Cyclopedia of American Biography.","Two leaflets advertising the writings of Dr. Lyon G. Tyler.","Full title \"A Confederate catechism: The war of 1861-1865.\" Third edition, November 21, 1929. Series of 20 questions and answers about the war.","Wants to know whether the Ladies will discuss the purchase of the pictures and maps he has been offering. He will offer them elsewhere.","Photographic print, cabinet card of a drawing of the east view of the Mansion by unknown artist. Reverse side of card reads \"D.H. Naramore, Photographer, No. 321 King Street, Alexandria, VA.\"","Small engraving probably clipped from a publication. Unknown location or residence shown in image.","Hair clippings in envelope with note \"Hair of the late Lawrence Washington - 1856 - Found among articles bequested to MVLA by Miss Cunningham. Miss Comegys, Regent (1923) directs Supt. to send this to the widow of Mr. Lawrence W.\"","Small black and white photographic print showing the gravestone for Lt. Col. John Augustine Washington.","Black and white photographic print mounted on gray board. Shows Waveland residence with man, two women, and several children visible (unidentified).","Boston: Published by Charles Bowen. Front page signed \"Jane C. Washington, Mount Vernon, 1834.\"","Diary inscribed \"Account of all my recpts. \u0026 expenditures beginning with Sept. 16th, 1841, that being the date at which I came to Mount Vernon to reside.\" There are intermittent entries through November 1859. This is not as full a diary but includes lists of food, clothing, and china, table, and cookware.","Includes \"List of Negroes\" and Mount Vernon farming and maintenance details. Loose note at the front reads \"Extracts from the diary of my father\" with notes on this diary and previous ones.","Includes \"List of Negroes\" and Mount Vernon farming and maintenance details.","Photocopies of undated manuscripts from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1834-1838 from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1841-1845 from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1846-1849 from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1851-1853 from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1854-1855 from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1856-1857 from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1858 from the collection. (1 of 2)","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1858 from the collection. (2 of 2)","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1859 from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1860-1861 from the collection.","Handwritten notes probably by a librarian or other Mount Vernon staff member including summaries of the letters within the collection."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections at The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon","Washington, John Augustine, III, 1821-1861","Cunningham, Ann Pamela, 1816-1875","Ritchie, Anna Cora Mowatt, 1819-1870","Washington, Jane Charlotte Blackburn, 1786-1855","Lossing, Benson John, 1813-1891","Everett, Edward, 1794-1865","Washington, George Corbin, 1789-1854","Lewis, Lawrence, 1767-1839","Lewis, Eleanor Parke Custis, 1779-1852","Davis, Henry Winter, 1817-1865","Bassett, George Washington, 1800-1878","Johnson, Joseph, 1785-1877","Corcoran, W.W. (William Wilson), 1798-1888","Custis, George Washington Parke, 1781-1857","McKenzie, Lewis, 1810-1895","Cunningham, Louisa Bird, 1794-1873","Washington, Eleanor Love Selden, 1824-1860","Taylor, John L. (John Lampkin), 1805-1870","Sparks, Jared, 1789-1866","Washington, Bushrod C. (Bushrod Corbin), 1839-1919","Tyler, Nathaniel, 1828-1917"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections at The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"persname_ssim":["Washington, John Augustine, III, 1821-1861","Cunningham, Ann Pamela, 1816-1875","Ritchie, Anna Cora Mowatt, 1819-1870","Washington, Jane Charlotte Blackburn, 1786-1855","Lossing, Benson John, 1813-1891","Everett, Edward, 1794-1865","Washington, George Corbin, 1789-1854","Lewis, Lawrence, 1767-1839","Lewis, Eleanor Parke Custis, 1779-1852","Davis, Henry Winter, 1817-1865","Bassett, George Washington, 1800-1878","Johnson, Joseph, 1785-1877","Corcoran, W.W. (William Wilson), 1798-1888","Custis, George Washington Parke, 1781-1857","McKenzie, Lewis, 1810-1895","Cunningham, Louisa Bird, 1794-1873","Washington, Eleanor Love Selden, 1824-1860","Taylor, John L. (John Lampkin), 1805-1870","Sparks, Jared, 1789-1866","Washington, Bushrod C. (Bushrod Corbin), 1839-1919","Tyler, Nathaniel, 1828-1917"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":251,"online_item_count_is":12,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T05:55:09.076Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_65","ead_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_65","_root_":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_65","_nest_parent_":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_65","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/MV/repositories_3_resources_65.xml","title_ssm":["John Augustine Washington III and Mount Vernon Ladies' Association (MVLA) collection"],"title_tesim":["John Augustine Washington III and Mount Vernon Ladies' Association (MVLA) collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1834-1957"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1834-1957"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["RM.848","/repositories/3/resources/65"],"text":["RM.848","/repositories/3/resources/65","John Augustine Washington III and Mount Vernon Ladies' Association (MVLA) collection","This collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes.","The collection is arranged chronologically with undated material listed at the beginning in alphabetical order by folder title. Addenda, photocopies, and bound volumes are described at the end of the collection.","(Taken from the Digital Encyclopedia entry by Matthew Costello, George Washington's Mount Vernon website)","John Augustine Washington III was the great-grand nephew of George Washington and the last private owner of Mount Vernon. The fourth of five children, he was born on May 3, 1821 to John Augustine Washington II and Jane Charlotte Blackburn Washington. John Augustine spent his young childhood at his parents' Blakeley plantation near present day Charles Town, West Virginia, but after the deaths of Bushrod Washington and his wife Julia in 1829, the Mount Vernon estate became the possession of Bushrod's nephew, John Augustine Washington II. As the son of a wealthy Virginia planter, John Augustine enjoyed a comfortable lifestyle at Mount Vernon, developing interests in politics, hunting, and agriculture. After John Augustine Washington II passed away in June 1832, the estate was left to his widow Jane Charlotte, who vowed to maintain the estate to the best of her ability without involving her children's inheritances. While John Augustine Washington III preferred his more aristocratic pastimes, Jane insisted that he attend college after his father's death. He graduated from the University of Virginia in 1840, returning to Mount Vernon in September 1841 with a proposition to manage the estate for his mother. She agreed, loaning him twenty-two slaves and contracting his employment for five hundred dollars per year for seven years.","As the oldest living male heir, John Augustine Washington III positioned himself to take possession of Mount Vernon from his mother. While she did not pass away until 1855, she gave John Augustine the proverbial keys to the kingdom, granting him full autonomy to run the plantation as he saw fit. However, John Augustine quickly realized that the deteriorating Mount Vernon estate was a far cry from the profitable plantation that his great-great uncle George Washington once presided over. His primary means of income came from wheat and potato production, woodcutting, selling slaves and outsourcing slave labor, collecting land rents, and his herring operation on the Potomac River. However, soil degradation, poor harvests, temperamental weather, and the devastation of crops by insects and pests limited his agricultural returns. While he managed to slow Mount Vernon's financial decline, these endeavors were not enough to stop the downward spiral. In addition to facing these hardships, John Augustine also experienced constant interruptions by sightseers, many of whom wanted the meet the living descendent of General George Washington, see the Mansion, and ask questions about Washington's life. ","These visitors were considered a nuisance to John Augustine's family, and their presence slowed plantation work for slaves, overseers, and hired farm laborers. Initially John Augustine followed the precedential policies of his mother, father, and uncle Bushrod, publishing trespassing notices around the property, requesting letters of introduction to enter the Mansion, and denying the landing of steamboats on the Potomac River. But with his lands yielding such little profit, John Augustine decided to embrace this historical tourism, implementing business strategies to extract money from the thousands of visitors who journeyed to the home of George Washington. In order to bring more people to the estate, he entered into a contract with the proprietors of the Thomas Collyer to permit their steamboat to dock directly at Mount Vernon. He also promoted and invested in the construction of the Alexandria, Mount Vernon, and Accotink Turnpike Road, which was designed to make travel easier to Mount Vernon over land. As more visitors descended upon the grounds, he instructed slaves and laborers to sell bouquets of flowers, fruit, milk, and hand-carved canes to tourists. Beyond the property boundaries, he went into business with James Crutchett, who purchased timber from the estate and manufactured wooden Washington trinkets near the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad depot in the nation's capital. While John Augustine Washington capitalized on the American fascination with George Washington, these sales were not substantial enough to convince him to retain Mount Vernon. He attempted to sell the property to both the federal government and the state of Virginia, but both bodies were deeply mired in sectional and political partisanship. Convinced that neither would meet his terms, he agreed to sell 200 acres of the Mount Vernon estate, which included the Mansion, outlying buildings, and the family tomb to the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association (MVLA) in 1858 for $200,000. ","John Augustine and his family vacated Mount Vernon for their new home Waveland plantation in February 1860. About a year later the state of Virginia called for a convention to debate the issue of secession, and in April 1861, Virginia delegates responded to the firing on Fort Sumter by voting in favor of leaving the Union. John Augustine joined the Confederate Army as a lieutenant colonel, and he served as aide-de-camp to his relative by marriage, General Robert E. Lee. In September 1861, John Augustine was killed during a reconnaissance mission at the Battle of Cheat Mountain by a Union bushwhacker. In a letter to John's teenage daughter Louisa, Lee painfully informed her that her father \"fell in the cause to which he had devoted all his energies, and which his noble heart was earnestly enlisted.\" The two men had shared many conversations and moments together as tent mates, and Lee admired his unflinching \"devotion to Almighty God,\" assuring Louisa that \"He is now safely in Heaven.\" John Augustine was buried in the Zion Episcopal Churchyard in Charles Town, West Virginia, one of several Washington family members who fought and died for Southern independence. ","This diary may not actually be part of accession RM-848 as it is not mentioned in the initial inventory/correspondence. However, it was in the same box as the other diaries and the almanac when found on the shelf, therefore it was described with the collection.","Early Records of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association ;\nPapers of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association ;\nJohn Augustine Washington III and Eleanor Love Selden Correspondence ;\nJohn Augustine Washington III and Descendants Papers ;\nHistoric Manuscripts Collection","This collection concerns the inheritance, maintenance, and sale of the Mount Vernon estate by its last private owner, John Augustine Washington III. A large majority of the collection is correspondence to or from John Augustine Washington III with a significant portion relating to the purchase of the estate by the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. Three diaries kept by John Augustine are also included and contain important information about his slaves, agricultural practices, and finances. Other types of material in the collection include legal documents, receipts, photographs, and ephemera. Photocopies were made for most of the manuscripts and can be viewed as surrogates to the originals. ","Descendants of John Augustine Washington III maintained ownership of these records until 1990 when they were sold to Gary Hendershott, a manuscripts dealer from Little Rock, Arkansas. The Mount Vernon Ladies' Association purchased the collection in October 1990.","Lists signatures and states that all members of Congress would sign if requested.","States they are now the \"best of friends.\" She is angry at people who denigrate his motives. Wants to make known his true nature.","Mrs. Ritchie requests he arrive at the theatre a little after 12:00 so all guests may be seated prior to the rise of the curtain.","She had sent her present of flowers to Mrs. Madison, and they were \"greatfully\" received.","His mother wants help valuing her sheep. Describes one offer for Mount Vernon with great disdain. They want to have entertainments there. He has great respect for \"your manly pride.\"","Apologizes for having intruded too much on his privacy during a recent visit when Mrs. Ritchie and others of the ladies \"took forcible possession of me\" and requested cuttings of flowers. Hopes he will establish a Botanic Garden and suggests a location for a Mausoleum.","Describes her return from Mount Vernon in much rain. Discusses crops. Gives instructions for sending things to her. Asks report of conversation that was \"highly derogatory to me.\" Feels items should be sold to visitors so they will not pilfer mementos.","Urges sale of Mount Vernon to Virginia rather than to a private sale.","Resolution wants to change the site of the Military Asylum to Mount Vernon if a part of the estate can be purchased at a reasonable price.","Introduces some friends who wish to visit Mount Vernon.","Gives family news and an account of a visit by a gentleman who spent the night at Mount Vernon and gave $5 to West Ford. Discusses sale of a slave to his cousin. Has heard of a bill by the federal government to purchase Mount Vernon and wishes it would be accepted. Mentions prices and terms.","Is sending oats and other items to Mount Vernon. Urges him to pursue his studies. Wishes him to send some oysters and sugar.","Sends funds for completing the vault at Mount Vernon and authorizes him to take more money from his bank if necessary.","Thanks him for the many civilities experienced by them during their visit to Mount Vernon. Sends a piece of a branch of a fig tree cut from the birth spot of \"your immortal ancestor.\"","Is against his plans for Mount Vernon and opening it to \"every low idler.\" Discusses payments and what form they would take.","Brief note of regards, translated by J. Perkins.","Heard about people being charged to enter the garden. Wishes he would stop this.","Wants to know price and terms of sale of Mount Vernon. If not for sale, could it be leased. (Contains typed transcript.)","Was glad to hear that Mount Vernon was not for sale as it should remain in the hands of the Washington family. Wishes to \"establish a house of entertainment in the vicinity of Mount Vernon.\" Asks questions as to materials and location of such. (Contains typed transcript.)","Is in the market to purchase negroes as one of his men, Alfred, has run off. Wants to know whether she still wishes to dispose of her negroes and what her price would be. He could pay $500 cash and then pay off the principal in a year or two.","Lists names of executors and legatees and their shares and values.","Tells him of an upcoming visit to Washington and Mount Vernon by a \"highly respectable volunteer corps.\" They wish to arrive by boat and see the tomb of Washington. He understands permission to do so is necessary.","Is worried his health is suffering by his labors at Mount Vernon. Hopes he will accept any reasonable offer by the U.S. Government for it. Went into town to have magistrates witness her acknowledgment of the deed of release. Discusses a suit brought by Judge Douglass and the health of various family members.","Doubts whether an offer will be made by the U.S. Government. Hopes it would as she feels his health is suffering from attending to business at Mount Vernon. Recommends someone to help him acquire an overseer. Was paid money for him. Discusses the failing health of Dr. Alexander's mother and others.","Is horrified to learn of auction of Wood Lawn. Proposes to run a steamboat between Washington to Wood Lawn, Fort Washington, Mount Vernon, and the White House. Gives references. Pledges to bring members of Congress there and feels it would enhance the chances of the purchase of Mount Vernon by the government. Suggests it could be used as a summer home for the President. Discusses various items left by Washington and the soon to be completed Chesapeake \u0026 Ohio Canal. (contains typed transcript)","Tells him of a letter he received from an unknown man who wants to obtain a tree from Mount Vernon to transplant in France to shade the bench of Christopher Columbus which he possesses.","Recommends leaving it to Congress to propose a price for the purchase of Mount Vernon. She feels he wants too much for it, and that it really should not be sold. Gives family news. Gives advice on his search for an overseer.","First letter discusses the Supreme Court taking on the suit of Mr. Hammond against General Washington. Bassett says he discharged all debts owed by Captain Lewis. There is another copy of the names of executors and legatees and their shares and values. Discussions of various debts owed to different people.","Discusses various suits, mostly Hammonds, against the estate and their current status. Many people have died since 1827 when they were last listed. Will take a long time to find people.","Discussion of the Hammond suit and payments still owed to various creditors, to be paid by all the legatees of General Washington's estate. Most dollar figures are left blank to be filled in later. Prompt payment by all legatees is required.","Discusses his father's will and his lack of knowledge of the whereabouts of various other people mentioned in JAW's letter.","Answering his inquiries as to various relatives. Suggests he write to the clerk of Kanawha County for the information he requires. Suggests he contact Andrew Parks who probably has all the facts.","Discusses sale of swamp land. He paid the taxes on it for the Washington heirs. The land is not worth much since the timber had been taken from it by many people over the years. Would like to be reimbursed for the money he paid.","He wishes to meet with him in the middle of November, at which time they can conclude their business.","Discusses the bill in Congress to purchase Mount Vernon. Wants assets divided up between her children so all are taken care of. Tells of Charles' upcoming marriage before he leaves for California.","Discusses the codicil of his father's will. Mrs. Washington is not compelled to sell. Upon her death, the heirs may sell despite the codicil. Suggests Mrs. Washington partition the land before her death in order that JAW may do \"what you please with the land.\"","Invites him to the wedding of his oldest daughter the next week.","Has been in Charlestown attending services for the week. Is amazed at the prospect of $200,000 being paid for Mount Vernon by the government. Wants him to send fish and to pickle some \"Rock.\"","(Typed transcription included) George Page and a surveyor from Maryland wanted to survey land in the Potomac River adjacent to Mount Vernon with the object of bringing steamboats there. Was notified he would be charged with some offense by Maryland. Makes him aware that the compact between the states means they have no claim on him.","First letter – wants to know if Mount Vernon Estate will be sold. Second letter – understands the government might become the owner of the estate and wants to meet.","Wants him to petition the Court to finally settle the estate of General Washington.","First letter – wants to examine Mount Vernon with a view to the establishment of a military asylum for the relief of soldiers. Second letter – tells him the price for Mount Vernon is too high, and purchase of a location nearer Washington will be undertaken.","An account by a boat company of receipts over the past year.","Discusses the landing of boats at Mount Vernon without JAW's previous knowledge. Wants them to be allowed to dock if they pay the usual fare to him.","Acknowledges payment for the pianoforte. Wants four walking sticks cut from near General Washington's tomb to be sent to monks in Italy.","Agreement to sell 200 acres of Mount Vernon for $200,000. Includes all buildings and the tomb, as well as furnishings currently there. Also will allow heirs to be buried there. He may not sell the estate without first offering it to the U.S. Government and the State of Virginia for no more than $350,000.","Has been unable to contact other parties to the contract. Hopes to be able to do so soon.","A committee of the House of Delegates has been appointed to consider the purchase of Mount Vernon. Wants to meet him in Alexandria to discuss this.","Encloses a newspaper clipping about the acquisition of Mount Vernon by the State of Virginia. Tells him the committee of five will look into the will of the people as to this acquisition.","Addressed only to \"Mrs. Washington.\" Unclear whether it is addressed to Mrs. Jane C.B. Washington or Mrs. Eleanor L.S. Washington. (Typed transcription included) Has heard that Mount Vernon is for sale, possibly to northern people. Feels the Ladies of the South might instead procure it and wants to know the price.","Does not wish to part with Mount Vernon but wishes to keep it from the changeable fortunes of a family and to ally it to the State. Would sell 200 acres with stipulations for $200,000. If the State wants to establish a model farm there, he would sell an additional 1,000 acres for $300,000. Invites them to visit.","Discusses his offer to sell Mount Vernon to the state. Says $200,000 is less than the property could sell for on the market. Talks about having a model farm as nothing meant more to Washington than farming. Would welcome them to visit. Reminds them that his terms cannot be materially modified.","(Typed transcription included) Says he is asking less money of the state than he had been offered by others. Tells them of his desire for a model farm as the pursuit of an improved system of agriculture was of great importance to General Washington. Would welcome a visit from them.","Wants to clear up suggestions that he is falsely referring to higher offers for Mount Vernon.","The Committee feels the price for Mount Vernon \"is enormous.\" Would prefer the money to be used for a rail road.","Draft in writing of John Augustine Washington III. Addressed to \"Miss Cunningham\" but could also be a response to Louisa Cunningham's letter instead of Ann Pamela Cunningham. Praises the women of the south for their affection for Washington. Does not wish to dispose of the property except to the government of the United States or Virginia and so declines the proposition from the \"Ladies of the South.\"","Draft thought to be in the writing of Jane C.B. Washington. Identical text to previous letter (draft in the hand of John Augustine Washington III).","Encloses a power of attorney and some other letters. Has agreed to reduction of $50,000 on 1000 acres. Will accept nothing less than $200,000 for the 200 acres. Agrees to pay him 5% of what he gets from either government agency, provided it occurs in the current session.","The state might be willing to pay $50,000 per year for four years for Mount Vernon but not the total of $200,000 at once. Wonders what is happening with the federal government. \"Things are coming to a head rapidly.\"","As long as negotiations with Virginia remain open, it would not be proper for him to entertain any proposals from other parties for the purchase of Mount Vernon. Might be interested in the future in making an offer.","Feels priority should be given to Congress to purchase Mount Vernon, and therefore Virginia is holding off on more committee meetings. Wants him to be there for future committee meetings.","Urges him to meet with Arthur Taylor as his representative in the proposed sale of Mount Vernon. Requests that he not send papers to Col. Bissell before meeting with him.","Has the papers from Mr. Washington and wants to meet with him to discuss the sale of Mount Vernon to the U.S. Government.","Assures him that he has not given the letters from him to Mr. Bissell and has requested Mr. Taylor to come see him.","Encloses the previous letter and hopes they will be able to meet soon. Feels it best to not commit to any course with the U.S. until a definite answer comes from the Virginia Legislature.","Invites him to come to his lodgings at any time at 9 a.m.","Is unable to return to his \"hospitable roof\" at this time. Values the time she was there and having been \"entrusted with the training of such bright intelligences.\"","Reports on his share of earnings from \"Washington's Writings.\" Many copies of the book were destroyed in a fire, but the stereotype and engraved plates were in a fire proof vault.","Feels it is very important for him to communicate with the federal government and is willing to help in any way.","Mr. Taylor shared his letter proposing to bring the subject of the purchase of Mount Vernon again before Congress. His terms are already known to him – the same as those agreed to for the State of Virginia.","Wants to bring up the purchase of Mount Vernon in Congress but wants to know just what terms he agreed to with Virginia. Wants the Northern States to purchase it.","Gives terms of sale, including that family members still living may also be buried there. Additional property to total 1000 acres may be purchased for $300,000, for a model farm as suggested by Gen. Washington. Tells him the state of Virginia had proposed the sale for less than he wanted which he refused.","Encloses a copy of the bill reported to the House of Delegates Committee for the purchase of Mount Vernon. He told them it would not meet with JAW's approval. Urges him to move quickly on the Turnpike matter for this session.","Is very desirous of having the State of Virginia take possession of Mount Vernon and \"have the sole control and ownership forever.\" Wants to know what terms he proposes.","Gives him the terms of sale. The Washington family shall be permitted to be buried on the site, and no remains shall ever be disturbed. The price shall be $200,000, with an additional 800 acres available for $100,000 more","Will not accede to propositions of the steamboat company. Will be busy for a few weeks but wants to see a copy of the agreement currently in effect.","Tells him of Mrs. Mason presenting \"a remonstrance against your turnpike.\" Wants access to $250 at Farmers Bank in Alexandria.","Discusses payments based on sales of \"Washington's Writings.\" Tells percentages paid to various legatees.","Discusses quarrelling and squabbling among the ladies purchasing Mount Vernon. Is concerned about security around the remains of George Washington.","Wants him to send a letter to him so he may correct disparaging remarks made about his impending sale of Mount Vernon.","Is writing to her as requested by JAW. Describes a woman mourning her deceased eight-year-old son. Includes a poem about grief and moving on after death of a child.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Mr. Mason very much wants to meet him and getting a letter from JAW that would announce the news of their \"progress.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) Thanks him for the kindness of him and Mrs. Washington on her recent visit to Mount Vernon. Urges him to send a letter to be published about the sale of Mount Vernon before the news is released by someone else.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Assures her he does not care what others say about him and remains hopeful of selling Mount Vernon to the State of Virginia.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Explains the absence of Mr. Toombs when JAW came to see him. Tells him why she is now dealing with Mr. Toombs rather than Mr. Mason.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Hopes to meet him in Washington City as she will be there for a few days during her travel south. Wants a thorough understanding of his wishes and intentions before meeting with the governor of Virginia.","Wants him to reconsider his determination as expressed in his letter in the National Intelligencer and put the estate under the care of the State of Virginia. (This is a copy of a letter written by Anna's husband.) Second letter, dated March 5, 1857 on same paper: Refers to letter copied out by her. Is certain a sufficient sum will have been raised by February 22 to enable Virginia to purchase Mount Vernon.","Urges him to reconsider his determination as expressed in his letter to the National Intelligencer and consent to place the estate once more at the disposal of Virginia which has an arrangement with the \"Ladies' Mount Vernon Association of the Union.\"","His musical association played a concert on behalf of the \"Ladies Mt. Vernon Association\" at which $100 was raised. The musical group would benefit greatly from receiving this money back if Mr. Washington has no plans to sell to the Ladies Association.","Would love to spend time at Mount Vernon, but his schedule will not allow at this time. His book will be published during the winter and spring, but he doesn't feel a visit would add anything.","He remains willing to place Mount Vernon in the hands of the State of Virginia, under his terms which the state has not seemed to want to meet. The proposal to have Mount Vernon by under the Mount Vernon Ladies Association of the Union is unacceptable to him. Doubts they could maintain the estate in perpetuity. It would then be taken over by the state.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Identical to previous letter.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Responding to his letter to Mr. Ritchie. Urges him to put out that the Ladies are to raise $200,000 on behalf of the State of Virginia for the purchase of Mount Vernon.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Does not wish to publish parts of letters. Feels \"nothing but silent contempt can put them at rest.\"","(W.L. Underwood – most likely Warner Lewis Underwood, Kentucky Senator) Tells JAW that if his current negotiations for Mount Vernon should fall through that his organization would be pleased to enter into further discussions.","Again says he wishes Mount Vernon to go to the State of Virginia, to be decided upon by the current session of the General Assembly.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants to know who told her that he was \"willing… for a pecuniary consideration to break engagements and promises.\"","The Masonic Brotherhood is interested in purchasing Mount Vernon. Thanks him for the tour the previous day. Apologizes for the bad behavior of one member and hopes that will not prejudice him against the Fraternity.","(Typed transcription enclosed) She met with the governor who told her the \"Extra Session\" of the Legislature was for the \"presidential contest,\" so the Legislature will not be meeting again until the next winter. Realizes this delay is not pleasing to him.","Inquires whether any action has been taken by the Legislature or is likely to be.","Tells him no action has yet been taken by the Legislature but feels sure it will be taken up after the Christmas recess, after which the ladies will be enabled to purchase Mount Vernon and have its title transferred to Virginia.","Discusses various prices for Mount Vernon and quotes JAW as vehemently denying that he wanted the remains of General Washington moved. He wishes the estate to be the property of the United States and all the people.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells him she has been very ill but is sure that the Legislature will act.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Labeled as Private. Tells him Gov. Wise is \"inimical to our 'cause'\" which is the reason the Legislature has not taken up the subject of the purchase of Mount Vernon.\" Talks of the financial crisis which is being felt by \"we victimized cotton planters.\" Tells him of the impending sale of copies of a portrait of Washington.","(Typed transcription enclosed) She writes of her illness and lack of strength. The Constitution of the Association was signed by the governor. Tells him various Masonic orders have decided to become allies of the Association. Hopes to have the contract signed between Virginia and him on the 22nd of February.","Invites recipient to the elevation of the Statue of Washington on February 22 in Richmond.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Labeled as Private. Is looking forward to the inauguration of the Washington statue. Wants him to vow that the Ladies of the Association are the \"very best friends you have in the world.\" Tells him that Gov. Wise is no friend to him or to her and this cause.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Has a document that states Virginia will purchase Mount Vernon from him and encloses a copy of the bill. Is sure the governor will act strongly to defeat this. Wants him to attend the address by Mr. Everett a few days before the 22nd of February. Tells him how lucky he is to get $200,000 in \"these awful times.\"","Gives price of sale of $200,000 for 200 acres of the Mount Vernon estate and pledges the MVLA to guarantee to not disturb any remains currently there and to allow descendants of JAW to also be interred there.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Praises him for agreeing that Mount Vernon is to be a public shrine and to limit interments there. Gen. Chapman included that in the third reading of the bill. Discusses the building of a new mausoleum for Washington which would not go against his will. Talks of her illness.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells her the disposition of family remains, as well as those of General Washington, are his biggest concerns in the sale.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Hopes he is happy about the bill as read in the Legislature. Tells him it is she and not the Committee who wants to arrange for a magnificent mausoleum. Closes by saying she is too exhausted to \"even give a hint of the nature of woman's revenge should you not be in a state of delight over our bill!!!\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) Remains adamant as to a future mausoleum as Washington stated where he wished his remains to be. Cannot travel to Richmond at present due to the illness of Mrs. Washington.","(Agreement ends with reference to the 10th of February) Deals with payment of $6,000 to heirs of W.F. Alexander and Anna Alexander as a share of Mount Vernon. Expressly says none of these heirs have any claim to the proceeds arising from a sale of Mount Vernon, other than the $6,000.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells him that though Gov. Wise is no friend to the Mount Vernon cause, he did not intend to put his remarks under the head of Lunatic Asylum. It was a complete accident.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses another article by Mr. Pryor who is \"using his art to arouse the fear, \u0026 cupidity of the timid \u0026 narrow minded of this Legislature.\" Asks him about his previous offer from a company to purchase the estate, and that he wanted to wait for Congress to act.","(Typed transcription enclosed) States that his price for Mount Vernon has always been $200,000, since he gained control of it in 1849. Asks whether he ever made an offer for Mount Vernon for $100,000. If so, under whose authority was it made?","(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants to confirm with him that his offer to sell Mount Vernon as a site for the Military Asylum in 1851 was for $200,000 and not $100,000.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells her of a contract with a gentleman to sell him 200 acres of Mount Vernon for $200,000 with the condition that the property should be offered to the U.S. and to Virginia. If neither purchased it, he should take the property. He then offered $50,000 to release him from that obligation, but JAW refused. Says he never has offered it for sale in public or private.","Says he was authorized by JAW to offer Mount Vernon for a Military Asylum for $100,000. Will search for papers to confirm this.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Advises that on March 25, 1851, he made an offer to sell about 150 acres of the Mount Vernon estate for $200,000 for an Army Asylum or some other government purpose.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Labeled as Private. Thanks him for sending a copy of the correspondence of Gen. Scott. Miss C. is intensely engaged in getting past Mr. Pryor's malicious misrepresentation of the Bill. If he can defeat us, he will.","Reiterates that Alexander and his heirs have no claim to any proceeds arising from a sale of Mount Vernon beyond the agreed upon $6,000 and requests him to add a paragraph to that effect to the agreement they will both sign.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants him to come see her in Richmond, despite his recent fall. Refers to the animosity of Mr. Pryor toward the bill. Wishes there could be an Extra Session for it to pass.","Again states his disagreement with Mr. McKenzie's assertion of his having offered $100,000 for Mount Vernon. No one else knew of such an offer. Gen. Scott agrees with JAW in his recollections. Tells her of a recent fall from a horse which will prevent his visit to Richmond on the 22nd.","Urges him and his family to attend the inauguration of the equestrian statue of Washington on the Capital Square in Richmond. Says he would be pleased to host them at their home near the city.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Is uncertain whether he will be able to travel to Richmond and wants her to update him on matters related to the Bill as \"I have not in any manner approached\" any of his friends or acquaintances on the subject. It is important for her to convince members that the association only needs the name of the State which will not be called upon to pay any of the money for the purchase.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham begs him to attend Mr. Everett's oration and hopes to speak to him on the Square tomorrow.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Continues to be unwell. Introduces him to Mr. A.H.H. Dawson of Georgia, \"an eccentric genius.\" He is devoted to the purposes of the Association and has delivered an address about it in 30 towns in Georgia. Urges him to come to Richmond to meet with members of the Legislature.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Is sorry he was unable to call on her before leaving Richmond. Wants clarification about alterations Mr. Yancy thought necessary in the paper he left with her. He wants a decision by the Legislature, yes or no, soon.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells him that the Legislature is \"in a row\" and will not pass any bills before an Extra Session. Wants him to bring a contract to her so they are prepared for any contingencies. Tells him of her illness of the lungs and her treatment.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Reiterates the importance of the sanctity of the family burying ground. Wants to have some alterations and additions of a substantial permanent character made to the present vault, with a durable enclosure around it. He is open to payment in stocks or cash for the estate. Says they should have an act of incorporation before signing a contract.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Gen. Chapman was drawing up an act of incorporation before the bill comes up. He said Virginia must not hold the tomb; the Association must hold it. She remains very ill. \"yrs in much suffering\"","Is preparing a pamphlet to defend JAW against detractors and wants copies of correspondence he had with Gen. Scott and others about possible purchase of Mount Vernon.","(Typed transcription enclosed) The bill in Virginia for the purchase of Mount Vernon, to be refunded by the MVLA, was defeated in the House of Delegates. In addition Congress cannot purchase land in a sovereign state without its consent. Tells him it should be the property of the Nation and should be sold to the MVLA. \"With grateful women pledged to guard the sacred ashes of Washington and to adorn his home for a national shrine.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) Says it has become obvious that neither Virginia nor the U.S. wish to purchase Mount Vernon. Therefore \"the women of the land will probably be the safest as they will certainly be the purest guardians of a national shrine.\" He waits for her to make a proposal to him.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham requests that he answer the letter she gave him relating to the purchase of Mount Vernon and to return it to her. She will give him a copy.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Is returning her letter to him as it seemed to be improperly dated and lacked her signature. When she remedies those defects, he will send an answer.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants to meet with him on Saturday morning in Alexandria to sign the contract.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Is very unhappy about delays put forth by Messrs. Macfarland \u0026 Myers. They felt there had to be an acceptance of the contract by all or a majority of the Vice Regents before it could be signed. They can do this by telegraph, permitting Mrs. Ritchie to act for them.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Urges him to come without delay. It was thought things would be delayed as Mrs. Walton's husband had died, but now Mr. McFarland advised them to send for him at once. Miss Cunningham is not good and needs to bring matters to a close \"ere it be too late.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants him to come see her that afternoon or evening as Dr. Beale \"considers it necessary to apply a severe blister without delay.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Upon reflection she feels the letter she sent him for publication is not to be published. She does not wish to \"make enemies even in a State which has given me so little cause to respect it.\" Mrs. Ritchie will work on a better worded one which she will send to him.","He deposited money to his credit for the contract and wants to know if this was correct. Tells him the pony he was inquiring about is not for sale. Also felt much concern about the accounts of the fisheries. Looks forward to a visit with him.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses the plat of the 200 acres of land he agreed to sell to the MVLA. Wants him to sign it and return it.","(Typed transcription enclosed) About the plat, he is having the land resurveyed and \"have the necessary corners stones set.\" He will send it back with a signature after that. Also encloses her letter of March 12 and wants a copy of her letter as published with her signature.","Wants to know if George Thorburn may visit Mount Vernon in the 28th of May to inspect the grounds in regards to the improvements to be made. He is \"no doubt the first horticulturist in America\" and a plain, unpolished person. It would be good for JAW's surveyor to meet with Mr. Thorburn to go over the grounds.","He is \"exceedingly provoked\" at the newspaper coverage in connection with the sale of Mount Vernon. As a college friend he felt he had to contact an editor and correct the information. He hopes he did not make the situation worse.","Again requests he host the \"celebrated florist\" at Mount Vernon to look over the grounds before they come to Mount Vernon on the 29th for a few hours.","Agrees to have Mr. Thorburn come and meet with surveyors. Asks if Mr. Thorburn could be appointed the Agent of the Association in drawing up with the surveyors the lines of the 200 acres. He will \"grant any reasonable request of the Association.\" Hopes to see Mr. Ritchie and her while he yet resides at Mount Vernon.","The first attests to receipt of interest on the $6,000 owed to Mrs. Jane Washington. \tThe second is for $2,000 as part of the $6,000 owed.","Urges him to reduce the price of Mount Vernon to $150,000 so as to better fund all the expenses associated with its ownership by the MVLA. Tells him to buy land in \"some of the new states\" with that money.","Wants to know what stocks or bonds would be acceptable as part of the purchase price. Gives the current rate of Virginia stock.","Acknowledges his decline to the proposition.","Replying to a previous letter. Cannot answer the questions of Miss Lewis as he does not remember where Col. Fielding Lewis died. Her wishes are an illusion. Wonders if some land in Kentucky is what she is dreaming of. Hopes the Ladies will be able to preserve Mount Vernon after they complete the purchase.","As a new Mason, wants to know if he will amend the contract to state that the property will revert to the United States or the Masonic Fraternity in the event of a dissolution of the MVLA and not to the state of Virginia.","Writes to her cousin about an article in the paper that morning that was a \"vile abolition libel on you.\" Wants to assure her lady friends that it is untrue.","Is involved in illustrating an article about Mount Vernon as it is of interest to the American people. Wants to visit to sketch objects that have not been drawn. The MVLA is in favor of such an article to assist with their fund raising.","Is amazed at the scurrilous attacks made on him by Northern Papers which are calculated to embarrass the Mount Vernon Association.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Thanks him for his letter about the calumnies in some Northern newspapers but has no desire to enter into a controversy with the papers.","(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Wants him to tell her of his agreement with Mr. Crutchett of Mount Vernon Cane Factory who was given permission to come and cut trees on the estate. Asks what value he puts on the remainder of the estate contiguous to the 200 acres.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Gives details of his contract with Mr. Crutchett which expired in February 1856. He was permitted to take more trees before January 1857. He has no right to \"come upon the property I have sold the Association to cut timber.\" Has not put a price on the remainder of Mount Vernon.","Thanks him for the hospitality given to him and his sister on their visit to Mount Vernon.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham was happy to hear his account of the transactions with Mr. Crutchett. Wants him to come to Philadelphia to confer upon private matters of great importance to the Association and himself. She is equally interested in the final settlement of the boundary lines.","First letter (incomplete) congratulates him on the sale of Mount Vernon. Requests return of portrait of his mother. Second letter thanks him for agreeing to return the portrait. He and his family would very much like to visit Mount Vernon again before it becomes public.","Hopes he can come to Washington to meet with him. Wants Mr. Washington to stay with him to \"pay off the debt of visiting you at Mt. Vernon.\" Miss Cunningham is making arrangements to pay the first bond with interest in December.","(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Looks forward to making payment of the first installment. Mr. Riggs will pay sums of $5,000 as soon as it is raised. Hopes to be able to pay the remainder of 2d installment on 1st of January 1859. Begs him to keep these matters as a \"profound secret.\"","Miss Cunningham wants to make the first payment on December 14, the anniversary of Washington's death.","Tells him of payment to Burke \u0026 Herbert of $10,000 on that day.","Tells him the box containing the chairs has not yet arrived. He wants to be allowed to pay for the repairs necessary to the chairs. Invites him and his family to visit him in Richmond before they go farther away from it.","(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Wants to make the first payment on the 1st, but this is a holiday. Urges him not to risk sending the plat executed by Washington himself but to have it be lithographed. Wants to clear up the boundaries. Tells him to keep the discussion of the sale of additional land private.","Wants to gather branches from the estate in order to make canes to sell to aid in the purchase of Mount Vernon.","Their project would require the consent of the Regent of the MVLA.","(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Confidential) Miss Cunningham is too ill to reply to his last letter. Lets him know his presence might be required on the 22nd but all arrangements must be kept private. The upcoming payment will be about $14,000.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Urges him to accept the money already paid to him (for the \"selling your relations bones.\") He already received more money than the estate was worth. Note on the letter states he ensured his control over the remains in \"such a way that they can never be sold by any one.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) Does not want to go to Philadelphia unless it is absolutely necessary. He recently heard that Mrs. Esther M. Lewis (widow of Lorenzo Lewis) wants to present the harpsichord that was given to Nelly to the MVLA.","Thanks him for copy of the inscription on a bust. He realized he had not copied the pencil sketch of the Destruction of the Bastille. Would JAW please have a photograph of it sent to him for an upcoming book on the history of Mount Vernon. Will send a copy of the book to him in September when it is published.","Acknowledges receipt of $1,000 which completes the payment of $6,000 owed to Mrs. Jane Washington.","The Regent wants JAW to not allow any more sketches to be made of Mount Vernon or the grounds without her consent. Attached is a copy of an advertisement for sale of a portrait of Washington. The Mount Vernon Record gives an account of fund raising to date. Mr. Everett thanks Devereux for sending him a copy of the Farewell Address.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Requests her to send him definite instructions to enable him to prohibit people from making sketches of Mount Vernon.","Tells them he has written to the Regent requesting her instructions about the matter they raised with him.","(Typed transcription enclosed) The Regent now feels that it would \"not be practicable for you to refuse privileges hitherto granted\" in the matter of sketches. There is also a newspaper clipping with letters from JAW and the Regent about the sale of Mount Vernon.","They wrote to him on the 14th as the Regent was prostrated. Requests any material he might have about the area in England where Washington's ancestor came from.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells her of terms under which they ran their steamboat to Mount Vernon. They paid him money with the understanding that he would make repairs to the wharf and footway, under the agreement, but he did not. He ordered his captain to have it done and will retain that money.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses a copy of the previous letter and asks him to advise her as to her response to Mr. Bryan.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham much enjoyed his previous letter and its humor. Hopes he will waive the requisition of 10 days notice before receiving payments. Can give him at least 30 days notice before requiring possession, and hopefully 60 days. She has \"been very much of an invalid for many weeks.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants him to come to Philadelphia around the 10th or 12th so they may consult in regard to the future. They can have the boundary line settled and put many business affairs in order. Miss Cunningham intends to make a payment on the last installment as soon \"as you will receive it.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) He will travel to Philadelphia and meet with her on Wednesday. Will give directions to Messrs. Burke \u0026 Herbert for the last installment.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham wants him to arrive on Thursday and then accompany her to hear Mr. Everett in the evening. She and Mr. Everett would then meet with him on Friday.","(Typed transcription enclosed) He agrees to come to Philadelphia on Thursday and meet as she suggests.","(Typed transcription enclosed) The Regent wants him to \"have the kindness not to speak of the particulars of your interview with her.\" She also requests him to confer with Mr. Herbert, after which Mr. Herbert should meet with Mr. Riggs and let her know the arrangements he would be willing to make. \"This matter she particularly desires should be confidential.\"","Wants him to send him the photographs of the Picture of the Bastille and let him know what he owes for this service. Thanks him for his kindness in all this matter.","Again asks for the photograph of the Bastille picture as his book is finished, and he is only waiting for that.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham regrets that he and Mr. Riggs were unable to meet at Mount Vernon to discuss all it is possible to do without annoyance to the family. Would like to commence work on the outbuildings near the garden and to rebuild the roof and pillars of the piazza. Also wants to do work around the Tomb.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Apologizes for delay in responding to his recent letter, but the news of Captain Cunningham's decease has made it impossible for Miss Cunningham to \"think of even the most pressing business.\"","Thanks him for sending the photograph and encloses $5. Apologizes for keeping three documents for so long. Wants to return the documents and send him a copy of the book in September. Asks whether he may keep the Pohick elevation as it is in Washington's hand.","Details work done on various dresses.","Is sorry to hear that JAW will be leaving Mount Vernon before Hubard can get there to visit. Wants to know whether Mr. Mills does possess the moulds made by Houdon. Wants to see a cast made from the mould as he is convinced it is a fraud.","Cannot say whether the Richmond statue is accurate but to him the head looks identical to the Mount Vernon bust. Has never heard of the moulds being left at Mount Vernon and does not believe Mr. Mills would have removed anything without his permission.","Wants to clarify his original assertion that he feels Houdon did not use the moulds made from Washington's face as he asserts they are very different from the head of Houdon. Also wants to know whether the table on which Washington lay when the moulds were made is still at Mount Vernon.","Thanks him for sending money from the steamboat company for the MVLA.","Will be writing an article for Encyclopedia Britannica and is \"desirous of stating the facts relative to the emancipation of the Genl's slaves.\" Also wants to know whether Mrs. Washington left a will and whether she freed her slaves in it.","Wishes to obtain a copy of the inventory of General Washington's estate.","Makes assertion that General Washington was sued and judgment rendered against him. Also some northern papers are speculating that he lost his money and had mortgaged the Mount Vernon estate for $400,000. Encloses a copy of the certificate of the appraiser as entered in 1810.","Is returning the papers lent to him and sending a copy of his book on Mount Vernon. Thanks him for the use of the papers.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Reminds her that his request for her lawyer to sift through an abstract of his title to Mount Vernon has not been complied with. This would answer questions raised by anonymous persons which have \"caused you some uneasiness.\"","Miss Cunningham wants to conclusively prove the falsehood of assertions of the invalidity of his title to the estate. The Clerk of Fairfax County will attest to the truth but wants to see his father's will and evidence of the payment of $6,000 charged to the estate. Looks forward to putting to rest this falsehood.","Is still waiting for the certificate from the Clerk of Fairfax County. That will give the \"lie to any slander of title.\" Is unable to visit due to his duties in the Legislature.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham thanks him for sending the package of papers and hopes to be able to write herself in a few days about other matters.","Thanks him for sending the papers. Does not appear from them that \"Mrs. Washington emancipated the dower negroes.\" Requests more information on that point.","Sees that Miss Cunningham has published an abstract of title furnished her by the Clerk of Fairfax Court, so imagines she will not require further information. Will soon return the other papers.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Has forwarded to her a package of papers which he recovered, apparently detailing the kinds and locations of trees planted at Mount Vernon.","Tells her his lack of response to her letter is due to being away most of the month and having visits from friends, possibly for the last time at Mount Vernon. Pointed out the lines of the old vistas marked by ancient trees. The insurance policies he had were on the house only, not the outbuildings. Recommends she make a new road. Also recommends repairing the wharf.","Sends a newspaper copy of an advertisement she placed wishing to obtain a copy of the photograph taken the previous August at the tomb of Washington which included her daughter, now deceased. She would like to know if she could obtain a list of the attendees of that day so she might write and request this as it is the only photograph of her daughter.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells her the Association still must raise $140,000 to support the Estate which will require extraordinary effort on the part of the Association. Asks her to address visitors at Mount Vernon on the imperative nature of this.","(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Wants to arrange a \"Grand Ceremonial in connection with the taking of the title\" in order to let people know fund raising is not complete after the purchase. Refers to political turmoil and the impending dissolution of the Union and all the difficulties this will cause. Plans to be at Mount Vernon for 10 days and wants to meet with him to finalize things.","He is fine with executing a deed for the sale of Mount Vernon to the Association and feels there would be no difficulty in the event of his death. He worries about Virginia's seceding from the Union that she might object to selling part of her soil to a corporation composed \"in part of unfriendly foreigners.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham is gratified that he concurs in her proposition and feels her decease would be the most serious difficulty to be apprehended. Wants to meet him at Mount Vernon to place the deed in escrow. Does not feel the possibilities for Virginia he suggested would form a significant barrier.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses an order to Mr. Riggs for steamboat receipts through December 31st. Would be happy to meet her at Mount Vernon.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses the order on Mr. Bryan for the steamboat receipts. Has been paying insurance which continues until June next and has deducted that from the receipts.","Acknowledges his letter but does not need receipts for premiums of insurance.","Reports that Mr. Herbert only wants to clear the lot of land offered him. Also Mr. Norris has rented out his farm. Turner is not sure where he moved to in Kentucky. Discusses acquisition of material to make shirts for servants.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Had not replied to his earlier letter due to excessive fatigue from her journey from Columbia. Hopes to use patriotic influence to get the \"Agent\" to remit or reduce his fee.","Tells him of a minister who will be in Alexandria and is looking for a vacant church where he could officiate.","Funeral was conducted at Waveland. There is a description of the body and the family. Invoked the Gospel. JAW began family prayers following the death of his wife. Description of his activities over the following days.","Asks Mrs. Howard for a biographical sketch of her father (John Augustine Washington III) for the National Cyclopedia of American Biography.","Two leaflets advertising the writings of Dr. Lyon G. Tyler.","Full title \"A Confederate catechism: The war of 1861-1865.\" Third edition, November 21, 1929. Series of 20 questions and answers about the war.","Wants to know whether the Ladies will discuss the purchase of the pictures and maps he has been offering. He will offer them elsewhere.","Photographic print, cabinet card of a drawing of the east view of the Mansion by unknown artist. Reverse side of card reads \"D.H. Naramore, Photographer, No. 321 King Street, Alexandria, VA.\"","Small engraving probably clipped from a publication. Unknown location or residence shown in image.","Hair clippings in envelope with note \"Hair of the late Lawrence Washington - 1856 - Found among articles bequested to MVLA by Miss Cunningham. Miss Comegys, Regent (1923) directs Supt. to send this to the widow of Mr. Lawrence W.\"","Small black and white photographic print showing the gravestone for Lt. Col. John Augustine Washington.","Black and white photographic print mounted on gray board. Shows Waveland residence with man, two women, and several children visible (unidentified).","Boston: Published by Charles Bowen. Front page signed \"Jane C. Washington, Mount Vernon, 1834.\"","Diary inscribed \"Account of all my recpts. \u0026 expenditures beginning with Sept. 16th, 1841, that being the date at which I came to Mount Vernon to reside.\" There are intermittent entries through November 1859. This is not as full a diary but includes lists of food, clothing, and china, table, and cookware.","Includes \"List of Negroes\" and Mount Vernon farming and maintenance details. Loose note at the front reads \"Extracts from the diary of my father\" with notes on this diary and previous ones.","Includes \"List of Negroes\" and Mount Vernon farming and maintenance details.","Photocopies of undated manuscripts from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1834-1838 from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1841-1845 from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1846-1849 from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1851-1853 from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1854-1855 from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1856-1857 from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1858 from the collection. (1 of 2)","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1858 from the collection. (2 of 2)","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1859 from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1860-1861 from the collection.","Handwritten notes probably by a librarian or other Mount Vernon staff member including summaries of the letters within the collection.","Special Collections at The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon","Washington, John Augustine, III, 1821-1861","Cunningham, Ann Pamela, 1816-1875","Ritchie, Anna Cora Mowatt, 1819-1870","Washington, Jane Charlotte Blackburn, 1786-1855","Lossing, Benson John, 1813-1891","Everett, Edward, 1794-1865","Washington, George Corbin, 1789-1854","Lewis, Lawrence, 1767-1839","Lewis, Eleanor Parke Custis, 1779-1852","Davis, Henry Winter, 1817-1865","Bassett, George Washington, 1800-1878","Johnson, Joseph, 1785-1877","Corcoran, W.W. (William Wilson), 1798-1888","Custis, George Washington Parke, 1781-1857","McKenzie, Lewis, 1810-1895","Cunningham, Louisa Bird, 1794-1873","Washington, Eleanor Love Selden, 1824-1860","Taylor, John L. (John Lampkin), 1805-1870","Sparks, Jared, 1789-1866","Washington, Bushrod C. (Bushrod Corbin), 1839-1919","Tyler, Nathaniel, 1828-1917","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["RM.848","/repositories/3/resources/65"],"normalized_title_ssm":["John Augustine Washington III and Mount Vernon Ladies' Association (MVLA) collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["John Augustine Washington III and Mount Vernon Ladies' Association (MVLA) collection"],"collection_ssim":["John Augustine Washington III and Mount Vernon Ladies' Association (MVLA) collection"],"repository_ssm":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"repository_ssim":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"creator_ssm":["Washington, John Augustine, III, 1821-1861","Cunningham, Ann Pamela, 1816-1875","Ritchie, Anna Cora Mowatt, 1819-1870","Washington, Jane Charlotte Blackburn, 1786-1855","Lossing, Benson John, 1813-1891","Everett, Edward, 1794-1865"],"creator_ssim":["Washington, John Augustine, III, 1821-1861","Cunningham, Ann Pamela, 1816-1875","Ritchie, Anna Cora Mowatt, 1819-1870","Washington, Jane Charlotte Blackburn, 1786-1855","Lossing, Benson John, 1813-1891","Everett, Edward, 1794-1865"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Washington, John Augustine, III, 1821-1861","Cunningham, Ann Pamela, 1816-1875","Ritchie, Anna Cora Mowatt, 1819-1870","Washington, Jane Charlotte Blackburn, 1786-1855","Lossing, Benson John, 1813-1891","Everett, Edward, 1794-1865"],"creators_ssim":["Washington, John Augustine, III, 1821-1861","Cunningham, Ann Pamela, 1816-1875","Ritchie, Anna Cora Mowatt, 1819-1870","Washington, Jane Charlotte Blackburn, 1786-1855","Lossing, Benson John, 1813-1891","Everett, Edward, 1794-1865"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":["3 Linear Feet 7 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["3 Linear Feet 7 boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged chronologically with undated material listed at the beginning in alphabetical order by folder title. Addenda, photocopies, and bound volumes are described at the end of the collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged chronologically with undated material listed at the beginning in alphabetical order by folder title. Addenda, photocopies, and bound volumes are described at the end of the collection."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e(Taken from the Digital Encyclopedia entry by Matthew Costello, George Washington's Mount Vernon website)\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJohn Augustine Washington III was the great-grand nephew of George Washington and the last private owner of Mount Vernon. The fourth of five children, he was born on May 3, 1821 to John Augustine Washington II and Jane Charlotte Blackburn Washington. John Augustine spent his young childhood at his parents' Blakeley plantation near present day Charles Town, West Virginia, but after the deaths of Bushrod Washington and his wife Julia in 1829, the Mount Vernon estate became the possession of Bushrod's nephew, John Augustine Washington II. As the son of a wealthy Virginia planter, John Augustine enjoyed a comfortable lifestyle at Mount Vernon, developing interests in politics, hunting, and agriculture. After John Augustine Washington II passed away in June 1832, the estate was left to his widow Jane Charlotte, who vowed to maintain the estate to the best of her ability without involving her children's inheritances. While John Augustine Washington III preferred his more aristocratic pastimes, Jane insisted that he attend college after his father's death. He graduated from the University of Virginia in 1840, returning to Mount Vernon in September 1841 with a proposition to manage the estate for his mother. She agreed, loaning him twenty-two slaves and contracting his employment for five hundred dollars per year for seven years.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAs the oldest living male heir, John Augustine Washington III positioned himself to take possession of Mount Vernon from his mother. While she did not pass away until 1855, she gave John Augustine the proverbial keys to the kingdom, granting him full autonomy to run the plantation as he saw fit. However, John Augustine quickly realized that the deteriorating Mount Vernon estate was a far cry from the profitable plantation that his great-great uncle George Washington once presided over. His primary means of income came from wheat and potato production, woodcutting, selling slaves and outsourcing slave labor, collecting land rents, and his herring operation on the Potomac River. However, soil degradation, poor harvests, temperamental weather, and the devastation of crops by insects and pests limited his agricultural returns. While he managed to slow Mount Vernon's financial decline, these endeavors were not enough to stop the downward spiral. In addition to facing these hardships, John Augustine also experienced constant interruptions by sightseers, many of whom wanted the meet the living descendent of General George Washington, see the Mansion, and ask questions about Washington's life. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThese visitors were considered a nuisance to John Augustine's family, and their presence slowed plantation work for slaves, overseers, and hired farm laborers. Initially John Augustine followed the precedential policies of his mother, father, and uncle Bushrod, publishing trespassing notices around the property, requesting letters of introduction to enter the Mansion, and denying the landing of steamboats on the Potomac River. But with his lands yielding such little profit, John Augustine decided to embrace this historical tourism, implementing business strategies to extract money from the thousands of visitors who journeyed to the home of George Washington. In order to bring more people to the estate, he entered into a contract with the proprietors of the Thomas Collyer to permit their steamboat to dock directly at Mount Vernon. He also promoted and invested in the construction of the Alexandria, Mount Vernon, and Accotink Turnpike Road, which was designed to make travel easier to Mount Vernon over land. As more visitors descended upon the grounds, he instructed slaves and laborers to sell bouquets of flowers, fruit, milk, and hand-carved canes to tourists. Beyond the property boundaries, he went into business with James Crutchett, who purchased timber from the estate and manufactured wooden Washington trinkets near the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad depot in the nation's capital. While John Augustine Washington capitalized on the American fascination with George Washington, these sales were not substantial enough to convince him to retain Mount Vernon. He attempted to sell the property to both the federal government and the state of Virginia, but both bodies were deeply mired in sectional and political partisanship. Convinced that neither would meet his terms, he agreed to sell 200 acres of the Mount Vernon estate, which included the Mansion, outlying buildings, and the family tomb to the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association (MVLA) in 1858 for $200,000. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJohn Augustine and his family vacated Mount Vernon for their new home Waveland plantation in February 1860. About a year later the state of Virginia called for a convention to debate the issue of secession, and in April 1861, Virginia delegates responded to the firing on Fort Sumter by voting in favor of leaving the Union. John Augustine joined the Confederate Army as a lieutenant colonel, and he served as aide-de-camp to his relative by marriage, General Robert E. Lee. In September 1861, John Augustine was killed during a reconnaissance mission at the Battle of Cheat Mountain by a Union bushwhacker. In a letter to John's teenage daughter Louisa, Lee painfully informed her that her father \"fell in the cause to which he had devoted all his energies, and which his noble heart was earnestly enlisted.\" The two men had shared many conversations and moments together as tent mates, and Lee admired his unflinching \"devotion to Almighty God,\" assuring Louisa that \"He is now safely in Heaven.\" John Augustine was buried in the Zion Episcopal Churchyard in Charles Town, West Virginia, one of several Washington family members who fought and died for Southern independence. \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["(Taken from the Digital Encyclopedia entry by Matthew Costello, George Washington's Mount Vernon website)","John Augustine Washington III was the great-grand nephew of George Washington and the last private owner of Mount Vernon. The fourth of five children, he was born on May 3, 1821 to John Augustine Washington II and Jane Charlotte Blackburn Washington. John Augustine spent his young childhood at his parents' Blakeley plantation near present day Charles Town, West Virginia, but after the deaths of Bushrod Washington and his wife Julia in 1829, the Mount Vernon estate became the possession of Bushrod's nephew, John Augustine Washington II. As the son of a wealthy Virginia planter, John Augustine enjoyed a comfortable lifestyle at Mount Vernon, developing interests in politics, hunting, and agriculture. After John Augustine Washington II passed away in June 1832, the estate was left to his widow Jane Charlotte, who vowed to maintain the estate to the best of her ability without involving her children's inheritances. While John Augustine Washington III preferred his more aristocratic pastimes, Jane insisted that he attend college after his father's death. He graduated from the University of Virginia in 1840, returning to Mount Vernon in September 1841 with a proposition to manage the estate for his mother. She agreed, loaning him twenty-two slaves and contracting his employment for five hundred dollars per year for seven years.","As the oldest living male heir, John Augustine Washington III positioned himself to take possession of Mount Vernon from his mother. While she did not pass away until 1855, she gave John Augustine the proverbial keys to the kingdom, granting him full autonomy to run the plantation as he saw fit. However, John Augustine quickly realized that the deteriorating Mount Vernon estate was a far cry from the profitable plantation that his great-great uncle George Washington once presided over. His primary means of income came from wheat and potato production, woodcutting, selling slaves and outsourcing slave labor, collecting land rents, and his herring operation on the Potomac River. However, soil degradation, poor harvests, temperamental weather, and the devastation of crops by insects and pests limited his agricultural returns. While he managed to slow Mount Vernon's financial decline, these endeavors were not enough to stop the downward spiral. In addition to facing these hardships, John Augustine also experienced constant interruptions by sightseers, many of whom wanted the meet the living descendent of General George Washington, see the Mansion, and ask questions about Washington's life. ","These visitors were considered a nuisance to John Augustine's family, and their presence slowed plantation work for slaves, overseers, and hired farm laborers. Initially John Augustine followed the precedential policies of his mother, father, and uncle Bushrod, publishing trespassing notices around the property, requesting letters of introduction to enter the Mansion, and denying the landing of steamboats on the Potomac River. But with his lands yielding such little profit, John Augustine decided to embrace this historical tourism, implementing business strategies to extract money from the thousands of visitors who journeyed to the home of George Washington. In order to bring more people to the estate, he entered into a contract with the proprietors of the Thomas Collyer to permit their steamboat to dock directly at Mount Vernon. He also promoted and invested in the construction of the Alexandria, Mount Vernon, and Accotink Turnpike Road, which was designed to make travel easier to Mount Vernon over land. As more visitors descended upon the grounds, he instructed slaves and laborers to sell bouquets of flowers, fruit, milk, and hand-carved canes to tourists. Beyond the property boundaries, he went into business with James Crutchett, who purchased timber from the estate and manufactured wooden Washington trinkets near the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad depot in the nation's capital. While John Augustine Washington capitalized on the American fascination with George Washington, these sales were not substantial enough to convince him to retain Mount Vernon. He attempted to sell the property to both the federal government and the state of Virginia, but both bodies were deeply mired in sectional and political partisanship. Convinced that neither would meet his terms, he agreed to sell 200 acres of the Mount Vernon estate, which included the Mansion, outlying buildings, and the family tomb to the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association (MVLA) in 1858 for $200,000. ","John Augustine and his family vacated Mount Vernon for their new home Waveland plantation in February 1860. About a year later the state of Virginia called for a convention to debate the issue of secession, and in April 1861, Virginia delegates responded to the firing on Fort Sumter by voting in favor of leaving the Union. John Augustine joined the Confederate Army as a lieutenant colonel, and he served as aide-de-camp to his relative by marriage, General Robert E. Lee. In September 1861, John Augustine was killed during a reconnaissance mission at the Battle of Cheat Mountain by a Union bushwhacker. In a letter to John's teenage daughter Louisa, Lee painfully informed her that her father \"fell in the cause to which he had devoted all his energies, and which his noble heart was earnestly enlisted.\" The two men had shared many conversations and moments together as tent mates, and Lee admired his unflinching \"devotion to Almighty God,\" assuring Louisa that \"He is now safely in Heaven.\" John Augustine was buried in the Zion Episcopal Churchyard in Charles Town, West Virginia, one of several Washington family members who fought and died for Southern independence. "],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Name and date of item], John Augustine Washington III and Mount Vernon Ladies' Association (MVLA) Collection, [Folder], Special Collections, The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon [hereafter Washington Library], Mount Vernon, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Name and date of item], John Augustine Washington III and Mount Vernon Ladies' Association (MVLA) Collection, [Folder], Special Collections, The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon [hereafter Washington Library], Mount Vernon, Virginia."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis diary may not actually be part of accession RM-848 as it is not mentioned in the initial inventory/correspondence. However, it was in the same box as the other diaries and the almanac when found on the shelf, therefore it was described with the collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["This diary may not actually be part of accession RM-848 as it is not mentioned in the initial inventory/correspondence. However, it was in the same box as the other diaries and the almanac when found on the shelf, therefore it was described with the collection."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eEarly Records of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association ;\nPapers of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association ;\nJohn Augustine Washington III and Eleanor Love Selden Correspondence ;\nJohn Augustine Washington III and Descendants Papers ;\nHistoric Manuscripts Collection\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Early Records of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association ;\nPapers of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association ;\nJohn Augustine Washington III and Eleanor Love Selden Correspondence ;\nJohn Augustine Washington III and Descendants Papers ;\nHistoric Manuscripts Collection"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection concerns the inheritance, maintenance, and sale of the Mount Vernon estate by its last private owner, John Augustine Washington III. A large majority of the collection is correspondence to or from John Augustine Washington III with a significant portion relating to the purchase of the estate by the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. Three diaries kept by John Augustine are also included and contain important information about his slaves, agricultural practices, and finances. Other types of material in the collection include legal documents, receipts, photographs, and ephemera. Photocopies were made for most of the manuscripts and can be viewed as surrogates to the originals. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDescendants of John Augustine Washington III maintained ownership of these records until 1990 when they were sold to Gary Hendershott, a manuscripts dealer from Little Rock, Arkansas. The Mount Vernon Ladies' Association purchased the collection in October 1990.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLists signatures and states that all members of Congress would sign if requested.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eStates they are now the \"best of friends.\" She is angry at people who denigrate his motives. Wants to make known his true nature.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Ritchie requests he arrive at the theatre a little after 12:00 so all guests may be seated prior to the rise of the curtain.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eShe had sent her present of flowers to Mrs. Madison, and they were \"greatfully\" received.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHis mother wants help valuing her sheep. Describes one offer for Mount Vernon with great disdain. They want to have entertainments there. He has great respect for \"your manly pride.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eApologizes for having intruded too much on his privacy during a recent visit when Mrs. Ritchie and others of the ladies \"took forcible possession of me\" and requested cuttings of flowers. Hopes he will establish a Botanic Garden and suggests a location for a Mausoleum.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDescribes her return from Mount Vernon in much rain. Discusses crops. Gives instructions for sending things to her. Asks report of conversation that was \"highly derogatory to me.\" Feels items should be sold to visitors so they will not pilfer mementos.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUrges sale of Mount Vernon to Virginia rather than to a private sale.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eResolution wants to change the site of the Military Asylum to Mount Vernon if a part of the estate can be purchased at a reasonable price.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIntroduces some friends who wish to visit Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGives family news and an account of a visit by a gentleman who spent the night at Mount Vernon and gave $5 to West Ford. Discusses sale of a slave to his cousin. Has heard of a bill by the federal government to purchase Mount Vernon and wishes it would be accepted. Mentions prices and terms.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs sending oats and other items to Mount Vernon. Urges him to pursue his studies. Wishes him to send some oysters and sugar.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSends funds for completing the vault at Mount Vernon and authorizes him to take more money from his bank if necessary.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThanks him for the many civilities experienced by them during their visit to Mount Vernon. Sends a piece of a branch of a fig tree cut from the birth spot of \"your immortal ancestor.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs against his plans for Mount Vernon and opening it to \"every low idler.\" Discusses payments and what form they would take.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBrief note of regards, translated by J. Perkins.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHeard about people being charged to enter the garden. Wishes he would stop this.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWants to know price and terms of sale of Mount Vernon. If not for sale, could it be leased. (Contains typed transcript.)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWas glad to hear that Mount Vernon was not for sale as it should remain in the hands of the Washington family. Wishes to \"establish a house of entertainment in the vicinity of Mount Vernon.\" Asks questions as to materials and location of such. (Contains typed transcript.)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs in the market to purchase negroes as one of his men, Alfred, has run off. Wants to know whether she still wishes to dispose of her negroes and what her price would be. He could pay $500 cash and then pay off the principal in a year or two.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLists names of executors and legatees and their shares and values.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTells him of an upcoming visit to Washington and Mount Vernon by a \"highly respectable volunteer corps.\" They wish to arrive by boat and see the tomb of Washington. He understands permission to do so is necessary.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs worried his health is suffering by his labors at Mount Vernon. Hopes he will accept any reasonable offer by the U.S. Government for it. Went into town to have magistrates witness her acknowledgment of the deed of release. Discusses a suit brought by Judge Douglass and the health of various family members.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDoubts whether an offer will be made by the U.S. Government. Hopes it would as she feels his health is suffering from attending to business at Mount Vernon. Recommends someone to help him acquire an overseer. Was paid money for him. Discusses the failing health of Dr. Alexander's mother and others.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs horrified to learn of auction of Wood Lawn. Proposes to run a steamboat between Washington to Wood Lawn, Fort Washington, Mount Vernon, and the White House. Gives references. Pledges to bring members of Congress there and feels it would enhance the chances of the purchase of Mount Vernon by the government. Suggests it could be used as a summer home for the President. Discusses various items left by Washington and the soon to be completed Chesapeake \u0026amp; Ohio Canal. (contains typed transcript)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTells him of a letter he received from an unknown man who wants to obtain a tree from Mount Vernon to transplant in France to shade the bench of Christopher Columbus which he possesses.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRecommends leaving it to Congress to propose a price for the purchase of Mount Vernon. She feels he wants too much for it, and that it really should not be sold. Gives family news. Gives advice on his search for an overseer.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFirst letter discusses the Supreme Court taking on the suit of Mr. Hammond against General Washington. Bassett says he discharged all debts owed by Captain Lewis. There is another copy of the names of executors and legatees and their shares and values. Discussions of various debts owed to different people.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscusses various suits, mostly Hammonds, against the estate and their current status. Many people have died since 1827 when they were last listed. Will take a long time to find people.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscussion of the Hammond suit and payments still owed to various creditors, to be paid by all the legatees of General Washington's estate. Most dollar figures are left blank to be filled in later. Prompt payment by all legatees is required.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscusses his father's will and his lack of knowledge of the whereabouts of various other people mentioned in JAW's letter.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAnswering his inquiries as to various relatives. Suggests he write to the clerk of Kanawha County for the information he requires. Suggests he contact Andrew Parks who probably has all the facts.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscusses sale of swamp land. He paid the taxes on it for the Washington heirs. The land is not worth much since the timber had been taken from it by many people over the years. Would like to be reimbursed for the money he paid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe wishes to meet with him in the middle of November, at which time they can conclude their business.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscusses the bill in Congress to purchase Mount Vernon. Wants assets divided up between her children so all are taken care of. Tells of Charles' upcoming marriage before he leaves for California.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscusses the codicil of his father's will. Mrs. Washington is not compelled to sell. Upon her death, the heirs may sell despite the codicil. Suggests Mrs. Washington partition the land before her death in order that JAW may do \"what you please with the land.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eInvites him to the wedding of his oldest daughter the next week.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHas been in Charlestown attending services for the week. Is amazed at the prospect of $200,000 being paid for Mount Vernon by the government. Wants him to send fish and to pickle some \"Rock.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription included) George Page and a surveyor from Maryland wanted to survey land in the Potomac River adjacent to Mount Vernon with the object of bringing steamboats there. Was notified he would be charged with some offense by Maryland. Makes him aware that the compact between the states means they have no claim on him.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFirst letter – wants to know if Mount Vernon Estate will be sold. Second letter – understands the government might become the owner of the estate and wants to meet.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWants him to petition the Court to finally settle the estate of General Washington.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFirst letter – wants to examine Mount Vernon with a view to the establishment of a military asylum for the relief of soldiers. Second letter – tells him the price for Mount Vernon is too high, and purchase of a location nearer Washington will be undertaken.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAn account by a boat company of receipts over the past year.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscusses the landing of boats at Mount Vernon without JAW's previous knowledge. Wants them to be allowed to dock if they pay the usual fare to him.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAcknowledges payment for the pianoforte. Wants four walking sticks cut from near General Washington's tomb to be sent to monks in Italy.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAgreement to sell 200 acres of Mount Vernon for $200,000. Includes all buildings and the tomb, as well as furnishings currently there. Also will allow heirs to be buried there. He may not sell the estate without first offering it to the U.S. Government and the State of Virginia for no more than $350,000.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHas been unable to contact other parties to the contract. Hopes to be able to do so soon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA committee of the House of Delegates has been appointed to consider the purchase of Mount Vernon. Wants to meet him in Alexandria to discuss this.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEncloses a newspaper clipping about the acquisition of Mount Vernon by the State of Virginia. Tells him the committee of five will look into the will of the people as to this acquisition.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAddressed only to \"Mrs. Washington.\" Unclear whether it is addressed to Mrs. Jane C.B. Washington or Mrs. Eleanor L.S. Washington. (Typed transcription included) Has heard that Mount Vernon is for sale, possibly to northern people. Feels the Ladies of the South might instead procure it and wants to know the price.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDoes not wish to part with Mount Vernon but wishes to keep it from the changeable fortunes of a family and to ally it to the State. Would sell 200 acres with stipulations for $200,000. If the State wants to establish a model farm there, he would sell an additional 1,000 acres for $300,000. Invites them to visit.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscusses his offer to sell Mount Vernon to the state. Says $200,000 is less than the property could sell for on the market. Talks about having a model farm as nothing meant more to Washington than farming. Would welcome them to visit. Reminds them that his terms cannot be materially modified.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription included) Says he is asking less money of the state than he had been offered by others. Tells them of his desire for a model farm as the pursuit of an improved system of agriculture was of great importance to General Washington. Would welcome a visit from them.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWants to clear up suggestions that he is falsely referring to higher offers for Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Committee feels the price for Mount Vernon \"is enormous.\" Would prefer the money to be used for a rail road.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDraft in writing of John Augustine Washington III. Addressed to \"Miss Cunningham\" but could also be a response to Louisa Cunningham's letter instead of Ann Pamela Cunningham. Praises the women of the south for their affection for Washington. Does not wish to dispose of the property except to the government of the United States or Virginia and so declines the proposition from the \"Ladies of the South.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDraft thought to be in the writing of Jane C.B. Washington. Identical text to previous letter (draft in the hand of John Augustine Washington III).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEncloses a power of attorney and some other letters. Has agreed to reduction of $50,000 on 1000 acres. Will accept nothing less than $200,000 for the 200 acres. Agrees to pay him 5% of what he gets from either government agency, provided it occurs in the current session.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe state might be willing to pay $50,000 per year for four years for Mount Vernon but not the total of $200,000 at once. Wonders what is happening with the federal government. \"Things are coming to a head rapidly.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs long as negotiations with Virginia remain open, it would not be proper for him to entertain any proposals from other parties for the purchase of Mount Vernon. Might be interested in the future in making an offer.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFeels priority should be given to Congress to purchase Mount Vernon, and therefore Virginia is holding off on more committee meetings. Wants him to be there for future committee meetings.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUrges him to meet with Arthur Taylor as his representative in the proposed sale of Mount Vernon. Requests that he not send papers to Col. Bissell before meeting with him.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHas the papers from Mr. Washington and wants to meet with him to discuss the sale of Mount Vernon to the U.S. Government.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssures him that he has not given the letters from him to Mr. Bissell and has requested Mr. Taylor to come see him.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEncloses the previous letter and hopes they will be able to meet soon. Feels it best to not commit to any course with the U.S. until a definite answer comes from the Virginia Legislature.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eInvites him to come to his lodgings at any time at 9 a.m.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs unable to return to his \"hospitable roof\" at this time. Values the time she was there and having been \"entrusted with the training of such bright intelligences.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReports on his share of earnings from \"Washington's Writings.\" Many copies of the book were destroyed in a fire, but the stereotype and engraved plates were in a fire proof vault.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFeels it is very important for him to communicate with the federal government and is willing to help in any way.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Taylor shared his letter proposing to bring the subject of the purchase of Mount Vernon again before Congress. His terms are already known to him – the same as those agreed to for the State of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWants to bring up the purchase of Mount Vernon in Congress but wants to know just what terms he agreed to with Virginia. Wants the Northern States to purchase it.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGives terms of sale, including that family members still living may also be buried there. Additional property to total 1000 acres may be purchased for $300,000, for a model farm as suggested by Gen. Washington. Tells him the state of Virginia had proposed the sale for less than he wanted which he refused.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEncloses a copy of the bill reported to the House of Delegates Committee for the purchase of Mount Vernon. He told them it would not meet with JAW's approval. Urges him to move quickly on the Turnpike matter for this session.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs very desirous of having the State of Virginia take possession of Mount Vernon and \"have the sole control and ownership forever.\" Wants to know what terms he proposes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGives him the terms of sale. The Washington family shall be permitted to be buried on the site, and no remains shall ever be disturbed. The price shall be $200,000, with an additional 800 acres available for $100,000 more\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWill not accede to propositions of the steamboat company. Will be busy for a few weeks but wants to see a copy of the agreement currently in effect.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTells him of Mrs. Mason presenting \"a remonstrance against your turnpike.\" Wants access to $250 at Farmers Bank in Alexandria.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscusses payments based on sales of \"Washington's Writings.\" Tells percentages paid to various legatees.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscusses quarrelling and squabbling among the ladies purchasing Mount Vernon. Is concerned about security around the remains of George Washington.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWants him to send a letter to him so he may correct disparaging remarks made about his impending sale of Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs writing to her as requested by JAW. Describes a woman mourning her deceased eight-year-old son. Includes a poem about grief and moving on after death of a child.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Mr. Mason very much wants to meet him and getting a letter from JAW that would announce the news of their \"progress.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Thanks him for the kindness of him and Mrs. Washington on her recent visit to Mount Vernon. Urges him to send a letter to be published about the sale of Mount Vernon before the news is released by someone else.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Assures her he does not care what others say about him and remains hopeful of selling Mount Vernon to the State of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Explains the absence of Mr. Toombs when JAW came to see him. Tells him why she is now dealing with Mr. Toombs rather than Mr. Mason.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Hopes to meet him in Washington City as she will be there for a few days during her travel south. Wants a thorough understanding of his wishes and intentions before meeting with the governor of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWants him to reconsider his determination as expressed in his letter in the National Intelligencer and put the estate under the care of the State of Virginia. (This is a copy of a letter written by Anna's husband.) Second letter, dated March 5, 1857 on same paper: Refers to letter copied out by her. Is certain a sufficient sum will have been raised by February 22 to enable Virginia to purchase Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUrges him to reconsider his determination as expressed in his letter to the National Intelligencer and consent to place the estate once more at the disposal of Virginia which has an arrangement with the \"Ladies' Mount Vernon Association of the Union.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHis musical association played a concert on behalf of the \"Ladies Mt. Vernon Association\" at which $100 was raised. The musical group would benefit greatly from receiving this money back if Mr. Washington has no plans to sell to the Ladies Association.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWould love to spend time at Mount Vernon, but his schedule will not allow at this time. His book will be published during the winter and spring, but he doesn't feel a visit would add anything.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe remains willing to place Mount Vernon in the hands of the State of Virginia, under his terms which the state has not seemed to want to meet. The proposal to have Mount Vernon by under the Mount Vernon Ladies Association of the Union is unacceptable to him. Doubts they could maintain the estate in perpetuity. It would then be taken over by the state.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Identical to previous letter.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Responding to his letter to Mr. Ritchie. Urges him to put out that the Ladies are to raise $200,000 on behalf of the State of Virginia for the purchase of Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Does not wish to publish parts of letters. Feels \"nothing but silent contempt can put them at rest.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(W.L. Underwood – most likely Warner Lewis Underwood, Kentucky Senator) Tells JAW that if his current negotiations for Mount Vernon should fall through that his organization would be pleased to enter into further discussions.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAgain says he wishes Mount Vernon to go to the State of Virginia, to be decided upon by the current session of the General Assembly.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants to know who told her that he was \"willing… for a pecuniary consideration to break engagements and promises.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Masonic Brotherhood is interested in purchasing Mount Vernon. Thanks him for the tour the previous day. Apologizes for the bad behavior of one member and hopes that will not prejudice him against the Fraternity.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) She met with the governor who told her the \"Extra Session\" of the Legislature was for the \"presidential contest,\" so the Legislature will not be meeting again until the next winter. Realizes this delay is not pleasing to him.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eInquires whether any action has been taken by the Legislature or is likely to be.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTells him no action has yet been taken by the Legislature but feels sure it will be taken up after the Christmas recess, after which the ladies will be enabled to purchase Mount Vernon and have its title transferred to Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscusses various prices for Mount Vernon and quotes JAW as vehemently denying that he wanted the remains of General Washington moved. He wishes the estate to be the property of the United States and all the people.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells him she has been very ill but is sure that the Legislature will act.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Labeled as Private. Tells him Gov. Wise is \"inimical to our 'cause'\" which is the reason the Legislature has not taken up the subject of the purchase of Mount Vernon.\" Talks of the financial crisis which is being felt by \"we victimized cotton planters.\" Tells him of the impending sale of copies of a portrait of Washington.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) She writes of her illness and lack of strength. The Constitution of the Association was signed by the governor. Tells him various Masonic orders have decided to become allies of the Association. Hopes to have the contract signed between Virginia and him on the 22nd of February.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eInvites recipient to the elevation of the Statue of Washington on February 22 in Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Labeled as Private. Is looking forward to the inauguration of the Washington statue. Wants him to vow that the Ladies of the Association are the \"very best friends you have in the world.\" Tells him that Gov. Wise is no friend to him or to her and this cause.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Has a document that states Virginia will purchase Mount Vernon from him and encloses a copy of the bill. Is sure the governor will act strongly to defeat this. Wants him to attend the address by Mr. Everett a few days before the 22nd of February. Tells him how lucky he is to get $200,000 in \"these awful times.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGives price of sale of $200,000 for 200 acres of the Mount Vernon estate and pledges the MVLA to guarantee to not disturb any remains currently there and to allow descendants of JAW to also be interred there.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Praises him for agreeing that Mount Vernon is to be a public shrine and to limit interments there. Gen. Chapman included that in the third reading of the bill. Discusses the building of a new mausoleum for Washington which would not go against his will. Talks of her illness.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells her the disposition of family remains, as well as those of General Washington, are his biggest concerns in the sale.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Hopes he is happy about the bill as read in the Legislature. Tells him it is she and not the Committee who wants to arrange for a magnificent mausoleum. Closes by saying she is too exhausted to \"even give a hint of the nature of woman's revenge should you not be in a state of delight over our bill!!!\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Remains adamant as to a future mausoleum as Washington stated where he wished his remains to be. Cannot travel to Richmond at present due to the illness of Mrs. Washington.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Agreement ends with reference to the 10th of February) Deals with payment of $6,000 to heirs of W.F. Alexander and Anna Alexander as a share of Mount Vernon. Expressly says none of these heirs have any claim to the proceeds arising from a sale of Mount Vernon, other than the $6,000.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells him that though Gov. Wise is no friend to the Mount Vernon cause, he did not intend to put his remarks under the head of Lunatic Asylum. It was a complete accident.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses another article by Mr. Pryor who is \"using his art to arouse the fear, \u0026amp; cupidity of the timid \u0026amp; narrow minded of this Legislature.\" Asks him about his previous offer from a company to purchase the estate, and that he wanted to wait for Congress to act.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) States that his price for Mount Vernon has always been $200,000, since he gained control of it in 1849. Asks whether he ever made an offer for Mount Vernon for $100,000. If so, under whose authority was it made?\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants to confirm with him that his offer to sell Mount Vernon as a site for the Military Asylum in 1851 was for $200,000 and not $100,000.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells her of a contract with a gentleman to sell him 200 acres of Mount Vernon for $200,000 with the condition that the property should be offered to the U.S. and to Virginia. If neither purchased it, he should take the property. He then offered $50,000 to release him from that obligation, but JAW refused. Says he never has offered it for sale in public or private.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSays he was authorized by JAW to offer Mount Vernon for a Military Asylum for $100,000. Will search for papers to confirm this.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Advises that on March 25, 1851, he made an offer to sell about 150 acres of the Mount Vernon estate for $200,000 for an Army Asylum or some other government purpose.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Labeled as Private. Thanks him for sending a copy of the correspondence of Gen. Scott. Miss C. is intensely engaged in getting past Mr. Pryor's malicious misrepresentation of the Bill. If he can defeat us, he will.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReiterates that Alexander and his heirs have no claim to any proceeds arising from a sale of Mount Vernon beyond the agreed upon $6,000 and requests him to add a paragraph to that effect to the agreement they will both sign.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants him to come see her in Richmond, despite his recent fall. Refers to the animosity of Mr. Pryor toward the bill. Wishes there could be an Extra Session for it to pass.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAgain states his disagreement with Mr. McKenzie's assertion of his having offered $100,000 for Mount Vernon. No one else knew of such an offer. Gen. Scott agrees with JAW in his recollections. Tells her of a recent fall from a horse which will prevent his visit to Richmond on the 22nd.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUrges him and his family to attend the inauguration of the equestrian statue of Washington on the Capital Square in Richmond. Says he would be pleased to host them at their home near the city.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Is uncertain whether he will be able to travel to Richmond and wants her to update him on matters related to the Bill as \"I have not in any manner approached\" any of his friends or acquaintances on the subject. It is important for her to convince members that the association only needs the name of the State which will not be called upon to pay any of the money for the purchase.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham begs him to attend Mr. Everett's oration and hopes to speak to him on the Square tomorrow.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Continues to be unwell. Introduces him to Mr. A.H.H. Dawson of Georgia, \"an eccentric genius.\" He is devoted to the purposes of the Association and has delivered an address about it in 30 towns in Georgia. Urges him to come to Richmond to meet with members of the Legislature.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Is sorry he was unable to call on her before leaving Richmond. Wants clarification about alterations Mr. Yancy thought necessary in the paper he left with her. He wants a decision by the Legislature, yes or no, soon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells him that the Legislature is \"in a row\" and will not pass any bills before an Extra Session. Wants him to bring a contract to her so they are prepared for any contingencies. Tells him of her illness of the lungs and her treatment.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Reiterates the importance of the sanctity of the family burying ground. Wants to have some alterations and additions of a substantial permanent character made to the present vault, with a durable enclosure around it. He is open to payment in stocks or cash for the estate. Says they should have an act of incorporation before signing a contract.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Gen. Chapman was drawing up an act of incorporation before the bill comes up. He said Virginia must not hold the tomb; the Association must hold it. She remains very ill. \"yrs in much suffering\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs preparing a pamphlet to defend JAW against detractors and wants copies of correspondence he had with Gen. Scott and others about possible purchase of Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) The bill in Virginia for the purchase of Mount Vernon, to be refunded by the MVLA, was defeated in the House of Delegates. In addition Congress cannot purchase land in a sovereign state without its consent. Tells him it should be the property of the Nation and should be sold to the MVLA. \"With grateful women pledged to guard the sacred ashes of Washington and to adorn his home for a national shrine.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Says it has become obvious that neither Virginia nor the U.S. wish to purchase Mount Vernon. Therefore \"the women of the land will probably be the safest as they will certainly be the purest guardians of a national shrine.\" He waits for her to make a proposal to him.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham requests that he answer the letter she gave him relating to the purchase of Mount Vernon and to return it to her. She will give him a copy.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Is returning her letter to him as it seemed to be improperly dated and lacked her signature. When she remedies those defects, he will send an answer.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants to meet with him on Saturday morning in Alexandria to sign the contract.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Is very unhappy about delays put forth by Messrs. Macfarland \u0026amp; Myers. They felt there had to be an acceptance of the contract by all or a majority of the Vice Regents before it could be signed. They can do this by telegraph, permitting Mrs. Ritchie to act for them.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Urges him to come without delay. It was thought things would be delayed as Mrs. Walton's husband had died, but now Mr. McFarland advised them to send for him at once. Miss Cunningham is not good and needs to bring matters to a close \"ere it be too late.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants him to come see her that afternoon or evening as Dr. Beale \"considers it necessary to apply a severe blister without delay.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Upon reflection she feels the letter she sent him for publication is not to be published. She does not wish to \"make enemies even in a State which has given me so little cause to respect it.\" Mrs. Ritchie will work on a better worded one which she will send to him.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe deposited money to his credit for the contract and wants to know if this was correct. Tells him the pony he was inquiring about is not for sale. Also felt much concern about the accounts of the fisheries. Looks forward to a visit with him.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses the plat of the 200 acres of land he agreed to sell to the MVLA. Wants him to sign it and return it.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) About the plat, he is having the land resurveyed and \"have the necessary corners stones set.\" He will send it back with a signature after that. Also encloses her letter of March 12 and wants a copy of her letter as published with her signature.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWants to know if George Thorburn may visit Mount Vernon in the 28th of May to inspect the grounds in regards to the improvements to be made. He is \"no doubt the first horticulturist in America\" and a plain, unpolished person. It would be good for JAW's surveyor to meet with Mr. Thorburn to go over the grounds.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe is \"exceedingly provoked\" at the newspaper coverage in connection with the sale of Mount Vernon. As a college friend he felt he had to contact an editor and correct the information. He hopes he did not make the situation worse.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAgain requests he host the \"celebrated florist\" at Mount Vernon to look over the grounds before they come to Mount Vernon on the 29th for a few hours.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAgrees to have Mr. Thorburn come and meet with surveyors. Asks if Mr. Thorburn could be appointed the Agent of the Association in drawing up with the surveyors the lines of the 200 acres. He will \"grant any reasonable request of the Association.\" Hopes to see Mr. Ritchie and her while he yet resides at Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe first attests to receipt of interest on the $6,000 owed to Mrs. Jane Washington. \tThe second is for $2,000 as part of the $6,000 owed.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUrges him to reduce the price of Mount Vernon to $150,000 so as to better fund all the expenses associated with its ownership by the MVLA. Tells him to buy land in \"some of the new states\" with that money.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWants to know what stocks or bonds would be acceptable as part of the purchase price. Gives the current rate of Virginia stock.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAcknowledges his decline to the proposition.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReplying to a previous letter. Cannot answer the questions of Miss Lewis as he does not remember where Col. Fielding Lewis died. Her wishes are an illusion. Wonders if some land in Kentucky is what she is dreaming of. Hopes the Ladies will be able to preserve Mount Vernon after they complete the purchase.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs a new Mason, wants to know if he will amend the contract to state that the property will revert to the United States or the Masonic Fraternity in the event of a dissolution of the MVLA and not to the state of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWrites to her cousin about an article in the paper that morning that was a \"vile abolition libel on you.\" Wants to assure her lady friends that it is untrue.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs involved in illustrating an article about Mount Vernon as it is of interest to the American people. Wants to visit to sketch objects that have not been drawn. The MVLA is in favor of such an article to assist with their fund raising.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs amazed at the scurrilous attacks made on him by Northern Papers which are calculated to embarrass the Mount Vernon Association.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Thanks him for his letter about the calumnies in some Northern newspapers but has no desire to enter into a controversy with the papers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Wants him to tell her of his agreement with Mr. Crutchett of Mount Vernon Cane Factory who was given permission to come and cut trees on the estate. Asks what value he puts on the remainder of the estate contiguous to the 200 acres.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Gives details of his contract with Mr. Crutchett which expired in February 1856. He was permitted to take more trees before January 1857. He has no right to \"come upon the property I have sold the Association to cut timber.\" Has not put a price on the remainder of Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThanks him for the hospitality given to him and his sister on their visit to Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham was happy to hear his account of the transactions with Mr. Crutchett. Wants him to come to Philadelphia to confer upon private matters of great importance to the Association and himself. She is equally interested in the final settlement of the boundary lines.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFirst letter (incomplete) congratulates him on the sale of Mount Vernon. Requests return of portrait of his mother. Second letter thanks him for agreeing to return the portrait. He and his family would very much like to visit Mount Vernon again before it becomes public.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHopes he can come to Washington to meet with him. Wants Mr. Washington to stay with him to \"pay off the debt of visiting you at Mt. Vernon.\" Miss Cunningham is making arrangements to pay the first bond with interest in December.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Looks forward to making payment of the first installment. Mr. Riggs will pay sums of $5,000 as soon as it is raised. Hopes to be able to pay the remainder of 2d installment on 1st of January 1859. Begs him to keep these matters as a \"profound secret.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMiss Cunningham wants to make the first payment on December 14, the anniversary of Washington's death.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTells him of payment to Burke \u0026amp; Herbert of $10,000 on that day.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTells him the box containing the chairs has not yet arrived. He wants to be allowed to pay for the repairs necessary to the chairs. Invites him and his family to visit him in Richmond before they go farther away from it.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Wants to make the first payment on the 1st, but this is a holiday. Urges him not to risk sending the plat executed by Washington himself but to have it be lithographed. Wants to clear up the boundaries. Tells him to keep the discussion of the sale of additional land private.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWants to gather branches from the estate in order to make canes to sell to aid in the purchase of Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTheir project would require the consent of the Regent of the MVLA.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Confidential) Miss Cunningham is too ill to reply to his last letter. Lets him know his presence might be required on the 22nd but all arrangements must be kept private. The upcoming payment will be about $14,000.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Urges him to accept the money already paid to him (for the \"selling your relations bones.\") He already received more money than the estate was worth. Note on the letter states he ensured his control over the remains in \"such a way that they can never be sold by any one.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Does not want to go to Philadelphia unless it is absolutely necessary. He recently heard that Mrs. Esther M. Lewis (widow of Lorenzo Lewis) wants to present the harpsichord that was given to Nelly to the MVLA.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThanks him for copy of the inscription on a bust. He realized he had not copied the pencil sketch of the Destruction of the Bastille. Would JAW please have a photograph of it sent to him for an upcoming book on the history of Mount Vernon. Will send a copy of the book to him in September when it is published.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAcknowledges receipt of $1,000 which completes the payment of $6,000 owed to Mrs. Jane Washington.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Regent wants JAW to not allow any more sketches to be made of Mount Vernon or the grounds without her consent. Attached is a copy of an advertisement for sale of a portrait of Washington. The Mount Vernon Record gives an account of fund raising to date. Mr. Everett thanks Devereux for sending him a copy of the Farewell Address.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Requests her to send him definite instructions to enable him to prohibit people from making sketches of Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTells them he has written to the Regent requesting her instructions about the matter they raised with him.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) The Regent now feels that it would \"not be practicable for you to refuse privileges hitherto granted\" in the matter of sketches. There is also a newspaper clipping with letters from JAW and the Regent about the sale of Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThey wrote to him on the 14th as the Regent was prostrated. Requests any material he might have about the area in England where Washington's ancestor came from.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells her of terms under which they ran their steamboat to Mount Vernon. They paid him money with the understanding that he would make repairs to the wharf and footway, under the agreement, but he did not. He ordered his captain to have it done and will retain that money.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses a copy of the previous letter and asks him to advise her as to her response to Mr. Bryan.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham much enjoyed his previous letter and its humor. Hopes he will waive the requisition of 10 days notice before receiving payments. Can give him at least 30 days notice before requiring possession, and hopefully 60 days. She has \"been very much of an invalid for many weeks.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants him to come to Philadelphia around the 10th or 12th so they may consult in regard to the future. They can have the boundary line settled and put many business affairs in order. Miss Cunningham intends to make a payment on the last installment as soon \"as you will receive it.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) He will travel to Philadelphia and meet with her on Wednesday. Will give directions to Messrs. Burke \u0026amp; Herbert for the last installment.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham wants him to arrive on Thursday and then accompany her to hear Mr. Everett in the evening. She and Mr. Everett would then meet with him on Friday.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) He agrees to come to Philadelphia on Thursday and meet as she suggests.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) The Regent wants him to \"have the kindness not to speak of the particulars of your interview with her.\" She also requests him to confer with Mr. Herbert, after which Mr. Herbert should meet with Mr. Riggs and let her know the arrangements he would be willing to make. \"This matter she particularly desires should be confidential.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWants him to send him the photographs of the Picture of the Bastille and let him know what he owes for this service. Thanks him for his kindness in all this matter.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAgain asks for the photograph of the Bastille picture as his book is finished, and he is only waiting for that.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham regrets that he and Mr. Riggs were unable to meet at Mount Vernon to discuss all it is possible to do without annoyance to the family. Would like to commence work on the outbuildings near the garden and to rebuild the roof and pillars of the piazza. Also wants to do work around the Tomb.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Apologizes for delay in responding to his recent letter, but the news of Captain Cunningham's decease has made it impossible for Miss Cunningham to \"think of even the most pressing business.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThanks him for sending the photograph and encloses $5. Apologizes for keeping three documents for so long. Wants to return the documents and send him a copy of the book in September. Asks whether he may keep the Pohick elevation as it is in Washington's hand.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDetails work done on various dresses.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs sorry to hear that JAW will be leaving Mount Vernon before Hubard can get there to visit. Wants to know whether Mr. Mills does possess the moulds made by Houdon. Wants to see a cast made from the mould as he is convinced it is a fraud.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCannot say whether the Richmond statue is accurate but to him the head looks identical to the Mount Vernon bust. Has never heard of the moulds being left at Mount Vernon and does not believe Mr. Mills would have removed anything without his permission.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWants to clarify his original assertion that he feels Houdon did not use the moulds made from Washington's face as he asserts they are very different from the head of Houdon. Also wants to know whether the table on which Washington lay when the moulds were made is still at Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThanks him for sending money from the steamboat company for the MVLA.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWill be writing an article for Encyclopedia Britannica and is \"desirous of stating the facts relative to the emancipation of the Genl's slaves.\" Also wants to know whether Mrs. Washington left a will and whether she freed her slaves in it.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWishes to obtain a copy of the inventory of General Washington's estate.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMakes assertion that General Washington was sued and judgment rendered against him. Also some northern papers are speculating that he lost his money and had mortgaged the Mount Vernon estate for $400,000. Encloses a copy of the certificate of the appraiser as entered in 1810.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs returning the papers lent to him and sending a copy of his book on Mount Vernon. Thanks him for the use of the papers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Reminds her that his request for her lawyer to sift through an abstract of his title to Mount Vernon has not been complied with. This would answer questions raised by anonymous persons which have \"caused you some uneasiness.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMiss Cunningham wants to conclusively prove the falsehood of assertions of the invalidity of his title to the estate. The Clerk of Fairfax County will attest to the truth but wants to see his father's will and evidence of the payment of $6,000 charged to the estate. Looks forward to putting to rest this falsehood.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs still waiting for the certificate from the Clerk of Fairfax County. That will give the \"lie to any slander of title.\" Is unable to visit due to his duties in the Legislature.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham thanks him for sending the package of papers and hopes to be able to write herself in a few days about other matters.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThanks him for sending the papers. Does not appear from them that \"Mrs. Washington emancipated the dower negroes.\" Requests more information on that point.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSees that Miss Cunningham has published an abstract of title furnished her by the Clerk of Fairfax Court, so imagines she will not require further information. Will soon return the other papers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Has forwarded to her a package of papers which he recovered, apparently detailing the kinds and locations of trees planted at Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTells her his lack of response to her letter is due to being away most of the month and having visits from friends, possibly for the last time at Mount Vernon. Pointed out the lines of the old vistas marked by ancient trees. The insurance policies he had were on the house only, not the outbuildings. Recommends she make a new road. Also recommends repairing the wharf.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSends a newspaper copy of an advertisement she placed wishing to obtain a copy of the photograph taken the previous August at the tomb of Washington which included her daughter, now deceased. She would like to know if she could obtain a list of the attendees of that day so she might write and request this as it is the only photograph of her daughter.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells her the Association still must raise $140,000 to support the Estate which will require extraordinary effort on the part of the Association. Asks her to address visitors at Mount Vernon on the imperative nature of this.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Wants to arrange a \"Grand Ceremonial in connection with the taking of the title\" in order to let people know fund raising is not complete after the purchase. Refers to political turmoil and the impending dissolution of the Union and all the difficulties this will cause. Plans to be at Mount Vernon for 10 days and wants to meet with him to finalize things.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe is fine with executing a deed for the sale of Mount Vernon to the Association and feels there would be no difficulty in the event of his death. He worries about Virginia's seceding from the Union that she might object to selling part of her soil to a corporation composed \"in part of unfriendly foreigners.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham is gratified that he concurs in her proposition and feels her decease would be the most serious difficulty to be apprehended. Wants to meet him at Mount Vernon to place the deed in escrow. Does not feel the possibilities for Virginia he suggested would form a significant barrier.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses an order to Mr. Riggs for steamboat receipts through December 31st. Would be happy to meet her at Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses the order on Mr. Bryan for the steamboat receipts. Has been paying insurance which continues until June next and has deducted that from the receipts.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAcknowledges his letter but does not need receipts for premiums of insurance.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReports that Mr. Herbert only wants to clear the lot of land offered him. Also Mr. Norris has rented out his farm. Turner is not sure where he moved to in Kentucky. Discusses acquisition of material to make shirts for servants.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Typed transcription enclosed) Had not replied to his earlier letter due to excessive fatigue from her journey from Columbia. Hopes to use patriotic influence to get the \"Agent\" to remit or reduce his fee.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTells him of a minister who will be in Alexandria and is looking for a vacant church where he could officiate.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFuneral was conducted at Waveland. There is a description of the body and the family. Invoked the Gospel. JAW began family prayers following the death of his wife. Description of his activities over the following days.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAsks Mrs. Howard for a biographical sketch of her father (John Augustine Washington III) for the National Cyclopedia of American Biography.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTwo leaflets advertising the writings of Dr. Lyon G. Tyler.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFull title \"A Confederate catechism: The war of 1861-1865.\" Third edition, November 21, 1929. Series of 20 questions and answers about the war.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWants to know whether the Ladies will discuss the purchase of the pictures and maps he has been offering. He will offer them elsewhere.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographic print, cabinet card of a drawing of the east view of the Mansion by unknown artist. Reverse side of card reads \"D.H. Naramore, Photographer, No. 321 King Street, Alexandria, VA.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSmall engraving probably clipped from a publication. Unknown location or residence shown in image.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHair clippings in envelope with note \"Hair of the late Lawrence Washington - 1856 - Found among articles bequested to MVLA by Miss Cunningham. Miss Comegys, Regent (1923) directs Supt. to send this to the widow of Mr. Lawrence W.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSmall black and white photographic print showing the gravestone for Lt. Col. John Augustine Washington.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBlack and white photographic print mounted on gray board. Shows Waveland residence with man, two women, and several children visible (unidentified).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBoston: Published by Charles Bowen. Front page signed \"Jane C. Washington, Mount Vernon, 1834.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiary inscribed \"Account of all my recpts. \u0026amp; expenditures beginning with Sept. 16th, 1841, that being the date at which I came to Mount Vernon to reside.\" There are intermittent entries through November 1859. This is not as full a diary but includes lists of food, clothing, and china, table, and cookware.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes \"List of Negroes\" and Mount Vernon farming and maintenance details. Loose note at the front reads \"Extracts from the diary of my father\" with notes on this diary and previous ones.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes \"List of Negroes\" and Mount Vernon farming and maintenance details.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotocopies of undated manuscripts from the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotocopies of manuscripts dated 1834-1838 from the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotocopies of manuscripts dated 1841-1845 from the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotocopies of manuscripts dated 1846-1849 from the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotocopies of manuscripts dated 1851-1853 from the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotocopies of manuscripts dated 1854-1855 from the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotocopies of manuscripts dated 1856-1857 from the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotocopies of manuscripts dated 1858 from the collection. (1 of 2)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotocopies of manuscripts dated 1858 from the collection. (2 of 2)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotocopies of manuscripts dated 1859 from the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotocopies of manuscripts dated 1860-1861 from the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHandwritten notes probably by a librarian or other Mount Vernon staff member including summaries of the letters within the collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and 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Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection concerns the inheritance, maintenance, and sale of the Mount Vernon estate by its last private owner, John Augustine Washington III. A large majority of the collection is correspondence to or from John Augustine Washington III with a significant portion relating to the purchase of the estate by the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. Three diaries kept by John Augustine are also included and contain important information about his slaves, agricultural practices, and finances. Other types of material in the collection include legal documents, receipts, photographs, and ephemera. Photocopies were made for most of the manuscripts and can be viewed as surrogates to the originals. ","Descendants of John Augustine Washington III maintained ownership of these records until 1990 when they were sold to Gary Hendershott, a manuscripts dealer from Little Rock, Arkansas. The Mount Vernon Ladies' Association purchased the collection in October 1990.","Lists signatures and states that all members of Congress would sign if requested.","States they are now the \"best of friends.\" She is angry at people who denigrate his motives. Wants to make known his true nature.","Mrs. Ritchie requests he arrive at the theatre a little after 12:00 so all guests may be seated prior to the rise of the curtain.","She had sent her present of flowers to Mrs. Madison, and they were \"greatfully\" received.","His mother wants help valuing her sheep. Describes one offer for Mount Vernon with great disdain. They want to have entertainments there. He has great respect for \"your manly pride.\"","Apologizes for having intruded too much on his privacy during a recent visit when Mrs. Ritchie and others of the ladies \"took forcible possession of me\" and requested cuttings of flowers. Hopes he will establish a Botanic Garden and suggests a location for a Mausoleum.","Describes her return from Mount Vernon in much rain. Discusses crops. Gives instructions for sending things to her. Asks report of conversation that was \"highly derogatory to me.\" Feels items should be sold to visitors so they will not pilfer mementos.","Urges sale of Mount Vernon to Virginia rather than to a private sale.","Resolution wants to change the site of the Military Asylum to Mount Vernon if a part of the estate can be purchased at a reasonable price.","Introduces some friends who wish to visit Mount Vernon.","Gives family news and an account of a visit by a gentleman who spent the night at Mount Vernon and gave $5 to West Ford. Discusses sale of a slave to his cousin. Has heard of a bill by the federal government to purchase Mount Vernon and wishes it would be accepted. Mentions prices and terms.","Is sending oats and other items to Mount Vernon. Urges him to pursue his studies. Wishes him to send some oysters and sugar.","Sends funds for completing the vault at Mount Vernon and authorizes him to take more money from his bank if necessary.","Thanks him for the many civilities experienced by them during their visit to Mount Vernon. Sends a piece of a branch of a fig tree cut from the birth spot of \"your immortal ancestor.\"","Is against his plans for Mount Vernon and opening it to \"every low idler.\" Discusses payments and what form they would take.","Brief note of regards, translated by J. Perkins.","Heard about people being charged to enter the garden. Wishes he would stop this.","Wants to know price and terms of sale of Mount Vernon. If not for sale, could it be leased. (Contains typed transcript.)","Was glad to hear that Mount Vernon was not for sale as it should remain in the hands of the Washington family. Wishes to \"establish a house of entertainment in the vicinity of Mount Vernon.\" Asks questions as to materials and location of such. (Contains typed transcript.)","Is in the market to purchase negroes as one of his men, Alfred, has run off. Wants to know whether she still wishes to dispose of her negroes and what her price would be. He could pay $500 cash and then pay off the principal in a year or two.","Lists names of executors and legatees and their shares and values.","Tells him of an upcoming visit to Washington and Mount Vernon by a \"highly respectable volunteer corps.\" They wish to arrive by boat and see the tomb of Washington. He understands permission to do so is necessary.","Is worried his health is suffering by his labors at Mount Vernon. Hopes he will accept any reasonable offer by the U.S. Government for it. Went into town to have magistrates witness her acknowledgment of the deed of release. Discusses a suit brought by Judge Douglass and the health of various family members.","Doubts whether an offer will be made by the U.S. Government. Hopes it would as she feels his health is suffering from attending to business at Mount Vernon. Recommends someone to help him acquire an overseer. Was paid money for him. Discusses the failing health of Dr. Alexander's mother and others.","Is horrified to learn of auction of Wood Lawn. Proposes to run a steamboat between Washington to Wood Lawn, Fort Washington, Mount Vernon, and the White House. Gives references. Pledges to bring members of Congress there and feels it would enhance the chances of the purchase of Mount Vernon by the government. Suggests it could be used as a summer home for the President. Discusses various items left by Washington and the soon to be completed Chesapeake \u0026 Ohio Canal. (contains typed transcript)","Tells him of a letter he received from an unknown man who wants to obtain a tree from Mount Vernon to transplant in France to shade the bench of Christopher Columbus which he possesses.","Recommends leaving it to Congress to propose a price for the purchase of Mount Vernon. She feels he wants too much for it, and that it really should not be sold. Gives family news. Gives advice on his search for an overseer.","First letter discusses the Supreme Court taking on the suit of Mr. Hammond against General Washington. Bassett says he discharged all debts owed by Captain Lewis. There is another copy of the names of executors and legatees and their shares and values. Discussions of various debts owed to different people.","Discusses various suits, mostly Hammonds, against the estate and their current status. Many people have died since 1827 when they were last listed. Will take a long time to find people.","Discussion of the Hammond suit and payments still owed to various creditors, to be paid by all the legatees of General Washington's estate. Most dollar figures are left blank to be filled in later. Prompt payment by all legatees is required.","Discusses his father's will and his lack of knowledge of the whereabouts of various other people mentioned in JAW's letter.","Answering his inquiries as to various relatives. Suggests he write to the clerk of Kanawha County for the information he requires. Suggests he contact Andrew Parks who probably has all the facts.","Discusses sale of swamp land. He paid the taxes on it for the Washington heirs. The land is not worth much since the timber had been taken from it by many people over the years. Would like to be reimbursed for the money he paid.","He wishes to meet with him in the middle of November, at which time they can conclude their business.","Discusses the bill in Congress to purchase Mount Vernon. Wants assets divided up between her children so all are taken care of. Tells of Charles' upcoming marriage before he leaves for California.","Discusses the codicil of his father's will. Mrs. Washington is not compelled to sell. Upon her death, the heirs may sell despite the codicil. Suggests Mrs. Washington partition the land before her death in order that JAW may do \"what you please with the land.\"","Invites him to the wedding of his oldest daughter the next week.","Has been in Charlestown attending services for the week. Is amazed at the prospect of $200,000 being paid for Mount Vernon by the government. Wants him to send fish and to pickle some \"Rock.\"","(Typed transcription included) George Page and a surveyor from Maryland wanted to survey land in the Potomac River adjacent to Mount Vernon with the object of bringing steamboats there. Was notified he would be charged with some offense by Maryland. Makes him aware that the compact between the states means they have no claim on him.","First letter – wants to know if Mount Vernon Estate will be sold. Second letter – understands the government might become the owner of the estate and wants to meet.","Wants him to petition the Court to finally settle the estate of General Washington.","First letter – wants to examine Mount Vernon with a view to the establishment of a military asylum for the relief of soldiers. Second letter – tells him the price for Mount Vernon is too high, and purchase of a location nearer Washington will be undertaken.","An account by a boat company of receipts over the past year.","Discusses the landing of boats at Mount Vernon without JAW's previous knowledge. Wants them to be allowed to dock if they pay the usual fare to him.","Acknowledges payment for the pianoforte. Wants four walking sticks cut from near General Washington's tomb to be sent to monks in Italy.","Agreement to sell 200 acres of Mount Vernon for $200,000. Includes all buildings and the tomb, as well as furnishings currently there. Also will allow heirs to be buried there. He may not sell the estate without first offering it to the U.S. Government and the State of Virginia for no more than $350,000.","Has been unable to contact other parties to the contract. Hopes to be able to do so soon.","A committee of the House of Delegates has been appointed to consider the purchase of Mount Vernon. Wants to meet him in Alexandria to discuss this.","Encloses a newspaper clipping about the acquisition of Mount Vernon by the State of Virginia. Tells him the committee of five will look into the will of the people as to this acquisition.","Addressed only to \"Mrs. Washington.\" Unclear whether it is addressed to Mrs. Jane C.B. Washington or Mrs. Eleanor L.S. Washington. (Typed transcription included) Has heard that Mount Vernon is for sale, possibly to northern people. Feels the Ladies of the South might instead procure it and wants to know the price.","Does not wish to part with Mount Vernon but wishes to keep it from the changeable fortunes of a family and to ally it to the State. Would sell 200 acres with stipulations for $200,000. If the State wants to establish a model farm there, he would sell an additional 1,000 acres for $300,000. Invites them to visit.","Discusses his offer to sell Mount Vernon to the state. Says $200,000 is less than the property could sell for on the market. Talks about having a model farm as nothing meant more to Washington than farming. Would welcome them to visit. Reminds them that his terms cannot be materially modified.","(Typed transcription included) Says he is asking less money of the state than he had been offered by others. Tells them of his desire for a model farm as the pursuit of an improved system of agriculture was of great importance to General Washington. Would welcome a visit from them.","Wants to clear up suggestions that he is falsely referring to higher offers for Mount Vernon.","The Committee feels the price for Mount Vernon \"is enormous.\" Would prefer the money to be used for a rail road.","Draft in writing of John Augustine Washington III. Addressed to \"Miss Cunningham\" but could also be a response to Louisa Cunningham's letter instead of Ann Pamela Cunningham. Praises the women of the south for their affection for Washington. Does not wish to dispose of the property except to the government of the United States or Virginia and so declines the proposition from the \"Ladies of the South.\"","Draft thought to be in the writing of Jane C.B. Washington. Identical text to previous letter (draft in the hand of John Augustine Washington III).","Encloses a power of attorney and some other letters. Has agreed to reduction of $50,000 on 1000 acres. Will accept nothing less than $200,000 for the 200 acres. Agrees to pay him 5% of what he gets from either government agency, provided it occurs in the current session.","The state might be willing to pay $50,000 per year for four years for Mount Vernon but not the total of $200,000 at once. Wonders what is happening with the federal government. \"Things are coming to a head rapidly.\"","As long as negotiations with Virginia remain open, it would not be proper for him to entertain any proposals from other parties for the purchase of Mount Vernon. Might be interested in the future in making an offer.","Feels priority should be given to Congress to purchase Mount Vernon, and therefore Virginia is holding off on more committee meetings. Wants him to be there for future committee meetings.","Urges him to meet with Arthur Taylor as his representative in the proposed sale of Mount Vernon. Requests that he not send papers to Col. Bissell before meeting with him.","Has the papers from Mr. Washington and wants to meet with him to discuss the sale of Mount Vernon to the U.S. Government.","Assures him that he has not given the letters from him to Mr. Bissell and has requested Mr. Taylor to come see him.","Encloses the previous letter and hopes they will be able to meet soon. Feels it best to not commit to any course with the U.S. until a definite answer comes from the Virginia Legislature.","Invites him to come to his lodgings at any time at 9 a.m.","Is unable to return to his \"hospitable roof\" at this time. Values the time she was there and having been \"entrusted with the training of such bright intelligences.\"","Reports on his share of earnings from \"Washington's Writings.\" Many copies of the book were destroyed in a fire, but the stereotype and engraved plates were in a fire proof vault.","Feels it is very important for him to communicate with the federal government and is willing to help in any way.","Mr. Taylor shared his letter proposing to bring the subject of the purchase of Mount Vernon again before Congress. His terms are already known to him – the same as those agreed to for the State of Virginia.","Wants to bring up the purchase of Mount Vernon in Congress but wants to know just what terms he agreed to with Virginia. Wants the Northern States to purchase it.","Gives terms of sale, including that family members still living may also be buried there. Additional property to total 1000 acres may be purchased for $300,000, for a model farm as suggested by Gen. Washington. Tells him the state of Virginia had proposed the sale for less than he wanted which he refused.","Encloses a copy of the bill reported to the House of Delegates Committee for the purchase of Mount Vernon. He told them it would not meet with JAW's approval. Urges him to move quickly on the Turnpike matter for this session.","Is very desirous of having the State of Virginia take possession of Mount Vernon and \"have the sole control and ownership forever.\" Wants to know what terms he proposes.","Gives him the terms of sale. The Washington family shall be permitted to be buried on the site, and no remains shall ever be disturbed. The price shall be $200,000, with an additional 800 acres available for $100,000 more","Will not accede to propositions of the steamboat company. Will be busy for a few weeks but wants to see a copy of the agreement currently in effect.","Tells him of Mrs. Mason presenting \"a remonstrance against your turnpike.\" Wants access to $250 at Farmers Bank in Alexandria.","Discusses payments based on sales of \"Washington's Writings.\" Tells percentages paid to various legatees.","Discusses quarrelling and squabbling among the ladies purchasing Mount Vernon. Is concerned about security around the remains of George Washington.","Wants him to send a letter to him so he may correct disparaging remarks made about his impending sale of Mount Vernon.","Is writing to her as requested by JAW. Describes a woman mourning her deceased eight-year-old son. Includes a poem about grief and moving on after death of a child.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Mr. Mason very much wants to meet him and getting a letter from JAW that would announce the news of their \"progress.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) Thanks him for the kindness of him and Mrs. Washington on her recent visit to Mount Vernon. Urges him to send a letter to be published about the sale of Mount Vernon before the news is released by someone else.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Assures her he does not care what others say about him and remains hopeful of selling Mount Vernon to the State of Virginia.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Explains the absence of Mr. Toombs when JAW came to see him. Tells him why she is now dealing with Mr. Toombs rather than Mr. Mason.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Hopes to meet him in Washington City as she will be there for a few days during her travel south. Wants a thorough understanding of his wishes and intentions before meeting with the governor of Virginia.","Wants him to reconsider his determination as expressed in his letter in the National Intelligencer and put the estate under the care of the State of Virginia. (This is a copy of a letter written by Anna's husband.) Second letter, dated March 5, 1857 on same paper: Refers to letter copied out by her. Is certain a sufficient sum will have been raised by February 22 to enable Virginia to purchase Mount Vernon.","Urges him to reconsider his determination as expressed in his letter to the National Intelligencer and consent to place the estate once more at the disposal of Virginia which has an arrangement with the \"Ladies' Mount Vernon Association of the Union.\"","His musical association played a concert on behalf of the \"Ladies Mt. Vernon Association\" at which $100 was raised. The musical group would benefit greatly from receiving this money back if Mr. Washington has no plans to sell to the Ladies Association.","Would love to spend time at Mount Vernon, but his schedule will not allow at this time. His book will be published during the winter and spring, but he doesn't feel a visit would add anything.","He remains willing to place Mount Vernon in the hands of the State of Virginia, under his terms which the state has not seemed to want to meet. The proposal to have Mount Vernon by under the Mount Vernon Ladies Association of the Union is unacceptable to him. Doubts they could maintain the estate in perpetuity. It would then be taken over by the state.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Identical to previous letter.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Responding to his letter to Mr. Ritchie. Urges him to put out that the Ladies are to raise $200,000 on behalf of the State of Virginia for the purchase of Mount Vernon.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Does not wish to publish parts of letters. Feels \"nothing but silent contempt can put them at rest.\"","(W.L. Underwood – most likely Warner Lewis Underwood, Kentucky Senator) Tells JAW that if his current negotiations for Mount Vernon should fall through that his organization would be pleased to enter into further discussions.","Again says he wishes Mount Vernon to go to the State of Virginia, to be decided upon by the current session of the General Assembly.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants to know who told her that he was \"willing… for a pecuniary consideration to break engagements and promises.\"","The Masonic Brotherhood is interested in purchasing Mount Vernon. Thanks him for the tour the previous day. Apologizes for the bad behavior of one member and hopes that will not prejudice him against the Fraternity.","(Typed transcription enclosed) She met with the governor who told her the \"Extra Session\" of the Legislature was for the \"presidential contest,\" so the Legislature will not be meeting again until the next winter. Realizes this delay is not pleasing to him.","Inquires whether any action has been taken by the Legislature or is likely to be.","Tells him no action has yet been taken by the Legislature but feels sure it will be taken up after the Christmas recess, after which the ladies will be enabled to purchase Mount Vernon and have its title transferred to Virginia.","Discusses various prices for Mount Vernon and quotes JAW as vehemently denying that he wanted the remains of General Washington moved. He wishes the estate to be the property of the United States and all the people.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells him she has been very ill but is sure that the Legislature will act.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Labeled as Private. Tells him Gov. Wise is \"inimical to our 'cause'\" which is the reason the Legislature has not taken up the subject of the purchase of Mount Vernon.\" Talks of the financial crisis which is being felt by \"we victimized cotton planters.\" Tells him of the impending sale of copies of a portrait of Washington.","(Typed transcription enclosed) She writes of her illness and lack of strength. The Constitution of the Association was signed by the governor. Tells him various Masonic orders have decided to become allies of the Association. Hopes to have the contract signed between Virginia and him on the 22nd of February.","Invites recipient to the elevation of the Statue of Washington on February 22 in Richmond.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Labeled as Private. Is looking forward to the inauguration of the Washington statue. Wants him to vow that the Ladies of the Association are the \"very best friends you have in the world.\" Tells him that Gov. Wise is no friend to him or to her and this cause.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Has a document that states Virginia will purchase Mount Vernon from him and encloses a copy of the bill. Is sure the governor will act strongly to defeat this. Wants him to attend the address by Mr. Everett a few days before the 22nd of February. Tells him how lucky he is to get $200,000 in \"these awful times.\"","Gives price of sale of $200,000 for 200 acres of the Mount Vernon estate and pledges the MVLA to guarantee to not disturb any remains currently there and to allow descendants of JAW to also be interred there.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Praises him for agreeing that Mount Vernon is to be a public shrine and to limit interments there. Gen. Chapman included that in the third reading of the bill. Discusses the building of a new mausoleum for Washington which would not go against his will. Talks of her illness.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells her the disposition of family remains, as well as those of General Washington, are his biggest concerns in the sale.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Hopes he is happy about the bill as read in the Legislature. Tells him it is she and not the Committee who wants to arrange for a magnificent mausoleum. Closes by saying she is too exhausted to \"even give a hint of the nature of woman's revenge should you not be in a state of delight over our bill!!!\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) Remains adamant as to a future mausoleum as Washington stated where he wished his remains to be. Cannot travel to Richmond at present due to the illness of Mrs. Washington.","(Agreement ends with reference to the 10th of February) Deals with payment of $6,000 to heirs of W.F. Alexander and Anna Alexander as a share of Mount Vernon. Expressly says none of these heirs have any claim to the proceeds arising from a sale of Mount Vernon, other than the $6,000.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells him that though Gov. Wise is no friend to the Mount Vernon cause, he did not intend to put his remarks under the head of Lunatic Asylum. It was a complete accident.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses another article by Mr. Pryor who is \"using his art to arouse the fear, \u0026 cupidity of the timid \u0026 narrow minded of this Legislature.\" Asks him about his previous offer from a company to purchase the estate, and that he wanted to wait for Congress to act.","(Typed transcription enclosed) States that his price for Mount Vernon has always been $200,000, since he gained control of it in 1849. Asks whether he ever made an offer for Mount Vernon for $100,000. If so, under whose authority was it made?","(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants to confirm with him that his offer to sell Mount Vernon as a site for the Military Asylum in 1851 was for $200,000 and not $100,000.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells her of a contract with a gentleman to sell him 200 acres of Mount Vernon for $200,000 with the condition that the property should be offered to the U.S. and to Virginia. If neither purchased it, he should take the property. He then offered $50,000 to release him from that obligation, but JAW refused. Says he never has offered it for sale in public or private.","Says he was authorized by JAW to offer Mount Vernon for a Military Asylum for $100,000. Will search for papers to confirm this.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Advises that on March 25, 1851, he made an offer to sell about 150 acres of the Mount Vernon estate for $200,000 for an Army Asylum or some other government purpose.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Labeled as Private. Thanks him for sending a copy of the correspondence of Gen. Scott. Miss C. is intensely engaged in getting past Mr. Pryor's malicious misrepresentation of the Bill. If he can defeat us, he will.","Reiterates that Alexander and his heirs have no claim to any proceeds arising from a sale of Mount Vernon beyond the agreed upon $6,000 and requests him to add a paragraph to that effect to the agreement they will both sign.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants him to come see her in Richmond, despite his recent fall. Refers to the animosity of Mr. Pryor toward the bill. Wishes there could be an Extra Session for it to pass.","Again states his disagreement with Mr. McKenzie's assertion of his having offered $100,000 for Mount Vernon. No one else knew of such an offer. Gen. Scott agrees with JAW in his recollections. Tells her of a recent fall from a horse which will prevent his visit to Richmond on the 22nd.","Urges him and his family to attend the inauguration of the equestrian statue of Washington on the Capital Square in Richmond. Says he would be pleased to host them at their home near the city.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Is uncertain whether he will be able to travel to Richmond and wants her to update him on matters related to the Bill as \"I have not in any manner approached\" any of his friends or acquaintances on the subject. It is important for her to convince members that the association only needs the name of the State which will not be called upon to pay any of the money for the purchase.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham begs him to attend Mr. Everett's oration and hopes to speak to him on the Square tomorrow.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Continues to be unwell. Introduces him to Mr. A.H.H. Dawson of Georgia, \"an eccentric genius.\" He is devoted to the purposes of the Association and has delivered an address about it in 30 towns in Georgia. Urges him to come to Richmond to meet with members of the Legislature.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Is sorry he was unable to call on her before leaving Richmond. Wants clarification about alterations Mr. Yancy thought necessary in the paper he left with her. He wants a decision by the Legislature, yes or no, soon.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells him that the Legislature is \"in a row\" and will not pass any bills before an Extra Session. Wants him to bring a contract to her so they are prepared for any contingencies. Tells him of her illness of the lungs and her treatment.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Reiterates the importance of the sanctity of the family burying ground. Wants to have some alterations and additions of a substantial permanent character made to the present vault, with a durable enclosure around it. He is open to payment in stocks or cash for the estate. Says they should have an act of incorporation before signing a contract.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Gen. Chapman was drawing up an act of incorporation before the bill comes up. He said Virginia must not hold the tomb; the Association must hold it. She remains very ill. \"yrs in much suffering\"","Is preparing a pamphlet to defend JAW against detractors and wants copies of correspondence he had with Gen. Scott and others about possible purchase of Mount Vernon.","(Typed transcription enclosed) The bill in Virginia for the purchase of Mount Vernon, to be refunded by the MVLA, was defeated in the House of Delegates. In addition Congress cannot purchase land in a sovereign state without its consent. Tells him it should be the property of the Nation and should be sold to the MVLA. \"With grateful women pledged to guard the sacred ashes of Washington and to adorn his home for a national shrine.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) Says it has become obvious that neither Virginia nor the U.S. wish to purchase Mount Vernon. Therefore \"the women of the land will probably be the safest as they will certainly be the purest guardians of a national shrine.\" He waits for her to make a proposal to him.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham requests that he answer the letter she gave him relating to the purchase of Mount Vernon and to return it to her. She will give him a copy.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Is returning her letter to him as it seemed to be improperly dated and lacked her signature. When she remedies those defects, he will send an answer.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants to meet with him on Saturday morning in Alexandria to sign the contract.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Is very unhappy about delays put forth by Messrs. Macfarland \u0026 Myers. They felt there had to be an acceptance of the contract by all or a majority of the Vice Regents before it could be signed. They can do this by telegraph, permitting Mrs. Ritchie to act for them.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Urges him to come without delay. It was thought things would be delayed as Mrs. Walton's husband had died, but now Mr. McFarland advised them to send for him at once. Miss Cunningham is not good and needs to bring matters to a close \"ere it be too late.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants him to come see her that afternoon or evening as Dr. Beale \"considers it necessary to apply a severe blister without delay.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Upon reflection she feels the letter she sent him for publication is not to be published. She does not wish to \"make enemies even in a State which has given me so little cause to respect it.\" Mrs. Ritchie will work on a better worded one which she will send to him.","He deposited money to his credit for the contract and wants to know if this was correct. Tells him the pony he was inquiring about is not for sale. Also felt much concern about the accounts of the fisheries. Looks forward to a visit with him.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses the plat of the 200 acres of land he agreed to sell to the MVLA. Wants him to sign it and return it.","(Typed transcription enclosed) About the plat, he is having the land resurveyed and \"have the necessary corners stones set.\" He will send it back with a signature after that. Also encloses her letter of March 12 and wants a copy of her letter as published with her signature.","Wants to know if George Thorburn may visit Mount Vernon in the 28th of May to inspect the grounds in regards to the improvements to be made. He is \"no doubt the first horticulturist in America\" and a plain, unpolished person. It would be good for JAW's surveyor to meet with Mr. Thorburn to go over the grounds.","He is \"exceedingly provoked\" at the newspaper coverage in connection with the sale of Mount Vernon. As a college friend he felt he had to contact an editor and correct the information. He hopes he did not make the situation worse.","Again requests he host the \"celebrated florist\" at Mount Vernon to look over the grounds before they come to Mount Vernon on the 29th for a few hours.","Agrees to have Mr. Thorburn come and meet with surveyors. Asks if Mr. Thorburn could be appointed the Agent of the Association in drawing up with the surveyors the lines of the 200 acres. He will \"grant any reasonable request of the Association.\" Hopes to see Mr. Ritchie and her while he yet resides at Mount Vernon.","The first attests to receipt of interest on the $6,000 owed to Mrs. Jane Washington. \tThe second is for $2,000 as part of the $6,000 owed.","Urges him to reduce the price of Mount Vernon to $150,000 so as to better fund all the expenses associated with its ownership by the MVLA. Tells him to buy land in \"some of the new states\" with that money.","Wants to know what stocks or bonds would be acceptable as part of the purchase price. Gives the current rate of Virginia stock.","Acknowledges his decline to the proposition.","Replying to a previous letter. Cannot answer the questions of Miss Lewis as he does not remember where Col. Fielding Lewis died. Her wishes are an illusion. Wonders if some land in Kentucky is what she is dreaming of. Hopes the Ladies will be able to preserve Mount Vernon after they complete the purchase.","As a new Mason, wants to know if he will amend the contract to state that the property will revert to the United States or the Masonic Fraternity in the event of a dissolution of the MVLA and not to the state of Virginia.","Writes to her cousin about an article in the paper that morning that was a \"vile abolition libel on you.\" Wants to assure her lady friends that it is untrue.","Is involved in illustrating an article about Mount Vernon as it is of interest to the American people. Wants to visit to sketch objects that have not been drawn. The MVLA is in favor of such an article to assist with their fund raising.","Is amazed at the scurrilous attacks made on him by Northern Papers which are calculated to embarrass the Mount Vernon Association.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Thanks him for his letter about the calumnies in some Northern newspapers but has no desire to enter into a controversy with the papers.","(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Wants him to tell her of his agreement with Mr. Crutchett of Mount Vernon Cane Factory who was given permission to come and cut trees on the estate. Asks what value he puts on the remainder of the estate contiguous to the 200 acres.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Gives details of his contract with Mr. Crutchett which expired in February 1856. He was permitted to take more trees before January 1857. He has no right to \"come upon the property I have sold the Association to cut timber.\" Has not put a price on the remainder of Mount Vernon.","Thanks him for the hospitality given to him and his sister on their visit to Mount Vernon.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham was happy to hear his account of the transactions with Mr. Crutchett. Wants him to come to Philadelphia to confer upon private matters of great importance to the Association and himself. She is equally interested in the final settlement of the boundary lines.","First letter (incomplete) congratulates him on the sale of Mount Vernon. Requests return of portrait of his mother. Second letter thanks him for agreeing to return the portrait. He and his family would very much like to visit Mount Vernon again before it becomes public.","Hopes he can come to Washington to meet with him. Wants Mr. Washington to stay with him to \"pay off the debt of visiting you at Mt. Vernon.\" Miss Cunningham is making arrangements to pay the first bond with interest in December.","(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Looks forward to making payment of the first installment. Mr. Riggs will pay sums of $5,000 as soon as it is raised. Hopes to be able to pay the remainder of 2d installment on 1st of January 1859. Begs him to keep these matters as a \"profound secret.\"","Miss Cunningham wants to make the first payment on December 14, the anniversary of Washington's death.","Tells him of payment to Burke \u0026 Herbert of $10,000 on that day.","Tells him the box containing the chairs has not yet arrived. He wants to be allowed to pay for the repairs necessary to the chairs. Invites him and his family to visit him in Richmond before they go farther away from it.","(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Wants to make the first payment on the 1st, but this is a holiday. Urges him not to risk sending the plat executed by Washington himself but to have it be lithographed. Wants to clear up the boundaries. Tells him to keep the discussion of the sale of additional land private.","Wants to gather branches from the estate in order to make canes to sell to aid in the purchase of Mount Vernon.","Their project would require the consent of the Regent of the MVLA.","(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Confidential) Miss Cunningham is too ill to reply to his last letter. Lets him know his presence might be required on the 22nd but all arrangements must be kept private. The upcoming payment will be about $14,000.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Urges him to accept the money already paid to him (for the \"selling your relations bones.\") He already received more money than the estate was worth. Note on the letter states he ensured his control over the remains in \"such a way that they can never be sold by any one.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) Does not want to go to Philadelphia unless it is absolutely necessary. He recently heard that Mrs. Esther M. Lewis (widow of Lorenzo Lewis) wants to present the harpsichord that was given to Nelly to the MVLA.","Thanks him for copy of the inscription on a bust. He realized he had not copied the pencil sketch of the Destruction of the Bastille. Would JAW please have a photograph of it sent to him for an upcoming book on the history of Mount Vernon. Will send a copy of the book to him in September when it is published.","Acknowledges receipt of $1,000 which completes the payment of $6,000 owed to Mrs. Jane Washington.","The Regent wants JAW to not allow any more sketches to be made of Mount Vernon or the grounds without her consent. Attached is a copy of an advertisement for sale of a portrait of Washington. The Mount Vernon Record gives an account of fund raising to date. Mr. Everett thanks Devereux for sending him a copy of the Farewell Address.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Requests her to send him definite instructions to enable him to prohibit people from making sketches of Mount Vernon.","Tells them he has written to the Regent requesting her instructions about the matter they raised with him.","(Typed transcription enclosed) The Regent now feels that it would \"not be practicable for you to refuse privileges hitherto granted\" in the matter of sketches. There is also a newspaper clipping with letters from JAW and the Regent about the sale of Mount Vernon.","They wrote to him on the 14th as the Regent was prostrated. Requests any material he might have about the area in England where Washington's ancestor came from.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells her of terms under which they ran their steamboat to Mount Vernon. They paid him money with the understanding that he would make repairs to the wharf and footway, under the agreement, but he did not. He ordered his captain to have it done and will retain that money.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses a copy of the previous letter and asks him to advise her as to her response to Mr. Bryan.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham much enjoyed his previous letter and its humor. Hopes he will waive the requisition of 10 days notice before receiving payments. Can give him at least 30 days notice before requiring possession, and hopefully 60 days. She has \"been very much of an invalid for many weeks.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) Wants him to come to Philadelphia around the 10th or 12th so they may consult in regard to the future. They can have the boundary line settled and put many business affairs in order. Miss Cunningham intends to make a payment on the last installment as soon \"as you will receive it.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) He will travel to Philadelphia and meet with her on Wednesday. Will give directions to Messrs. Burke \u0026 Herbert for the last installment.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham wants him to arrive on Thursday and then accompany her to hear Mr. Everett in the evening. She and Mr. Everett would then meet with him on Friday.","(Typed transcription enclosed) He agrees to come to Philadelphia on Thursday and meet as she suggests.","(Typed transcription enclosed) The Regent wants him to \"have the kindness not to speak of the particulars of your interview with her.\" She also requests him to confer with Mr. Herbert, after which Mr. Herbert should meet with Mr. Riggs and let her know the arrangements he would be willing to make. \"This matter she particularly desires should be confidential.\"","Wants him to send him the photographs of the Picture of the Bastille and let him know what he owes for this service. Thanks him for his kindness in all this matter.","Again asks for the photograph of the Bastille picture as his book is finished, and he is only waiting for that.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham regrets that he and Mr. Riggs were unable to meet at Mount Vernon to discuss all it is possible to do without annoyance to the family. Would like to commence work on the outbuildings near the garden and to rebuild the roof and pillars of the piazza. Also wants to do work around the Tomb.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Apologizes for delay in responding to his recent letter, but the news of Captain Cunningham's decease has made it impossible for Miss Cunningham to \"think of even the most pressing business.\"","Thanks him for sending the photograph and encloses $5. Apologizes for keeping three documents for so long. Wants to return the documents and send him a copy of the book in September. Asks whether he may keep the Pohick elevation as it is in Washington's hand.","Details work done on various dresses.","Is sorry to hear that JAW will be leaving Mount Vernon before Hubard can get there to visit. Wants to know whether Mr. Mills does possess the moulds made by Houdon. Wants to see a cast made from the mould as he is convinced it is a fraud.","Cannot say whether the Richmond statue is accurate but to him the head looks identical to the Mount Vernon bust. Has never heard of the moulds being left at Mount Vernon and does not believe Mr. Mills would have removed anything without his permission.","Wants to clarify his original assertion that he feels Houdon did not use the moulds made from Washington's face as he asserts they are very different from the head of Houdon. Also wants to know whether the table on which Washington lay when the moulds were made is still at Mount Vernon.","Thanks him for sending money from the steamboat company for the MVLA.","Will be writing an article for Encyclopedia Britannica and is \"desirous of stating the facts relative to the emancipation of the Genl's slaves.\" Also wants to know whether Mrs. Washington left a will and whether she freed her slaves in it.","Wishes to obtain a copy of the inventory of General Washington's estate.","Makes assertion that General Washington was sued and judgment rendered against him. Also some northern papers are speculating that he lost his money and had mortgaged the Mount Vernon estate for $400,000. Encloses a copy of the certificate of the appraiser as entered in 1810.","Is returning the papers lent to him and sending a copy of his book on Mount Vernon. Thanks him for the use of the papers.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Reminds her that his request for her lawyer to sift through an abstract of his title to Mount Vernon has not been complied with. This would answer questions raised by anonymous persons which have \"caused you some uneasiness.\"","Miss Cunningham wants to conclusively prove the falsehood of assertions of the invalidity of his title to the estate. The Clerk of Fairfax County will attest to the truth but wants to see his father's will and evidence of the payment of $6,000 charged to the estate. Looks forward to putting to rest this falsehood.","Is still waiting for the certificate from the Clerk of Fairfax County. That will give the \"lie to any slander of title.\" Is unable to visit due to his duties in the Legislature.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham thanks him for sending the package of papers and hopes to be able to write herself in a few days about other matters.","Thanks him for sending the papers. Does not appear from them that \"Mrs. Washington emancipated the dower negroes.\" Requests more information on that point.","Sees that Miss Cunningham has published an abstract of title furnished her by the Clerk of Fairfax Court, so imagines she will not require further information. Will soon return the other papers.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Has forwarded to her a package of papers which he recovered, apparently detailing the kinds and locations of trees planted at Mount Vernon.","Tells her his lack of response to her letter is due to being away most of the month and having visits from friends, possibly for the last time at Mount Vernon. Pointed out the lines of the old vistas marked by ancient trees. The insurance policies he had were on the house only, not the outbuildings. Recommends she make a new road. Also recommends repairing the wharf.","Sends a newspaper copy of an advertisement she placed wishing to obtain a copy of the photograph taken the previous August at the tomb of Washington which included her daughter, now deceased. She would like to know if she could obtain a list of the attendees of that day so she might write and request this as it is the only photograph of her daughter.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Tells her the Association still must raise $140,000 to support the Estate which will require extraordinary effort on the part of the Association. Asks her to address visitors at Mount Vernon on the imperative nature of this.","(Typed transcription enclosed – labeled Private) Wants to arrange a \"Grand Ceremonial in connection with the taking of the title\" in order to let people know fund raising is not complete after the purchase. Refers to political turmoil and the impending dissolution of the Union and all the difficulties this will cause. Plans to be at Mount Vernon for 10 days and wants to meet with him to finalize things.","He is fine with executing a deed for the sale of Mount Vernon to the Association and feels there would be no difficulty in the event of his death. He worries about Virginia's seceding from the Union that she might object to selling part of her soil to a corporation composed \"in part of unfriendly foreigners.\"","(Typed transcription enclosed) Miss Cunningham is gratified that he concurs in her proposition and feels her decease would be the most serious difficulty to be apprehended. Wants to meet him at Mount Vernon to place the deed in escrow. Does not feel the possibilities for Virginia he suggested would form a significant barrier.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses an order to Mr. Riggs for steamboat receipts through December 31st. Would be happy to meet her at Mount Vernon.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Encloses the order on Mr. Bryan for the steamboat receipts. Has been paying insurance which continues until June next and has deducted that from the receipts.","Acknowledges his letter but does not need receipts for premiums of insurance.","Reports that Mr. Herbert only wants to clear the lot of land offered him. Also Mr. Norris has rented out his farm. Turner is not sure where he moved to in Kentucky. Discusses acquisition of material to make shirts for servants.","(Typed transcription enclosed) Had not replied to his earlier letter due to excessive fatigue from her journey from Columbia. Hopes to use patriotic influence to get the \"Agent\" to remit or reduce his fee.","Tells him of a minister who will be in Alexandria and is looking for a vacant church where he could officiate.","Funeral was conducted at Waveland. There is a description of the body and the family. Invoked the Gospel. JAW began family prayers following the death of his wife. Description of his activities over the following days.","Asks Mrs. Howard for a biographical sketch of her father (John Augustine Washington III) for the National Cyclopedia of American Biography.","Two leaflets advertising the writings of Dr. Lyon G. Tyler.","Full title \"A Confederate catechism: The war of 1861-1865.\" Third edition, November 21, 1929. Series of 20 questions and answers about the war.","Wants to know whether the Ladies will discuss the purchase of the pictures and maps he has been offering. He will offer them elsewhere.","Photographic print, cabinet card of a drawing of the east view of the Mansion by unknown artist. Reverse side of card reads \"D.H. Naramore, Photographer, No. 321 King Street, Alexandria, VA.\"","Small engraving probably clipped from a publication. Unknown location or residence shown in image.","Hair clippings in envelope with note \"Hair of the late Lawrence Washington - 1856 - Found among articles bequested to MVLA by Miss Cunningham. Miss Comegys, Regent (1923) directs Supt. to send this to the widow of Mr. Lawrence W.\"","Small black and white photographic print showing the gravestone for Lt. Col. John Augustine Washington.","Black and white photographic print mounted on gray board. Shows Waveland residence with man, two women, and several children visible (unidentified).","Boston: Published by Charles Bowen. Front page signed \"Jane C. Washington, Mount Vernon, 1834.\"","Diary inscribed \"Account of all my recpts. \u0026 expenditures beginning with Sept. 16th, 1841, that being the date at which I came to Mount Vernon to reside.\" There are intermittent entries through November 1859. This is not as full a diary but includes lists of food, clothing, and china, table, and cookware.","Includes \"List of Negroes\" and Mount Vernon farming and maintenance details. Loose note at the front reads \"Extracts from the diary of my father\" with notes on this diary and previous ones.","Includes \"List of Negroes\" and Mount Vernon farming and maintenance details.","Photocopies of undated manuscripts from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1834-1838 from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1841-1845 from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1846-1849 from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1851-1853 from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1854-1855 from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1856-1857 from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1858 from the collection. (1 of 2)","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1858 from the collection. (2 of 2)","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1859 from the collection.","Photocopies of manuscripts dated 1860-1861 from the collection.","Handwritten notes probably by a librarian or other Mount Vernon staff member including summaries of the letters within the collection."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections at The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon","Washington, John Augustine, III, 1821-1861","Cunningham, Ann Pamela, 1816-1875","Ritchie, Anna Cora Mowatt, 1819-1870","Washington, Jane Charlotte Blackburn, 1786-1855","Lossing, Benson John, 1813-1891","Everett, Edward, 1794-1865","Washington, George Corbin, 1789-1854","Lewis, Lawrence, 1767-1839","Lewis, Eleanor Parke Custis, 1779-1852","Davis, Henry Winter, 1817-1865","Bassett, George Washington, 1800-1878","Johnson, Joseph, 1785-1877","Corcoran, W.W. (William Wilson), 1798-1888","Custis, George Washington Parke, 1781-1857","McKenzie, Lewis, 1810-1895","Cunningham, Louisa Bird, 1794-1873","Washington, Eleanor Love Selden, 1824-1860","Taylor, John L. (John Lampkin), 1805-1870","Sparks, Jared, 1789-1866","Washington, Bushrod C. (Bushrod Corbin), 1839-1919","Tyler, Nathaniel, 1828-1917"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections at The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"persname_ssim":["Washington, John Augustine, III, 1821-1861","Cunningham, Ann Pamela, 1816-1875","Ritchie, Anna Cora Mowatt, 1819-1870","Washington, Jane Charlotte Blackburn, 1786-1855","Lossing, Benson John, 1813-1891","Everett, Edward, 1794-1865","Washington, George Corbin, 1789-1854","Lewis, Lawrence, 1767-1839","Lewis, Eleanor Parke Custis, 1779-1852","Davis, Henry Winter, 1817-1865","Bassett, George Washington, 1800-1878","Johnson, Joseph, 1785-1877","Corcoran, W.W. (William Wilson), 1798-1888","Custis, George Washington Parke, 1781-1857","McKenzie, Lewis, 1810-1895","Cunningham, Louisa Bird, 1794-1873","Washington, Eleanor Love Selden, 1824-1860","Taylor, John L. (John Lampkin), 1805-1870","Sparks, Jared, 1789-1866","Washington, Bushrod C. (Bushrod Corbin), 1839-1919","Tyler, Nathaniel, 1828-1917"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":251,"online_item_count_is":12,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T05:55:09.076Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_65"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_941","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_941#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThe John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection (1806-1988, bulk 1861-1865; 133 cubic feet) contains Civil War-era correspondence, service records, pension records, artifacts, photographs, military records (including orders, requisitions, and correspondence), currency, newspapers, and other print materials. \u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_941#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_941","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_941","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_941","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_941","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_941.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/189095","title_filing_ssi":"Nau, John L. III, Civil War History Collection","title_ssm":["John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection"],"title_tesim":["John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1806-1988","1861-1865"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1861-1865"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1806-1988"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16459","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival 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Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/941"],"text":["MSS 16459","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/941","John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection","United States --  History  -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Personal narratives","letters (correspondence)","Photograph albums","photographs","newspapers","Good.","The collection is open for research.","The John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection (1806-1988; bulk 1861-1865; 133 cubic feet) has been arranged into five series, Series 1: Materials Related to the Civil War Experiences of Soldiers, Officers, and Civilians (1806-1988; approx. 83 cubic feet); Series 2: Photographs and Prints (circa 1848-1939; approx. 34 cubic feet); Series 3: Government Military Records (1855-1913; approx. 9 cubic feet); Series 4: Currency (1839-1875; approx. 1.5 cubic feet); and Series 5: Newspapers and Print Materials (1846-1913; approx. 5.25 cubic feet).","Series 1 is arranged in three subseries.","Subseries A: Personal Papers, Service Records, and Artifacts, 1806-1988","The arrangement approach of Subseries A is based on the archival concept of personal papers. Materials, including those authored by, owned by, addressed to, or relating to a particular individual or individuals, are grouped together and arranged in alphabetical order according to surname or last name. Internally, these groupings of personal papers (or secondary collections) are arranged in chronological order with undated materials at the end. ","The above is followed by materials with incomplete or first name only attributions in alphabetical order. Finally, materials of unknown authorship or provenance are in chronological order, followed by unknown, undated materials in order of donor accession number (see resource record note titled Alphanumeric Designations). ","Subseries B: Materials Related to Libby Prison, Richmond, Virginia, is arranged in chronological order, followed by undated materials.","Subseries C: Veterans' Organizations Materials is arranged by record creator in alphabetical order. Within groupings of the same record creator, files are arranged in chronological order. ","Series 2 is arranged in the following subseries.","Subseries A: Portraits of Known Subjects\nThis subseries is arranged alphabetically by subject surname or last name. This is followed by photographs in alphabetical order by regimental association.","Subseries B: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Daguerreotype Format:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Subseries C: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Ambrotype Format:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Subseries D: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Tintype Format:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Subseries E: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Carte de Visite Format:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Subseries F: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Cabinet Card, Albumen, and Other Formats:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Subseries G: Documentary Photographs:\nThis subseries is arranged in alphabetical order by location. This is followed by unknown locations arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Subseries H: Photograph Albums and Collections:\nThis subseries is arranged alphabetically by surname or last name of the associated individual(s). This is followed by photograph albums and collections arranged alphabetically according to regimental association. And, finally, photograph albums and collections of unknown attribution or provenance are arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Series 3 is arranged in the following subseries: Subseries A: Records of the United States Army (USA) and Subseries B: Records of the Confederate States Army (CSA). Materials are arranged alphabetically according to the organization that created or issued them and chronologically therein with materials or unknown provenance or attribution following in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Series 4 is arranged chronologically within the following subseries.  \n \nSubseries A: United States of America (USA) Fractional Currency Notes \nSubseries B: United States of America (USA) Post-Civil War Fractional Currency Notes  \nSubseries C: United States of America (USA) Postage Currency Notes \nSubseries D: Note Issued by a Private Bank in the United States \nSubseries E: Confederate States of America (CSA) Currency Notes \nSubseries F: Confederate States of America (CSA) Postage Stamps \nSubseries G: Confederate States of America (CSA) Bonds \nSubseries H: Notes Issued by Confederate States, Cities, and Counties \nSubseries I: Treasury Warrants Issued by the State of Texas and Limestone County, Texas \nSubseries J: Notes Issued by Southern Banks and Other Corporate Entities","Series 5 is arranged in alphabetical order according to publisher name and chronologically therein with undated materials listed last. This arrangement is followed by materials from unknown publishers arranged chronologically.","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Petty, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. A. Mills, Camden, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Miller and Rowell, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Holyland, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: O. L. Marston, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavoren, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Whitehurst \u0026 Co., Baltimore, Maryland","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Anderson \u0026 Turner, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio:","Photographer/Photography Studio: John L. Gihon's Photographic Art Galleries, 1024 Chestnut St. Phila.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Knowles \u0026 Hillman, New Bedford, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: William B. Stearus, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gooding, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wenderoth, Taylor and Brown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Published by Handy, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bocardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Anderson's, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Carpenter's Gem Gallery, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Jacobs, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: McPherson, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. W. Barker, Canton, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. McNulty, Ar,  Springfield, IL, City Galle","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic and Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wing's Gallery, Waterville, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Varriell, Gardiner, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. K. Brown, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry M. Wells, Cambridge, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. A. Mills, Camden, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Taft, artist, Oak Gallery, Memphis, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. A. Simonds, Chillicothe, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. D. Lytle, Baton Rouge, Louisiana","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony,  New York, from Photographic Negative by Brady's National Portrait Gallery","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lewis and Kane, Victoria, Texas","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Gould, North Bridgton, Maine","French \u0026 Sawyer, Keene, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington D.C.","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's, Washington, D.C. and New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026 Quick's, Cincinnati, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. D. Hamilton, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio:","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026 Case, Boston, Massachusetts, and Newport, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Walzl, Baltimore, Maryland","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Galleries, Washington, D.C. and New York","Photographer/Photography Studio:","Photographer/Photography Studio: William B. Stearns, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. R. Hall, Biddeford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: L. V. Newell","Photographer/Photography Studio:","Photographer/Photography Studio: Schwing \u0026 Rudd, Army of the Cumberland","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026 Co. of New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. D. Lytle, Baton Rouge, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Manchester Bros., Providence, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Sherman, Milwaukee, Wisconsin","Photographer/Photography Studio: Ben Oppenheimer, Mobile, Alabama","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. C. Pratt, Aurora, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Worms \u0026 Co. 383 Broadway, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. Cramer, Carondelet, Missouri","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. R. Edwards, Bowling Green, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: George W. Barnes, Rockford, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Nichols, Leavenworth, Kansas","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brown's Photographic Gallery, Paola, Kansas","Photographer/Photography Studio: Williams Gallery; Skowhegan, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. S. Sanderson, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. J. Morrill/C. L. Grossman, Waterville, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026 Batchelder, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. A. Beach, Hastings, Minnesota","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks and Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. C. Spaulding, Point Lookout, Maryland","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Conaut, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hesler Gallery, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. P. Carnes' Car, Montpelier, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: R.W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hallett, Bowery, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","B. F. Smith and Son, Portland, Maine","J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Zimmerman's New York Photographic Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Beaumont, Chester, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wells and Collins, New Haven, Conneticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: Manchester Brothers, Providence, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. A. Lord, 158 Chatham Street, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. Moses, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Morgan, Concord, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Clark, Gardiner Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. L. Bergstresser, Army of the Potomac","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. B. Jenks, Paterson, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographed by Brady; Published by E.\u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: George W. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bett's and Prusia, Dansville, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Stone Bros., Trumansburch, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. M. Peck's, Elsworth, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. Appleton \u0026 Co., New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. J. Pierce, Rockland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Hurn, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio:  G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine","Photographed by Brady; Published by E.\u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio:  F. Forshew, Hudson, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Forshew, Hudson, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. M. Schleier, Nashville, Knoxville, and Chattanooga, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland, Washington, D.C.","Le Rue Lemer, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Gallery, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gibbon, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Anderson of New Orleans","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavoren, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lumpkin and Tomlinson, Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Galleries, Washington, D.C. \u0026 New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Washburn's, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. R. Gard's Photographic Art Palace, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. H. McKenney, Biddeford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitaker and Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: McPherson \u0026 Oliver, Baton Rouge, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: McPherson \u0026 Oliver, Baton Rouge, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Philp \u0026 Solomon, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gorman and Jordan, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: I. N. Teague","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026 Thompson, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Benjamin","Photographer/Photography Studio: George Watson, Montpelier, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles H. Danforth, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Union Photographic Gallery, Camp Butler, Newport News, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Burnite \u0026 Weldon, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. S. Sanderson, Dover, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, photographer, McClees Gallery, 308 Penna. Avenue, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: William C. North, Cleveland, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Th. Gubelman, Puliski, TN","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hermos, Lima, Peru","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kerston's Photograph Gallery, Newark, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moses and Piffet, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Keet and Gemmill, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. M'Kenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Sam A. Cooley, Photographer Tenth Army Corps","Photographer/Photography Studio: Published by W.V. Lane, Camden, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T.M.V. Doughty, Winsted, Conneticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. A. Balch's Star Photograph Gallery, Memphis, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. Tombarger, Lancaster, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black and Case","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: O. P. Howe, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. M. Howe, Portland, Maine","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Published by Brady; Published by E \u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Cooley \u0026 Becket, Beaufort, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bowdoin, Taylor, and Co., Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. G. Montgomery of Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Ingraham Brothers, Westfield, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Cushing \u0026 King Photographers, Woodstock, Vermont","Photographed by Brady, New York; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moses, Trenton, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. C. Brown, Norwich, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Marse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Forshew, Hudson, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Webster \u0026 Bro., Louisville, Kentucky","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026 Quick, Cincinnati, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Joshua Appleby Williams, Newport, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Silli, Nice, France","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. W. Beckwith, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. W. Beckwith, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wolff's Gallery, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. E. Mosely, Newburyport","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Harter's Fine Art Gallery, Auburn, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Pein \u0026 Co., Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gorman and Jordan, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. C. Burnite \u0026 Co., Harrisburg, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. B. Brown's, Providence, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. J. Tait, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Conant and Johnson, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. O. Durgan, Farmouth, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: C.H. Freeman, Montpelier, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kilgore's, Belfast, Maine","Published by Joseph Ward, Boston, Massachusetts;  Photograph by Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: I. N. Teague, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.","Photographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Barr \u0026 Young, Vicksburg, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: Photographed by Brady, Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio:  C. L. Marston, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. R. Marks, Austin, Texas","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Mc Clee's Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026 White, Corinth, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Rhodes, St. Law Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Munger \u0026 Stone, Quincy, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Cross, Belvidere, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Emery","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wm. McHenry, Freeport, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Purvience, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. S. Estabrook, Houlton, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio:  F. L. Lay's, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. P. Smith, Kankakee City, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J.T. Bradshaw \u0026 Co., successors to G. Moses, Quincy, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. L. Perkins","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredericks \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Daily's Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. F. Brandon, Camp Douglas, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Braisted, Freeport, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Hesler, Chicago","Photographer/Photography Studio: Pierce, Galena, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: R.W. Addis, McClees's Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Crockett, Rockland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. P. \u0026 F. W. Hardy, Bangor, Maine","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Chas. H. Danforth, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. C. Reeve, Lambertville, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Morse's Gallery of the Cumberland, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. S. Cook, Charleston, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Slagle, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Slee Brothers, Poughkeepsie, New York","Published by E. \u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J.H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Curtis and Crosby, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Lewis Wires, Milford","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio:  C. Evans, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. B. Jones, Davenport, Iowa","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. H. Black, Natchez, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: Schwing \u0026 Rudd, Army of The Cumberland","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Sherman, Milwaukee, Wisconsin","Photographer/Photography Studio: George B. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries","Photographer/Photography Studio: Joseph Ward, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Goldin, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Pein \u0026 Co., Washington City","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Good \u0026 Stokes, Trenton, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Jacob's, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. \u0026 J. L. Abbott, Albany, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Barnes, Rockford, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Layton's, Rockford, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Nason's Photograph Gallery, Columbus, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bachrach \u0026 Bro, Baltimore, Maryland","Photographer/Photography Studio: Cross and Franke, Arlington, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Watson, Raleigh, North Carolina","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. P. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Julius Brill, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Saylor's New Photograph Gallery, Reading, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Crosby, 13th Regiment Mass. Volunteers","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Weiss, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, NY","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Clark, Gardiner, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Cadwallader, Toledo, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. Bitner, Mr. Carroll, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bowdoin, Taylor and Company, 204 King Forner Columbus Street, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. Jennings, artist, The New \u0026 Reliable Gallery, Lancaster, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Peplow and Balch, Memphis, Tennessee","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Thomas and Pearson, Macomb, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henszey \u0026 Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henszey \u0026 Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henzey \u0026 Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henzey \u0026 Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew B. Brady","William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. F. Saltsman, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Goldin \u0026 Co., Washington, D.C.","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. P. H. Capron \u0026 Bros. , Springfield, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. J. Merritt's National Portrait Gallery, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Giers \u0026 Co., Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitney and Paradise, New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: August Morand, Brooklyn, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. K. Jewell, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredericks \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bishop \u0026 Campbell, Army of the Cumberland","Photographer/Photography Studio: Trask and Davis, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henszey \u0026 Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Butler and King, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. J. Moulton, El Mira, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Lewis, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Guay and Co., New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Davis Brothers Photograph Rooms, Portsmouth and Exeter, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026 Batchelder, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Loring's Photographic Gallery, Eastport, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Philadelphia Photographic Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Constant, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: King, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: George D. Puffer, Nashua, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. S. Estabrook, Houlton, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland, Washington, D.C.","Photographed by M. J. Powers; Published by Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moses \u0026 Piffet, successors to E. Jacobs, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Murphy Bros., Alton, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Godshaw \u0026 Flexner, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moffat and Simpson, Key West, Florida","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. P. Ayer, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: William F. Blunt, North Anson, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. Appleton \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Anson's","Photographer/Photography Studio: Fassetts Gallery, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gardner, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery","Photographer/Photography Studio: Meade Brothers, Astor, New York","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Alex. Gardner, Washington, DC","Photographed by Brady, New York, NY; Published by E. Anthony, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Philp \u0026 Solomon, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Watson's, Raleigh, NC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: L. Thompson, Norwich, Connecticut","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. M. Schleier, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenny, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mason \u0026 Gardner, Providence, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: Handy, Washington, D.C..","Photographer/Photography Studio: Outley's, St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bragy Gallery","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. F. King, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Frank E. Stanley, Auburn, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Anderson's Photographic Gallery, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. P. Browne, Bath, Maine","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Jacobs \u0026 Company, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Trask \u0026 Lewis","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographed by Brady, New York, New York; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony","Photographed by Brady, New York, New York; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles K. Bill's, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wilder Brothers, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Zimmermans's N.F W York, Photographic Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. H. Cole, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Hesler, Chicago, Illinois","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographed by Alex Gardner; Published by Philp \u0026 Solomons, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. A. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. B. Smith, Utica, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026 Thompson, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Dunshee's, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. Adams, Nashville, Tenn.","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Abbott, Albany, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: L. I. Prince, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J.S. Medlar, Woodstock, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. A. A. Rhodes, West Rockford, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. O. Furnald, Manchester, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wolff's Gallery, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Gallery, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: French \u0026 Sawyer, Keene, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Cole's Photographic Gallery, Peoria, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Nims, Photographer, Fort Edward, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. H. McKernon, Saratoga Springs, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. H. McKernon, Saratoga Springs, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. H. McKernon, Saratoga Springs, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. H. McKernon, Saratoga Springs, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland Metropolitan Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lobell General Hospital, Portsmouth Grove, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Summerhays","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Davis Brothers Photograph Rooms, Portsmouth and Exeter, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Filley \u0026 Gilbert, New Haven, Connecticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: Haas \u0026 Peale, Hilton Head, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. N. Medernach, Danville, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio:  R. H. Dewey, Pittsfield, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Wagoner's, Mt. Morris, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Samuel A. Cooley, Beaufort, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Thompson Gallery, Albany, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Lowell, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026 Thompson, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. B. Stearns, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. G. Fetters, Peru, Indiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: New Orleans Photographic Co.","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Rees of Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J.L. Winner, Annapolis, MD","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bishop \u0026 Campbell, Photographers, Army of the Cumberland","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. F. Conant, Skowhegan, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. P. Paige, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Powelson's, Detroit, Michigan","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. Olsen Photographer, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC","Photographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Published by Vannerson \u0026 Jones, Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. O. Jewett, Lebanon, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bell and Brother","Photographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Roseberry, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: L. W. Cook, Weymouth Landing, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: James S. Earle \u0026 Son, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Washington, D.C.","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Havens, Jacksonville, FL","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. A. Tresize, Springfield, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: O.C. Benjamin, Newark, N. J.","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine","Photographed by Brady, New York, NY; Published by E. Anthony, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brendann Bros., Baltimore","Photographed by Wenderoth \u0026 Taylor; Published by McAllister \u0026 Bro., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. H Messenger, US General Hospital, Annapolis, Maryland","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. P. Barr, Army Photographer, Vicksburg","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitaker \u0026 Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Griswold \u0026 Smith, Columbus, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: M. B. Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. R. Davis, Biddeford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor Maine","Photographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia","Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. R. Hall, Biddeford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. H. Brown, Savannah, Georgia","Photographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Manchester Brothers Photographers, Providence, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: Fredericks and Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. K. Jewell, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bundy and Williams, New Haven, Conneticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bowers, Lynn, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kin, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Elrod Bro.'s, Lexington, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Piper \u0026 Sanborn, Manchester, New Hampshire","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J. Perry Elliott's City Gallery, Indianapolis, Indiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. Ames, Quincy, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026 Bro, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026 Bro, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026 Bro, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026 Bro, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026 Bro, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. D. Phillips, 14th Army Corps","Photographer/Photography Studio: M. K. Marshall, Circleville, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J. A. Scholten, Saint Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio:  A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gault, Mt. Sterling, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. S. German, Springfield, Illinois","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hawkins \u0026 Philpot, Macomb, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. W. De Camp, Newark, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: Webster, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Jacobs, New Orleans, Louisiana","Unknown Photographer; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner, Photographer to the Army of the Potomac, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Pratt's Gallery, Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Schreiber \u0026 Son, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Erekson \u0026 Bodurtha, Bridgeport, Conneticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hinds, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Abraham Fisher, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. N. Wilson, Savannah, Georgia","Photographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Birney Linn","Photographer/Photography Studio: Louis Walzl","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Variell, Gardiner, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. A. Turner, D. Appleton \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: M. F. King, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. H. White, Jacksonport, Arkansas","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. H. Spieler's, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026 Taylor, Corinth, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: O.H. Willard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. P. Layton, Rockford, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Goldin \u0026 Col, Washington D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. C. Sanborn, Lowell, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Marshall, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Partridges Photographic Gallery and Stock Depot, Wheeling, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026 White, Corinth, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. W. A. Reed, Quincy, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Fred C. Low, East Cambridge, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brooks \u0026 Blauvelt, Port Hudson, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. L. Marston, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Evans and Prince, York, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Ingraham Bros, Westfield, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Clark, Ionia, Michigan","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. C. Giers, Nashville, Tennessee","Published by E \u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Published by E. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. R. Bideout \u0026 Co., Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Goldin, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hendee, Augusta, Maine","J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitney's Gallery, Saint Paul, Minnesota","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. B. King, Taunton, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles Jameson, Columbia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Anderson's Photographic Gallery, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio:  L. D. Cox, Ludlow, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Davis, Columbus, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Brainstead, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Tyler \u0026 Co., Charleston, South Carolina","Photographed by Brady; Published by E \u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Larkin Gallery, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: George W. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: George C. White, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitney's Gallery, Saint Paul, Minnesota","Published by E. \u0026 H. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: M. J. Powers, Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: McLure, Allen P.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Peplow \u0026 Balch, Memphis, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Nollen \u0026 Van Grieken, Keokuk, Iowa","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026 Case, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. H. Cole, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. L. Jackson, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bundy and Williams, New Haven, Connecticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. A. Scholten, St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. G. Carleton, Waterville, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gilbert's, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavorn's Metropolitan Gallery, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Sprague \u0026 Curtis, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Campbell \u0026 Ecker, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Pierce \u0026 Cogswell, Rochelle, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. T. McCormick, Martinsburg, West Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Loomis, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hall, Lawrence, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kennedy \u0026 Schenck, Newark, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: Morell, George Webb","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hall, South Royalton, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: Fredricks \u0026 Co., New Yor","Photographer/Photography Studio: Schwing \u0026 Rudd, Army of the Cumberland","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Scripture, Peterboro, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer's, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. L. Eaton, Omaha, Nebraska","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gurney \u0026 Son, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Downs \u0026 Co., New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hagaman, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. J. I. Murray, Myerstown, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Reimer, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hanford, New London, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Webster's Photograph Gallery, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Carr, Old Town, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Loomis, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Miller and Rowell, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio:  S. A. Cooley, Beaufort, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026 Thompson, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: William B. Stearns, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Fassett, Dexter, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kertson \u0026 Barker, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Crockett","Photographer/Photography Studio: John A. Heard, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Loomis, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kimball \u0026 Sons, Concord, New Hampshire","Photographed by A. A. Turner; Published by D. Appleton \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Taylor and Seavey","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Milton Lapham, Decatur, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bowdoin, Taylor, \u0026 Co, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. I. Marston, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. P. Layton, Rockford, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Haseltine, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hinds, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026 White, Corinth, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Smith, Sr., Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Evans, Norfolk, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. McMahon, Mt. Pleasant, Iowa","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. M' Kenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio:  R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. McNulty, Springfield, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, McClees' Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Cole of Biddleford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. F. Ryder, Cleveland","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. H. McKenny, Biddleford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lilienthal and Co., New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Sprague \u0026 Tapley, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. P. Hall, St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady 's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. F. Howe, Jamestown , New York, A. J. Stiles, Photographist","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. E. Gibbs, Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. L. Bracey, Great Falls, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lutges, Detroit, Michigan","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney and Son, Broadway, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bell and Brother, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. S. Sanderson, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Curtis and Crosby, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Variell, Gardiner, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio:  B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: George E. Collins; Bucksport, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Handy, Washington, D.C..","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026 Quicks, Cincinnati, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026 Taylor, Corinth, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic and Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Porter's, Cincinnati, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. N. Granniss, Waterbury, Connecticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bundy \u0026 Williams, New Haven, Connecticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. J. Thompson \u0026 Co., Albany, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: King, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. A. Stevens, Richmond, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026 Quick's, Cincinnati, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia","Photographed by Brady, New York, New York; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Carbutt, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Rivers', St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: George Rockwood, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hinds, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kimball, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Hornbaker, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. S. Estabrook, Houlton, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. F. King","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. J. Moulton, Elmira, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A.R. Boynton, Sanbornton Bridge, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Davis Brothers, Portsmouth, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. M'Kenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Crockett, Rockland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Burwell \u0026 Homan, New Haven, Connecticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black and Case, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Magnolia, Lexington, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. F. Saltsman, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Smith \u0026 Wybrant, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Weitfle \u0026 Wright, 1st Division, 6th Corps","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles S. Hart, Watertown, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Haas \u0026 Peale, Hilton Head, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: Webster \u0026 Bro., Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio:  C.H. Smedley \u0026 Co., Middletown, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. McMahon, Photographer, Danville, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio:  R. A. Lewis, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. Moses \u0026 Co., Quincy, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. F. Child, Washington, D.C.","Photographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio:  A. Hesler, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kimberly Brothers","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J. Carbutt, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Samuel Masury, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Photographed by Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, Habana, Paris","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio:  Helke and Benecke, St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hopkins, Annapolis, Maryland","Photographer/Photography Studio: J.H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Churchill \u0026 Dennison, Albany, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Variell, Gardiner, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavoren's, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Constant, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Anderson, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Gould, North Bridgton, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Webster and Bro., Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavoren, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. L. Heath, Norwalk, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. F. Saltsman, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. M. Peck, Ellsworth, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Crocket, Rockland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. B. Field, Morris, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. P. Greenwald, Newark, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gorham and Co, Providence, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moses \u0026 Piffet, successors to E. Jacobs, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hinton \u0026 Cleary's, Montgomery, Alabama","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. F. Yung","Photographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brown's Gallery, Little Rock, Arkansas","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Brown, Photographer of the Army of Arkansas","Photographer/Photography Studio: Griswold \u0026 White, Corinth, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: Morse's, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Davis, Biddleford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. K. Jewell, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. Butler, Springfield, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Lewis, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Currier, Amesbury, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Currier, Amesbury, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Cole, Biddeford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Cahill, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: George H. Wood, Towanda, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. F. Sterlin, Woodstock, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Hesler, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: by H. Glosser, Broadway, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Turner, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Crockett, Norway, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. Case, Halifax, Nova Scotia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Anderson, New Orleans","Photographer/Photography Studio: Balkan Studio, Wartham, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Jordan \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. A. Colley, Beaufort, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: L. V. Newell","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J. W. Black, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. K. McMurray, Winchester, W. Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. O. Burgan, Yarmouth, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026 Quick's Art Palace, Cincinnati, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Thurlow, Peoria, Illinois","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Smith, Southbridge","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Schwing \u0026 Rudd, Photographers Army of the Cumberland","Photographer/Photography Studio: Sam A. Cooley, Beaufort, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. L. Perkins","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Beecher and Grier's Photograph Rooms, West Chester, Pennsylvania","Photographed by Brady, New York, New York; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Knight, Batavia, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bradley \u0026 Rulofson, San Francisco, California","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. W. Loud, Bowery, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. G. Johnson,  Dubuque, Iowa","Photographer/Photography Studio: Klauber \u0026 Campbell, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Butler \u0026 Smetters, Springfield, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Van Stavoren, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio:  E. A. Piffet's Gallery of Art, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. W. Hinds, North Vassalboro, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. Haslinger in St. Polten","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. Haslinger in St. Polten","Photographer/Photography Studio: Fassett's Gallery, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitney \u0026 Paradise, New York, New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony,  New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. C. Elrod's, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Houghton, Brattleboro, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. K. Jewell, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. Brown's, Waldoboro, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. A. Pippet's, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. A. Scholten, St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bailey \u0026 Silver's, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Piper, Manchester, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Washington Gallery, Vicksburg, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. L. Troxell, St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wykes \u0026 Brown, Wheeling, West Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A.C. Lewis, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Lewis, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: French \u0026 Sawyer, Keene, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Rider, Ondawa House, Salem, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Anderson \u0026 Turner, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitney's Gallery, Saint Paul, Minnesota","Photographer/Photography Studio: Marshall, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lamson, Portland, Maine","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Davis Brothers Photograph Rooms, Portsmouth and Exeter, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Whitehead, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Wing's, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. M. Schleier's, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Case and Getchell, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. B. Hopkins, Lock-Haven, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. L. Marston, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bell \u0026 Brother, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. A. Paul, Skowhegan, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Perry Elliott's City Gallery, Indianapolis, Indiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Keith \u0026 Ross, Machias, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Keith \u0026 Ross, Machias, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. S. Sanderson, Dover, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Estabrook's Ferrotypes, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, 363 Broadway, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Otto Wagner, 385 Broadway, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. C. Ely, Greenfield, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Johnson's, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. Appleton, and Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: John H. Pein \u0026 Co., Richmond, Virginia","Published by E \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographed by F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia; Published by McAllister \u0026 Brother, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: King, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lochman's Photographic Gallery, Allentown, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. Tenney Gates, Plattsburgh, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. H. Williamson's Brooklyn, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: M. G. Trask, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hallet, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Sumner \u0026 Harris Union Gallery, Gen'l Butler's H. Qrs. in the Field","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lomas, Eastport Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. M. Fassett, Chicago, Illinois","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Downs \u0026 Co., New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. Sellers, Keokuk, Iowa","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. A. Sheldon, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Andrew D. Lytle, Baton Rouge, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026 Case, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. M. Aiken, Ware, Massachusetts","Lithograph by Murray \u0026 Goodwin, Albany, New York; Published by G. H. Treadwell, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Theodore Harris, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Possibly S. Anderson, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. Wearn, Columbia, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: Keenan, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Rees, Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. R. Phipps, Lexington, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Rees, Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Rees, Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: WM. Frank Browne, Artist, P.O. Box 480, Washington, D.C., U.S. Army","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Frank Browne","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Farrar's Photographic Rooms, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Farrar's Photographic Rooms, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Royan M. Linn","Photographer/Photography Studio: Quimby of Charleston","Photographer/Photography Studio: Maynard \u0026 Willis, Milford, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Keim, Lebanon, Pa.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles A. Saylor, Reading, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Daily, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bowdoin, Taylor \u0026 Co., Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lupton \u0026 Brown, Winchester, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wolff's Gallery, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Richardson of Lima, Peru","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Holt, Concord, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. H. Smiley's Photographic Gallery, Knoxville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Orcutt's, Cambridge","Photographer/Photography Studio: Victor Piard, Jersey City, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: Elrod Borthers, Lexington, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hunting's, Belfast, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Frederick, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: M. L. Averill, Oldtown, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Trask and Lewis, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Lewis, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. A. Mills, Camden, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Crockett, Norway, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Ball \u0026 Thomas, Cincinnati, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Sidney Brown, St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. C. Price, New Philadelphia, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: John A. Heard, Tremont Row, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. N. Ramsdill, Ballston Spa, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bundy \u0026 Williams, New Haven, Connecticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. N. Blanchard, Barre, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. M. Vanaken, Lowville, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Goben, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Frank Winter, Fort Shaw, Montana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gill's City Gallery, Lancaster, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wm. J. Tate, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Stokes, Trenton, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: Clark, Gardiner, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Clark, Gardiner, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: M. F. King","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. M. Kenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Curtis \u0026 Cosby, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hunting's Belfast, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brooks \u0026 Blauvelt, Port Hudson, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Platt, Oberlin, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. E. Prall, Knoxville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. Worms \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Roth, Freehold, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026 Barker, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. Knecht, Easton, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Victory Piard, Jersey City, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. S. Jacoby, Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Published by G. L. Collins, Paola, Kansas","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. Bitner, Mt. Carroll, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Ullary \u0026 Perry, Greenville, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Roberts, Cleveland, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. B. Zay, Findlay, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: V. B. Massey, Lancaster, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. Kasten, Freeport, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Aldridge \u0026 Merriman, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. R. Rees \u0026 Bros., Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Pope, Brooklyn, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Klauber, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. J. Jacobs, New Orleans","Published by Keystone View Company","Photographer: P. Haas","Photographer: P. Haas","Photographer: P. Haas","Photographer: P. Haas","Photographer: P. Haas","Photographer: P. Haas","Photographer: P. Haas","Photographer: D. P. Barr, Army Photographer, Vicksburg, Miss.","Photographer: French \u0026 Co., Vicksburg, Miss.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Barr \u0026 Young, Army Photographers, Fort Pickering, Memphis, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moulton \u0026 Larkin, Elmira, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moulton \u0026 Larkin, Elmira, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moulton \u0026 Larkin, Elmira, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner","Photographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner","Photographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner","Photographed and Published by B. W. Kilburn, Littleton, New Hampshire","Photographed and Published by Kilburn Brothers, Littleton, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Rollins \u0026 Linn","Published by Keystone View Company","Photographed by Brady \u0026 Co., Washington, D.C.; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner","Photographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co., Negative by Brady \u0026 Co., Washington, D.C.","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co.","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co., Negative by Brady \u0026 Co., Washington, D.C.","Photographed and Published by Bell \u0026 Bro., Washington, D.C.","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co., New York; Negative by Brady \u0026 Co.","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co., American and Foreign Stereoscopic Emporium,  New York, NY","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co., American and Foreign Stereoscopic Emporium,  New York, NY","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co., American and Foreign Stereoscopic Emporium,  New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gardner","Photographer/Photography Studio: Marks, Houston, Texas","Published by E. M. Worth's American Museum; T. Meehan, Manufacturer of Looking-glass \u0026 Picture Frames, 810 Washington St. Boston, Mass","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Crockett, Norway, Main","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. R. Rideout, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. B. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. P. \u0026 F. W. Hardy, Ranger, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. K. Jewell, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. S. Dunshee, Rochester, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. B. Conant, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Piper, Manchester, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026 Quick's Art Palace, Cincinnati, Ohio","Painted by Robt. W. Weit; Engraved by Geo. W. Watch","The John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection contains offensive or harmful language and imagery. This includes—but is not limited to—correspondence and diary entries that express racist views; photographs of enslaved people forced into inhumane conditions by enslavers; descriptions of violence and battle experiences; photographs of deceased soldiers; and correspondence containing explicit descriptions of sex. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials.","The donor's accession numbering system has been preserved to maintain access to collection metadata or descriptive information. Each file title in this finding aid includes the donor accession number at the end of the title and each corresponding physical folder or item is also labeled with the donor accession number. ","Donor accession numbers are comprised of letters denoting document or photograph format followed by a four-digit number that denotes the number of the accession. The following examples can be found in the collection: DA0001 (meaning document - autograph), DC0001.001 (document - currency), DL0001 (document - letter), DN0003 (document - newspaper), DOR0001 (document - order), DOT0001 (document - other), DR0002 (document - requisition), PA0184 (photograph - ambrotype), PC0200 (photograph - carte de visite), PD0007 (photograph - daguerreotype), POT0012 (photograph - other), and PT0003 (photograph - tintype).","These donor accession numbers can be used to search the donation listing spreadsheet for corresponding metadata. This spreadsheet is available to download directly from the finding aid below, under External Documents.","About External Document MSS 16459 John L. Nau II Civil War History Collection - Donation Listing (View and Download Below)","Upon accession of the John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection, the donor provided a spreadsheet donation listing containing metadata and sellers' descriptions associated with collection materials. The spreadsheet can be downloaded below, under the External Documents heading.","Please note that many descriptions contained in this spreadsheet are drawn from sellers' language used by dealers and auction houses and contain biased and qualitative descriptions. In addition, many descriptions contain offensive, racist, and archaic language, some quoted directly from collection materials (also see the above Content Warning). ","Please also note there may be some materials listed in the donor spreadsheet that are not present in the collection. The Small Library's finding aid is the definitive listing of materials available to researchers.","Suggestions for Using the Donation Listing Spreadsheet","Materials found in the finding aid can be identified in the spreadsheet using the keyboard shortcut Control + F. If searching for materials discovered in the finding aid, it is recommended to search using donor accession numbers. (For more on this, see the above note on Alphanumeric Designations). ","Please note that the spreadsheet does not contain additional descriptive information for all materials listed in the finding aid.","Researchers can use the spreadsheet to explore the collection in many ways, including the following: ","- To conduct subject-based searches (e.g., regiments, battles, and military functions, and experiences such as sickness).","- To identify photographs of women, Black soldiers, and Native American soldiers.","- To identify correspondence in Series 1 authored by women and contained within personal papers attributed to men. Series 1 contains a significant amount of correspondence written by women to male relatives and friends. An example includes the many letters written by Mary Stanton to her husband Courtland Stanton, which are found with the Courtland Stanton (DL0011) papers. Another example are the letters of Lucy Britton and Martha Britton found with the Britton Family (DL0100) papers.","- To distinguish between duplicate titles and donor accession numbers in Series 1. Secondary collections such as the papers of Amos Garrison (DL0068) and Albert R. Whitney (DL0269) contain duplicate file titles, and descriptions in the spreadsheet may allow researchers to learn more about the exact nature of the materials they contain.","- To distinguish between portraits of unknown subjects in Series 2. Searching for a particular portrait of an unknown subject using the donor accession number may provide researchers with a description of the portrait, including details such as uniform and rank of the subject.","About External Documents MSS 16459 John L. Nau II Civil War History Collection - Transcripts (View and Download Below)","Transcript files are titled by donor accession number. (See above note titled Alphanumeric Designations).","Please be aware that these transcripts may contain mistakes. They are not intended to be a replacement for the original materials or their digital surrogates.","This item was accessioned as part of PC0876. There is no known connection between this item and the other materials in PC0876.","This item was accessioned as part of PC0876. There is no known connection between this item and the other materials in PC0876.","Additional materials relating to Fitzhugh Lee are located in Series 2 and 3.","This item was accessioned as part of PC1124. There is no known connection between the calling card and other materials in accession PC1124, which are located in Series 2.","Additional materials related to William S. Rosecrans are located in Series 2 and 3.","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","This item was accessioned as part of PT0159. There is no known connection between this record and the rest of the materials in PT0159.","This record was accessioned as part of PT0225, which included photographs of unknown soldiers. There is no known connection between the photographs located in Series 2 and this record.","This item was accessioned as part of PT0159. There is no known connection between this record and the rest of the materials in PT0159.","This item was accessioned as part of PC1029. There is no know connection between this ledger and the other items in PC1029, which are located in Series 2.","These reunion programs (POT0140.0011-POT0140.0015) were accessioned as part of POT0140, which is otherwise located in Series 2. There is no known connection between these programs and the other materials in this accession.","These reunion programs (POT0140.0011-POT0140.0015) were accessioned as part of POT0140, which is otherwise located in Series 2. There is no known connection between these programs and the other materials in this accession.","Carte de Visite PC0171 of Eugene Carr and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Carte de Visite PC0171 of Michael Corcoran and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Additional materials related to Napoleon Jackson Tecumseh Dana can be found in Series 1 and Series 3.","Carte de Visite PC0171 of Charles H. Davis and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Carte de Visite PC0171 of William B. Franklin and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Carte de Visite PC0171 of Quincy A. Gillmore and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Additional materials related to States Rights Gist are located in Series 3.","Carte de Visite PC0171 of A. C. Gorden and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","There is no known relationship between carte de visite album PC1143 and albumen PC1143 of Ulysses S. Grant. Both were part of the same donor accession PC1143.","This photograph, \"Grant and the Union Staff\" is not part of the photographic series owned and annotated by Francis C. Miller (POT0026). However, it was accessioned by the donor as part of this group (POT0026). It appears to be a reproduction of an earlier photograph dating to ca. 1862.","Tintype PC0171 of Cecil H. Hall and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","PC1199.0001 and PC1199.0002 are duplicates.","PC1199.0001 and PC1199.0002 are duplicates.","Tintype PC0171 of Samuel P. Heintzelman and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Additional Materials relating to Fitzhugh Lee are located in Series 1 and 3.","Additional materials related to Abraham Lincoln are located in Series 3.","Additional materials related to Abraham Lincoln are located in Series 3.","Carte de visite engraving PC0171 of George G. Meade and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Cartes de Visite PC1196.0002 and PC1196.0003 are duplicates.","Cartes de Visite PC1196.0002 and PC1196.0003 are duplicates.","Carte de visite PC0171 of Frank W. Renburger and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Carte de visite PC0171 of William S. Rosecrans and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials. Additional records related to William S. Rosecrans are located in Series 1 and 3.","Portrait of Slocum is the same image as PA0342.","Portrait of Slocum is the same image as PA0371.","Carte de visite PC0171 of E. Kirby Smith and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials. Additional materials related to E. Kirby Smith are located in Series 3.","Additional materials related to E. Kirby Smith are located in Series 3.","Carte de visite PC0171 of Edwin Vose Sumner and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Photograph album DOT0135 attributed to James M. Tracy is located in Series 2, Subseries H.","Carte de visite PC0171 of John E. Wool and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","This case contains portraits of the same unknown soldier in both ambrotype and tintype formats.","Letter PA0202.0002 was housed folded inside of cased photograph PA0202.0001.","Letter PA0202.0002 was previously housed folded inside of cased photograph PA0202.0001.","Ambrotype PA0205.0001 and tintype PA0205.0002 have been kept together, because they depict the same unknown soldier.","Ambrotype PA0205.0001 and tintype PA0205.0002 have been kept together, because they depict the same unknown soldier.","Ambrotype PA0274.0001 and tintype PA0274.0002 depict the same unknown Union Sergeant from the 11th Indiana Infantry.","Ambrotype PA0274.0001 and tintype PA0274.0002 depict the same unknown Union Sergeant from the 11th Indiana Infantry.","PT0190 is a single case containing one tintype and one ambrotype, and is arranged with tintypes.","Tintype PA0435.0002 a duplicate of ambrotype PA0435.0001.","Tintype PA0435.0002 a duplicate of ambrotype PA0435.0001.","Tintype (POT0113.0001) of unknown Black cavalryman possibly named Jenkins or Jenning) was owned by Randolph Davis, author of correspondence (POT0113.0002). Davis's descendents allege the pictured soldier worked on Davis's farm as a free man.","Tintype (POT0113.0001) of unknown Black cavalryman possibly named Jenkins or Jenning) was owned by Randolph Davis, author of correspondence (POT0113.0002). Davis's descendents allege the pictured soldier worked on Davis's farm as a free man.","The relationship between tintype PT0136.0001 and note fragments PT0136.0002 is unknown.","The relationship between tintype PT0136.0001 and note fragments PT0136.0002 is unknown.","The relationship between tintype PT0159.0001 and records PT0159.0002 (relating to Patrick Clark) is unknown.","The relationship between tintype PT0159.0001 and records PT0159.0002 (relating to Patrick Clark) is unknown.","Carte de visite PC0171 of an unknown subject and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","PT0182 and PT0183 are similar images.","PT0182 and PT0183 are similar images.","It is unknown if there is any connection between tintype PT0225.0001, tintype PT0225.0002, and albumen PT0225.0003. They were part of the same accession.","It is unknown if there is any connection between tintype PT0225.0001, tintype PT0225.0002, and albumen PT0225.0003. They were part of the same accession.","It is unknown if there is any connection between tintype PT0297.0001 and cloth cavalry insignia PT0297.0002. They were part of the same accession.","It is unknown if there is any relationship between tintype PT0297.0001 and cloth cavalry insignia PT0297.0002. They were part of the same accession.","It is unknown if there is any relationship between tintype PT0322 and the newspaper clipping of Abraham Lincoln PT0322.","It is unknown if there is any relationship between tintype PT0322 and the newspaper clipping of Abraham Lincoln PT0322.","PT0326.0001 and PT0326.0002 are portraits of the same unknown Confederate soldier.","PT0326.0001 and PT0326.0002 are portraits of the same unknown Confederate soldier.","It is not known if leather writing case PT0431.0002 is the same as the one pictured in photograph PT0431.0001.","It is not known if leather writing case PT0431.0002 is the same as the one pictured in photograph PT0431.0001.","All four photographs labeled with the donor accession number PT0489 depict the same unknown soldier.","All four photographs labeled with the donor accession number PT0489 are of the same unknown soldier.","All four photographs labeled with the donor accession number PT0489 are of the same unknown soldier.","All four photographs labeled with the donor accession number PT0489 are of the same unknown soldier.","PT0518.1 and PT0518.2 depict the same unknown soldier.","PT0518.1 and PT0518.2 depict the same unknown soldier.","PT0625.1 and PT0625.2 each depict the same unknown Union surgeon.","PT0625.1 and PT0625.2 each depict the same unknown Union surgeon.","Carte de visite PC0171 of an unknown subject and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Carte de visite PC0171 of an unknown subject and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Carte de visite PC0171 of an unknown subject and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Photograph DL0031.0006 was part of donor accession DL0031. There is no known relationship to the other materials in DL0031.","Image was accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).","Image was originally accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).","Image was originally accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).","Image was originally accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).","Image was originally accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).","Accessioned as part of PC1254, which also includes Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album (32nd Indiana Infantry). There is no known relationship between these materials.","The association between Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album and the print publications included in accession PC1254 is unknown. These volumes were accessioned with Louis von Trebra's album and share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.","The association between Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album and the print publications included in accession PC1254 is unknown. These volumes were accessioned with Louis von Trebra's album and share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.","The association between Louis von Trebra and this publication is unknown aside from their being part of the same accession (PC1254). This volume was accessioned with Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album, and the materials share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.","The association between Louis von Trebra and this publication is unknown aside from their being part of the same accession (PC1254). This volume was accessioned with Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album, and the materials share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.","The association between Louis von Trebra and this publication is unknown aside from their being part of the same accession (PC1254). This volume was accessioned with Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album, and the materials share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.","This photograph album previously housed portraits PC0105.0002-PC0105.0035, and is associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","There is no known relationship between carte de visite album PC1143 and albumen PC1143 of Ulysses S. Grant. Both were part of the same donor accession PC1143.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album (PC0082) is currently empty but is associated with cartes de visite of the same donor accession number (PC0082).","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Carte de visite album PC0171 was part of donor accession PC0171, which also contains additional, loose photographs. There is no known relationship between the album and these photographs.","The Nau Collection was processed from October 2021 to March 2023. Because it is an artificial collection with no original order, it was arranged into series to emphasize the provenance of collection materials and to restore materials attributed to or associated with the same individual. Provenance was determined by the archival materials themselves as well as by donor metadata. Additional resources consulted during processing included The National Park Service's online  Civil War Soldiers and Sailors Database  (https://www.nps.gov/civilwar/soldiers-and-sailors-database.htm); Grover C. Criswell and Clarence L. Criswell's  Confederate and Southern State Currency , vol. 1, (Pass-A-Grille, Florida: Criswell's Publications, 1957); John H. Eicher and David J. Eicher's  Civil War High Commands  (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2001); and the Library of Congress's online newspapers database (https://www.loc.gov/newspapers/).","Efforts were made to restore materials to record creators and keep these materials together. However, there are some exceptions, particularly in relation to high-profile historical figures. For example, materials relating to Robert E. Lee and William Tecumseh Sherman can be found in Series 1, 2, and 3. ","File titles have been devised by the archivist and each contains a donor accession number (see note titled Alphanumeric Designations). Wherever possible or applicable, titles attributed to materials by record creators are included. ","The John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection (1806-1988, bulk 1861-1865; 133 cubic feet) contains Civil War-era correspondence, service records, pension records, artifacts, photographs, military records (including orders, requisitions, and correspondence), currency, newspapers, and other print materials. ","The collection primarily contains the correspondence, records, and photographs of white soldiers and officers who fought in the Civil War, including white officers serving in the United States Colored Troops (USCT). Additionally, the collection includes some correspondence and portraits of white women as well as a small number of portraits of Black soldiers (including PT0322, a family portrait, and a young Ben Brown, PC0836.0001) and Native American soldiers (including Frederick L. Rainbow, PT0424.0001). ","Series 1: Materials Related to the Civil War Experiences of Soldiers, Officers, and Civilians (1806-1988; approx. 83 cubic feet) consists primarily of personal letters and diaries authored by white Civil War soldiers and officers in addition to associated materials such as service records relating to official wartime functions (e.g., government documents, including paroles, furloughs, pay vouchers, discharge certifications, oaths, and pension records); photographs; autographs; personal belongings and realia (e.g., bibles, publications, and uniform buttons); and veterans' memorabilia (e.g. medals, ribbons, and event programs). Series 1 also contains correspondence written by civilians and family members (often women) from the home front, including letters by Varina Davis (1826-1906) and Helen Dortch Longstreet (1863-1962).","Series 2: Photographs and Prints (circa 1848-1939; approx. 34 cubic feet) consists primarily of portrait photographs of white male Civil War soldiers and civilians in addition to some portraits of white women and a small number of portraits of Black soldiers and Native American soldiers.  Also included are documentary photographs of Civil War-related places and scenes. Series 2 photographs are comprised of a variety of nineteenth-century photographic formats, including daguerreotype, ambrotype, tintype, carte de visite, cabinet card, and stereoview. They also include carte de visite photograph albums as well as larger scale formats, including albumen and salt prints.","Series 3: Government Military Records (1855-1913; approx. 9 cubic feet) is comprised of records produced in the United States of America (USA) and the Confederate States of America (CSA) during and related to the administration of the United States Civil War (1861–1865), including a small number of postwar records. Materials include orders, reports, muster rolls, requisitions, correspondence, broadsides, and financial transactions produced by commanding officers acting in their official capacity as leaders of military organizations (e.g., Robert E. Lee, Ulysses S. Grant, Daniel Ruggles, James Longstreet, and Napoleon Jackson Tecumseh Dana). It also includes records created by military units (e.g., companies, battalions, regiments, brigades, and corps) as well bureaucratic military leadership structures of the USA and CSA (e.g., the Quartermaster's Department and the Ordnance Office as well as the various departments, districts, and armies of strategic leadership). Also included are records from leading figures in the executive branches of government in the USA (e.g., President Abraham Lincoln and Secretary of War Edwin Stanton) and CSA (e.g., Jefferson Davis).  \n \nExceptions include a few groupings of personal papers, including the personal papers of John W. Hanscom of the 6th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment.","Series 4: Currency (1839-1875; approx. 1.5 cubic feet) contains currency predominately from the Civil War period (1861-1865) issued by the United States and the Confederate States, including currency notes, fractional currency notes, postage currency notes, postage stamps, bonds, and treasury warrants. In addition, it also contains currency issued by southern states and local governments, southern banks (with the addition of the Farmers and Merchants Bank, Washington, D.C.), and corporate entities based in the south.","Series 5: Newspapers and Print Materials (1846-1913; approx. 5.25 cubic feet) consists primarily of Civil War-era (1861-1865) newspapers in addition to broadsides, periodicals, pamphlets, and books from or relating to the same period.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","The John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection is predominantly in English. A small number of materials are in Spanish, French, Swedish, and German, and this is indicated at the file level."],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16459","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/941"],"normalized_title_ssm":["John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection"],"collection_ssim":["John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["United States --  History  -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Personal narratives"],"geogname_ssim":["United States --  History  -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Personal narratives"],"places_ssim":["United States --  History  -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Personal narratives"],"acqinfo_ssim":["The John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection was acquired and donated by John L. Nau III. It was accessioned by the Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library on September 3, 2019 (2019-0149) and in an additional accession in October 2019 (2019-0231)."],"access_subjects_ssim":["letters (correspondence)","Photograph albums","photographs","newspapers"],"access_subjects_ssm":["letters (correspondence)","Photograph albums","photographs","newspapers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"physdesc_tesim":["Good."],"extent_ssm":["133 Cubic Feet 255 boxes; 9 framed items"],"extent_tesim":["133 Cubic Feet 255 boxes; 9 framed items"],"genreform_ssim":["letters (correspondence)","Photograph albums","photographs","newspapers"],"date_range_isim":[1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection (1806-1988; bulk 1861-1865; 133 cubic feet) has been arranged into five series, Series 1: Materials Related to the Civil War Experiences of Soldiers, Officers, and Civilians (1806-1988; approx. 83 cubic feet); Series 2: Photographs and Prints (circa 1848-1939; approx. 34 cubic feet); Series 3: Government Military Records (1855-1913; approx. 9 cubic feet); Series 4: Currency (1839-1875; approx. 1.5 cubic feet); and Series 5: Newspapers and Print Materials (1846-1913; approx. 5.25 cubic feet).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1 is arranged in three subseries.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries A: Personal Papers, Service Records, and Artifacts, 1806-1988\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe arrangement approach of Subseries A is based on the archival concept of personal papers. Materials, including those authored by, owned by, addressed to, or relating to a particular individual or individuals, are grouped together and arranged in alphabetical order according to surname or last name. Internally, these groupings of personal papers (or secondary collections) are arranged in chronological order with undated materials at the end. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe above is followed by materials with incomplete or first name only attributions in alphabetical order. Finally, materials of unknown authorship or provenance are in chronological order, followed by unknown, undated materials in order of donor accession number (see resource record note titled Alphanumeric Designations). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries B: Materials Related to Libby Prison, Richmond, Virginia, is arranged in chronological order, followed by undated materials.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries C: Veterans' Organizations Materials is arranged by record creator in alphabetical order. Within groupings of the same record creator, files are arranged in chronological order. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 2 is arranged in the following subseries.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries A: Portraits of Known Subjects\nThis subseries is arranged alphabetically by subject surname or last name. This is followed by photographs in alphabetical order by regimental association.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries B: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Daguerreotype Format:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries C: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Ambrotype Format:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries D: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Tintype Format:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries E: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Carte de Visite Format:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries F: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Cabinet Card, Albumen, and Other Formats:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries G: Documentary Photographs:\nThis subseries is arranged in alphabetical order by location. This is followed by unknown locations arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries H: Photograph Albums and Collections:\nThis subseries is arranged alphabetically by surname or last name of the associated individual(s). This is followed by photograph albums and collections arranged alphabetically according to regimental association. And, finally, photograph albums and collections of unknown attribution or provenance are arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 3 is arranged in the following subseries: Subseries A: Records of the United States Army (USA) and Subseries B: Records of the Confederate States Army (CSA). Materials are arranged alphabetically according to the organization that created or issued them and chronologically therein with materials or unknown provenance or attribution following in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 4 is arranged chronologically within the following subseries.  \n \nSubseries A: United States of America (USA) Fractional Currency Notes \nSubseries B: United States of America (USA) Post-Civil War Fractional Currency Notes  \nSubseries C: United States of America (USA) Postage Currency Notes \nSubseries D: Note Issued by a Private Bank in the United States \nSubseries E: Confederate States of America (CSA) Currency Notes \nSubseries F: Confederate States of America (CSA) Postage Stamps \nSubseries G: Confederate States of America (CSA) Bonds \nSubseries H: Notes Issued by Confederate States, Cities, and Counties \nSubseries I: Treasury Warrants Issued by the State of Texas and Limestone County, Texas \nSubseries J: Notes Issued by Southern Banks and Other Corporate Entities\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 5 is arranged in alphabetical order according to publisher name and chronologically therein with undated materials listed last. This arrangement is followed by materials from unknown publishers arranged chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection (1806-1988; bulk 1861-1865; 133 cubic feet) has been arranged into five series, Series 1: Materials Related to the Civil War Experiences of Soldiers, Officers, and Civilians (1806-1988; approx. 83 cubic feet); Series 2: Photographs and Prints (circa 1848-1939; approx. 34 cubic feet); Series 3: Government Military Records (1855-1913; approx. 9 cubic feet); Series 4: Currency (1839-1875; approx. 1.5 cubic feet); and Series 5: Newspapers and Print Materials (1846-1913; approx. 5.25 cubic feet).","Series 1 is arranged in three subseries.","Subseries A: Personal Papers, Service Records, and Artifacts, 1806-1988","The arrangement approach of Subseries A is based on the archival concept of personal papers. Materials, including those authored by, owned by, addressed to, or relating to a particular individual or individuals, are grouped together and arranged in alphabetical order according to surname or last name. Internally, these groupings of personal papers (or secondary collections) are arranged in chronological order with undated materials at the end. ","The above is followed by materials with incomplete or first name only attributions in alphabetical order. Finally, materials of unknown authorship or provenance are in chronological order, followed by unknown, undated materials in order of donor accession number (see resource record note titled Alphanumeric Designations). ","Subseries B: Materials Related to Libby Prison, Richmond, Virginia, is arranged in chronological order, followed by undated materials.","Subseries C: Veterans' Organizations Materials is arranged by record creator in alphabetical order. Within groupings of the same record creator, files are arranged in chronological order. ","Series 2 is arranged in the following subseries.","Subseries A: Portraits of Known Subjects\nThis subseries is arranged alphabetically by subject surname or last name. This is followed by photographs in alphabetical order by regimental association.","Subseries B: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Daguerreotype Format:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Subseries C: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Ambrotype Format:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Subseries D: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Tintype Format:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Subseries E: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Carte de Visite Format:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Subseries F: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Cabinet Card, Albumen, and Other Formats:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Subseries G: Documentary Photographs:\nThis subseries is arranged in alphabetical order by location. This is followed by unknown locations arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Subseries H: Photograph Albums and Collections:\nThis subseries is arranged alphabetically by surname or last name of the associated individual(s). This is followed by photograph albums and collections arranged alphabetically according to regimental association. And, finally, photograph albums and collections of unknown attribution or provenance are arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Series 3 is arranged in the following subseries: Subseries A: Records of the United States Army (USA) and Subseries B: Records of the Confederate States Army (CSA). Materials are arranged alphabetically according to the organization that created or issued them and chronologically therein with materials or unknown provenance or attribution following in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Series 4 is arranged chronologically within the following subseries.  \n \nSubseries A: United States of America (USA) Fractional Currency Notes \nSubseries B: United States of America (USA) Post-Civil War Fractional Currency Notes  \nSubseries C: United States of America (USA) Postage Currency Notes \nSubseries D: Note Issued by a Private Bank in the United States \nSubseries E: Confederate States of America (CSA) Currency Notes \nSubseries F: Confederate States of America (CSA) Postage Stamps \nSubseries G: Confederate States of America (CSA) Bonds \nSubseries H: Notes Issued by Confederate States, Cities, and Counties \nSubseries I: Treasury Warrants Issued by the State of Texas and Limestone County, Texas \nSubseries J: Notes Issued by Southern Banks and Other Corporate Entities","Series 5 is arranged in alphabetical order according to publisher name and chronologically therein with undated materials listed last. This arrangement is followed by materials from unknown publishers arranged chronologically."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026amp; Son, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Petty, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: H. A. Mills, Camden, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Miller and Rowell, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: John Holyland, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: O. L. Marston, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavoren, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Whitehurst \u0026amp; Co., Baltimore, Maryland\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Anderson \u0026amp; Turner, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: John L. Gihon's Photographic Art Galleries, 1024 Chestnut St. Phila.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Knowles \u0026amp; Hillman, New Bedford, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William B. Stearus, Bath, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Gooding, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Wenderoth, Taylor and Brown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Published by Handy, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bocardus, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Anderson's, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Carpenter's Gem Gallery, Troy, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. Jacobs, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York and Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: McPherson, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. W. Barker, Canton, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. McNulty, Ar,  Springfield, IL, City Galle\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic and Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Wing's Gallery, Waterville, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Varriell, Gardiner, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. K. Brown, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Henry M. Wells, Cambridge, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: H. A. Mills, Camden, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Taft, artist, Oak Gallery, Memphis, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. A. Simonds, Chillicothe, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. D. Lytle, Baton Rouge, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony,  New York, from Photographic Negative by Brady's National Portrait Gallery\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Lewis and Kane, Victoria, Texas\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. Gould, North Bridgton, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrench \u0026amp; Sawyer, Keene, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady's, Washington, D.C. and New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026amp; Quick's, Cincinnati, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. D. Hamilton, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026amp; Case, Boston, Massachusetts, and Newport, Rhode Island\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Walzl, Baltimore, Maryland\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Galleries, Washington, D.C. and New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William B. Stearns, Bath, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. R. Hall, Biddeford, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026amp; Son, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: L. V. Newell\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Schwing \u0026amp; Rudd, Army of the Cumberland\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026amp; Co. of New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. D. Lytle, Baton Rouge, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Manchester Bros., Providence, Rhode Island\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Sherman, Milwaukee, Wisconsin\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Ben Oppenheimer, Mobile, Alabama\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. C. Pratt, Aurora, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Worms \u0026amp; Co. 383 Broadway, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. Cramer, Carondelet, Missouri\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. R. Edwards, Bowling Green, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George W. Barnes, Rockford, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026amp; Co., New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Nichols, Leavenworth, Kansas\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brown's Photographic Gallery, Paola, Kansas\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Williams Gallery; Skowhegan, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. S. Sanderson, Lewiston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. J. Morrill/C. L. Grossman, Waterville, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026amp; Batchelder, Boston\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. A. Beach, Hastings, Minnesota\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks and Co., New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. C. Spaulding, Point Lookout, Maryland\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026amp; Son, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Conaut, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hesler Gallery, Chicago, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: H. P. Carnes' Car, Montpelier, Vermont\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R.W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hallett, Bowery, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eB. F. Smith and Son, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJ. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Zimmerman's New York Photographic Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Beaumont, Chester, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Wells and Collins, New Haven, Conneticut\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Manchester Brothers, Providence, Rhode Island\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. A. Lord, 158 Chatham Street, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. Moses, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Morgan, Concord, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Clark, Gardiner Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. L. Bergstresser, Army of the Potomac\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. B. Jenks, Paterson, New Jersey\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E.\u0026amp; H.T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George W. Butler, Bath, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bett's and Prusia, Dansville, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Stone Bros., Trumansburch, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. M. Peck's, Elsworth, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. Appleton \u0026amp; Co., New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. J. Pierce, Rockland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Hurn, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E.\u0026amp; H.T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  F. Forshew, Hudson, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. Forshew, Hudson, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. M. Schleier, Nashville, Knoxville, and Chattanooga, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H.T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLe Rue Lemer, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Gallery, New York and Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026amp; Son, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Gibbon, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. Anderson of New Orleans\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavoren, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Lumpkin and Tomlinson, Richmond, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026amp; Son, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Galleries, Washington, D.C. \u0026amp; New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Washburn's, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. R. Gard's Photographic Art Palace, Chicago, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. H. McKenney, Biddeford, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitaker and Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: McPherson \u0026amp; Oliver, Baton Rouge, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: McPherson \u0026amp; Oliver, Baton Rouge, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Philp \u0026amp; Solomon, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Gorman and Jordan, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: I. N. Teague\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026amp; Thompson, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Benjamin\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George Watson, Montpelier, Vermont\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Charles H. Danforth, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Union Photographic Gallery, Camp Butler, Newport News, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Burnite \u0026amp; Weldon, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. S. Sanderson, Dover, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, photographer, McClees Gallery, 308 Penna. Avenue, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William C. North, Cleveland, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Th. Gubelman, Puliski, TN\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hermos, Lima, Peru\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Kerston's Photograph Gallery, Newark, New Jersey\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Moses and Piffet, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Keet and Gemmill, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. M'Kenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Sam A. Cooley, Photographer Tenth Army Corps\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Published by W.V. Lane, Camden, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T.M.V. Doughty, Winsted, Conneticut\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: H. A. Balch's Star Photograph Gallery, Memphis, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: H. Tombarger, Lancaster, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Black and Case\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: O. P. Howe, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. M. Howe, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by Brady; Published by E \u0026amp; H.T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Cooley \u0026amp; Becket, Beaufort, South Carolina\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bowdoin, Taylor, and Co., Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. G. Montgomery of Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Ingraham Brothers, Westfield, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Cushing \u0026amp; King Photographers, Woodstock, Vermont\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady, New York; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Moses, Trenton, New Jersey\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: H. C. Brown, Norwich, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Marse, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. Forshew, Hudson, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Webster \u0026amp; Bro., Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026amp; Quick, Cincinnati, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Joshua Appleby Williams, Newport, Rhode Island\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Silli, Nice, France\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. W. Beckwith, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. W. Beckwith, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Wolff's Gallery, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. E. Mosely, Newburyport\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Harter's Fine Art Gallery, Auburn, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Pein \u0026amp; Co., Richmond, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Gorman and Jordan, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. C. Burnite \u0026amp; Co., Harrisburg, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. B. Brown's, Providence, Rhode Island\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. J. Tait, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Conant and Johnson, Lewiston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. O. Durgan, Farmouth, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C.H. Freeman, Montpelier, Vermont\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Kilgore's, Belfast, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by Joseph Ward, Boston, Massachusetts;  Photograph by Matthew Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: I. N. Teague, Lewiston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBarr \u0026amp; Young, Vicksburg, Mississippi\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Photographed by Brady, Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026amp; Co., New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  C. L. Marston, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. R. Marks, Austin, Texas\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Mc Clee's Gallery, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026amp; White, Corinth, Mississippi\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Rhodes, St. Law Co., New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Munger \u0026amp; Stone, Quincy, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Cross, Belvidere, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Emery\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Wm. McHenry, Freeport, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Fredricks \u0026amp; Co., New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Purvience, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. S. Estabrook, Houlton, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  F. L. Lay's, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. P. Smith, Kankakee City, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026amp; Co., New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  J.T. Bradshaw \u0026amp; Co., successors to G. Moses, Quincy, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: P. L. Perkins\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredericks \u0026amp; Co., New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Daily's Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. F. Brandon, Camp Douglas, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. Braisted, Freeport, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. Hesler, Chicago\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Pierce, Galena, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R.W. Addis, McClees's Gallery, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. Crockett, Rockland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. P. \u0026amp; F. W. Hardy, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Chas. H. Danforth, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. C. Reeve, Lambertville, New Jersey\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Morse's Gallery of the Cumberland, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Geo. S. Cook, Charleston, South Carolina\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026amp; Son, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Slagle, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Slee Brothers, Poughkeepsie, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H.T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  J.H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Curtis and Crosby, Lewiston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. Lewis Wires, Milford\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  C. Evans, Philadelphia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: P. B. Jones, Davenport, Iowa\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: N. H. Black, Natchez, Mississippi\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Schwing \u0026amp; Rudd, Army of The Cumberland\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Sherman, Milwaukee, Wisconsin\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George B. Butler, Bath, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Joseph Ward, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: John Goldin, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Pein \u0026amp; Co., Washington City\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Good \u0026amp; Stokes, Trenton, New Jersey\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. Jacob's, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. \u0026amp; J. L. Abbott, Albany, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Barnes, Rockford, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Layton's, Rockford, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Nason's Photograph Gallery, Columbus, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bachrach \u0026amp; Bro, Baltimore, Maryland\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Cross and Franke, Arlington, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Watson, Raleigh, North Carolina\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. P. Smith \u0026amp; Son, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Julius Brill, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Saylor's New Photograph Gallery, Reading, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Crosby, 13th Regiment Mass. Volunteers\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: John Weiss, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Clark, Gardiner, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: John Cadwallader, Toledo, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: H. Bitner, Mr. Carroll, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bowdoin, Taylor and Company, 204 King Forner Columbus Street, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: H. Jennings, artist, The New \u0026amp; Reliable Gallery, Lancaster, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Peplow and Balch, Memphis, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Thomas and Pearson, Macomb, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Henszey \u0026amp; Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Henszey \u0026amp; Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Henzey \u0026amp; Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Henzey \u0026amp; Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mathew B. Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam Pierce, Brunswick, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. F. Saltsman, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: John Goldin \u0026amp; Co., Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. P. H. Capron \u0026amp; Bros. , Springfield, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. J. Merritt's National Portrait Gallery, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Giers \u0026amp; Co., Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitney and Paradise, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: August Morand, Brooklyn, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. K. Jewell, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredericks \u0026amp; Co., New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bishop \u0026amp; Campbell, Army of the Cumberland\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Trask and Davis, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Henszey \u0026amp; Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Butler and King, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. J. Moulton, El Mira, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Lewis, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Guay and Co., New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Davis Brothers Photograph Rooms, Portsmouth and Exeter, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026amp; Batchelder, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Loring's Photographic Gallery, Eastport, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026amp; Co., New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Philadelphia Photographic Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. Constant, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: King, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George D. Puffer, Nashua, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. S. Estabrook, Houlton, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by M. J. Powers; Published by Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Moses \u0026amp; Piffet, successors to E. Jacobs, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Murphy Bros., Alton, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Godshaw \u0026amp; Flexner, Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Moffat and Simpson, Key West, Florida\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. P. Ayer, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William F. Blunt, North Anson, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026amp; Son, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. Appleton \u0026amp; Co., New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Anson's\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Fassetts Gallery, Chicago, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Gardner, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Meade Brothers, Astor, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026amp; Son, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Alex. Gardner, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady, New York, NY; Published by E. Anthony, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Philp \u0026amp; Solomon, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H.T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Watson's, Raleigh, NC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: L. Thompson, Norwich, Connecticut\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. M. Schleier, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenny, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mason \u0026amp; Gardner, Providence, Rhode Island\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Handy, Washington, D.C..\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Outley's, St. Louis, Missouri\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bragy Gallery\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. F. King, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Frank E. Stanley, Auburn, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Anderson's Photographic Gallery, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. P. Browne, Bath, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. Jacobs \u0026amp; Company, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026amp; Son, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Trask \u0026amp; Lewis\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady, New York, New York; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady, New York, New York; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Charles K. Bill's, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Wilder Brothers, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Zimmermans's N.F W York, Photographic Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. H. Cole, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. Hesler, Chicago, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Alex Gardner; Published by Philp \u0026amp; Solomons, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. A. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. B. Smith, Utica, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026amp; Thompson, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Dunshee's, Boston\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. Adams, Nashville, Tenn.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Abbott, Albany, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: L. I. Prince, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  J.S. Medlar, Woodstock, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. A. A. Rhodes, West Rockford, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. O. Furnald, Manchester, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Wolff's Gallery, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Gallery, New York and Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: French \u0026amp; Sawyer, Keene, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Cole's Photographic Gallery, Peoria, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William Nims, Photographer, Fort Edward, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: P. H. McKernon, Saratoga Springs, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: P. H. McKernon, Saratoga Springs, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: P. H. McKernon, Saratoga Springs, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: P. H. McKernon, Saratoga Springs, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland Metropolitan Gallery, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Lobell General Hospital, Portsmouth Grove, Rhode Island\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William Summerhays\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Davis Brothers Photograph Rooms, Portsmouth and Exeter, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Filley \u0026amp; Gilbert, New Haven, Connecticut\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Haas \u0026amp; Peale, Hilton Head, South Carolina\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. N. Medernach, Danville, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  R. H. Dewey, Pittsfield, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Wagoner's, Mt. Morris, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Samuel A. Cooley, Beaufort, South Carolina\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Thompson Gallery, Albany, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Lowell, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026amp; Thompson, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. B. Stearns, Bath, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: H. G. Fetters, Peru, Indiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: New Orleans Photographic Co.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Rees of Richmond, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  J.L. Winner, Annapolis, MD\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bishop \u0026amp; Campbell, Photographers, Army of the Cumberland\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. F. Conant, Skowhegan, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. P. Paige, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Powelson's, Detroit, Michigan\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: N. Olsen Photographer, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by Vannerson \u0026amp; Jones, Richmond, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBrady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. O. Jewett, Lebanon, Missouri\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026amp; Son, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bell and Brother\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Roseberry, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Gallery, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: L. W. Cook, Weymouth Landing, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: James S. Earle \u0026amp; Son, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Havens, Jacksonville, FL\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. A. Tresize, Springfield, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: O.C. Benjamin, Newark, N. J.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady, New York, NY; Published by E. Anthony, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brendann Bros., Baltimore\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Wenderoth \u0026amp; Taylor; Published by McAllister \u0026amp; Bro., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. H Messenger, US General Hospital, Annapolis, Maryland\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. P. Barr, Army Photographer, Vicksburg\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitaker \u0026amp; Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Griswold \u0026amp; Smith, Columbus, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: M. B. Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. R. Davis, Biddeford, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBrady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. R. Hall, Biddeford, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. H. Brown, Savannah, Georgia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Manchester Brothers Photographers, Providence, Rhode Island\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Fredericks and Co., New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. K. Jewell, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bundy and Williams, New Haven, Conneticut\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bowers, Lynn, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Kin, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Elrod Bro.'s, Lexington, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Piper \u0026amp; Sanborn, Manchester, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  J. Perry Elliott's City Gallery, Indianapolis, Indiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. Ames, Quincy, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026amp; Bro, Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026amp; Bro, Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026amp; Bro, Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026amp; Bro, Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026amp; Bro, Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. D. Phillips, 14th Army Corps\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: M. K. Marshall, Circleville, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  J. A. Scholten, Saint Louis, Missouri\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gault, Mt. Sterling, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. S. German, Springfield, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hawkins \u0026amp; Philpot, Macomb, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. W. De Camp, Newark, New Jersey\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Webster, Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. Jacobs, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUnknown Photographer; Published by E. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner, Photographer to the Army of the Potomac, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Morse, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Pratt's Gallery, Richmond, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Schreiber \u0026amp; Son, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Erekson \u0026amp; Bodurtha, Bridgeport, Conneticut\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hinds, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Abraham Fisher, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. N. Wilson, Savannah, Georgia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Birney Linn\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Louis Walzl\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Variell, Gardiner, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. A. Turner, D. Appleton \u0026amp; Co., New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: M. F. King, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. H. White, Jacksonport, Arkansas\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. H. Spieler's, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026amp; Taylor, Corinth, Mississippi\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: O.H. Willard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. P. Layton, Rockford, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: John Goldin \u0026amp; Col, Washington D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: N. C. Sanborn, Lowell, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Marshall, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Partridges Photographic Gallery and Stock Depot, Wheeling, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026amp; White, Corinth, Mississippi\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. W. A. Reed, Quincy, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Fred C. Low, East Cambridge, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brooks \u0026amp; Blauvelt, Port Hudson, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. L. Marston, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Evans and Prince, York, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Ingraham Bros, Westfield, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Clark, Ionia, Michigan\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. C. Giers, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E \u0026amp; H.T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026amp; Co., New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: N. R. Bideout \u0026amp; Co., Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: John Goldin, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJ. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitney's Gallery, Saint Paul, Minnesota\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: H. B. King, Taunton, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Charles Jameson, Columbia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Anderson's Photographic Gallery, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  L. D. Cox, Ludlow, Vermont\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Davis, Columbus, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. Brainstead, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Tyler \u0026amp; Co., Charleston, South Carolina\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E \u0026amp; H.T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026amp; Co., New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Larkin Gallery, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George W. Butler, Bath, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George C. White, Boston\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitney's Gallery, Saint Paul, Minnesota\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: M. J. Powers, Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: McLure, Allen P.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Peplow \u0026amp; Balch, Memphis, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Nollen \u0026amp; Van Grieken, Keokuk, Iowa\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026amp; Co., New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026amp; Case, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. H. Cole, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. L. Jackson, Lewiston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bundy and Williams, New Haven, Connecticut\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. A. Scholten, St. Louis, Missouri\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. G. Carleton, Waterville, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Gilbert's, Philadelphia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavorn's Metropolitan Gallery, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Sprague \u0026amp; Curtis, Lewiston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Campbell \u0026amp; Ecker, Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Pierce \u0026amp; Cogswell, Rochelle, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: H. T. McCormick, Martinsburg, West Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Loomis, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hall, Lawrence, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Kennedy \u0026amp; Schenck, Newark, New Jersey\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Morell, George Webb\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hall, South Royalton, Vermont\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Fredricks \u0026amp; Co., New Yor\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Schwing \u0026amp; Rudd, Army of the Cumberland\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Scripture, Peterboro, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer's, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. L. Eaton, Omaha, Nebraska\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Gurney \u0026amp; Son, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Downs \u0026amp; Co., New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hagaman, Philadelphia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. J. I. Murray, Myerstown, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Reimer, Philadelphia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hanford, New London, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Webster's Photograph Gallery, Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Carr, Old Town, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Loomis, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Miller and Rowell, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  S. A. Cooley, Beaufort, South Carolina\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026amp; Thompson, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William B. Stearns, Bath, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Fassett, Dexter, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Kertson \u0026amp; Barker, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Crockett\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: John A. Heard, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Loomis, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Kimball \u0026amp; Sons, Concord, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by A. A. Turner; Published by D. Appleton \u0026amp; Co., New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Taylor and Seavey\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. Milton Lapham, Decatur, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bowdoin, Taylor, \u0026amp; Co, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. I. Marston, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Boston\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. P. Layton, Rockford, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Haseltine, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hinds, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026amp; White, Corinth, Mississippi\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Smith, Sr., Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Evans, Norfolk, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. McMahon, Mt. Pleasant, Iowa\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. M' Kenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. McNulty, Springfield, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, McClees' Gallery, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Cole of Biddleford, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. F. Ryder, Cleveland\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. H. McKenny, Biddleford, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Lilienthal and Co., New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Sprague \u0026amp; Tapley, Lewiston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Geo. P. Hall, St. Louis, Missouri\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady 's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. F. Howe, Jamestown , New York, A. J. Stiles, Photographist\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026amp; Son, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: P. E. Gibbs, Richmond, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. L. Bracey, Great Falls, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  J. Gurney \u0026amp; Son, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Lutges, Detroit, Michigan\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney and Son, Broadway, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bell and Brother, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. S. Sanderson, Lewiston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Curtis and Crosby, Lewiston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Variell, Gardiner, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  B. F. Smith \u0026amp; Son, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George E. Collins; Bucksport, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Handy, Washington, D.C..\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026amp; Quicks, Cincinnati, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026amp; Taylor, Corinth, Mississippi\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic and Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Porter's, Cincinnati, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. N. Granniss, Waterbury, Connecticut\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bundy \u0026amp; Williams, New Haven, Connecticut\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. J. Thompson \u0026amp; Co., Albany, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: King, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. A. Stevens, Richmond, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026amp; Quick's, Cincinnati, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady, New York, New York; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBrady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Carbutt, Chicago, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Rivers', St. Louis, Missouri\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George Rockwood, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hinds, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Kimball, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Hornbaker, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. S. Estabrook, Houlton, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. F. King\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. J. Moulton, Elmira, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A.R. Boynton, Sanbornton Bridge, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Davis Brothers, Portsmouth, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. M'Kenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. Crockett, Rockland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Burwell \u0026amp; Homan, New Haven, Connecticut\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026amp; Son, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Black and Case, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Magnolia, Lexington, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. F. Saltsman, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Smith \u0026amp; Wybrant, Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Weitfle \u0026amp; Wright, 1st Division, 6th Corps\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Charles S. Hart, Watertown, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Haas \u0026amp; Peale, Hilton Head, South Carolina\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Webster \u0026amp; Bro., Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  C.H. Smedley \u0026amp; Co., Middletown, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. McMahon, Photographer, Danville, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  R. A. Lewis, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. Moses \u0026amp; Co., Quincy, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. F. Child, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  A. Hesler, Chicago, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Kimberly Brothers\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  J. Carbutt, Chicago, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Samuel Masury, Boston\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026amp; Co., New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Photographed by Brady, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026amp; Co., New York, Habana, Paris\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026amp; Co., New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026amp; Co., New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  Helke and Benecke, St. Louis, Missouri\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hopkins, Annapolis, Maryland\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J.H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Churchill \u0026amp; Dennison, Albany, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Variell, Gardiner, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavoren's, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. Constant, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. Anderson, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. Gould, North Bridgton, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Webster and Bro., Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavoren, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. L. Heath, Norwalk, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. F. Saltsman, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. M. Peck, Ellsworth, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. Crocket, Rockland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. B. Field, Morris, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. P. Greenwald, Newark, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Gorham and Co, Providence, Rhode Island\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Moses \u0026amp; Piffet, successors to E. Jacobs, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hinton \u0026amp; Cleary's, Montgomery, Alabama\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. F. Yung\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brown's Gallery, Little Rock, Arkansas\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William Brown, Photographer of the Army of Arkansas\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Griswold \u0026amp; White, Corinth, Mississippi\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Morse's, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Davis, Biddleford, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. K. Jewell, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Black, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: P. Butler, Springfield, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Lewis, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Currier, Amesbury, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Currier, Amesbury, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Cole, Biddeford, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Cahill, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George H. Wood, Towanda, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady's, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. F. Sterlin, Woodstock, Vermont\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. Hesler, Chicago, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: by H. Glosser, Broadway, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Turner, Philadelphia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Crockett, Norway, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. Case, Halifax, Nova Scotia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. Anderson, New Orleans\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Balkan Studio, Wartham, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Jordan \u0026amp; Co., New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. A. Colley, Beaufort, South Carolina\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: L. V. Newell\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  J. W. Black, Boston\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. K. McMurray, Winchester, W. Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. O. Burgan, Yarmouth, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026amp; Quick's Art Palace, Cincinnati, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Thurlow, Peoria, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Smith, Southbridge\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Schwing \u0026amp; Rudd, Photographers Army of the Cumberland\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Sam A. Cooley, Beaufort, South Carolina\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: P. L. Perkins\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Beecher and Grier's Photograph Rooms, West Chester, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady, New York, New York; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Knight, Batavia, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bradley \u0026amp; Rulofson, San Francisco, California\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. W. Loud, Bowery, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. G. Johnson,  Dubuque, Iowa\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Klauber \u0026amp; Campbell, Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Butler \u0026amp; Smetters, Springfield, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Van Stavoren, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  E. A. Piffet's Gallery of Art, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. W. Hinds, North Vassalboro, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. Haslinger in St. Polten\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. Haslinger in St. Polten\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Fassett's Gallery, Chicago, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitney \u0026amp; Paradise, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony,  New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. C. Elrod's, Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Houghton, Brattleboro, Vermont\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. K. Jewell, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. Brown's, Waldoboro, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. A. Pippet's, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. A. Scholten, St. Louis, Missouri\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bailey \u0026amp; Silver's, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026amp; Co., New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. Piper, Manchester, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Washington Gallery, Vicksburg, Mississippi\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. L. Troxell, St. Louis, Missouri\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Wykes \u0026amp; Brown, Wheeling, West Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026amp; Son, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A.C. Lewis, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Lewis, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: French \u0026amp; Sawyer, Keene, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Rider, Ondawa House, Salem, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Anderson \u0026amp; Turner, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitney's Gallery, Saint Paul, Minnesota\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Marshall, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Lamson, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Davis Brothers Photograph Rooms, Portsmouth and Exeter, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Whitehead, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. Wing's, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. M. Schleier's, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Case and Getchell, Boston\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. B. Hopkins, Lock-Haven, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. L. Marston, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bell \u0026amp; Brother, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. A. Paul, Skowhegan, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Perry Elliott's City Gallery, Indianapolis, Indiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Keith \u0026amp; Ross, Machias, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Keith \u0026amp; Ross, Machias, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. S. Sanderson, Dover, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Estabrook's Ferrotypes, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, 363 Broadway, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Otto Wagner, 385 Broadway, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. C. Ely, Greenfield, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Johnson's, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. Appleton, and Co., New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026amp; Son, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: John H. Pein \u0026amp; Co., Richmond, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia; Published by McAllister \u0026amp; Brother, Philadelphia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: King, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Lochman's Photographic Gallery, Allentown, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: P. Tenney Gates, Plattsburgh, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. H. Williamson's Brooklyn, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: M. G. Trask, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hallet, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Sumner \u0026amp; Harris Union Gallery, Gen'l Butler's H. Qrs. in the Field\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Lomas, Eastport Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. M. Fassett, Chicago, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Downs \u0026amp; Co., New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. Sellers, Keokuk, Iowa\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. A. Sheldon, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Andrew D. Lytle, Baton Rouge, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Black, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026amp; Case, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. M. Aiken, Ware, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLithograph by Murray \u0026amp; Goodwin, Albany, New York; Published by G. H. Treadwell, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Theodore Harris, Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Possibly S. Anderson, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. Wearn, Columbia, South Carolina\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Keenan, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Rees, Richmond, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. R. Phipps, Lexington, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Rees, Richmond, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Rees, Richmond, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: WM. Frank Browne, Artist, P.O. Box 480, Washington, D.C., U.S. Army\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William Frank Browne\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Farrar's Photographic Rooms, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Farrar's Photographic Rooms, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Royan M. Linn\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Quimby of Charleston\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Maynard \u0026amp; Willis, Milford, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Keim, Lebanon, Pa.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Charles A. Saylor, Reading, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: John Daily, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bowdoin, Taylor \u0026amp; Co., Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Lupton \u0026amp; Brown, Winchester, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Wolff's Gallery, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Richardson of Lima, Peru\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William P. Holt, Concord, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. H. Smiley's Photographic Gallery, Knoxville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Orcutt's, Cambridge\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Victor Piard, Jersey City, New Jersey\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Elrod Borthers, Lexington, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hunting's, Belfast, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Frederick, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: M. L. Averill, Oldtown, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Trask and Lewis, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Lewis, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: H. A. Mills, Camden, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Crockett, Norway, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Ball \u0026amp; Thomas, Cincinnati, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Sidney Brown, St. Louis, Missouri\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. C. Price, New Philadelphia, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: John A. Heard, Tremont Row, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. N. Ramsdill, Ballston Spa, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bundy \u0026amp; Williams, New Haven, Connecticut\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. N. Blanchard, Barre, Vermont\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026amp; Son, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. M. Vanaken, Lowville, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. Goben, Troy, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Frank Winter, Fort Shaw, Montana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Gill's City Gallery, Lancaster, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Wm. J. Tate, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Stokes, Trenton, New Jersey\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Clark, Gardiner, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Clark, Gardiner, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: M. F. King\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. M. Kenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Curtis \u0026amp; Cosby, Lewiston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hunting's Belfast, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brooks \u0026amp; Blauvelt, Port Hudson, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Platt, Oberlin, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. E. Prall, Knoxville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. 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Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / 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Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Petty, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. A. Mills, Camden, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Miller and Rowell, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Holyland, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: O. L. Marston, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavoren, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Whitehurst \u0026 Co., Baltimore, Maryland","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Anderson \u0026 Turner, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio:","Photographer/Photography Studio: John L. Gihon's Photographic Art Galleries, 1024 Chestnut St. Phila.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Knowles \u0026 Hillman, New Bedford, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: William B. Stearus, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gooding, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wenderoth, Taylor and Brown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Published by Handy, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bocardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Anderson's, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Carpenter's Gem Gallery, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Jacobs, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: McPherson, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. W. Barker, Canton, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. McNulty, Ar,  Springfield, IL, City Galle","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic and Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wing's Gallery, Waterville, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Varriell, Gardiner, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. K. Brown, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry M. Wells, Cambridge, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. A. Mills, Camden, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Taft, artist, Oak Gallery, Memphis, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. A. Simonds, Chillicothe, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. D. Lytle, Baton Rouge, Louisiana","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony,  New York, from Photographic Negative by Brady's National Portrait Gallery","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lewis and Kane, Victoria, Texas","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Gould, North Bridgton, Maine","French \u0026 Sawyer, Keene, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington D.C.","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's, Washington, D.C. and New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026 Quick's, Cincinnati, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. D. Hamilton, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio:","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026 Case, Boston, Massachusetts, and Newport, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Walzl, Baltimore, Maryland","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Galleries, Washington, D.C. and New York","Photographer/Photography Studio:","Photographer/Photography Studio: William B. Stearns, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. R. Hall, Biddeford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: L. V. Newell","Photographer/Photography Studio:","Photographer/Photography Studio: Schwing \u0026 Rudd, Army of the Cumberland","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026 Co. of New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. D. Lytle, Baton Rouge, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Manchester Bros., Providence, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Sherman, Milwaukee, Wisconsin","Photographer/Photography Studio: Ben Oppenheimer, Mobile, Alabama","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. C. Pratt, Aurora, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Worms \u0026 Co. 383 Broadway, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. Cramer, Carondelet, Missouri","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. R. Edwards, Bowling Green, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: George W. Barnes, Rockford, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Nichols, Leavenworth, Kansas","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brown's Photographic Gallery, Paola, Kansas","Photographer/Photography Studio: Williams Gallery; Skowhegan, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. S. Sanderson, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. J. Morrill/C. L. Grossman, Waterville, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026 Batchelder, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. A. Beach, Hastings, Minnesota","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks and Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. C. Spaulding, Point Lookout, Maryland","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Conaut, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hesler Gallery, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. P. Carnes' Car, Montpelier, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: R.W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hallett, Bowery, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","B. F. Smith and Son, Portland, Maine","J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Zimmerman's New York Photographic Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Beaumont, Chester, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wells and Collins, New Haven, Conneticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: Manchester Brothers, Providence, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. A. Lord, 158 Chatham Street, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. Moses, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Morgan, Concord, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Clark, Gardiner Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. L. Bergstresser, Army of the Potomac","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. B. Jenks, Paterson, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographed by Brady; Published by E.\u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: George W. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bett's and Prusia, Dansville, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Stone Bros., Trumansburch, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. M. Peck's, Elsworth, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. Appleton \u0026 Co., New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. J. Pierce, Rockland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Hurn, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio:  G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine","Photographed by Brady; Published by E.\u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio:  F. Forshew, Hudson, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Forshew, Hudson, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. M. Schleier, Nashville, Knoxville, and Chattanooga, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland, Washington, D.C.","Le Rue Lemer, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Gallery, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gibbon, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Anderson of New Orleans","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavoren, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lumpkin and Tomlinson, Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Galleries, Washington, D.C. \u0026 New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Washburn's, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. R. Gard's Photographic Art Palace, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. H. McKenney, Biddeford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitaker and Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: McPherson \u0026 Oliver, Baton Rouge, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: McPherson \u0026 Oliver, Baton Rouge, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Philp \u0026 Solomon, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gorman and Jordan, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: I. N. Teague","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026 Thompson, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Benjamin","Photographer/Photography Studio: George Watson, Montpelier, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles H. Danforth, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Union Photographic Gallery, Camp Butler, Newport News, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Burnite \u0026 Weldon, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. S. Sanderson, Dover, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, photographer, McClees Gallery, 308 Penna. Avenue, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: William C. North, Cleveland, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Th. Gubelman, Puliski, TN","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hermos, Lima, Peru","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kerston's Photograph Gallery, Newark, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moses and Piffet, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Keet and Gemmill, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. M'Kenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Sam A. Cooley, Photographer Tenth Army Corps","Photographer/Photography Studio: Published by W.V. Lane, Camden, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T.M.V. Doughty, Winsted, Conneticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. A. Balch's Star Photograph Gallery, Memphis, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. Tombarger, Lancaster, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black and Case","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: O. P. Howe, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. M. Howe, Portland, Maine","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Published by Brady; Published by E \u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Cooley \u0026 Becket, Beaufort, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bowdoin, Taylor, and Co., Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. G. Montgomery of Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Ingraham Brothers, Westfield, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Cushing \u0026 King Photographers, Woodstock, Vermont","Photographed by Brady, New York; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moses, Trenton, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. C. Brown, Norwich, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Marse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Forshew, Hudson, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Webster \u0026 Bro., Louisville, Kentucky","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026 Quick, Cincinnati, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Joshua Appleby Williams, Newport, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Silli, Nice, France","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. W. Beckwith, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. W. Beckwith, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wolff's Gallery, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. E. Mosely, Newburyport","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Harter's Fine Art Gallery, Auburn, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Pein \u0026 Co., Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gorman and Jordan, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. C. Burnite \u0026 Co., Harrisburg, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. B. Brown's, Providence, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. J. Tait, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Conant and Johnson, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. O. Durgan, Farmouth, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: C.H. Freeman, Montpelier, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kilgore's, Belfast, Maine","Published by Joseph Ward, Boston, Massachusetts;  Photograph by Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: I. N. Teague, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.","Photographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Barr \u0026 Young, Vicksburg, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: Photographed by Brady, Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio:  C. L. Marston, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. R. Marks, Austin, Texas","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Mc Clee's Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026 White, Corinth, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Rhodes, St. Law Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Munger \u0026 Stone, Quincy, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Cross, Belvidere, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Emery","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wm. McHenry, Freeport, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Purvience, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. S. Estabrook, Houlton, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio:  F. L. Lay's, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. P. Smith, Kankakee City, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J.T. Bradshaw \u0026 Co., successors to G. Moses, Quincy, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. L. Perkins","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredericks \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Daily's Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. F. Brandon, Camp Douglas, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Braisted, Freeport, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Hesler, Chicago","Photographer/Photography Studio: Pierce, Galena, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: R.W. Addis, McClees's Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Crockett, Rockland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. P. \u0026 F. W. Hardy, Bangor, Maine","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Chas. H. Danforth, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. C. Reeve, Lambertville, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Morse's Gallery of the Cumberland, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. S. Cook, Charleston, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Slagle, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Slee Brothers, Poughkeepsie, New York","Published by E. \u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J.H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Curtis and Crosby, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Lewis Wires, Milford","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio:  C. Evans, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. B. Jones, Davenport, Iowa","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. H. Black, Natchez, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: Schwing \u0026 Rudd, Army of The Cumberland","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Sherman, Milwaukee, Wisconsin","Photographer/Photography Studio: George B. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries","Photographer/Photography Studio: Joseph Ward, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Goldin, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Pein \u0026 Co., Washington City","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Good \u0026 Stokes, Trenton, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Jacob's, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. \u0026 J. L. Abbott, Albany, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Barnes, Rockford, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Layton's, Rockford, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Nason's Photograph Gallery, Columbus, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bachrach \u0026 Bro, Baltimore, Maryland","Photographer/Photography Studio: Cross and Franke, Arlington, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Watson, Raleigh, North Carolina","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. P. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Julius Brill, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Saylor's New Photograph Gallery, Reading, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Crosby, 13th Regiment Mass. Volunteers","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Weiss, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, NY","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Clark, Gardiner, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Cadwallader, Toledo, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. Bitner, Mr. Carroll, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bowdoin, Taylor and Company, 204 King Forner Columbus Street, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. Jennings, artist, The New \u0026 Reliable Gallery, Lancaster, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Peplow and Balch, Memphis, Tennessee","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Thomas and Pearson, Macomb, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henszey \u0026 Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henszey \u0026 Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henzey \u0026 Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henzey \u0026 Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew B. Brady","William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. F. Saltsman, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Goldin \u0026 Co., Washington, D.C.","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. P. H. Capron \u0026 Bros. , Springfield, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. J. Merritt's National Portrait Gallery, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Giers \u0026 Co., Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitney and Paradise, New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: August Morand, Brooklyn, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. K. Jewell, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredericks \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bishop \u0026 Campbell, Army of the Cumberland","Photographer/Photography Studio: Trask and Davis, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henszey \u0026 Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Butler and King, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. J. Moulton, El Mira, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Lewis, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Guay and Co., New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Davis Brothers Photograph Rooms, Portsmouth and Exeter, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026 Batchelder, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Loring's Photographic Gallery, Eastport, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Philadelphia Photographic Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Constant, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: King, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: George D. Puffer, Nashua, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. S. Estabrook, Houlton, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland, Washington, D.C.","Photographed by M. J. Powers; Published by Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moses \u0026 Piffet, successors to E. Jacobs, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Murphy Bros., Alton, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Godshaw \u0026 Flexner, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moffat and Simpson, Key West, Florida","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. P. Ayer, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: William F. Blunt, North Anson, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. Appleton \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Anson's","Photographer/Photography Studio: Fassetts Gallery, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gardner, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery","Photographer/Photography Studio: Meade Brothers, Astor, New York","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Alex. Gardner, Washington, DC","Photographed by Brady, New York, NY; Published by E. Anthony, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Philp \u0026 Solomon, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Watson's, Raleigh, NC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: L. Thompson, Norwich, Connecticut","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. M. Schleier, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenny, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mason \u0026 Gardner, Providence, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: Handy, Washington, D.C..","Photographer/Photography Studio: Outley's, St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bragy Gallery","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. F. King, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Frank E. Stanley, Auburn, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Anderson's Photographic Gallery, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. P. Browne, Bath, Maine","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Jacobs \u0026 Company, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Trask \u0026 Lewis","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographed by Brady, New York, New York; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony","Photographed by Brady, New York, New York; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles K. Bill's, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wilder Brothers, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Zimmermans's N.F W York, Photographic Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. H. Cole, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Hesler, Chicago, Illinois","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographed by Alex Gardner; Published by Philp \u0026 Solomons, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. A. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. B. Smith, Utica, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026 Thompson, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Dunshee's, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. Adams, Nashville, Tenn.","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Abbott, Albany, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: L. I. Prince, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J.S. Medlar, Woodstock, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. A. A. Rhodes, West Rockford, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. O. Furnald, Manchester, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wolff's Gallery, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Gallery, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: French \u0026 Sawyer, Keene, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Cole's Photographic Gallery, Peoria, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Nims, Photographer, Fort Edward, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. H. McKernon, Saratoga Springs, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. H. McKernon, Saratoga Springs, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. H. McKernon, Saratoga Springs, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. H. McKernon, Saratoga Springs, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland Metropolitan Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lobell General Hospital, Portsmouth Grove, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Summerhays","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Davis Brothers Photograph Rooms, Portsmouth and Exeter, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Filley \u0026 Gilbert, New Haven, Connecticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: Haas \u0026 Peale, Hilton Head, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. N. Medernach, Danville, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio:  R. H. Dewey, Pittsfield, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Wagoner's, Mt. Morris, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Samuel A. Cooley, Beaufort, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Thompson Gallery, Albany, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Lowell, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026 Thompson, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. B. Stearns, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. G. Fetters, Peru, Indiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: New Orleans Photographic Co.","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Rees of Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J.L. Winner, Annapolis, MD","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bishop \u0026 Campbell, Photographers, Army of the Cumberland","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. F. Conant, Skowhegan, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. P. Paige, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Powelson's, Detroit, Michigan","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. Olsen Photographer, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC","Photographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Published by Vannerson \u0026 Jones, Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. O. Jewett, Lebanon, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bell and Brother","Photographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Roseberry, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: L. W. Cook, Weymouth Landing, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: James S. Earle \u0026 Son, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Washington, D.C.","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Havens, Jacksonville, FL","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. A. Tresize, Springfield, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: O.C. Benjamin, Newark, N. J.","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine","Photographed by Brady, New York, NY; Published by E. Anthony, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brendann Bros., Baltimore","Photographed by Wenderoth \u0026 Taylor; Published by McAllister \u0026 Bro., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. H Messenger, US General Hospital, Annapolis, Maryland","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. P. Barr, Army Photographer, Vicksburg","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitaker \u0026 Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Griswold \u0026 Smith, Columbus, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: M. B. Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. R. Davis, Biddeford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor Maine","Photographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia","Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. R. Hall, Biddeford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. H. Brown, Savannah, Georgia","Photographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Manchester Brothers Photographers, Providence, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: Fredericks and Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. K. Jewell, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bundy and Williams, New Haven, Conneticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bowers, Lynn, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kin, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Elrod Bro.'s, Lexington, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Piper \u0026 Sanborn, Manchester, New Hampshire","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J. Perry Elliott's City Gallery, Indianapolis, Indiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. Ames, Quincy, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026 Bro, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026 Bro, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026 Bro, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026 Bro, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026 Bro, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. D. Phillips, 14th Army Corps","Photographer/Photography Studio: M. K. Marshall, Circleville, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J. A. Scholten, Saint Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio:  A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gault, Mt. Sterling, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. S. German, Springfield, Illinois","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hawkins \u0026 Philpot, Macomb, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. W. De Camp, Newark, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: Webster, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Jacobs, New Orleans, Louisiana","Unknown Photographer; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner, Photographer to the Army of the Potomac, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Pratt's Gallery, Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Schreiber \u0026 Son, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Erekson \u0026 Bodurtha, Bridgeport, Conneticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hinds, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Abraham Fisher, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. N. Wilson, Savannah, Georgia","Photographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Birney Linn","Photographer/Photography Studio: Louis Walzl","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Variell, Gardiner, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. A. Turner, D. Appleton \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: M. F. King, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. H. White, Jacksonport, Arkansas","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. H. Spieler's, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026 Taylor, Corinth, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: O.H. Willard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. P. Layton, Rockford, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Goldin \u0026 Col, Washington D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. C. Sanborn, Lowell, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Marshall, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Partridges Photographic Gallery and Stock Depot, Wheeling, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026 White, Corinth, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. W. A. Reed, Quincy, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Fred C. Low, East Cambridge, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brooks \u0026 Blauvelt, Port Hudson, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. L. Marston, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Evans and Prince, York, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Ingraham Bros, Westfield, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Clark, Ionia, Michigan","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. C. Giers, Nashville, Tennessee","Published by E \u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Published by E. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. R. Bideout \u0026 Co., Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Goldin, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hendee, Augusta, Maine","J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitney's Gallery, Saint Paul, Minnesota","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. B. King, Taunton, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles Jameson, Columbia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Anderson's Photographic Gallery, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio:  L. D. Cox, Ludlow, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Davis, Columbus, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Brainstead, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Tyler \u0026 Co., Charleston, South Carolina","Photographed by Brady; Published by E \u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Larkin Gallery, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: George W. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: George C. White, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitney's Gallery, Saint Paul, Minnesota","Published by E. \u0026 H. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: M. J. Powers, Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: McLure, Allen P.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Peplow \u0026 Balch, Memphis, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Nollen \u0026 Van Grieken, Keokuk, Iowa","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026 Case, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. H. Cole, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. L. Jackson, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bundy and Williams, New Haven, Connecticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. A. Scholten, St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. G. Carleton, Waterville, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gilbert's, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavorn's Metropolitan Gallery, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Sprague \u0026 Curtis, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Campbell \u0026 Ecker, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Pierce \u0026 Cogswell, Rochelle, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. T. McCormick, Martinsburg, West Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Loomis, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hall, Lawrence, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kennedy \u0026 Schenck, Newark, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: Morell, George Webb","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hall, South Royalton, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: Fredricks \u0026 Co., New Yor","Photographer/Photography Studio: Schwing \u0026 Rudd, Army of the Cumberland","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Scripture, Peterboro, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer's, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. L. Eaton, Omaha, Nebraska","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gurney \u0026 Son, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Downs \u0026 Co., New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hagaman, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. J. I. Murray, Myerstown, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Reimer, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hanford, New London, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Webster's Photograph Gallery, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Carr, Old Town, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Loomis, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Miller and Rowell, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio:  S. A. Cooley, Beaufort, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026 Thompson, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: William B. Stearns, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Fassett, Dexter, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kertson \u0026 Barker, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Crockett","Photographer/Photography Studio: John A. Heard, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Loomis, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kimball \u0026 Sons, Concord, New Hampshire","Photographed by A. A. Turner; Published by D. Appleton \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Taylor and Seavey","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Milton Lapham, Decatur, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bowdoin, Taylor, \u0026 Co, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. I. Marston, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. P. Layton, Rockford, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Haseltine, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hinds, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026 White, Corinth, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Smith, Sr., Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Evans, Norfolk, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. McMahon, Mt. Pleasant, Iowa","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. M' Kenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio:  R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. McNulty, Springfield, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, McClees' Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Cole of Biddleford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. F. Ryder, Cleveland","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. H. McKenny, Biddleford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lilienthal and Co., New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Sprague \u0026 Tapley, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. P. Hall, St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady 's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. F. Howe, Jamestown , New York, A. J. Stiles, Photographist","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. E. Gibbs, Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. L. Bracey, Great Falls, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lutges, Detroit, Michigan","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney and Son, Broadway, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bell and Brother, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. S. Sanderson, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Curtis and Crosby, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Variell, Gardiner, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio:  B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: George E. Collins; Bucksport, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Handy, Washington, D.C..","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026 Quicks, Cincinnati, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026 Taylor, Corinth, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic and Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Porter's, Cincinnati, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. N. Granniss, Waterbury, Connecticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bundy \u0026 Williams, New Haven, Connecticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. J. Thompson \u0026 Co., Albany, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: King, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. A. Stevens, Richmond, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026 Quick's, Cincinnati, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia","Photographed by Brady, New York, New York; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Carbutt, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Rivers', St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: George Rockwood, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hinds, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kimball, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Hornbaker, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. S. Estabrook, Houlton, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. F. King","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. J. Moulton, Elmira, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A.R. Boynton, Sanbornton Bridge, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Davis Brothers, Portsmouth, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. M'Kenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Crockett, Rockland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Burwell \u0026 Homan, New Haven, Connecticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black and Case, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Magnolia, Lexington, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. F. Saltsman, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Smith \u0026 Wybrant, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Weitfle \u0026 Wright, 1st Division, 6th Corps","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles S. Hart, Watertown, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Haas \u0026 Peale, Hilton Head, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: Webster \u0026 Bro., Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio:  C.H. Smedley \u0026 Co., Middletown, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. McMahon, Photographer, Danville, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio:  R. A. Lewis, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. Moses \u0026 Co., Quincy, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. F. Child, Washington, D.C.","Photographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio:  A. Hesler, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kimberly Brothers","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J. Carbutt, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Samuel Masury, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Photographed by Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, Habana, Paris","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio:  Helke and Benecke, St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hopkins, Annapolis, Maryland","Photographer/Photography Studio: J.H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Churchill \u0026 Dennison, Albany, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Variell, Gardiner, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavoren's, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Constant, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Anderson, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Gould, North Bridgton, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Webster and Bro., Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavoren, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. L. Heath, Norwalk, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. F. Saltsman, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. M. Peck, Ellsworth, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Crocket, Rockland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. B. Field, Morris, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. P. Greenwald, Newark, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gorham and Co, Providence, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moses \u0026 Piffet, successors to E. Jacobs, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hinton \u0026 Cleary's, Montgomery, Alabama","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. F. Yung","Photographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brown's Gallery, Little Rock, Arkansas","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Brown, Photographer of the Army of Arkansas","Photographer/Photography Studio: Griswold \u0026 White, Corinth, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: Morse's, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Davis, Biddleford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. K. Jewell, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. Butler, Springfield, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Lewis, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Currier, Amesbury, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Currier, Amesbury, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Cole, Biddeford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Cahill, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: George H. Wood, Towanda, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. F. Sterlin, Woodstock, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Hesler, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: by H. Glosser, Broadway, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Turner, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Crockett, Norway, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. Case, Halifax, Nova Scotia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Anderson, New Orleans","Photographer/Photography Studio: Balkan Studio, Wartham, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Jordan \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. A. Colley, Beaufort, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: L. V. Newell","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J. W. Black, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. K. McMurray, Winchester, W. Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. O. Burgan, Yarmouth, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026 Quick's Art Palace, Cincinnati, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Thurlow, Peoria, Illinois","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Smith, Southbridge","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Schwing \u0026 Rudd, Photographers Army of the Cumberland","Photographer/Photography Studio: Sam A. Cooley, Beaufort, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. L. Perkins","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Beecher and Grier's Photograph Rooms, West Chester, Pennsylvania","Photographed by Brady, New York, New York; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Knight, Batavia, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bradley \u0026 Rulofson, San Francisco, California","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. W. Loud, Bowery, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. G. Johnson,  Dubuque, Iowa","Photographer/Photography Studio: Klauber \u0026 Campbell, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Butler \u0026 Smetters, Springfield, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Van Stavoren, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio:  E. A. Piffet's Gallery of Art, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. W. Hinds, North Vassalboro, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. Haslinger in St. Polten","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. Haslinger in St. Polten","Photographer/Photography Studio: Fassett's Gallery, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitney \u0026 Paradise, New York, New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony,  New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. C. Elrod's, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Houghton, Brattleboro, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. K. Jewell, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. Brown's, Waldoboro, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. A. Pippet's, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. A. Scholten, St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bailey \u0026 Silver's, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Piper, Manchester, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Washington Gallery, Vicksburg, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. L. Troxell, St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wykes \u0026 Brown, Wheeling, West Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A.C. Lewis, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Lewis, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: French \u0026 Sawyer, Keene, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Rider, Ondawa House, Salem, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Anderson \u0026 Turner, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitney's Gallery, Saint Paul, Minnesota","Photographer/Photography Studio: Marshall, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lamson, Portland, Maine","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Davis Brothers Photograph Rooms, Portsmouth and Exeter, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Whitehead, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Wing's, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. M. Schleier's, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Case and Getchell, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. B. Hopkins, Lock-Haven, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. L. Marston, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bell \u0026 Brother, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. A. Paul, Skowhegan, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Perry Elliott's City Gallery, Indianapolis, Indiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Keith \u0026 Ross, Machias, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Keith \u0026 Ross, Machias, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. S. Sanderson, Dover, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Estabrook's Ferrotypes, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, 363 Broadway, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Otto Wagner, 385 Broadway, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. C. Ely, Greenfield, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Johnson's, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. Appleton, and Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: John H. Pein \u0026 Co., Richmond, Virginia","Published by E \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographed by F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia; Published by McAllister \u0026 Brother, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: King, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lochman's Photographic Gallery, Allentown, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. Tenney Gates, Plattsburgh, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. H. Williamson's Brooklyn, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: M. G. Trask, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hallet, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Sumner \u0026 Harris Union Gallery, Gen'l Butler's H. Qrs. in the Field","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lomas, Eastport Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. M. Fassett, Chicago, Illinois","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Downs \u0026 Co., New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. Sellers, Keokuk, Iowa","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. A. Sheldon, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Andrew D. Lytle, Baton Rouge, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026 Case, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. M. Aiken, Ware, Massachusetts","Lithograph by Murray \u0026 Goodwin, Albany, New York; Published by G. H. Treadwell, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Theodore Harris, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Possibly S. Anderson, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. Wearn, Columbia, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: Keenan, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Rees, Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. R. Phipps, Lexington, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Rees, Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Rees, Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: WM. Frank Browne, Artist, P.O. Box 480, Washington, D.C., U.S. Army","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Frank Browne","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Farrar's Photographic Rooms, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Farrar's Photographic Rooms, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Royan M. Linn","Photographer/Photography Studio: Quimby of Charleston","Photographer/Photography Studio: Maynard \u0026 Willis, Milford, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Keim, Lebanon, Pa.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles A. Saylor, Reading, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Daily, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bowdoin, Taylor \u0026 Co., Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lupton \u0026 Brown, Winchester, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wolff's Gallery, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Richardson of Lima, Peru","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Holt, Concord, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. H. Smiley's Photographic Gallery, Knoxville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Orcutt's, Cambridge","Photographer/Photography Studio: Victor Piard, Jersey City, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: Elrod Borthers, Lexington, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hunting's, Belfast, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Frederick, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: M. L. Averill, Oldtown, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Trask and Lewis, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Lewis, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. A. Mills, Camden, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Crockett, Norway, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Ball \u0026 Thomas, Cincinnati, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Sidney Brown, St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. C. Price, New Philadelphia, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: John A. Heard, Tremont Row, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. N. Ramsdill, Ballston Spa, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bundy \u0026 Williams, New Haven, Connecticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. N. Blanchard, Barre, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. M. Vanaken, Lowville, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Goben, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Frank Winter, Fort Shaw, Montana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gill's City Gallery, Lancaster, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wm. J. Tate, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Stokes, Trenton, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: Clark, Gardiner, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Clark, Gardiner, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: M. F. King","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. M. Kenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Curtis \u0026 Cosby, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hunting's Belfast, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brooks \u0026 Blauvelt, Port Hudson, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Platt, Oberlin, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. E. Prall, Knoxville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. Worms \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Roth, Freehold, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026 Barker, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. Knecht, Easton, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Victory Piard, Jersey City, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. S. Jacoby, Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Published by G. L. Collins, Paola, Kansas","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. Bitner, Mt. Carroll, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Ullary \u0026 Perry, Greenville, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Roberts, Cleveland, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. B. Zay, Findlay, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: V. B. Massey, Lancaster, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. Kasten, Freeport, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Aldridge \u0026 Merriman, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. R. Rees \u0026 Bros., Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Pope, Brooklyn, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Klauber, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. J. Jacobs, New Orleans","Published by Keystone View Company","Photographer: P. Haas","Photographer: P. Haas","Photographer: P. Haas","Photographer: P. Haas","Photographer: P. Haas","Photographer: P. Haas","Photographer: P. Haas","Photographer: D. P. Barr, Army Photographer, Vicksburg, Miss.","Photographer: French \u0026 Co., Vicksburg, Miss.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Barr \u0026 Young, Army Photographers, Fort Pickering, Memphis, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moulton \u0026 Larkin, Elmira, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moulton \u0026 Larkin, Elmira, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moulton \u0026 Larkin, Elmira, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner","Photographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner","Photographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner","Photographed and Published by B. W. Kilburn, Littleton, New Hampshire","Photographed and Published by Kilburn Brothers, Littleton, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Rollins \u0026 Linn","Published by Keystone View Company","Photographed by Brady \u0026 Co., Washington, D.C.; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner","Photographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co., Negative by Brady \u0026 Co., Washington, D.C.","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co.","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co., Negative by Brady \u0026 Co., Washington, D.C.","Photographed and Published by Bell \u0026 Bro., Washington, D.C.","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co., New York; Negative by Brady \u0026 Co.","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co., American and Foreign Stereoscopic Emporium,  New York, NY","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co., American and Foreign Stereoscopic Emporium,  New York, NY","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co., American and Foreign Stereoscopic Emporium,  New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gardner","Photographer/Photography Studio: Marks, Houston, Texas","Published by E. M. Worth's American Museum; T. Meehan, Manufacturer of Looking-glass \u0026 Picture Frames, 810 Washington St. Boston, Mass","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Crockett, Norway, Main","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. R. Rideout, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. B. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. P. \u0026 F. W. Hardy, Ranger, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. K. Jewell, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. S. Dunshee, Rochester, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. B. Conant, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Piper, Manchester, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026 Quick's Art Palace, Cincinnati, Ohio","Painted by Robt. W. Weit; Engraved by Geo. W. Watch"],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection contains offensive or harmful language and imagery. This includes—but is not limited to—correspondence and diary entries that express racist views; photographs of enslaved people forced into inhumane conditions by enslavers; descriptions of violence and battle experiences; photographs of deceased soldiers; and correspondence containing explicit descriptions of sex. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe donor's accession numbering system has been preserved to maintain access to collection metadata or descriptive information. Each file title in this finding aid includes the donor accession number at the end of the title and each corresponding physical folder or item is also labeled with the donor accession number. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDonor accession numbers are comprised of letters denoting document or photograph format followed by a four-digit number that denotes the number of the accession. The following examples can be found in the collection: DA0001 (meaning document - autograph), DC0001.001 (document - currency), DL0001 (document - letter), DN0003 (document - newspaper), DOR0001 (document - order), DOT0001 (document - other), DR0002 (document - requisition), PA0184 (photograph - ambrotype), PC0200 (photograph - carte de visite), PD0007 (photograph - daguerreotype), POT0012 (photograph - other), and PT0003 (photograph - tintype).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThese donor accession numbers can be used to search the donation listing spreadsheet for corresponding metadata. This spreadsheet is available to download directly from the finding aid below, under External Documents.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eAbout External Document MSS 16459 John L. Nau II Civil War History Collection - Donation Listing (View and Download Below)\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eUpon accession of the John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection, the donor provided a spreadsheet donation listing containing metadata and sellers' descriptions associated with collection materials. The spreadsheet can be downloaded below, under the External Documents heading.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePlease note that many descriptions contained in this spreadsheet are drawn from sellers' language used by dealers and auction houses and contain biased and qualitative descriptions. In addition, many descriptions contain offensive, racist, and archaic language, some quoted directly from collection materials (also see the above Content Warning). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePlease also note there may be some materials listed in the donor spreadsheet that are not present in the collection. The Small Library's finding aid is the definitive listing of materials available to researchers.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSuggestions for Using the Donation Listing Spreadsheet\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMaterials found in the finding aid can be identified in the spreadsheet using the keyboard shortcut Control + F. If searching for materials discovered in the finding aid, it is recommended to search using donor accession numbers. (For more on this, see the above note on Alphanumeric Designations). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePlease note that the spreadsheet does not contain additional descriptive information for all materials listed in the finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eResearchers can use the spreadsheet to explore the collection in many ways, including the following: \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e- To conduct subject-based searches (e.g., regiments, battles, and military functions, and experiences such as sickness).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e- To identify photographs of women, Black soldiers, and Native American soldiers.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e- To identify correspondence in Series 1 authored by women and contained within personal papers attributed to men. Series 1 contains a significant amount of correspondence written by women to male relatives and friends. An example includes the many letters written by Mary Stanton to her husband Courtland Stanton, which are found with the Courtland Stanton (DL0011) papers. Another example are the letters of Lucy Britton and Martha Britton found with the Britton Family (DL0100) papers.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e- To distinguish between duplicate titles and donor accession numbers in Series 1. Secondary collections such as the papers of Amos Garrison (DL0068) and Albert R. Whitney (DL0269) contain duplicate file titles, and descriptions in the spreadsheet may allow researchers to learn more about the exact nature of the materials they contain.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e- To distinguish between portraits of unknown subjects in Series 2. Searching for a particular portrait of an unknown subject using the donor accession number may provide researchers with a description of the portrait, including details such as uniform and rank of the subject.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eAbout External Documents MSS 16459 John L. Nau II Civil War History Collection - Transcripts (View and Download Below)\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTranscript files are titled by donor accession number. (See above note titled Alphanumeric Designations).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePlease be aware that these transcripts may contain mistakes. They are not intended to be a replacement for the original materials or their digital surrogates.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis item was accessioned as part of PC0876. There is no known connection between this item and the other materials in PC0876.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis item was accessioned as part of PC0876. There is no known connection between this item and the other materials in PC0876.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdditional materials relating to Fitzhugh Lee are located in Series 2 and 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis item was accessioned as part of PC1124. There is no known connection between the calling card and other materials in accession PC1124, which are located in Series 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdditional materials related to William S. Rosecrans are located in Series 2 and 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis item was accessioned as part of PT0159. There is no known connection between this record and the rest of the materials in PT0159.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis record was accessioned as part of PT0225, which included photographs of unknown soldiers. There is no known connection between the photographs located in Series 2 and this record.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis item was accessioned as part of PT0159. There is no known connection between this record and the rest of the materials in PT0159.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis item was accessioned as part of PC1029. There is no know connection between this ledger and the other items in PC1029, which are located in Series 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese reunion programs (POT0140.0011-POT0140.0015) were accessioned as part of POT0140, which is otherwise located in Series 2. There is no known connection between these programs and the other materials in this accession.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese reunion programs (POT0140.0011-POT0140.0015) were accessioned as part of POT0140, which is otherwise located in Series 2. There is no known connection between these programs and the other materials in this accession.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de Visite PC0171 of Eugene Carr and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de Visite PC0171 of Michael Corcoran and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdditional materials related to Napoleon Jackson Tecumseh Dana can be found in Series 1 and Series 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de Visite PC0171 of Charles H. Davis and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de Visite PC0171 of William B. Franklin and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de Visite PC0171 of Quincy A. Gillmore and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdditional materials related to States Rights Gist are located in Series 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de Visite PC0171 of A. C. Gorden and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere is no known relationship between carte de visite album PC1143 and albumen PC1143 of Ulysses S. Grant. Both were part of the same donor accession PC1143.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis photograph, \"Grant and the Union Staff\" is not part of the photographic series owned and annotated by Francis C. Miller (POT0026). However, it was accessioned by the donor as part of this group (POT0026). It appears to be a reproduction of an earlier photograph dating to ca. 1862.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype PC0171 of Cecil H. Hall and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePC1199.0001 and PC1199.0002 are duplicates.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePC1199.0001 and PC1199.0002 are duplicates.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype PC0171 of Samuel P. Heintzelman and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdditional Materials relating to Fitzhugh Lee are located in Series 1 and 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdditional materials related to Abraham Lincoln are located in Series 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdditional materials related to Abraham Lincoln are located in Series 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite engraving PC0171 of George G. Meade and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCartes de Visite PC1196.0002 and PC1196.0003 are duplicates.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCartes de Visite PC1196.0002 and PC1196.0003 are duplicates.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite PC0171 of Frank W. Renburger and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite PC0171 of William S. Rosecrans and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials. Additional records related to William S. Rosecrans are located in Series 1 and 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePortrait of Slocum is the same image as PA0342.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePortrait of Slocum is the same image as PA0371.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite PC0171 of E. Kirby Smith and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials. Additional materials related to E. Kirby Smith are located in Series 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdditional materials related to E. Kirby Smith are located in Series 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite PC0171 of Edwin Vose Sumner and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotograph album DOT0135 attributed to James M. Tracy is located in Series 2, Subseries H.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite PC0171 of John E. Wool and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis case contains portraits of the same unknown soldier in both ambrotype and tintype formats.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter PA0202.0002 was housed folded inside of cased photograph PA0202.0001.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter PA0202.0002 was previously housed folded inside of cased photograph PA0202.0001.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAmbrotype PA0205.0001 and tintype PA0205.0002 have been kept together, because they depict the same unknown soldier.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAmbrotype PA0205.0001 and tintype PA0205.0002 have been kept together, because they depict the same unknown soldier.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAmbrotype PA0274.0001 and tintype PA0274.0002 depict the same unknown Union Sergeant from the 11th Indiana Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAmbrotype PA0274.0001 and tintype PA0274.0002 depict the same unknown Union Sergeant from the 11th Indiana Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePT0190 is a single case containing one tintype and one ambrotype, and is arranged with tintypes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype PA0435.0002 a duplicate of ambrotype PA0435.0001.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype PA0435.0002 a duplicate of ambrotype PA0435.0001.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype (POT0113.0001) of unknown Black cavalryman possibly named Jenkins or Jenning) was owned by Randolph Davis, author of correspondence (POT0113.0002). Davis's descendents allege the pictured soldier worked on Davis's farm as a free man.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype (POT0113.0001) of unknown Black cavalryman possibly named Jenkins or Jenning) was owned by Randolph Davis, author of correspondence (POT0113.0002). Davis's descendents allege the pictured soldier worked on Davis's farm as a free man.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe relationship between tintype PT0136.0001 and note fragments PT0136.0002 is unknown.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe relationship between tintype PT0136.0001 and note fragments PT0136.0002 is unknown.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe relationship between tintype PT0159.0001 and records PT0159.0002 (relating to Patrick Clark) is unknown.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe relationship between tintype PT0159.0001 and records PT0159.0002 (relating to Patrick Clark) is unknown.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite PC0171 of an unknown subject and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePT0182 and PT0183 are similar images.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePT0182 and PT0183 are similar images.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIt is unknown if there is any connection between tintype PT0225.0001, tintype PT0225.0002, and albumen PT0225.0003. They were part of the same accession.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIt is unknown if there is any connection between tintype PT0225.0001, tintype PT0225.0002, and albumen PT0225.0003. They were part of the same accession.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIt is unknown if there is any connection between tintype PT0297.0001 and cloth cavalry insignia PT0297.0002. They were part of the same accession.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIt is unknown if there is any relationship between tintype PT0297.0001 and cloth cavalry insignia PT0297.0002. They were part of the same accession.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIt is unknown if there is any relationship between tintype PT0322 and the newspaper clipping of Abraham Lincoln PT0322.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIt is unknown if there is any relationship between tintype PT0322 and the newspaper clipping of Abraham Lincoln PT0322.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePT0326.0001 and PT0326.0002 are portraits of the same unknown Confederate soldier.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePT0326.0001 and PT0326.0002 are portraits of the same unknown Confederate soldier.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIt is not known if leather writing case PT0431.0002 is the same as the one pictured in photograph PT0431.0001.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIt is not known if leather writing case PT0431.0002 is the same as the one pictured in photograph PT0431.0001.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAll four photographs labeled with the donor accession number PT0489 depict the same unknown soldier.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAll four photographs labeled with the donor accession number PT0489 are of the same unknown soldier.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAll four photographs labeled with the donor accession number PT0489 are of the same unknown soldier.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAll four photographs labeled with the donor accession number PT0489 are of the same unknown soldier.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePT0518.1 and PT0518.2 depict the same unknown soldier.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePT0518.1 and PT0518.2 depict the same unknown soldier.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePT0625.1 and PT0625.2 each depict the same unknown Union surgeon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePT0625.1 and PT0625.2 each depict the same unknown Union surgeon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite PC0171 of an unknown subject and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite PC0171 of an unknown subject and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite PC0171 of an unknown subject and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotograph DL0031.0006 was part of donor accession DL0031. There is no known relationship to the other materials in DL0031.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eImage was accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eImage was originally accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eImage was originally accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eImage was originally accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eImage was originally accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAccessioned as part of PC1254, which also includes Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album (32nd Indiana Infantry). There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe association between Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album and the print publications included in accession PC1254 is unknown. These volumes were accessioned with Louis von Trebra's album and share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe association between Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album and the print publications included in accession PC1254 is unknown. These volumes were accessioned with Louis von Trebra's album and share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe association between Louis von Trebra and this publication is unknown aside from their being part of the same accession (PC1254). This volume was accessioned with Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album, and the materials share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe association between Louis von Trebra and this publication is unknown aside from their being part of the same accession (PC1254). This volume was accessioned with Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album, and the materials share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe association between Louis von Trebra and this publication is unknown aside from their being part of the same accession (PC1254). This volume was accessioned with Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album, and the materials share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis photograph album previously housed portraits PC0105.0002-PC0105.0035, and is associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere is no known relationship between carte de visite album PC1143 and albumen PC1143 of Ulysses S. Grant. Both were part of the same donor accession PC1143.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album (PC0082) is currently empty but is associated with cartes de visite of the same donor accession number (PC0082).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite album PC0171 was part of donor accession PC0171, which also contains additional, loose photographs. There is no known relationship between the album and these photographs.\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Content Warning","Alphanumeric Designations","Important Information about External Documents","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General"],"odd_tesim":["The John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection contains offensive or harmful language and imagery. This includes—but is not limited to—correspondence and diary entries that express racist views; photographs of enslaved people forced into inhumane conditions by enslavers; descriptions of violence and battle experiences; photographs of deceased soldiers; and correspondence containing explicit descriptions of sex. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials.","The donor's accession numbering system has been preserved to maintain access to collection metadata or descriptive information. Each file title in this finding aid includes the donor accession number at the end of the title and each corresponding physical folder or item is also labeled with the donor accession number. ","Donor accession numbers are comprised of letters denoting document or photograph format followed by a four-digit number that denotes the number of the accession. The following examples can be found in the collection: DA0001 (meaning document - autograph), DC0001.001 (document - currency), DL0001 (document - letter), DN0003 (document - newspaper), DOR0001 (document - order), DOT0001 (document - other), DR0002 (document - requisition), PA0184 (photograph - ambrotype), PC0200 (photograph - carte de visite), PD0007 (photograph - daguerreotype), POT0012 (photograph - other), and PT0003 (photograph - tintype).","These donor accession numbers can be used to search the donation listing spreadsheet for corresponding metadata. This spreadsheet is available to download directly from the finding aid below, under External Documents.","About External Document MSS 16459 John L. Nau II Civil War History Collection - Donation Listing (View and Download Below)","Upon accession of the John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection, the donor provided a spreadsheet donation listing containing metadata and sellers' descriptions associated with collection materials. The spreadsheet can be downloaded below, under the External Documents heading.","Please note that many descriptions contained in this spreadsheet are drawn from sellers' language used by dealers and auction houses and contain biased and qualitative descriptions. In addition, many descriptions contain offensive, racist, and archaic language, some quoted directly from collection materials (also see the above Content Warning). ","Please also note there may be some materials listed in the donor spreadsheet that are not present in the collection. The Small Library's finding aid is the definitive listing of materials available to researchers.","Suggestions for Using the Donation Listing Spreadsheet","Materials found in the finding aid can be identified in the spreadsheet using the keyboard shortcut Control + F. If searching for materials discovered in the finding aid, it is recommended to search using donor accession numbers. (For more on this, see the above note on Alphanumeric Designations). ","Please note that the spreadsheet does not contain additional descriptive information for all materials listed in the finding aid.","Researchers can use the spreadsheet to explore the collection in many ways, including the following: ","- To conduct subject-based searches (e.g., regiments, battles, and military functions, and experiences such as sickness).","- To identify photographs of women, Black soldiers, and Native American soldiers.","- To identify correspondence in Series 1 authored by women and contained within personal papers attributed to men. Series 1 contains a significant amount of correspondence written by women to male relatives and friends. An example includes the many letters written by Mary Stanton to her husband Courtland Stanton, which are found with the Courtland Stanton (DL0011) papers. Another example are the letters of Lucy Britton and Martha Britton found with the Britton Family (DL0100) papers.","- To distinguish between duplicate titles and donor accession numbers in Series 1. Secondary collections such as the papers of Amos Garrison (DL0068) and Albert R. Whitney (DL0269) contain duplicate file titles, and descriptions in the spreadsheet may allow researchers to learn more about the exact nature of the materials they contain.","- To distinguish between portraits of unknown subjects in Series 2. Searching for a particular portrait of an unknown subject using the donor accession number may provide researchers with a description of the portrait, including details such as uniform and rank of the subject.","About External Documents MSS 16459 John L. Nau II Civil War History Collection - Transcripts (View and Download Below)","Transcript files are titled by donor accession number. (See above note titled Alphanumeric Designations).","Please be aware that these transcripts may contain mistakes. They are not intended to be a replacement for the original materials or their digital surrogates.","This item was accessioned as part of PC0876. There is no known connection between this item and the other materials in PC0876.","This item was accessioned as part of PC0876. There is no known connection between this item and the other materials in PC0876.","Additional materials relating to Fitzhugh Lee are located in Series 2 and 3.","This item was accessioned as part of PC1124. There is no known connection between the calling card and other materials in accession PC1124, which are located in Series 2.","Additional materials related to William S. Rosecrans are located in Series 2 and 3.","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","This item was accessioned as part of PT0159. There is no known connection between this record and the rest of the materials in PT0159.","This record was accessioned as part of PT0225, which included photographs of unknown soldiers. There is no known connection between the photographs located in Series 2 and this record.","This item was accessioned as part of PT0159. There is no known connection between this record and the rest of the materials in PT0159.","This item was accessioned as part of PC1029. There is no know connection between this ledger and the other items in PC1029, which are located in Series 2.","These reunion programs (POT0140.0011-POT0140.0015) were accessioned as part of POT0140, which is otherwise located in Series 2. There is no known connection between these programs and the other materials in this accession.","These reunion programs (POT0140.0011-POT0140.0015) were accessioned as part of POT0140, which is otherwise located in Series 2. There is no known connection between these programs and the other materials in this accession.","Carte de Visite PC0171 of Eugene Carr and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Carte de Visite PC0171 of Michael Corcoran and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Additional materials related to Napoleon Jackson Tecumseh Dana can be found in Series 1 and Series 3.","Carte de Visite PC0171 of Charles H. Davis and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Carte de Visite PC0171 of William B. Franklin and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Carte de Visite PC0171 of Quincy A. Gillmore and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Additional materials related to States Rights Gist are located in Series 3.","Carte de Visite PC0171 of A. C. Gorden and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","There is no known relationship between carte de visite album PC1143 and albumen PC1143 of Ulysses S. Grant. Both were part of the same donor accession PC1143.","This photograph, \"Grant and the Union Staff\" is not part of the photographic series owned and annotated by Francis C. Miller (POT0026). However, it was accessioned by the donor as part of this group (POT0026). It appears to be a reproduction of an earlier photograph dating to ca. 1862.","Tintype PC0171 of Cecil H. Hall and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","PC1199.0001 and PC1199.0002 are duplicates.","PC1199.0001 and PC1199.0002 are duplicates.","Tintype PC0171 of Samuel P. Heintzelman and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Additional Materials relating to Fitzhugh Lee are located in Series 1 and 3.","Additional materials related to Abraham Lincoln are located in Series 3.","Additional materials related to Abraham Lincoln are located in Series 3.","Carte de visite engraving PC0171 of George G. Meade and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Cartes de Visite PC1196.0002 and PC1196.0003 are duplicates.","Cartes de Visite PC1196.0002 and PC1196.0003 are duplicates.","Carte de visite PC0171 of Frank W. Renburger and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Carte de visite PC0171 of William S. Rosecrans and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials. Additional records related to William S. Rosecrans are located in Series 1 and 3.","Portrait of Slocum is the same image as PA0342.","Portrait of Slocum is the same image as PA0371.","Carte de visite PC0171 of E. Kirby Smith and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials. Additional materials related to E. Kirby Smith are located in Series 3.","Additional materials related to E. Kirby Smith are located in Series 3.","Carte de visite PC0171 of Edwin Vose Sumner and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Photograph album DOT0135 attributed to James M. Tracy is located in Series 2, Subseries H.","Carte de visite PC0171 of John E. Wool and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","This case contains portraits of the same unknown soldier in both ambrotype and tintype formats.","Letter PA0202.0002 was housed folded inside of cased photograph PA0202.0001.","Letter PA0202.0002 was previously housed folded inside of cased photograph PA0202.0001.","Ambrotype PA0205.0001 and tintype PA0205.0002 have been kept together, because they depict the same unknown soldier.","Ambrotype PA0205.0001 and tintype PA0205.0002 have been kept together, because they depict the same unknown soldier.","Ambrotype PA0274.0001 and tintype PA0274.0002 depict the same unknown Union Sergeant from the 11th Indiana Infantry.","Ambrotype PA0274.0001 and tintype PA0274.0002 depict the same unknown Union Sergeant from the 11th Indiana Infantry.","PT0190 is a single case containing one tintype and one ambrotype, and is arranged with tintypes.","Tintype PA0435.0002 a duplicate of ambrotype PA0435.0001.","Tintype PA0435.0002 a duplicate of ambrotype PA0435.0001.","Tintype (POT0113.0001) of unknown Black cavalryman possibly named Jenkins or Jenning) was owned by Randolph Davis, author of correspondence (POT0113.0002). Davis's descendents allege the pictured soldier worked on Davis's farm as a free man.","Tintype (POT0113.0001) of unknown Black cavalryman possibly named Jenkins or Jenning) was owned by Randolph Davis, author of correspondence (POT0113.0002). Davis's descendents allege the pictured soldier worked on Davis's farm as a free man.","The relationship between tintype PT0136.0001 and note fragments PT0136.0002 is unknown.","The relationship between tintype PT0136.0001 and note fragments PT0136.0002 is unknown.","The relationship between tintype PT0159.0001 and records PT0159.0002 (relating to Patrick Clark) is unknown.","The relationship between tintype PT0159.0001 and records PT0159.0002 (relating to Patrick Clark) is unknown.","Carte de visite PC0171 of an unknown subject and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","PT0182 and PT0183 are similar images.","PT0182 and PT0183 are similar images.","It is unknown if there is any connection between tintype PT0225.0001, tintype PT0225.0002, and albumen PT0225.0003. They were part of the same accession.","It is unknown if there is any connection between tintype PT0225.0001, tintype PT0225.0002, and albumen PT0225.0003. They were part of the same accession.","It is unknown if there is any connection between tintype PT0297.0001 and cloth cavalry insignia PT0297.0002. They were part of the same accession.","It is unknown if there is any relationship between tintype PT0297.0001 and cloth cavalry insignia PT0297.0002. They were part of the same accession.","It is unknown if there is any relationship between tintype PT0322 and the newspaper clipping of Abraham Lincoln PT0322.","It is unknown if there is any relationship between tintype PT0322 and the newspaper clipping of Abraham Lincoln PT0322.","PT0326.0001 and PT0326.0002 are portraits of the same unknown Confederate soldier.","PT0326.0001 and PT0326.0002 are portraits of the same unknown Confederate soldier.","It is not known if leather writing case PT0431.0002 is the same as the one pictured in photograph PT0431.0001.","It is not known if leather writing case PT0431.0002 is the same as the one pictured in photograph PT0431.0001.","All four photographs labeled with the donor accession number PT0489 depict the same unknown soldier.","All four photographs labeled with the donor accession number PT0489 are of the same unknown soldier.","All four photographs labeled with the donor accession number PT0489 are of the same unknown soldier.","All four photographs labeled with the donor accession number PT0489 are of the same unknown soldier.","PT0518.1 and PT0518.2 depict the same unknown soldier.","PT0518.1 and PT0518.2 depict the same unknown soldier.","PT0625.1 and PT0625.2 each depict the same unknown Union surgeon.","PT0625.1 and PT0625.2 each depict the same unknown Union surgeon.","Carte de visite PC0171 of an unknown subject and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Carte de visite PC0171 of an unknown subject and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Carte de visite PC0171 of an unknown subject and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Photograph DL0031.0006 was part of donor accession DL0031. There is no known relationship to the other materials in DL0031.","Image was accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).","Image was originally accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).","Image was originally accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).","Image was originally accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).","Image was originally accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).","Accessioned as part of PC1254, which also includes Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album (32nd Indiana Infantry). There is no known relationship between these materials.","The association between Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album and the print publications included in accession PC1254 is unknown. These volumes were accessioned with Louis von Trebra's album and share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.","The association between Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album and the print publications included in accession PC1254 is unknown. These volumes were accessioned with Louis von Trebra's album and share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.","The association between Louis von Trebra and this publication is unknown aside from their being part of the same accession (PC1254). This volume was accessioned with Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album, and the materials share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.","The association between Louis von Trebra and this publication is unknown aside from their being part of the same accession (PC1254). This volume was accessioned with Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album, and the materials share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.","The association between Louis von Trebra and this publication is unknown aside from their being part of the same accession (PC1254). This volume was accessioned with Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album, and the materials share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.","This photograph album previously housed portraits PC0105.0002-PC0105.0035, and is associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","There is no known relationship between carte de visite album PC1143 and albumen PC1143 of Ulysses S. Grant. Both were part of the same donor accession PC1143.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album (PC0082) is currently empty but is associated with cartes de visite of the same donor accession number (PC0082).","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Carte de visite album PC0171 was part of donor accession PC0171, which also contains additional, loose photographs. There is no known relationship between the album and these photographs."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJohn L. Nau III Civil War History Collection, MSS 16459, box number, [if applicable] folder number, donor accession number, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection, MSS 16459, box number, [if applicable] folder number, donor accession number, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Nau Collection was processed from October 2021 to March 2023. Because it is an artificial collection with no original order, it was arranged into series to emphasize the provenance of collection materials and to restore materials attributed to or associated with the same individual. Provenance was determined by the archival materials themselves as well as by donor metadata. Additional resources consulted during processing included The National Park Service's online \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eCivil War Soldiers and Sailors Database\u003c/emph\u003e (https://www.nps.gov/civilwar/soldiers-and-sailors-database.htm); Grover C. Criswell and Clarence L. Criswell's \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eConfederate and Southern State Currency\u003c/emph\u003e, vol. 1, (Pass-A-Grille, Florida: Criswell's Publications, 1957); John H. Eicher and David J. Eicher's \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eCivil War High Commands\u003c/emph\u003e (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2001); and the Library of Congress's online newspapers database (https://www.loc.gov/newspapers/).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEfforts were made to restore materials to record creators and keep these materials together. However, there are some exceptions, particularly in relation to high-profile historical figures. For example, materials relating to Robert E. Lee and William Tecumseh Sherman can be found in Series 1, 2, and 3. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFile titles have been devised by the archivist and each contains a donor accession number (see note titled Alphanumeric Designations). Wherever possible or applicable, titles attributed to materials by record creators are included. \u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The Nau Collection was processed from October 2021 to March 2023. Because it is an artificial collection with no original order, it was arranged into series to emphasize the provenance of collection materials and to restore materials attributed to or associated with the same individual. Provenance was determined by the archival materials themselves as well as by donor metadata. Additional resources consulted during processing included The National Park Service's online  Civil War Soldiers and Sailors Database  (https://www.nps.gov/civilwar/soldiers-and-sailors-database.htm); Grover C. Criswell and Clarence L. Criswell's  Confederate and Southern State Currency , vol. 1, (Pass-A-Grille, Florida: Criswell's Publications, 1957); John H. Eicher and David J. Eicher's  Civil War High Commands  (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2001); and the Library of Congress's online newspapers database (https://www.loc.gov/newspapers/).","Efforts were made to restore materials to record creators and keep these materials together. However, there are some exceptions, particularly in relation to high-profile historical figures. For example, materials relating to Robert E. Lee and William Tecumseh Sherman can be found in Series 1, 2, and 3. ","File titles have been devised by the archivist and each contains a donor accession number (see note titled Alphanumeric Designations). Wherever possible or applicable, titles attributed to materials by record creators are included. "],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection (1806-1988, bulk 1861-1865; 133 cubic feet) contains Civil War-era correspondence, service records, pension records, artifacts, photographs, military records (including orders, requisitions, and correspondence), currency, newspapers, and other print materials. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe collection primarily contains the correspondence, records, and photographs of white soldiers and officers who fought in the Civil War, including white officers serving in the United States Colored Troops (USCT). Additionally, the collection includes some correspondence and portraits of white women as well as a small number of portraits of Black soldiers (including PT0322, a family portrait, and a young Ben Brown, PC0836.0001) and Native American soldiers (including Frederick L. Rainbow, PT0424.0001). \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1: Materials Related to the Civil War Experiences of Soldiers, Officers, and Civilians (1806-1988; approx. 83 cubic feet) consists primarily of personal letters and diaries authored by white Civil War soldiers and officers in addition to associated materials such as service records relating to official wartime functions (e.g., government documents, including paroles, furloughs, pay vouchers, discharge certifications, oaths, and pension records); photographs; autographs; personal belongings and realia (e.g., bibles, publications, and uniform buttons); and veterans' memorabilia (e.g. medals, ribbons, and event programs). Series 1 also contains correspondence written by civilians and family members (often women) from the home front, including letters by Varina Davis (1826-1906) and Helen Dortch Longstreet (1863-1962).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 2: Photographs and Prints (circa 1848-1939; approx. 34 cubic feet) consists primarily of portrait photographs of white male Civil War soldiers and civilians in addition to some portraits of white women and a small number of portraits of Black soldiers and Native American soldiers.  Also included are documentary photographs of Civil War-related places and scenes. Series 2 photographs are comprised of a variety of nineteenth-century photographic formats, including daguerreotype, ambrotype, tintype, carte de visite, cabinet card, and stereoview. They also include carte de visite photograph albums as well as larger scale formats, including albumen and salt prints.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 3: Government Military Records (1855-1913; approx. 9 cubic feet) is comprised of records produced in the United States of America (USA) and the Confederate States of America (CSA) during and related to the administration of the United States Civil War (1861–1865), including a small number of postwar records. Materials include orders, reports, muster rolls, requisitions, correspondence, broadsides, and financial transactions produced by commanding officers acting in their official capacity as leaders of military organizations (e.g., Robert E. Lee, Ulysses S. Grant, Daniel Ruggles, James Longstreet, and Napoleon Jackson Tecumseh Dana). It also includes records created by military units (e.g., companies, battalions, regiments, brigades, and corps) as well bureaucratic military leadership structures of the USA and CSA (e.g., the Quartermaster's Department and the Ordnance Office as well as the various departments, districts, and armies of strategic leadership). Also included are records from leading figures in the executive branches of government in the USA (e.g., President Abraham Lincoln and Secretary of War Edwin Stanton) and CSA (e.g., Jefferson Davis).  \n \nExceptions include a few groupings of personal papers, including the personal papers of John W. Hanscom of the 6th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 4: Currency (1839-1875; approx. 1.5 cubic feet) contains currency predominately from the Civil War period (1861-1865) issued by the United States and the Confederate States, including currency notes, fractional currency notes, postage currency notes, postage stamps, bonds, and treasury warrants. In addition, it also contains currency issued by southern states and local governments, southern banks (with the addition of the Farmers and Merchants Bank, Washington, D.C.), and corporate entities based in the south.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 5: Newspapers and Print Materials (1846-1913; approx. 5.25 cubic feet) consists primarily of Civil War-era (1861-1865) newspapers in addition to broadsides, periodicals, pamphlets, and books from or relating to the same period.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection (1806-1988, bulk 1861-1865; 133 cubic feet) contains Civil War-era correspondence, service records, pension records, artifacts, photographs, military records (including orders, requisitions, and correspondence), currency, newspapers, and other print materials. ","The collection primarily contains the correspondence, records, and photographs of white soldiers and officers who fought in the Civil War, including white officers serving in the United States Colored Troops (USCT). Additionally, the collection includes some correspondence and portraits of white women as well as a small number of portraits of Black soldiers (including PT0322, a family portrait, and a young Ben Brown, PC0836.0001) and Native American soldiers (including Frederick L. Rainbow, PT0424.0001). ","Series 1: Materials Related to the Civil War Experiences of Soldiers, Officers, and Civilians (1806-1988; approx. 83 cubic feet) consists primarily of personal letters and diaries authored by white Civil War soldiers and officers in addition to associated materials such as service records relating to official wartime functions (e.g., government documents, including paroles, furloughs, pay vouchers, discharge certifications, oaths, and pension records); photographs; autographs; personal belongings and realia (e.g., bibles, publications, and uniform buttons); and veterans' memorabilia (e.g. medals, ribbons, and event programs). Series 1 also contains correspondence written by civilians and family members (often women) from the home front, including letters by Varina Davis (1826-1906) and Helen Dortch Longstreet (1863-1962).","Series 2: Photographs and Prints (circa 1848-1939; approx. 34 cubic feet) consists primarily of portrait photographs of white male Civil War soldiers and civilians in addition to some portraits of white women and a small number of portraits of Black soldiers and Native American soldiers.  Also included are documentary photographs of Civil War-related places and scenes. Series 2 photographs are comprised of a variety of nineteenth-century photographic formats, including daguerreotype, ambrotype, tintype, carte de visite, cabinet card, and stereoview. They also include carte de visite photograph albums as well as larger scale formats, including albumen and salt prints.","Series 3: Government Military Records (1855-1913; approx. 9 cubic feet) is comprised of records produced in the United States of America (USA) and the Confederate States of America (CSA) during and related to the administration of the United States Civil War (1861–1865), including a small number of postwar records. Materials include orders, reports, muster rolls, requisitions, correspondence, broadsides, and financial transactions produced by commanding officers acting in their official capacity as leaders of military organizations (e.g., Robert E. Lee, Ulysses S. Grant, Daniel Ruggles, James Longstreet, and Napoleon Jackson Tecumseh Dana). It also includes records created by military units (e.g., companies, battalions, regiments, brigades, and corps) as well bureaucratic military leadership structures of the USA and CSA (e.g., the Quartermaster's Department and the Ordnance Office as well as the various departments, districts, and armies of strategic leadership). Also included are records from leading figures in the executive branches of government in the USA (e.g., President Abraham Lincoln and Secretary of War Edwin Stanton) and CSA (e.g., Jefferson Davis).  \n \nExceptions include a few groupings of personal papers, including the personal papers of John W. Hanscom of the 6th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment.","Series 4: Currency (1839-1875; approx. 1.5 cubic feet) contains currency predominately from the Civil War period (1861-1865) issued by the United States and the Confederate States, including currency notes, fractional currency notes, postage currency notes, postage stamps, bonds, and treasury warrants. In addition, it also contains currency issued by southern states and local governments, southern banks (with the addition of the Farmers and Merchants Bank, Washington, D.C.), and corporate entities based in the south.","Series 5: Newspapers and Print Materials (1846-1913; approx. 5.25 cubic feet) consists primarily of Civil War-era (1861-1865) newspapers in addition to broadsides, periodicals, pamphlets, and books from or relating to the same period."],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["The John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection is predominantly in English. A small number of materials are in Spanish, French, Swedish, and German, and this is indicated at the file level."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":10302,"online_item_count_is":5,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T14:31:55.729Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_941","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_941","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_941","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_941","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_941.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/189095","title_filing_ssi":"Nau, John L. III, Civil War History Collection","title_ssm":["John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection"],"title_tesim":["John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1806-1988","1861-1865"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1861-1865"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1806-1988"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16459","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival 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Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/941"],"text":["MSS 16459","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource 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Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/941","John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection","United States --  History  -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Personal narratives","letters (correspondence)","Photograph albums","photographs","newspapers","Good.","The collection is open for research.","The John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection (1806-1988; bulk 1861-1865; 133 cubic feet) has been arranged into five series, Series 1: Materials Related to the Civil War Experiences of Soldiers, Officers, and Civilians (1806-1988; approx. 83 cubic feet); Series 2: Photographs and Prints (circa 1848-1939; approx. 34 cubic feet); Series 3: Government Military Records (1855-1913; approx. 9 cubic feet); Series 4: Currency (1839-1875; approx. 1.5 cubic feet); and Series 5: Newspapers and Print Materials (1846-1913; approx. 5.25 cubic feet).","Series 1 is arranged in three subseries.","Subseries A: Personal Papers, Service Records, and Artifacts, 1806-1988","The arrangement approach of Subseries A is based on the archival concept of personal papers. Materials, including those authored by, owned by, addressed to, or relating to a particular individual or individuals, are grouped together and arranged in alphabetical order according to surname or last name. Internally, these groupings of personal papers (or secondary collections) are arranged in chronological order with undated materials at the end. ","The above is followed by materials with incomplete or first name only attributions in alphabetical order. Finally, materials of unknown authorship or provenance are in chronological order, followed by unknown, undated materials in order of donor accession number (see resource record note titled Alphanumeric Designations). ","Subseries B: Materials Related to Libby Prison, Richmond, Virginia, is arranged in chronological order, followed by undated materials.","Subseries C: Veterans' Organizations Materials is arranged by record creator in alphabetical order. Within groupings of the same record creator, files are arranged in chronological order. ","Series 2 is arranged in the following subseries.","Subseries A: Portraits of Known Subjects\nThis subseries is arranged alphabetically by subject surname or last name. This is followed by photographs in alphabetical order by regimental association.","Subseries B: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Daguerreotype Format:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Subseries C: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Ambrotype Format:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Subseries D: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Tintype Format:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Subseries E: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Carte de Visite Format:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Subseries F: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Cabinet Card, Albumen, and Other Formats:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Subseries G: Documentary Photographs:\nThis subseries is arranged in alphabetical order by location. This is followed by unknown locations arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Subseries H: Photograph Albums and Collections:\nThis subseries is arranged alphabetically by surname or last name of the associated individual(s). This is followed by photograph albums and collections arranged alphabetically according to regimental association. And, finally, photograph albums and collections of unknown attribution or provenance are arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Series 3 is arranged in the following subseries: Subseries A: Records of the United States Army (USA) and Subseries B: Records of the Confederate States Army (CSA). Materials are arranged alphabetically according to the organization that created or issued them and chronologically therein with materials or unknown provenance or attribution following in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Series 4 is arranged chronologically within the following subseries.  \n \nSubseries A: United States of America (USA) Fractional Currency Notes \nSubseries B: United States of America (USA) Post-Civil War Fractional Currency Notes  \nSubseries C: United States of America (USA) Postage Currency Notes \nSubseries D: Note Issued by a Private Bank in the United States \nSubseries E: Confederate States of America (CSA) Currency Notes \nSubseries F: Confederate States of America (CSA) Postage Stamps \nSubseries G: Confederate States of America (CSA) Bonds \nSubseries H: Notes Issued by Confederate States, Cities, and Counties \nSubseries I: Treasury Warrants Issued by the State of Texas and Limestone County, Texas \nSubseries J: Notes Issued by Southern Banks and Other Corporate Entities","Series 5 is arranged in alphabetical order according to publisher name and chronologically therein with undated materials listed last. This arrangement is followed by materials from unknown publishers arranged chronologically.","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Petty, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. A. Mills, Camden, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Miller and Rowell, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Holyland, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: O. L. Marston, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavoren, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Whitehurst \u0026 Co., Baltimore, Maryland","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Anderson \u0026 Turner, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio:","Photographer/Photography Studio: John L. Gihon's Photographic Art Galleries, 1024 Chestnut St. Phila.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Knowles \u0026 Hillman, New Bedford, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: William B. Stearus, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gooding, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wenderoth, Taylor and Brown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Published by Handy, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bocardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Anderson's, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Carpenter's Gem Gallery, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Jacobs, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: McPherson, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. W. Barker, Canton, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. McNulty, Ar,  Springfield, IL, City Galle","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic and Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wing's Gallery, Waterville, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Varriell, Gardiner, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. K. Brown, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry M. Wells, Cambridge, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. A. Mills, Camden, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Taft, artist, Oak Gallery, Memphis, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. A. Simonds, Chillicothe, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. D. Lytle, Baton Rouge, Louisiana","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony,  New York, from Photographic Negative by Brady's National Portrait Gallery","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lewis and Kane, Victoria, Texas","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Gould, North Bridgton, Maine","French \u0026 Sawyer, Keene, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington D.C.","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's, Washington, D.C. and New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026 Quick's, Cincinnati, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. D. Hamilton, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio:","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026 Case, Boston, Massachusetts, and Newport, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Walzl, Baltimore, Maryland","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Galleries, Washington, D.C. and New York","Photographer/Photography Studio:","Photographer/Photography Studio: William B. Stearns, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. R. Hall, Biddeford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: L. V. Newell","Photographer/Photography Studio:","Photographer/Photography Studio: Schwing \u0026 Rudd, Army of the Cumberland","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026 Co. of New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. D. Lytle, Baton Rouge, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Manchester Bros., Providence, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Sherman, Milwaukee, Wisconsin","Photographer/Photography Studio: Ben Oppenheimer, Mobile, Alabama","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. C. Pratt, Aurora, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Worms \u0026 Co. 383 Broadway, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. Cramer, Carondelet, Missouri","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. R. Edwards, Bowling Green, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: George W. Barnes, Rockford, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Nichols, Leavenworth, Kansas","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brown's Photographic Gallery, Paola, Kansas","Photographer/Photography Studio: Williams Gallery; Skowhegan, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. S. Sanderson, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. J. Morrill/C. L. Grossman, Waterville, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026 Batchelder, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. A. Beach, Hastings, Minnesota","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks and Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. C. Spaulding, Point Lookout, Maryland","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Conaut, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hesler Gallery, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. P. Carnes' Car, Montpelier, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: R.W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hallett, Bowery, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","B. F. Smith and Son, Portland, Maine","J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Zimmerman's New York Photographic Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Beaumont, Chester, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wells and Collins, New Haven, Conneticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: Manchester Brothers, Providence, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. A. Lord, 158 Chatham Street, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. Moses, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Morgan, Concord, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Clark, Gardiner Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. L. Bergstresser, Army of the Potomac","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. B. Jenks, Paterson, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographed by Brady; Published by E.\u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: George W. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bett's and Prusia, Dansville, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Stone Bros., Trumansburch, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. M. Peck's, Elsworth, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. Appleton \u0026 Co., New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. J. Pierce, Rockland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Hurn, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio:  G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine","Photographed by Brady; Published by E.\u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio:  F. Forshew, Hudson, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Forshew, Hudson, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. M. Schleier, Nashville, Knoxville, and Chattanooga, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland, Washington, D.C.","Le Rue Lemer, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Gallery, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gibbon, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Anderson of New Orleans","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavoren, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lumpkin and Tomlinson, Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Galleries, Washington, D.C. \u0026 New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Washburn's, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. R. Gard's Photographic Art Palace, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. H. McKenney, Biddeford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitaker and Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: McPherson \u0026 Oliver, Baton Rouge, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: McPherson \u0026 Oliver, Baton Rouge, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Philp \u0026 Solomon, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gorman and Jordan, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: I. N. Teague","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026 Thompson, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Benjamin","Photographer/Photography Studio: George Watson, Montpelier, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles H. Danforth, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Union Photographic Gallery, Camp Butler, Newport News, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Burnite \u0026 Weldon, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. S. Sanderson, Dover, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, photographer, McClees Gallery, 308 Penna. Avenue, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: William C. North, Cleveland, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Th. Gubelman, Puliski, TN","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hermos, Lima, Peru","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kerston's Photograph Gallery, Newark, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moses and Piffet, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Keet and Gemmill, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. M'Kenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Sam A. Cooley, Photographer Tenth Army Corps","Photographer/Photography Studio: Published by W.V. Lane, Camden, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T.M.V. Doughty, Winsted, Conneticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. A. Balch's Star Photograph Gallery, Memphis, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. Tombarger, Lancaster, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black and Case","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: O. P. Howe, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. M. Howe, Portland, Maine","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Published by Brady; Published by E \u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Cooley \u0026 Becket, Beaufort, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bowdoin, Taylor, and Co., Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. G. Montgomery of Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Ingraham Brothers, Westfield, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Cushing \u0026 King Photographers, Woodstock, Vermont","Photographed by Brady, New York; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moses, Trenton, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. C. Brown, Norwich, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Marse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Forshew, Hudson, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Webster \u0026 Bro., Louisville, Kentucky","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026 Quick, Cincinnati, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Joshua Appleby Williams, Newport, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Silli, Nice, France","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. W. Beckwith, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. W. Beckwith, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wolff's Gallery, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. E. Mosely, Newburyport","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Harter's Fine Art Gallery, Auburn, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Pein \u0026 Co., Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gorman and Jordan, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. C. Burnite \u0026 Co., Harrisburg, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. B. Brown's, Providence, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. J. Tait, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Conant and Johnson, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. O. Durgan, Farmouth, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: C.H. Freeman, Montpelier, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kilgore's, Belfast, Maine","Published by Joseph Ward, Boston, Massachusetts;  Photograph by Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: I. N. Teague, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.","Photographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Barr \u0026 Young, Vicksburg, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: Photographed by Brady, Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio:  C. L. Marston, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. R. Marks, Austin, Texas","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Mc Clee's Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026 White, Corinth, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Rhodes, St. Law Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Munger \u0026 Stone, Quincy, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Cross, Belvidere, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Emery","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wm. McHenry, Freeport, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Purvience, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. S. Estabrook, Houlton, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio:  F. L. Lay's, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. P. Smith, Kankakee City, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J.T. Bradshaw \u0026 Co., successors to G. Moses, Quincy, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. L. Perkins","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredericks \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Daily's Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. F. Brandon, Camp Douglas, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Braisted, Freeport, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Hesler, Chicago","Photographer/Photography Studio: Pierce, Galena, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: R.W. Addis, McClees's Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Crockett, Rockland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. P. \u0026 F. W. Hardy, Bangor, Maine","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Chas. H. Danforth, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. C. Reeve, Lambertville, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Morse's Gallery of the Cumberland, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. S. Cook, Charleston, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Slagle, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Slee Brothers, Poughkeepsie, New York","Published by E. \u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J.H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Curtis and Crosby, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Lewis Wires, Milford","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio:  C. Evans, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. B. Jones, Davenport, Iowa","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. H. Black, Natchez, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: Schwing \u0026 Rudd, Army of The Cumberland","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Sherman, Milwaukee, Wisconsin","Photographer/Photography Studio: George B. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries","Photographer/Photography Studio: Joseph Ward, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Goldin, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Pein \u0026 Co., Washington City","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Good \u0026 Stokes, Trenton, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Jacob's, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. \u0026 J. L. Abbott, Albany, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Barnes, Rockford, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Layton's, Rockford, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Nason's Photograph Gallery, Columbus, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bachrach \u0026 Bro, Baltimore, Maryland","Photographer/Photography Studio: Cross and Franke, Arlington, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Watson, Raleigh, North Carolina","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. P. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Julius Brill, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Saylor's New Photograph Gallery, Reading, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Crosby, 13th Regiment Mass. Volunteers","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Weiss, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, NY","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Clark, Gardiner, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Cadwallader, Toledo, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. Bitner, Mr. Carroll, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bowdoin, Taylor and Company, 204 King Forner Columbus Street, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. Jennings, artist, The New \u0026 Reliable Gallery, Lancaster, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Peplow and Balch, Memphis, Tennessee","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Thomas and Pearson, Macomb, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henszey \u0026 Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henszey \u0026 Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henzey \u0026 Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henzey \u0026 Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew B. Brady","William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. F. Saltsman, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Goldin \u0026 Co., Washington, D.C.","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. P. H. Capron \u0026 Bros. , Springfield, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. J. Merritt's National Portrait Gallery, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Giers \u0026 Co., Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitney and Paradise, New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: August Morand, Brooklyn, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. K. Jewell, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredericks \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bishop \u0026 Campbell, Army of the Cumberland","Photographer/Photography Studio: Trask and Davis, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henszey \u0026 Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Butler and King, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. J. Moulton, El Mira, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Lewis, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Guay and Co., New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Davis Brothers Photograph Rooms, Portsmouth and Exeter, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026 Batchelder, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Loring's Photographic Gallery, Eastport, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Philadelphia Photographic Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Constant, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: King, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: George D. Puffer, Nashua, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. S. Estabrook, Houlton, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland, Washington, D.C.","Photographed by M. J. Powers; Published by Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moses \u0026 Piffet, successors to E. Jacobs, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Murphy Bros., Alton, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Godshaw \u0026 Flexner, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moffat and Simpson, Key West, Florida","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. P. Ayer, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: William F. Blunt, North Anson, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. Appleton \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Anson's","Photographer/Photography Studio: Fassetts Gallery, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gardner, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery","Photographer/Photography Studio: Meade Brothers, Astor, New York","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Alex. Gardner, Washington, DC","Photographed by Brady, New York, NY; Published by E. Anthony, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Philp \u0026 Solomon, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Watson's, Raleigh, NC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: L. Thompson, Norwich, Connecticut","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. M. Schleier, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenny, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mason \u0026 Gardner, Providence, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: Handy, Washington, D.C..","Photographer/Photography Studio: Outley's, St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bragy Gallery","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. F. King, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Frank E. Stanley, Auburn, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Anderson's Photographic Gallery, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. P. Browne, Bath, Maine","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Jacobs \u0026 Company, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Trask \u0026 Lewis","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographed by Brady, New York, New York; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony","Photographed by Brady, New York, New York; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles K. Bill's, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wilder Brothers, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Zimmermans's N.F W York, Photographic Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. H. Cole, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Hesler, Chicago, Illinois","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographed by Alex Gardner; Published by Philp \u0026 Solomons, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. A. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. B. Smith, Utica, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026 Thompson, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Dunshee's, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. Adams, Nashville, Tenn.","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Abbott, Albany, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: L. I. Prince, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J.S. Medlar, Woodstock, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. A. A. Rhodes, West Rockford, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. O. Furnald, Manchester, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wolff's Gallery, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Gallery, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: French \u0026 Sawyer, Keene, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Cole's Photographic Gallery, Peoria, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Nims, Photographer, Fort Edward, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. H. McKernon, Saratoga Springs, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. H. McKernon, Saratoga Springs, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. H. McKernon, Saratoga Springs, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. H. McKernon, Saratoga Springs, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland Metropolitan Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lobell General Hospital, Portsmouth Grove, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Summerhays","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Davis Brothers Photograph Rooms, Portsmouth and Exeter, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Filley \u0026 Gilbert, New Haven, Connecticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: Haas \u0026 Peale, Hilton Head, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. N. Medernach, Danville, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio:  R. H. Dewey, Pittsfield, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Wagoner's, Mt. Morris, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Samuel A. Cooley, Beaufort, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Thompson Gallery, Albany, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Lowell, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026 Thompson, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. B. Stearns, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. G. Fetters, Peru, Indiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: New Orleans Photographic Co.","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Rees of Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J.L. Winner, Annapolis, MD","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bishop \u0026 Campbell, Photographers, Army of the Cumberland","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. F. Conant, Skowhegan, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. P. Paige, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Powelson's, Detroit, Michigan","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. Olsen Photographer, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC","Photographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Published by Vannerson \u0026 Jones, Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. O. Jewett, Lebanon, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bell and Brother","Photographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Roseberry, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: L. W. Cook, Weymouth Landing, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: James S. Earle \u0026 Son, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Washington, D.C.","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Havens, Jacksonville, FL","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. A. Tresize, Springfield, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: O.C. Benjamin, Newark, N. J.","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine","Photographed by Brady, New York, NY; Published by E. Anthony, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brendann Bros., Baltimore","Photographed by Wenderoth \u0026 Taylor; Published by McAllister \u0026 Bro., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. H Messenger, US General Hospital, Annapolis, Maryland","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. P. Barr, Army Photographer, Vicksburg","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitaker \u0026 Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Griswold \u0026 Smith, Columbus, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: M. B. Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. R. Davis, Biddeford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor Maine","Photographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia","Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. R. Hall, Biddeford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. H. Brown, Savannah, Georgia","Photographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Manchester Brothers Photographers, Providence, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: Fredericks and Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. K. Jewell, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bundy and Williams, New Haven, Conneticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bowers, Lynn, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kin, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Elrod Bro.'s, Lexington, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Piper \u0026 Sanborn, Manchester, New Hampshire","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J. Perry Elliott's City Gallery, Indianapolis, Indiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. Ames, Quincy, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026 Bro, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026 Bro, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026 Bro, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026 Bro, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026 Bro, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. D. Phillips, 14th Army Corps","Photographer/Photography Studio: M. K. Marshall, Circleville, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J. A. Scholten, Saint Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio:  A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gault, Mt. Sterling, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. S. German, Springfield, Illinois","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hawkins \u0026 Philpot, Macomb, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. W. De Camp, Newark, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: Webster, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Jacobs, New Orleans, Louisiana","Unknown Photographer; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner, Photographer to the Army of the Potomac, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Pratt's Gallery, Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Schreiber \u0026 Son, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Erekson \u0026 Bodurtha, Bridgeport, Conneticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hinds, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Abraham Fisher, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. N. Wilson, Savannah, Georgia","Photographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Birney Linn","Photographer/Photography Studio: Louis Walzl","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Variell, Gardiner, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. A. Turner, D. Appleton \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: M. F. King, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. H. White, Jacksonport, Arkansas","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. H. Spieler's, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026 Taylor, Corinth, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: O.H. Willard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. P. Layton, Rockford, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Goldin \u0026 Col, Washington D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. C. Sanborn, Lowell, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Marshall, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Partridges Photographic Gallery and Stock Depot, Wheeling, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026 White, Corinth, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. W. A. Reed, Quincy, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Fred C. Low, East Cambridge, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brooks \u0026 Blauvelt, Port Hudson, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. L. Marston, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Evans and Prince, York, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Ingraham Bros, Westfield, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Clark, Ionia, Michigan","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. C. Giers, Nashville, Tennessee","Published by E \u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Published by E. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. R. Bideout \u0026 Co., Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Goldin, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hendee, Augusta, Maine","J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitney's Gallery, Saint Paul, Minnesota","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. B. King, Taunton, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles Jameson, Columbia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Anderson's Photographic Gallery, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio:  L. D. Cox, Ludlow, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Davis, Columbus, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Brainstead, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Tyler \u0026 Co., Charleston, South Carolina","Photographed by Brady; Published by E \u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Larkin Gallery, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: George W. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: George C. White, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitney's Gallery, Saint Paul, Minnesota","Published by E. \u0026 H. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: M. J. Powers, Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: McLure, Allen P.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Peplow \u0026 Balch, Memphis, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Nollen \u0026 Van Grieken, Keokuk, Iowa","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026 Case, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. H. Cole, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. L. Jackson, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bundy and Williams, New Haven, Connecticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. A. Scholten, St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. G. Carleton, Waterville, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gilbert's, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavorn's Metropolitan Gallery, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Sprague \u0026 Curtis, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Campbell \u0026 Ecker, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Pierce \u0026 Cogswell, Rochelle, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. T. McCormick, Martinsburg, West Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Loomis, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hall, Lawrence, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kennedy \u0026 Schenck, Newark, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: Morell, George Webb","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hall, South Royalton, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: Fredricks \u0026 Co., New Yor","Photographer/Photography Studio: Schwing \u0026 Rudd, Army of the Cumberland","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Scripture, Peterboro, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer's, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. L. Eaton, Omaha, Nebraska","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gurney \u0026 Son, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Downs \u0026 Co., New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hagaman, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. J. I. Murray, Myerstown, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Reimer, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hanford, New London, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Webster's Photograph Gallery, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Carr, Old Town, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Loomis, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Miller and Rowell, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio:  S. A. Cooley, Beaufort, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026 Thompson, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: William B. Stearns, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Fassett, Dexter, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kertson \u0026 Barker, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Crockett","Photographer/Photography Studio: John A. Heard, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Loomis, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kimball \u0026 Sons, Concord, New Hampshire","Photographed by A. A. Turner; Published by D. Appleton \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Taylor and Seavey","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Milton Lapham, Decatur, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bowdoin, Taylor, \u0026 Co, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. I. Marston, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. P. Layton, Rockford, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Haseltine, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hinds, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026 White, Corinth, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Smith, Sr., Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Evans, Norfolk, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. McMahon, Mt. Pleasant, Iowa","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. M' Kenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio:  R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. McNulty, Springfield, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, McClees' Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Cole of Biddleford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. F. Ryder, Cleveland","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. H. McKenny, Biddleford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lilienthal and Co., New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Sprague \u0026 Tapley, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. P. Hall, St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady 's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. F. Howe, Jamestown , New York, A. J. Stiles, Photographist","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. E. Gibbs, Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. L. Bracey, Great Falls, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lutges, Detroit, Michigan","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney and Son, Broadway, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bell and Brother, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. S. Sanderson, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Curtis and Crosby, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Variell, Gardiner, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio:  B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: George E. Collins; Bucksport, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Handy, Washington, D.C..","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026 Quicks, Cincinnati, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026 Taylor, Corinth, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic and Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Porter's, Cincinnati, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. N. Granniss, Waterbury, Connecticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bundy \u0026 Williams, New Haven, Connecticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. J. Thompson \u0026 Co., Albany, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: King, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. A. Stevens, Richmond, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026 Quick's, Cincinnati, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia","Photographed by Brady, New York, New York; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Carbutt, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Rivers', St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: George Rockwood, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hinds, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kimball, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Hornbaker, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. S. Estabrook, Houlton, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. F. King","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. J. Moulton, Elmira, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A.R. Boynton, Sanbornton Bridge, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Davis Brothers, Portsmouth, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. M'Kenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Crockett, Rockland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Burwell \u0026 Homan, New Haven, Connecticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black and Case, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Magnolia, Lexington, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. F. Saltsman, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Smith \u0026 Wybrant, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Weitfle \u0026 Wright, 1st Division, 6th Corps","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles S. Hart, Watertown, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Haas \u0026 Peale, Hilton Head, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: Webster \u0026 Bro., Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio:  C.H. Smedley \u0026 Co., Middletown, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. McMahon, Photographer, Danville, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio:  R. A. Lewis, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. Moses \u0026 Co., Quincy, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. F. Child, Washington, D.C.","Photographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio:  A. Hesler, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kimberly Brothers","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J. Carbutt, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Samuel Masury, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Photographed by Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, Habana, Paris","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio:  Helke and Benecke, St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hopkins, Annapolis, Maryland","Photographer/Photography Studio: J.H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Churchill \u0026 Dennison, Albany, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Variell, Gardiner, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavoren's, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Constant, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Anderson, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Gould, North Bridgton, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Webster and Bro., Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavoren, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. L. Heath, Norwalk, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. F. Saltsman, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. M. Peck, Ellsworth, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Crocket, Rockland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. B. Field, Morris, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. P. Greenwald, Newark, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gorham and Co, Providence, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moses \u0026 Piffet, successors to E. Jacobs, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hinton \u0026 Cleary's, Montgomery, Alabama","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. F. Yung","Photographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brown's Gallery, Little Rock, Arkansas","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Brown, Photographer of the Army of Arkansas","Photographer/Photography Studio: Griswold \u0026 White, Corinth, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: Morse's, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Davis, Biddleford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. K. Jewell, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. Butler, Springfield, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Lewis, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Currier, Amesbury, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Currier, Amesbury, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Cole, Biddeford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Cahill, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: George H. Wood, Towanda, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. F. Sterlin, Woodstock, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Hesler, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: by H. Glosser, Broadway, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Turner, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Crockett, Norway, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. Case, Halifax, Nova Scotia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Anderson, New Orleans","Photographer/Photography Studio: Balkan Studio, Wartham, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Jordan \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. A. Colley, Beaufort, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: L. V. Newell","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J. W. Black, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. K. McMurray, Winchester, W. Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. O. Burgan, Yarmouth, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026 Quick's Art Palace, Cincinnati, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Thurlow, Peoria, Illinois","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Smith, Southbridge","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Schwing \u0026 Rudd, Photographers Army of the Cumberland","Photographer/Photography Studio: Sam A. Cooley, Beaufort, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. L. Perkins","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Beecher and Grier's Photograph Rooms, West Chester, Pennsylvania","Photographed by Brady, New York, New York; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Knight, Batavia, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bradley \u0026 Rulofson, San Francisco, California","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. W. Loud, Bowery, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. G. Johnson,  Dubuque, Iowa","Photographer/Photography Studio: Klauber \u0026 Campbell, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Butler \u0026 Smetters, Springfield, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Van Stavoren, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio:  E. A. Piffet's Gallery of Art, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. W. Hinds, North Vassalboro, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. Haslinger in St. Polten","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. Haslinger in St. Polten","Photographer/Photography Studio: Fassett's Gallery, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitney \u0026 Paradise, New York, New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony,  New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. C. Elrod's, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Houghton, Brattleboro, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. K. Jewell, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. Brown's, Waldoboro, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. A. Pippet's, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. A. Scholten, St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bailey \u0026 Silver's, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Piper, Manchester, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Washington Gallery, Vicksburg, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. L. Troxell, St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wykes \u0026 Brown, Wheeling, West Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A.C. Lewis, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Lewis, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: French \u0026 Sawyer, Keene, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Rider, Ondawa House, Salem, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Anderson \u0026 Turner, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitney's Gallery, Saint Paul, Minnesota","Photographer/Photography Studio: Marshall, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lamson, Portland, Maine","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Davis Brothers Photograph Rooms, Portsmouth and Exeter, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Whitehead, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Wing's, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. M. Schleier's, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Case and Getchell, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. B. Hopkins, Lock-Haven, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. L. Marston, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bell \u0026 Brother, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. A. Paul, Skowhegan, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Perry Elliott's City Gallery, Indianapolis, Indiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Keith \u0026 Ross, Machias, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Keith \u0026 Ross, Machias, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. S. Sanderson, Dover, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Estabrook's Ferrotypes, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, 363 Broadway, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Otto Wagner, 385 Broadway, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. C. Ely, Greenfield, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Johnson's, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. Appleton, and Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: John H. Pein \u0026 Co., Richmond, Virginia","Published by E \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographed by F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia; Published by McAllister \u0026 Brother, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: King, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lochman's Photographic Gallery, Allentown, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. Tenney Gates, Plattsburgh, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. H. Williamson's Brooklyn, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: M. G. Trask, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hallet, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Sumner \u0026 Harris Union Gallery, Gen'l Butler's H. Qrs. in the Field","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lomas, Eastport Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. M. Fassett, Chicago, Illinois","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Downs \u0026 Co., New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. Sellers, Keokuk, Iowa","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. A. Sheldon, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Andrew D. Lytle, Baton Rouge, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026 Case, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. M. Aiken, Ware, Massachusetts","Lithograph by Murray \u0026 Goodwin, Albany, New York; Published by G. H. Treadwell, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Theodore Harris, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Possibly S. Anderson, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. Wearn, Columbia, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: Keenan, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Rees, Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. R. Phipps, Lexington, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Rees, Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Rees, Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: WM. Frank Browne, Artist, P.O. Box 480, Washington, D.C., U.S. Army","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Frank Browne","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Farrar's Photographic Rooms, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Farrar's Photographic Rooms, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Royan M. Linn","Photographer/Photography Studio: Quimby of Charleston","Photographer/Photography Studio: Maynard \u0026 Willis, Milford, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Keim, Lebanon, Pa.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles A. Saylor, Reading, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Daily, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bowdoin, Taylor \u0026 Co., Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lupton \u0026 Brown, Winchester, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wolff's Gallery, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Richardson of Lima, Peru","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Holt, Concord, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. H. Smiley's Photographic Gallery, Knoxville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Orcutt's, Cambridge","Photographer/Photography Studio: Victor Piard, Jersey City, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: Elrod Borthers, Lexington, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hunting's, Belfast, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Frederick, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: M. L. Averill, Oldtown, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Trask and Lewis, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Lewis, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. A. Mills, Camden, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Crockett, Norway, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Ball \u0026 Thomas, Cincinnati, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Sidney Brown, St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. C. Price, New Philadelphia, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: John A. Heard, Tremont Row, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. N. Ramsdill, Ballston Spa, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bundy \u0026 Williams, New Haven, Connecticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. N. Blanchard, Barre, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. M. Vanaken, Lowville, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Goben, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Frank Winter, Fort Shaw, Montana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gill's City Gallery, Lancaster, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wm. J. Tate, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Stokes, Trenton, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: Clark, Gardiner, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Clark, Gardiner, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: M. F. King","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. M. Kenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Curtis \u0026 Cosby, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hunting's Belfast, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brooks \u0026 Blauvelt, Port Hudson, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Platt, Oberlin, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. E. Prall, Knoxville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. Worms \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Roth, Freehold, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026 Barker, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. Knecht, Easton, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Victory Piard, Jersey City, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. S. Jacoby, Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Published by G. L. Collins, Paola, Kansas","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. Bitner, Mt. Carroll, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Ullary \u0026 Perry, Greenville, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Roberts, Cleveland, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. B. Zay, Findlay, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: V. B. Massey, Lancaster, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. Kasten, Freeport, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Aldridge \u0026 Merriman, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. R. Rees \u0026 Bros., Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Pope, Brooklyn, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Klauber, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. J. Jacobs, New Orleans","Published by Keystone View Company","Photographer: P. Haas","Photographer: P. Haas","Photographer: P. Haas","Photographer: P. Haas","Photographer: P. Haas","Photographer: P. Haas","Photographer: P. Haas","Photographer: D. P. Barr, Army Photographer, Vicksburg, Miss.","Photographer: French \u0026 Co., Vicksburg, Miss.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Barr \u0026 Young, Army Photographers, Fort Pickering, Memphis, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moulton \u0026 Larkin, Elmira, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moulton \u0026 Larkin, Elmira, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moulton \u0026 Larkin, Elmira, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner","Photographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner","Photographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner","Photographed and Published by B. W. Kilburn, Littleton, New Hampshire","Photographed and Published by Kilburn Brothers, Littleton, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Rollins \u0026 Linn","Published by Keystone View Company","Photographed by Brady \u0026 Co., Washington, D.C.; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner","Photographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co., Negative by Brady \u0026 Co., Washington, D.C.","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co.","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co., Negative by Brady \u0026 Co., Washington, D.C.","Photographed and Published by Bell \u0026 Bro., Washington, D.C.","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co., New York; Negative by Brady \u0026 Co.","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co., American and Foreign Stereoscopic Emporium,  New York, NY","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co., American and Foreign Stereoscopic Emporium,  New York, NY","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co., American and Foreign Stereoscopic Emporium,  New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gardner","Photographer/Photography Studio: Marks, Houston, Texas","Published by E. M. Worth's American Museum; T. Meehan, Manufacturer of Looking-glass \u0026 Picture Frames, 810 Washington St. Boston, Mass","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Crockett, Norway, Main","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. R. Rideout, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. B. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. P. \u0026 F. W. Hardy, Ranger, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. K. Jewell, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. S. Dunshee, Rochester, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. B. Conant, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Piper, Manchester, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026 Quick's Art Palace, Cincinnati, Ohio","Painted by Robt. W. Weit; Engraved by Geo. W. Watch","The John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection contains offensive or harmful language and imagery. This includes—but is not limited to—correspondence and diary entries that express racist views; photographs of enslaved people forced into inhumane conditions by enslavers; descriptions of violence and battle experiences; photographs of deceased soldiers; and correspondence containing explicit descriptions of sex. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials.","The donor's accession numbering system has been preserved to maintain access to collection metadata or descriptive information. Each file title in this finding aid includes the donor accession number at the end of the title and each corresponding physical folder or item is also labeled with the donor accession number. ","Donor accession numbers are comprised of letters denoting document or photograph format followed by a four-digit number that denotes the number of the accession. The following examples can be found in the collection: DA0001 (meaning document - autograph), DC0001.001 (document - currency), DL0001 (document - letter), DN0003 (document - newspaper), DOR0001 (document - order), DOT0001 (document - other), DR0002 (document - requisition), PA0184 (photograph - ambrotype), PC0200 (photograph - carte de visite), PD0007 (photograph - daguerreotype), POT0012 (photograph - other), and PT0003 (photograph - tintype).","These donor accession numbers can be used to search the donation listing spreadsheet for corresponding metadata. This spreadsheet is available to download directly from the finding aid below, under External Documents.","About External Document MSS 16459 John L. Nau II Civil War History Collection - Donation Listing (View and Download Below)","Upon accession of the John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection, the donor provided a spreadsheet donation listing containing metadata and sellers' descriptions associated with collection materials. The spreadsheet can be downloaded below, under the External Documents heading.","Please note that many descriptions contained in this spreadsheet are drawn from sellers' language used by dealers and auction houses and contain biased and qualitative descriptions. In addition, many descriptions contain offensive, racist, and archaic language, some quoted directly from collection materials (also see the above Content Warning). ","Please also note there may be some materials listed in the donor spreadsheet that are not present in the collection. The Small Library's finding aid is the definitive listing of materials available to researchers.","Suggestions for Using the Donation Listing Spreadsheet","Materials found in the finding aid can be identified in the spreadsheet using the keyboard shortcut Control + F. If searching for materials discovered in the finding aid, it is recommended to search using donor accession numbers. (For more on this, see the above note on Alphanumeric Designations). ","Please note that the spreadsheet does not contain additional descriptive information for all materials listed in the finding aid.","Researchers can use the spreadsheet to explore the collection in many ways, including the following: ","- To conduct subject-based searches (e.g., regiments, battles, and military functions, and experiences such as sickness).","- To identify photographs of women, Black soldiers, and Native American soldiers.","- To identify correspondence in Series 1 authored by women and contained within personal papers attributed to men. Series 1 contains a significant amount of correspondence written by women to male relatives and friends. An example includes the many letters written by Mary Stanton to her husband Courtland Stanton, which are found with the Courtland Stanton (DL0011) papers. Another example are the letters of Lucy Britton and Martha Britton found with the Britton Family (DL0100) papers.","- To distinguish between duplicate titles and donor accession numbers in Series 1. Secondary collections such as the papers of Amos Garrison (DL0068) and Albert R. Whitney (DL0269) contain duplicate file titles, and descriptions in the spreadsheet may allow researchers to learn more about the exact nature of the materials they contain.","- To distinguish between portraits of unknown subjects in Series 2. Searching for a particular portrait of an unknown subject using the donor accession number may provide researchers with a description of the portrait, including details such as uniform and rank of the subject.","About External Documents MSS 16459 John L. Nau II Civil War History Collection - Transcripts (View and Download Below)","Transcript files are titled by donor accession number. (See above note titled Alphanumeric Designations).","Please be aware that these transcripts may contain mistakes. They are not intended to be a replacement for the original materials or their digital surrogates.","This item was accessioned as part of PC0876. There is no known connection between this item and the other materials in PC0876.","This item was accessioned as part of PC0876. There is no known connection between this item and the other materials in PC0876.","Additional materials relating to Fitzhugh Lee are located in Series 2 and 3.","This item was accessioned as part of PC1124. There is no known connection between the calling card and other materials in accession PC1124, which are located in Series 2.","Additional materials related to William S. Rosecrans are located in Series 2 and 3.","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","This item was accessioned as part of PT0159. There is no known connection between this record and the rest of the materials in PT0159.","This record was accessioned as part of PT0225, which included photographs of unknown soldiers. There is no known connection between the photographs located in Series 2 and this record.","This item was accessioned as part of PT0159. There is no known connection between this record and the rest of the materials in PT0159.","This item was accessioned as part of PC1029. There is no know connection between this ledger and the other items in PC1029, which are located in Series 2.","These reunion programs (POT0140.0011-POT0140.0015) were accessioned as part of POT0140, which is otherwise located in Series 2. There is no known connection between these programs and the other materials in this accession.","These reunion programs (POT0140.0011-POT0140.0015) were accessioned as part of POT0140, which is otherwise located in Series 2. There is no known connection between these programs and the other materials in this accession.","Carte de Visite PC0171 of Eugene Carr and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Carte de Visite PC0171 of Michael Corcoran and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Additional materials related to Napoleon Jackson Tecumseh Dana can be found in Series 1 and Series 3.","Carte de Visite PC0171 of Charles H. Davis and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Carte de Visite PC0171 of William B. Franklin and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Carte de Visite PC0171 of Quincy A. Gillmore and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Additional materials related to States Rights Gist are located in Series 3.","Carte de Visite PC0171 of A. C. Gorden and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","There is no known relationship between carte de visite album PC1143 and albumen PC1143 of Ulysses S. Grant. Both were part of the same donor accession PC1143.","This photograph, \"Grant and the Union Staff\" is not part of the photographic series owned and annotated by Francis C. Miller (POT0026). However, it was accessioned by the donor as part of this group (POT0026). It appears to be a reproduction of an earlier photograph dating to ca. 1862.","Tintype PC0171 of Cecil H. Hall and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","PC1199.0001 and PC1199.0002 are duplicates.","PC1199.0001 and PC1199.0002 are duplicates.","Tintype PC0171 of Samuel P. Heintzelman and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Additional Materials relating to Fitzhugh Lee are located in Series 1 and 3.","Additional materials related to Abraham Lincoln are located in Series 3.","Additional materials related to Abraham Lincoln are located in Series 3.","Carte de visite engraving PC0171 of George G. Meade and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Cartes de Visite PC1196.0002 and PC1196.0003 are duplicates.","Cartes de Visite PC1196.0002 and PC1196.0003 are duplicates.","Carte de visite PC0171 of Frank W. Renburger and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Carte de visite PC0171 of William S. Rosecrans and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials. Additional records related to William S. Rosecrans are located in Series 1 and 3.","Portrait of Slocum is the same image as PA0342.","Portrait of Slocum is the same image as PA0371.","Carte de visite PC0171 of E. Kirby Smith and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials. Additional materials related to E. Kirby Smith are located in Series 3.","Additional materials related to E. Kirby Smith are located in Series 3.","Carte de visite PC0171 of Edwin Vose Sumner and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Photograph album DOT0135 attributed to James M. Tracy is located in Series 2, Subseries H.","Carte de visite PC0171 of John E. Wool and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","This case contains portraits of the same unknown soldier in both ambrotype and tintype formats.","Letter PA0202.0002 was housed folded inside of cased photograph PA0202.0001.","Letter PA0202.0002 was previously housed folded inside of cased photograph PA0202.0001.","Ambrotype PA0205.0001 and tintype PA0205.0002 have been kept together, because they depict the same unknown soldier.","Ambrotype PA0205.0001 and tintype PA0205.0002 have been kept together, because they depict the same unknown soldier.","Ambrotype PA0274.0001 and tintype PA0274.0002 depict the same unknown Union Sergeant from the 11th Indiana Infantry.","Ambrotype PA0274.0001 and tintype PA0274.0002 depict the same unknown Union Sergeant from the 11th Indiana Infantry.","PT0190 is a single case containing one tintype and one ambrotype, and is arranged with tintypes.","Tintype PA0435.0002 a duplicate of ambrotype PA0435.0001.","Tintype PA0435.0002 a duplicate of ambrotype PA0435.0001.","Tintype (POT0113.0001) of unknown Black cavalryman possibly named Jenkins or Jenning) was owned by Randolph Davis, author of correspondence (POT0113.0002). Davis's descendents allege the pictured soldier worked on Davis's farm as a free man.","Tintype (POT0113.0001) of unknown Black cavalryman possibly named Jenkins or Jenning) was owned by Randolph Davis, author of correspondence (POT0113.0002). Davis's descendents allege the pictured soldier worked on Davis's farm as a free man.","The relationship between tintype PT0136.0001 and note fragments PT0136.0002 is unknown.","The relationship between tintype PT0136.0001 and note fragments PT0136.0002 is unknown.","The relationship between tintype PT0159.0001 and records PT0159.0002 (relating to Patrick Clark) is unknown.","The relationship between tintype PT0159.0001 and records PT0159.0002 (relating to Patrick Clark) is unknown.","Carte de visite PC0171 of an unknown subject and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","PT0182 and PT0183 are similar images.","PT0182 and PT0183 are similar images.","It is unknown if there is any connection between tintype PT0225.0001, tintype PT0225.0002, and albumen PT0225.0003. They were part of the same accession.","It is unknown if there is any connection between tintype PT0225.0001, tintype PT0225.0002, and albumen PT0225.0003. They were part of the same accession.","It is unknown if there is any connection between tintype PT0297.0001 and cloth cavalry insignia PT0297.0002. They were part of the same accession.","It is unknown if there is any relationship between tintype PT0297.0001 and cloth cavalry insignia PT0297.0002. They were part of the same accession.","It is unknown if there is any relationship between tintype PT0322 and the newspaper clipping of Abraham Lincoln PT0322.","It is unknown if there is any relationship between tintype PT0322 and the newspaper clipping of Abraham Lincoln PT0322.","PT0326.0001 and PT0326.0002 are portraits of the same unknown Confederate soldier.","PT0326.0001 and PT0326.0002 are portraits of the same unknown Confederate soldier.","It is not known if leather writing case PT0431.0002 is the same as the one pictured in photograph PT0431.0001.","It is not known if leather writing case PT0431.0002 is the same as the one pictured in photograph PT0431.0001.","All four photographs labeled with the donor accession number PT0489 depict the same unknown soldier.","All four photographs labeled with the donor accession number PT0489 are of the same unknown soldier.","All four photographs labeled with the donor accession number PT0489 are of the same unknown soldier.","All four photographs labeled with the donor accession number PT0489 are of the same unknown soldier.","PT0518.1 and PT0518.2 depict the same unknown soldier.","PT0518.1 and PT0518.2 depict the same unknown soldier.","PT0625.1 and PT0625.2 each depict the same unknown Union surgeon.","PT0625.1 and PT0625.2 each depict the same unknown Union surgeon.","Carte de visite PC0171 of an unknown subject and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Carte de visite PC0171 of an unknown subject and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Carte de visite PC0171 of an unknown subject and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Photograph DL0031.0006 was part of donor accession DL0031. There is no known relationship to the other materials in DL0031.","Image was accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).","Image was originally accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).","Image was originally accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).","Image was originally accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).","Image was originally accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).","Accessioned as part of PC1254, which also includes Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album (32nd Indiana Infantry). There is no known relationship between these materials.","The association between Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album and the print publications included in accession PC1254 is unknown. These volumes were accessioned with Louis von Trebra's album and share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.","The association between Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album and the print publications included in accession PC1254 is unknown. These volumes were accessioned with Louis von Trebra's album and share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.","The association between Louis von Trebra and this publication is unknown aside from their being part of the same accession (PC1254). This volume was accessioned with Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album, and the materials share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.","The association between Louis von Trebra and this publication is unknown aside from their being part of the same accession (PC1254). This volume was accessioned with Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album, and the materials share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.","The association between Louis von Trebra and this publication is unknown aside from their being part of the same accession (PC1254). This volume was accessioned with Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album, and the materials share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.","This photograph album previously housed portraits PC0105.0002-PC0105.0035, and is associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","There is no known relationship between carte de visite album PC1143 and albumen PC1143 of Ulysses S. Grant. Both were part of the same donor accession PC1143.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album (PC0082) is currently empty but is associated with cartes de visite of the same donor accession number (PC0082).","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Carte de visite album PC0171 was part of donor accession PC0171, which also contains additional, loose photographs. There is no known relationship between the album and these photographs.","The Nau Collection was processed from October 2021 to March 2023. Because it is an artificial collection with no original order, it was arranged into series to emphasize the provenance of collection materials and to restore materials attributed to or associated with the same individual. Provenance was determined by the archival materials themselves as well as by donor metadata. Additional resources consulted during processing included The National Park Service's online  Civil War Soldiers and Sailors Database  (https://www.nps.gov/civilwar/soldiers-and-sailors-database.htm); Grover C. Criswell and Clarence L. Criswell's  Confederate and Southern State Currency , vol. 1, (Pass-A-Grille, Florida: Criswell's Publications, 1957); John H. Eicher and David J. Eicher's  Civil War High Commands  (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2001); and the Library of Congress's online newspapers database (https://www.loc.gov/newspapers/).","Efforts were made to restore materials to record creators and keep these materials together. However, there are some exceptions, particularly in relation to high-profile historical figures. For example, materials relating to Robert E. Lee and William Tecumseh Sherman can be found in Series 1, 2, and 3. ","File titles have been devised by the archivist and each contains a donor accession number (see note titled Alphanumeric Designations). Wherever possible or applicable, titles attributed to materials by record creators are included. ","The John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection (1806-1988, bulk 1861-1865; 133 cubic feet) contains Civil War-era correspondence, service records, pension records, artifacts, photographs, military records (including orders, requisitions, and correspondence), currency, newspapers, and other print materials. ","The collection primarily contains the correspondence, records, and photographs of white soldiers and officers who fought in the Civil War, including white officers serving in the United States Colored Troops (USCT). Additionally, the collection includes some correspondence and portraits of white women as well as a small number of portraits of Black soldiers (including PT0322, a family portrait, and a young Ben Brown, PC0836.0001) and Native American soldiers (including Frederick L. Rainbow, PT0424.0001). ","Series 1: Materials Related to the Civil War Experiences of Soldiers, Officers, and Civilians (1806-1988; approx. 83 cubic feet) consists primarily of personal letters and diaries authored by white Civil War soldiers and officers in addition to associated materials such as service records relating to official wartime functions (e.g., government documents, including paroles, furloughs, pay vouchers, discharge certifications, oaths, and pension records); photographs; autographs; personal belongings and realia (e.g., bibles, publications, and uniform buttons); and veterans' memorabilia (e.g. medals, ribbons, and event programs). Series 1 also contains correspondence written by civilians and family members (often women) from the home front, including letters by Varina Davis (1826-1906) and Helen Dortch Longstreet (1863-1962).","Series 2: Photographs and Prints (circa 1848-1939; approx. 34 cubic feet) consists primarily of portrait photographs of white male Civil War soldiers and civilians in addition to some portraits of white women and a small number of portraits of Black soldiers and Native American soldiers.  Also included are documentary photographs of Civil War-related places and scenes. Series 2 photographs are comprised of a variety of nineteenth-century photographic formats, including daguerreotype, ambrotype, tintype, carte de visite, cabinet card, and stereoview. They also include carte de visite photograph albums as well as larger scale formats, including albumen and salt prints.","Series 3: Government Military Records (1855-1913; approx. 9 cubic feet) is comprised of records produced in the United States of America (USA) and the Confederate States of America (CSA) during and related to the administration of the United States Civil War (1861–1865), including a small number of postwar records. Materials include orders, reports, muster rolls, requisitions, correspondence, broadsides, and financial transactions produced by commanding officers acting in their official capacity as leaders of military organizations (e.g., Robert E. Lee, Ulysses S. Grant, Daniel Ruggles, James Longstreet, and Napoleon Jackson Tecumseh Dana). It also includes records created by military units (e.g., companies, battalions, regiments, brigades, and corps) as well bureaucratic military leadership structures of the USA and CSA (e.g., the Quartermaster's Department and the Ordnance Office as well as the various departments, districts, and armies of strategic leadership). Also included are records from leading figures in the executive branches of government in the USA (e.g., President Abraham Lincoln and Secretary of War Edwin Stanton) and CSA (e.g., Jefferson Davis).  \n \nExceptions include a few groupings of personal papers, including the personal papers of John W. Hanscom of the 6th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment.","Series 4: Currency (1839-1875; approx. 1.5 cubic feet) contains currency predominately from the Civil War period (1861-1865) issued by the United States and the Confederate States, including currency notes, fractional currency notes, postage currency notes, postage stamps, bonds, and treasury warrants. In addition, it also contains currency issued by southern states and local governments, southern banks (with the addition of the Farmers and Merchants Bank, Washington, D.C.), and corporate entities based in the south.","Series 5: Newspapers and Print Materials (1846-1913; approx. 5.25 cubic feet) consists primarily of Civil War-era (1861-1865) newspapers in addition to broadsides, periodicals, pamphlets, and books from or relating to the same period.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","The John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection is predominantly in English. A small number of materials are in Spanish, French, Swedish, and German, and this is indicated at the file level."],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16459","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/941"],"normalized_title_ssm":["John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection"],"collection_ssim":["John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["United States --  History  -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Personal narratives"],"geogname_ssim":["United States --  History  -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Personal narratives"],"places_ssim":["United States --  History  -- Civil War, 1861-1865","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Personal narratives"],"acqinfo_ssim":["The John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection was acquired and donated by John L. Nau III. It was accessioned by the Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library on September 3, 2019 (2019-0149) and in an additional accession in October 2019 (2019-0231)."],"access_subjects_ssim":["letters (correspondence)","Photograph albums","photographs","newspapers"],"access_subjects_ssm":["letters (correspondence)","Photograph albums","photographs","newspapers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"physdesc_tesim":["Good."],"extent_ssm":["133 Cubic Feet 255 boxes; 9 framed items"],"extent_tesim":["133 Cubic Feet 255 boxes; 9 framed items"],"genreform_ssim":["letters (correspondence)","Photograph albums","photographs","newspapers"],"date_range_isim":[1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection (1806-1988; bulk 1861-1865; 133 cubic feet) has been arranged into five series, Series 1: Materials Related to the Civil War Experiences of Soldiers, Officers, and Civilians (1806-1988; approx. 83 cubic feet); Series 2: Photographs and Prints (circa 1848-1939; approx. 34 cubic feet); Series 3: Government Military Records (1855-1913; approx. 9 cubic feet); Series 4: Currency (1839-1875; approx. 1.5 cubic feet); and Series 5: Newspapers and Print Materials (1846-1913; approx. 5.25 cubic feet).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1 is arranged in three subseries.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries A: Personal Papers, Service Records, and Artifacts, 1806-1988\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe arrangement approach of Subseries A is based on the archival concept of personal papers. Materials, including those authored by, owned by, addressed to, or relating to a particular individual or individuals, are grouped together and arranged in alphabetical order according to surname or last name. Internally, these groupings of personal papers (or secondary collections) are arranged in chronological order with undated materials at the end. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe above is followed by materials with incomplete or first name only attributions in alphabetical order. Finally, materials of unknown authorship or provenance are in chronological order, followed by unknown, undated materials in order of donor accession number (see resource record note titled Alphanumeric Designations). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries B: Materials Related to Libby Prison, Richmond, Virginia, is arranged in chronological order, followed by undated materials.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries C: Veterans' Organizations Materials is arranged by record creator in alphabetical order. Within groupings of the same record creator, files are arranged in chronological order. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 2 is arranged in the following subseries.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries A: Portraits of Known Subjects\nThis subseries is arranged alphabetically by subject surname or last name. This is followed by photographs in alphabetical order by regimental association.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries B: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Daguerreotype Format:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries C: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Ambrotype Format:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries D: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Tintype Format:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries E: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Carte de Visite Format:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries F: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Cabinet Card, Albumen, and Other Formats:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries G: Documentary Photographs:\nThis subseries is arranged in alphabetical order by location. This is followed by unknown locations arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries H: Photograph Albums and Collections:\nThis subseries is arranged alphabetically by surname or last name of the associated individual(s). This is followed by photograph albums and collections arranged alphabetically according to regimental association. And, finally, photograph albums and collections of unknown attribution or provenance are arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 3 is arranged in the following subseries: Subseries A: Records of the United States Army (USA) and Subseries B: Records of the Confederate States Army (CSA). Materials are arranged alphabetically according to the organization that created or issued them and chronologically therein with materials or unknown provenance or attribution following in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 4 is arranged chronologically within the following subseries.  \n \nSubseries A: United States of America (USA) Fractional Currency Notes \nSubseries B: United States of America (USA) Post-Civil War Fractional Currency Notes  \nSubseries C: United States of America (USA) Postage Currency Notes \nSubseries D: Note Issued by a Private Bank in the United States \nSubseries E: Confederate States of America (CSA) Currency Notes \nSubseries F: Confederate States of America (CSA) Postage Stamps \nSubseries G: Confederate States of America (CSA) Bonds \nSubseries H: Notes Issued by Confederate States, Cities, and Counties \nSubseries I: Treasury Warrants Issued by the State of Texas and Limestone County, Texas \nSubseries J: Notes Issued by Southern Banks and Other Corporate Entities\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 5 is arranged in alphabetical order according to publisher name and chronologically therein with undated materials listed last. This arrangement is followed by materials from unknown publishers arranged chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection (1806-1988; bulk 1861-1865; 133 cubic feet) has been arranged into five series, Series 1: Materials Related to the Civil War Experiences of Soldiers, Officers, and Civilians (1806-1988; approx. 83 cubic feet); Series 2: Photographs and Prints (circa 1848-1939; approx. 34 cubic feet); Series 3: Government Military Records (1855-1913; approx. 9 cubic feet); Series 4: Currency (1839-1875; approx. 1.5 cubic feet); and Series 5: Newspapers and Print Materials (1846-1913; approx. 5.25 cubic feet).","Series 1 is arranged in three subseries.","Subseries A: Personal Papers, Service Records, and Artifacts, 1806-1988","The arrangement approach of Subseries A is based on the archival concept of personal papers. Materials, including those authored by, owned by, addressed to, or relating to a particular individual or individuals, are grouped together and arranged in alphabetical order according to surname or last name. Internally, these groupings of personal papers (or secondary collections) are arranged in chronological order with undated materials at the end. ","The above is followed by materials with incomplete or first name only attributions in alphabetical order. Finally, materials of unknown authorship or provenance are in chronological order, followed by unknown, undated materials in order of donor accession number (see resource record note titled Alphanumeric Designations). ","Subseries B: Materials Related to Libby Prison, Richmond, Virginia, is arranged in chronological order, followed by undated materials.","Subseries C: Veterans' Organizations Materials is arranged by record creator in alphabetical order. Within groupings of the same record creator, files are arranged in chronological order. ","Series 2 is arranged in the following subseries.","Subseries A: Portraits of Known Subjects\nThis subseries is arranged alphabetically by subject surname or last name. This is followed by photographs in alphabetical order by regimental association.","Subseries B: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Daguerreotype Format:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Subseries C: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Ambrotype Format:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Subseries D: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Tintype Format:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Subseries E: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Carte de Visite Format:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Subseries F: Portraits of Unknown Subjects in Cabinet Card, Albumen, and Other Formats:\nThis subseries is arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Subseries G: Documentary Photographs:\nThis subseries is arranged in alphabetical order by location. This is followed by unknown locations arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Subseries H: Photograph Albums and Collections:\nThis subseries is arranged alphabetically by surname or last name of the associated individual(s). This is followed by photograph albums and collections arranged alphabetically according to regimental association. And, finally, photograph albums and collections of unknown attribution or provenance are arranged in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Series 3 is arranged in the following subseries: Subseries A: Records of the United States Army (USA) and Subseries B: Records of the Confederate States Army (CSA). Materials are arranged alphabetically according to the organization that created or issued them and chronologically therein with materials or unknown provenance or attribution following in order of donor accession number (see Alphanumeric Designations in resource record).","Series 4 is arranged chronologically within the following subseries.  \n \nSubseries A: United States of America (USA) Fractional Currency Notes \nSubseries B: United States of America (USA) Post-Civil War Fractional Currency Notes  \nSubseries C: United States of America (USA) Postage Currency Notes \nSubseries D: Note Issued by a Private Bank in the United States \nSubseries E: Confederate States of America (CSA) Currency Notes \nSubseries F: Confederate States of America (CSA) Postage Stamps \nSubseries G: Confederate States of America (CSA) Bonds \nSubseries H: Notes Issued by Confederate States, Cities, and Counties \nSubseries I: Treasury Warrants Issued by the State of Texas and Limestone County, Texas \nSubseries J: Notes Issued by Southern Banks and Other Corporate Entities","Series 5 is arranged in alphabetical order according to publisher name and chronologically therein with undated materials listed last. This arrangement is followed by materials from unknown publishers arranged chronologically."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026amp; Son, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Petty, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: H. A. Mills, Camden, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Miller and Rowell, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: John Holyland, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: O. L. Marston, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavoren, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Whitehurst \u0026amp; Co., Baltimore, Maryland\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Anderson \u0026amp; Turner, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: John L. Gihon's Photographic Art Galleries, 1024 Chestnut St. Phila.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Knowles \u0026amp; Hillman, New Bedford, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William B. Stearus, Bath, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Gooding, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Wenderoth, Taylor and Brown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Published by Handy, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bocardus, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Anderson's, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Carpenter's Gem Gallery, Troy, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. Jacobs, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York and Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: McPherson, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. W. Barker, Canton, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. McNulty, Ar,  Springfield, IL, City Galle\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic and Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Wing's Gallery, Waterville, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Varriell, Gardiner, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. K. Brown, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Henry M. Wells, Cambridge, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: H. A. Mills, Camden, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Taft, artist, Oak Gallery, Memphis, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. A. Simonds, Chillicothe, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. D. Lytle, Baton Rouge, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony,  New York, from Photographic Negative by Brady's National Portrait Gallery\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Lewis and Kane, Victoria, Texas\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. Gould, North Bridgton, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrench \u0026amp; Sawyer, Keene, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady's, Washington, D.C. and New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026amp; Quick's, Cincinnati, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. D. Hamilton, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026amp; Case, Boston, Massachusetts, and Newport, Rhode Island\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Walzl, Baltimore, Maryland\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Galleries, Washington, D.C. and New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William B. Stearns, Bath, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. R. Hall, Biddeford, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026amp; Son, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: L. V. Newell\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Schwing \u0026amp; Rudd, Army of the Cumberland\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026amp; Co. of New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. D. Lytle, Baton Rouge, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Manchester Bros., Providence, Rhode Island\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Sherman, Milwaukee, Wisconsin\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Ben Oppenheimer, Mobile, Alabama\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. C. Pratt, Aurora, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Worms \u0026amp; Co. 383 Broadway, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. Cramer, Carondelet, Missouri\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. R. Edwards, Bowling Green, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George W. Barnes, Rockford, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026amp; Co., New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Nichols, Leavenworth, Kansas\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brown's Photographic Gallery, Paola, Kansas\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Williams Gallery; Skowhegan, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. S. Sanderson, Lewiston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. J. Morrill/C. L. Grossman, Waterville, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026amp; Batchelder, Boston\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. A. Beach, Hastings, Minnesota\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks and Co., New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. C. Spaulding, Point Lookout, Maryland\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026amp; Son, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Conaut, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hesler Gallery, Chicago, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: H. P. Carnes' Car, Montpelier, Vermont\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R.W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hallett, Bowery, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eB. F. Smith and Son, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJ. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Zimmerman's New York Photographic Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Beaumont, Chester, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Wells and Collins, New Haven, Conneticut\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Manchester Brothers, Providence, Rhode Island\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. A. Lord, 158 Chatham Street, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. Moses, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Morgan, Concord, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Clark, Gardiner Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. L. Bergstresser, Army of the Potomac\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. B. Jenks, Paterson, New Jersey\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E.\u0026amp; H.T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George W. Butler, Bath, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bett's and Prusia, Dansville, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Stone Bros., Trumansburch, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. M. Peck's, Elsworth, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. Appleton \u0026amp; Co., New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. J. Pierce, Rockland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Hurn, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E.\u0026amp; H.T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  F. Forshew, Hudson, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. Forshew, Hudson, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. M. Schleier, Nashville, Knoxville, and Chattanooga, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H.T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLe Rue Lemer, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Gallery, New York and Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026amp; Son, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Gibbon, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. Anderson of New Orleans\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavoren, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Lumpkin and Tomlinson, Richmond, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026amp; Son, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Galleries, Washington, D.C. \u0026amp; New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Washburn's, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. R. Gard's Photographic Art Palace, Chicago, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. H. McKenney, Biddeford, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitaker and Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: McPherson \u0026amp; Oliver, Baton Rouge, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: McPherson \u0026amp; Oliver, Baton Rouge, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Philp \u0026amp; Solomon, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Gorman and Jordan, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: I. N. Teague\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026amp; Thompson, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Benjamin\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George Watson, Montpelier, Vermont\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Charles H. Danforth, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Union Photographic Gallery, Camp Butler, Newport News, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Burnite \u0026amp; Weldon, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. S. Sanderson, Dover, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, photographer, McClees Gallery, 308 Penna. Avenue, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William C. North, Cleveland, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Th. Gubelman, Puliski, TN\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hermos, Lima, Peru\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Kerston's Photograph Gallery, Newark, New Jersey\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Moses and Piffet, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Keet and Gemmill, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. M'Kenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Sam A. Cooley, Photographer Tenth Army Corps\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Published by W.V. Lane, Camden, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T.M.V. Doughty, Winsted, Conneticut\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: H. A. Balch's Star Photograph Gallery, Memphis, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: H. Tombarger, Lancaster, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Black and Case\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: O. P. Howe, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. M. Howe, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by Brady; Published by E \u0026amp; H.T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Cooley \u0026amp; Becket, Beaufort, South Carolina\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bowdoin, Taylor, and Co., Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. G. Montgomery of Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Ingraham Brothers, Westfield, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Cushing \u0026amp; King Photographers, Woodstock, Vermont\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady, New York; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Moses, Trenton, New Jersey\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: H. C. Brown, Norwich, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Marse, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. Forshew, Hudson, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Webster \u0026amp; Bro., Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026amp; Quick, Cincinnati, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Joshua Appleby Williams, Newport, Rhode Island\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Silli, Nice, France\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. W. Beckwith, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. W. Beckwith, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Wolff's Gallery, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. E. Mosely, Newburyport\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Harter's Fine Art Gallery, Auburn, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Pein \u0026amp; Co., Richmond, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Gorman and Jordan, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. C. Burnite \u0026amp; Co., Harrisburg, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. B. Brown's, Providence, Rhode Island\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. J. Tait, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Conant and Johnson, Lewiston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. O. Durgan, Farmouth, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C.H. Freeman, Montpelier, Vermont\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Kilgore's, Belfast, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by Joseph Ward, Boston, Massachusetts;  Photograph by Matthew Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: I. N. Teague, Lewiston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBarr \u0026amp; Young, Vicksburg, Mississippi\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Photographed by Brady, Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026amp; Co., New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  C. L. Marston, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. R. Marks, Austin, Texas\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Mc Clee's Gallery, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026amp; White, Corinth, Mississippi\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Rhodes, St. Law Co., New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Munger \u0026amp; Stone, Quincy, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Cross, Belvidere, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Emery\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Wm. McHenry, Freeport, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Fredricks \u0026amp; Co., New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Purvience, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. S. Estabrook, Houlton, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  F. L. Lay's, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. P. Smith, Kankakee City, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026amp; Co., New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  J.T. Bradshaw \u0026amp; Co., successors to G. Moses, Quincy, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: P. L. Perkins\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredericks \u0026amp; Co., New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Daily's Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. F. Brandon, Camp Douglas, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. Braisted, Freeport, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. Hesler, Chicago\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Pierce, Galena, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R.W. Addis, McClees's Gallery, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. Crockett, Rockland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. P. \u0026amp; F. W. Hardy, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Chas. H. Danforth, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. C. Reeve, Lambertville, New Jersey\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Morse's Gallery of the Cumberland, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Geo. S. Cook, Charleston, South Carolina\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026amp; Son, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Slagle, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Slee Brothers, Poughkeepsie, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H.T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  J.H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Curtis and Crosby, Lewiston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. Lewis Wires, Milford\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  C. Evans, Philadelphia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: P. B. Jones, Davenport, Iowa\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: N. H. Black, Natchez, Mississippi\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Schwing \u0026amp; Rudd, Army of The Cumberland\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Sherman, Milwaukee, Wisconsin\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George B. Butler, Bath, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Joseph Ward, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: John Goldin, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Pein \u0026amp; Co., Washington City\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Good \u0026amp; Stokes, Trenton, New Jersey\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. Jacob's, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. \u0026amp; J. L. Abbott, Albany, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Barnes, Rockford, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Layton's, Rockford, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Nason's Photograph Gallery, Columbus, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bachrach \u0026amp; Bro, Baltimore, Maryland\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Cross and Franke, Arlington, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Watson, Raleigh, North Carolina\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. P. Smith \u0026amp; Son, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Julius Brill, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Saylor's New Photograph Gallery, Reading, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Crosby, 13th Regiment Mass. Volunteers\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: John Weiss, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Clark, Gardiner, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: John Cadwallader, Toledo, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: H. Bitner, Mr. Carroll, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bowdoin, Taylor and Company, 204 King Forner Columbus Street, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: H. Jennings, artist, The New \u0026amp; Reliable Gallery, Lancaster, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Peplow and Balch, Memphis, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Thomas and Pearson, Macomb, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Henszey \u0026amp; Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Henszey \u0026amp; Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Henzey \u0026amp; Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Henzey \u0026amp; Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mathew B. Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam Pierce, Brunswick, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. F. Saltsman, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: John Goldin \u0026amp; Co., Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. P. H. Capron \u0026amp; Bros. , Springfield, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. J. Merritt's National Portrait Gallery, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Giers \u0026amp; Co., Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitney and Paradise, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: August Morand, Brooklyn, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. K. Jewell, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredericks \u0026amp; Co., New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bishop \u0026amp; Campbell, Army of the Cumberland\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Trask and Davis, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Henszey \u0026amp; Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Butler and King, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. J. Moulton, El Mira, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Lewis, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Guay and Co., New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Davis Brothers Photograph Rooms, Portsmouth and Exeter, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026amp; Batchelder, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Loring's Photographic Gallery, Eastport, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026amp; Co., New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Philadelphia Photographic Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. Constant, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: King, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George D. Puffer, Nashua, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. S. Estabrook, Houlton, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by M. J. Powers; Published by Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Moses \u0026amp; Piffet, successors to E. Jacobs, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Murphy Bros., Alton, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Godshaw \u0026amp; Flexner, Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Moffat and Simpson, Key West, Florida\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. P. Ayer, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William F. Blunt, North Anson, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026amp; Son, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. Appleton \u0026amp; Co., New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Anson's\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Fassetts Gallery, Chicago, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Gardner, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Meade Brothers, Astor, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026amp; Son, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Alex. Gardner, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady, New York, NY; Published by E. Anthony, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Philp \u0026amp; Solomon, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H.T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Watson's, Raleigh, NC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: L. Thompson, Norwich, Connecticut\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. M. Schleier, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenny, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mason \u0026amp; Gardner, Providence, Rhode Island\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Handy, Washington, D.C..\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Outley's, St. Louis, Missouri\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bragy Gallery\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. F. King, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Frank E. Stanley, Auburn, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Anderson's Photographic Gallery, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. P. Browne, Bath, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. Jacobs \u0026amp; Company, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026amp; Son, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Trask \u0026amp; Lewis\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady, New York, New York; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady, New York, New York; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Charles K. Bill's, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Wilder Brothers, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Zimmermans's N.F W York, Photographic Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. H. Cole, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. Hesler, Chicago, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Alex Gardner; Published by Philp \u0026amp; Solomons, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. A. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. B. Smith, Utica, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026amp; Thompson, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Dunshee's, Boston\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. Adams, Nashville, Tenn.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Abbott, Albany, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: L. I. Prince, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  J.S. Medlar, Woodstock, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. A. A. Rhodes, West Rockford, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. O. Furnald, Manchester, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Wolff's Gallery, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Gallery, New York and Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: French \u0026amp; Sawyer, Keene, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Cole's Photographic Gallery, Peoria, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William Nims, Photographer, Fort Edward, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: P. H. McKernon, Saratoga Springs, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: P. H. McKernon, Saratoga Springs, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: P. H. McKernon, Saratoga Springs, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: P. H. McKernon, Saratoga Springs, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland Metropolitan Gallery, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Lobell General Hospital, Portsmouth Grove, Rhode Island\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William Summerhays\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Davis Brothers Photograph Rooms, Portsmouth and Exeter, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Filley \u0026amp; Gilbert, New Haven, Connecticut\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Haas \u0026amp; Peale, Hilton Head, South Carolina\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. N. Medernach, Danville, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  R. H. Dewey, Pittsfield, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Wagoner's, Mt. Morris, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Samuel A. Cooley, Beaufort, South Carolina\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Thompson Gallery, Albany, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Lowell, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026amp; Thompson, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. B. Stearns, Bath, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: H. G. Fetters, Peru, Indiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: New Orleans Photographic Co.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Rees of Richmond, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  J.L. Winner, Annapolis, MD\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bishop \u0026amp; Campbell, Photographers, Army of the Cumberland\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. F. Conant, Skowhegan, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. P. Paige, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Powelson's, Detroit, Michigan\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: N. Olsen Photographer, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by Vannerson \u0026amp; Jones, Richmond, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBrady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. O. Jewett, Lebanon, Missouri\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026amp; Son, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bell and Brother\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Roseberry, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Gallery, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: L. W. Cook, Weymouth Landing, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: James S. Earle \u0026amp; Son, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Havens, Jacksonville, FL\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. A. Tresize, Springfield, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: O.C. Benjamin, Newark, N. J.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady, New York, NY; Published by E. Anthony, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brendann Bros., Baltimore\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Wenderoth \u0026amp; Taylor; Published by McAllister \u0026amp; Bro., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. H Messenger, US General Hospital, Annapolis, Maryland\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. P. Barr, Army Photographer, Vicksburg\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitaker \u0026amp; Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Griswold \u0026amp; Smith, Columbus, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: M. B. Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. R. Davis, Biddeford, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBrady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. R. Hall, Biddeford, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. H. Brown, Savannah, Georgia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Manchester Brothers Photographers, Providence, Rhode Island\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Fredericks and Co., New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. K. Jewell, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bundy and Williams, New Haven, Conneticut\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bowers, Lynn, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Kin, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Elrod Bro.'s, Lexington, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Piper \u0026amp; Sanborn, Manchester, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  J. Perry Elliott's City Gallery, Indianapolis, Indiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. Ames, Quincy, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026amp; Bro, Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026amp; Bro, Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026amp; Bro, Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026amp; Bro, Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026amp; Bro, Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. D. Phillips, 14th Army Corps\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: M. K. Marshall, Circleville, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  J. A. Scholten, Saint Louis, Missouri\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gault, Mt. Sterling, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. S. German, Springfield, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hawkins \u0026amp; Philpot, Macomb, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. W. De Camp, Newark, New Jersey\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Webster, Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. Jacobs, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUnknown Photographer; Published by E. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner, Photographer to the Army of the Potomac, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Morse, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Pratt's Gallery, Richmond, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Schreiber \u0026amp; Son, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Erekson \u0026amp; Bodurtha, Bridgeport, Conneticut\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hinds, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Abraham Fisher, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. N. Wilson, Savannah, Georgia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Birney Linn\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Louis Walzl\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Variell, Gardiner, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. A. Turner, D. Appleton \u0026amp; Co., New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: M. F. King, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. H. White, Jacksonport, Arkansas\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. H. Spieler's, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026amp; Taylor, Corinth, Mississippi\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: O.H. Willard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. P. Layton, Rockford, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: John Goldin \u0026amp; Col, Washington D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: N. C. Sanborn, Lowell, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Marshall, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Partridges Photographic Gallery and Stock Depot, Wheeling, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026amp; White, Corinth, Mississippi\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. W. A. Reed, Quincy, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Fred C. Low, East Cambridge, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brooks \u0026amp; Blauvelt, Port Hudson, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. L. Marston, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Evans and Prince, York, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Ingraham Bros, Westfield, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Clark, Ionia, Michigan\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. C. Giers, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E \u0026amp; H.T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026amp; Co., New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: N. R. Bideout \u0026amp; Co., Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: John Goldin, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJ. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitney's Gallery, Saint Paul, Minnesota\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: H. B. King, Taunton, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Charles Jameson, Columbia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Anderson's Photographic Gallery, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  L. D. Cox, Ludlow, Vermont\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Davis, Columbus, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. Brainstead, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Tyler \u0026amp; Co., Charleston, South Carolina\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E \u0026amp; H.T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026amp; Co., New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Larkin Gallery, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George W. Butler, Bath, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George C. White, Boston\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitney's Gallery, Saint Paul, Minnesota\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: M. J. Powers, Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: McLure, Allen P.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Peplow \u0026amp; Balch, Memphis, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Nollen \u0026amp; Van Grieken, Keokuk, Iowa\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026amp; Co., New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026amp; Case, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. H. Cole, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. L. Jackson, Lewiston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bundy and Williams, New Haven, Connecticut\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. A. Scholten, St. Louis, Missouri\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. G. Carleton, Waterville, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Gilbert's, Philadelphia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavorn's Metropolitan Gallery, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Sprague \u0026amp; Curtis, Lewiston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Campbell \u0026amp; Ecker, Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Pierce \u0026amp; Cogswell, Rochelle, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: H. T. McCormick, Martinsburg, West Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Loomis, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hall, Lawrence, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Kennedy \u0026amp; Schenck, Newark, New Jersey\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Morell, George Webb\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hall, South Royalton, Vermont\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Fredricks \u0026amp; Co., New Yor\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Schwing \u0026amp; Rudd, Army of the Cumberland\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Scripture, Peterboro, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer's, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. L. Eaton, Omaha, Nebraska\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Gurney \u0026amp; Son, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Downs \u0026amp; Co., New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hagaman, Philadelphia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. J. I. Murray, Myerstown, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Reimer, Philadelphia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hanford, New London, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Webster's Photograph Gallery, Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Carr, Old Town, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Loomis, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Miller and Rowell, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  S. A. Cooley, Beaufort, South Carolina\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026amp; Thompson, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William B. Stearns, Bath, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Fassett, Dexter, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Kertson \u0026amp; Barker, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Crockett\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: John A. Heard, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Loomis, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Kimball \u0026amp; Sons, Concord, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by A. A. Turner; Published by D. Appleton \u0026amp; Co., New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Taylor and Seavey\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. Milton Lapham, Decatur, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bowdoin, Taylor, \u0026amp; Co, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. I. Marston, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Boston\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. P. Layton, Rockford, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Haseltine, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hinds, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026amp; White, Corinth, Mississippi\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Smith, Sr., Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Evans, Norfolk, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. McMahon, Mt. Pleasant, Iowa\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. M' Kenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. McNulty, Springfield, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, McClees' Gallery, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Cole of Biddleford, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. F. Ryder, Cleveland\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. H. McKenny, Biddleford, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Lilienthal and Co., New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Sprague \u0026amp; Tapley, Lewiston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Geo. P. Hall, St. Louis, Missouri\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady 's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. F. Howe, Jamestown , New York, A. J. Stiles, Photographist\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026amp; Son, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: P. E. Gibbs, Richmond, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. L. Bracey, Great Falls, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  J. Gurney \u0026amp; Son, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Lutges, Detroit, Michigan\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney and Son, Broadway, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bell and Brother, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. S. Sanderson, Lewiston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Curtis and Crosby, Lewiston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Variell, Gardiner, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  B. F. Smith \u0026amp; Son, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George E. Collins; Bucksport, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Handy, Washington, D.C..\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026amp; Quicks, Cincinnati, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026amp; Taylor, Corinth, Mississippi\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic and Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Porter's, Cincinnati, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. N. Granniss, Waterbury, Connecticut\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bundy \u0026amp; Williams, New Haven, Connecticut\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. J. Thompson \u0026amp; Co., Albany, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: King, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. A. Stevens, Richmond, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026amp; Quick's, Cincinnati, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady, New York, New York; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBrady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Carbutt, Chicago, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Rivers', St. Louis, Missouri\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George Rockwood, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hinds, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Kimball, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Hornbaker, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. S. Estabrook, Houlton, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. F. King\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. J. Moulton, Elmira, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A.R. Boynton, Sanbornton Bridge, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Davis Brothers, Portsmouth, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. M'Kenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. Crockett, Rockland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Burwell \u0026amp; Homan, New Haven, Connecticut\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026amp; Son, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Black and Case, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Magnolia, Lexington, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. F. Saltsman, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Smith \u0026amp; Wybrant, Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Weitfle \u0026amp; Wright, 1st Division, 6th Corps\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Charles S. Hart, Watertown, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Haas \u0026amp; Peale, Hilton Head, South Carolina\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Webster \u0026amp; Bro., Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  C.H. Smedley \u0026amp; Co., Middletown, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. McMahon, Photographer, Danville, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  R. A. Lewis, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. Moses \u0026amp; Co., Quincy, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. F. Child, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  A. Hesler, Chicago, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Kimberly Brothers\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  J. Carbutt, Chicago, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Samuel Masury, Boston\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026amp; Co., New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Photographed by Brady, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026amp; Co., New York, Habana, Paris\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026amp; Co., New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026amp; Co., New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  Helke and Benecke, St. Louis, Missouri\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hopkins, Annapolis, Maryland\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J.H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Churchill \u0026amp; Dennison, Albany, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Variell, Gardiner, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavoren's, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. Constant, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. Anderson, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. Gould, North Bridgton, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Webster and Bro., Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavoren, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. L. Heath, Norwalk, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. F. Saltsman, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. M. Peck, Ellsworth, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. Crocket, Rockland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. B. Field, Morris, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. P. Greenwald, Newark, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Gorham and Co, Providence, Rhode Island\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Moses \u0026amp; Piffet, successors to E. Jacobs, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hinton \u0026amp; Cleary's, Montgomery, Alabama\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. F. Yung\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brown's Gallery, Little Rock, Arkansas\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William Brown, Photographer of the Army of Arkansas\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Griswold \u0026amp; White, Corinth, Mississippi\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Morse's, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Davis, Biddleford, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. K. Jewell, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Black, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: P. Butler, Springfield, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Lewis, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Currier, Amesbury, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Currier, Amesbury, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Cole, Biddeford, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Cahill, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George H. Wood, Towanda, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady's, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. F. Sterlin, Woodstock, Vermont\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. Hesler, Chicago, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: by H. Glosser, Broadway, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Turner, Philadelphia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Crockett, Norway, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. Case, Halifax, Nova Scotia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. Anderson, New Orleans\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Balkan Studio, Wartham, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Jordan \u0026amp; Co., New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. A. Colley, Beaufort, South Carolina\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: L. V. Newell\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  J. W. Black, Boston\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. K. McMurray, Winchester, W. Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. O. Burgan, Yarmouth, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026amp; Quick's Art Palace, Cincinnati, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Thurlow, Peoria, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Smith, Southbridge\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Schwing \u0026amp; Rudd, Photographers Army of the Cumberland\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Sam A. Cooley, Beaufort, South Carolina\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: P. L. Perkins\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Beecher and Grier's Photograph Rooms, West Chester, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady, New York, New York; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Knight, Batavia, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bradley \u0026amp; Rulofson, San Francisco, California\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. W. Loud, Bowery, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. G. Johnson,  Dubuque, Iowa\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Klauber \u0026amp; Campbell, Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Butler \u0026amp; Smetters, Springfield, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Van Stavoren, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  E. A. Piffet's Gallery of Art, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. W. Hinds, North Vassalboro, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. Haslinger in St. Polten\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. Haslinger in St. Polten\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Fassett's Gallery, Chicago, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitney \u0026amp; Paradise, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony,  New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. C. Elrod's, Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Houghton, Brattleboro, Vermont\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. K. Jewell, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. Brown's, Waldoboro, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. A. Pippet's, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. A. Scholten, St. Louis, Missouri\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bailey \u0026amp; Silver's, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026amp; Co., New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. Piper, Manchester, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Washington Gallery, Vicksburg, Mississippi\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. L. Troxell, St. Louis, Missouri\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Wykes \u0026amp; Brown, Wheeling, West Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio:  J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026amp; Son, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A.C. Lewis, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Lewis, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: French \u0026amp; Sawyer, Keene, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Rider, Ondawa House, Salem, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Anderson \u0026amp; Turner, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitney's Gallery, Saint Paul, Minnesota\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Marshall, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Lamson, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Davis Brothers Photograph Rooms, Portsmouth and Exeter, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Whitehead, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. Wing's, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. M. Schleier's, Nashville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Case and Getchell, Boston\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. B. Hopkins, Lock-Haven, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. L. Marston, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bell \u0026amp; Brother, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. A. Paul, Skowhegan, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Perry Elliott's City Gallery, Indianapolis, Indiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Keith \u0026amp; Ross, Machias, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Keith \u0026amp; Ross, Machias, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. S. Sanderson, Dover, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Estabrook's Ferrotypes, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, 363 Broadway, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Otto Wagner, 385 Broadway, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. C. Ely, Greenfield, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Johnson's, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: D. Appleton, and Co., New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026amp; Son, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: John H. Pein \u0026amp; Co., Richmond, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia; Published by McAllister \u0026amp; Brother, Philadelphia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: King, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Lochman's Photographic Gallery, Allentown, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: P. Tenney Gates, Plattsburgh, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. H. Williamson's Brooklyn, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: M. G. Trask, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hallet, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Sumner \u0026amp; Harris Union Gallery, Gen'l Butler's H. Qrs. in the Field\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Lomas, Eastport Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. M. Fassett, Chicago, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony, New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Downs \u0026amp; Co., New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. Sellers, Keokuk, Iowa\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. A. Sheldon, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Andrew D. Lytle, Baton Rouge, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Black, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026amp; Case, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. M. Aiken, Ware, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLithograph by Murray \u0026amp; Goodwin, Albany, New York; Published by G. H. Treadwell, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Theodore Harris, Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Possibly S. Anderson, New Orleans, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. Wearn, Columbia, South Carolina\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Keenan, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Rees, Richmond, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. R. Phipps, Lexington, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Rees, Richmond, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Rees, Richmond, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: WM. Frank Browne, Artist, P.O. Box 480, Washington, D.C., U.S. Army\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William Frank Browne\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Farrar's Photographic Rooms, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Farrar's Photographic Rooms, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Royan M. Linn\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Quimby of Charleston\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Maynard \u0026amp; Willis, Milford, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Keim, Lebanon, Pa.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Charles A. Saylor, Reading, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: John Daily, Lebanon, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bowdoin, Taylor \u0026amp; Co., Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Lupton \u0026amp; Brown, Winchester, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Wolff's Gallery, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Richardson of Lima, Peru\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William P. Holt, Concord, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. H. Smiley's Photographic Gallery, Knoxville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Orcutt's, Cambridge\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Victor Piard, Jersey City, New Jersey\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Elrod Borthers, Lexington, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hunting's, Belfast, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Frederick, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: M. L. Averill, Oldtown, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Trask and Lewis, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Lewis, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: H. A. Mills, Camden, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Crockett, Norway, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Ball \u0026amp; Thomas, Cincinnati, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Sidney Brown, St. Louis, Missouri\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. C. Price, New Philadelphia, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: John A. Heard, Tremont Row, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. N. Ramsdill, Ballston Spa, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Bundy \u0026amp; Williams, New Haven, Connecticut\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. N. Blanchard, Barre, Vermont\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026amp; Son, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. M. Vanaken, Lowville, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. Goben, Troy, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Frank Winter, Fort Shaw, Montana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Gill's City Gallery, Lancaster, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Washington, DC\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Wm. J. Tate, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Stokes, Trenton, New Jersey\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Clark, Gardiner, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Clark, Gardiner, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: M. F. King\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. M. M. Kenney, Portland, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Curtis \u0026amp; Cosby, Lewiston, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Hunting's Belfast, Maine\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Brooks \u0026amp; Blauvelt, Port Hudson, Louisiana\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Platt, Oberlin, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. E. Prall, Knoxville, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. Worms \u0026amp; Co., New York, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: John Roth, Freehold, New Jersey\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026amp; Barker, New York, NY\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. Knecht, Easton, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Victory Piard, Jersey City, New Jersey\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: R. S. Jacoby, Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Published by G. L. Collins, Paola, Kansas\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: H. Bitner, Mt. Carroll, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Ullary \u0026amp; Perry, Greenville, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. Roberts, Cleveland, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: F. B. Zay, Findlay, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: V. B. Massey, Lancaster, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. Kasten, Freeport, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Aldridge \u0026amp; Merriman, Chicago, Illinois\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: C. R. Rees \u0026amp; Bros., Richmond, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Pope, Brooklyn, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. Klauber, Louisville, Kentucky\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: E. J. Jacobs, New Orleans\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by Keystone View Company\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer: P. Haas\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer: P. Haas\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer: P. Haas\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer: P. Haas\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer: P. Haas\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer: P. Haas\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer: P. Haas\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer: D. P. Barr, Army Photographer, Vicksburg, Miss.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer: French \u0026amp; Co., Vicksburg, Miss.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Barr \u0026amp; Young, Army Photographers, Fort Pickering, Memphis, Tennessee\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Moulton \u0026amp; Larkin, Elmira, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Moulton \u0026amp; Larkin, Elmira, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Moulton \u0026amp; Larkin, Elmira, New York\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed and Published by B. W. Kilburn, Littleton, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed and Published by Kilburn Brothers, Littleton, New Hampshire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Rollins \u0026amp; Linn\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by Keystone View Company\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographed by Brady \u0026amp; Co., Washington, D.C.; Published by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony \u0026amp; Co.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony \u0026amp; Co., Negative by Brady \u0026amp; Co., Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. Anthony \u0026amp; Co.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by E. \u0026amp; H. T. 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F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Petty, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. A. Mills, Camden, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Miller and Rowell, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Holyland, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: O. L. Marston, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavoren, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Whitehurst \u0026 Co., Baltimore, Maryland","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Anderson \u0026 Turner, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio:","Photographer/Photography Studio: John L. Gihon's Photographic Art Galleries, 1024 Chestnut St. Phila.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Knowles \u0026 Hillman, New Bedford, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: William B. Stearus, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gooding, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wenderoth, Taylor and Brown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Published by Handy, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bocardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Anderson's, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Carpenter's Gem Gallery, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Jacobs, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: McPherson, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. W. Barker, Canton, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. McNulty, Ar,  Springfield, IL, City Galle","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic and Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wing's Gallery, Waterville, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Varriell, Gardiner, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. K. Brown, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry M. Wells, Cambridge, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. A. Mills, Camden, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Taft, artist, Oak Gallery, Memphis, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. A. Simonds, Chillicothe, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. D. Lytle, Baton Rouge, Louisiana","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony,  New York, from Photographic Negative by Brady's National Portrait Gallery","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lewis and Kane, Victoria, Texas","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Gould, North Bridgton, Maine","French \u0026 Sawyer, Keene, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington D.C.","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's, Washington, D.C. and New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026 Quick's, Cincinnati, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. D. Hamilton, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio:","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026 Case, Boston, Massachusetts, and Newport, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Walzl, Baltimore, Maryland","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Galleries, Washington, D.C. and New York","Photographer/Photography Studio:","Photographer/Photography Studio: William B. Stearns, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. R. Hall, Biddeford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: L. V. Newell","Photographer/Photography Studio:","Photographer/Photography Studio: Schwing \u0026 Rudd, Army of the Cumberland","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026 Co. of New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. D. Lytle, Baton Rouge, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Manchester Bros., Providence, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Sherman, Milwaukee, Wisconsin","Photographer/Photography Studio: Ben Oppenheimer, Mobile, Alabama","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. C. Pratt, Aurora, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Worms \u0026 Co. 383 Broadway, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. Cramer, Carondelet, Missouri","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. R. Edwards, Bowling Green, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: George W. Barnes, Rockford, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Nichols, Leavenworth, Kansas","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brown's Photographic Gallery, Paola, Kansas","Photographer/Photography Studio: Williams Gallery; Skowhegan, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. S. Sanderson, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. J. Morrill/C. L. Grossman, Waterville, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026 Batchelder, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. A. Beach, Hastings, Minnesota","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks and Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. C. Spaulding, Point Lookout, Maryland","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Conaut, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hesler Gallery, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. P. Carnes' Car, Montpelier, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: R.W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hallett, Bowery, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","B. F. Smith and Son, Portland, Maine","J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Zimmerman's New York Photographic Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Beaumont, Chester, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wells and Collins, New Haven, Conneticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: Manchester Brothers, Providence, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. A. Lord, 158 Chatham Street, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. Moses, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Morgan, Concord, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Clark, Gardiner Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. L. Bergstresser, Army of the Potomac","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. B. Jenks, Paterson, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographed by Brady; Published by E.\u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: George W. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bett's and Prusia, Dansville, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Stone Bros., Trumansburch, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. M. Peck's, Elsworth, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. Appleton \u0026 Co., New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. J. Pierce, Rockland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Hurn, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio:  G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine","Photographed by Brady; Published by E.\u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio:  F. Forshew, Hudson, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Forshew, Hudson, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. M. Schleier, Nashville, Knoxville, and Chattanooga, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland, Washington, D.C.","Le Rue Lemer, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Gallery, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gibbon, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Anderson of New Orleans","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavoren, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lumpkin and Tomlinson, Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Galleries, Washington, D.C. \u0026 New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Washburn's, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. R. Gard's Photographic Art Palace, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. H. McKenney, Biddeford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitaker and Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: McPherson \u0026 Oliver, Baton Rouge, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: McPherson \u0026 Oliver, Baton Rouge, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Philp \u0026 Solomon, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gorman and Jordan, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: I. N. Teague","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026 Thompson, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Benjamin","Photographer/Photography Studio: George Watson, Montpelier, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles H. Danforth, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Union Photographic Gallery, Camp Butler, Newport News, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Burnite \u0026 Weldon, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. S. Sanderson, Dover, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, photographer, McClees Gallery, 308 Penna. Avenue, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: William C. North, Cleveland, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Th. Gubelman, Puliski, TN","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hermos, Lima, Peru","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kerston's Photograph Gallery, Newark, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moses and Piffet, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Keet and Gemmill, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. M'Kenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Sam A. Cooley, Photographer Tenth Army Corps","Photographer/Photography Studio: Published by W.V. Lane, Camden, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T.M.V. Doughty, Winsted, Conneticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. A. Balch's Star Photograph Gallery, Memphis, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. Tombarger, Lancaster, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black and Case","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: O. P. Howe, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. M. Howe, Portland, Maine","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Published by Brady; Published by E \u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Cooley \u0026 Becket, Beaufort, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bowdoin, Taylor, and Co., Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. G. Montgomery of Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Ingraham Brothers, Westfield, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Cushing \u0026 King Photographers, Woodstock, Vermont","Photographed by Brady, New York; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moses, Trenton, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. C. Brown, Norwich, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Marse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Forshew, Hudson, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Webster \u0026 Bro., Louisville, Kentucky","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026 Quick, Cincinnati, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Joshua Appleby Williams, Newport, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Silli, Nice, France","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. W. Beckwith, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. W. Beckwith, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wolff's Gallery, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. E. Mosely, Newburyport","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Harter's Fine Art Gallery, Auburn, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Pein \u0026 Co., Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gorman and Jordan, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. C. Burnite \u0026 Co., Harrisburg, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. B. Brown's, Providence, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. J. Tait, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Conant and Johnson, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. O. Durgan, Farmouth, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: C.H. Freeman, Montpelier, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kilgore's, Belfast, Maine","Published by Joseph Ward, Boston, Massachusetts;  Photograph by Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: I. N. Teague, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.","Photographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Barr \u0026 Young, Vicksburg, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: Photographed by Brady, Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio:  C. L. Marston, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. R. Marks, Austin, Texas","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Mc Clee's Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026 White, Corinth, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Rhodes, St. Law Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Munger \u0026 Stone, Quincy, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Cross, Belvidere, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Emery","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wm. McHenry, Freeport, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Purvience, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. S. Estabrook, Houlton, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio:  F. L. Lay's, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. P. Smith, Kankakee City, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J.T. Bradshaw \u0026 Co., successors to G. Moses, Quincy, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. L. Perkins","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredericks \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Daily's Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. F. Brandon, Camp Douglas, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Braisted, Freeport, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Hesler, Chicago","Photographer/Photography Studio: Pierce, Galena, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: R.W. Addis, McClees's Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Crockett, Rockland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. P. \u0026 F. W. Hardy, Bangor, Maine","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Chas. H. Danforth, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. C. Reeve, Lambertville, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Morse's Gallery of the Cumberland, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. S. Cook, Charleston, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Slagle, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Slee Brothers, Poughkeepsie, New York","Published by E. \u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J.H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Curtis and Crosby, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Lewis Wires, Milford","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio:  C. Evans, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. B. Jones, Davenport, Iowa","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. H. Black, Natchez, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: Schwing \u0026 Rudd, Army of The Cumberland","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Sherman, Milwaukee, Wisconsin","Photographer/Photography Studio: George B. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries","Photographer/Photography Studio: Joseph Ward, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Goldin, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Pein \u0026 Co., Washington City","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Good \u0026 Stokes, Trenton, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Jacob's, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. \u0026 J. L. Abbott, Albany, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Barnes, Rockford, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Layton's, Rockford, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Nason's Photograph Gallery, Columbus, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bachrach \u0026 Bro, Baltimore, Maryland","Photographer/Photography Studio: Cross and Franke, Arlington, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Watson, Raleigh, North Carolina","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. P. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Julius Brill, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Saylor's New Photograph Gallery, Reading, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Crosby, 13th Regiment Mass. Volunteers","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Weiss, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, NY","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Clark, Gardiner, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Cadwallader, Toledo, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. Bitner, Mr. Carroll, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bowdoin, Taylor and Company, 204 King Forner Columbus Street, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. Jennings, artist, The New \u0026 Reliable Gallery, Lancaster, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Peplow and Balch, Memphis, Tennessee","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Thomas and Pearson, Macomb, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henszey \u0026 Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henszey \u0026 Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henzey \u0026 Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henzey \u0026 Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew B. Brady","William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. F. Saltsman, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Goldin \u0026 Co., Washington, D.C.","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. P. H. Capron \u0026 Bros. , Springfield, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. J. Merritt's National Portrait Gallery, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Giers \u0026 Co., Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitney and Paradise, New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: August Morand, Brooklyn, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. K. Jewell, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredericks \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bishop \u0026 Campbell, Army of the Cumberland","Photographer/Photography Studio: Trask and Davis, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henszey \u0026 Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Butler and King, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. J. Moulton, El Mira, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Lewis, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Guay and Co., New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Davis Brothers Photograph Rooms, Portsmouth and Exeter, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026 Batchelder, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Loring's Photographic Gallery, Eastport, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Philadelphia Photographic Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Constant, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: King, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: George D. Puffer, Nashua, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. S. Estabrook, Houlton, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland, Washington, D.C.","Photographed by M. J. Powers; Published by Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moses \u0026 Piffet, successors to E. Jacobs, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Murphy Bros., Alton, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Godshaw \u0026 Flexner, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moffat and Simpson, Key West, Florida","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. P. Ayer, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: William F. Blunt, North Anson, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. Appleton \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Anson's","Photographer/Photography Studio: Fassetts Gallery, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gardner, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery","Photographer/Photography Studio: Meade Brothers, Astor, New York","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Alex. Gardner, Washington, DC","Photographed by Brady, New York, NY; Published by E. Anthony, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Philp \u0026 Solomon, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Watson's, Raleigh, NC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: L. Thompson, Norwich, Connecticut","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. M. Schleier, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenny, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mason \u0026 Gardner, Providence, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: Handy, Washington, D.C..","Photographer/Photography Studio: Outley's, St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bragy Gallery","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. F. King, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Frank E. Stanley, Auburn, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Anderson's Photographic Gallery, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. P. Browne, Bath, Maine","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Jacobs \u0026 Company, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Trask \u0026 Lewis","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographed by Brady, New York, New York; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony","Photographed by Brady, New York, New York; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles K. Bill's, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wilder Brothers, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Zimmermans's N.F W York, Photographic Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. H. Cole, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Hesler, Chicago, Illinois","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographed by Alex Gardner; Published by Philp \u0026 Solomons, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. A. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. B. Smith, Utica, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026 Thompson, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Dunshee's, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. Adams, Nashville, Tenn.","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Abbott, Albany, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: L. I. Prince, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J.S. Medlar, Woodstock, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. A. A. Rhodes, West Rockford, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. O. Furnald, Manchester, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wolff's Gallery, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic Portrait Gallery, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: French \u0026 Sawyer, Keene, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Cole's Photographic Gallery, Peoria, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Nims, Photographer, Fort Edward, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. H. McKernon, Saratoga Springs, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. H. McKernon, Saratoga Springs, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. H. McKernon, Saratoga Springs, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. H. McKernon, Saratoga Springs, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland Metropolitan Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lobell General Hospital, Portsmouth Grove, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Summerhays","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Davis Brothers Photograph Rooms, Portsmouth and Exeter, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Filley \u0026 Gilbert, New Haven, Connecticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: Haas \u0026 Peale, Hilton Head, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. N. Medernach, Danville, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio:  R. H. Dewey, Pittsfield, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Wagoner's, Mt. Morris, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Samuel A. Cooley, Beaufort, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Thompson Gallery, Albany, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Lowell, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026 Thompson, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. B. Stearns, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. G. Fetters, Peru, Indiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: New Orleans Photographic Co.","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Rees of Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J.L. Winner, Annapolis, MD","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bishop \u0026 Campbell, Photographers, Army of the Cumberland","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. F. Conant, Skowhegan, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. P. Paige, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren and Lowell, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Powelson's, Detroit, Michigan","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. Olsen Photographer, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC","Photographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Published by Vannerson \u0026 Jones, Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. O. Jewett, Lebanon, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bell and Brother","Photographer/Photography Studio: Jno. Holyland, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Roseberry, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: L. W. Cook, Weymouth Landing, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: James S. Earle \u0026 Son, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Washington, D.C.","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Havens, Jacksonville, FL","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. A. Tresize, Springfield, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: O.C. Benjamin, Newark, N. J.","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine","Photographed by Brady, New York, NY; Published by E. Anthony, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brendann Bros., Baltimore","Photographed by Wenderoth \u0026 Taylor; Published by McAllister \u0026 Bro., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. H Messenger, US General Hospital, Annapolis, Maryland","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. P. Barr, Army Photographer, Vicksburg","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitaker \u0026 Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Griswold \u0026 Smith, Columbus, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: M. B. Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. R. Davis, Biddeford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor Maine","Photographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia","Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. R. Hall, Biddeford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. H. Brown, Savannah, Georgia","Photographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Manchester Brothers Photographers, Providence, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: Fredericks and Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. K. Jewell, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bundy and Williams, New Haven, Conneticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bowers, Lynn, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kin, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Elrod Bro.'s, Lexington, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Piper \u0026 Sanborn, Manchester, New Hampshire","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J. Perry Elliott's City Gallery, Indianapolis, Indiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. Ames, Quincy, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026 Bro, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026 Bro, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026 Bro, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026 Bro, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Abster \u0026 Bro, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. D. Phillips, 14th Army Corps","Photographer/Photography Studio: M. K. Marshall, Circleville, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J. A. Scholten, Saint Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio:  A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gault, Mt. Sterling, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. S. German, Springfield, Illinois","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hawkins \u0026 Philpot, Macomb, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. W. De Camp, Newark, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: Webster, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Jacobs, New Orleans, Louisiana","Unknown Photographer; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner, Photographer to the Army of the Potomac, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Pratt's Gallery, Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Schreiber \u0026 Son, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Erekson \u0026 Bodurtha, Bridgeport, Conneticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hinds, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Abraham Fisher, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. N. Wilson, Savannah, Georgia","Photographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Birney Linn","Photographer/Photography Studio: Louis Walzl","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Variell, Gardiner, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. A. Turner, D. Appleton \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: M. F. King, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. H. White, Jacksonport, Arkansas","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. H. Spieler's, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026 Taylor, Corinth, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: O.H. Willard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. P. Layton, Rockford, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Goldin \u0026 Col, Washington D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. C. Sanborn, Lowell, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Marshall, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Partridges Photographic Gallery and Stock Depot, Wheeling, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026 White, Corinth, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. W. A. Reed, Quincy, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Fred C. Low, East Cambridge, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brooks \u0026 Blauvelt, Port Hudson, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. L. Marston, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Evans and Prince, York, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Ingraham Bros, Westfield, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Clark, Ionia, Michigan","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. C. Giers, Nashville, Tennessee","Published by E \u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Published by E. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. R. Bideout \u0026 Co., Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Goldin, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hendee, Augusta, Maine","J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitney's Gallery, Saint Paul, Minnesota","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. S. Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. B. King, Taunton, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles Jameson, Columbia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Anderson's Photographic Gallery, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio:  L. D. Cox, Ludlow, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Davis, Columbus, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Brainstead, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Tyler \u0026 Co., Charleston, South Carolina","Photographed by Brady; Published by E \u0026 H.T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Larkin Gallery, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: George W. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: George C. White, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. S. Morse, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitney's Gallery, Saint Paul, Minnesota","Published by E. \u0026 H. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: M. J. Powers, Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: McLure, Allen P.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Peplow \u0026 Balch, Memphis, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Nollen \u0026 Van Grieken, Keokuk, Iowa","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026 Case, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. H. Cole, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. L. Jackson, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bundy and Williams, New Haven, Connecticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. A. Scholten, St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. G. Carleton, Waterville, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gilbert's, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavorn's Metropolitan Gallery, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Sprague \u0026 Curtis, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Campbell \u0026 Ecker, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Pierce \u0026 Cogswell, Rochelle, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. T. McCormick, Martinsburg, West Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Loomis, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hall, Lawrence, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kennedy \u0026 Schenck, Newark, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: Morell, George Webb","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hall, South Royalton, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: Fredricks \u0026 Co., New Yor","Photographer/Photography Studio: Schwing \u0026 Rudd, Army of the Cumberland","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Scripture, Peterboro, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer's, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. L. Eaton, Omaha, Nebraska","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gurney \u0026 Son, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Downs \u0026 Co., New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hagaman, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. J. I. Murray, Myerstown, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Reimer, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hanford, New London, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Webster's Photograph Gallery, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Carr, Old Town, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Loomis, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Miller and Rowell, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio:  S. A. Cooley, Beaufort, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026 Thompson, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: William B. Stearns, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Fassett, Dexter, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kertson \u0026 Barker, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Crockett","Photographer/Photography Studio: John A. Heard, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Loomis, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kimball \u0026 Sons, Concord, New Hampshire","Photographed by A. A. Turner; Published by D. Appleton \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Taylor and Seavey","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Milton Lapham, Decatur, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bowdoin, Taylor, \u0026 Co, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. I. Marston, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. P. Layton, Rockford, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Haseltine, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hinds, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026 White, Corinth, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Smith, Sr., Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Evans, Norfolk, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. McMahon, Mt. Pleasant, Iowa","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. M' Kenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio:  R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. McNulty, Springfield, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, McClees' Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Cole of Biddleford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. F. Ryder, Cleveland","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. H. McKenny, Biddleford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lilienthal and Co., New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Sprague \u0026 Tapley, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. P. Hall, St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady 's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. F. Howe, Jamestown , New York, A. J. Stiles, Photographist","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. E. Gibbs, Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. L. Bracey, Great Falls, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lutges, Detroit, Michigan","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney and Son, Broadway, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bell and Brother, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. S. Sanderson, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Curtis and Crosby, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Variell, Gardiner, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio:  B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: George E. Collins; Bucksport, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Handy, Washington, D.C..","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026 Quicks, Cincinnati, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Armstead \u0026 Taylor, Corinth, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's National Photographic and Portrait Galleries, New York and Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Porter's, Cincinnati, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. N. Granniss, Waterbury, Connecticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bundy \u0026 Williams, New Haven, Connecticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. J. Thompson \u0026 Co., Albany, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: King, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. A. Stevens, Richmond, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026 Quick's, Cincinnati, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Geo. W. Butler, Bath, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia","Photographed by Brady, New York, New York; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Carbutt, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Rivers', St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: George Rockwood, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hinds, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kimball, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Hornbaker, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. S. Estabrook, Houlton, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. F. King","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. J. Moulton, Elmira, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A.R. Boynton, Sanbornton Bridge, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Davis Brothers, Portsmouth, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. M'Kenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Crockett, Rockland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Burwell \u0026 Homan, New Haven, Connecticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black and Case, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Magnolia, Lexington, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. F. Saltsman, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Smith \u0026 Wybrant, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Weitfle \u0026 Wright, 1st Division, 6th Corps","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles S. Hart, Watertown, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Haas \u0026 Peale, Hilton Head, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: Webster \u0026 Bro., Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio:  C.H. Smedley \u0026 Co., Middletown, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. McMahon, Photographer, Danville, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio:  R. A. Lewis, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. Moses \u0026 Co., Quincy, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. F. Child, Washington, D.C.","Photographed by Brady's National Portrait Gallery; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio:  A. Hesler, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kimberly Brothers","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J. Carbutt, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Samuel Masury, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Photographed by Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, Habana, Paris","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio:  Helke and Benecke, St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hopkins, Annapolis, Maryland","Photographer/Photography Studio: J.H. Keim, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Churchill \u0026 Dennison, Albany, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Variell, Gardiner, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavoren's, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Constant, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Anderson, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Gould, North Bridgton, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Webster and Bro., Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Van Stavoren, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. L. Heath, Norwalk, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. F. Saltsman, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. M. Peck, Ellsworth, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Crocket, Rockland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. B. Field, Morris, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. P. Greenwald, Newark, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gorham and Co, Providence, Rhode Island","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moses \u0026 Piffet, successors to E. Jacobs, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hinton \u0026 Cleary's, Montgomery, Alabama","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. F. Yung","Photographer/Photography Studio: Matthew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brown's Gallery, Little Rock, Arkansas","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Brown, Photographer of the Army of Arkansas","Photographer/Photography Studio: Griswold \u0026 White, Corinth, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: Morse's, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Davis, Biddleford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. K. Jewell, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. Butler, Springfield, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Lewis, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Currier, Amesbury, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Currier, Amesbury, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Cole, Biddeford, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Cahill, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: George H. Wood, Towanda, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady's, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. F. Sterlin, Woodstock, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: George M. Howe, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Hesler, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: by H. Glosser, Broadway, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Turner, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Henry Ulke, Washington, D.C.","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Crockett, Norway, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. Case, Halifax, Nova Scotia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Anderson, New Orleans","Photographer/Photography Studio: Balkan Studio, Wartham, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Jordan \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. A. Colley, Beaufort, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: L. V. Newell","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J. W. Black, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. K. McMurray, Winchester, W. Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. O. Burgan, Yarmouth, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026 Quick's Art Palace, Cincinnati, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Thurlow, Peoria, Illinois","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Smith, Southbridge","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Schwing \u0026 Rudd, Photographers Army of the Cumberland","Photographer/Photography Studio: Sam A. Cooley, Beaufort, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. L. Perkins","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Beecher and Grier's Photograph Rooms, West Chester, Pennsylvania","Photographed by Brady, New York, New York; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Knight, Batavia, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bradley \u0026 Rulofson, San Francisco, California","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. W. Loud, Bowery, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. G. Johnson,  Dubuque, Iowa","Photographer/Photography Studio: Klauber \u0026 Campbell, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Butler \u0026 Smetters, Springfield, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Van Stavoren, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio:  E. A. Piffet's Gallery of Art, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. Burnham, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. W. Hinds, North Vassalboro, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. Haslinger in St. Polten","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. Haslinger in St. Polten","Photographer/Photography Studio: Fassett's Gallery, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitney \u0026 Paradise, New York, New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. Anthony,  New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. C. Elrod's, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. H. Houghton, Brattleboro, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. K. Jewell, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. Brown's, Waldoboro, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. A. Pippet's, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. A. Scholten, St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lothrop's Ferrotype Gallery, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bailey \u0026 Silver's, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: McAdams, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographed by Brady; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Piper, Manchester, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Washington Gallery, Vicksburg, Mississippi","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. L. Troxell, St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wykes \u0026 Brown, Wheeling, West Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio:  J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A.C. Lewis, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Lewis, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: French \u0026 Sawyer, Keene, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Rider, Ondawa House, Salem, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Anderson \u0026 Turner, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitney's Gallery, Saint Paul, Minnesota","Photographer/Photography Studio: Marshall, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lamson, Portland, Maine","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. E. Alden, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Davis Brothers Photograph Rooms, Portsmouth and Exeter, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Whitehead, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. E. McClees, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Wing's, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. M. Schleier's, Nashville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Case and Getchell, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whipple, Boston","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. B. Hopkins, Lock-Haven, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. L. Marston, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. U. P. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bell \u0026 Brother, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. A. Paul, Skowhegan, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. W. Addis, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Perry Elliott's City Gallery, Indianapolis, Indiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Keith \u0026 Ross, Machias, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Keith \u0026 Ross, Machias, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. S. Sanderson, Dover, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Estabrook's Ferrotypes, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bogardus, 363 Broadway, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Otto Wagner, 385 Broadway, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. C. Ely, Greenfield, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Johnson's, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. Appleton, and Co., New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Gaut, Mt. Sterling, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: John H. Pein \u0026 Co., Richmond, Virginia","Published by E \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York","Photographed by F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia; Published by McAllister \u0026 Brother, Philadelphia","Photographer/Photography Studio: King, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lochman's Photographic Gallery, Allentown, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: P. Tenney Gates, Plattsburgh, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. H. Williamson's Brooklyn, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: M. G. Trask, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hallet, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Sumner \u0026 Harris Union Gallery, Gen'l Butler's H. Qrs. in the Field","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lomas, Eastport Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: B. F. Smith, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. M. Fassett, Chicago, Illinois","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony, New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brady, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Downs \u0026 Co., New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. Sellers, Keokuk, Iowa","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. A. Sheldon, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mrs. M. A. Cutler, Dixon, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Fredricks, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Andrew D. Lytle, Baton Rouge, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Black \u0026 Case, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. M. Aiken, Ware, Massachusetts","Lithograph by Murray \u0026 Goodwin, Albany, New York; Published by G. H. Treadwell, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Theodore Harris, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Possibly S. Anderson, New Orleans, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. Wearn, Columbia, South Carolina","Photographer/Photography Studio: Keenan, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Rees, Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. R. Phipps, Lexington, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Rees, Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Rees, Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: WM. Frank Browne, Artist, P.O. Box 480, Washington, D.C., U.S. Army","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Frank Browne","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Farrar's Photographic Rooms, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Farrar's Photographic Rooms, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Royan M. Linn","Photographer/Photography Studio: Quimby of Charleston","Photographer/Photography Studio: Maynard \u0026 Willis, Milford, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. H. Keim, Lebanon, Pa.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Charles A. Saylor, Reading, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Daily, Excelsior Gallery, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Daily, Lebanon, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bowdoin, Taylor \u0026 Co., Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Mathew Brady","Photographer/Photography Studio: Lupton \u0026 Brown, Winchester, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wolff's Gallery, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: Richardson of Lima, Peru","Photographer/Photography Studio: William P. Holt, Concord, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. H. Smiley's Photographic Gallery, Knoxville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Orcutt's, Cambridge","Photographer/Photography Studio: Victor Piard, Jersey City, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: Elrod Borthers, Lexington, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hunting's, Belfast, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. D. Frederick, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: M. L. Averill, Oldtown, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: William Pierce, Brunswick, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Trask and Lewis, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst Gallery, Washington, D.C.","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Lewis, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. A. Mills, Camden, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. McKenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Crockett, Norway, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: T. R. Burnham, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Ball \u0026 Thomas, Cincinnati, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Sidney Brown, St. Louis, Missouri","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. C. Price, New Philadelphia, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bennett, Alexandria, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: John A. Heard, Tremont Row, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. N. Ramsdill, Ballston Spa, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Warren, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: Bundy \u0026 Williams, New Haven, Connecticut","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. N. Blanchard, Barre, Vermont","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. Gurney \u0026 Son, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. M. Vanaken, Lowville, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. Goben, Troy, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Frank Winter, Fort Shaw, Montana","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gill's City Gallery, Lancaster, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Whitehurst, Washington, DC","Photographer/Photography Studio: Wm. J. Tate, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Stokes, Trenton, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: Clark, Gardiner, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Clark, Gardiner, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: G. W. Tuttle, Thomaston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: M. F. King","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. M. M. Kenney, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Curtis \u0026 Cosby, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hunting's Belfast, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Brooks \u0026 Blauvelt, Port Hudson, Louisiana","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. C. Platt, Oberlin, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. E. Prall, Knoxville, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. Worms \u0026 Co., New York, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: John Roth, Freehold, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: Kerston \u0026 Barker, New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. Knecht, Easton, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Victory Piard, Jersey City, New Jersey","Photographer/Photography Studio: R. S. Jacoby, Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania","Photographer/Photography Studio: Published by G. L. Collins, Paola, Kansas","Photographer/Photography Studio: H. Bitner, Mt. Carroll, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Ullary \u0026 Perry, Greenville, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Roberts, Cleveland, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. B. Zay, Findlay, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: V. B. Massey, Lancaster, Ohio","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. Kasten, Freeport, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: Aldridge \u0026 Merriman, Chicago, Illinois","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. R. Rees \u0026 Bros., Richmond, Virginia","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. W. Black, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Masury, Boston, Massachusetts","Photographer/Photography Studio: W. H. Pope, Brooklyn, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. Klauber, Louisville, Kentucky","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. J. Jacobs, New Orleans","Published by Keystone View Company","Photographer: P. Haas","Photographer: P. Haas","Photographer: P. Haas","Photographer: P. Haas","Photographer: P. Haas","Photographer: P. Haas","Photographer: P. Haas","Photographer: D. P. Barr, Army Photographer, Vicksburg, Miss.","Photographer: French \u0026 Co., Vicksburg, Miss.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Barr \u0026 Young, Army Photographers, Fort Pickering, Memphis, Tennessee","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moulton \u0026 Larkin, Elmira, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moulton \u0026 Larkin, Elmira, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Moulton \u0026 Larkin, Elmira, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner","Photographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner","Photographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner","Photographed and Published by B. W. Kilburn, Littleton, New Hampshire","Photographed and Published by Kilburn Brothers, Littleton, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Rollins \u0026 Linn","Published by Keystone View Company","Photographed by Brady \u0026 Co., Washington, D.C.; Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co.","Photographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner","Photographer/Photography Studio: Alexander Gardner","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co., Negative by Brady \u0026 Co., Washington, D.C.","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co.","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co., Negative by Brady \u0026 Co., Washington, D.C.","Photographed and Published by Bell \u0026 Bro., Washington, D.C.","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co., New York; Negative by Brady \u0026 Co.","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co., American and Foreign Stereoscopic Emporium,  New York, NY","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co., American and Foreign Stereoscopic Emporium,  New York, NY","Published by E. \u0026 H. T. Anthony \u0026 Co., American and Foreign Stereoscopic Emporium,  New York, NY","Photographer/Photography Studio: Gardner","Photographer/Photography Studio: Marks, Houston, Texas","Published by E. M. Worth's American Museum; T. Meehan, Manufacturer of Looking-glass \u0026 Picture Frames, 810 Washington St. Boston, Mass","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. B. Crockett, Norway, Main","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: N. R. Rideout, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: F. B. Smith \u0026 Son, Portland, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: J. S. Hendee, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: A. P. \u0026 F. W. Hardy, Ranger, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: D. K. Jewell, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: E. S. Dunshee, Rochester, New York","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. W. Sawyer, Bangor, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: C. B. Conant, Lewiston, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: S. Piper, Manchester, New Hampshire","Photographer/Photography Studio: Starbird, Augusta, Maine","Photographer/Photography Studio: Hoag \u0026 Quick's Art Palace, Cincinnati, Ohio","Painted by Robt. W. Weit; Engraved by Geo. W. Watch"],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection contains offensive or harmful language and imagery. This includes—but is not limited to—correspondence and diary entries that express racist views; photographs of enslaved people forced into inhumane conditions by enslavers; descriptions of violence and battle experiences; photographs of deceased soldiers; and correspondence containing explicit descriptions of sex. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe donor's accession numbering system has been preserved to maintain access to collection metadata or descriptive information. Each file title in this finding aid includes the donor accession number at the end of the title and each corresponding physical folder or item is also labeled with the donor accession number. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDonor accession numbers are comprised of letters denoting document or photograph format followed by a four-digit number that denotes the number of the accession. The following examples can be found in the collection: DA0001 (meaning document - autograph), DC0001.001 (document - currency), DL0001 (document - letter), DN0003 (document - newspaper), DOR0001 (document - order), DOT0001 (document - other), DR0002 (document - requisition), PA0184 (photograph - ambrotype), PC0200 (photograph - carte de visite), PD0007 (photograph - daguerreotype), POT0012 (photograph - other), and PT0003 (photograph - tintype).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThese donor accession numbers can be used to search the donation listing spreadsheet for corresponding metadata. This spreadsheet is available to download directly from the finding aid below, under External Documents.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eAbout External Document MSS 16459 John L. Nau II Civil War History Collection - Donation Listing (View and Download Below)\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eUpon accession of the John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection, the donor provided a spreadsheet donation listing containing metadata and sellers' descriptions associated with collection materials. The spreadsheet can be downloaded below, under the External Documents heading.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePlease note that many descriptions contained in this spreadsheet are drawn from sellers' language used by dealers and auction houses and contain biased and qualitative descriptions. In addition, many descriptions contain offensive, racist, and archaic language, some quoted directly from collection materials (also see the above Content Warning). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePlease also note there may be some materials listed in the donor spreadsheet that are not present in the collection. The Small Library's finding aid is the definitive listing of materials available to researchers.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSuggestions for Using the Donation Listing Spreadsheet\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMaterials found in the finding aid can be identified in the spreadsheet using the keyboard shortcut Control + F. If searching for materials discovered in the finding aid, it is recommended to search using donor accession numbers. (For more on this, see the above note on Alphanumeric Designations). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePlease note that the spreadsheet does not contain additional descriptive information for all materials listed in the finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eResearchers can use the spreadsheet to explore the collection in many ways, including the following: \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e- To conduct subject-based searches (e.g., regiments, battles, and military functions, and experiences such as sickness).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e- To identify photographs of women, Black soldiers, and Native American soldiers.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e- To identify correspondence in Series 1 authored by women and contained within personal papers attributed to men. Series 1 contains a significant amount of correspondence written by women to male relatives and friends. An example includes the many letters written by Mary Stanton to her husband Courtland Stanton, which are found with the Courtland Stanton (DL0011) papers. Another example are the letters of Lucy Britton and Martha Britton found with the Britton Family (DL0100) papers.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e- To distinguish between duplicate titles and donor accession numbers in Series 1. Secondary collections such as the papers of Amos Garrison (DL0068) and Albert R. Whitney (DL0269) contain duplicate file titles, and descriptions in the spreadsheet may allow researchers to learn more about the exact nature of the materials they contain.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e- To distinguish between portraits of unknown subjects in Series 2. Searching for a particular portrait of an unknown subject using the donor accession number may provide researchers with a description of the portrait, including details such as uniform and rank of the subject.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eAbout External Documents MSS 16459 John L. Nau II Civil War History Collection - Transcripts (View and Download Below)\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTranscript files are titled by donor accession number. (See above note titled Alphanumeric Designations).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePlease be aware that these transcripts may contain mistakes. They are not intended to be a replacement for the original materials or their digital surrogates.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis item was accessioned as part of PC0876. There is no known connection between this item and the other materials in PC0876.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis item was accessioned as part of PC0876. There is no known connection between this item and the other materials in PC0876.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdditional materials relating to Fitzhugh Lee are located in Series 2 and 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis item was accessioned as part of PC1124. There is no known connection between the calling card and other materials in accession PC1124, which are located in Series 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdditional materials related to William S. Rosecrans are located in Series 2 and 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis item was accessioned as part of PT0159. There is no known connection between this record and the rest of the materials in PT0159.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis record was accessioned as part of PT0225, which included photographs of unknown soldiers. There is no known connection between the photographs located in Series 2 and this record.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis item was accessioned as part of PT0159. There is no known connection between this record and the rest of the materials in PT0159.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis item was accessioned as part of PC1029. There is no know connection between this ledger and the other items in PC1029, which are located in Series 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese reunion programs (POT0140.0011-POT0140.0015) were accessioned as part of POT0140, which is otherwise located in Series 2. There is no known connection between these programs and the other materials in this accession.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese reunion programs (POT0140.0011-POT0140.0015) were accessioned as part of POT0140, which is otherwise located in Series 2. There is no known connection between these programs and the other materials in this accession.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de Visite PC0171 of Eugene Carr and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de Visite PC0171 of Michael Corcoran and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdditional materials related to Napoleon Jackson Tecumseh Dana can be found in Series 1 and Series 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de Visite PC0171 of Charles H. Davis and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de Visite PC0171 of William B. Franklin and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de Visite PC0171 of Quincy A. Gillmore and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdditional materials related to States Rights Gist are located in Series 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de Visite PC0171 of A. C. Gorden and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere is no known relationship between carte de visite album PC1143 and albumen PC1143 of Ulysses S. Grant. Both were part of the same donor accession PC1143.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis photograph, \"Grant and the Union Staff\" is not part of the photographic series owned and annotated by Francis C. Miller (POT0026). However, it was accessioned by the donor as part of this group (POT0026). It appears to be a reproduction of an earlier photograph dating to ca. 1862.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype PC0171 of Cecil H. Hall and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePC1199.0001 and PC1199.0002 are duplicates.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePC1199.0001 and PC1199.0002 are duplicates.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype PC0171 of Samuel P. Heintzelman and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdditional Materials relating to Fitzhugh Lee are located in Series 1 and 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdditional materials related to Abraham Lincoln are located in Series 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdditional materials related to Abraham Lincoln are located in Series 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite engraving PC0171 of George G. Meade and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCartes de Visite PC1196.0002 and PC1196.0003 are duplicates.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCartes de Visite PC1196.0002 and PC1196.0003 are duplicates.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite PC0171 of Frank W. Renburger and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite PC0171 of William S. Rosecrans and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials. Additional records related to William S. Rosecrans are located in Series 1 and 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePortrait of Slocum is the same image as PA0342.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePortrait of Slocum is the same image as PA0371.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite PC0171 of E. Kirby Smith and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials. Additional materials related to E. Kirby Smith are located in Series 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdditional materials related to E. Kirby Smith are located in Series 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite PC0171 of Edwin Vose Sumner and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotograph album DOT0135 attributed to James M. Tracy is located in Series 2, Subseries H.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite PC0171 of John E. Wool and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis case contains portraits of the same unknown soldier in both ambrotype and tintype formats.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter PA0202.0002 was housed folded inside of cased photograph PA0202.0001.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter PA0202.0002 was previously housed folded inside of cased photograph PA0202.0001.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAmbrotype PA0205.0001 and tintype PA0205.0002 have been kept together, because they depict the same unknown soldier.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAmbrotype PA0205.0001 and tintype PA0205.0002 have been kept together, because they depict the same unknown soldier.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAmbrotype PA0274.0001 and tintype PA0274.0002 depict the same unknown Union Sergeant from the 11th Indiana Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAmbrotype PA0274.0001 and tintype PA0274.0002 depict the same unknown Union Sergeant from the 11th Indiana Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePT0190 is a single case containing one tintype and one ambrotype, and is arranged with tintypes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype PA0435.0002 a duplicate of ambrotype PA0435.0001.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype PA0435.0002 a duplicate of ambrotype PA0435.0001.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype (POT0113.0001) of unknown Black cavalryman possibly named Jenkins or Jenning) was owned by Randolph Davis, author of correspondence (POT0113.0002). Davis's descendents allege the pictured soldier worked on Davis's farm as a free man.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype (POT0113.0001) of unknown Black cavalryman possibly named Jenkins or Jenning) was owned by Randolph Davis, author of correspondence (POT0113.0002). Davis's descendents allege the pictured soldier worked on Davis's farm as a free man.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe relationship between tintype PT0136.0001 and note fragments PT0136.0002 is unknown.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe relationship between tintype PT0136.0001 and note fragments PT0136.0002 is unknown.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe relationship between tintype PT0159.0001 and records PT0159.0002 (relating to Patrick Clark) is unknown.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe relationship between tintype PT0159.0001 and records PT0159.0002 (relating to Patrick Clark) is unknown.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite PC0171 of an unknown subject and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePT0182 and PT0183 are similar images.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePT0182 and PT0183 are similar images.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIt is unknown if there is any connection between tintype PT0225.0001, tintype PT0225.0002, and albumen PT0225.0003. They were part of the same accession.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIt is unknown if there is any connection between tintype PT0225.0001, tintype PT0225.0002, and albumen PT0225.0003. They were part of the same accession.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIt is unknown if there is any connection between tintype PT0297.0001 and cloth cavalry insignia PT0297.0002. They were part of the same accession.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIt is unknown if there is any relationship between tintype PT0297.0001 and cloth cavalry insignia PT0297.0002. They were part of the same accession.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIt is unknown if there is any relationship between tintype PT0322 and the newspaper clipping of Abraham Lincoln PT0322.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIt is unknown if there is any relationship between tintype PT0322 and the newspaper clipping of Abraham Lincoln PT0322.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePT0326.0001 and PT0326.0002 are portraits of the same unknown Confederate soldier.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePT0326.0001 and PT0326.0002 are portraits of the same unknown Confederate soldier.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIt is not known if leather writing case PT0431.0002 is the same as the one pictured in photograph PT0431.0001.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIt is not known if leather writing case PT0431.0002 is the same as the one pictured in photograph PT0431.0001.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAll four photographs labeled with the donor accession number PT0489 depict the same unknown soldier.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAll four photographs labeled with the donor accession number PT0489 are of the same unknown soldier.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAll four photographs labeled with the donor accession number PT0489 are of the same unknown soldier.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAll four photographs labeled with the donor accession number PT0489 are of the same unknown soldier.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePT0518.1 and PT0518.2 depict the same unknown soldier.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePT0518.1 and PT0518.2 depict the same unknown soldier.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePT0625.1 and PT0625.2 each depict the same unknown Union surgeon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePT0625.1 and PT0625.2 each depict the same unknown Union surgeon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite PC0171 of an unknown subject and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite PC0171 of an unknown subject and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite PC0171 of an unknown subject and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotograph DL0031.0006 was part of donor accession DL0031. There is no known relationship to the other materials in DL0031.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eImage was accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eImage was originally accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eImage was originally accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eImage was originally accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eImage was originally accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAccessioned as part of PC1254, which also includes Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album (32nd Indiana Infantry). There is no known relationship between these materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe association between Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album and the print publications included in accession PC1254 is unknown. These volumes were accessioned with Louis von Trebra's album and share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe association between Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album and the print publications included in accession PC1254 is unknown. These volumes were accessioned with Louis von Trebra's album and share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe association between Louis von Trebra and this publication is unknown aside from their being part of the same accession (PC1254). This volume was accessioned with Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album, and the materials share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe association between Louis von Trebra and this publication is unknown aside from their being part of the same accession (PC1254). This volume was accessioned with Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album, and the materials share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe association between Louis von Trebra and this publication is unknown aside from their being part of the same accession (PC1254). This volume was accessioned with Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album, and the materials share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis photograph album previously housed portraits PC0105.0002-PC0105.0035, and is associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere is no known relationship between carte de visite album PC1143 and albumen PC1143 of Ulysses S. Grant. Both were part of the same donor accession PC1143.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album (PC0082) is currently empty but is associated with cartes de visite of the same donor accession number (PC0082).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAssociated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite album PC0171 was part of donor accession PC0171, which also contains additional, loose photographs. There is no known relationship between the album and these photographs.\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Content Warning","Alphanumeric Designations","Important Information about External Documents","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General"],"odd_tesim":["The John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection contains offensive or harmful language and imagery. This includes—but is not limited to—correspondence and diary entries that express racist views; photographs of enslaved people forced into inhumane conditions by enslavers; descriptions of violence and battle experiences; photographs of deceased soldiers; and correspondence containing explicit descriptions of sex. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials.","The donor's accession numbering system has been preserved to maintain access to collection metadata or descriptive information. Each file title in this finding aid includes the donor accession number at the end of the title and each corresponding physical folder or item is also labeled with the donor accession number. ","Donor accession numbers are comprised of letters denoting document or photograph format followed by a four-digit number that denotes the number of the accession. The following examples can be found in the collection: DA0001 (meaning document - autograph), DC0001.001 (document - currency), DL0001 (document - letter), DN0003 (document - newspaper), DOR0001 (document - order), DOT0001 (document - other), DR0002 (document - requisition), PA0184 (photograph - ambrotype), PC0200 (photograph - carte de visite), PD0007 (photograph - daguerreotype), POT0012 (photograph - other), and PT0003 (photograph - tintype).","These donor accession numbers can be used to search the donation listing spreadsheet for corresponding metadata. This spreadsheet is available to download directly from the finding aid below, under External Documents.","About External Document MSS 16459 John L. Nau II Civil War History Collection - Donation Listing (View and Download Below)","Upon accession of the John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection, the donor provided a spreadsheet donation listing containing metadata and sellers' descriptions associated with collection materials. The spreadsheet can be downloaded below, under the External Documents heading.","Please note that many descriptions contained in this spreadsheet are drawn from sellers' language used by dealers and auction houses and contain biased and qualitative descriptions. In addition, many descriptions contain offensive, racist, and archaic language, some quoted directly from collection materials (also see the above Content Warning). ","Please also note there may be some materials listed in the donor spreadsheet that are not present in the collection. The Small Library's finding aid is the definitive listing of materials available to researchers.","Suggestions for Using the Donation Listing Spreadsheet","Materials found in the finding aid can be identified in the spreadsheet using the keyboard shortcut Control + F. If searching for materials discovered in the finding aid, it is recommended to search using donor accession numbers. (For more on this, see the above note on Alphanumeric Designations). ","Please note that the spreadsheet does not contain additional descriptive information for all materials listed in the finding aid.","Researchers can use the spreadsheet to explore the collection in many ways, including the following: ","- To conduct subject-based searches (e.g., regiments, battles, and military functions, and experiences such as sickness).","- To identify photographs of women, Black soldiers, and Native American soldiers.","- To identify correspondence in Series 1 authored by women and contained within personal papers attributed to men. Series 1 contains a significant amount of correspondence written by women to male relatives and friends. An example includes the many letters written by Mary Stanton to her husband Courtland Stanton, which are found with the Courtland Stanton (DL0011) papers. Another example are the letters of Lucy Britton and Martha Britton found with the Britton Family (DL0100) papers.","- To distinguish between duplicate titles and donor accession numbers in Series 1. Secondary collections such as the papers of Amos Garrison (DL0068) and Albert R. Whitney (DL0269) contain duplicate file titles, and descriptions in the spreadsheet may allow researchers to learn more about the exact nature of the materials they contain.","- To distinguish between portraits of unknown subjects in Series 2. Searching for a particular portrait of an unknown subject using the donor accession number may provide researchers with a description of the portrait, including details such as uniform and rank of the subject.","About External Documents MSS 16459 John L. Nau II Civil War History Collection - Transcripts (View and Download Below)","Transcript files are titled by donor accession number. (See above note titled Alphanumeric Designations).","Please be aware that these transcripts may contain mistakes. They are not intended to be a replacement for the original materials or their digital surrogates.","This item was accessioned as part of PC0876. There is no known connection between this item and the other materials in PC0876.","This item was accessioned as part of PC0876. There is no known connection between this item and the other materials in PC0876.","Additional materials relating to Fitzhugh Lee are located in Series 2 and 3.","This item was accessioned as part of PC1124. There is no known connection between the calling card and other materials in accession PC1124, which are located in Series 2.","Additional materials related to William S. Rosecrans are located in Series 2 and 3.","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","A portrait of James M. Tracy (PC1183) is located in Series 2","This item was accessioned as part of PT0159. There is no known connection between this record and the rest of the materials in PT0159.","This record was accessioned as part of PT0225, which included photographs of unknown soldiers. There is no known connection between the photographs located in Series 2 and this record.","This item was accessioned as part of PT0159. There is no known connection between this record and the rest of the materials in PT0159.","This item was accessioned as part of PC1029. There is no know connection between this ledger and the other items in PC1029, which are located in Series 2.","These reunion programs (POT0140.0011-POT0140.0015) were accessioned as part of POT0140, which is otherwise located in Series 2. There is no known connection between these programs and the other materials in this accession.","These reunion programs (POT0140.0011-POT0140.0015) were accessioned as part of POT0140, which is otherwise located in Series 2. There is no known connection between these programs and the other materials in this accession.","Carte de Visite PC0171 of Eugene Carr and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Carte de Visite PC0171 of Michael Corcoran and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Additional materials related to Napoleon Jackson Tecumseh Dana can be found in Series 1 and Series 3.","Carte de Visite PC0171 of Charles H. Davis and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Carte de Visite PC0171 of William B. Franklin and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Carte de Visite PC0171 of Quincy A. Gillmore and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Additional materials related to States Rights Gist are located in Series 3.","Carte de Visite PC0171 of A. C. Gorden and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","There is no known relationship between carte de visite album PC1143 and albumen PC1143 of Ulysses S. Grant. Both were part of the same donor accession PC1143.","This photograph, \"Grant and the Union Staff\" is not part of the photographic series owned and annotated by Francis C. Miller (POT0026). However, it was accessioned by the donor as part of this group (POT0026). It appears to be a reproduction of an earlier photograph dating to ca. 1862.","Tintype PC0171 of Cecil H. Hall and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","PC1199.0001 and PC1199.0002 are duplicates.","PC1199.0001 and PC1199.0002 are duplicates.","Tintype PC0171 of Samuel P. Heintzelman and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Additional Materials relating to Fitzhugh Lee are located in Series 1 and 3.","Additional materials related to Abraham Lincoln are located in Series 3.","Additional materials related to Abraham Lincoln are located in Series 3.","Carte de visite engraving PC0171 of George G. Meade and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Cartes de Visite PC1196.0002 and PC1196.0003 are duplicates.","Cartes de Visite PC1196.0002 and PC1196.0003 are duplicates.","Carte de visite PC0171 of Frank W. Renburger and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Carte de visite PC0171 of William S. Rosecrans and Carte de Visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials. Additional records related to William S. Rosecrans are located in Series 1 and 3.","Portrait of Slocum is the same image as PA0342.","Portrait of Slocum is the same image as PA0371.","Carte de visite PC0171 of E. Kirby Smith and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials. Additional materials related to E. Kirby Smith are located in Series 3.","Additional materials related to E. Kirby Smith are located in Series 3.","Carte de visite PC0171 of Edwin Vose Sumner and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Photograph album DOT0135 attributed to James M. Tracy is located in Series 2, Subseries H.","Carte de visite PC0171 of John E. Wool and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","This case contains portraits of the same unknown soldier in both ambrotype and tintype formats.","Letter PA0202.0002 was housed folded inside of cased photograph PA0202.0001.","Letter PA0202.0002 was previously housed folded inside of cased photograph PA0202.0001.","Ambrotype PA0205.0001 and tintype PA0205.0002 have been kept together, because they depict the same unknown soldier.","Ambrotype PA0205.0001 and tintype PA0205.0002 have been kept together, because they depict the same unknown soldier.","Ambrotype PA0274.0001 and tintype PA0274.0002 depict the same unknown Union Sergeant from the 11th Indiana Infantry.","Ambrotype PA0274.0001 and tintype PA0274.0002 depict the same unknown Union Sergeant from the 11th Indiana Infantry.","PT0190 is a single case containing one tintype and one ambrotype, and is arranged with tintypes.","Tintype PA0435.0002 a duplicate of ambrotype PA0435.0001.","Tintype PA0435.0002 a duplicate of ambrotype PA0435.0001.","Tintype (POT0113.0001) of unknown Black cavalryman possibly named Jenkins or Jenning) was owned by Randolph Davis, author of correspondence (POT0113.0002). Davis's descendents allege the pictured soldier worked on Davis's farm as a free man.","Tintype (POT0113.0001) of unknown Black cavalryman possibly named Jenkins or Jenning) was owned by Randolph Davis, author of correspondence (POT0113.0002). Davis's descendents allege the pictured soldier worked on Davis's farm as a free man.","The relationship between tintype PT0136.0001 and note fragments PT0136.0002 is unknown.","The relationship between tintype PT0136.0001 and note fragments PT0136.0002 is unknown.","The relationship between tintype PT0159.0001 and records PT0159.0002 (relating to Patrick Clark) is unknown.","The relationship between tintype PT0159.0001 and records PT0159.0002 (relating to Patrick Clark) is unknown.","Carte de visite PC0171 of an unknown subject and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","PT0182 and PT0183 are similar images.","PT0182 and PT0183 are similar images.","It is unknown if there is any connection between tintype PT0225.0001, tintype PT0225.0002, and albumen PT0225.0003. They were part of the same accession.","It is unknown if there is any connection between tintype PT0225.0001, tintype PT0225.0002, and albumen PT0225.0003. They were part of the same accession.","It is unknown if there is any connection between tintype PT0297.0001 and cloth cavalry insignia PT0297.0002. They were part of the same accession.","It is unknown if there is any relationship between tintype PT0297.0001 and cloth cavalry insignia PT0297.0002. They were part of the same accession.","It is unknown if there is any relationship between tintype PT0322 and the newspaper clipping of Abraham Lincoln PT0322.","It is unknown if there is any relationship between tintype PT0322 and the newspaper clipping of Abraham Lincoln PT0322.","PT0326.0001 and PT0326.0002 are portraits of the same unknown Confederate soldier.","PT0326.0001 and PT0326.0002 are portraits of the same unknown Confederate soldier.","It is not known if leather writing case PT0431.0002 is the same as the one pictured in photograph PT0431.0001.","It is not known if leather writing case PT0431.0002 is the same as the one pictured in photograph PT0431.0001.","All four photographs labeled with the donor accession number PT0489 depict the same unknown soldier.","All four photographs labeled with the donor accession number PT0489 are of the same unknown soldier.","All four photographs labeled with the donor accession number PT0489 are of the same unknown soldier.","All four photographs labeled with the donor accession number PT0489 are of the same unknown soldier.","PT0518.1 and PT0518.2 depict the same unknown soldier.","PT0518.1 and PT0518.2 depict the same unknown soldier.","PT0625.1 and PT0625.2 each depict the same unknown Union surgeon.","PT0625.1 and PT0625.2 each depict the same unknown Union surgeon.","Carte de visite PC0171 of an unknown subject and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Carte de visite PC0171 of an unknown subject and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Carte de visite PC0171 of an unknown subject and carte de visite album PC0171 were part of the same donor accession. There is no known relationship between these materials.","Photograph DL0031.0006 was part of donor accession DL0031. There is no known relationship to the other materials in DL0031.","Image was accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).","Image was originally accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).","Image was originally accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).","Image was originally accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).","Image was originally accessioned by the donor in a group of 5 Albumen prints (POT0101).","Accessioned as part of PC1254, which also includes Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album (32nd Indiana Infantry). There is no known relationship between these materials.","The association between Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album and the print publications included in accession PC1254 is unknown. These volumes were accessioned with Louis von Trebra's album and share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.","The association between Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album and the print publications included in accession PC1254 is unknown. These volumes were accessioned with Louis von Trebra's album and share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.","The association between Louis von Trebra and this publication is unknown aside from their being part of the same accession (PC1254). This volume was accessioned with Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album, and the materials share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.","The association between Louis von Trebra and this publication is unknown aside from their being part of the same accession (PC1254). This volume was accessioned with Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album, and the materials share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.","The association between Louis von Trebra and this publication is unknown aside from their being part of the same accession (PC1254). This volume was accessioned with Louis von Trebra's carte de visite album, and the materials share a common connection with the Army of the Cumberland.","This photograph album previously housed portraits PC0105.0002-PC0105.0035, and is associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","This carte de visite was previously housed in album PC0105.0001, along with other photographs associated with the 33rd Illinois Infantry.","There is no known relationship between carte de visite album PC1143 and albumen PC1143 of Ulysses S. Grant. Both were part of the same donor accession PC1143.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","Photographs PC1113 are associated with carte de visite album PC1113.","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","From an album of a member of the Medical Corps of the 50th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","Carte de visite was originally housed in carte de visite album PC0192.","34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album (PC0082) is currently empty but is associated with cartes de visite of the same donor accession number (PC0082).","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Associated with PC0082, 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"Piatt's Zouaves\") Carte de Visite Album","Carte de visite album PC0171 was part of donor accession PC0171, which also contains additional, loose photographs. There is no known relationship between the album and these photographs."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJohn L. Nau III Civil War History Collection, MSS 16459, box number, [if applicable] folder number, donor accession number, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection, MSS 16459, box number, [if applicable] folder number, donor accession number, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Nau Collection was processed from October 2021 to March 2023. Because it is an artificial collection with no original order, it was arranged into series to emphasize the provenance of collection materials and to restore materials attributed to or associated with the same individual. Provenance was determined by the archival materials themselves as well as by donor metadata. Additional resources consulted during processing included The National Park Service's online \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eCivil War Soldiers and Sailors Database\u003c/emph\u003e (https://www.nps.gov/civilwar/soldiers-and-sailors-database.htm); Grover C. Criswell and Clarence L. Criswell's \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eConfederate and Southern State Currency\u003c/emph\u003e, vol. 1, (Pass-A-Grille, Florida: Criswell's Publications, 1957); John H. Eicher and David J. Eicher's \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eCivil War High Commands\u003c/emph\u003e (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2001); and the Library of Congress's online newspapers database (https://www.loc.gov/newspapers/).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEfforts were made to restore materials to record creators and keep these materials together. However, there are some exceptions, particularly in relation to high-profile historical figures. For example, materials relating to Robert E. Lee and William Tecumseh Sherman can be found in Series 1, 2, and 3. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFile titles have been devised by the archivist and each contains a donor accession number (see note titled Alphanumeric Designations). Wherever possible or applicable, titles attributed to materials by record creators are included. \u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The Nau Collection was processed from October 2021 to March 2023. Because it is an artificial collection with no original order, it was arranged into series to emphasize the provenance of collection materials and to restore materials attributed to or associated with the same individual. Provenance was determined by the archival materials themselves as well as by donor metadata. Additional resources consulted during processing included The National Park Service's online  Civil War Soldiers and Sailors Database  (https://www.nps.gov/civilwar/soldiers-and-sailors-database.htm); Grover C. Criswell and Clarence L. Criswell's  Confederate and Southern State Currency , vol. 1, (Pass-A-Grille, Florida: Criswell's Publications, 1957); John H. Eicher and David J. Eicher's  Civil War High Commands  (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2001); and the Library of Congress's online newspapers database (https://www.loc.gov/newspapers/).","Efforts were made to restore materials to record creators and keep these materials together. However, there are some exceptions, particularly in relation to high-profile historical figures. For example, materials relating to Robert E. Lee and William Tecumseh Sherman can be found in Series 1, 2, and 3. ","File titles have been devised by the archivist and each contains a donor accession number (see note titled Alphanumeric Designations). Wherever possible or applicable, titles attributed to materials by record creators are included. "],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection (1806-1988, bulk 1861-1865; 133 cubic feet) contains Civil War-era correspondence, service records, pension records, artifacts, photographs, military records (including orders, requisitions, and correspondence), currency, newspapers, and other print materials. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe collection primarily contains the correspondence, records, and photographs of white soldiers and officers who fought in the Civil War, including white officers serving in the United States Colored Troops (USCT). Additionally, the collection includes some correspondence and portraits of white women as well as a small number of portraits of Black soldiers (including PT0322, a family portrait, and a young Ben Brown, PC0836.0001) and Native American soldiers (including Frederick L. Rainbow, PT0424.0001). \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1: Materials Related to the Civil War Experiences of Soldiers, Officers, and Civilians (1806-1988; approx. 83 cubic feet) consists primarily of personal letters and diaries authored by white Civil War soldiers and officers in addition to associated materials such as service records relating to official wartime functions (e.g., government documents, including paroles, furloughs, pay vouchers, discharge certifications, oaths, and pension records); photographs; autographs; personal belongings and realia (e.g., bibles, publications, and uniform buttons); and veterans' memorabilia (e.g. medals, ribbons, and event programs). Series 1 also contains correspondence written by civilians and family members (often women) from the home front, including letters by Varina Davis (1826-1906) and Helen Dortch Longstreet (1863-1962).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 2: Photographs and Prints (circa 1848-1939; approx. 34 cubic feet) consists primarily of portrait photographs of white male Civil War soldiers and civilians in addition to some portraits of white women and a small number of portraits of Black soldiers and Native American soldiers.  Also included are documentary photographs of Civil War-related places and scenes. Series 2 photographs are comprised of a variety of nineteenth-century photographic formats, including daguerreotype, ambrotype, tintype, carte de visite, cabinet card, and stereoview. They also include carte de visite photograph albums as well as larger scale formats, including albumen and salt prints.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 3: Government Military Records (1855-1913; approx. 9 cubic feet) is comprised of records produced in the United States of America (USA) and the Confederate States of America (CSA) during and related to the administration of the United States Civil War (1861–1865), including a small number of postwar records. Materials include orders, reports, muster rolls, requisitions, correspondence, broadsides, and financial transactions produced by commanding officers acting in their official capacity as leaders of military organizations (e.g., Robert E. Lee, Ulysses S. Grant, Daniel Ruggles, James Longstreet, and Napoleon Jackson Tecumseh Dana). It also includes records created by military units (e.g., companies, battalions, regiments, brigades, and corps) as well bureaucratic military leadership structures of the USA and CSA (e.g., the Quartermaster's Department and the Ordnance Office as well as the various departments, districts, and armies of strategic leadership). Also included are records from leading figures in the executive branches of government in the USA (e.g., President Abraham Lincoln and Secretary of War Edwin Stanton) and CSA (e.g., Jefferson Davis).  \n \nExceptions include a few groupings of personal papers, including the personal papers of John W. Hanscom of the 6th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 4: Currency (1839-1875; approx. 1.5 cubic feet) contains currency predominately from the Civil War period (1861-1865) issued by the United States and the Confederate States, including currency notes, fractional currency notes, postage currency notes, postage stamps, bonds, and treasury warrants. In addition, it also contains currency issued by southern states and local governments, southern banks (with the addition of the Farmers and Merchants Bank, Washington, D.C.), and corporate entities based in the south.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 5: Newspapers and Print Materials (1846-1913; approx. 5.25 cubic feet) consists primarily of Civil War-era (1861-1865) newspapers in addition to broadsides, periodicals, pamphlets, and books from or relating to the same period.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection (1806-1988, bulk 1861-1865; 133 cubic feet) contains Civil War-era correspondence, service records, pension records, artifacts, photographs, military records (including orders, requisitions, and correspondence), currency, newspapers, and other print materials. ","The collection primarily contains the correspondence, records, and photographs of white soldiers and officers who fought in the Civil War, including white officers serving in the United States Colored Troops (USCT). Additionally, the collection includes some correspondence and portraits of white women as well as a small number of portraits of Black soldiers (including PT0322, a family portrait, and a young Ben Brown, PC0836.0001) and Native American soldiers (including Frederick L. Rainbow, PT0424.0001). ","Series 1: Materials Related to the Civil War Experiences of Soldiers, Officers, and Civilians (1806-1988; approx. 83 cubic feet) consists primarily of personal letters and diaries authored by white Civil War soldiers and officers in addition to associated materials such as service records relating to official wartime functions (e.g., government documents, including paroles, furloughs, pay vouchers, discharge certifications, oaths, and pension records); photographs; autographs; personal belongings and realia (e.g., bibles, publications, and uniform buttons); and veterans' memorabilia (e.g. medals, ribbons, and event programs). Series 1 also contains correspondence written by civilians and family members (often women) from the home front, including letters by Varina Davis (1826-1906) and Helen Dortch Longstreet (1863-1962).","Series 2: Photographs and Prints (circa 1848-1939; approx. 34 cubic feet) consists primarily of portrait photographs of white male Civil War soldiers and civilians in addition to some portraits of white women and a small number of portraits of Black soldiers and Native American soldiers.  Also included are documentary photographs of Civil War-related places and scenes. Series 2 photographs are comprised of a variety of nineteenth-century photographic formats, including daguerreotype, ambrotype, tintype, carte de visite, cabinet card, and stereoview. They also include carte de visite photograph albums as well as larger scale formats, including albumen and salt prints.","Series 3: Government Military Records (1855-1913; approx. 9 cubic feet) is comprised of records produced in the United States of America (USA) and the Confederate States of America (CSA) during and related to the administration of the United States Civil War (1861–1865), including a small number of postwar records. Materials include orders, reports, muster rolls, requisitions, correspondence, broadsides, and financial transactions produced by commanding officers acting in their official capacity as leaders of military organizations (e.g., Robert E. Lee, Ulysses S. Grant, Daniel Ruggles, James Longstreet, and Napoleon Jackson Tecumseh Dana). It also includes records created by military units (e.g., companies, battalions, regiments, brigades, and corps) as well bureaucratic military leadership structures of the USA and CSA (e.g., the Quartermaster's Department and the Ordnance Office as well as the various departments, districts, and armies of strategic leadership). Also included are records from leading figures in the executive branches of government in the USA (e.g., President Abraham Lincoln and Secretary of War Edwin Stanton) and CSA (e.g., Jefferson Davis).  \n \nExceptions include a few groupings of personal papers, including the personal papers of John W. Hanscom of the 6th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment.","Series 4: Currency (1839-1875; approx. 1.5 cubic feet) contains currency predominately from the Civil War period (1861-1865) issued by the United States and the Confederate States, including currency notes, fractional currency notes, postage currency notes, postage stamps, bonds, and treasury warrants. In addition, it also contains currency issued by southern states and local governments, southern banks (with the addition of the Farmers and Merchants Bank, Washington, D.C.), and corporate entities based in the south.","Series 5: Newspapers and Print Materials (1846-1913; approx. 5.25 cubic feet) consists primarily of Civil War-era (1861-1865) newspapers in addition to broadsides, periodicals, pamphlets, and books from or relating to the same period."],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["The John L. Nau III Civil War History Collection is predominantly in English. A small number of materials are in Spanish, French, Swedish, and German, and this is indicated at the file level."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":10302,"online_item_count_is":5,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T14:31:55.729Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_941"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_915","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Law examinations - University of Virginia School of Law","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_915#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"University of Virginia. School of Law","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_915#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of examinations that the University of Virginia Law School administered to students between 1890 and 2018. It also includes a few examples of examination answers.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_915#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_915","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_915","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_915","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_915","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_4_resources_915.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/165355","title_ssm":["Law examinations - University of Virginia School of Law"],"title_tesim":["Law examinations - University of Virginia School of Law"],"unitdate_ssm":["1890-2018"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1890-2018"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["RG.32.401","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/915"],"text":["RG.32.401","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/915","Law examinations - University of Virginia School of Law","Law  -- Examinations, questions, etc.","Law  -- Study and teaching","The conditions governing access vary across the collection. There are no restrictions on access to the examinations of deceased professors. However, access to the examinations of living professors is restricted. Researchers must first obtain written permission from living professors to view them. After a researcher presents written permission to the University of Virginia Law Library, the Library may allow them to view the examination in the special collections reading room. Researchers may take written notes, but the Library prohibits photography or scanning. Researchers may not borrow examinations or view them outside of the special collections reading room.","A few living professors have waived the requirement for written permission. Waivers are recorded in a conditions governing access note attached to the examination records in this finding aid.","The conditions governing access vary across the series. There are no restrictions on access to the examinations of deceased professors. However, access to the examinations of living professors is restricted. Researchers must first obtain written permission from living professors to view them. After a researcher presents written permission to the University of Virginia Law Library, the Library may allow them to view the examination in the special collections reading room. Researchers may take written notes, but the Library prohibits photography or scanning. Researchers may not borrow examinations or view them outside of the special collections reading room.","A few living professors have waived the requirement for written permission. Waivers are recorded in a conditions governing access note attached to the examination records in this finding aid.","There are no access restrictions for the examination answers in this file. The University of Virginia removed all of the information in these items that would identify the students who wrote them.","There are no access restrictions for the examination answers in this file. The University of Virginia removed all of the information in these items that would identify the students who wrote them.","The conditions governing access vary across the series. There are no restrictions on access to the examinations of deceased professors. However, access to the examinations of living professors is restricted. Researchers must first obtain written permission from living professors to view them. After a researcher presents written permission to the University of Virginia Law Library, the Library may allow them to view the examination in the special collections reading room. Researchers may take written notes, but the Library prohibits photography or scanning. Researchers may not borrow examinations or view them outside of the special collections reading room.","A few living professors have waived the requirement for written permission. Waivers are recorded in a conditions governing access note attached to the examination records in this finding aid.","The professor, John Calvin Jeffries, has opened access to this examiniation to all law students. Students do not need his explicit written permission to view it in the special collections reading room.","The conditions governing access vary across the series. There are no restrictions on access to the examinations of deceased professors. However, access to the examinations of living professors is restricted. Researchers must first obtain written permission from living professors to view them. After a researcher presents written permission to the University of Virginia Law Library, the Library may allow them to view the examination in the special collections reading room. Researchers may take written notes, but the Library prohibits photography or scanning. Researchers may not borrow examinations or view them outside of the special collections reading room.","A few living professors have waived the requirement for written permission. Waivers are recorded in a conditions governing access note attached to the examination records in this finding aid.","The Law Library arranged this collection into the following three series and ordered them chronologically:","I. Unbound examinations;","II. Bound examinations;","III. Examinations hosted online.","The examinations in this series are arranged in chronological order by the date they were administered to students.","Bound volumes are arranged in chronological order. Generally, a single volume contains all of the examinations that the Law Library collected for one academic year. Inside the volumes, examinations are usually arranged in alphabetical order by the name of the course.","The examinations are arranged into files by academic year.","Researchers will find more examples of University of Virginia School of Law examinations in the following publications:","1. Anderson Bros. (Charlottesville, Va.). Law Examinations. Revised and corrected ed. Anderson Bros, 1891.","2. Anderson Bros. (Charlottesville, Va.), and Thomas Randolph Keith. Law Examinations, Embracing, Examination Papers From the Year 1869 to 1894. 4th ed. Anderson Bros, 1894.","This collection consists of examinations that the University of Virginia Law School administered to students between 1890 and 2018. It also includes a few examples of examination answers.","The examinations exist in diverse media formats. Most of them are printed on paper, and most printed examinations are bound together into volumes. The other examinations were born digital and were initially made available to students online or on digital media (e.g., CDs, DVDs).","This series contains unbound print and CD copies of examinations given at the University of Virginia School of Law. The names of the professors who administered the examinations are given in parentheses with the name of the course.","J.H.A. Smith, a University of Virginia School of Law alum from the Class of 1899, signed these examinations.","Gordon M. Buck signed this examination.","Edwin B. Jones signed this examination. Jones was an alum of the University of Virginia School of Law, Class of 1900.","Nelson A. Bryan, University of Virginia (UVA) School of Law Class of 1930, signed one of the examination books. Linwood Mercer Smith, UVA School of Law Class of 1929, signed the other book.","Harry K. Benham, University of Virginia School of Law Class of 1930, signed this examination book.","W. Donald Beard, University of Virginia School of Law Class of 1930, signed this examination book.","Frank M. Tinkham, University of Virginia School of Law Class of 1931, signed this examination book.","Homer C. Reynolds, University of Virginia School of Law Class 1938, signed this examination.","This file consists of 30 University of Virginia School of Law examinations that the Arthur J. Morris Law Library collected at its circulation desk. The Library made most of these items available on reserve for law students.","Between 1952 and 2004, the University of Virginia Law Library created 47 bound volumes of past examinations given in Law School courses. Most volumes contain tables of contents that list the name of the courses, the date of the examination, and the name of the instructor. Course instructors periodically transferred the examinations to the Library so that students could use them as study materials. The Library kept the examinations on reserve and classified them with the \"VL 13\" number until 2018.","The bound examination book for Fall 1984-Spring 1985 (Item ID: 3305355-10001) was missing from the Law Library as of 2024.","From around 1996 and 2018, the University of Virginia Law Library hosted online copies of past examinations given in Law School courses. Some course instructors periodically transferred them to the Library so that students could use them as study materials. The examinations are in the .doc, .docx, .pdf, and .wpd file formats.","Because of the nature of this collection, copyright status varies across the examinations. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator of individual items; these items are expected to pass into the public domain 120 years after their creation. The University may grant permission to publish or reproduce intellectual property it owns in the name of The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia.","Because of the nature of this series, copyright status varies across the examinations. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator of individual items; these items are expected to pass into the public domain 120 years after their creation. The University may grant permission to publish or reproduce intellectual property it owns in the name of The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia.","Because of the nature of this series, copyright status varies across the examinations. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator of individual items; these items are expected to pass into the public domain 120 years after their creation. The University may grant permission to publish or reproduce intellectual property it owns in the name of The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia.","Because of the nature of this series, copyright status varies across the examinations. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator of individual items; these items are expected to pass into the public domain 120 years after their creation. The University may grant permission to publish or reproduce intellectual property it owns in the name of The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia.","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","University of Virginia. School of Law","English"],"unitid_tesim":["RG.32.401","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/915"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Law examinations - University of Virginia School of Law"],"collection_title_tesim":["Law examinations - University of Virginia School of Law"],"collection_ssim":["Law examinations - University of Virginia School of Law"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["University of Virginia. School of Law"],"creator_ssim":["University of Virginia. School of Law"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["University of Virginia. School of Law"],"creators_ssim":["University of Virginia. School of Law"],"access_terms_ssm":["Because of the nature of this collection, copyright status varies across the examinations. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator of individual items; these items are expected to pass into the public domain 120 years after their creation. The University may grant permission to publish or reproduce intellectual property it owns in the name of The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia."],"acqinfo_ssim":["RG-32-401 contains examinations from different sources.","The items in Series I came to the Library from various sources including donations, purchases, and internal transfers. Most of them were at one time stored in a \"memorabilia file drawer\" or the Law Library's front circulation office. ","Series II consists of bound examinations that the Law Library transferred from its reserve collection to its special collections department around 2018.","Series III consists of digital examinations that the Law Library transferred from an online environment to its special collections department around 2018. "],"access_subjects_ssim":["Law  -- Examinations, questions, etc.","Law  -- Study and teaching"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Law  -- Examinations, questions, etc.","Law  -- Study and teaching"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":[".5 Cubic Feet 1 archival box","47 Volumes",".096 Gigabytes"],"extent_tesim":[".5 Cubic Feet 1 archival box","47 Volumes",".096 Gigabytes"],"date_range_isim":[1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe conditions governing access vary across the collection. There are no restrictions on access to the examinations of deceased professors. However, access to the examinations of living professors is restricted. Researchers must first obtain written permission from living professors to view them. After a researcher presents written permission to the University of Virginia Law Library, the Library may allow them to view the examination in the special collections reading room. Researchers may take written notes, but the Library prohibits photography or scanning. Researchers may not borrow examinations or view them outside of the special collections reading room.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eA few living professors have waived the requirement for written permission. Waivers are recorded in a conditions governing access note attached to the examination records in this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe conditions governing access vary across the series. There are no restrictions on access to the examinations of deceased professors. However, access to the examinations of living professors is restricted. Researchers must first obtain written permission from living professors to view them. After a researcher presents written permission to the University of Virginia Law Library, the Library may allow them to view the examination in the special collections reading room. Researchers may take written notes, but the Library prohibits photography or scanning. Researchers may not borrow examinations or view them outside of the special collections reading room.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eA few living professors have waived the requirement for written permission. Waivers are recorded in a conditions governing access note attached to the examination records in this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions for the examination answers in this file. The University of Virginia removed all of the information in these items that would identify the students who wrote them.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions for the examination answers in this file. The University of Virginia removed all of the information in these items that would identify the students who wrote them.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe conditions governing access vary across the series. There are no restrictions on access to the examinations of deceased professors. However, access to the examinations of living professors is restricted. Researchers must first obtain written permission from living professors to view them. After a researcher presents written permission to the University of Virginia Law Library, the Library may allow them to view the examination in the special collections reading room. Researchers may take written notes, but the Library prohibits photography or scanning. Researchers may not borrow examinations or view them outside of the special collections reading room.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eA few living professors have waived the requirement for written permission. Waivers are recorded in a conditions governing access note attached to the examination records in this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe professor, John Calvin Jeffries, has opened access to this examiniation to all law students. Students do not need his explicit written permission to view it in the special collections reading room.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe conditions governing access vary across the series. There are no restrictions on access to the examinations of deceased professors. However, access to the examinations of living professors is restricted. Researchers must first obtain written permission from living professors to view them. After a researcher presents written permission to the University of Virginia Law Library, the Library may allow them to view the examination in the special collections reading room. Researchers may take written notes, but the Library prohibits photography or scanning. Researchers may not borrow examinations or view them outside of the special collections reading room.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eA few living professors have waived the requirement for written permission. Waivers are recorded in a conditions governing access note attached to the examination records in this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The conditions governing access vary across the collection. There are no restrictions on access to the examinations of deceased professors. However, access to the examinations of living professors is restricted. Researchers must first obtain written permission from living professors to view them. After a researcher presents written permission to the University of Virginia Law Library, the Library may allow them to view the examination in the special collections reading room. Researchers may take written notes, but the Library prohibits photography or scanning. Researchers may not borrow examinations or view them outside of the special collections reading room.","A few living professors have waived the requirement for written permission. Waivers are recorded in a conditions governing access note attached to the examination records in this finding aid.","The conditions governing access vary across the series. There are no restrictions on access to the examinations of deceased professors. However, access to the examinations of living professors is restricted. Researchers must first obtain written permission from living professors to view them. After a researcher presents written permission to the University of Virginia Law Library, the Library may allow them to view the examination in the special collections reading room. Researchers may take written notes, but the Library prohibits photography or scanning. Researchers may not borrow examinations or view them outside of the special collections reading room.","A few living professors have waived the requirement for written permission. Waivers are recorded in a conditions governing access note attached to the examination records in this finding aid.","There are no access restrictions for the examination answers in this file. The University of Virginia removed all of the information in these items that would identify the students who wrote them.","There are no access restrictions for the examination answers in this file. The University of Virginia removed all of the information in these items that would identify the students who wrote them.","The conditions governing access vary across the series. There are no restrictions on access to the examinations of deceased professors. However, access to the examinations of living professors is restricted. Researchers must first obtain written permission from living professors to view them. After a researcher presents written permission to the University of Virginia Law Library, the Library may allow them to view the examination in the special collections reading room. Researchers may take written notes, but the Library prohibits photography or scanning. Researchers may not borrow examinations or view them outside of the special collections reading room.","A few living professors have waived the requirement for written permission. Waivers are recorded in a conditions governing access note attached to the examination records in this finding aid.","The professor, John Calvin Jeffries, has opened access to this examiniation to all law students. Students do not need his explicit written permission to view it in the special collections reading room.","The conditions governing access vary across the series. There are no restrictions on access to the examinations of deceased professors. However, access to the examinations of living professors is restricted. Researchers must first obtain written permission from living professors to view them. After a researcher presents written permission to the University of Virginia Law Library, the Library may allow them to view the examination in the special collections reading room. Researchers may take written notes, but the Library prohibits photography or scanning. Researchers may not borrow examinations or view them outside of the special collections reading room.","A few living professors have waived the requirement for written permission. Waivers are recorded in a conditions governing access note attached to the examination records in this finding aid."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Law Library arranged this collection into the following three series and ordered them chronologically:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eI. Unbound examinations;\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eII. Bound examinations;\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIII. Examinations hosted online.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe examinations in this series are arranged in chronological order by the date they were administered to students.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBound volumes are arranged in chronological order. Generally, a single volume contains all of the examinations that the Law Library collected for one academic year. Inside the volumes, examinations are usually arranged in alphabetical order by the name of the course.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe examinations are arranged into files by academic year.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The Law Library arranged this collection into the following three series and ordered them chronologically:","I. Unbound examinations;","II. Bound examinations;","III. Examinations hosted online.","The examinations in this series are arranged in chronological order by the date they were administered to students.","Bound volumes are arranged in chronological order. Generally, a single volume contains all of the examinations that the Law Library collected for one academic year. Inside the volumes, examinations are usually arranged in alphabetical order by the name of the course.","The examinations are arranged into files by academic year."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers will find more examples of University of Virginia School of Law examinations in the following publications:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1. Anderson Bros. (Charlottesville, Va.). Law Examinations. Revised and corrected ed. Anderson Bros, 1891.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e2. Anderson Bros. (Charlottesville, Va.), and Thomas Randolph Keith. Law Examinations, Embracing, Examination Papers From the Year 1869 to 1894. 4th ed. Anderson Bros, 1894.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Researchers will find more examples of University of Virginia School of Law examinations in the following publications:","1. Anderson Bros. (Charlottesville, Va.). Law Examinations. Revised and corrected ed. Anderson Bros, 1891.","2. Anderson Bros. (Charlottesville, Va.), and Thomas Randolph Keith. Law Examinations, Embracing, Examination Papers From the Year 1869 to 1894. 4th ed. Anderson Bros, 1894."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of examinations that the University of Virginia Law School administered to students between 1890 and 2018. It also includes a few examples of examination answers.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe examinations exist in diverse media formats. Most of them are printed on paper, and most printed examinations are bound together into volumes. The other examinations were born digital and were initially made available to students online or on digital media (e.g., CDs, DVDs).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series contains unbound print and CD copies of examinations given at the University of Virginia School of Law. The names of the professors who administered the examinations are given in parentheses with the name of the course.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJ.H.A. Smith, a University of Virginia School of Law alum from the Class of 1899, signed these examinations.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGordon M. Buck signed this examination.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEdwin B. Jones signed this examination. Jones was an alum of the University of Virginia School of Law, Class of 1900.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNelson A. Bryan, University of Virginia (UVA) School of Law Class of 1930, signed one of the examination books. Linwood Mercer Smith, UVA School of Law Class of 1929, signed the other book.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHarry K. Benham, University of Virginia School of Law Class of 1930, signed this examination book.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eW. Donald Beard, University of Virginia School of Law Class of 1930, signed this examination book.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrank M. Tinkham, University of Virginia School of Law Class of 1931, signed this examination book.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHomer C. Reynolds, University of Virginia School of Law Class 1938, signed this examination.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file consists of 30 University of Virginia School of Law examinations that the Arthur J. Morris Law Library collected at its circulation desk. The Library made most of these items available on reserve for law students.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBetween 1952 and 2004, the University of Virginia Law Library created 47 bound volumes of past examinations given in Law School courses. Most volumes contain tables of contents that list the name of the courses, the date of the examination, and the name of the instructor. Course instructors periodically transferred the examinations to the Library so that students could use them as study materials. The Library kept the examinations on reserve and classified them with the \"VL 13\" number until 2018.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe bound examination book for Fall 1984-Spring 1985 (Item ID: 3305355-10001) was missing from the Law Library as of 2024.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom around 1996 and 2018, the University of Virginia Law Library hosted online copies of past examinations given in Law School courses. Some course instructors periodically transferred them to the Library so that students could use them as study materials. The examinations are in the .doc, .docx, .pdf, and .wpd file formats.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection consists of examinations that the University of Virginia Law School administered to students between 1890 and 2018. It also includes a few examples of examination answers.","The examinations exist in diverse media formats. Most of them are printed on paper, and most printed examinations are bound together into volumes. The other examinations were born digital and were initially made available to students online or on digital media (e.g., CDs, DVDs).","This series contains unbound print and CD copies of examinations given at the University of Virginia School of Law. The names of the professors who administered the examinations are given in parentheses with the name of the course.","J.H.A. Smith, a University of Virginia School of Law alum from the Class of 1899, signed these examinations.","Gordon M. Buck signed this examination.","Edwin B. Jones signed this examination. Jones was an alum of the University of Virginia School of Law, Class of 1900.","Nelson A. Bryan, University of Virginia (UVA) School of Law Class of 1930, signed one of the examination books. Linwood Mercer Smith, UVA School of Law Class of 1929, signed the other book.","Harry K. Benham, University of Virginia School of Law Class of 1930, signed this examination book.","W. Donald Beard, University of Virginia School of Law Class of 1930, signed this examination book.","Frank M. Tinkham, University of Virginia School of Law Class of 1931, signed this examination book.","Homer C. Reynolds, University of Virginia School of Law Class 1938, signed this examination.","This file consists of 30 University of Virginia School of Law examinations that the Arthur J. Morris Law Library collected at its circulation desk. The Library made most of these items available on reserve for law students.","Between 1952 and 2004, the University of Virginia Law Library created 47 bound volumes of past examinations given in Law School courses. Most volumes contain tables of contents that list the name of the courses, the date of the examination, and the name of the instructor. Course instructors periodically transferred the examinations to the Library so that students could use them as study materials. The Library kept the examinations on reserve and classified them with the \"VL 13\" number until 2018.","The bound examination book for Fall 1984-Spring 1985 (Item ID: 3305355-10001) was missing from the Law Library as of 2024.","From around 1996 and 2018, the University of Virginia Law Library hosted online copies of past examinations given in Law School courses. Some course instructors periodically transferred them to the Library so that students could use them as study materials. The examinations are in the .doc, .docx, .pdf, and .wpd file formats."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBecause of the nature of this collection, copyright status varies across the examinations. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator of individual items; these items are expected to pass into the public domain 120 years after their creation. The University may grant permission to publish or reproduce intellectual property it owns in the name of The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBecause of the nature of this series, copyright status varies across the examinations. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator of individual items; these items are expected to pass into the public domain 120 years after their creation. The University may grant permission to publish or reproduce intellectual property it owns in the name of The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBecause of the nature of this series, copyright status varies across the examinations. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator of individual items; these items are expected to pass into the public domain 120 years after their creation. The University may grant permission to publish or reproduce intellectual property it owns in the name of The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBecause of the nature of this series, copyright status varies across the examinations. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator of individual items; these items are expected to pass into the public domain 120 years after their creation. The University may grant permission to publish or reproduce intellectual property it owns in the name of The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use","Conditions Governing Use","Conditions Governing Use","Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Because of the nature of this collection, copyright status varies across the examinations. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator of individual items; these items are expected to pass into the public domain 120 years after their creation. The University may grant permission to publish or reproduce intellectual property it owns in the name of The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia.","Because of the nature of this series, copyright status varies across the examinations. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator of individual items; these items are expected to pass into the public domain 120 years after their creation. The University may grant permission to publish or reproduce intellectual property it owns in the name of The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia.","Because of the nature of this series, copyright status varies across the examinations. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator of individual items; these items are expected to pass into the public domain 120 years after their creation. The University may grant permission to publish or reproduce intellectual property it owns in the name of The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia.","Because of the nature of this series, copyright status varies across the examinations. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator of individual items; these items are expected to pass into the public domain 120 years after their creation. The University may grant permission to publish or reproduce intellectual property it owns in the name of The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia."],"names_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","University of Virginia. School of Law"],"corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","University of Virginia. School of Law"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1816,"online_item_count_is":111,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-24T23:24:18.661Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_915","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_915","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_915","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_915","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_4_resources_915.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/165355","title_ssm":["Law examinations - University of Virginia School of Law"],"title_tesim":["Law examinations - University of Virginia School of Law"],"unitdate_ssm":["1890-2018"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1890-2018"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["RG.32.401","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/915"],"text":["RG.32.401","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/915","Law examinations - University of Virginia School of Law","Law  -- Examinations, questions, etc.","Law  -- Study and teaching","The conditions governing access vary across the collection. There are no restrictions on access to the examinations of deceased professors. However, access to the examinations of living professors is restricted. Researchers must first obtain written permission from living professors to view them. After a researcher presents written permission to the University of Virginia Law Library, the Library may allow them to view the examination in the special collections reading room. Researchers may take written notes, but the Library prohibits photography or scanning. Researchers may not borrow examinations or view them outside of the special collections reading room.","A few living professors have waived the requirement for written permission. Waivers are recorded in a conditions governing access note attached to the examination records in this finding aid.","The conditions governing access vary across the series. There are no restrictions on access to the examinations of deceased professors. However, access to the examinations of living professors is restricted. Researchers must first obtain written permission from living professors to view them. After a researcher presents written permission to the University of Virginia Law Library, the Library may allow them to view the examination in the special collections reading room. Researchers may take written notes, but the Library prohibits photography or scanning. Researchers may not borrow examinations or view them outside of the special collections reading room.","A few living professors have waived the requirement for written permission. Waivers are recorded in a conditions governing access note attached to the examination records in this finding aid.","There are no access restrictions for the examination answers in this file. The University of Virginia removed all of the information in these items that would identify the students who wrote them.","There are no access restrictions for the examination answers in this file. The University of Virginia removed all of the information in these items that would identify the students who wrote them.","The conditions governing access vary across the series. There are no restrictions on access to the examinations of deceased professors. However, access to the examinations of living professors is restricted. Researchers must first obtain written permission from living professors to view them. After a researcher presents written permission to the University of Virginia Law Library, the Library may allow them to view the examination in the special collections reading room. Researchers may take written notes, but the Library prohibits photography or scanning. Researchers may not borrow examinations or view them outside of the special collections reading room.","A few living professors have waived the requirement for written permission. Waivers are recorded in a conditions governing access note attached to the examination records in this finding aid.","The professor, John Calvin Jeffries, has opened access to this examiniation to all law students. Students do not need his explicit written permission to view it in the special collections reading room.","The conditions governing access vary across the series. There are no restrictions on access to the examinations of deceased professors. However, access to the examinations of living professors is restricted. Researchers must first obtain written permission from living professors to view them. After a researcher presents written permission to the University of Virginia Law Library, the Library may allow them to view the examination in the special collections reading room. Researchers may take written notes, but the Library prohibits photography or scanning. Researchers may not borrow examinations or view them outside of the special collections reading room.","A few living professors have waived the requirement for written permission. Waivers are recorded in a conditions governing access note attached to the examination records in this finding aid.","The Law Library arranged this collection into the following three series and ordered them chronologically:","I. Unbound examinations;","II. Bound examinations;","III. Examinations hosted online.","The examinations in this series are arranged in chronological order by the date they were administered to students.","Bound volumes are arranged in chronological order. Generally, a single volume contains all of the examinations that the Law Library collected for one academic year. Inside the volumes, examinations are usually arranged in alphabetical order by the name of the course.","The examinations are arranged into files by academic year.","Researchers will find more examples of University of Virginia School of Law examinations in the following publications:","1. Anderson Bros. (Charlottesville, Va.). Law Examinations. Revised and corrected ed. Anderson Bros, 1891.","2. Anderson Bros. (Charlottesville, Va.), and Thomas Randolph Keith. Law Examinations, Embracing, Examination Papers From the Year 1869 to 1894. 4th ed. Anderson Bros, 1894.","This collection consists of examinations that the University of Virginia Law School administered to students between 1890 and 2018. It also includes a few examples of examination answers.","The examinations exist in diverse media formats. Most of them are printed on paper, and most printed examinations are bound together into volumes. The other examinations were born digital and were initially made available to students online or on digital media (e.g., CDs, DVDs).","This series contains unbound print and CD copies of examinations given at the University of Virginia School of Law. The names of the professors who administered the examinations are given in parentheses with the name of the course.","J.H.A. Smith, a University of Virginia School of Law alum from the Class of 1899, signed these examinations.","Gordon M. Buck signed this examination.","Edwin B. Jones signed this examination. Jones was an alum of the University of Virginia School of Law, Class of 1900.","Nelson A. Bryan, University of Virginia (UVA) School of Law Class of 1930, signed one of the examination books. Linwood Mercer Smith, UVA School of Law Class of 1929, signed the other book.","Harry K. Benham, University of Virginia School of Law Class of 1930, signed this examination book.","W. Donald Beard, University of Virginia School of Law Class of 1930, signed this examination book.","Frank M. Tinkham, University of Virginia School of Law Class of 1931, signed this examination book.","Homer C. Reynolds, University of Virginia School of Law Class 1938, signed this examination.","This file consists of 30 University of Virginia School of Law examinations that the Arthur J. Morris Law Library collected at its circulation desk. The Library made most of these items available on reserve for law students.","Between 1952 and 2004, the University of Virginia Law Library created 47 bound volumes of past examinations given in Law School courses. Most volumes contain tables of contents that list the name of the courses, the date of the examination, and the name of the instructor. Course instructors periodically transferred the examinations to the Library so that students could use them as study materials. The Library kept the examinations on reserve and classified them with the \"VL 13\" number until 2018.","The bound examination book for Fall 1984-Spring 1985 (Item ID: 3305355-10001) was missing from the Law Library as of 2024.","From around 1996 and 2018, the University of Virginia Law Library hosted online copies of past examinations given in Law School courses. Some course instructors periodically transferred them to the Library so that students could use them as study materials. The examinations are in the .doc, .docx, .pdf, and .wpd file formats.","Because of the nature of this collection, copyright status varies across the examinations. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator of individual items; these items are expected to pass into the public domain 120 years after their creation. The University may grant permission to publish or reproduce intellectual property it owns in the name of The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia.","Because of the nature of this series, copyright status varies across the examinations. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator of individual items; these items are expected to pass into the public domain 120 years after their creation. The University may grant permission to publish or reproduce intellectual property it owns in the name of The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia.","Because of the nature of this series, copyright status varies across the examinations. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator of individual items; these items are expected to pass into the public domain 120 years after their creation. The University may grant permission to publish or reproduce intellectual property it owns in the name of The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia.","Because of the nature of this series, copyright status varies across the examinations. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator of individual items; these items are expected to pass into the public domain 120 years after their creation. The University may grant permission to publish or reproduce intellectual property it owns in the name of The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia.","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","University of Virginia. School of Law","English"],"unitid_tesim":["RG.32.401","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/915"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Law examinations - University of Virginia School of Law"],"collection_title_tesim":["Law examinations - University of Virginia School of Law"],"collection_ssim":["Law examinations - University of Virginia School of Law"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["University of Virginia. School of Law"],"creator_ssim":["University of Virginia. School of Law"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["University of Virginia. School of Law"],"creators_ssim":["University of Virginia. School of Law"],"access_terms_ssm":["Because of the nature of this collection, copyright status varies across the examinations. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator of individual items; these items are expected to pass into the public domain 120 years after their creation. The University may grant permission to publish or reproduce intellectual property it owns in the name of The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia."],"acqinfo_ssim":["RG-32-401 contains examinations from different sources.","The items in Series I came to the Library from various sources including donations, purchases, and internal transfers. Most of them were at one time stored in a \"memorabilia file drawer\" or the Law Library's front circulation office. ","Series II consists of bound examinations that the Law Library transferred from its reserve collection to its special collections department around 2018.","Series III consists of digital examinations that the Law Library transferred from an online environment to its special collections department around 2018. "],"access_subjects_ssim":["Law  -- Examinations, questions, etc.","Law  -- Study and teaching"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Law  -- Examinations, questions, etc.","Law  -- Study and teaching"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":[".5 Cubic Feet 1 archival box","47 Volumes",".096 Gigabytes"],"extent_tesim":[".5 Cubic Feet 1 archival box","47 Volumes",".096 Gigabytes"],"date_range_isim":[1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe conditions governing access vary across the collection. There are no restrictions on access to the examinations of deceased professors. However, access to the examinations of living professors is restricted. Researchers must first obtain written permission from living professors to view them. After a researcher presents written permission to the University of Virginia Law Library, the Library may allow them to view the examination in the special collections reading room. Researchers may take written notes, but the Library prohibits photography or scanning. Researchers may not borrow examinations or view them outside of the special collections reading room.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eA few living professors have waived the requirement for written permission. Waivers are recorded in a conditions governing access note attached to the examination records in this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe conditions governing access vary across the series. There are no restrictions on access to the examinations of deceased professors. However, access to the examinations of living professors is restricted. Researchers must first obtain written permission from living professors to view them. After a researcher presents written permission to the University of Virginia Law Library, the Library may allow them to view the examination in the special collections reading room. Researchers may take written notes, but the Library prohibits photography or scanning. Researchers may not borrow examinations or view them outside of the special collections reading room.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eA few living professors have waived the requirement for written permission. Waivers are recorded in a conditions governing access note attached to the examination records in this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions for the examination answers in this file. The University of Virginia removed all of the information in these items that would identify the students who wrote them.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions for the examination answers in this file. The University of Virginia removed all of the information in these items that would identify the students who wrote them.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe conditions governing access vary across the series. There are no restrictions on access to the examinations of deceased professors. However, access to the examinations of living professors is restricted. Researchers must first obtain written permission from living professors to view them. After a researcher presents written permission to the University of Virginia Law Library, the Library may allow them to view the examination in the special collections reading room. Researchers may take written notes, but the Library prohibits photography or scanning. Researchers may not borrow examinations or view them outside of the special collections reading room.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eA few living professors have waived the requirement for written permission. Waivers are recorded in a conditions governing access note attached to the examination records in this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe professor, John Calvin Jeffries, has opened access to this examiniation to all law students. Students do not need his explicit written permission to view it in the special collections reading room.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe conditions governing access vary across the series. There are no restrictions on access to the examinations of deceased professors. However, access to the examinations of living professors is restricted. Researchers must first obtain written permission from living professors to view them. After a researcher presents written permission to the University of Virginia Law Library, the Library may allow them to view the examination in the special collections reading room. Researchers may take written notes, but the Library prohibits photography or scanning. Researchers may not borrow examinations or view them outside of the special collections reading room.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eA few living professors have waived the requirement for written permission. Waivers are recorded in a conditions governing access note attached to the examination records in this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The conditions governing access vary across the collection. There are no restrictions on access to the examinations of deceased professors. However, access to the examinations of living professors is restricted. Researchers must first obtain written permission from living professors to view them. After a researcher presents written permission to the University of Virginia Law Library, the Library may allow them to view the examination in the special collections reading room. Researchers may take written notes, but the Library prohibits photography or scanning. Researchers may not borrow examinations or view them outside of the special collections reading room.","A few living professors have waived the requirement for written permission. Waivers are recorded in a conditions governing access note attached to the examination records in this finding aid.","The conditions governing access vary across the series. There are no restrictions on access to the examinations of deceased professors. However, access to the examinations of living professors is restricted. Researchers must first obtain written permission from living professors to view them. After a researcher presents written permission to the University of Virginia Law Library, the Library may allow them to view the examination in the special collections reading room. Researchers may take written notes, but the Library prohibits photography or scanning. Researchers may not borrow examinations or view them outside of the special collections reading room.","A few living professors have waived the requirement for written permission. Waivers are recorded in a conditions governing access note attached to the examination records in this finding aid.","There are no access restrictions for the examination answers in this file. The University of Virginia removed all of the information in these items that would identify the students who wrote them.","There are no access restrictions for the examination answers in this file. The University of Virginia removed all of the information in these items that would identify the students who wrote them.","The conditions governing access vary across the series. There are no restrictions on access to the examinations of deceased professors. However, access to the examinations of living professors is restricted. Researchers must first obtain written permission from living professors to view them. After a researcher presents written permission to the University of Virginia Law Library, the Library may allow them to view the examination in the special collections reading room. Researchers may take written notes, but the Library prohibits photography or scanning. Researchers may not borrow examinations or view them outside of the special collections reading room.","A few living professors have waived the requirement for written permission. Waivers are recorded in a conditions governing access note attached to the examination records in this finding aid.","The professor, John Calvin Jeffries, has opened access to this examiniation to all law students. Students do not need his explicit written permission to view it in the special collections reading room.","The conditions governing access vary across the series. There are no restrictions on access to the examinations of deceased professors. However, access to the examinations of living professors is restricted. Researchers must first obtain written permission from living professors to view them. After a researcher presents written permission to the University of Virginia Law Library, the Library may allow them to view the examination in the special collections reading room. Researchers may take written notes, but the Library prohibits photography or scanning. Researchers may not borrow examinations or view them outside of the special collections reading room.","A few living professors have waived the requirement for written permission. Waivers are recorded in a conditions governing access note attached to the examination records in this finding aid."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Law Library arranged this collection into the following three series and ordered them chronologically:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eI. Unbound examinations;\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eII. Bound examinations;\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIII. Examinations hosted online.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe examinations in this series are arranged in chronological order by the date they were administered to students.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBound volumes are arranged in chronological order. Generally, a single volume contains all of the examinations that the Law Library collected for one academic year. Inside the volumes, examinations are usually arranged in alphabetical order by the name of the course.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe examinations are arranged into files by academic year.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The Law Library arranged this collection into the following three series and ordered them chronologically:","I. Unbound examinations;","II. Bound examinations;","III. Examinations hosted online.","The examinations in this series are arranged in chronological order by the date they were administered to students.","Bound volumes are arranged in chronological order. Generally, a single volume contains all of the examinations that the Law Library collected for one academic year. Inside the volumes, examinations are usually arranged in alphabetical order by the name of the course.","The examinations are arranged into files by academic year."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers will find more examples of University of Virginia School of Law examinations in the following publications:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1. Anderson Bros. (Charlottesville, Va.). Law Examinations. Revised and corrected ed. Anderson Bros, 1891.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e2. Anderson Bros. (Charlottesville, Va.), and Thomas Randolph Keith. Law Examinations, Embracing, Examination Papers From the Year 1869 to 1894. 4th ed. Anderson Bros, 1894.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Researchers will find more examples of University of Virginia School of Law examinations in the following publications:","1. Anderson Bros. (Charlottesville, Va.). Law Examinations. Revised and corrected ed. Anderson Bros, 1891.","2. Anderson Bros. (Charlottesville, Va.), and Thomas Randolph Keith. Law Examinations, Embracing, Examination Papers From the Year 1869 to 1894. 4th ed. Anderson Bros, 1894."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of examinations that the University of Virginia Law School administered to students between 1890 and 2018. It also includes a few examples of examination answers.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe examinations exist in diverse media formats. Most of them are printed on paper, and most printed examinations are bound together into volumes. The other examinations were born digital and were initially made available to students online or on digital media (e.g., CDs, DVDs).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series contains unbound print and CD copies of examinations given at the University of Virginia School of Law. The names of the professors who administered the examinations are given in parentheses with the name of the course.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJ.H.A. Smith, a University of Virginia School of Law alum from the Class of 1899, signed these examinations.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGordon M. Buck signed this examination.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEdwin B. Jones signed this examination. Jones was an alum of the University of Virginia School of Law, Class of 1900.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNelson A. Bryan, University of Virginia (UVA) School of Law Class of 1930, signed one of the examination books. Linwood Mercer Smith, UVA School of Law Class of 1929, signed the other book.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHarry K. Benham, University of Virginia School of Law Class of 1930, signed this examination book.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eW. Donald Beard, University of Virginia School of Law Class of 1930, signed this examination book.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrank M. Tinkham, University of Virginia School of Law Class of 1931, signed this examination book.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHomer C. Reynolds, University of Virginia School of Law Class 1938, signed this examination.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file consists of 30 University of Virginia School of Law examinations that the Arthur J. Morris Law Library collected at its circulation desk. The Library made most of these items available on reserve for law students.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBetween 1952 and 2004, the University of Virginia Law Library created 47 bound volumes of past examinations given in Law School courses. Most volumes contain tables of contents that list the name of the courses, the date of the examination, and the name of the instructor. Course instructors periodically transferred the examinations to the Library so that students could use them as study materials. The Library kept the examinations on reserve and classified them with the \"VL 13\" number until 2018.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe bound examination book for Fall 1984-Spring 1985 (Item ID: 3305355-10001) was missing from the Law Library as of 2024.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom around 1996 and 2018, the University of Virginia Law Library hosted online copies of past examinations given in Law School courses. Some course instructors periodically transferred them to the Library so that students could use them as study materials. The examinations are in the .doc, .docx, .pdf, and .wpd file formats.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection consists of examinations that the University of Virginia Law School administered to students between 1890 and 2018. It also includes a few examples of examination answers.","The examinations exist in diverse media formats. Most of them are printed on paper, and most printed examinations are bound together into volumes. The other examinations were born digital and were initially made available to students online or on digital media (e.g., CDs, DVDs).","This series contains unbound print and CD copies of examinations given at the University of Virginia School of Law. The names of the professors who administered the examinations are given in parentheses with the name of the course.","J.H.A. Smith, a University of Virginia School of Law alum from the Class of 1899, signed these examinations.","Gordon M. Buck signed this examination.","Edwin B. Jones signed this examination. Jones was an alum of the University of Virginia School of Law, Class of 1900.","Nelson A. Bryan, University of Virginia (UVA) School of Law Class of 1930, signed one of the examination books. Linwood Mercer Smith, UVA School of Law Class of 1929, signed the other book.","Harry K. Benham, University of Virginia School of Law Class of 1930, signed this examination book.","W. Donald Beard, University of Virginia School of Law Class of 1930, signed this examination book.","Frank M. Tinkham, University of Virginia School of Law Class of 1931, signed this examination book.","Homer C. Reynolds, University of Virginia School of Law Class 1938, signed this examination.","This file consists of 30 University of Virginia School of Law examinations that the Arthur J. Morris Law Library collected at its circulation desk. The Library made most of these items available on reserve for law students.","Between 1952 and 2004, the University of Virginia Law Library created 47 bound volumes of past examinations given in Law School courses. Most volumes contain tables of contents that list the name of the courses, the date of the examination, and the name of the instructor. Course instructors periodically transferred the examinations to the Library so that students could use them as study materials. The Library kept the examinations on reserve and classified them with the \"VL 13\" number until 2018.","The bound examination book for Fall 1984-Spring 1985 (Item ID: 3305355-10001) was missing from the Law Library as of 2024.","From around 1996 and 2018, the University of Virginia Law Library hosted online copies of past examinations given in Law School courses. Some course instructors periodically transferred them to the Library so that students could use them as study materials. The examinations are in the .doc, .docx, .pdf, and .wpd file formats."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBecause of the nature of this collection, copyright status varies across the examinations. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator of individual items; these items are expected to pass into the public domain 120 years after their creation. The University may grant permission to publish or reproduce intellectual property it owns in the name of The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBecause of the nature of this series, copyright status varies across the examinations. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator of individual items; these items are expected to pass into the public domain 120 years after their creation. The University may grant permission to publish or reproduce intellectual property it owns in the name of The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBecause of the nature of this series, copyright status varies across the examinations. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator of individual items; these items are expected to pass into the public domain 120 years after their creation. The University may grant permission to publish or reproduce intellectual property it owns in the name of The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBecause of the nature of this series, copyright status varies across the examinations. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator of individual items; these items are expected to pass into the public domain 120 years after their creation. The University may grant permission to publish or reproduce intellectual property it owns in the name of The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use","Conditions Governing Use","Conditions Governing Use","Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Because of the nature of this collection, copyright status varies across the examinations. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator of individual items; these items are expected to pass into the public domain 120 years after their creation. The University may grant permission to publish or reproduce intellectual property it owns in the name of The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia.","Because of the nature of this series, copyright status varies across the examinations. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator of individual items; these items are expected to pass into the public domain 120 years after their creation. The University may grant permission to publish or reproduce intellectual property it owns in the name of The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia.","Because of the nature of this series, copyright status varies across the examinations. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator of individual items; these items are expected to pass into the public domain 120 years after their creation. The University may grant permission to publish or reproduce intellectual property it owns in the name of The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia.","Because of the nature of this series, copyright status varies across the examinations. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator of individual items; these items are expected to pass into the public domain 120 years after their creation. The University may grant permission to publish or reproduce intellectual property it owns in the name of The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia."],"names_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","University of Virginia. School of Law"],"corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","University of Virginia. School of Law"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1816,"online_item_count_is":111,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-24T23:24:18.661Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_915"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1347","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Loren Roth papers","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_1347#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Roth, Loren H.","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_1347#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection is divided into two series. The first series, \"abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists\", consists of subject files compiled by Dr. Loren Roth, Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Pittsburgh. They are evidence of Dr. Roth's efforts to stop the abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists for political reasons, with an emphasis on the former Soviet Union. The subject files contain correspondence, articles, reports, evaluations, meeting minutes, agendas, planning materials, diaries, photographs, memoranda, handwritten notes, programs, books, videotapes, ephemera, and other items. Together, these materials date from around 1950 to 2008. However the bulk of them date from the 1970s to the 1990s, when Dr. Roth participated in U.S. delegations to the former Soviet Union and was part of the American Psychological Association's (APA) Committees on Human Rights and International Abuse of Psychiatry and Psychiatrists.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_1347#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1347","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1347","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1347","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1347","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_4_resources_1347.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/169336","title_ssm":["Loren Roth papers"],"title_tesim":["Loren Roth papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1950-2022","1974-2022"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1974-2022"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1950-2022"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS.2021.01","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/1347"],"text":["MSS.2021.01","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/1347","Loren Roth papers","Psychiatry -- Soviet Union","Political prisoners -- Soviet Union","Dissenters -- Soviet Union","Researchers may only access and view the materials in this collection onsite and in-person at the University of Virginia Law Library in Charlottesville, Virginia. The following additional restrictions apply to any materials that contain the names of the interviewees of the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union and/or 1991 ad hoc mission to the Soviet Union by the World Psychiatric Association:","1. To obtain access to these records, interested researchers must sign a form to agree not to use, document, or disclose names of the patients or their families, or other identifying information about these persons and to abide by all the provisions specified in the present document. The form is available on site from the responsible official of the UVA Law Library. ","2. These materials may not be copied, photographed, or otherwise reproduced digitally. ","3. Before accessing the requested materials, interested researchers must agree to abide by reasonable administrative, technical, and physical safeguards, as approved by the UVA Law Library, to prevent unauthorized use or disclosure of the information. These procedures shall be followed by all persons associated with the applicant's research project.  ","4. Records in this category are also subject to the following safeguards: (i) Any information that would permit the identification of an individual (names, biographical data, etc.) may not be used, documented, or made public by the researcher, nor will any attempt to contact them be made. However, this does not preclude the researcher from contacting a person in advance of gaining access, for the purpose of obtaining access.  (ii) If a researcher obtains written authorization for access from an interviewee or from his/her legal guardian, the records may be made available to that researcher. (iii) Interviewees themselves may have free access to their own health information if contained in this collection. ","5. If the University of Virginia Law Library discovers that a researcher has violated the confidentiality of information or the conditions of access, the Law Library shall take steps to revoke the research privileges of the researcher and shall consult with University of Virginia legal counsel to prevent further disclosure of the health information.","Finally, different access restrictions may apply to some of the items in  this collection. Whenever possible, archivists have made a note of these restrictions in other parts of the finding aid.","There are access restrictions on some of the materials in this series. When a file or item is restricted, an additional note explaining the conditions of access is attached to the file or item description.","The items in these folders contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed in the U.S.S.R. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed in the U.S.S.R. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed in the U.S.S.R. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed in the U.S.S.R. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","The interviews with the former Soviet patients and the original 1989 recording are restricted and special permissions apply.","Dr. Joseph D. Bloom did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).","Kyrill Borissow did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).","Dr. William Carpenter did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).","Robert William Farrand did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).","Dr. Robert Hirschfeld did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).","William Hopkins did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).","Mr. I. did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022). However, due to the sensitive nature of the topics covered in the interview, the University of Virginia restricts access according to the guidelines for more sensitive materials outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","Dr. Samuel Keith did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).","Dr. Felix Kleyman did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).","Andrey Kovalev did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).","Ellen Mercer did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).","Dr. John T. Monahan did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).","Peter Reddaway did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).","Dr. Darrel Regier did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).","In addition to the restrictions on access that applies to all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022),  Dr. Loren Roth requested that The University of Virginia only make his interview available to researchers on-site at the repository preserving the interview.","Mr. S. did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022). However, due to the sensitive nature of the topics covered in the interview, the University of Virginia restricts access to both recordings according to the guidelines for more sensitive materials outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","Carolyn Smith did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).","In addition to the restrictions on access that applies to all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022),  Dr. Leon Stern requested that The University of Virginia only make his interview available to researchers on-site at the repository preserving the interview.","This file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of persons from the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of persons from the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","The files in this series are arranged by subject into 14 sub-series.","The files in this sub-series are arranged in chronological order.","The files in this sub-series are arranged in chronological order.","While it is understood that the misuse of psychiatry for non-medical reasons allegedly started in the U.S.S.R. after the October Revolution of 1917, its widespread and systematic use as a tool to silence political dissent became well-documented during Khrushchev's era. In a 1959 speech attributed to Khrushchev, he allegedly attempted to justify putting dissidents in psychiatric hospitals by saying that only a mentally ill person may be opposed to Communism (1). While there also were \"political\" parts of the R.S.F.S.R. Criminal Code that criminalized anti-Soviet agitation and slander of the Soviet state, psychiatry was often used to isolate dissidents, punish them with psychiatric drugs, discredit their ideas, and avoid criminal law procedures.","The \"Sluggish schizophrenia\" concept developed by academician Snezhnevsky had overly broad diagnostic criteria that allowed the diagnosis of schizophrenia in patients who showed no symptoms, on the assumption that these symptoms would appear later (2). In almost every case, dissidents were examined at the Serbsky Central Research Institute for Forensic Psychiatry.\nInformation about Soviet repressive psychiatry became well-known in the West after 1971 dissident Vladimir Bukovsky smuggled over 150 pages documenting the political abuse of psychiatric institutions in the Soviet Union into the West. The papers were studied by independent psychiatrists in several countries and released to the press (3). \"Bukovsky's papers\" galvanized human rights activists worldwide and those within the Soviet Union.","While the attempt to bring the matter to the official agenda of the World Psychiatric Association (W.P.A.) at their 1971 World Congress in Mexico was unsuccessful, it kept gaining more and more outcry worldwide. So, in 1977, the W.P.A. adopted the Hawaii Declaration – a milestone defining principles of good and ethical medical practice. The All-Union Society of Psychiatrists and Narcologists, the official Soviet professional organization, was bound to withdraw from the W.P.A. at its next Congress in 1983—the allegations of the political abuse of psychiatry inflicted irretrievable damage on the prestige of Soviet medicine.","In 1975, the Soviet Union, the United States, and other countries signed the Helsinki Accords - the key document of the Conference of Security and Cooperation in Europe (C.S.C.E.). The Accords signaled a détente between the East and the West and built the foundation for the end of the Cold War, the U.S.-Soviet disarmament talks, and the \"third basket\" on human rights and freedoms in the Soviet Union.","Mikhail Gorbachev, who became the head of the Soviet Communist Party in 1985, prioritized the improvement of U.S.-Soviet relations. Also, Gorbachev launched the domestic \"perestroika\" (restructuring) and \"glasnost\" (openness) initiatives. These combined foreign and domestic policy developments fostered interest, internally and externally, in the plight of Soviet political prisoners. The Soviet Union released many political prisoners from labor camps, and in April 1987, Secretary Schultz and Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs Shevardnadze agreed on a human rights dialog (4). As part of this broader dialog, in September 1987, the Soviet representatives began to try to assure their American counterparts that the abuse of psychiatry had ended (5).","Notes:","1. Khrushchev had said this in a speech published in the state newspaper Pravda on 24 May 1959: A crime is a deviation from generally recognized standards of behaviour frequently caused by mental disorder. Can there be diseases, nervous disorders among certain people in a Communist society? Evidently yes. If that is so, then there will also be offences, which are characteristic of people with abnormal minds. Of those who might start calling for opposition to Communism on this basis, we can say that clearly their mental state is not normal.\nKnapp, Martin, et al. Mental Health Policy and Practice Across Europe: The Future Direction of Mental Health Care, McGraw-Hill Education, 2006. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uva/detail.action?docID=316293.","2. Sfera, Adonis. Can psychiatry be misused again?. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 9 September 2013;(4):101. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00101. PMID 24058348.","3. For more information, see Reddaway, Peter (12 March 1971). \"Plea to West on Soviet 'mad-house' jails\". The Times. p. 8.; Bloch, Sidney; Reddaway, Peter (1984). Soviet Psychiatric Abuse. The Shadow Over World Psychiatry. London: Gollancz.","4. Schifter-Adamishin book, timeline, page xix","5. Id, pages xix and xx","During the late 1980s, U.S.-Soviet discussions about the abuse of psychiatry led to the formation of a special U.S. delegation to the Soviet Union. In February 1989, the U.S.S.R. allowed the delegation to independently assess 27 Soviet citizens believed to have been psychiatrically committed for non-medical reasons. The U.S.S.R. also allowed the delegation to inspect ordinary psychiatric hospitals and other hospitals known as \"psychoprisons.\" The U.S. delegation's psychiatric leader was Dr. Loren Roth of the University of Pittsburgh. The U.S. State Department organized the trip, closely cooperating with the American Psychiatric Association and the National Institute of Mental Health. Their Soviet counterparts were the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Soviet Ministry of Health and the conservative leadership of Soviet psychiatry, both believed to have been deeply involved in abuse, internally opposed the visit. However, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs overcame this opposition, and their support was critical to the U.S. delegation's success.","The U.S. delegation consisted of leading experts in psychiatry, forensic psychiatry, forensic psychology, law, and Sovietology. Also, it included a representative of the American Psychological Association (A.P.A.), and émigré Soviet psychiatrists living in the United States.","From April 1988 onward, Dr. Loren Roth engaged in extensive negotiations with his Soviet counterparts on the details of the visit. They discussed the list of people (\"patients\") to be assessed by the delegation and the processes for obtaining their consent. There were difficult negotiations over the presence of Soviet psychiatrists during the examinations, and the need to protect the interviewees from potential intimidation and retaliation.","The U.S. delegation advocated for and adopted critical precautions to ensure the transparency of the mission and its findings. They used scientifically developed structural psychiatric interview schedules, brought U.S. interpreters to assist the delegation, avoided sharing the cost of the trip with the Soviet side, collected urine samples to rule out overmedication, videotaped the interviews, and spoke with friends/relatives of those interviewed.","Although there was a significant risk that the Soviet Union would cancel the delegation's visit, it occurred between February and March, 1989. The American team evaluated 27 Soviet citizens and inspected special psychiatric hospitals in Kazan and Chernyakhovsk as well as ordinary psychiatric hospitals in Vilnius and Kaunas.","Among those interviewed by the U.S. team were people still hospitalized, and those who had been previously discharged. The American team was greatly assisted by Mr. Aleksandr \"Sasha\" Podrabinek, the Soviet and, subsequently, Russian dissident. He was an expert on the issue of abuse of psychiatry and author of the 1979 book \"Punitive Medicine\" (see references). Mr. Podrabinek facilitated access to those who had been previously released and claimed to be unavailable by Soviet counterparts.","The U.S. team detailed their conclusions in their final report, \"Assessment of Recent Changes in Soviet Psychiatry\" (available in this collection), which researchers are encouraged to read. The Soviet Union responded officially with its own report.","The 1989 visit laid a foundation for subsequent collaboration between the two countries in the area of mental health. The U.S.-Russia Health Committee met from 1994 to 2000 as a part of a larger Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission. It focused, in particular, on mental health care during disasters and the primary care physician's role in caring for patients with depression.","Shortly after the American mission was over, the W.P.A. congress in Athens decided to provisionally readmit the Soviet All-Union Society after receiving an official, although somewhat vague, admission of the past wrongdoings (covered in detail in On Dissidents and Madness by Robert van Voren). In 1991, the W.P.A. undertook an ad hoc psychiatric inspection of the Soviet Union that Dr. Jim Birley headed. Dr. Loren Roth and other experts who served on the 1989 U.S. State Department mission joined this inspection.","In 1990, a delegation of Soviet psychiatrists and politicians visited the United States for an educational trip to American psychiatric services and scholarly dialogues.","\nResearchers are encouraged to read the resources listed below to gain a better understanding of the historical events surrounding the 1989 delegation:","- the Schizophrenia Bulletin (supplement to Vol 15, # 4, 1989), which contains the brief overview of the reasons, methodology, and findings of the American team in the U.S., the final report of the U.S. delegation both in English and Russian, as well as the Soviet response in both languages (Hyperlink1)\n- The New York Times article \"Accord Is Sought by U.S. And Soviet on Mental Wards\" of May 22, 1988\n- The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, Volume 49, Number 4, 2021 \"Jonas Rappeport: A Direct, Accomplished AAPL Leader\" by Dr. Loren Roth\n- Report by the World Psychiatric Association Team on the Visit to the Soviet Union, 9-29 June 1991, headed by Dr. Jim Burley\n- Human Rights, Perestroika, and the End of the Cold War co-authored by Anatoly Adamishin and Richard Schifter in 2009","In 2021, three decades after the 1989 trip to assess the conditions of Soviet citizens confined in psychiatric hospitals for political reasons, an oral history project was initiated to document it. Loren H. Roth, Ellen Mercer, and Richard Bonnie, three members of the delegation, had always wanted to evaluate if the mission had had any lasting impact on the lives of the people interviewed and on the quality and ethical integrity of psychiatric care in the countries of the former Soviet Union. The oral history project began in conjunction with the donation of Loren Roth's papers to the University of Virginia School of Law Library. Olena Protsenko, a Ukrainian human rights lawyer, organized Roth's papers and began researching related collections. Richard Bonnie's papers and Saleem Shah's files on the abuse of psychiatry, also part of the University of Virginia Law Library manuscript collections, were essential to the project's development.","Dr. Joseph D. Bloom was one of the few forensic psychiatrists on the 1989 U.S. Department of State Delegation to the Soviet Union to investigate the abuse of psychiatry. Bloom is Dean Emeritus of the Oregon Health and Science University and Clinical Professor at the Department of Psychiatry of the University of Arizona Fenix College of Medicine.","Mr. Borissow is an American of a Russian descend. He was a contract interpreter for the U.S. State Department for many years. During the 1989 trip, he was on the sub-team # 3 under the leadership of Dr. Hirschfeld, interpreting in Leningrad.","Dr. William Carpenter was leader of team #2 of the 1989 American investigative scientific mission to the Soviet Union. He is Professor of Medicine at the University of Maryland School of Medicine and former Director of the Maryland Psychiatric Research Center.","Robert William Farrand retired in 1998 after 34 years in the U.S. Foreign Service. He served as Ambassador to Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu from 1990 until 1993. ","In 1988-89 he led the U.S. delegation of medical and forensic professionals to investigate the Soviet Union's political weaponizing of psychiatry, for which he received a Superior Honor Award.","Farrand was concurrently Supervisor of the Bosnian city of Brčko and Deputy High Representative for the northern sector of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1997 to 2000).  ","Dr. Robert Hirschfeld is Professor of Psychiatry at Weill Cornell Medical College. He was the team leader of team # 3 during the 1989 psychiatric delegation to the U.S.S.R.","Mr. William Hopkins is a retired U.S. State Department staff interpreter. During the 1989 U.S. psychiatric mission to the USSR, he interpreted for team # 2 under the leadership of Dr. William Carpenter.","Mr. I. is a Soviet/Ukrainian dissident who was repeatedly involuntarily committed to a psychiatric hospital for political reasons. He was one of the people interviewed by the U.S. State Department investigative psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R. in 1989.","Dr. Keith is the Emeritus Milton Rosenbaum Professor of Psychiatry and Psychology at the University of New Mexico School of Medicine. He was a Deputy Director and Associate Director for Schizophrenia Programs at the NIMH as of 1989. He was the team leader of team # 1 during the 1989 psychiatric delegation to the U.S.S.R.","Dr. Felix Kleyman is a psychiatrist practicing in New York City. At the time of the 1989 U.S. State Department mission to the Soviet Union to investigate abuse of psychiatry, Dr. Kleyman was an assistant clinical professor of psychiatry at New York Medical College. Dr. Kleyman was one of the few Russian-speaking, U.S.S.R. and U.S.-trained psychiatrists on the American team. Dr. Kleyman was also a member of the 1991 W.P.A.  mission to the Soviet Union once the All-Union Society of Psychiatrists and Narcologists was provisionally readmitted to the W.P.A.","As of 1989, Mr. Kovalev was a Senior Advisor of the Department for International Humanitarian and Cultural Relations at the Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He was charged with bringing Soviet legislation and practice in line with the international obligations of the U.S.S.R. Mr. Kovalev was responsible for the development and implementation of the psychiatric reform, including the organization of the visit of the American psychiatric delegation in 1989.","At the time of the 1989 U.S. psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R. Ms. Mercer was the Director of the A.P.A. Office of International Affairs. She is believed to be one of the initiators of the visit and was deeply involved in its planning and preparation as the representative of the American Psychiatric Association (A.P.A.). During the visit itself, she was a member of the team inspecting psychiatric hospitals on the ground.","John T. Monahan is the John S. Shannon Distinguished Professor of Law, Professor of Psychology, Hunton Andrews Kurth Professor of Law at the University of Virginia School of Law. He was the only forensic psychologist on the 1989 U.S. State Department investigative psychiatric mission to the Soviet Union.","Mr. Reddaway is a renowned expert on Russian and Soviet politics, author of many books and publications. He is Professor Emeritus of Political Science and International Affairs at George Washington University.","Dr. Darrel Regier was the Scientific Director of the 1989 State Department investigative mission to the U.S.S.R. and coordinated all aspects of the clinical assessment procedure. Dr. Regier completed twenty-five years at the National Institute of Mental Health (N.I.M.H.), during which time he directed three research divisions in the areas of epidemiology, prevention, clinical research, and health services research. Dr. Regier is currently a Senior Scientist at the Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, in the Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine and Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University. He also serves as an independent senior scientific consultant to the American Psychiatric Association (A.P.A.) on DSM-5 and research related issues.","Dr. Roth was the psychiatric leader of the 1989 U.S. State Department investigative psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R. Following 44 years of distinguished service to the Department of Psychiatry and the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Loren H. Roth, M.D., M.P.H., was recognized and awarded Emeritus status at a special reception following the Department's Annual Research Day held June 7, 2018. \nPrior to his being an Emeritus Professor, for the previous five years Dr. Roth was the Associate Senior Vice Chancellor, Clinic Policy and Planning, Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh; Distinguished Service Professor of Psychiatry, Professor of Health Policy and Management, and Clinical and Translational Science; and Senior Advisor, Quality, UPMC Health Plan.  In addition to his many academic positions, Dr. Roth has held multiple leadership roles at UPMC culminating in his being the first Chief Medical Officer of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (U.P.M.C.) (2003-2007).","Mr. S. is a Soviet/Russian dissident who was repeatedly involuntarily committed to a psychiatric hospital for political reasons. He was one of the people interviewed by the U.S. State Department investigative psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R. in 1989.","Fluent in English and Russian, Ms. Smith was a contract interpreter for the U.S. State Department for many years. She interpreted for both the 1989 American delegation and the 1991 WPA delegation to the Soviet Union. During the 1989 trip, she was on the sub-team # 1 under the leadership of Dr. Samuel J. Keith, M.D. interpreting in Moscow.","Dr. Leon Stern is a Russian-speaking psychiatrist who was a member of the field team that inspected four psychiatric hospitals across the Soviet Union. Dr. Stern is a psychiatrist in private practice.","Olena Protsenko processed this collection. She was a post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law.","This collection is divided into two series. The first series, \"abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists\", consists of subject files compiled by Dr. Loren Roth, Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Pittsburgh. They are evidence of Dr. Roth's efforts to stop the abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists for political reasons, with an emphasis on the former Soviet Union. The subject files contain correspondence, articles, reports, evaluations, meeting minutes, agendas, planning materials, diaries, photographs, memoranda, handwritten notes, programs, books, videotapes, ephemera, and other items. Together, these materials date from around 1950 to 2008. However the bulk of them date from the 1970s to the 1990s, when Dr. Roth participated in U.S. delegations to the former Soviet Union and was part of the American Psychological Association's (APA) Committees on Human Rights and International Abuse of Psychiatry and Psychiatrists.","\nThe second series consists of materials that were gathered and produced for the \"Retrospective Review of the 1989 U.S. State Department Psychiatric Mission to the U.S.S.R.\" project. These materials include oral history interviews with individuals involved with the 1989 mission, a 1989 recorded interview with a psychiatric patient, project correspondence, biographical files, interview minutes, and an organizational chart. Most of the items in this series date from the time of the project, 2021 to 2022.","This series consists of subject files that Dr. Loren Henry Roth assembled and used while working to stop the abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists for political reasons, emphasizing abuse in the former Soviet Union. The files contain correspondence, memoranda, meeting documents, articles, reports, lists, forms, evaluations, photographs, diaries, and other materials.","World Psychiatric Association Proposed Declaration of Hawaii; \"Honolulu Paper\": Somerville, John: \"Ethics and Psychiatry,\" (1977); Committee of French Psychiatrists Against The Political Uses of Psychiatry Special Bulletin, the World Congress of Psychiatry in Hawaii; newspaper clippings from Hawaiian newspapers (1977). APA white paper: \"Misuse and Abuse of Psychiatry in the U.S.: A definition and Discussion,\" (1991); correspondence and papers of Paul Chodoff, (1989-1990 and undated); Helmchen, H. and A. Okasha: \"From the Hawaii Declaration to the Declaration of Madrid,\" Acta Psychiatr Scand 200:101: 2023","Copy of the Report to the Board of Trustees, American Psychiatric Association of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Use of Psychiatric Institutions for the Commitment of Political Dissenters (1972); Boekovski Berichten Bukovsky News: The Case of Irina Grivnina (1985?); Statement of Dr. Algirdas Statkevicius to the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (1988); copy of letter from Peter Reddaway to Viktor Nakas, Leon Stern, Robert van Voren and Algirdas Statkevicius (1989); copy of translation of SB case (1987-1989); U.S. Helsinki Watch Committee [memorandum] re Shatravka Family (1988); Committee of Concerned Scientists, Inc \"Call for Action for Three Soviet Former Prisoners of Conscience,\" (1988); and newspaper clippings mainly of Pyotr G. Grigorenko and Anatoly Koryagin","\"Special Report, The Medical Profession and the Prevention of Torture,\" The New England Journal of Medicine (October 1985); \"Sowing fear: The Uses of Torture and Psychological Abuse in Chile,\" A Report by Physicians for Human Rights (October 1988); Proposal. Center for Rehabilitation of Torture Victims [RCT], New York, NY and Roseland, New Jersey (undated); RCT International Newsletter on Treatment and Rehabilitation of Torture Victims (1990-1991); RCT IRCT [International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims]: Torture [packet of documents] (1991-1992); Jacobsen, Lone and Pete Vesti: Torture Survivors – a New Group of Patients, The Danish Nurses Organization, 1990; Canadian Centre for Victims of Torture","Human Rights Task Force of the APA survey on human rights organizations (1984); Human Rights Survey Responses (1988); Human Rights Cases Monitored by the APA (1990); photocopy of European Convention on Human Rights Collected Texts, Strasbourg, 1965.  Folder includes an incomplete set of The World Medical Association press releases (1975-1990), printed materials and news clippings","Documents from the Ninth Session of the U.S.-U.S.S.R. Joint Committee for Health Cooperation, (1988-11-17); Trip Report – P.H.S. Delegation Visit to the Soviet Union  November 13-20, 1988 Ninth U.S.-U.S.S.R. Health Committee Meeting (1989-01-25); Summary of Cooperation in Health Between the US Public Health Service and the Ministry of Health of the U.S.S.R. (1989-01-26); Peter Henry thoughts re Implications of Trip for U.S.-Soviet Health Agreement (1989-02-02)","Roth's printed account of trip that he made with Rabbi Mark Staitman, Larry Hurwitz, cardiologist;  Harold and Esther Garfinkel, community leaders; Joy Weber, science writer, and Rabbi Jonathan Stein. September 20-October 1, 1986. (2 versions)","Dr. Roth and Ambassador Schifter's preliminary planning documents for the U.S. mission to the U.S.S.R. in April of 1988.","APA Memorandum re \"use of psychiatry for political purposes\" (1988-03-21); [USSR] Regulations for Psychiatric Hospitals, LS No. 124600 JS/AO Russian, Appendix to Decree No. 225 of the USSR Ministry of Public Health, 21 March 1988; Pre-summit discussions. Report of Soviet Contact (1988-03-23): Gennadi N. Milyokhin, M.D. visit to Parklawn;  [Unedited] On the Record Briefing of Richard Schifter, Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs,  March 25, 1988","Peter Reddaway: \"Will Perestroika End Political Abuse in Soviet Psychiatry?\" (1988-07-03); copy of pages 5-6 of \"Argumenty I fakty\" No. 11/1987, [Reporter V. Romanenko interviews with  Dr. Marat Vartanyan (1987- 03-21-27)]; anonymous draft \"Ground Rounds\", \"Abuses in Soviet Psychiatry\" (undated); Karklins, Rasma: \"The Dissent/Coercion Nexus in the USSR, Working Paper #36, Soviet Interview Project (1987-05); Roth's handwritten notes; copies of printed materials related to Soviet psychiatry; annotated copy of Berman, Harold J.: Soviet Criminal Law and Procedure. The RSFR Codes. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1977, pp. 3-124","Stipulations for Delegation of U.S. Psychiatrists and Other Experts Visiting the USSR (1988-11-09); Roth's handwritten notes. Also Ellen Mercer U.S.S.R. Trip Confidential  Report (1988 -11) and Saleem A. Shah Department of Health and Human Services Report on International Travel (1988-11-18). Correspondence to Alexander A. Churkin  with documents: US-Soviet Understanding for Delegation of US Psychiatrists and Other Experts Visiting the USSR; \"Discussions\"; Consent Forms for Persons Interviewed and of Relatives and Friends (1988-12-19)","re assesment of Soviet Psychiatry (1988-08-04), memorandum re \"Sensible Tactics re U.S. Delegation on Soviet Psychiatry; human rights and Soviet Psychiatry; \"things to do; Roth's notes; and Roth: \"Uses of Psychiatry in the U.S.S.R. and U.S.A,\" Browning Hoffman Lecture, UVA School of LAw (1988-10-07).","International Association on the Political Use of Psychiatry [IAPUP]: Information Bulletin Nos. 3, 9, 11, 18-21; also copy of \"II. The Case of All-Union Society (undated). Soviet Psychiatry News, vol. 1, nos. 1-2 (1989)","US State Department Soviet Psychiatric Project Delegation to the Soviet Union Planning Trip – correspondence, telegrams, memoranda re: negotiations, support and concerns, instructions, logistics for the trip. Correspondence with Soviet and US officials, and other psychiatrists. Summary of discussions with Ambassador Richard Schifter (1989-02-11); comments from Saleem Shah (1989-02-10); from Robert van Voren, Ellen Mercer, Dr. Edward Kelty and others.","This sub-series contains materials related to the organization, planning and logistics of the trip, as well as background information about the psychiatric abuse in the U.S.S.R.","This file contains memoranda, handwritten notes, list of participants, questionnaires, Forensic Interview Schedule, and Interpersonal Personality Disorder Examination (IPDE).","DSM-III-R Criteria Checklist (1988-05-23; Structural Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Patient Version (1988-06-01) SCID-NP/OP Psychotic Screening (1988-06-01); Instruction Manual for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (1988 and 1989)","DSM-III-R Criteria Checklist (1988-05-23; Structural Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Patient Version (1988-06-01) SCID-NP/OP Psychotic Screening (1988-06-01); Instruction Manual for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (1988 and 1989)","Russian version of IPDE (1989-02-16); Russian version of Revised SCID Standardized Clinical Study According to DSM-III-PD Criteria (SKID) (1991-04); Russian version of World Psychiatric Association visit to the USSR Forensic Examination (1991-03)","The reports were written by doctors Jonas Rappeport, M.D., Vladimir Levit, MD., Samuel J. Keith, M.D, Darrell A. Regier, M.D., Loren Roth, M.D., Felix Kleyman, M.D., Joseph Bloom, M.D., William. T. Carpenter, M.D., Robert Hirschfeld, M.D., Alla Arsenian (interpreter); Elmore Rigamer, M.D., Joel Klein; Boris Shostokovich, M.D.; John Monahan; Nancy Andreason, M.D.; William Farrand.","Reports of forensic evaluations done in Moscow and Leningrad by Jonas R. Rappeport, John Monahan, Joseph D. Bloom; draft of Roth's \"Patient Sample –Description. Methodological Issues – Obstacles\" (1989-04-10); assessments and handwritten notes re patients; Russian document with translation re patients (undated); Roth's notes on various interviewees (1991-02-07)","The materials in this file include Roth's letters to persons who he wished to interview but didn't; U.S. Department of State \"transliteration\" of names (1989-04-04) and inventory of status of cases (1989-04-05)","\"Delegation of US Psychiatrists Issues Press Statement\" signed by members of the US Psychiatric Delegation: Nancy Andreasen, M. D.; Joseph D. Bloom, M.D.; Richard J. Bonnie; William T. Carpenter, M.D.; Robert M. A. Hirschfeld, M. D.; Samuel J. Keith, M.D.; Joel Klein; Felix L. Kleyman, M.D.; Vladimir A. Levit, M.D.;  David Lozovsky, M. D.; Ellen Mercer, John Monahan, PhD; Jonas R. Rappeport, M.D.; Peter B. Reddaway, Ph.D; Darrel A. Regier, MD.D., M.P.H.; Elmore E. Rigamer, M.D.; Leon Stern, M.D.; Harold M. Visotsky, M. D.]","Testimonies of Darrel A. Regier, Robert W. Farrard, Peter Reddaway, Robert van Voren, Loren H. Roth; statement of Steny H. Hoyer; LHR's handwritten notes; correspondence; responses, printed materials; draft I Report of the U.S. Delegation and Preliminary Soviet Reply: Brief Analysis of Points of Agreement and Disagreement; Loren H. Roth Final Report of the US Delegation to Assess Recent Changes in Soviet Psychiatry. Objectives and Execution of the Visit. American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting, New York, NY, May 15 1990; some correspondence and memoranda related to CSCE meetings in Copenhagen (June 1990); and copy of U.S. Report (speech) on CSCE – Moscow (1991-10-02)","Copy of Reddaway's Trip to Moscow, October 29-November 2, 1988; memo re: \"The difficult situation we are in: how should we proceed,\" (1989, 02-19); notes on Soviet Psychiatry Developments (1990-01-20); copy of \"Trip to Moscow, August 20-30, 1992.\"","\"Dissent and Disorder: Human Rights in Soviet Psychiatry,\" (1989-07-); copy of unauthored paper; \"The Legacy of Psychiatric Abuse in the U.S.S.R.,\" (undated); Russian version and translation of \"Proceedings of the session of Working Party formulating the draft law on 'Psychiatric Help in the U.S.S.R.',\" (1991-02-14)","\"Soviet Access to and Utilization of Mental Health Services: A Comparative View,\"  paper presented at the National Conference on Soviet Refugee Health and Mental Health, Chicago, IL (1991-12-11); Isaac Ray Lectures: \"The Future of the Doctor-Patient Relationship. Lesson from Two Cultures, The Former Soviet Union and the United States,\" Discussants: Loren H. Roth, M.D., Dean Eckenrode, George Huber, J.D., Mark Schmidhofer, M.D. (1998-05-07)","\"The New Soviet Legislation on the Provision of Psychiatric Care,\" speech delivered at the symposium of the International Association on the Political Use of Psychiatry, Washington, D.C., (1988-10-14); Koryagin: \"A Green Light of Injustice,\" Zurich, (1988-12-20); notes from Boris Zoubok, M.D.; copy of \"Law of the USSR on the protection of the rights and legal interests of persons suffering from psychiatric disorders and on the grounds and procedures for the administration of psychiatric care,\" (1990-10-08); Roth's Notes on Meeting of USSR Supreme Soviet Committee on Mental Health Law, Moscow (1990-10-26); copy of Smit, Jonna: \"Human Rights and Mental Health Legislation: the USSR,\" (1991-05-21); van Voren, Robert: \"Ukrainian Psychiatry: Starting from Scratch,\" (undated); Regulations on a psychiatric hospital (Положение о психиатрической больнице), [printed Russian document] CCCP, No. 225, 1988; printed materials and news clippings, 1988-2004; Patients in Psychiatric Hospital Requiring Follow-up and Review – interview methodology, list, memoranda","Draft and confidential memorandum of meeting with Minister of the Department of Humanitarian Affairs [Yuri A.] Reshetov. Also interview methodology and memoranda.","Kazan Special Psychiatric Hospital, Vilnius Ordinary Hospital, Kaunas Hospital, Chernyashovsk Special Psychiatric Hospital","Richard J. Bonnie draft; \"Legal and Humanitarian Aspects of Soviet Psychiatry: Some Preliminary Conclusions\" (1989-03-28); also comments on Klein's and Reddaway reports (1989-04 to 1989-05); LHR Confidential Drafts #1-5 (1989-05-19-31); Objectives of the Clinical Interviews (1989-05-22); Dr. Harold M. Visotsky Response to Joel Kline (1989-05-30); Hospital Team Report by Harold Visotsky, Elmore Rigamer, and Loren H. Roth (1989-05-30); remarks from Joe Bloom (1989-06-05); Richard Bonnie: Note to Members of the US Delegation to the Soviet Union (1989-06-16); Bill Farrad; Executive Summary [annotated] (1989-06-20); \"USSR Psychiatrists at a Human Rights Round Table in Moscow in April 1988,\" annotated copy of attachment sent by Joel Kline to Roth (undated); Vladimir A. Levit comments (1989-06-26); Saleem [Shah]: Soviet Compliance and Study Limitations (1989-06-28) and comments (1989-06-26); Peter Reddaway draft (1989-06-28) [2 folders], 1989-03 to 1989-06","Also: State Department \"rough translation\" of Soviet response: \"Response to the medical part of the report by the U.S. delegation of psychiatrists and lawyers,\" (1989-07-06); Draft translation of the final Soviet comments on the report: Commentary on the Report [130008 JS/AO Russian] (1989-09-26); U.S. Department of State Memorandum re Comments on the Soviet response to the Report (1989-10-12); printed Russian document inscribed by Polubinskaya to Loren H. Roth: [Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., Soviet State and Right. Separate Report, Moscow 1990];  translation of S. V. Polubinskaya and S. V. Borodin: \"The Legal Problems of Soviet Psychiatry: The Views of American and Soviet Experts,\" Soviet State Law, No. 5, 1990, pp. 67-76","Resolution of the WPA (1989-10-17); WPA Statement by the All Union Society of Soviet Psychiatrists and Narcologists of the U.S.S.R. before the World Psychiatric Association General Assembly in Athens (1989-10-18); Memorandum re: Site Visit by the WPA Review Committee to the U.S.S.R. (1990-03-13); Reddaway, Peter: The Struggle over Reform in Soviet Psychiatry Intensifies: Is the Establishment Beginning to Panic? (1990-04-30); Remarks by Svetlana Poloubinskaya at the APA's Committee of International Abuse of Psychiatry and Psychiatrists (1990-05-16)","APA correspondence with the Center for Democracy in the U.S.S.R., U.S. Department of State, (Schifter and Mercer); University of London Institute of Psychiatry, 1989-05 to 1989-11. Also, miscellaneous correspondence with literary agents (1989-03 to 1989-04)","Translations of A.  Karpov, Chief Psychiatrist, U.S.S.R. Ministry of Health: \"The Registration of Mental Patients in the U.S.S.R.\" (1990-10-25) and \"Basic Findings of the Conclusion of the U.S.S.R. Constitutional Supervision Committee on Whether Legislation for the Compulsory Treatment and Re-Education of Through Labour of Persons Suffering from Alcoholism or Drug-Addiction Conforms to the U.S.S.R. Constitution and International Enactments on Human Rights,\" by B. M. Lazarev, Deputy Chairman of the USSR Constitutional Supervision Committee (1990-10-25). Also Saleem A. Shah: \"Forensic Interview Schedule\". Correspondence with Otto Dorr Zegers, Csaba Banki, M.P. Deva, Driss Moussaoui, Jim Birley, and Gerard Low-Geer","Correspondence with Dr. Otto Dörr-Zegers (Chile); Dr. Csava Bànki (Hungary); Dr. M. P. Deva (Malaysia); Dr. Driss Moussaoui (Morocco); Dr. Jim Birley (WPA Negotiating Team); Dr. Gerard Low-Greer (England).","Included are: Gostin, Larry: \"Human Rights in Mental Health: Japan. Report of an international mission to Japan: 1987,\"  World Health Organization/Harvard University International Collaborating Center on Health Legislation, World Federation for Mental Health [1987]; Kawasaki, Shigeru: \"Like a Shedding Snake,\" English Summary, J. JAPH 2:2 Spring 1991; news-clippings.","Correspondence with Ellen Mercer re Singapore (1985-09-18); UN Commission on Human Rights E/CN. 4 Sub.2/1988/23: Report on the Sessional Working Group on the question of persons detained on the grounds of mental ill-health or suffering from mental disorder; Proceedings. International Forum on Mental Health Reform, Kyoto, Japan, January 29-30, 1987; Benatar, S. R.: correspondence and articles (1990); Final draft of the \"UN Principles Produced by the Working Group on Human Rights,\" Annex A Principles for the Protection of Persons with Mental Illness and for the Improvement of Mental Health Care","The sub-series consists of materials Loren Roth collected as part of his work on this committee. These include meeting minutes and agendas, correspondence, reports, articles, clippings, memoranda, and other items.","APA lists of cases in the U.S.S.R., Yugoslavia and Romania (1988-07-05); memo for the record re Soviet dissidents","APA minutes of meeting (1988-09-07); Draft Statement Following Discussion with Dr. Sabshin; APA Draft Resolution by the Committee on International Abuse of Psychiatry to not object to the re-admittance of  the All-Union Society of Psychiatrists and Neuropathologists of the USSR into the WPA (1988-09-07); minutes of the APA Committee on Human Rights (1988-09-09); some correspondence, (1988 -09)","Minutes of conference call (1989-02-15); correspondence; IAPUP documents re to Soviet psychiatry (1989-02); copy of Dr. Marvin Brook handwritten comments on the By-Laws of the WPA (undated); Application of the Independent Psychiatric Association of the USSR (IPA) for membership to the WPA, includes Constitution and Declaration (1989-03-09); APA Guidelines for Psychiatric Services in Jails and Prisons; APA draft guidelines on the Right of Refuse (Anti-Psychotic) Medication.","Includes some correspondence and documents: Memorandum re Revision of the WPA Review Committee's Operational Instrument ( 1989-04-270; translation of letter from Nikolai Fedrovich Zhukov to US Congress (1989-03-04); IAPUP Documents on the Political Abuse of Psychiatry in the USSR 18: The Founding of the Association of Independent Psychiatrists in the USSR and the US Delegation of Psychiatrist to the USSR (March 1989); IAPUP Report and brochures, 1989-04","Memorandum re Detention of Cuban psychiatrist Dr. Alfredo Samuel Martínez Lara (1989-04-19); WPA Proposed alterations (1989-04 -25); copy of entrance application of the International Independent Research Centre on Psychiatry to the WPA (1989-03-27), news clippings; Dr. Marat Vartanian original article sent to the International Journal on Mental Health","Included are: Ellen Mercer and Fini Schulsinger interviews with Radio Canada (1989-03); and \"rough\" transcripts of  Radio Free Europe with Viktor Lanovoy, President of the Independent Association of Psychiatrists (1989-06-15); Croatian Committee for Human Rights press release re human rights abuses (1989-06-24); [translation] of M. Buyanov articles in Uchitelskaya Gazeta (1988-11-19); Association Psychiatric Independent (IPA) press release (1989-04-12); Commission of the European Communities: \"Observations on the State of Implementation of Programme of Psychiatrists Reform in Greece,: (1987-12-31); IAPUP Documents Special Issue: \"The Political Abuse of Psychiatry in Rumania (June 1989);  IAPUP Documents on the Political Abuse of Psychiatry Nos. 22, 23, 24, 25 (June-July 1989)","Includes Summary of the WPA Executive Committee in Athens and Resolutions (1989-08-18); excerpts of anonymous document \"Autumm 1988, Gerlovka\" re abuse in the USSR ; printed articles, news clippings","Includes unofficial translation of  Statement by the All-Union Scientific Society of Psychiatrists (1989-10-02); Remarks of Christian Barton Concerning Allegations of Psychiatric Abuse of Dissidents by the Cuban Government (1989-09-13); Sabshin, Melvin: Statement to the Subcommittee on Health and Environment of the US House of Representatives re APA position on Soviet psychiatric practices (undated); Testimony of Victor Davidoff, former victim of abuse in the Soviet Union (undated); Commentary on the Report \"Assessment of Recent Changes in Soviet Psychiatry, prepared by the US Delegation on the Results of its visit to the USSR,\" (1989-09-15); IPA bulletins (1989 -08-07 and 1989-08-31); news clippings","Includes: Liaison Report (1989-10); Gluzman, Semyon: \"Bureaucratic Ethics and Soviet Psychiatry,\" (1989-11) and Commentary on the Memorandum of G. Lukacher (1989-10-14) re All Union Scientific Society of Psychiatrists; translation of A.I. letter \"To the World Congress of the WPA,\" (1989-10-16); translation of letter from Social Organizations in Leningrad To the Participants in the Congress of the WPA (Athens, Greece, October 1989); Schifter, Richard: \"An Inventory of Soviet Human Rights Developments\" (1989-10-04); IAPUP Documents on the Political Abuse of Psychiatry in the USSR No. 29, 30","Some copies of  documents related to the former Yugoslavia; lists of interments and releases in the Soviet Union (1989-12-21); draft translation of [Sotsialisticheskaya Industriya] A Detail report: Psychiatry Without Secrets (1989-10-31); Documents on the Political Abuse of Psychiatry in the Soviet Union 31 (1989-12); WPA Minutes (1989-08-11-13)","Correspondence related to abuses in Cuba; Pena, Jose M. et al: \"Abuse and Misuse of Psychiatry in the U.S.: The Need for an Institutional Ethics,\" (1990-02); list of human rights cases monitored by the APA in Argentina, Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Malawi, Morocco, Romania, South Africa, Sudan, Turkey, Uruguay, Yugoslavia, Zaire (1990-02-06); Mercer, Ellen: USSR Trip Report/February 25-March 3, 1990","Includes: Second World Center Annual Report 1989 and APA Statement on Simón Bolívar Award and Lecture (1990-02-15)","Correspondence re Cuban psychiatrists (1990-04); Keston College Support Group: \"Igor Rodionov Report\" (1990-04); Yelena Izyumova Open Letter to the Members of the APA, Moscow May 20, 1990; anonymous essay re : Psychiatric Abuse in the USSR (Helsinki Watch), undated","Also: \"Proposed New Policies for the APA in Regard to the Abuse of Psychiatry for Political and Other Non-Medical Purposes in the USSR,\" (undated)","Includes copy of Human Rights Survey Responses (1988-04-01) and reports of the Council on International Affairs, Committee on Human Rights and Committee on International Education","Includes reports of the Council on International Affairs, Committee on Human Rights and Committee on International Education; memoranda re IAPUP meetings in Germany (1990-09); letter from Dr. Jeffrey Heller to the Committee on Abuse of Psychiatry re Soviet Delegation at H and CP Institute (1990-10-10); Documents on the Political Abuse of Psychiatry in the USSR No. 38 (1990-09)","Includes correspondence from Dr. Valerian Tuculesco re post-traumatic stress disorder after the Romanian revolution (1990-10); correspondence re Oleg Vitalyevich Kozlov re hijacked plane to Helsinki (1990-11); American Ambassadors People to People Trip to the USSR 14-27 August 1990 \"Professional Diary\" compiled by E. B. Brody (1990-09-05);  \"Psychiatric Issues Encountered on Recent Trip to USSR,\" memorandum from Holt Ruffin (World Without War) (1990-10-25); Hartmann, Lawrence M.D.: \"Notes on Some Social Psychiatric Problems in Chile, South Africa and the Soviet Union,\" (1990-10); Documents on the Political Abuse of Psychiatry in the USSR Nos. 39, 40, 41; documents relative to the Joint APA-Caribbean Psychiatric Association Meeting; Ellen Mercer: China Trip Report (1990-11)","Includes reports of the Committee on International Education; Final draft of the UN Principles for the Protection of Persons with Mental Illness and for the Improvement of Mental Health Case (1990-12-11); \"Sugar, Jonathan M.D. et al: \"Psychiatry's Global Challenge: Responsibilities of American Psychiatrists in International Health (undated)","Includes letter from Dr. Dainiys Pūras re abuse of psychiatry in Lithuania (1991-01-19); correspondence re abuse in Romania (1991-02-08); \"Proposal for The Moscow Center for Rehabilitation of Torture Victims (undated)","Includes correspondence and document re abuses in Romania; correspondence between Dr. Roth, Gennadi Milyokhin, Juan José López-Ibor, re Revaz Uturgaury (1991-03); correspondence re Soviet individuals","Includes CIOMS: Development of International, Ethical Guidelines for Epidemiological Research and Practice, Plenary III Issues related to the HIV/AIDS Pandemic. Proposed Guidelines for International Testing of Vaccines and Drugs against HIV Infection and Aids (1990-11); copies of correspondence between and V. Tuculescu re Romania; Reddaway, Peter: Psychiatric Developments in the USSR (1991-06) and \" Problems of Reforming Soviet Psychiatry and Assuring Rights for the Mentally Ill,\" (undated); \"The Heartbeat of Reform. Soviet Jurists and Political Scientists Discuss the Progress of Perestroika, Glasnot, Democracy, Socialism,\" Translated from the Russian by Vic Schneierson, Moscow, [1991]; Documents on the Political Abuse of Psychiatry in the USSR No. 47, 48","Includes reports of the Council on International Affairs, Committee on Human Rights and Committee on International Education. Also includes several documents dated September 1991: Memo for the Record Briefing Meeting for the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Human Rights Study Group (1991-09-24); USSR Draft Law (17 June 91) on Psychiatric Assistance; Ministry of Health, USSR, All-Union Society of Psychiatrists Governing Board Decision (1991-05-15-16); WPA Memorandum to the All-Union Society of Psychiatrists (1991-07-28); Dr. Stanislaw Golec: \"Health Care in Poland 91\"; \"Instructional Recommendations on the Application of USSR Ministry of Health Order No. 555 (1989-09-19); WPA documents; International Committee of the Red Cross Report on \"Second Working Group of Experts on Battlefield Laser Weapons,\" (1990-11-05-06)","Includes \"copy of a part\" of Japanese Mental Health Law with translation (1988); translation of  \"law on patient's rights\" in Finland (1991-08); WHO Guidelines for the Clinical Investigation of Antidepressant Drugs (1984)","Includes LHR handwritten notes re Abuse Committee (1992-04); \"Cuban Dissidents in Psychiatric Hospitals An Update of the Politics of Psychiatry in Revolutionary Cuba,\"; \"Dimineata, 7th January 1992, The Mad People Were Dissidents,\" re Romania (undated); \"The Plenary Session of the Board of Directors of the All-Union Scientific Society of Psychiatrists (1992-05) and Follow-Up of US Team's 1989 Patients list, Appendices 1 and 2 sent to Dr. Birley with names of patients (1992-02); Information about the Patient Bill of Rights Tally Sheet (1992-04); Geneva Initiative on Psychiatry [GPI]: Documents on the Abolition and Prevention of Political Abuse of Psychiatry (1992-03 and 1992-04)","Includes reports of the Council on International Affairs, Committee on Human Rights and Committee on International Education. Also: Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Yugoslavia (1992-06-01); GPI: Documents on the Abolition and Prevention of Political Abuse of Psychiatry, April – June 1992; Mercer, Ellen: Exploring Hungarian Psychiatry (1992-05)","Includes reports of the Council on International Affairs, Committee on Human Rights. Also: International Association for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions Proclamation of May 1992: Assuring the Mental Health of Children; APA Bilateral Exchange with Poland Czechoslovakia and Hungary. Summary of Responses and Recommendations of American Participants (1992-03-24 to 1992-04-12); copy of Act of the Russian Federation \"On Psychiatric Care and Citizens' Rights With Regard to Such Care,\" (1992-01); Polubinskaya, Svetlana: \"From the USSR to the Independent States: Where the Former Soviet Psychiatry Will Go,\" (1992-05); GIP Documents on the Abolition and Prevention of Political Abuse of Psychiatry 56, June 1992","Includes reports of the Council on International Affairs, Committee on Human Rights. Also correspondence re psychiatric abuse in the former GDR, with the Romanian Psychiatric Association and the Committee to End the Chinese Gulag. \"Psychiatry Under Tyranny. An Assessment of the Political Abuse of Romanian Psychiatry During the Ceaucescu Years,\" Report of a consultative mission to Bucharest on behalf of the Geneva Initiative on Psychiatry (1992-06); GIP Documents on the Abolition and Prevention of Political Abuse of Psychiatry 57, July – August 1992","The sub-series consists of materials Loren Roth collected as part of his work with this committee. These include meeting minutes and agendas, correspondence, reports, articles, clippings, memoranda, and other items.","Included: \"Human Rights of Mental Patients in Japan,\" (1987 -04); Reich, Walter Report of Meeting with Gennadiy M. Yevstafiev (Soviet, member of the delegation to the Vienna Review Meeting) (1987-07-28); copy of letter from Senator Edward M. Kennedy to Lawrence Hartmann, M.D. re human rights violations in Paraguay (1988-04-22); World Medical Association, INC. memorandum: \"The Facts regarding health services in South Africa during 1987, and the role played by the Medical Association of South Africa,\" (1987-07- 08); Reddaway, Peter: Does Moscow's Purge of Corrupt Psychiatrists Threaten the Psychiatric Gulag?\" (1987-07-13); \"More Revelations about Stefanis' Negotiations with the Soviets (1987-09-11); Center for Victims of Torture pilot project (1987-08-28 and 1987-10); South Africa Briefing (1987-08-07); Minutes of Committee on Abuse of Psychiatry (1987-09-09 and 1987-12-02); \"Victims of Torture in Afghanistan. Presentation for Cairo World Congress\" by Mohammad Azam Dadfar (1987-10-18-22); Gralnick, Alexander M.D.: \"Public Health and Psychiatric Care in Cuba, Personal Report\" (November 1987);Political Imprisonment in Cuba. A Special Report from Amnesty International, The Cuban American Nation Foundation, 1987;  US/Soviet Human Rights Seminar: Statement by Ellen Mercer for the APA (1987-12-03). Also Bloche, Maxwell Gregg: \"Uruguay's Military Physicians: Cogs in a System of State Terror,\" (1987-03)","Miscellaneous documents: minutes, memoranda, correspondence. Included: [Argentina] Tribunal Etico de la Salud contra la Impunidad translation of statement: Medical Ethics Tribunal Against Impunity,\" (1988-01-11); Minutes of the APA Committee on Abuse of Psychiatry (1988-01-20, 1988-04-21; 1988-05-10); some documents related to South Africa, Pakistan, Argentina; Human Rights Survey Responses (1988-03-09); Amnesty International: \"China. Detention Without Trial, Ill-Treatment of Detainees and Police Shooting of Civilians in Tibet,\" (1988-02); Bitsch Christensen, Svend: \"Torture Related Documentation,\" (1987); International Commission of Jurists' Mission to Japan Preliminary Report and Recommendations (1988-04); \"The Casualties of Conflict: Medical Care and Human Rights in the West Bank and Gaza Strip,\" Report of a Medical Fact Finding Mission by Physicians for Human Rights, (1988-03); Amnesty International Commission Medicale: Medicine at Risks. The Doctor as Abuser or Victim,\" (1987-09)","Miscellaneous documents: minutes, memoranda, correspondence related to Soviet psychiatry; human rights abuses in Honduras, Czechoslovakia, Somalia, South Africa, Israel, Haiti, Cuba, Egypt, China, BahrainGudava, Eduard M.D.: \"The events in Tbilisi, Georgia  (1989-04-18); Vesti, Peter and Inge Kemp: \"Chapter I: Treatment of Torture Survivors – theoretical views,\" \"Chapter 2: Rehabilitation of Torture Survivors, \" (1989-10); Collazo, Carlos R. M.D. and Martha Gerpe M.D.: \"Missing Parents,\" Paper presented at The World Psychiatric Association, Athens, October 1989","File includes: RCT [Rehabilitation and Research Centre for Torture Victims] 7th Annual Report (1990-01); APA Position Statement on Apartheid and Academic Boycotting of South Africa (1990-01); Human Rights Cases Monitored by the APA (1990-02-01); signed Petition by doctors to recommend the APA to condemn the government of Turkey (1990-08); LHR handwritten notes of September meeting;  APA Council on International Affairs Joint Reference Committee (1990-10-12); Boyajian, Levon Z. M.D.: The Psychological Sequelae of the Armenian Genocide (1982); Leros Trip. Report on Visit to the Mental Institution on the Island of Leros, Greece (1989-12-3-5); \"'Bloody Sunday Trauma in Tbilisi. The Eents of April 9, 1989 and their Aftermath,\" Report of a Medical Mission to Soviet Georgia by Physicians for Human Rights, February 1990; printed materials.","Files include documents re Armenian Genocide and from the Free Romanian Foundation; \"Program for Administrators and Educators Specializing in Programs for People With Disabilities,\" with the Persian Gulf (1991-04); Martínez Lara, Samuel: \"Psychiatry in Cuba: Perspectives of a Human Rights Activist\" (1991-09-27);  ); National Academy of Sciences: \"Considerations Regarding Individual Scientific Visits to the People's Republic of China,\" (October 1991); also some documents about torture","Files include documents re torture in Egypt (1992-01); Dadfar, A. Azam M.D.: \"The Deep Scars of a Forgotten War, \" Psychiatry Centre for the Afghans; correspondence with Levon Z. Boyajian M.D. (1992-02); Croatian Medical Journal: \"Medical Testimony of the Vukovar Tragedy\"; memorandum re \"Abuse and Misuse of Psychiatry in the United States\" (1992-02); Committee to End the Chinese Gulag: \"On behalf of Political Prisoners in China: How to Raise Human Rights Cases,\" (1992-04); memoranda and correspondence re abuse of Palestinian physician (1992-05); APA Position Statement on Homosexuality and Civil Rights (1992-07); Americas Watch, Vol.4, Issue 7: \"Dangerous Dialogue, Attacks on Freedom of Expression in Miami's Cuban Exile Community,\" (1992-08);  Amnesty International French Section, Medical Group: \"Corporal Punishment. A study on legislation and enforcement in 18 countries,\" (1992); \"Stop Torture in Korea (STIK)\" (1998-08); APA Council on International Affairs: \"International Inpatients Bill of Rights,\" (1992-08); APA Communications Plan 1992-1994; APA: \"Human Rights and the American Psychiatric Association,\" (1992); memorandum and correspondence re abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists in México (1992-100; US Department of State: \"Renewing the U.S. Commitment to Human Rights,\" Special Report No. 164;  printed materials","World Health Organization Assignment Report re \"mentally infirm in Romania and possibilities for improvement,\" (1991-11); Rosenberg, David R. M.D. et al: \"A Cross-Cultural Study of \"Ceausescu's Orphans,\" (1992-03); Blom, G. et al: \"Program Touch – A Volunteer Intervention Program to Orphaned Disabled Children in Romania,\" (1991-11); Roth's reappointment as APA Chairperson of the Committee on Human Rights under the Council of International Affairs, (1992-04-13); draft of A.P.A. Action Paper Rescinding the 1982 APA Position on the Insanity Defense (1992-05-01); Pierce, Chester M. M.D.: \"Public Health and Human Rights: Racism, Torture and Terrorism,\" presented at American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting (1992-05-04)","Files include translation of Croatian pamphlet: \"Protect Yourself and Help Others (1993-02); APA Office of International Affairs: Responses to Human Rights Questionnaire,\" (1993-08-18); Citizens Support Committee for the Psychiatric Farm Hospital Dr. Manuel Ramírez Moreno (1993-7-13)","correspondence and handwritten notes","evaluation forms and printed materials","Meetings between Ukrainian doctors Semyon F. Gluzman, Vladimir I. Poltavets, Valery N. Kutznetsov, Ada I. Korotenko, Oleg A, Nasinnik, Vladimir M. Cherniavsky and Juan Mezzich, American psychiatrist from the West Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh; also some case summaries (1994-02). Russian and English translation.","extensive correspondence, reports, handwritten notes. Savychyj, Jurij M.D.: \"Psychiatry in Ukraine,\" [1992]","correspondence, Ukrainian fliers, and handwritten notes","extensive correspondence, reports, data analysis, forms, handwritten notes (1995-05), \"Codebook\"","correspondence, clinical assessment forms, and handwritten notes","Geneva Initiative on Psychiatry. Annual Reports 1992 and 1995; Documents on the Abolition and Prevention of Political Abuse of Psychiatry Nos. 65-67, 72, 74; \"Concepts for Developing Mental Health Care in Ukraine (First Draft),\" Developed by Experts of Ministry for Health Care, Kiev Research Institute of General and Forensic Psychiatry, Regional Chief Experts and Kiev Psychiatrists.","correspondence and forms","email correspondence, brochures, printed photographs","Joseph D. Bloom, Kyrill Borissow, William T. Carpenter, Robert W. Farrand, Robert M.A. Hirschfield, William H. Hopkins, Samuel Keith, Felix Kleyman, Andrei A. Kovalev, Ellen Mercer, John Monahan, Darrel A. Regier, Elmore F. Rigamer Jr, Carolyn Smith, Leon Stern","Includes: United States – Russia Health Committee 2000 – 2002, printed copies of photographs; The U.S.A. – Russia Health Committee: \"Access to Quality Health Care\" (draft), undated; \"Additional Materials on Diagnosing and Treating Mild and Moderate Depressions,\" [document in Russian with English title]","Gershman, Carl: Psychiatric Abuse in the Soviet Union,\" Society, July/August 1984; Lapenna, Ivo: \"The Medico-Legal Society. Use and Misuse of Psychiatry in the USSR,\" The Royal Society of Medicine, London 12th June 1986; McCready, John and Harold Merskey: \"Compliance by physicians with the 1978 Ontario Mental Health Act,\" Reprint from the Canadian Medical Association Journal, Vol. 124, March 15, 1981; McCready, John and Harold Merskey: \"On the Recoding of Mental Illness for Civil Commitment,\" Can. J. Psychiatry Vol. 27, March 1982; Slovenko, Ralph: Analysis. The Destiny of South Africa,\" The World and I, July 1991.","In 2021, members of the 1989 American delegation, some Soviet patients, Soviet doctors and other professionals, were invited to participate in the \"Retrospective Review of the 1989 U.S. State Department Psychiatric Mission to the USSR\" oral history project. Nineteen interviews were recorded, sixteen of them with the surviving members of the U.S. delegation, one with Andrei Kovalev, an official at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the U.S.S.R. at the time, and two with former \"Soviet patients.\" There is also an original 1989 recording of one interview.","These interviews provide a comprehensive overview of the history of Soviet psychiatric abuse, the reasons why psychiatric diagnosis was used to suppress dissent, the methods, medical and legal procedures, and who were the major players in Soviet psychiatric abuse. Emphasis is also made on assessing the U.S.-Soviet relationship in the 1980s and the special place that the 1989 State Department psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R. held in the détente. All stages of negotiations and preparations for the mission were discussed as well as the methodology of psychiatric evaluations and the findings of the American experts. An additional emphasis was also made on assessing the state of Soviet psychiatric care as of the late 1980s and all the significant changes it was going through at the time. The role of World Psychiatric Association (WPA), the All-Union Society of Psychiatrists and Narcologists, the American Psychiatric Association and other important organizations, is also given proper attention. The interviewees also discuss the long-term impact that the 1989 U.S. mission made on Soviet and post-Soviet psychiatry.","In the interview Dr. Bloom discusses his career, his interest in the topic of abuse of psychiatry and his involvement in the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric delegation to the U.S.S.R. He talks about the U.S. and Soviet (both Soviet professionals and Soviet interviewees) understanding of the purpose of the visit and  the Soviet's compliance with the terms negotiated for the visit. He also talks about psychiatric hospitalization, detention and commitment process in the U.S.S.R., conditions of hospitalization in Soviet psychiatric hospitals and the legal rights of persons with mental disorders in the U.S.S.R.  Dr. Bloom's explains his impressions from the trip to the Soviet Union and the conclusions made by the American delegation. ","The highlights of the interview pertain to Dr. Bloom's recollection of a Soviet person who allegedly had a mental disorder, and his opinion as to the way the American final report should have been approached.","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","Mr. Borissow shares his life story and describes his career. He talks about getting involved in the 1989 State Department trip to the Soviet Union, his previous trips to the U.S.S.R., and the  social and political context that surrounded the visit and made it possible in the first place. Mr. Borissow describes his experience of interpreting in one of the psychiatric hospitals in Moscow as a part of the 1989 American mission as well as the work that Mr. Borissow's sub-team #3 did in Leningrad. He shares very interesting anecdotes that happened during the trip and talks about the lessons he learned during this trip.","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","In the interview Dr. Carpenter discusses his career, his involvement in the 1989 US State Department psychiatric delegation to the USSR, the main goals of the mission, various aspects of the implementation in great detail, the diagnostic aspects of the study, interview instruments and methodology, the Soviet mental health care system and its shortcomings, the conclusions made by Dr. Carpenter's sub-team, the impact the American visit made to the interviewed individuals an mental health in the region. ","Dr. Carpenter also discusses the United States - Great Britain cross-national study of schizophrenia conducted in the 1960s and 70s and its pertinency to the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the U.S.S.R. He also talks about the broad diagnostic criteria for sluggish schizophrenia and how much contributed to the missuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union.","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","Ambassador Farrand talks about his long successful career in the U.S. State Department, the importance of the Soviet psychiatric abuse to the U.S. government and the larger context of the U.S. - U.S.S.R. relationships. As a person who worked closely with Ambassador Richard Schifter for many years, Mr. Farrand describes Schifter's goals and vision of the 1989 psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R. ","Mr. Farrand describes the process of negotiating the terms of the visit and shares insights about interacting with a superpower as the Soviet Union was at that time. He also talks about the the peculiarities of governance in the U.S.S.R., and power dynamics inside the country. Mr. Farrand describes the efforts to preserve transparency and independence of the mission as well as managing its financial aspects and its highlighting in media. Mr. Farrand also talks about glasnost, perestroika, and the collapse of the Soviet Union.","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","Dr. Hirschfeld shares memories about his education and career, the way he got involved in the 1989 State Department psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R., the methodological approach to the patient interviews, the range of findings of his sub-team # 3 in Leningrad, and his general impressions of the Soviet Union as of 1989.","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","Mr. Hopkins talks at length about the way he became immersed in the Russian studies, his education, and career. He well remembers the settings and arrangements of interviewing the Soviet citizens who allegedly had mental disorders, his expectations and apprehensions about the upcoming 1989 mission, the types of questions asked of the Soviet interviewees, and the peculiarities of his task as an interpreter during this unique venture. He also mentions the debrief that the entire American team had in Washington, D.C. after the visit was over.","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","Mr. I. talks about his early life, family, education, how his dissident views formed and evolved with time. He shares about his repeated contacts with psychiatric system; he also describes his social and political activity and the repercussions he faced as a result. Mr. I. then tells about his criminal case, his forensic psychiatric evaluation, diagnosis, \"symptoms\", finding of non-imputability, the legal procedure used to involuntarily commit him to the Dnepropetrovsk special psychiatric hospital, and the inhumane conditions there. \nMr. I. then describes his transfer to Nikolayev ordinary psychiatric hospital and release; he talks about his dissident activity that brought him back to the same hospital. He also describes his contacts with Ukrainian dissident movement at the end of 1980s and how he got on the list of people to be assessed by the U.S. team. The details of his participation in 1989 U.S. State Department mission are discussed next. Mr. I. then shares about the long-term impact this mission made on his life, his subsequent legal rehabilitation, being taken off the psychiatric register, the removal of his psychiatric diagnosis, his life and activism after 1989. Mr. I. describes some of his most interesting campaigns. The interview ends with a brief discussion of the Russian invasion of Ukraine and how it affected Mr. I.'s life. ","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","Dr. Keith talks about the role and expertise of NIMH that was crucial to the success of the 1989 U.S. psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R. He recapitulates the main points and stumbling blocks of the negotiations with the Soviets in November 1988, various organizational aspects of the mission, as well as the interview instruments and methodology used by the American team. Dr. Keith shares his opinion about the concept of sluggish schizophrenia, its diagnostic criteria, and other factors that made it possible to abuse psychiatry in the Soviet Union. He also emphasizes Soviet life, society, and governance as of 1989. Dr. Keith discusses the Soviets' admission of \"hyperdiagnoses\" and the validity of the excuse of \"hyperdiagnoses\" from the professional point of view. He also expresses his opinion about the tone of the final report and the general context that the American team had to keep in mind when drafting it. Dr. Keith describes Schizophrenia Bulletin and his role as its editor-in-chief. He also talks about the 1990 Soviet Reciprocal Visit to the U.S.","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","Dr. Kleyman is a great source of knowledge about the ins and outs of the Soviet mental health care system as the person who had about 10 years of professional experience on the ground. He talked about the uniqueness of his role during the American psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R. that resulted from him being a native Russian speaker and being well familiar with life in the Soviet Union. Dr. Kleyman discusses the social and political context that surrounded the 1989 U.S. State Department visit and made it possible in the first place; the doctor patient relationship in the U.S.S.R.; Soviet diagnostic approaches and the role of Soviet psychiatrists during the American visit. Dr. Kleyman recalls his unique trip to Moscow Psychiatric Hospital # 5 to briefly speak with the patient who was claimed by the Soviets to have refused examination. He also talks about his experience as a member of the 1991 W.P.A. mission to the U.S.S.R.","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","Mr. Kovalev tells about the role of various domestic and international actors in the process of democratization of the U.S.S.R. in the late 1980s and bringing human rights into the Soviet Union. He also assesses the political factors of the early 1980s that allowed Gorbachev come to power and retain it. Mr. Kovalev shares his insights about the Soviet foreign policy of the second half of 1980s-early 1990s and the U.S. - U.S.S.R. relationships. He shares his knowledge about the history of abuse of psychiatry and the reasons for resorting to it; the Soviet psychiatric register and the consequences of being on a register; the sealed instruction on involuntary commitment that existed but was not available to the public. Mr. Kovalev talks about the chain of decision making in ensuring that the American visit will actually happen and the key events on that road. He also comments on the internal tensions between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Health (M.O.H.) as well as the resistance put up by the M.O.H. in organizing the American visit. He also shares his views about the \"system dissidents\" in the U.S.S.R.","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","Ms. Mercer talks about her career at the APA and the role that the APA played in advocating for the rights of the persons committed to psychiatric hospitals for non-medical reasons in the USSR. She then discusses the historical context for the 1989 State Department psychiatric delegation to the Soviet Union, including the 1977 Declaration of Hawaii and the All-Union Society's walking out of the WPA in 1983 in the face of an almost certain expulsion. Being a part of the November 1988 negotiation team to the Soviet Union, Ms. Mercer shares her thoughts about the negotiation process and the Soviet's compliance with the terms agreed upon. Ms. Mercer describes the field visit to Soviet psychiatric hospitals and then talks about the Soviet's readmission to the WPA, the role the 1989 U.S. State Department played in this process, the APA's and Ms. Mercer's personal stance with regard to the readmission. Ms. Mercer concludes by discussing the difference the American visit made in the big picture.","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","Dr. Monahan talks about his professional training and the highlights of his career, his memories from the 1989 American visit to the Soviet Union, including the goals of the visit,  its organizational aspects, and its media coverage. Dr. Monahan then focuses on the forensic evaluation methods and results, the rights of psychiatric patients in the Soviet Union, conditions of their hospitalization, treatment, and hospital staffing. Dr. Monahan concludes by describing his general impressions of Moscow and Leningrad and the conclusions the American team made as a result of the visit. ","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","Mr. Reddaway talks about his education and career and the way he became interested and immersed in the issue of abuse of psychiatry in the U.S.S.R. He discusses the impact that his and Sidney Bloch's 1977 and 1983 books made in the Soviet Union. He also shares his knowledge about the evolution of punitive psychiatry with each new Soviet leader. Mr. Reddaway talks about Mr. Gorbachev's personality, the political factors in the early 1980s that allowed for such a leader to emerge and retain power; the reasons for perestroika;  the peculiarities of perestroika in psychiatry versus other spheres. Mr. Reddaway gives a comprehensive overview of various internal processes in the Soviet Union at the end of 1980s that were important prerequisites for the 1989 U.S. psychiatric mission. He discusses at length the role of the WPA in the battle against the abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union. Mr. Reddaway also gives a detailed overview of the field inspections to Soviet psychiatric hospitals that he did as a member of the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R.","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","The interview with Dr. Regier is of critical importance for the comprehensive retrospective evaluation of the long-term impact of the 1989 State Department investigative mission to the U.S.S.R. Dr. Regier not only played a key role in the preparation and implementation of the mission, but also successfully continued to help develop the quality and accessibility of mental health services in Russia after the U.S.S.R. collapse. Dr. Regier also continued to tackle the issue of psychiatric abuse in China.  \nIn his interview, Dr. Regier gives a historical overview of the development of diagnostic criteria that was subsequently used during the U.S. State Department investigative mission to the U.S.S.R. relating to psychiatric abuse. This interview provides a great description of the methodology used during the interviews. Dr. Regier also describes the NIMH goals, unique role and contribution to the 1989 mission and shares his insights about the factors that made it possible to weaponize psychiatry against dissidents in the Soviet Union. Dr. Regier also tells about his role in the work of Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission in the area on mental health care in Russia post the Soviet Union breakup.","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","Dr. Roth describes his training and the highlights of his career; he then tells how he became interested in the issue of abuse of psychiatry in the U.S.S.R. His two human rights trips to the U.S.S.R. in 1985 and 1986 are discussed next. Dr. Roth then gives an overview of the general political background to the visit and tensions between him and Ambassador Schifter about some critical aspect of the visit. Dr. Roth then describes in detail the negotiation process between the U.S. and Soviet side, the main stumbling blocks, how he managed to overcome them, and who were his allies. Dr. Roth describes the Soviet uncooperativeness and tensions between the Ministry of Health and Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He then talks about informed consents, interview procedures, and the visit dynamics. He shares some anecdotes and most memorable events; he also talks about the people who meaningfully contributed to making the mission successful.","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","Mr. S. describes his early years, how his dissident views formed, his first arrest under Article 70 of the Criminal Code, his expert psychiatric evaluation at the Serbsky Institute, and the judicial procedure that followed. He describes his subsequent commitment in an 'ordinary' psychiatric hospital and shares insights about the internal regulations, regime, and the release procedure. He also talks about his next arrest and the legal aspects of it. Mr. S. shares his views about whether Soviet psychiatrists seriously believed that 'failure to adapt to the society' was a sign of mental illness and whether they can be blamed for presumably following the orders from above.  Mr. S. proceedes to describe his transfer to a special psychiatric hospital, the mass release of political prisoners in 1987, the reasons for such a drastic change of the political course in the Soviet Union, and gives an overview of the U.S. – U.S.S.R. relationship in the second half of the twentieth century. He then talks about how the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R. fit into the broader human rights negotiations in the CSCE. Mr. S. tells how he taken off the psychiatric register\nand legally rehabilitated; he talks about the destiny of the Criminal Code 'political' articles 70 and 190-1 and current political articles in Russian Criminal Code used to suppress dissent.\nMr. S. shares about his life and political activity after 1989, his subsequent arrests, and his assessment of the evolution of civil and political freedom in Russia after 1989.\nHe then talks about the future of Russia, his own future as a dissident in Russia, and his views about the Russian war in Ukraine.","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","In addition to the oral history given in 2022, this file contains a recording of an interview that Mr. S gave on March 2, 1989.","Ms. Smith shares her memories about interpreting for both 1989 U.S. State Department delegation and the 1991 WPA delegation to the Soviet Union. She explains how this experience compares to the other interesting projects she has been involved in throughout her career. She describes her most prominent memories about this job as well as the Soviet Union as of 1989. ","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","Dr. Stern describes his career and his pathway from the Soviet Union to the U.S. He shares his insights about some aspects of Soviet history, the issue of psychiatric abuse, its roots and reasons the Soviet government resorted to psychiatry to oppress dissent. Dr. Stern talks about the major differences between special psychiatrist hospitals vs. ordinary psychiatrist hospitals and gives some excellent illustrations of \"symptoms\" that the Soviet school of psychiatry considered signs of mental disorder. Dr. Stern shares his opinion as to the reasons why Soviet psychiatrists engaged in unethical practices. Dr. Stern describes the field trip in great detail, including some anecdotes and specific instances. He concludes by identifying the most important changes needed in Soviet psychiatry at the time and assesses the overall success of the American mission to the Soviet Union. ","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","This file includes correspondence with Richard Schifter and Robert van Voren.","The Arthur J. Morris Law Library does not grant researchers permission to publish copies of any of the materials in this collection.","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","Roth, Loren H.","Bloom, Joseph D.","Borissow, Kyrill","Carpenter, William T.","Farrand, Robert William, 1934-","Hirschfeld, Robert M. A.","Hopkins, William H. (William Hugh), 1942-","Keith, Samuel J.","Kleyman, Felix, Dr.","Kovalev, A. A. (Andreĭ Anatolʹevich)","Mercer, Ellen Robertson","Monahan, John (John Thomas), 1946-","Reddaway, Peter (1939)","Regier, Darrel A.","Smith, Carolyn","Stern, Leon","English Russian"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS.2021.01","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/1347"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Loren Roth papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Loren Roth papers"],"collection_ssim":["Loren Roth papers"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Roth, Loren H.","Bloom, Joseph D.","Borissow, Kyrill","Carpenter, William T.","Farrand, Robert William, 1934-","Hirschfeld, Robert M. A.","Hopkins, William H. (William Hugh), 1942-","Keith, Samuel J.","Kleyman, Felix, Dr.","Kovalev, A. A. (Andreĭ Anatolʹevich)","Mercer, Ellen Robertson","Monahan, John (John Thomas), 1946-","Reddaway, Peter (1939)","Regier, Darrel A.","Smith, Carolyn","Stern, Leon"],"creator_ssim":["Roth, Loren H.","Bloom, Joseph D.","Borissow, Kyrill","Carpenter, William T.","Farrand, Robert William, 1934-","Hirschfeld, Robert M. A.","Hopkins, William H. (William Hugh), 1942-","Keith, Samuel J.","Kleyman, Felix, Dr.","Kovalev, A. A. (Andreĭ Anatolʹevich)","Mercer, Ellen Robertson","Monahan, John (John Thomas), 1946-","Reddaway, Peter (1939)","Regier, Darrel A.","Smith, Carolyn","Stern, Leon"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Roth, Loren H.","Bloom, Joseph D.","Borissow, Kyrill","Carpenter, William T.","Farrand, Robert William, 1934-","Hirschfeld, Robert M. A.","Hopkins, William H. (William Hugh), 1942-","Keith, Samuel J.","Kleyman, Felix, Dr.","Kovalev, A. A. (Andreĭ Anatolʹevich)","Mercer, Ellen Robertson","Monahan, John (John Thomas), 1946-","Reddaway, Peter (1939)","Regier, Darrel A.","Smith, Carolyn","Stern, Leon"],"creators_ssim":["Roth, Loren H.","Bloom, Joseph D.","Borissow, Kyrill","Carpenter, William T.","Farrand, Robert William, 1934-","Hirschfeld, Robert M. A.","Hopkins, William H. (William Hugh), 1942-","Keith, Samuel J.","Kleyman, Felix, Dr.","Kovalev, A. A. (Andreĭ Anatolʹevich)","Mercer, Ellen Robertson","Monahan, John (John Thomas), 1946-","Reddaway, Peter (1939)","Regier, Darrel A.","Smith, Carolyn","Stern, Leon"],"access_terms_ssm":["The Arthur J. Morris Law Library does not grant researchers permission to publish copies of any of the materials in this collection."],"acqinfo_ssim":["In March 2023, Dr. Loren Henry Roth donated all of the materials in this collection to the University of Virginia Law Library."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Psychiatry -- Soviet Union","Political prisoners -- Soviet Union","Dissenters -- Soviet Union"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Psychiatry -- Soviet Union","Political prisoners -- Soviet Union","Dissenters -- Soviet Union"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":["12.75 Cubic Feet 25 boxes","138.5775 Gigabytes"],"extent_tesim":["12.75 Cubic Feet 25 boxes","138.5775 Gigabytes"],"date_range_isim":[1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers may only access and view the materials in this collection onsite and in-person at the University of Virginia Law Library in Charlottesville, Virginia. The following additional restrictions apply to any materials that contain the names of the interviewees of the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union and/or 1991 ad hoc mission to the Soviet Union by the World Psychiatric Association:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1. To obtain access to these records, interested researchers must sign a form to agree not to use, document, or disclose names of the patients or their families, or other identifying information about these persons and to abide by all the provisions specified in the present document. The form is available on site from the responsible official of the UVA Law Library. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e2. These materials may not be copied, photographed, or otherwise reproduced digitally. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e3. Before accessing the requested materials, interested researchers must agree to abide by reasonable administrative, technical, and physical safeguards, as approved by the UVA Law Library, to prevent unauthorized use or disclosure of the information. These procedures shall be followed by all persons associated with the applicant's research project.  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e4. Records in this category are also subject to the following safeguards: (i) Any information that would permit the identification of an individual (names, biographical data, etc.) may not be used, documented, or made public by the researcher, nor will any attempt to contact them be made. However, this does not preclude the researcher from contacting a person in advance of gaining access, for the purpose of obtaining access.  (ii) If a researcher obtains written authorization for access from an interviewee or from his/her legal guardian, the records may be made available to that researcher. (iii) Interviewees themselves may have free access to their own health information if contained in this collection. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e5. If the University of Virginia Law Library discovers that a researcher has violated the confidentiality of information or the conditions of access, the Law Library shall take steps to revoke the research privileges of the researcher and shall consult with University of Virginia legal counsel to prevent further disclosure of the health information.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFinally, different access restrictions may apply to some of the items in  this collection. Whenever possible, archivists have made a note of these restrictions in other parts of the finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere are access restrictions on some of the materials in this series. When a file or item is restricted, an additional note explaining the conditions of access is attached to the file or item description.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe items in these folders contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed in the U.S.S.R. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed in the U.S.S.R. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed in the U.S.S.R. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed in the U.S.S.R. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe interviews with the former Soviet patients and the original 1989 recording are restricted and special permissions apply.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Joseph D. Bloom did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eKyrill Borissow did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. William Carpenter did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRobert William Farrand did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Robert Hirschfeld did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam Hopkins did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. I. did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022). However, due to the sensitive nature of the topics covered in the interview, the University of Virginia restricts access according to the guidelines for more sensitive materials outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Samuel Keith did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Felix Kleyman did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAndrey Kovalev did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEllen Mercer did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. John T. Monahan did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePeter Reddaway did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Darrel Regier did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn addition to the restrictions on access that applies to all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022),  Dr. Loren Roth requested that The University of Virginia only make his interview available to researchers on-site at the repository preserving the interview.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. S. did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022). However, due to the sensitive nature of the topics covered in the interview, the University of Virginia restricts access to both recordings according to the guidelines for more sensitive materials outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarolyn Smith did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn addition to the restrictions on access that applies to all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022),  Dr. Leon Stern requested that The University of Virginia only make his interview available to researchers on-site at the repository preserving the interview.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of persons from the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of persons from the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Researchers may only access and view the materials in this collection onsite and in-person at the University of Virginia Law Library in Charlottesville, Virginia. The following additional restrictions apply to any materials that contain the names of the interviewees of the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union and/or 1991 ad hoc mission to the Soviet Union by the World Psychiatric Association:","1. To obtain access to these records, interested researchers must sign a form to agree not to use, document, or disclose names of the patients or their families, or other identifying information about these persons and to abide by all the provisions specified in the present document. The form is available on site from the responsible official of the UVA Law Library. ","2. These materials may not be copied, photographed, or otherwise reproduced digitally. ","3. Before accessing the requested materials, interested researchers must agree to abide by reasonable administrative, technical, and physical safeguards, as approved by the UVA Law Library, to prevent unauthorized use or disclosure of the information. These procedures shall be followed by all persons associated with the applicant's research project.  ","4. Records in this category are also subject to the following safeguards: (i) Any information that would permit the identification of an individual (names, biographical data, etc.) may not be used, documented, or made public by the researcher, nor will any attempt to contact them be made. However, this does not preclude the researcher from contacting a person in advance of gaining access, for the purpose of obtaining access.  (ii) If a researcher obtains written authorization for access from an interviewee or from his/her legal guardian, the records may be made available to that researcher. (iii) Interviewees themselves may have free access to their own health information if contained in this collection. ","5. If the University of Virginia Law Library discovers that a researcher has violated the confidentiality of information or the conditions of access, the Law Library shall take steps to revoke the research privileges of the researcher and shall consult with University of Virginia legal counsel to prevent further disclosure of the health information.","Finally, different access restrictions may apply to some of the items in  this collection. Whenever possible, archivists have made a note of these restrictions in other parts of the finding aid.","There are access restrictions on some of the materials in this series. When a file or item is restricted, an additional note explaining the conditions of access is attached to the file or item description.","The items in these folders contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed in the U.S.S.R. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed in the U.S.S.R. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed in the U.S.S.R. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed in the U.S.S.R. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","The interviews with the former Soviet patients and the original 1989 recording are restricted and special permissions apply.","Dr. Joseph D. Bloom did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).","Kyrill Borissow did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).","Dr. William Carpenter did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).","Robert William Farrand did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).","Dr. Robert Hirschfeld did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).","William Hopkins did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).","Mr. I. did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022). However, due to the sensitive nature of the topics covered in the interview, the University of Virginia restricts access according to the guidelines for more sensitive materials outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","Dr. Samuel Keith did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).","Dr. Felix Kleyman did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).","Andrey Kovalev did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).","Ellen Mercer did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).","Dr. John T. Monahan did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).","Peter Reddaway did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).","Dr. Darrel Regier did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).","In addition to the restrictions on access that applies to all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022),  Dr. Loren Roth requested that The University of Virginia only make his interview available to researchers on-site at the repository preserving the interview.","Mr. S. did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022). However, due to the sensitive nature of the topics covered in the interview, the University of Virginia restricts access to both recordings according to the guidelines for more sensitive materials outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","Carolyn Smith did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).","In addition to the restrictions on access that applies to all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022),  Dr. Leon Stern requested that The University of Virginia only make his interview available to researchers on-site at the repository preserving the interview.","This file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of persons from the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of persons from the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe files in this series are arranged by subject into 14 sub-series.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe files in this sub-series are arranged in chronological order.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe files in this sub-series are arranged in chronological order.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The files in this series are arranged by subject into 14 sub-series.","The files in this sub-series are arranged in chronological order.","The files in this sub-series are arranged in chronological order."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWhile it is understood that the misuse of psychiatry for non-medical reasons allegedly started in the U.S.S.R. after the October Revolution of 1917, its widespread and systematic use as a tool to silence political dissent became well-documented during Khrushchev's era. In a 1959 speech attributed to Khrushchev, he allegedly attempted to justify putting dissidents in psychiatric hospitals by saying that only a mentally ill person may be opposed to Communism (1). While there also were \"political\" parts of the R.S.F.S.R. Criminal Code that criminalized anti-Soviet agitation and slander of the Soviet state, psychiatry was often used to isolate dissidents, punish them with psychiatric drugs, discredit their ideas, and avoid criminal law procedures.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe \"Sluggish schizophrenia\" concept developed by academician Snezhnevsky had overly broad diagnostic criteria that allowed the diagnosis of schizophrenia in patients who showed no symptoms, on the assumption that these symptoms would appear later (2). In almost every case, dissidents were examined at the Serbsky Central Research Institute for Forensic Psychiatry.\nInformation about Soviet repressive psychiatry became well-known in the West after 1971 dissident Vladimir Bukovsky smuggled over 150 pages documenting the political abuse of psychiatric institutions in the Soviet Union into the West. The papers were studied by independent psychiatrists in several countries and released to the press (3). \"Bukovsky's papers\" galvanized human rights activists worldwide and those within the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWhile the attempt to bring the matter to the official agenda of the World Psychiatric Association (W.P.A.) at their 1971 World Congress in Mexico was unsuccessful, it kept gaining more and more outcry worldwide. So, in 1977, the W.P.A. adopted the Hawaii Declaration – a milestone defining principles of good and ethical medical practice. The All-Union Society of Psychiatrists and Narcologists, the official Soviet professional organization, was bound to withdraw from the W.P.A. at its next Congress in 1983—the allegations of the political abuse of psychiatry inflicted irretrievable damage on the prestige of Soviet medicine.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1975, the Soviet Union, the United States, and other countries signed the Helsinki Accords - the key document of the Conference of Security and Cooperation in Europe (C.S.C.E.). The Accords signaled a détente between the East and the West and built the foundation for the end of the Cold War, the U.S.-Soviet disarmament talks, and the \"third basket\" on human rights and freedoms in the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMikhail Gorbachev, who became the head of the Soviet Communist Party in 1985, prioritized the improvement of U.S.-Soviet relations. Also, Gorbachev launched the domestic \"perestroika\" (restructuring) and \"glasnost\" (openness) initiatives. These combined foreign and domestic policy developments fostered interest, internally and externally, in the plight of Soviet political prisoners. The Soviet Union released many political prisoners from labor camps, and in April 1987, Secretary Schultz and Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs Shevardnadze agreed on a human rights dialog (4). As part of this broader dialog, in September 1987, the Soviet representatives began to try to assure their American counterparts that the abuse of psychiatry had ended (5).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNotes:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1. Khrushchev had said this in a speech published in the state newspaper Pravda on 24 May 1959: A crime is a deviation from generally recognized standards of behaviour frequently caused by mental disorder. Can there be diseases, nervous disorders among certain people in a Communist society? Evidently yes. If that is so, then there will also be offences, which are characteristic of people with abnormal minds. Of those who might start calling for opposition to Communism on this basis, we can say that clearly their mental state is not normal.\nKnapp, Martin, et al. Mental Health Policy and Practice Across Europe: The Future Direction of Mental Health Care, McGraw-Hill Education, 2006. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uva/detail.action?docID=316293.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e2. Sfera, Adonis. Can psychiatry be misused again?. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 9 September 2013;(4):101. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00101. PMID 24058348.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e3. For more information, see Reddaway, Peter (12 March 1971). \"Plea to West on Soviet 'mad-house' jails\". The Times. p. 8.; Bloch, Sidney; Reddaway, Peter (1984). Soviet Psychiatric Abuse. The Shadow Over World Psychiatry. London: Gollancz.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e4. Schifter-Adamishin book, timeline, page xix\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e5. Id, pages xix and xx\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDuring the late 1980s, U.S.-Soviet discussions about the abuse of psychiatry led to the formation of a special U.S. delegation to the Soviet Union. In February 1989, the U.S.S.R. allowed the delegation to independently assess 27 Soviet citizens believed to have been psychiatrically committed for non-medical reasons. The U.S.S.R. also allowed the delegation to inspect ordinary psychiatric hospitals and other hospitals known as \"psychoprisons.\" The U.S. delegation's psychiatric leader was Dr. Loren Roth of the University of Pittsburgh. The U.S. State Department organized the trip, closely cooperating with the American Psychiatric Association and the National Institute of Mental Health. Their Soviet counterparts were the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Soviet Ministry of Health and the conservative leadership of Soviet psychiatry, both believed to have been deeply involved in abuse, internally opposed the visit. However, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs overcame this opposition, and their support was critical to the U.S. delegation's success.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe U.S. delegation consisted of leading experts in psychiatry, forensic psychiatry, forensic psychology, law, and Sovietology. Also, it included a representative of the American Psychological Association (A.P.A.), and émigré Soviet psychiatrists living in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFrom April 1988 onward, Dr. Loren Roth engaged in extensive negotiations with his Soviet counterparts on the details of the visit. They discussed the list of people (\"patients\") to be assessed by the delegation and the processes for obtaining their consent. There were difficult negotiations over the presence of Soviet psychiatrists during the examinations, and the need to protect the interviewees from potential intimidation and retaliation.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe U.S. delegation advocated for and adopted critical precautions to ensure the transparency of the mission and its findings. They used scientifically developed structural psychiatric interview schedules, brought U.S. interpreters to assist the delegation, avoided sharing the cost of the trip with the Soviet side, collected urine samples to rule out overmedication, videotaped the interviews, and spoke with friends/relatives of those interviewed.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAlthough there was a significant risk that the Soviet Union would cancel the delegation's visit, it occurred between February and March, 1989. The American team evaluated 27 Soviet citizens and inspected special psychiatric hospitals in Kazan and Chernyakhovsk as well as ordinary psychiatric hospitals in Vilnius and Kaunas.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAmong those interviewed by the U.S. team were people still hospitalized, and those who had been previously discharged. The American team was greatly assisted by Mr. Aleksandr \"Sasha\" Podrabinek, the Soviet and, subsequently, Russian dissident. He was an expert on the issue of abuse of psychiatry and author of the 1979 book \"Punitive Medicine\" (see references). Mr. Podrabinek facilitated access to those who had been previously released and claimed to be unavailable by Soviet counterparts.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe U.S. team detailed their conclusions in their final report, \"Assessment of Recent Changes in Soviet Psychiatry\" (available in this collection), which researchers are encouraged to read. The Soviet Union responded officially with its own report.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe 1989 visit laid a foundation for subsequent collaboration between the two countries in the area of mental health. The U.S.-Russia Health Committee met from 1994 to 2000 as a part of a larger Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission. It focused, in particular, on mental health care during disasters and the primary care physician's role in caring for patients with depression.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eShortly after the American mission was over, the W.P.A. congress in Athens decided to provisionally readmit the Soviet All-Union Society after receiving an official, although somewhat vague, admission of the past wrongdoings (covered in detail in On Dissidents and Madness by Robert van Voren). In 1991, the W.P.A. undertook an ad hoc psychiatric inspection of the Soviet Union that Dr. Jim Birley headed. Dr. Loren Roth and other experts who served on the 1989 U.S. State Department mission joined this inspection.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1990, a delegation of Soviet psychiatrists and politicians visited the United States for an educational trip to American psychiatric services and scholarly dialogues.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nResearchers are encouraged to read the resources listed below to gain a better understanding of the historical events surrounding the 1989 delegation:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e- the Schizophrenia Bulletin (supplement to Vol 15, # 4, 1989), which contains the brief overview of the reasons, methodology, and findings of the American team in the U.S., the final report of the U.S. delegation both in English and Russian, as well as the Soviet response in both languages (Hyperlink1)\n- The New York Times article \"Accord Is Sought by U.S. And Soviet on Mental Wards\" of May 22, 1988\n- The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, Volume 49, Number 4, 2021 \"Jonas Rappeport: A Direct, Accomplished AAPL Leader\" by Dr. Loren Roth\n- Report by the World Psychiatric Association Team on the Visit to the Soviet Union, 9-29 June 1991, headed by Dr. Jim Burley\n- Human Rights, Perestroika, and the End of the Cold War co-authored by Anatoly Adamishin and Richard Schifter in 2009\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 2021, three decades after the 1989 trip to assess the conditions of Soviet citizens confined in psychiatric hospitals for political reasons, an oral history project was initiated to document it. Loren H. Roth, Ellen Mercer, and Richard Bonnie, three members of the delegation, had always wanted to evaluate if the mission had had any lasting impact on the lives of the people interviewed and on the quality and ethical integrity of psychiatric care in the countries of the former Soviet Union. The oral history project began in conjunction with the donation of Loren Roth's papers to the University of Virginia School of Law Library. Olena Protsenko, a Ukrainian human rights lawyer, organized Roth's papers and began researching related collections. Richard Bonnie's papers and Saleem Shah's files on the abuse of psychiatry, also part of the University of Virginia Law Library manuscript collections, were essential to the project's development.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Joseph D. Bloom was one of the few forensic psychiatrists on the 1989 U.S. Department of State Delegation to the Soviet Union to investigate the abuse of psychiatry. Bloom is Dean Emeritus of the Oregon Health and Science University and Clinical Professor at the Department of Psychiatry of the University of Arizona Fenix College of Medicine.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Borissow is an American of a Russian descend. He was a contract interpreter for the U.S. State Department for many years. During the 1989 trip, he was on the sub-team # 3 under the leadership of Dr. Hirschfeld, interpreting in Leningrad.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. William Carpenter was leader of team #2 of the 1989 American investigative scientific mission to the Soviet Union. He is Professor of Medicine at the University of Maryland School of Medicine and former Director of the Maryland Psychiatric Research Center.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRobert William Farrand retired in 1998 after 34 years in the U.S. Foreign Service. He served as Ambassador to Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu from 1990 until 1993. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1988-89 he led the U.S. delegation of medical and forensic professionals to investigate the Soviet Union's political weaponizing of psychiatry, for which he received a Superior Honor Award.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFarrand was concurrently Supervisor of the Bosnian city of Brčko and Deputy High Representative for the northern sector of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1997 to 2000).  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Robert Hirschfeld is Professor of Psychiatry at Weill Cornell Medical College. He was the team leader of team # 3 during the 1989 psychiatric delegation to the U.S.S.R.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. William Hopkins is a retired U.S. State Department staff interpreter. During the 1989 U.S. psychiatric mission to the USSR, he interpreted for team # 2 under the leadership of Dr. William Carpenter.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. I. is a Soviet/Ukrainian dissident who was repeatedly involuntarily committed to a psychiatric hospital for political reasons. He was one of the people interviewed by the U.S. State Department investigative psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R. in 1989.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Keith is the Emeritus Milton Rosenbaum Professor of Psychiatry and Psychology at the University of New Mexico School of Medicine. He was a Deputy Director and Associate Director for Schizophrenia Programs at the NIMH as of 1989. He was the team leader of team # 1 during the 1989 psychiatric delegation to the U.S.S.R.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Felix Kleyman is a psychiatrist practicing in New York City. At the time of the 1989 U.S. State Department mission to the Soviet Union to investigate abuse of psychiatry, Dr. Kleyman was an assistant clinical professor of psychiatry at New York Medical College. Dr. Kleyman was one of the few Russian-speaking, U.S.S.R. and U.S.-trained psychiatrists on the American team. Dr. Kleyman was also a member of the 1991 W.P.A.  mission to the Soviet Union once the All-Union Society of Psychiatrists and Narcologists was provisionally readmitted to the W.P.A.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs of 1989, Mr. Kovalev was a Senior Advisor of the Department for International Humanitarian and Cultural Relations at the Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He was charged with bringing Soviet legislation and practice in line with the international obligations of the U.S.S.R. Mr. Kovalev was responsible for the development and implementation of the psychiatric reform, including the organization of the visit of the American psychiatric delegation in 1989.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAt the time of the 1989 U.S. psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R. Ms. Mercer was the Director of the A.P.A. Office of International Affairs. She is believed to be one of the initiators of the visit and was deeply involved in its planning and preparation as the representative of the American Psychiatric Association (A.P.A.). During the visit itself, she was a member of the team inspecting psychiatric hospitals on the ground.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJohn T. Monahan is the John S. Shannon Distinguished Professor of Law, Professor of Psychology, Hunton Andrews Kurth Professor of Law at the University of Virginia School of Law. He was the only forensic psychologist on the 1989 U.S. State Department investigative psychiatric mission to the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Reddaway is a renowned expert on Russian and Soviet politics, author of many books and publications. He is Professor Emeritus of Political Science and International Affairs at George Washington University.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Darrel Regier was the Scientific Director of the 1989 State Department investigative mission to the U.S.S.R. and coordinated all aspects of the clinical assessment procedure. Dr. Regier completed twenty-five years at the National Institute of Mental Health (N.I.M.H.), during which time he directed three research divisions in the areas of epidemiology, prevention, clinical research, and health services research. Dr. Regier is currently a Senior Scientist at the Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, in the Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine and Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University. He also serves as an independent senior scientific consultant to the American Psychiatric Association (A.P.A.) on DSM-5 and research related issues.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Roth was the psychiatric leader of the 1989 U.S. State Department investigative psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R. Following 44 years of distinguished service to the Department of Psychiatry and the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Loren H. Roth, M.D., M.P.H., was recognized and awarded Emeritus status at a special reception following the Department's Annual Research Day held June 7, 2018. \nPrior to his being an Emeritus Professor, for the previous five years Dr. Roth was the Associate Senior Vice Chancellor, Clinic Policy and Planning, Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh; Distinguished Service Professor of Psychiatry, Professor of Health Policy and Management, and Clinical and Translational Science; and Senior Advisor, Quality, UPMC Health Plan.  In addition to his many academic positions, Dr. Roth has held multiple leadership roles at UPMC culminating in his being the first Chief Medical Officer of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (U.P.M.C.) (2003-2007).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. S. is a Soviet/Russian dissident who was repeatedly involuntarily committed to a psychiatric hospital for political reasons. He was one of the people interviewed by the U.S. State Department investigative psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R. in 1989.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFluent in English and Russian, Ms. Smith was a contract interpreter for the U.S. State Department for many years. She interpreted for both the 1989 American delegation and the 1991 WPA delegation to the Soviet Union. During the 1989 trip, she was on the sub-team # 1 under the leadership of Dr. Samuel J. Keith, M.D. interpreting in Moscow.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Leon Stern is a Russian-speaking psychiatrist who was a member of the field team that inspected four psychiatric hospitals across the Soviet Union. Dr. Stern is a psychiatrist in private practice.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["History of the Abuse of Psychiatry and Psychiatrists in the U.S.S.R.","History of the 1989 U.S. State Department Investigative Mission to the U.S.S.R.","History of the 2021-2022 Oral History Project","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["While it is understood that the misuse of psychiatry for non-medical reasons allegedly started in the U.S.S.R. after the October Revolution of 1917, its widespread and systematic use as a tool to silence political dissent became well-documented during Khrushchev's era. In a 1959 speech attributed to Khrushchev, he allegedly attempted to justify putting dissidents in psychiatric hospitals by saying that only a mentally ill person may be opposed to Communism (1). While there also were \"political\" parts of the R.S.F.S.R. Criminal Code that criminalized anti-Soviet agitation and slander of the Soviet state, psychiatry was often used to isolate dissidents, punish them with psychiatric drugs, discredit their ideas, and avoid criminal law procedures.","The \"Sluggish schizophrenia\" concept developed by academician Snezhnevsky had overly broad diagnostic criteria that allowed the diagnosis of schizophrenia in patients who showed no symptoms, on the assumption that these symptoms would appear later (2). In almost every case, dissidents were examined at the Serbsky Central Research Institute for Forensic Psychiatry.\nInformation about Soviet repressive psychiatry became well-known in the West after 1971 dissident Vladimir Bukovsky smuggled over 150 pages documenting the political abuse of psychiatric institutions in the Soviet Union into the West. The papers were studied by independent psychiatrists in several countries and released to the press (3). \"Bukovsky's papers\" galvanized human rights activists worldwide and those within the Soviet Union.","While the attempt to bring the matter to the official agenda of the World Psychiatric Association (W.P.A.) at their 1971 World Congress in Mexico was unsuccessful, it kept gaining more and more outcry worldwide. So, in 1977, the W.P.A. adopted the Hawaii Declaration – a milestone defining principles of good and ethical medical practice. The All-Union Society of Psychiatrists and Narcologists, the official Soviet professional organization, was bound to withdraw from the W.P.A. at its next Congress in 1983—the allegations of the political abuse of psychiatry inflicted irretrievable damage on the prestige of Soviet medicine.","In 1975, the Soviet Union, the United States, and other countries signed the Helsinki Accords - the key document of the Conference of Security and Cooperation in Europe (C.S.C.E.). The Accords signaled a détente between the East and the West and built the foundation for the end of the Cold War, the U.S.-Soviet disarmament talks, and the \"third basket\" on human rights and freedoms in the Soviet Union.","Mikhail Gorbachev, who became the head of the Soviet Communist Party in 1985, prioritized the improvement of U.S.-Soviet relations. Also, Gorbachev launched the domestic \"perestroika\" (restructuring) and \"glasnost\" (openness) initiatives. These combined foreign and domestic policy developments fostered interest, internally and externally, in the plight of Soviet political prisoners. The Soviet Union released many political prisoners from labor camps, and in April 1987, Secretary Schultz and Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs Shevardnadze agreed on a human rights dialog (4). As part of this broader dialog, in September 1987, the Soviet representatives began to try to assure their American counterparts that the abuse of psychiatry had ended (5).","Notes:","1. Khrushchev had said this in a speech published in the state newspaper Pravda on 24 May 1959: A crime is a deviation from generally recognized standards of behaviour frequently caused by mental disorder. Can there be diseases, nervous disorders among certain people in a Communist society? Evidently yes. If that is so, then there will also be offences, which are characteristic of people with abnormal minds. Of those who might start calling for opposition to Communism on this basis, we can say that clearly their mental state is not normal.\nKnapp, Martin, et al. Mental Health Policy and Practice Across Europe: The Future Direction of Mental Health Care, McGraw-Hill Education, 2006. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uva/detail.action?docID=316293.","2. Sfera, Adonis. Can psychiatry be misused again?. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 9 September 2013;(4):101. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00101. PMID 24058348.","3. For more information, see Reddaway, Peter (12 March 1971). \"Plea to West on Soviet 'mad-house' jails\". The Times. p. 8.; Bloch, Sidney; Reddaway, Peter (1984). Soviet Psychiatric Abuse. The Shadow Over World Psychiatry. London: Gollancz.","4. Schifter-Adamishin book, timeline, page xix","5. Id, pages xix and xx","During the late 1980s, U.S.-Soviet discussions about the abuse of psychiatry led to the formation of a special U.S. delegation to the Soviet Union. In February 1989, the U.S.S.R. allowed the delegation to independently assess 27 Soviet citizens believed to have been psychiatrically committed for non-medical reasons. The U.S.S.R. also allowed the delegation to inspect ordinary psychiatric hospitals and other hospitals known as \"psychoprisons.\" The U.S. delegation's psychiatric leader was Dr. Loren Roth of the University of Pittsburgh. The U.S. State Department organized the trip, closely cooperating with the American Psychiatric Association and the National Institute of Mental Health. Their Soviet counterparts were the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Soviet Ministry of Health and the conservative leadership of Soviet psychiatry, both believed to have been deeply involved in abuse, internally opposed the visit. However, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs overcame this opposition, and their support was critical to the U.S. delegation's success.","The U.S. delegation consisted of leading experts in psychiatry, forensic psychiatry, forensic psychology, law, and Sovietology. Also, it included a representative of the American Psychological Association (A.P.A.), and émigré Soviet psychiatrists living in the United States.","From April 1988 onward, Dr. Loren Roth engaged in extensive negotiations with his Soviet counterparts on the details of the visit. They discussed the list of people (\"patients\") to be assessed by the delegation and the processes for obtaining their consent. There were difficult negotiations over the presence of Soviet psychiatrists during the examinations, and the need to protect the interviewees from potential intimidation and retaliation.","The U.S. delegation advocated for and adopted critical precautions to ensure the transparency of the mission and its findings. They used scientifically developed structural psychiatric interview schedules, brought U.S. interpreters to assist the delegation, avoided sharing the cost of the trip with the Soviet side, collected urine samples to rule out overmedication, videotaped the interviews, and spoke with friends/relatives of those interviewed.","Although there was a significant risk that the Soviet Union would cancel the delegation's visit, it occurred between February and March, 1989. The American team evaluated 27 Soviet citizens and inspected special psychiatric hospitals in Kazan and Chernyakhovsk as well as ordinary psychiatric hospitals in Vilnius and Kaunas.","Among those interviewed by the U.S. team were people still hospitalized, and those who had been previously discharged. The American team was greatly assisted by Mr. Aleksandr \"Sasha\" Podrabinek, the Soviet and, subsequently, Russian dissident. He was an expert on the issue of abuse of psychiatry and author of the 1979 book \"Punitive Medicine\" (see references). Mr. Podrabinek facilitated access to those who had been previously released and claimed to be unavailable by Soviet counterparts.","The U.S. team detailed their conclusions in their final report, \"Assessment of Recent Changes in Soviet Psychiatry\" (available in this collection), which researchers are encouraged to read. The Soviet Union responded officially with its own report.","The 1989 visit laid a foundation for subsequent collaboration between the two countries in the area of mental health. The U.S.-Russia Health Committee met from 1994 to 2000 as a part of a larger Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission. It focused, in particular, on mental health care during disasters and the primary care physician's role in caring for patients with depression.","Shortly after the American mission was over, the W.P.A. congress in Athens decided to provisionally readmit the Soviet All-Union Society after receiving an official, although somewhat vague, admission of the past wrongdoings (covered in detail in On Dissidents and Madness by Robert van Voren). In 1991, the W.P.A. undertook an ad hoc psychiatric inspection of the Soviet Union that Dr. Jim Birley headed. Dr. Loren Roth and other experts who served on the 1989 U.S. State Department mission joined this inspection.","In 1990, a delegation of Soviet psychiatrists and politicians visited the United States for an educational trip to American psychiatric services and scholarly dialogues.","\nResearchers are encouraged to read the resources listed below to gain a better understanding of the historical events surrounding the 1989 delegation:","- the Schizophrenia Bulletin (supplement to Vol 15, # 4, 1989), which contains the brief overview of the reasons, methodology, and findings of the American team in the U.S., the final report of the U.S. delegation both in English and Russian, as well as the Soviet response in both languages (Hyperlink1)\n- The New York Times article \"Accord Is Sought by U.S. And Soviet on Mental Wards\" of May 22, 1988\n- The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, Volume 49, Number 4, 2021 \"Jonas Rappeport: A Direct, Accomplished AAPL Leader\" by Dr. Loren Roth\n- Report by the World Psychiatric Association Team on the Visit to the Soviet Union, 9-29 June 1991, headed by Dr. Jim Burley\n- Human Rights, Perestroika, and the End of the Cold War co-authored by Anatoly Adamishin and Richard Schifter in 2009","In 2021, three decades after the 1989 trip to assess the conditions of Soviet citizens confined in psychiatric hospitals for political reasons, an oral history project was initiated to document it. Loren H. Roth, Ellen Mercer, and Richard Bonnie, three members of the delegation, had always wanted to evaluate if the mission had had any lasting impact on the lives of the people interviewed and on the quality and ethical integrity of psychiatric care in the countries of the former Soviet Union. The oral history project began in conjunction with the donation of Loren Roth's papers to the University of Virginia School of Law Library. Olena Protsenko, a Ukrainian human rights lawyer, organized Roth's papers and began researching related collections. Richard Bonnie's papers and Saleem Shah's files on the abuse of psychiatry, also part of the University of Virginia Law Library manuscript collections, were essential to the project's development.","Dr. Joseph D. Bloom was one of the few forensic psychiatrists on the 1989 U.S. Department of State Delegation to the Soviet Union to investigate the abuse of psychiatry. Bloom is Dean Emeritus of the Oregon Health and Science University and Clinical Professor at the Department of Psychiatry of the University of Arizona Fenix College of Medicine.","Mr. Borissow is an American of a Russian descend. He was a contract interpreter for the U.S. State Department for many years. During the 1989 trip, he was on the sub-team # 3 under the leadership of Dr. Hirschfeld, interpreting in Leningrad.","Dr. William Carpenter was leader of team #2 of the 1989 American investigative scientific mission to the Soviet Union. He is Professor of Medicine at the University of Maryland School of Medicine and former Director of the Maryland Psychiatric Research Center.","Robert William Farrand retired in 1998 after 34 years in the U.S. Foreign Service. He served as Ambassador to Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu from 1990 until 1993. ","In 1988-89 he led the U.S. delegation of medical and forensic professionals to investigate the Soviet Union's political weaponizing of psychiatry, for which he received a Superior Honor Award.","Farrand was concurrently Supervisor of the Bosnian city of Brčko and Deputy High Representative for the northern sector of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1997 to 2000).  ","Dr. Robert Hirschfeld is Professor of Psychiatry at Weill Cornell Medical College. He was the team leader of team # 3 during the 1989 psychiatric delegation to the U.S.S.R.","Mr. William Hopkins is a retired U.S. State Department staff interpreter. During the 1989 U.S. psychiatric mission to the USSR, he interpreted for team # 2 under the leadership of Dr. William Carpenter.","Mr. I. is a Soviet/Ukrainian dissident who was repeatedly involuntarily committed to a psychiatric hospital for political reasons. He was one of the people interviewed by the U.S. State Department investigative psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R. in 1989.","Dr. Keith is the Emeritus Milton Rosenbaum Professor of Psychiatry and Psychology at the University of New Mexico School of Medicine. He was a Deputy Director and Associate Director for Schizophrenia Programs at the NIMH as of 1989. He was the team leader of team # 1 during the 1989 psychiatric delegation to the U.S.S.R.","Dr. Felix Kleyman is a psychiatrist practicing in New York City. At the time of the 1989 U.S. State Department mission to the Soviet Union to investigate abuse of psychiatry, Dr. Kleyman was an assistant clinical professor of psychiatry at New York Medical College. Dr. Kleyman was one of the few Russian-speaking, U.S.S.R. and U.S.-trained psychiatrists on the American team. Dr. Kleyman was also a member of the 1991 W.P.A.  mission to the Soviet Union once the All-Union Society of Psychiatrists and Narcologists was provisionally readmitted to the W.P.A.","As of 1989, Mr. Kovalev was a Senior Advisor of the Department for International Humanitarian and Cultural Relations at the Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He was charged with bringing Soviet legislation and practice in line with the international obligations of the U.S.S.R. Mr. Kovalev was responsible for the development and implementation of the psychiatric reform, including the organization of the visit of the American psychiatric delegation in 1989.","At the time of the 1989 U.S. psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R. Ms. Mercer was the Director of the A.P.A. Office of International Affairs. She is believed to be one of the initiators of the visit and was deeply involved in its planning and preparation as the representative of the American Psychiatric Association (A.P.A.). During the visit itself, she was a member of the team inspecting psychiatric hospitals on the ground.","John T. Monahan is the John S. Shannon Distinguished Professor of Law, Professor of Psychology, Hunton Andrews Kurth Professor of Law at the University of Virginia School of Law. He was the only forensic psychologist on the 1989 U.S. State Department investigative psychiatric mission to the Soviet Union.","Mr. Reddaway is a renowned expert on Russian and Soviet politics, author of many books and publications. He is Professor Emeritus of Political Science and International Affairs at George Washington University.","Dr. Darrel Regier was the Scientific Director of the 1989 State Department investigative mission to the U.S.S.R. and coordinated all aspects of the clinical assessment procedure. Dr. Regier completed twenty-five years at the National Institute of Mental Health (N.I.M.H.), during which time he directed three research divisions in the areas of epidemiology, prevention, clinical research, and health services research. Dr. Regier is currently a Senior Scientist at the Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, in the Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine and Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University. He also serves as an independent senior scientific consultant to the American Psychiatric Association (A.P.A.) on DSM-5 and research related issues.","Dr. Roth was the psychiatric leader of the 1989 U.S. State Department investigative psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R. Following 44 years of distinguished service to the Department of Psychiatry and the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Loren H. Roth, M.D., M.P.H., was recognized and awarded Emeritus status at a special reception following the Department's Annual Research Day held June 7, 2018. \nPrior to his being an Emeritus Professor, for the previous five years Dr. Roth was the Associate Senior Vice Chancellor, Clinic Policy and Planning, Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh; Distinguished Service Professor of Psychiatry, Professor of Health Policy and Management, and Clinical and Translational Science; and Senior Advisor, Quality, UPMC Health Plan.  In addition to his many academic positions, Dr. Roth has held multiple leadership roles at UPMC culminating in his being the first Chief Medical Officer of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (U.P.M.C.) (2003-2007).","Mr. S. is a Soviet/Russian dissident who was repeatedly involuntarily committed to a psychiatric hospital for political reasons. He was one of the people interviewed by the U.S. State Department investigative psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R. in 1989.","Fluent in English and Russian, Ms. Smith was a contract interpreter for the U.S. State Department for many years. She interpreted for both the 1989 American delegation and the 1991 WPA delegation to the Soviet Union. During the 1989 trip, she was on the sub-team # 1 under the leadership of Dr. Samuel J. Keith, M.D. interpreting in Moscow.","Dr. Leon Stern is a Russian-speaking psychiatrist who was a member of the field team that inspected four psychiatric hospitals across the Soviet Union. Dr. Stern is a psychiatrist in private practice."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOlena Protsenko processed this collection. She was a post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Olena Protsenko processed this collection. She was a post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is divided into two series. The first series, \"abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists\", consists of subject files compiled by Dr. Loren Roth, Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Pittsburgh. They are evidence of Dr. Roth's efforts to stop the abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists for political reasons, with an emphasis on the former Soviet Union. The subject files contain correspondence, articles, reports, evaluations, meeting minutes, agendas, planning materials, diaries, photographs, memoranda, handwritten notes, programs, books, videotapes, ephemera, and other items. Together, these materials date from around 1950 to 2008. However the bulk of them date from the 1970s to the 1990s, when Dr. Roth participated in U.S. delegations to the former Soviet Union and was part of the American Psychological Association's (APA) Committees on Human Rights and International Abuse of Psychiatry and Psychiatrists.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nThe second series consists of materials that were gathered and produced for the \"Retrospective Review of the 1989 U.S. State Department Psychiatric Mission to the U.S.S.R.\" project. These materials include oral history interviews with individuals involved with the 1989 mission, a 1989 recorded interview with a psychiatric patient, project correspondence, biographical files, interview minutes, and an organizational chart. Most of the items in this series date from the time of the project, 2021 to 2022.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series consists of subject files that Dr. Loren Henry Roth assembled and used while working to stop the abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists for political reasons, emphasizing abuse in the former Soviet Union. The files contain correspondence, memoranda, meeting documents, articles, reports, lists, forms, evaluations, photographs, diaries, and other materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorld Psychiatric Association Proposed Declaration of Hawaii; \"Honolulu Paper\": Somerville, John: \"Ethics and Psychiatry,\" (1977); Committee of French Psychiatrists Against The Political Uses of Psychiatry Special Bulletin, the World Congress of Psychiatry in Hawaii; newspaper clippings from Hawaiian newspapers (1977). APA white paper: \"Misuse and Abuse of Psychiatry in the U.S.: A definition and Discussion,\" (1991); correspondence and papers of Paul Chodoff, (1989-1990 and undated); Helmchen, H. and A. Okasha: \"From the Hawaii Declaration to the Declaration of Madrid,\" Acta Psychiatr Scand 200:101: 2023\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCopy of the Report to the Board of Trustees, American Psychiatric Association of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Use of Psychiatric Institutions for the Commitment of Political Dissenters (1972); Boekovski Berichten Bukovsky News: The Case of Irina Grivnina (1985?); Statement of Dr. Algirdas Statkevicius to the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (1988); copy of letter from Peter Reddaway to Viktor Nakas, Leon Stern, Robert van Voren and Algirdas Statkevicius (1989); copy of translation of SB case (1987-1989); U.S. Helsinki Watch Committee [memorandum] re Shatravka Family (1988); Committee of Concerned Scientists, Inc \"Call for Action for Three Soviet Former Prisoners of Conscience,\" (1988); and newspaper clippings mainly of Pyotr G. Grigorenko and Anatoly Koryagin\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"Special Report, The Medical Profession and the Prevention of Torture,\" The New England Journal of Medicine (October 1985); \"Sowing fear: The Uses of Torture and Psychological Abuse in Chile,\" A Report by Physicians for Human Rights (October 1988); Proposal. Center for Rehabilitation of Torture Victims [RCT], New York, NY and Roseland, New Jersey (undated); RCT International Newsletter on Treatment and Rehabilitation of Torture Victims (1990-1991); RCT IRCT [International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims]: Torture [packet of documents] (1991-1992); Jacobsen, Lone and Pete Vesti: Torture Survivors – a New Group of Patients, The Danish Nurses Organization, 1990; Canadian Centre for Victims of Torture\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHuman Rights Task Force of the APA survey on human rights organizations (1984); Human Rights Survey Responses (1988); Human Rights Cases Monitored by the APA (1990); photocopy of European Convention on Human Rights Collected Texts, Strasbourg, 1965.  Folder includes an incomplete set of The World Medical Association press releases (1975-1990), printed materials and news clippings\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDocuments from the Ninth Session of the U.S.-U.S.S.R. Joint Committee for Health Cooperation, (1988-11-17); Trip Report – P.H.S. Delegation Visit to the Soviet Union  November 13-20, 1988 Ninth U.S.-U.S.S.R. Health Committee Meeting (1989-01-25); Summary of Cooperation in Health Between the US Public Health Service and the Ministry of Health of the U.S.S.R. (1989-01-26); Peter Henry thoughts re Implications of Trip for U.S.-Soviet Health Agreement (1989-02-02)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRoth's printed account of trip that he made with Rabbi Mark Staitman, Larry Hurwitz, cardiologist;  Harold and Esther Garfinkel, community leaders; Joy Weber, science writer, and Rabbi Jonathan Stein. September 20-October 1, 1986. (2 versions)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Roth and Ambassador Schifter's preliminary planning documents for the U.S. mission to the U.S.S.R. in April of 1988.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAPA Memorandum re \"use of psychiatry for political purposes\" (1988-03-21); [USSR] Regulations for Psychiatric Hospitals, LS No. 124600 JS/AO Russian, Appendix to Decree No. 225 of the USSR Ministry of Public Health, 21 March 1988; Pre-summit discussions. Report of Soviet Contact (1988-03-23): Gennadi N. Milyokhin, M.D. visit to Parklawn;  [Unedited] On the Record Briefing of Richard Schifter, Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs,  March 25, 1988\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePeter Reddaway: \"Will Perestroika End Political Abuse in Soviet Psychiatry?\" (1988-07-03); copy of pages 5-6 of \"Argumenty I fakty\" No. 11/1987, [Reporter V. Romanenko interviews with  Dr. Marat Vartanyan (1987- 03-21-27)]; anonymous draft \"Ground Rounds\", \"Abuses in Soviet Psychiatry\" (undated); Karklins, Rasma: \"The Dissent/Coercion Nexus in the USSR, Working Paper #36, Soviet Interview Project (1987-05); Roth's handwritten notes; copies of printed materials related to Soviet psychiatry; annotated copy of Berman, Harold J.: Soviet Criminal Law and Procedure. The RSFR Codes. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1977, pp. 3-124\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eStipulations for Delegation of U.S. Psychiatrists and Other Experts Visiting the USSR (1988-11-09); Roth's handwritten notes. Also Ellen Mercer U.S.S.R. Trip Confidential  Report (1988 -11) and Saleem A. Shah Department of Health and Human Services Report on International Travel (1988-11-18). Correspondence to Alexander A. Churkin  with documents: US-Soviet Understanding for Delegation of US Psychiatrists and Other Experts Visiting the USSR; \"Discussions\"; Consent Forms for Persons Interviewed and of Relatives and Friends (1988-12-19)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ere assesment of Soviet Psychiatry (1988-08-04), memorandum re \"Sensible Tactics re U.S. Delegation on Soviet Psychiatry; human rights and Soviet Psychiatry; \"things to do; Roth's notes; and Roth: \"Uses of Psychiatry in the U.S.S.R. and U.S.A,\" Browning Hoffman Lecture, UVA School of LAw (1988-10-07).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eInternational Association on the Political Use of Psychiatry [IAPUP]: Information Bulletin Nos. 3, 9, 11, 18-21; also copy of \"II. The Case of All-Union Society (undated). Soviet Psychiatry News, vol. 1, nos. 1-2 (1989)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUS State Department Soviet Psychiatric Project Delegation to the Soviet Union Planning Trip – correspondence, telegrams, memoranda re: negotiations, support and concerns, instructions, logistics for the trip. Correspondence with Soviet and US officials, and other psychiatrists. Summary of discussions with Ambassador Richard Schifter (1989-02-11); comments from Saleem Shah (1989-02-10); from Robert van Voren, Ellen Mercer, Dr. Edward Kelty and others.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis sub-series contains materials related to the organization, planning and logistics of the trip, as well as background information about the psychiatric abuse in the U.S.S.R.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file contains memoranda, handwritten notes, list of participants, questionnaires, Forensic Interview Schedule, and Interpersonal Personality Disorder Examination (IPDE).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDSM-III-R Criteria Checklist (1988-05-23; Structural Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Patient Version (1988-06-01) SCID-NP/OP Psychotic Screening (1988-06-01); Instruction Manual for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (1988 and 1989)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDSM-III-R Criteria Checklist (1988-05-23; Structural Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Patient Version (1988-06-01) SCID-NP/OP Psychotic Screening (1988-06-01); Instruction Manual for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (1988 and 1989)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRussian version of IPDE (1989-02-16); Russian version of Revised SCID Standardized Clinical Study According to DSM-III-PD Criteria (SKID) (1991-04); Russian version of World Psychiatric Association visit to the USSR Forensic Examination (1991-03)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe reports were written by doctors Jonas Rappeport, M.D., Vladimir Levit, MD., Samuel J. Keith, M.D, Darrell A. Regier, M.D., Loren Roth, M.D., Felix Kleyman, M.D., Joseph Bloom, M.D., William. T. Carpenter, M.D., Robert Hirschfeld, M.D., Alla Arsenian (interpreter); Elmore Rigamer, M.D., Joel Klein; Boris Shostokovich, M.D.; John Monahan; Nancy Andreason, M.D.; William Farrand.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReports of forensic evaluations done in Moscow and Leningrad by Jonas R. Rappeport, John Monahan, Joseph D. Bloom; draft of Roth's \"Patient Sample –Description. Methodological Issues – Obstacles\" (1989-04-10); assessments and handwritten notes re patients; Russian document with translation re patients (undated); Roth's notes on various interviewees (1991-02-07)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe materials in this file include Roth's letters to persons who he wished to interview but didn't; U.S. Department of State \"transliteration\" of names (1989-04-04) and inventory of status of cases (1989-04-05)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"Delegation of US Psychiatrists Issues Press Statement\" signed by members of the US Psychiatric Delegation: Nancy Andreasen, M. D.; Joseph D. Bloom, M.D.; Richard J. Bonnie; William T. Carpenter, M.D.; Robert M. A. Hirschfeld, M. D.; Samuel J. Keith, M.D.; Joel Klein; Felix L. Kleyman, M.D.; Vladimir A. Levit, M.D.;  David Lozovsky, M. D.; Ellen Mercer, John Monahan, PhD; Jonas R. Rappeport, M.D.; Peter B. Reddaway, Ph.D; Darrel A. Regier, MD.D., M.P.H.; Elmore E. Rigamer, M.D.; Leon Stern, M.D.; Harold M. Visotsky, M. D.]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTestimonies of Darrel A. Regier, Robert W. Farrard, Peter Reddaway, Robert van Voren, Loren H. Roth; statement of Steny H. Hoyer; LHR's handwritten notes; correspondence; responses, printed materials; draft I Report of the U.S. Delegation and Preliminary Soviet Reply: Brief Analysis of Points of Agreement and Disagreement; Loren H. Roth Final Report of the US Delegation to Assess Recent Changes in Soviet Psychiatry. Objectives and Execution of the Visit. American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting, New York, NY, May 15 1990; some correspondence and memoranda related to CSCE meetings in Copenhagen (June 1990); and copy of U.S. Report (speech) on CSCE – Moscow (1991-10-02)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCopy of Reddaway's Trip to Moscow, October 29-November 2, 1988; memo re: \"The difficult situation we are in: how should we proceed,\" (1989, 02-19); notes on Soviet Psychiatry Developments (1990-01-20); copy of \"Trip to Moscow, August 20-30, 1992.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"Dissent and Disorder: Human Rights in Soviet Psychiatry,\" (1989-07-); copy of unauthored paper; \"The Legacy of Psychiatric Abuse in the U.S.S.R.,\" (undated); Russian version and translation of \"Proceedings of the session of Working Party formulating the draft law on 'Psychiatric Help in the U.S.S.R.',\" (1991-02-14)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"Soviet Access to and Utilization of Mental Health Services: A Comparative View,\"  paper presented at the National Conference on Soviet Refugee Health and Mental Health, Chicago, IL (1991-12-11); Isaac Ray Lectures: \"The Future of the Doctor-Patient Relationship. Lesson from Two Cultures, The Former Soviet Union and the United States,\" Discussants: Loren H. Roth, M.D., Dean Eckenrode, George Huber, J.D., Mark Schmidhofer, M.D. (1998-05-07)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"The New Soviet Legislation on the Provision of Psychiatric Care,\" speech delivered at the symposium of the International Association on the Political Use of Psychiatry, Washington, D.C., (1988-10-14); Koryagin: \"A Green Light of Injustice,\" Zurich, (1988-12-20); notes from Boris Zoubok, M.D.; copy of \"Law of the USSR on the protection of the rights and legal interests of persons suffering from psychiatric disorders and on the grounds and procedures for the administration of psychiatric care,\" (1990-10-08); Roth's Notes on Meeting of USSR Supreme Soviet Committee on Mental Health Law, Moscow (1990-10-26); copy of Smit, Jonna: \"Human Rights and Mental Health Legislation: the USSR,\" (1991-05-21); van Voren, Robert: \"Ukrainian Psychiatry: Starting from Scratch,\" (undated); Regulations on a psychiatric hospital (Положение о психиатрической больнице), [printed Russian document] CCCP, No. 225, 1988; printed materials and news clippings, 1988-2004; Patients in Psychiatric Hospital Requiring Follow-up and Review – interview methodology, list, memoranda\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDraft and confidential memorandum of meeting with Minister of the Department of Humanitarian Affairs [Yuri A.] Reshetov. Also interview methodology and memoranda.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eKazan Special Psychiatric Hospital, Vilnius Ordinary Hospital, Kaunas Hospital, Chernyashovsk Special Psychiatric Hospital\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRichard J. Bonnie draft; \"Legal and Humanitarian Aspects of Soviet Psychiatry: Some Preliminary Conclusions\" (1989-03-28); also comments on Klein's and Reddaway reports (1989-04 to 1989-05); LHR Confidential Drafts #1-5 (1989-05-19-31); Objectives of the Clinical Interviews (1989-05-22); Dr. Harold M. Visotsky Response to Joel Kline (1989-05-30); Hospital Team Report by Harold Visotsky, Elmore Rigamer, and Loren H. Roth (1989-05-30); remarks from Joe Bloom (1989-06-05); Richard Bonnie: Note to Members of the US Delegation to the Soviet Union (1989-06-16); Bill Farrad; Executive Summary [annotated] (1989-06-20); \"USSR Psychiatrists at a Human Rights Round Table in Moscow in April 1988,\" annotated copy of attachment sent by Joel Kline to Roth (undated); Vladimir A. Levit comments (1989-06-26); Saleem [Shah]: Soviet Compliance and Study Limitations (1989-06-28) and comments (1989-06-26); Peter Reddaway draft (1989-06-28) [2 folders], 1989-03 to 1989-06\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlso: State Department \"rough translation\" of Soviet response: \"Response to the medical part of the report by the U.S. delegation of psychiatrists and lawyers,\" (1989-07-06); Draft translation of the final Soviet comments on the report: Commentary on the Report [130008 JS/AO Russian] (1989-09-26); U.S. Department of State Memorandum re Comments on the Soviet response to the Report (1989-10-12); printed Russian document inscribed by Polubinskaya to Loren H. Roth: [Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., Soviet State and Right. Separate Report, Moscow 1990];  translation of S. V. Polubinskaya and S. V. Borodin: \"The Legal Problems of Soviet Psychiatry: The Views of American and Soviet Experts,\" Soviet State Law, No. 5, 1990, pp. 67-76\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eResolution of the WPA (1989-10-17); WPA Statement by the All Union Society of Soviet Psychiatrists and Narcologists of the U.S.S.R. before the World Psychiatric Association General Assembly in Athens (1989-10-18); Memorandum re: Site Visit by the WPA Review Committee to the U.S.S.R. (1990-03-13); Reddaway, Peter: The Struggle over Reform in Soviet Psychiatry Intensifies: Is the Establishment Beginning to Panic? (1990-04-30); Remarks by Svetlana Poloubinskaya at the APA's Committee of International Abuse of Psychiatry and Psychiatrists (1990-05-16)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAPA correspondence with the Center for Democracy in the U.S.S.R., U.S. Department of State, (Schifter and Mercer); University of London Institute of Psychiatry, 1989-05 to 1989-11. Also, miscellaneous correspondence with literary agents (1989-03 to 1989-04)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTranslations of A.  Karpov, Chief Psychiatrist, U.S.S.R. Ministry of Health: \"The Registration of Mental Patients in the U.S.S.R.\" (1990-10-25) and \"Basic Findings of the Conclusion of the U.S.S.R. Constitutional Supervision Committee on Whether Legislation for the Compulsory Treatment and Re-Education of Through Labour of Persons Suffering from Alcoholism or Drug-Addiction Conforms to the U.S.S.R. Constitution and International Enactments on Human Rights,\" by B. M. Lazarev, Deputy Chairman of the USSR Constitutional Supervision Committee (1990-10-25). Also Saleem A. Shah: \"Forensic Interview Schedule\". Correspondence with Otto Dorr Zegers, Csaba Banki, M.P. Deva, Driss Moussaoui, Jim Birley, and Gerard Low-Geer\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence with Dr. Otto Dörr-Zegers (Chile); Dr. Csava Bànki (Hungary); Dr. M. P. Deva (Malaysia); Dr. Driss Moussaoui (Morocco); Dr. Jim Birley (WPA Negotiating Team); Dr. Gerard Low-Greer (England).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncluded are: Gostin, Larry: \"Human Rights in Mental Health: Japan. Report of an international mission to Japan: 1987,\"  World Health Organization/Harvard University International Collaborating Center on Health Legislation, World Federation for Mental Health [1987]; Kawasaki, Shigeru: \"Like a Shedding Snake,\" English Summary, J. JAPH 2:2 Spring 1991; news-clippings.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence with Ellen Mercer re Singapore (1985-09-18); UN Commission on Human Rights E/CN. 4 Sub.2/1988/23: Report on the Sessional Working Group on the question of persons detained on the grounds of mental ill-health or suffering from mental disorder; Proceedings. International Forum on Mental Health Reform, Kyoto, Japan, January 29-30, 1987; Benatar, S. R.: correspondence and articles (1990); Final draft of the \"UN Principles Produced by the Working Group on Human Rights,\" Annex A Principles for the Protection of Persons with Mental Illness and for the Improvement of Mental Health Care\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe sub-series consists of materials Loren Roth collected as part of his work on this committee. These include meeting minutes and agendas, correspondence, reports, articles, clippings, memoranda, and other items.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAPA lists of cases in the U.S.S.R., Yugoslavia and Romania (1988-07-05); memo for the record re Soviet dissidents\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAPA minutes of meeting (1988-09-07); Draft Statement Following Discussion with Dr. Sabshin; APA Draft Resolution by the Committee on International Abuse of Psychiatry to not object to the re-admittance of  the All-Union Society of Psychiatrists and Neuropathologists of the USSR into the WPA (1988-09-07); minutes of the APA Committee on Human Rights (1988-09-09); some correspondence, (1988 -09)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMinutes of conference call (1989-02-15); correspondence; IAPUP documents re to Soviet psychiatry (1989-02); copy of Dr. Marvin Brook handwritten comments on the By-Laws of the WPA (undated); Application of the Independent Psychiatric Association of the USSR (IPA) for membership to the WPA, includes Constitution and Declaration (1989-03-09); APA Guidelines for Psychiatric Services in Jails and Prisons; APA draft guidelines on the Right of Refuse (Anti-Psychotic) Medication.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes some correspondence and documents: Memorandum re Revision of the WPA Review Committee's Operational Instrument ( 1989-04-270; translation of letter from Nikolai Fedrovich Zhukov to US Congress (1989-03-04); IAPUP Documents on the Political Abuse of Psychiatry in the USSR 18: The Founding of the Association of Independent Psychiatrists in the USSR and the US Delegation of Psychiatrist to the USSR (March 1989); IAPUP Report and brochures, 1989-04\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMemorandum re Detention of Cuban psychiatrist Dr. Alfredo Samuel Martínez Lara (1989-04-19); WPA Proposed alterations (1989-04 -25); copy of entrance application of the International Independent Research Centre on Psychiatry to the WPA (1989-03-27), news clippings; Dr. Marat Vartanian original article sent to the International Journal on Mental Health\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncluded are: Ellen Mercer and Fini Schulsinger interviews with Radio Canada (1989-03); and \"rough\" transcripts of  Radio Free Europe with Viktor Lanovoy, President of the Independent Association of Psychiatrists (1989-06-15); Croatian Committee for Human Rights press release re human rights abuses (1989-06-24); [translation] of M. Buyanov articles in Uchitelskaya Gazeta (1988-11-19); Association Psychiatric Independent (IPA) press release (1989-04-12); Commission of the European Communities: \"Observations on the State of Implementation of Programme of Psychiatrists Reform in Greece,: (1987-12-31); IAPUP Documents Special Issue: \"The Political Abuse of Psychiatry in Rumania (June 1989);  IAPUP Documents on the Political Abuse of Psychiatry Nos. 22, 23, 24, 25 (June-July 1989)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes Summary of the WPA Executive Committee in Athens and Resolutions (1989-08-18); excerpts of anonymous document \"Autumm 1988, Gerlovka\" re abuse in the USSR ; printed articles, news clippings\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes unofficial translation of  Statement by the All-Union Scientific Society of Psychiatrists (1989-10-02); Remarks of Christian Barton Concerning Allegations of Psychiatric Abuse of Dissidents by the Cuban Government (1989-09-13); Sabshin, Melvin: Statement to the Subcommittee on Health and Environment of the US House of Representatives re APA position on Soviet psychiatric practices (undated); Testimony of Victor Davidoff, former victim of abuse in the Soviet Union (undated); Commentary on the Report \"Assessment of Recent Changes in Soviet Psychiatry, prepared by the US Delegation on the Results of its visit to the USSR,\" (1989-09-15); IPA bulletins (1989 -08-07 and 1989-08-31); news clippings\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes: Liaison Report (1989-10); Gluzman, Semyon: \"Bureaucratic Ethics and Soviet Psychiatry,\" (1989-11) and Commentary on the Memorandum of G. Lukacher (1989-10-14) re All Union Scientific Society of Psychiatrists; translation of A.I. letter \"To the World Congress of the WPA,\" (1989-10-16); translation of letter from Social Organizations in Leningrad To the Participants in the Congress of the WPA (Athens, Greece, October 1989); Schifter, Richard: \"An Inventory of Soviet Human Rights Developments\" (1989-10-04); IAPUP Documents on the Political Abuse of Psychiatry in the USSR No. 29, 30\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSome copies of  documents related to the former Yugoslavia; lists of interments and releases in the Soviet Union (1989-12-21); draft translation of [Sotsialisticheskaya Industriya] A Detail report: Psychiatry Without Secrets (1989-10-31); Documents on the Political Abuse of Psychiatry in the Soviet Union 31 (1989-12); WPA Minutes (1989-08-11-13)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence related to abuses in Cuba; Pena, Jose M. et al: \"Abuse and Misuse of Psychiatry in the U.S.: The Need for an Institutional Ethics,\" (1990-02); list of human rights cases monitored by the APA in Argentina, Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Malawi, Morocco, Romania, South Africa, Sudan, Turkey, Uruguay, Yugoslavia, Zaire (1990-02-06); Mercer, Ellen: USSR Trip Report/February 25-March 3, 1990\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes: Second World Center Annual Report 1989 and APA Statement on Simón Bolívar Award and Lecture (1990-02-15)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence re Cuban psychiatrists (1990-04); Keston College Support Group: \"Igor Rodionov Report\" (1990-04); Yelena Izyumova Open Letter to the Members of the APA, Moscow May 20, 1990; anonymous essay re : Psychiatric Abuse in the USSR (Helsinki Watch), undated\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlso: \"Proposed New Policies for the APA in Regard to the Abuse of Psychiatry for Political and Other Non-Medical Purposes in the USSR,\" (undated)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes copy of Human Rights Survey Responses (1988-04-01) and reports of the Council on International Affairs, Committee on Human Rights and Committee on International Education\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes reports of the Council on International Affairs, Committee on Human Rights and Committee on International Education; memoranda re IAPUP meetings in Germany (1990-09); letter from Dr. Jeffrey Heller to the Committee on Abuse of Psychiatry re Soviet Delegation at H and CP Institute (1990-10-10); Documents on the Political Abuse of Psychiatry in the USSR No. 38 (1990-09)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes correspondence from Dr. Valerian Tuculesco re post-traumatic stress disorder after the Romanian revolution (1990-10); correspondence re Oleg Vitalyevich Kozlov re hijacked plane to Helsinki (1990-11); American Ambassadors People to People Trip to the USSR 14-27 August 1990 \"Professional Diary\" compiled by E. B. Brody (1990-09-05);  \"Psychiatric Issues Encountered on Recent Trip to USSR,\" memorandum from Holt Ruffin (World Without War) (1990-10-25); Hartmann, Lawrence M.D.: \"Notes on Some Social Psychiatric Problems in Chile, South Africa and the Soviet Union,\" (1990-10); Documents on the Political Abuse of Psychiatry in the USSR Nos. 39, 40, 41; documents relative to the Joint APA-Caribbean Psychiatric Association Meeting; Ellen Mercer: China Trip Report (1990-11)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes reports of the Committee on International Education; Final draft of the UN Principles for the Protection of Persons with Mental Illness and for the Improvement of Mental Health Case (1990-12-11); \"Sugar, Jonathan M.D. et al: \"Psychiatry's Global Challenge: Responsibilities of American Psychiatrists in International Health (undated)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes letter from Dr. Dainiys Pūras re abuse of psychiatry in Lithuania (1991-01-19); correspondence re abuse in Romania (1991-02-08); \"Proposal for The Moscow Center for Rehabilitation of Torture Victims (undated)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes correspondence and document re abuses in Romania; correspondence between Dr. Roth, Gennadi Milyokhin, Juan José López-Ibor, re Revaz Uturgaury (1991-03); correspondence re Soviet individuals\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes CIOMS: Development of International, Ethical Guidelines for Epidemiological Research and Practice, Plenary III Issues related to the HIV/AIDS Pandemic. Proposed Guidelines for International Testing of Vaccines and Drugs against HIV Infection and Aids (1990-11); copies of correspondence between and V. Tuculescu re Romania; Reddaway, Peter: Psychiatric Developments in the USSR (1991-06) and \" Problems of Reforming Soviet Psychiatry and Assuring Rights for the Mentally Ill,\" (undated); \"The Heartbeat of Reform. Soviet Jurists and Political Scientists Discuss the Progress of Perestroika, Glasnot, Democracy, Socialism,\" Translated from the Russian by Vic Schneierson, Moscow, [1991]; Documents on the Political Abuse of Psychiatry in the USSR No. 47, 48\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes reports of the Council on International Affairs, Committee on Human Rights and Committee on International Education. Also includes several documents dated September 1991: Memo for the Record Briefing Meeting for the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Human Rights Study Group (1991-09-24); USSR Draft Law (17 June 91) on Psychiatric Assistance; Ministry of Health, USSR, All-Union Society of Psychiatrists Governing Board Decision (1991-05-15-16); WPA Memorandum to the All-Union Society of Psychiatrists (1991-07-28); Dr. Stanislaw Golec: \"Health Care in Poland 91\"; \"Instructional Recommendations on the Application of USSR Ministry of Health Order No. 555 (1989-09-19); WPA documents; International Committee of the Red Cross Report on \"Second Working Group of Experts on Battlefield Laser Weapons,\" (1990-11-05-06)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes \"copy of a part\" of Japanese Mental Health Law with translation (1988); translation of  \"law on patient's rights\" in Finland (1991-08); WHO Guidelines for the Clinical Investigation of Antidepressant Drugs (1984)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes LHR handwritten notes re Abuse Committee (1992-04); \"Cuban Dissidents in Psychiatric Hospitals An Update of the Politics of Psychiatry in Revolutionary Cuba,\"; \"Dimineata, 7th January 1992, The Mad People Were Dissidents,\" re Romania (undated); \"The Plenary Session of the Board of Directors of the All-Union Scientific Society of Psychiatrists (1992-05) and Follow-Up of US Team's 1989 Patients list, Appendices 1 and 2 sent to Dr. Birley with names of patients (1992-02); Information about the Patient Bill of Rights Tally Sheet (1992-04); Geneva Initiative on Psychiatry [GPI]: Documents on the Abolition and Prevention of Political Abuse of Psychiatry (1992-03 and 1992-04)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes reports of the Council on International Affairs, Committee on Human Rights and Committee on International Education. Also: Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Yugoslavia (1992-06-01); GPI: Documents on the Abolition and Prevention of Political Abuse of Psychiatry, April – June 1992; Mercer, Ellen: Exploring Hungarian Psychiatry (1992-05)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes reports of the Council on International Affairs, Committee on Human Rights. Also: International Association for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions Proclamation of May 1992: Assuring the Mental Health of Children; APA Bilateral Exchange with Poland Czechoslovakia and Hungary. Summary of Responses and Recommendations of American Participants (1992-03-24 to 1992-04-12); copy of Act of the Russian Federation \"On Psychiatric Care and Citizens' Rights With Regard to Such Care,\" (1992-01); Polubinskaya, Svetlana: \"From the USSR to the Independent States: Where the Former Soviet Psychiatry Will Go,\" (1992-05); GIP Documents on the Abolition and Prevention of Political Abuse of Psychiatry 56, June 1992\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes reports of the Council on International Affairs, Committee on Human Rights. Also correspondence re psychiatric abuse in the former GDR, with the Romanian Psychiatric Association and the Committee to End the Chinese Gulag. \"Psychiatry Under Tyranny. An Assessment of the Political Abuse of Romanian Psychiatry During the Ceaucescu Years,\" Report of a consultative mission to Bucharest on behalf of the Geneva Initiative on Psychiatry (1992-06); GIP Documents on the Abolition and Prevention of Political Abuse of Psychiatry 57, July – August 1992\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe sub-series consists of materials Loren Roth collected as part of his work with this committee. These include meeting minutes and agendas, correspondence, reports, articles, clippings, memoranda, and other items.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncluded: \"Human Rights of Mental Patients in Japan,\" (1987 -04); Reich, Walter Report of Meeting with Gennadiy M. Yevstafiev (Soviet, member of the delegation to the Vienna Review Meeting) (1987-07-28); copy of letter from Senator Edward M. Kennedy to Lawrence Hartmann, M.D. re human rights violations in Paraguay (1988-04-22); World Medical Association, INC. memorandum: \"The Facts regarding health services in South Africa during 1987, and the role played by the Medical Association of South Africa,\" (1987-07- 08); Reddaway, Peter: Does Moscow's Purge of Corrupt Psychiatrists Threaten the Psychiatric Gulag?\" (1987-07-13); \"More Revelations about Stefanis' Negotiations with the Soviets (1987-09-11); Center for Victims of Torture pilot project (1987-08-28 and 1987-10); South Africa Briefing (1987-08-07); Minutes of Committee on Abuse of Psychiatry (1987-09-09 and 1987-12-02); \"Victims of Torture in Afghanistan. Presentation for Cairo World Congress\" by Mohammad Azam Dadfar (1987-10-18-22); Gralnick, Alexander M.D.: \"Public Health and Psychiatric Care in Cuba, Personal Report\" (November 1987);Political Imprisonment in Cuba. A Special Report from Amnesty International, The Cuban American Nation Foundation, 1987;  US/Soviet Human Rights Seminar: Statement by Ellen Mercer for the APA (1987-12-03). Also Bloche, Maxwell Gregg: \"Uruguay's Military Physicians: Cogs in a System of State Terror,\" (1987-03)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMiscellaneous documents: minutes, memoranda, correspondence. Included: [Argentina] Tribunal Etico de la Salud contra la Impunidad translation of statement: Medical Ethics Tribunal Against Impunity,\" (1988-01-11); Minutes of the APA Committee on Abuse of Psychiatry (1988-01-20, 1988-04-21; 1988-05-10); some documents related to South Africa, Pakistan, Argentina; Human Rights Survey Responses (1988-03-09); Amnesty International: \"China. Detention Without Trial, Ill-Treatment of Detainees and Police Shooting of Civilians in Tibet,\" (1988-02); Bitsch Christensen, Svend: \"Torture Related Documentation,\" (1987); International Commission of Jurists' Mission to Japan Preliminary Report and Recommendations (1988-04); \"The Casualties of Conflict: Medical Care and Human Rights in the West Bank and Gaza Strip,\" Report of a Medical Fact Finding Mission by Physicians for Human Rights, (1988-03); Amnesty International Commission Medicale: Medicine at Risks. The Doctor as Abuser or Victim,\" (1987-09)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMiscellaneous documents: minutes, memoranda, correspondence related to Soviet psychiatry; human rights abuses in Honduras, Czechoslovakia, Somalia, South Africa, Israel, Haiti, Cuba, Egypt, China, BahrainGudava, Eduard M.D.: \"The events in Tbilisi, Georgia  (1989-04-18); Vesti, Peter and Inge Kemp: \"Chapter I: Treatment of Torture Survivors – theoretical views,\" \"Chapter 2: Rehabilitation of Torture Survivors, \" (1989-10); Collazo, Carlos R. M.D. and Martha Gerpe M.D.: \"Missing Parents,\" Paper presented at The World Psychiatric Association, Athens, October 1989\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFile includes: RCT [Rehabilitation and Research Centre for Torture Victims] 7th Annual Report (1990-01); APA Position Statement on Apartheid and Academic Boycotting of South Africa (1990-01); Human Rights Cases Monitored by the APA (1990-02-01); signed Petition by doctors to recommend the APA to condemn the government of Turkey (1990-08); LHR handwritten notes of September meeting;  APA Council on International Affairs Joint Reference Committee (1990-10-12); Boyajian, Levon Z. M.D.: The Psychological Sequelae of the Armenian Genocide (1982); Leros Trip. Report on Visit to the Mental Institution on the Island of Leros, Greece (1989-12-3-5); \"'Bloody Sunday Trauma in Tbilisi. The Eents of April 9, 1989 and their Aftermath,\" Report of a Medical Mission to Soviet Georgia by Physicians for Human Rights, February 1990; printed materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFiles include documents re Armenian Genocide and from the Free Romanian Foundation; \"Program for Administrators and Educators Specializing in Programs for People With Disabilities,\" with the Persian Gulf (1991-04); Martínez Lara, Samuel: \"Psychiatry in Cuba: Perspectives of a Human Rights Activist\" (1991-09-27);  ); National Academy of Sciences: \"Considerations Regarding Individual Scientific Visits to the People's Republic of China,\" (October 1991); also some documents about torture\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFiles include documents re torture in Egypt (1992-01); Dadfar, A. Azam M.D.: \"The Deep Scars of a Forgotten War, \" Psychiatry Centre for the Afghans; correspondence with Levon Z. Boyajian M.D. (1992-02); Croatian Medical Journal: \"Medical Testimony of the Vukovar Tragedy\"; memorandum re \"Abuse and Misuse of Psychiatry in the United States\" (1992-02); Committee to End the Chinese Gulag: \"On behalf of Political Prisoners in China: How to Raise Human Rights Cases,\" (1992-04); memoranda and correspondence re abuse of Palestinian physician (1992-05); APA Position Statement on Homosexuality and Civil Rights (1992-07); Americas Watch, Vol.4, Issue 7: \"Dangerous Dialogue, Attacks on Freedom of Expression in Miami's Cuban Exile Community,\" (1992-08);  Amnesty International French Section, Medical Group: \"Corporal Punishment. A study on legislation and enforcement in 18 countries,\" (1992); \"Stop Torture in Korea (STIK)\" (1998-08); APA Council on International Affairs: \"International Inpatients Bill of Rights,\" (1992-08); APA Communications Plan 1992-1994; APA: \"Human Rights and the American Psychiatric Association,\" (1992); memorandum and correspondence re abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists in México (1992-100; US Department of State: \"Renewing the U.S. Commitment to Human Rights,\" Special Report No. 164;  printed materials\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorld Health Organization Assignment Report re \"mentally infirm in Romania and possibilities for improvement,\" (1991-11); Rosenberg, David R. M.D. et al: \"A Cross-Cultural Study of \"Ceausescu's Orphans,\" (1992-03); Blom, G. et al: \"Program Touch – A Volunteer Intervention Program to Orphaned Disabled Children in Romania,\" (1991-11); Roth's reappointment as APA Chairperson of the Committee on Human Rights under the Council of International Affairs, (1992-04-13); draft of A.P.A. Action Paper Rescinding the 1982 APA Position on the Insanity Defense (1992-05-01); Pierce, Chester M. M.D.: \"Public Health and Human Rights: Racism, Torture and Terrorism,\" presented at American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting (1992-05-04)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFiles include translation of Croatian pamphlet: \"Protect Yourself and Help Others (1993-02); APA Office of International Affairs: Responses to Human Rights Questionnaire,\" (1993-08-18); Citizens Support Committee for the Psychiatric Farm Hospital Dr. Manuel Ramírez Moreno (1993-7-13)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ecorrespondence and handwritten notes\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eevaluation forms and printed materials\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMeetings between Ukrainian doctors Semyon F. Gluzman, Vladimir I. Poltavets, Valery N. Kutznetsov, Ada I. Korotenko, Oleg A, Nasinnik, Vladimir M. Cherniavsky and Juan Mezzich, American psychiatrist from the West Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh; also some case summaries (1994-02). Russian and English translation.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eextensive correspondence, reports, handwritten notes. Savychyj, Jurij M.D.: \"Psychiatry in Ukraine,\" [1992]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ecorrespondence, Ukrainian fliers, and handwritten notes\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eextensive correspondence, reports, data analysis, forms, handwritten notes (1995-05), \"Codebook\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ecorrespondence, clinical assessment forms, and handwritten notes\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGeneva Initiative on Psychiatry. Annual Reports 1992 and 1995; Documents on the Abolition and Prevention of Political Abuse of Psychiatry Nos. 65-67, 72, 74; \"Concepts for Developing Mental Health Care in Ukraine (First Draft),\" Developed by Experts of Ministry for Health Care, Kiev Research Institute of General and Forensic Psychiatry, Regional Chief Experts and Kiev Psychiatrists.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ecorrespondence and forms\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eemail correspondence, brochures, printed photographs\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJoseph D. Bloom, Kyrill Borissow, William T. Carpenter, Robert W. Farrand, Robert M.A. Hirschfield, William H. Hopkins, Samuel Keith, Felix Kleyman, Andrei A. Kovalev, Ellen Mercer, John Monahan, Darrel A. Regier, Elmore F. Rigamer Jr, Carolyn Smith, Leon Stern\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes: United States – Russia Health Committee 2000 – 2002, printed copies of photographs; The U.S.A. – Russia Health Committee: \"Access to Quality Health Care\" (draft), undated; \"Additional Materials on Diagnosing and Treating Mild and Moderate Depressions,\" [document in Russian with English title]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGershman, Carl: Psychiatric Abuse in the Soviet Union,\" Society, July/August 1984; Lapenna, Ivo: \"The Medico-Legal Society. Use and Misuse of Psychiatry in the USSR,\" The Royal Society of Medicine, London 12th June 1986; McCready, John and Harold Merskey: \"Compliance by physicians with the 1978 Ontario Mental Health Act,\" Reprint from the Canadian Medical Association Journal, Vol. 124, March 15, 1981; McCready, John and Harold Merskey: \"On the Recoding of Mental Illness for Civil Commitment,\" Can. J. Psychiatry Vol. 27, March 1982; Slovenko, Ralph: Analysis. The Destiny of South Africa,\" The World and I, July 1991.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 2021, members of the 1989 American delegation, some Soviet patients, Soviet doctors and other professionals, were invited to participate in the \"Retrospective Review of the 1989 U.S. State Department Psychiatric Mission to the USSR\" oral history project. Nineteen interviews were recorded, sixteen of them with the surviving members of the U.S. delegation, one with Andrei Kovalev, an official at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the U.S.S.R. at the time, and two with former \"Soviet patients.\" There is also an original 1989 recording of one interview.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThese interviews provide a comprehensive overview of the history of Soviet psychiatric abuse, the reasons why psychiatric diagnosis was used to suppress dissent, the methods, medical and legal procedures, and who were the major players in Soviet psychiatric abuse. Emphasis is also made on assessing the U.S.-Soviet relationship in the 1980s and the special place that the 1989 State Department psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R. held in the détente. All stages of negotiations and preparations for the mission were discussed as well as the methodology of psychiatric evaluations and the findings of the American experts. An additional emphasis was also made on assessing the state of Soviet psychiatric care as of the late 1980s and all the significant changes it was going through at the time. The role of World Psychiatric Association (WPA), the All-Union Society of Psychiatrists and Narcologists, the American Psychiatric Association and other important organizations, is also given proper attention. The interviewees also discuss the long-term impact that the 1989 U.S. mission made on Soviet and post-Soviet psychiatry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview Dr. Bloom discusses his career, his interest in the topic of abuse of psychiatry and his involvement in the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric delegation to the U.S.S.R. He talks about the U.S. and Soviet (both Soviet professionals and Soviet interviewees) understanding of the purpose of the visit and  the Soviet's compliance with the terms negotiated for the visit. He also talks about psychiatric hospitalization, detention and commitment process in the U.S.S.R., conditions of hospitalization in Soviet psychiatric hospitals and the legal rights of persons with mental disorders in the U.S.S.R.  Dr. Bloom's explains his impressions from the trip to the Soviet Union and the conclusions made by the American delegation. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe highlights of the interview pertain to Dr. Bloom's recollection of a Soviet person who allegedly had a mental disorder, and his opinion as to the way the American final report should have been approached.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOlena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Borissow shares his life story and describes his career. He talks about getting involved in the 1989 State Department trip to the Soviet Union, his previous trips to the U.S.S.R., and the  social and political context that surrounded the visit and made it possible in the first place. Mr. Borissow describes his experience of interpreting in one of the psychiatric hospitals in Moscow as a part of the 1989 American mission as well as the work that Mr. Borissow's sub-team #3 did in Leningrad. He shares very interesting anecdotes that happened during the trip and talks about the lessons he learned during this trip.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOlena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview Dr. Carpenter discusses his career, his involvement in the 1989 US State Department psychiatric delegation to the USSR, the main goals of the mission, various aspects of the implementation in great detail, the diagnostic aspects of the study, interview instruments and methodology, the Soviet mental health care system and its shortcomings, the conclusions made by Dr. Carpenter's sub-team, the impact the American visit made to the interviewed individuals an mental health in the region. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDr. Carpenter also discusses the United States - Great Britain cross-national study of schizophrenia conducted in the 1960s and 70s and its pertinency to the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the U.S.S.R. He also talks about the broad diagnostic criteria for sluggish schizophrenia and how much contributed to the missuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOlena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAmbassador Farrand talks about his long successful career in the U.S. State Department, the importance of the Soviet psychiatric abuse to the U.S. government and the larger context of the U.S. - U.S.S.R. relationships. As a person who worked closely with Ambassador Richard Schifter for many years, Mr. Farrand describes Schifter's goals and vision of the 1989 psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMr. Farrand describes the process of negotiating the terms of the visit and shares insights about interacting with a superpower as the Soviet Union was at that time. He also talks about the the peculiarities of governance in the U.S.S.R., and power dynamics inside the country. Mr. Farrand describes the efforts to preserve transparency and independence of the mission as well as managing its financial aspects and its highlighting in media. Mr. Farrand also talks about glasnost, perestroika, and the collapse of the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOlena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Hirschfeld shares memories about his education and career, the way he got involved in the 1989 State Department psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R., the methodological approach to the patient interviews, the range of findings of his sub-team # 3 in Leningrad, and his general impressions of the Soviet Union as of 1989.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOlena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Hopkins talks at length about the way he became immersed in the Russian studies, his education, and career. He well remembers the settings and arrangements of interviewing the Soviet citizens who allegedly had mental disorders, his expectations and apprehensions about the upcoming 1989 mission, the types of questions asked of the Soviet interviewees, and the peculiarities of his task as an interpreter during this unique venture. He also mentions the debrief that the entire American team had in Washington, D.C. after the visit was over.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOlena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. I. talks about his early life, family, education, how his dissident views formed and evolved with time. He shares about his repeated contacts with psychiatric system; he also describes his social and political activity and the repercussions he faced as a result. Mr. I. then tells about his criminal case, his forensic psychiatric evaluation, diagnosis, \"symptoms\", finding of non-imputability, the legal procedure used to involuntarily commit him to the Dnepropetrovsk special psychiatric hospital, and the inhumane conditions there. \nMr. I. then describes his transfer to Nikolayev ordinary psychiatric hospital and release; he talks about his dissident activity that brought him back to the same hospital. He also describes his contacts with Ukrainian dissident movement at the end of 1980s and how he got on the list of people to be assessed by the U.S. team. The details of his participation in 1989 U.S. State Department mission are discussed next. Mr. I. then shares about the long-term impact this mission made on his life, his subsequent legal rehabilitation, being taken off the psychiatric register, the removal of his psychiatric diagnosis, his life and activism after 1989. Mr. I. describes some of his most interesting campaigns. The interview ends with a brief discussion of the Russian invasion of Ukraine and how it affected Mr. I.'s life. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOlena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Keith talks about the role and expertise of NIMH that was crucial to the success of the 1989 U.S. psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R. He recapitulates the main points and stumbling blocks of the negotiations with the Soviets in November 1988, various organizational aspects of the mission, as well as the interview instruments and methodology used by the American team. Dr. Keith shares his opinion about the concept of sluggish schizophrenia, its diagnostic criteria, and other factors that made it possible to abuse psychiatry in the Soviet Union. He also emphasizes Soviet life, society, and governance as of 1989. Dr. Keith discusses the Soviets' admission of \"hyperdiagnoses\" and the validity of the excuse of \"hyperdiagnoses\" from the professional point of view. He also expresses his opinion about the tone of the final report and the general context that the American team had to keep in mind when drafting it. Dr. Keith describes Schizophrenia Bulletin and his role as its editor-in-chief. He also talks about the 1990 Soviet Reciprocal Visit to the U.S.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOlena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Kleyman is a great source of knowledge about the ins and outs of the Soviet mental health care system as the person who had about 10 years of professional experience on the ground. He talked about the uniqueness of his role during the American psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R. that resulted from him being a native Russian speaker and being well familiar with life in the Soviet Union. Dr. Kleyman discusses the social and political context that surrounded the 1989 U.S. State Department visit and made it possible in the first place; the doctor patient relationship in the U.S.S.R.; Soviet diagnostic approaches and the role of Soviet psychiatrists during the American visit. Dr. Kleyman recalls his unique trip to Moscow Psychiatric Hospital # 5 to briefly speak with the patient who was claimed by the Soviets to have refused examination. He also talks about his experience as a member of the 1991 W.P.A. mission to the U.S.S.R.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOlena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Kovalev tells about the role of various domestic and international actors in the process of democratization of the U.S.S.R. in the late 1980s and bringing human rights into the Soviet Union. He also assesses the political factors of the early 1980s that allowed Gorbachev come to power and retain it. Mr. Kovalev shares his insights about the Soviet foreign policy of the second half of 1980s-early 1990s and the U.S. - U.S.S.R. relationships. He shares his knowledge about the history of abuse of psychiatry and the reasons for resorting to it; the Soviet psychiatric register and the consequences of being on a register; the sealed instruction on involuntary commitment that existed but was not available to the public. Mr. Kovalev talks about the chain of decision making in ensuring that the American visit will actually happen and the key events on that road. He also comments on the internal tensions between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Health (M.O.H.) as well as the resistance put up by the M.O.H. in organizing the American visit. He also shares his views about the \"system dissidents\" in the U.S.S.R.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOlena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMs. Mercer talks about her career at the APA and the role that the APA played in advocating for the rights of the persons committed to psychiatric hospitals for non-medical reasons in the USSR. She then discusses the historical context for the 1989 State Department psychiatric delegation to the Soviet Union, including the 1977 Declaration of Hawaii and the All-Union Society's walking out of the WPA in 1983 in the face of an almost certain expulsion. Being a part of the November 1988 negotiation team to the Soviet Union, Ms. Mercer shares her thoughts about the negotiation process and the Soviet's compliance with the terms agreed upon. Ms. Mercer describes the field visit to Soviet psychiatric hospitals and then talks about the Soviet's readmission to the WPA, the role the 1989 U.S. State Department played in this process, the APA's and Ms. Mercer's personal stance with regard to the readmission. Ms. Mercer concludes by discussing the difference the American visit made in the big picture.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOlena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Monahan talks about his professional training and the highlights of his career, his memories from the 1989 American visit to the Soviet Union, including the goals of the visit,  its organizational aspects, and its media coverage. Dr. Monahan then focuses on the forensic evaluation methods and results, the rights of psychiatric patients in the Soviet Union, conditions of their hospitalization, treatment, and hospital staffing. Dr. Monahan concludes by describing his general impressions of Moscow and Leningrad and the conclusions the American team made as a result of the visit. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOlena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Reddaway talks about his education and career and the way he became interested and immersed in the issue of abuse of psychiatry in the U.S.S.R. He discusses the impact that his and Sidney Bloch's 1977 and 1983 books made in the Soviet Union. He also shares his knowledge about the evolution of punitive psychiatry with each new Soviet leader. Mr. Reddaway talks about Mr. Gorbachev's personality, the political factors in the early 1980s that allowed for such a leader to emerge and retain power; the reasons for perestroika;  the peculiarities of perestroika in psychiatry versus other spheres. Mr. Reddaway gives a comprehensive overview of various internal processes in the Soviet Union at the end of 1980s that were important prerequisites for the 1989 U.S. psychiatric mission. He discusses at length the role of the WPA in the battle against the abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union. Mr. Reddaway also gives a detailed overview of the field inspections to Soviet psychiatric hospitals that he did as a member of the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOlena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe interview with Dr. Regier is of critical importance for the comprehensive retrospective evaluation of the long-term impact of the 1989 State Department investigative mission to the U.S.S.R. Dr. Regier not only played a key role in the preparation and implementation of the mission, but also successfully continued to help develop the quality and accessibility of mental health services in Russia after the U.S.S.R. collapse. Dr. Regier also continued to tackle the issue of psychiatric abuse in China.  \nIn his interview, Dr. Regier gives a historical overview of the development of diagnostic criteria that was subsequently used during the U.S. State Department investigative mission to the U.S.S.R. relating to psychiatric abuse. This interview provides a great description of the methodology used during the interviews. Dr. Regier also describes the NIMH goals, unique role and contribution to the 1989 mission and shares his insights about the factors that made it possible to weaponize psychiatry against dissidents in the Soviet Union. Dr. Regier also tells about his role in the work of Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission in the area on mental health care in Russia post the Soviet Union breakup.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOlena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Roth describes his training and the highlights of his career; he then tells how he became interested in the issue of abuse of psychiatry in the U.S.S.R. His two human rights trips to the U.S.S.R. in 1985 and 1986 are discussed next. Dr. Roth then gives an overview of the general political background to the visit and tensions between him and Ambassador Schifter about some critical aspect of the visit. Dr. Roth then describes in detail the negotiation process between the U.S. and Soviet side, the main stumbling blocks, how he managed to overcome them, and who were his allies. Dr. Roth describes the Soviet uncooperativeness and tensions between the Ministry of Health and Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He then talks about informed consents, interview procedures, and the visit dynamics. He shares some anecdotes and most memorable events; he also talks about the people who meaningfully contributed to making the mission successful.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOlena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. S. describes his early years, how his dissident views formed, his first arrest under Article 70 of the Criminal Code, his expert psychiatric evaluation at the Serbsky Institute, and the judicial procedure that followed. He describes his subsequent commitment in an 'ordinary' psychiatric hospital and shares insights about the internal regulations, regime, and the release procedure. He also talks about his next arrest and the legal aspects of it. Mr. S. shares his views about whether Soviet psychiatrists seriously believed that 'failure to adapt to the society' was a sign of mental illness and whether they can be blamed for presumably following the orders from above.  Mr. S. proceedes to describe his transfer to a special psychiatric hospital, the mass release of political prisoners in 1987, the reasons for such a drastic change of the political course in the Soviet Union, and gives an overview of the U.S. – U.S.S.R. relationship in the second half of the twentieth century. He then talks about how the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R. fit into the broader human rights negotiations in the CSCE. Mr. S. tells how he taken off the psychiatric register\nand legally rehabilitated; he talks about the destiny of the Criminal Code 'political' articles 70 and 190-1 and current political articles in Russian Criminal Code used to suppress dissent.\nMr. S. shares about his life and political activity after 1989, his subsequent arrests, and his assessment of the evolution of civil and political freedom in Russia after 1989.\nHe then talks about the future of Russia, his own future as a dissident in Russia, and his views about the Russian war in Ukraine.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOlena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn addition to the oral history given in 2022, this file contains a recording of an interview that Mr. S gave on March 2, 1989.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMs. Smith shares her memories about interpreting for both 1989 U.S. State Department delegation and the 1991 WPA delegation to the Soviet Union. She explains how this experience compares to the other interesting projects she has been involved in throughout her career. She describes her most prominent memories about this job as well as the Soviet Union as of 1989. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOlena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Stern describes his career and his pathway from the Soviet Union to the U.S. He shares his insights about some aspects of Soviet history, the issue of psychiatric abuse, its roots and reasons the Soviet government resorted to psychiatry to oppress dissent. Dr. Stern talks about the major differences between special psychiatrist hospitals vs. ordinary psychiatrist hospitals and gives some excellent illustrations of \"symptoms\" that the Soviet school of psychiatry considered signs of mental disorder. Dr. Stern shares his opinion as to the reasons why Soviet psychiatrists engaged in unethical practices. Dr. Stern describes the field trip in great detail, including some anecdotes and specific instances. He concludes by identifying the most important changes needed in Soviet psychiatry at the time and assesses the overall success of the American mission to the Soviet Union. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOlena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file includes correspondence with Richard Schifter and Robert van Voren.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection is divided into two series. The first series, \"abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists\", consists of subject files compiled by Dr. Loren Roth, Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Pittsburgh. They are evidence of Dr. Roth's efforts to stop the abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists for political reasons, with an emphasis on the former Soviet Union. The subject files contain correspondence, articles, reports, evaluations, meeting minutes, agendas, planning materials, diaries, photographs, memoranda, handwritten notes, programs, books, videotapes, ephemera, and other items. Together, these materials date from around 1950 to 2008. However the bulk of them date from the 1970s to the 1990s, when Dr. Roth participated in U.S. delegations to the former Soviet Union and was part of the American Psychological Association's (APA) Committees on Human Rights and International Abuse of Psychiatry and Psychiatrists.","\nThe second series consists of materials that were gathered and produced for the \"Retrospective Review of the 1989 U.S. State Department Psychiatric Mission to the U.S.S.R.\" project. These materials include oral history interviews with individuals involved with the 1989 mission, a 1989 recorded interview with a psychiatric patient, project correspondence, biographical files, interview minutes, and an organizational chart. Most of the items in this series date from the time of the project, 2021 to 2022.","This series consists of subject files that Dr. Loren Henry Roth assembled and used while working to stop the abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists for political reasons, emphasizing abuse in the former Soviet Union. The files contain correspondence, memoranda, meeting documents, articles, reports, lists, forms, evaluations, photographs, diaries, and other materials.","World Psychiatric Association Proposed Declaration of Hawaii; \"Honolulu Paper\": Somerville, John: \"Ethics and Psychiatry,\" (1977); Committee of French Psychiatrists Against The Political Uses of Psychiatry Special Bulletin, the World Congress of Psychiatry in Hawaii; newspaper clippings from Hawaiian newspapers (1977). APA white paper: \"Misuse and Abuse of Psychiatry in the U.S.: A definition and Discussion,\" (1991); correspondence and papers of Paul Chodoff, (1989-1990 and undated); Helmchen, H. and A. Okasha: \"From the Hawaii Declaration to the Declaration of Madrid,\" Acta Psychiatr Scand 200:101: 2023","Copy of the Report to the Board of Trustees, American Psychiatric Association of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Use of Psychiatric Institutions for the Commitment of Political Dissenters (1972); Boekovski Berichten Bukovsky News: The Case of Irina Grivnina (1985?); Statement of Dr. Algirdas Statkevicius to the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (1988); copy of letter from Peter Reddaway to Viktor Nakas, Leon Stern, Robert van Voren and Algirdas Statkevicius (1989); copy of translation of SB case (1987-1989); U.S. Helsinki Watch Committee [memorandum] re Shatravka Family (1988); Committee of Concerned Scientists, Inc \"Call for Action for Three Soviet Former Prisoners of Conscience,\" (1988); and newspaper clippings mainly of Pyotr G. Grigorenko and Anatoly Koryagin","\"Special Report, The Medical Profession and the Prevention of Torture,\" The New England Journal of Medicine (October 1985); \"Sowing fear: The Uses of Torture and Psychological Abuse in Chile,\" A Report by Physicians for Human Rights (October 1988); Proposal. Center for Rehabilitation of Torture Victims [RCT], New York, NY and Roseland, New Jersey (undated); RCT International Newsletter on Treatment and Rehabilitation of Torture Victims (1990-1991); RCT IRCT [International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims]: Torture [packet of documents] (1991-1992); Jacobsen, Lone and Pete Vesti: Torture Survivors – a New Group of Patients, The Danish Nurses Organization, 1990; Canadian Centre for Victims of Torture","Human Rights Task Force of the APA survey on human rights organizations (1984); Human Rights Survey Responses (1988); Human Rights Cases Monitored by the APA (1990); photocopy of European Convention on Human Rights Collected Texts, Strasbourg, 1965.  Folder includes an incomplete set of The World Medical Association press releases (1975-1990), printed materials and news clippings","Documents from the Ninth Session of the U.S.-U.S.S.R. Joint Committee for Health Cooperation, (1988-11-17); Trip Report – P.H.S. Delegation Visit to the Soviet Union  November 13-20, 1988 Ninth U.S.-U.S.S.R. Health Committee Meeting (1989-01-25); Summary of Cooperation in Health Between the US Public Health Service and the Ministry of Health of the U.S.S.R. (1989-01-26); Peter Henry thoughts re Implications of Trip for U.S.-Soviet Health Agreement (1989-02-02)","Roth's printed account of trip that he made with Rabbi Mark Staitman, Larry Hurwitz, cardiologist;  Harold and Esther Garfinkel, community leaders; Joy Weber, science writer, and Rabbi Jonathan Stein. September 20-October 1, 1986. (2 versions)","Dr. Roth and Ambassador Schifter's preliminary planning documents for the U.S. mission to the U.S.S.R. in April of 1988.","APA Memorandum re \"use of psychiatry for political purposes\" (1988-03-21); [USSR] Regulations for Psychiatric Hospitals, LS No. 124600 JS/AO Russian, Appendix to Decree No. 225 of the USSR Ministry of Public Health, 21 March 1988; Pre-summit discussions. Report of Soviet Contact (1988-03-23): Gennadi N. Milyokhin, M.D. visit to Parklawn;  [Unedited] On the Record Briefing of Richard Schifter, Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs,  March 25, 1988","Peter Reddaway: \"Will Perestroika End Political Abuse in Soviet Psychiatry?\" (1988-07-03); copy of pages 5-6 of \"Argumenty I fakty\" No. 11/1987, [Reporter V. Romanenko interviews with  Dr. Marat Vartanyan (1987- 03-21-27)]; anonymous draft \"Ground Rounds\", \"Abuses in Soviet Psychiatry\" (undated); Karklins, Rasma: \"The Dissent/Coercion Nexus in the USSR, Working Paper #36, Soviet Interview Project (1987-05); Roth's handwritten notes; copies of printed materials related to Soviet psychiatry; annotated copy of Berman, Harold J.: Soviet Criminal Law and Procedure. The RSFR Codes. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1977, pp. 3-124","Stipulations for Delegation of U.S. Psychiatrists and Other Experts Visiting the USSR (1988-11-09); Roth's handwritten notes. Also Ellen Mercer U.S.S.R. Trip Confidential  Report (1988 -11) and Saleem A. Shah Department of Health and Human Services Report on International Travel (1988-11-18). Correspondence to Alexander A. Churkin  with documents: US-Soviet Understanding for Delegation of US Psychiatrists and Other Experts Visiting the USSR; \"Discussions\"; Consent Forms for Persons Interviewed and of Relatives and Friends (1988-12-19)","re assesment of Soviet Psychiatry (1988-08-04), memorandum re \"Sensible Tactics re U.S. Delegation on Soviet Psychiatry; human rights and Soviet Psychiatry; \"things to do; Roth's notes; and Roth: \"Uses of Psychiatry in the U.S.S.R. and U.S.A,\" Browning Hoffman Lecture, UVA School of LAw (1988-10-07).","International Association on the Political Use of Psychiatry [IAPUP]: Information Bulletin Nos. 3, 9, 11, 18-21; also copy of \"II. The Case of All-Union Society (undated). Soviet Psychiatry News, vol. 1, nos. 1-2 (1989)","US State Department Soviet Psychiatric Project Delegation to the Soviet Union Planning Trip – correspondence, telegrams, memoranda re: negotiations, support and concerns, instructions, logistics for the trip. Correspondence with Soviet and US officials, and other psychiatrists. Summary of discussions with Ambassador Richard Schifter (1989-02-11); comments from Saleem Shah (1989-02-10); from Robert van Voren, Ellen Mercer, Dr. Edward Kelty and others.","This sub-series contains materials related to the organization, planning and logistics of the trip, as well as background information about the psychiatric abuse in the U.S.S.R.","This file contains memoranda, handwritten notes, list of participants, questionnaires, Forensic Interview Schedule, and Interpersonal Personality Disorder Examination (IPDE).","DSM-III-R Criteria Checklist (1988-05-23; Structural Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Patient Version (1988-06-01) SCID-NP/OP Psychotic Screening (1988-06-01); Instruction Manual for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (1988 and 1989)","DSM-III-R Criteria Checklist (1988-05-23; Structural Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Patient Version (1988-06-01) SCID-NP/OP Psychotic Screening (1988-06-01); Instruction Manual for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (1988 and 1989)","Russian version of IPDE (1989-02-16); Russian version of Revised SCID Standardized Clinical Study According to DSM-III-PD Criteria (SKID) (1991-04); Russian version of World Psychiatric Association visit to the USSR Forensic Examination (1991-03)","The reports were written by doctors Jonas Rappeport, M.D., Vladimir Levit, MD., Samuel J. Keith, M.D, Darrell A. Regier, M.D., Loren Roth, M.D., Felix Kleyman, M.D., Joseph Bloom, M.D., William. T. Carpenter, M.D., Robert Hirschfeld, M.D., Alla Arsenian (interpreter); Elmore Rigamer, M.D., Joel Klein; Boris Shostokovich, M.D.; John Monahan; Nancy Andreason, M.D.; William Farrand.","Reports of forensic evaluations done in Moscow and Leningrad by Jonas R. Rappeport, John Monahan, Joseph D. Bloom; draft of Roth's \"Patient Sample –Description. Methodological Issues – Obstacles\" (1989-04-10); assessments and handwritten notes re patients; Russian document with translation re patients (undated); Roth's notes on various interviewees (1991-02-07)","The materials in this file include Roth's letters to persons who he wished to interview but didn't; U.S. Department of State \"transliteration\" of names (1989-04-04) and inventory of status of cases (1989-04-05)","\"Delegation of US Psychiatrists Issues Press Statement\" signed by members of the US Psychiatric Delegation: Nancy Andreasen, M. D.; Joseph D. Bloom, M.D.; Richard J. Bonnie; William T. Carpenter, M.D.; Robert M. A. Hirschfeld, M. D.; Samuel J. Keith, M.D.; Joel Klein; Felix L. Kleyman, M.D.; Vladimir A. Levit, M.D.;  David Lozovsky, M. D.; Ellen Mercer, John Monahan, PhD; Jonas R. Rappeport, M.D.; Peter B. Reddaway, Ph.D; Darrel A. Regier, MD.D., M.P.H.; Elmore E. Rigamer, M.D.; Leon Stern, M.D.; Harold M. Visotsky, M. D.]","Testimonies of Darrel A. Regier, Robert W. Farrard, Peter Reddaway, Robert van Voren, Loren H. Roth; statement of Steny H. Hoyer; LHR's handwritten notes; correspondence; responses, printed materials; draft I Report of the U.S. Delegation and Preliminary Soviet Reply: Brief Analysis of Points of Agreement and Disagreement; Loren H. Roth Final Report of the US Delegation to Assess Recent Changes in Soviet Psychiatry. Objectives and Execution of the Visit. American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting, New York, NY, May 15 1990; some correspondence and memoranda related to CSCE meetings in Copenhagen (June 1990); and copy of U.S. Report (speech) on CSCE – Moscow (1991-10-02)","Copy of Reddaway's Trip to Moscow, October 29-November 2, 1988; memo re: \"The difficult situation we are in: how should we proceed,\" (1989, 02-19); notes on Soviet Psychiatry Developments (1990-01-20); copy of \"Trip to Moscow, August 20-30, 1992.\"","\"Dissent and Disorder: Human Rights in Soviet Psychiatry,\" (1989-07-); copy of unauthored paper; \"The Legacy of Psychiatric Abuse in the U.S.S.R.,\" (undated); Russian version and translation of \"Proceedings of the session of Working Party formulating the draft law on 'Psychiatric Help in the U.S.S.R.',\" (1991-02-14)","\"Soviet Access to and Utilization of Mental Health Services: A Comparative View,\"  paper presented at the National Conference on Soviet Refugee Health and Mental Health, Chicago, IL (1991-12-11); Isaac Ray Lectures: \"The Future of the Doctor-Patient Relationship. Lesson from Two Cultures, The Former Soviet Union and the United States,\" Discussants: Loren H. Roth, M.D., Dean Eckenrode, George Huber, J.D., Mark Schmidhofer, M.D. (1998-05-07)","\"The New Soviet Legislation on the Provision of Psychiatric Care,\" speech delivered at the symposium of the International Association on the Political Use of Psychiatry, Washington, D.C., (1988-10-14); Koryagin: \"A Green Light of Injustice,\" Zurich, (1988-12-20); notes from Boris Zoubok, M.D.; copy of \"Law of the USSR on the protection of the rights and legal interests of persons suffering from psychiatric disorders and on the grounds and procedures for the administration of psychiatric care,\" (1990-10-08); Roth's Notes on Meeting of USSR Supreme Soviet Committee on Mental Health Law, Moscow (1990-10-26); copy of Smit, Jonna: \"Human Rights and Mental Health Legislation: the USSR,\" (1991-05-21); van Voren, Robert: \"Ukrainian Psychiatry: Starting from Scratch,\" (undated); Regulations on a psychiatric hospital (Положение о психиатрической больнице), [printed Russian document] CCCP, No. 225, 1988; printed materials and news clippings, 1988-2004; Patients in Psychiatric Hospital Requiring Follow-up and Review – interview methodology, list, memoranda","Draft and confidential memorandum of meeting with Minister of the Department of Humanitarian Affairs [Yuri A.] Reshetov. Also interview methodology and memoranda.","Kazan Special Psychiatric Hospital, Vilnius Ordinary Hospital, Kaunas Hospital, Chernyashovsk Special Psychiatric Hospital","Richard J. Bonnie draft; \"Legal and Humanitarian Aspects of Soviet Psychiatry: Some Preliminary Conclusions\" (1989-03-28); also comments on Klein's and Reddaway reports (1989-04 to 1989-05); LHR Confidential Drafts #1-5 (1989-05-19-31); Objectives of the Clinical Interviews (1989-05-22); Dr. Harold M. Visotsky Response to Joel Kline (1989-05-30); Hospital Team Report by Harold Visotsky, Elmore Rigamer, and Loren H. Roth (1989-05-30); remarks from Joe Bloom (1989-06-05); Richard Bonnie: Note to Members of the US Delegation to the Soviet Union (1989-06-16); Bill Farrad; Executive Summary [annotated] (1989-06-20); \"USSR Psychiatrists at a Human Rights Round Table in Moscow in April 1988,\" annotated copy of attachment sent by Joel Kline to Roth (undated); Vladimir A. Levit comments (1989-06-26); Saleem [Shah]: Soviet Compliance and Study Limitations (1989-06-28) and comments (1989-06-26); Peter Reddaway draft (1989-06-28) [2 folders], 1989-03 to 1989-06","Also: State Department \"rough translation\" of Soviet response: \"Response to the medical part of the report by the U.S. delegation of psychiatrists and lawyers,\" (1989-07-06); Draft translation of the final Soviet comments on the report: Commentary on the Report [130008 JS/AO Russian] (1989-09-26); U.S. Department of State Memorandum re Comments on the Soviet response to the Report (1989-10-12); printed Russian document inscribed by Polubinskaya to Loren H. Roth: [Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., Soviet State and Right. Separate Report, Moscow 1990];  translation of S. V. Polubinskaya and S. V. Borodin: \"The Legal Problems of Soviet Psychiatry: The Views of American and Soviet Experts,\" Soviet State Law, No. 5, 1990, pp. 67-76","Resolution of the WPA (1989-10-17); WPA Statement by the All Union Society of Soviet Psychiatrists and Narcologists of the U.S.S.R. before the World Psychiatric Association General Assembly in Athens (1989-10-18); Memorandum re: Site Visit by the WPA Review Committee to the U.S.S.R. (1990-03-13); Reddaway, Peter: The Struggle over Reform in Soviet Psychiatry Intensifies: Is the Establishment Beginning to Panic? (1990-04-30); Remarks by Svetlana Poloubinskaya at the APA's Committee of International Abuse of Psychiatry and Psychiatrists (1990-05-16)","APA correspondence with the Center for Democracy in the U.S.S.R., U.S. Department of State, (Schifter and Mercer); University of London Institute of Psychiatry, 1989-05 to 1989-11. Also, miscellaneous correspondence with literary agents (1989-03 to 1989-04)","Translations of A.  Karpov, Chief Psychiatrist, U.S.S.R. Ministry of Health: \"The Registration of Mental Patients in the U.S.S.R.\" (1990-10-25) and \"Basic Findings of the Conclusion of the U.S.S.R. Constitutional Supervision Committee on Whether Legislation for the Compulsory Treatment and Re-Education of Through Labour of Persons Suffering from Alcoholism or Drug-Addiction Conforms to the U.S.S.R. Constitution and International Enactments on Human Rights,\" by B. M. Lazarev, Deputy Chairman of the USSR Constitutional Supervision Committee (1990-10-25). Also Saleem A. Shah: \"Forensic Interview Schedule\". Correspondence with Otto Dorr Zegers, Csaba Banki, M.P. Deva, Driss Moussaoui, Jim Birley, and Gerard Low-Geer","Correspondence with Dr. Otto Dörr-Zegers (Chile); Dr. Csava Bànki (Hungary); Dr. M. P. Deva (Malaysia); Dr. Driss Moussaoui (Morocco); Dr. Jim Birley (WPA Negotiating Team); Dr. Gerard Low-Greer (England).","Included are: Gostin, Larry: \"Human Rights in Mental Health: Japan. Report of an international mission to Japan: 1987,\"  World Health Organization/Harvard University International Collaborating Center on Health Legislation, World Federation for Mental Health [1987]; Kawasaki, Shigeru: \"Like a Shedding Snake,\" English Summary, J. JAPH 2:2 Spring 1991; news-clippings.","Correspondence with Ellen Mercer re Singapore (1985-09-18); UN Commission on Human Rights E/CN. 4 Sub.2/1988/23: Report on the Sessional Working Group on the question of persons detained on the grounds of mental ill-health or suffering from mental disorder; Proceedings. International Forum on Mental Health Reform, Kyoto, Japan, January 29-30, 1987; Benatar, S. R.: correspondence and articles (1990); Final draft of the \"UN Principles Produced by the Working Group on Human Rights,\" Annex A Principles for the Protection of Persons with Mental Illness and for the Improvement of Mental Health Care","The sub-series consists of materials Loren Roth collected as part of his work on this committee. These include meeting minutes and agendas, correspondence, reports, articles, clippings, memoranda, and other items.","APA lists of cases in the U.S.S.R., Yugoslavia and Romania (1988-07-05); memo for the record re Soviet dissidents","APA minutes of meeting (1988-09-07); Draft Statement Following Discussion with Dr. Sabshin; APA Draft Resolution by the Committee on International Abuse of Psychiatry to not object to the re-admittance of  the All-Union Society of Psychiatrists and Neuropathologists of the USSR into the WPA (1988-09-07); minutes of the APA Committee on Human Rights (1988-09-09); some correspondence, (1988 -09)","Minutes of conference call (1989-02-15); correspondence; IAPUP documents re to Soviet psychiatry (1989-02); copy of Dr. Marvin Brook handwritten comments on the By-Laws of the WPA (undated); Application of the Independent Psychiatric Association of the USSR (IPA) for membership to the WPA, includes Constitution and Declaration (1989-03-09); APA Guidelines for Psychiatric Services in Jails and Prisons; APA draft guidelines on the Right of Refuse (Anti-Psychotic) Medication.","Includes some correspondence and documents: Memorandum re Revision of the WPA Review Committee's Operational Instrument ( 1989-04-270; translation of letter from Nikolai Fedrovich Zhukov to US Congress (1989-03-04); IAPUP Documents on the Political Abuse of Psychiatry in the USSR 18: The Founding of the Association of Independent Psychiatrists in the USSR and the US Delegation of Psychiatrist to the USSR (March 1989); IAPUP Report and brochures, 1989-04","Memorandum re Detention of Cuban psychiatrist Dr. Alfredo Samuel Martínez Lara (1989-04-19); WPA Proposed alterations (1989-04 -25); copy of entrance application of the International Independent Research Centre on Psychiatry to the WPA (1989-03-27), news clippings; Dr. Marat Vartanian original article sent to the International Journal on Mental Health","Included are: Ellen Mercer and Fini Schulsinger interviews with Radio Canada (1989-03); and \"rough\" transcripts of  Radio Free Europe with Viktor Lanovoy, President of the Independent Association of Psychiatrists (1989-06-15); Croatian Committee for Human Rights press release re human rights abuses (1989-06-24); [translation] of M. Buyanov articles in Uchitelskaya Gazeta (1988-11-19); Association Psychiatric Independent (IPA) press release (1989-04-12); Commission of the European Communities: \"Observations on the State of Implementation of Programme of Psychiatrists Reform in Greece,: (1987-12-31); IAPUP Documents Special Issue: \"The Political Abuse of Psychiatry in Rumania (June 1989);  IAPUP Documents on the Political Abuse of Psychiatry Nos. 22, 23, 24, 25 (June-July 1989)","Includes Summary of the WPA Executive Committee in Athens and Resolutions (1989-08-18); excerpts of anonymous document \"Autumm 1988, Gerlovka\" re abuse in the USSR ; printed articles, news clippings","Includes unofficial translation of  Statement by the All-Union Scientific Society of Psychiatrists (1989-10-02); Remarks of Christian Barton Concerning Allegations of Psychiatric Abuse of Dissidents by the Cuban Government (1989-09-13); Sabshin, Melvin: Statement to the Subcommittee on Health and Environment of the US House of Representatives re APA position on Soviet psychiatric practices (undated); Testimony of Victor Davidoff, former victim of abuse in the Soviet Union (undated); Commentary on the Report \"Assessment of Recent Changes in Soviet Psychiatry, prepared by the US Delegation on the Results of its visit to the USSR,\" (1989-09-15); IPA bulletins (1989 -08-07 and 1989-08-31); news clippings","Includes: Liaison Report (1989-10); Gluzman, Semyon: \"Bureaucratic Ethics and Soviet Psychiatry,\" (1989-11) and Commentary on the Memorandum of G. Lukacher (1989-10-14) re All Union Scientific Society of Psychiatrists; translation of A.I. letter \"To the World Congress of the WPA,\" (1989-10-16); translation of letter from Social Organizations in Leningrad To the Participants in the Congress of the WPA (Athens, Greece, October 1989); Schifter, Richard: \"An Inventory of Soviet Human Rights Developments\" (1989-10-04); IAPUP Documents on the Political Abuse of Psychiatry in the USSR No. 29, 30","Some copies of  documents related to the former Yugoslavia; lists of interments and releases in the Soviet Union (1989-12-21); draft translation of [Sotsialisticheskaya Industriya] A Detail report: Psychiatry Without Secrets (1989-10-31); Documents on the Political Abuse of Psychiatry in the Soviet Union 31 (1989-12); WPA Minutes (1989-08-11-13)","Correspondence related to abuses in Cuba; Pena, Jose M. et al: \"Abuse and Misuse of Psychiatry in the U.S.: The Need for an Institutional Ethics,\" (1990-02); list of human rights cases monitored by the APA in Argentina, Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Malawi, Morocco, Romania, South Africa, Sudan, Turkey, Uruguay, Yugoslavia, Zaire (1990-02-06); Mercer, Ellen: USSR Trip Report/February 25-March 3, 1990","Includes: Second World Center Annual Report 1989 and APA Statement on Simón Bolívar Award and Lecture (1990-02-15)","Correspondence re Cuban psychiatrists (1990-04); Keston College Support Group: \"Igor Rodionov Report\" (1990-04); Yelena Izyumova Open Letter to the Members of the APA, Moscow May 20, 1990; anonymous essay re : Psychiatric Abuse in the USSR (Helsinki Watch), undated","Also: \"Proposed New Policies for the APA in Regard to the Abuse of Psychiatry for Political and Other Non-Medical Purposes in the USSR,\" (undated)","Includes copy of Human Rights Survey Responses (1988-04-01) and reports of the Council on International Affairs, Committee on Human Rights and Committee on International Education","Includes reports of the Council on International Affairs, Committee on Human Rights and Committee on International Education; memoranda re IAPUP meetings in Germany (1990-09); letter from Dr. Jeffrey Heller to the Committee on Abuse of Psychiatry re Soviet Delegation at H and CP Institute (1990-10-10); Documents on the Political Abuse of Psychiatry in the USSR No. 38 (1990-09)","Includes correspondence from Dr. Valerian Tuculesco re post-traumatic stress disorder after the Romanian revolution (1990-10); correspondence re Oleg Vitalyevich Kozlov re hijacked plane to Helsinki (1990-11); American Ambassadors People to People Trip to the USSR 14-27 August 1990 \"Professional Diary\" compiled by E. B. Brody (1990-09-05);  \"Psychiatric Issues Encountered on Recent Trip to USSR,\" memorandum from Holt Ruffin (World Without War) (1990-10-25); Hartmann, Lawrence M.D.: \"Notes on Some Social Psychiatric Problems in Chile, South Africa and the Soviet Union,\" (1990-10); Documents on the Political Abuse of Psychiatry in the USSR Nos. 39, 40, 41; documents relative to the Joint APA-Caribbean Psychiatric Association Meeting; Ellen Mercer: China Trip Report (1990-11)","Includes reports of the Committee on International Education; Final draft of the UN Principles for the Protection of Persons with Mental Illness and for the Improvement of Mental Health Case (1990-12-11); \"Sugar, Jonathan M.D. et al: \"Psychiatry's Global Challenge: Responsibilities of American Psychiatrists in International Health (undated)","Includes letter from Dr. Dainiys Pūras re abuse of psychiatry in Lithuania (1991-01-19); correspondence re abuse in Romania (1991-02-08); \"Proposal for The Moscow Center for Rehabilitation of Torture Victims (undated)","Includes correspondence and document re abuses in Romania; correspondence between Dr. Roth, Gennadi Milyokhin, Juan José López-Ibor, re Revaz Uturgaury (1991-03); correspondence re Soviet individuals","Includes CIOMS: Development of International, Ethical Guidelines for Epidemiological Research and Practice, Plenary III Issues related to the HIV/AIDS Pandemic. Proposed Guidelines for International Testing of Vaccines and Drugs against HIV Infection and Aids (1990-11); copies of correspondence between and V. Tuculescu re Romania; Reddaway, Peter: Psychiatric Developments in the USSR (1991-06) and \" Problems of Reforming Soviet Psychiatry and Assuring Rights for the Mentally Ill,\" (undated); \"The Heartbeat of Reform. Soviet Jurists and Political Scientists Discuss the Progress of Perestroika, Glasnot, Democracy, Socialism,\" Translated from the Russian by Vic Schneierson, Moscow, [1991]; Documents on the Political Abuse of Psychiatry in the USSR No. 47, 48","Includes reports of the Council on International Affairs, Committee on Human Rights and Committee on International Education. Also includes several documents dated September 1991: Memo for the Record Briefing Meeting for the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Human Rights Study Group (1991-09-24); USSR Draft Law (17 June 91) on Psychiatric Assistance; Ministry of Health, USSR, All-Union Society of Psychiatrists Governing Board Decision (1991-05-15-16); WPA Memorandum to the All-Union Society of Psychiatrists (1991-07-28); Dr. Stanislaw Golec: \"Health Care in Poland 91\"; \"Instructional Recommendations on the Application of USSR Ministry of Health Order No. 555 (1989-09-19); WPA documents; International Committee of the Red Cross Report on \"Second Working Group of Experts on Battlefield Laser Weapons,\" (1990-11-05-06)","Includes \"copy of a part\" of Japanese Mental Health Law with translation (1988); translation of  \"law on patient's rights\" in Finland (1991-08); WHO Guidelines for the Clinical Investigation of Antidepressant Drugs (1984)","Includes LHR handwritten notes re Abuse Committee (1992-04); \"Cuban Dissidents in Psychiatric Hospitals An Update of the Politics of Psychiatry in Revolutionary Cuba,\"; \"Dimineata, 7th January 1992, The Mad People Were Dissidents,\" re Romania (undated); \"The Plenary Session of the Board of Directors of the All-Union Scientific Society of Psychiatrists (1992-05) and Follow-Up of US Team's 1989 Patients list, Appendices 1 and 2 sent to Dr. Birley with names of patients (1992-02); Information about the Patient Bill of Rights Tally Sheet (1992-04); Geneva Initiative on Psychiatry [GPI]: Documents on the Abolition and Prevention of Political Abuse of Psychiatry (1992-03 and 1992-04)","Includes reports of the Council on International Affairs, Committee on Human Rights and Committee on International Education. Also: Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Yugoslavia (1992-06-01); GPI: Documents on the Abolition and Prevention of Political Abuse of Psychiatry, April – June 1992; Mercer, Ellen: Exploring Hungarian Psychiatry (1992-05)","Includes reports of the Council on International Affairs, Committee on Human Rights. Also: International Association for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions Proclamation of May 1992: Assuring the Mental Health of Children; APA Bilateral Exchange with Poland Czechoslovakia and Hungary. Summary of Responses and Recommendations of American Participants (1992-03-24 to 1992-04-12); copy of Act of the Russian Federation \"On Psychiatric Care and Citizens' Rights With Regard to Such Care,\" (1992-01); Polubinskaya, Svetlana: \"From the USSR to the Independent States: Where the Former Soviet Psychiatry Will Go,\" (1992-05); GIP Documents on the Abolition and Prevention of Political Abuse of Psychiatry 56, June 1992","Includes reports of the Council on International Affairs, Committee on Human Rights. Also correspondence re psychiatric abuse in the former GDR, with the Romanian Psychiatric Association and the Committee to End the Chinese Gulag. \"Psychiatry Under Tyranny. An Assessment of the Political Abuse of Romanian Psychiatry During the Ceaucescu Years,\" Report of a consultative mission to Bucharest on behalf of the Geneva Initiative on Psychiatry (1992-06); GIP Documents on the Abolition and Prevention of Political Abuse of Psychiatry 57, July – August 1992","The sub-series consists of materials Loren Roth collected as part of his work with this committee. These include meeting minutes and agendas, correspondence, reports, articles, clippings, memoranda, and other items.","Included: \"Human Rights of Mental Patients in Japan,\" (1987 -04); Reich, Walter Report of Meeting with Gennadiy M. Yevstafiev (Soviet, member of the delegation to the Vienna Review Meeting) (1987-07-28); copy of letter from Senator Edward M. Kennedy to Lawrence Hartmann, M.D. re human rights violations in Paraguay (1988-04-22); World Medical Association, INC. memorandum: \"The Facts regarding health services in South Africa during 1987, and the role played by the Medical Association of South Africa,\" (1987-07- 08); Reddaway, Peter: Does Moscow's Purge of Corrupt Psychiatrists Threaten the Psychiatric Gulag?\" (1987-07-13); \"More Revelations about Stefanis' Negotiations with the Soviets (1987-09-11); Center for Victims of Torture pilot project (1987-08-28 and 1987-10); South Africa Briefing (1987-08-07); Minutes of Committee on Abuse of Psychiatry (1987-09-09 and 1987-12-02); \"Victims of Torture in Afghanistan. Presentation for Cairo World Congress\" by Mohammad Azam Dadfar (1987-10-18-22); Gralnick, Alexander M.D.: \"Public Health and Psychiatric Care in Cuba, Personal Report\" (November 1987);Political Imprisonment in Cuba. A Special Report from Amnesty International, The Cuban American Nation Foundation, 1987;  US/Soviet Human Rights Seminar: Statement by Ellen Mercer for the APA (1987-12-03). Also Bloche, Maxwell Gregg: \"Uruguay's Military Physicians: Cogs in a System of State Terror,\" (1987-03)","Miscellaneous documents: minutes, memoranda, correspondence. Included: [Argentina] Tribunal Etico de la Salud contra la Impunidad translation of statement: Medical Ethics Tribunal Against Impunity,\" (1988-01-11); Minutes of the APA Committee on Abuse of Psychiatry (1988-01-20, 1988-04-21; 1988-05-10); some documents related to South Africa, Pakistan, Argentina; Human Rights Survey Responses (1988-03-09); Amnesty International: \"China. Detention Without Trial, Ill-Treatment of Detainees and Police Shooting of Civilians in Tibet,\" (1988-02); Bitsch Christensen, Svend: \"Torture Related Documentation,\" (1987); International Commission of Jurists' Mission to Japan Preliminary Report and Recommendations (1988-04); \"The Casualties of Conflict: Medical Care and Human Rights in the West Bank and Gaza Strip,\" Report of a Medical Fact Finding Mission by Physicians for Human Rights, (1988-03); Amnesty International Commission Medicale: Medicine at Risks. The Doctor as Abuser or Victim,\" (1987-09)","Miscellaneous documents: minutes, memoranda, correspondence related to Soviet psychiatry; human rights abuses in Honduras, Czechoslovakia, Somalia, South Africa, Israel, Haiti, Cuba, Egypt, China, BahrainGudava, Eduard M.D.: \"The events in Tbilisi, Georgia  (1989-04-18); Vesti, Peter and Inge Kemp: \"Chapter I: Treatment of Torture Survivors – theoretical views,\" \"Chapter 2: Rehabilitation of Torture Survivors, \" (1989-10); Collazo, Carlos R. M.D. and Martha Gerpe M.D.: \"Missing Parents,\" Paper presented at The World Psychiatric Association, Athens, October 1989","File includes: RCT [Rehabilitation and Research Centre for Torture Victims] 7th Annual Report (1990-01); APA Position Statement on Apartheid and Academic Boycotting of South Africa (1990-01); Human Rights Cases Monitored by the APA (1990-02-01); signed Petition by doctors to recommend the APA to condemn the government of Turkey (1990-08); LHR handwritten notes of September meeting;  APA Council on International Affairs Joint Reference Committee (1990-10-12); Boyajian, Levon Z. M.D.: The Psychological Sequelae of the Armenian Genocide (1982); Leros Trip. Report on Visit to the Mental Institution on the Island of Leros, Greece (1989-12-3-5); \"'Bloody Sunday Trauma in Tbilisi. The Eents of April 9, 1989 and their Aftermath,\" Report of a Medical Mission to Soviet Georgia by Physicians for Human Rights, February 1990; printed materials.","Files include documents re Armenian Genocide and from the Free Romanian Foundation; \"Program for Administrators and Educators Specializing in Programs for People With Disabilities,\" with the Persian Gulf (1991-04); Martínez Lara, Samuel: \"Psychiatry in Cuba: Perspectives of a Human Rights Activist\" (1991-09-27);  ); National Academy of Sciences: \"Considerations Regarding Individual Scientific Visits to the People's Republic of China,\" (October 1991); also some documents about torture","Files include documents re torture in Egypt (1992-01); Dadfar, A. Azam M.D.: \"The Deep Scars of a Forgotten War, \" Psychiatry Centre for the Afghans; correspondence with Levon Z. Boyajian M.D. (1992-02); Croatian Medical Journal: \"Medical Testimony of the Vukovar Tragedy\"; memorandum re \"Abuse and Misuse of Psychiatry in the United States\" (1992-02); Committee to End the Chinese Gulag: \"On behalf of Political Prisoners in China: How to Raise Human Rights Cases,\" (1992-04); memoranda and correspondence re abuse of Palestinian physician (1992-05); APA Position Statement on Homosexuality and Civil Rights (1992-07); Americas Watch, Vol.4, Issue 7: \"Dangerous Dialogue, Attacks on Freedom of Expression in Miami's Cuban Exile Community,\" (1992-08);  Amnesty International French Section, Medical Group: \"Corporal Punishment. A study on legislation and enforcement in 18 countries,\" (1992); \"Stop Torture in Korea (STIK)\" (1998-08); APA Council on International Affairs: \"International Inpatients Bill of Rights,\" (1992-08); APA Communications Plan 1992-1994; APA: \"Human Rights and the American Psychiatric Association,\" (1992); memorandum and correspondence re abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists in México (1992-100; US Department of State: \"Renewing the U.S. Commitment to Human Rights,\" Special Report No. 164;  printed materials","World Health Organization Assignment Report re \"mentally infirm in Romania and possibilities for improvement,\" (1991-11); Rosenberg, David R. M.D. et al: \"A Cross-Cultural Study of \"Ceausescu's Orphans,\" (1992-03); Blom, G. et al: \"Program Touch – A Volunteer Intervention Program to Orphaned Disabled Children in Romania,\" (1991-11); Roth's reappointment as APA Chairperson of the Committee on Human Rights under the Council of International Affairs, (1992-04-13); draft of A.P.A. Action Paper Rescinding the 1982 APA Position on the Insanity Defense (1992-05-01); Pierce, Chester M. M.D.: \"Public Health and Human Rights: Racism, Torture and Terrorism,\" presented at American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting (1992-05-04)","Files include translation of Croatian pamphlet: \"Protect Yourself and Help Others (1993-02); APA Office of International Affairs: Responses to Human Rights Questionnaire,\" (1993-08-18); Citizens Support Committee for the Psychiatric Farm Hospital Dr. Manuel Ramírez Moreno (1993-7-13)","correspondence and handwritten notes","evaluation forms and printed materials","Meetings between Ukrainian doctors Semyon F. Gluzman, Vladimir I. Poltavets, Valery N. Kutznetsov, Ada I. Korotenko, Oleg A, Nasinnik, Vladimir M. Cherniavsky and Juan Mezzich, American psychiatrist from the West Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh; also some case summaries (1994-02). Russian and English translation.","extensive correspondence, reports, handwritten notes. Savychyj, Jurij M.D.: \"Psychiatry in Ukraine,\" [1992]","correspondence, Ukrainian fliers, and handwritten notes","extensive correspondence, reports, data analysis, forms, handwritten notes (1995-05), \"Codebook\"","correspondence, clinical assessment forms, and handwritten notes","Geneva Initiative on Psychiatry. Annual Reports 1992 and 1995; Documents on the Abolition and Prevention of Political Abuse of Psychiatry Nos. 65-67, 72, 74; \"Concepts for Developing Mental Health Care in Ukraine (First Draft),\" Developed by Experts of Ministry for Health Care, Kiev Research Institute of General and Forensic Psychiatry, Regional Chief Experts and Kiev Psychiatrists.","correspondence and forms","email correspondence, brochures, printed photographs","Joseph D. Bloom, Kyrill Borissow, William T. Carpenter, Robert W. Farrand, Robert M.A. Hirschfield, William H. Hopkins, Samuel Keith, Felix Kleyman, Andrei A. Kovalev, Ellen Mercer, John Monahan, Darrel A. Regier, Elmore F. Rigamer Jr, Carolyn Smith, Leon Stern","Includes: United States – Russia Health Committee 2000 – 2002, printed copies of photographs; The U.S.A. – Russia Health Committee: \"Access to Quality Health Care\" (draft), undated; \"Additional Materials on Diagnosing and Treating Mild and Moderate Depressions,\" [document in Russian with English title]","Gershman, Carl: Psychiatric Abuse in the Soviet Union,\" Society, July/August 1984; Lapenna, Ivo: \"The Medico-Legal Society. Use and Misuse of Psychiatry in the USSR,\" The Royal Society of Medicine, London 12th June 1986; McCready, John and Harold Merskey: \"Compliance by physicians with the 1978 Ontario Mental Health Act,\" Reprint from the Canadian Medical Association Journal, Vol. 124, March 15, 1981; McCready, John and Harold Merskey: \"On the Recoding of Mental Illness for Civil Commitment,\" Can. J. Psychiatry Vol. 27, March 1982; Slovenko, Ralph: Analysis. The Destiny of South Africa,\" The World and I, July 1991.","In 2021, members of the 1989 American delegation, some Soviet patients, Soviet doctors and other professionals, were invited to participate in the \"Retrospective Review of the 1989 U.S. State Department Psychiatric Mission to the USSR\" oral history project. Nineteen interviews were recorded, sixteen of them with the surviving members of the U.S. delegation, one with Andrei Kovalev, an official at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the U.S.S.R. at the time, and two with former \"Soviet patients.\" There is also an original 1989 recording of one interview.","These interviews provide a comprehensive overview of the history of Soviet psychiatric abuse, the reasons why psychiatric diagnosis was used to suppress dissent, the methods, medical and legal procedures, and who were the major players in Soviet psychiatric abuse. Emphasis is also made on assessing the U.S.-Soviet relationship in the 1980s and the special place that the 1989 State Department psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R. held in the détente. All stages of negotiations and preparations for the mission were discussed as well as the methodology of psychiatric evaluations and the findings of the American experts. An additional emphasis was also made on assessing the state of Soviet psychiatric care as of the late 1980s and all the significant changes it was going through at the time. The role of World Psychiatric Association (WPA), the All-Union Society of Psychiatrists and Narcologists, the American Psychiatric Association and other important organizations, is also given proper attention. The interviewees also discuss the long-term impact that the 1989 U.S. mission made on Soviet and post-Soviet psychiatry.","In the interview Dr. Bloom discusses his career, his interest in the topic of abuse of psychiatry and his involvement in the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric delegation to the U.S.S.R. He talks about the U.S. and Soviet (both Soviet professionals and Soviet interviewees) understanding of the purpose of the visit and  the Soviet's compliance with the terms negotiated for the visit. He also talks about psychiatric hospitalization, detention and commitment process in the U.S.S.R., conditions of hospitalization in Soviet psychiatric hospitals and the legal rights of persons with mental disorders in the U.S.S.R.  Dr. Bloom's explains his impressions from the trip to the Soviet Union and the conclusions made by the American delegation. ","The highlights of the interview pertain to Dr. Bloom's recollection of a Soviet person who allegedly had a mental disorder, and his opinion as to the way the American final report should have been approached.","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","Mr. Borissow shares his life story and describes his career. He talks about getting involved in the 1989 State Department trip to the Soviet Union, his previous trips to the U.S.S.R., and the  social and political context that surrounded the visit and made it possible in the first place. Mr. Borissow describes his experience of interpreting in one of the psychiatric hospitals in Moscow as a part of the 1989 American mission as well as the work that Mr. Borissow's sub-team #3 did in Leningrad. He shares very interesting anecdotes that happened during the trip and talks about the lessons he learned during this trip.","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","In the interview Dr. Carpenter discusses his career, his involvement in the 1989 US State Department psychiatric delegation to the USSR, the main goals of the mission, various aspects of the implementation in great detail, the diagnostic aspects of the study, interview instruments and methodology, the Soviet mental health care system and its shortcomings, the conclusions made by Dr. Carpenter's sub-team, the impact the American visit made to the interviewed individuals an mental health in the region. ","Dr. Carpenter also discusses the United States - Great Britain cross-national study of schizophrenia conducted in the 1960s and 70s and its pertinency to the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the U.S.S.R. He also talks about the broad diagnostic criteria for sluggish schizophrenia and how much contributed to the missuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union.","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","Ambassador Farrand talks about his long successful career in the U.S. State Department, the importance of the Soviet psychiatric abuse to the U.S. government and the larger context of the U.S. - U.S.S.R. relationships. As a person who worked closely with Ambassador Richard Schifter for many years, Mr. Farrand describes Schifter's goals and vision of the 1989 psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R. ","Mr. Farrand describes the process of negotiating the terms of the visit and shares insights about interacting with a superpower as the Soviet Union was at that time. He also talks about the the peculiarities of governance in the U.S.S.R., and power dynamics inside the country. Mr. Farrand describes the efforts to preserve transparency and independence of the mission as well as managing its financial aspects and its highlighting in media. Mr. Farrand also talks about glasnost, perestroika, and the collapse of the Soviet Union.","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","Dr. Hirschfeld shares memories about his education and career, the way he got involved in the 1989 State Department psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R., the methodological approach to the patient interviews, the range of findings of his sub-team # 3 in Leningrad, and his general impressions of the Soviet Union as of 1989.","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","Mr. Hopkins talks at length about the way he became immersed in the Russian studies, his education, and career. He well remembers the settings and arrangements of interviewing the Soviet citizens who allegedly had mental disorders, his expectations and apprehensions about the upcoming 1989 mission, the types of questions asked of the Soviet interviewees, and the peculiarities of his task as an interpreter during this unique venture. He also mentions the debrief that the entire American team had in Washington, D.C. after the visit was over.","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","Mr. I. talks about his early life, family, education, how his dissident views formed and evolved with time. He shares about his repeated contacts with psychiatric system; he also describes his social and political activity and the repercussions he faced as a result. Mr. I. then tells about his criminal case, his forensic psychiatric evaluation, diagnosis, \"symptoms\", finding of non-imputability, the legal procedure used to involuntarily commit him to the Dnepropetrovsk special psychiatric hospital, and the inhumane conditions there. \nMr. I. then describes his transfer to Nikolayev ordinary psychiatric hospital and release; he talks about his dissident activity that brought him back to the same hospital. He also describes his contacts with Ukrainian dissident movement at the end of 1980s and how he got on the list of people to be assessed by the U.S. team. The details of his participation in 1989 U.S. State Department mission are discussed next. Mr. I. then shares about the long-term impact this mission made on his life, his subsequent legal rehabilitation, being taken off the psychiatric register, the removal of his psychiatric diagnosis, his life and activism after 1989. Mr. I. describes some of his most interesting campaigns. The interview ends with a brief discussion of the Russian invasion of Ukraine and how it affected Mr. I.'s life. ","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","Dr. Keith talks about the role and expertise of NIMH that was crucial to the success of the 1989 U.S. psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R. He recapitulates the main points and stumbling blocks of the negotiations with the Soviets in November 1988, various organizational aspects of the mission, as well as the interview instruments and methodology used by the American team. Dr. Keith shares his opinion about the concept of sluggish schizophrenia, its diagnostic criteria, and other factors that made it possible to abuse psychiatry in the Soviet Union. He also emphasizes Soviet life, society, and governance as of 1989. Dr. Keith discusses the Soviets' admission of \"hyperdiagnoses\" and the validity of the excuse of \"hyperdiagnoses\" from the professional point of view. He also expresses his opinion about the tone of the final report and the general context that the American team had to keep in mind when drafting it. Dr. Keith describes Schizophrenia Bulletin and his role as its editor-in-chief. He also talks about the 1990 Soviet Reciprocal Visit to the U.S.","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","Dr. Kleyman is a great source of knowledge about the ins and outs of the Soviet mental health care system as the person who had about 10 years of professional experience on the ground. He talked about the uniqueness of his role during the American psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R. that resulted from him being a native Russian speaker and being well familiar with life in the Soviet Union. Dr. Kleyman discusses the social and political context that surrounded the 1989 U.S. State Department visit and made it possible in the first place; the doctor patient relationship in the U.S.S.R.; Soviet diagnostic approaches and the role of Soviet psychiatrists during the American visit. Dr. Kleyman recalls his unique trip to Moscow Psychiatric Hospital # 5 to briefly speak with the patient who was claimed by the Soviets to have refused examination. He also talks about his experience as a member of the 1991 W.P.A. mission to the U.S.S.R.","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","Mr. Kovalev tells about the role of various domestic and international actors in the process of democratization of the U.S.S.R. in the late 1980s and bringing human rights into the Soviet Union. He also assesses the political factors of the early 1980s that allowed Gorbachev come to power and retain it. Mr. Kovalev shares his insights about the Soviet foreign policy of the second half of 1980s-early 1990s and the U.S. - U.S.S.R. relationships. He shares his knowledge about the history of abuse of psychiatry and the reasons for resorting to it; the Soviet psychiatric register and the consequences of being on a register; the sealed instruction on involuntary commitment that existed but was not available to the public. Mr. Kovalev talks about the chain of decision making in ensuring that the American visit will actually happen and the key events on that road. He also comments on the internal tensions between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Health (M.O.H.) as well as the resistance put up by the M.O.H. in organizing the American visit. He also shares his views about the \"system dissidents\" in the U.S.S.R.","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","Ms. Mercer talks about her career at the APA and the role that the APA played in advocating for the rights of the persons committed to psychiatric hospitals for non-medical reasons in the USSR. She then discusses the historical context for the 1989 State Department psychiatric delegation to the Soviet Union, including the 1977 Declaration of Hawaii and the All-Union Society's walking out of the WPA in 1983 in the face of an almost certain expulsion. Being a part of the November 1988 negotiation team to the Soviet Union, Ms. Mercer shares her thoughts about the negotiation process and the Soviet's compliance with the terms agreed upon. Ms. Mercer describes the field visit to Soviet psychiatric hospitals and then talks about the Soviet's readmission to the WPA, the role the 1989 U.S. State Department played in this process, the APA's and Ms. Mercer's personal stance with regard to the readmission. Ms. Mercer concludes by discussing the difference the American visit made in the big picture.","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","Dr. Monahan talks about his professional training and the highlights of his career, his memories from the 1989 American visit to the Soviet Union, including the goals of the visit,  its organizational aspects, and its media coverage. Dr. Monahan then focuses on the forensic evaluation methods and results, the rights of psychiatric patients in the Soviet Union, conditions of their hospitalization, treatment, and hospital staffing. Dr. Monahan concludes by describing his general impressions of Moscow and Leningrad and the conclusions the American team made as a result of the visit. ","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","Mr. Reddaway talks about his education and career and the way he became interested and immersed in the issue of abuse of psychiatry in the U.S.S.R. He discusses the impact that his and Sidney Bloch's 1977 and 1983 books made in the Soviet Union. He also shares his knowledge about the evolution of punitive psychiatry with each new Soviet leader. Mr. Reddaway talks about Mr. Gorbachev's personality, the political factors in the early 1980s that allowed for such a leader to emerge and retain power; the reasons for perestroika;  the peculiarities of perestroika in psychiatry versus other spheres. Mr. Reddaway gives a comprehensive overview of various internal processes in the Soviet Union at the end of 1980s that were important prerequisites for the 1989 U.S. psychiatric mission. He discusses at length the role of the WPA in the battle against the abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union. Mr. Reddaway also gives a detailed overview of the field inspections to Soviet psychiatric hospitals that he did as a member of the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R.","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","The interview with Dr. Regier is of critical importance for the comprehensive retrospective evaluation of the long-term impact of the 1989 State Department investigative mission to the U.S.S.R. Dr. Regier not only played a key role in the preparation and implementation of the mission, but also successfully continued to help develop the quality and accessibility of mental health services in Russia after the U.S.S.R. collapse. Dr. Regier also continued to tackle the issue of psychiatric abuse in China.  \nIn his interview, Dr. Regier gives a historical overview of the development of diagnostic criteria that was subsequently used during the U.S. State Department investigative mission to the U.S.S.R. relating to psychiatric abuse. This interview provides a great description of the methodology used during the interviews. Dr. Regier also describes the NIMH goals, unique role and contribution to the 1989 mission and shares his insights about the factors that made it possible to weaponize psychiatry against dissidents in the Soviet Union. Dr. Regier also tells about his role in the work of Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission in the area on mental health care in Russia post the Soviet Union breakup.","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","Dr. Roth describes his training and the highlights of his career; he then tells how he became interested in the issue of abuse of psychiatry in the U.S.S.R. His two human rights trips to the U.S.S.R. in 1985 and 1986 are discussed next. Dr. Roth then gives an overview of the general political background to the visit and tensions between him and Ambassador Schifter about some critical aspect of the visit. Dr. Roth then describes in detail the negotiation process between the U.S. and Soviet side, the main stumbling blocks, how he managed to overcome them, and who were his allies. Dr. Roth describes the Soviet uncooperativeness and tensions between the Ministry of Health and Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He then talks about informed consents, interview procedures, and the visit dynamics. He shares some anecdotes and most memorable events; he also talks about the people who meaningfully contributed to making the mission successful.","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","Mr. S. describes his early years, how his dissident views formed, his first arrest under Article 70 of the Criminal Code, his expert psychiatric evaluation at the Serbsky Institute, and the judicial procedure that followed. He describes his subsequent commitment in an 'ordinary' psychiatric hospital and shares insights about the internal regulations, regime, and the release procedure. He also talks about his next arrest and the legal aspects of it. Mr. S. shares his views about whether Soviet psychiatrists seriously believed that 'failure to adapt to the society' was a sign of mental illness and whether they can be blamed for presumably following the orders from above.  Mr. S. proceedes to describe his transfer to a special psychiatric hospital, the mass release of political prisoners in 1987, the reasons for such a drastic change of the political course in the Soviet Union, and gives an overview of the U.S. – U.S.S.R. relationship in the second half of the twentieth century. He then talks about how the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R. fit into the broader human rights negotiations in the CSCE. Mr. S. tells how he taken off the psychiatric register\nand legally rehabilitated; he talks about the destiny of the Criminal Code 'political' articles 70 and 190-1 and current political articles in Russian Criminal Code used to suppress dissent.\nMr. S. shares about his life and political activity after 1989, his subsequent arrests, and his assessment of the evolution of civil and political freedom in Russia after 1989.\nHe then talks about the future of Russia, his own future as a dissident in Russia, and his views about the Russian war in Ukraine.","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","In addition to the oral history given in 2022, this file contains a recording of an interview that Mr. S gave on March 2, 1989.","Ms. Smith shares her memories about interpreting for both 1989 U.S. State Department delegation and the 1991 WPA delegation to the Soviet Union. She explains how this experience compares to the other interesting projects she has been involved in throughout her career. She describes her most prominent memories about this job as well as the Soviet Union as of 1989. ","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","Dr. Stern describes his career and his pathway from the Soviet Union to the U.S. He shares his insights about some aspects of Soviet history, the issue of psychiatric abuse, its roots and reasons the Soviet government resorted to psychiatry to oppress dissent. Dr. Stern talks about the major differences between special psychiatrist hospitals vs. ordinary psychiatrist hospitals and gives some excellent illustrations of \"symptoms\" that the Soviet school of psychiatry considered signs of mental disorder. Dr. Stern shares his opinion as to the reasons why Soviet psychiatrists engaged in unethical practices. Dr. Stern describes the field trip in great detail, including some anecdotes and specific instances. He concludes by identifying the most important changes needed in Soviet psychiatry at the time and assesses the overall success of the American mission to the Soviet Union. ","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","This file includes correspondence with Richard Schifter and Robert van Voren."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Arthur J. Morris Law Library does not grant researchers permission to publish copies of any of the materials in this collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The Arthur J. Morris Law Library does not grant researchers permission to publish copies of any of the materials in this collection."],"names_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","Roth, Loren H.","Bloom, Joseph D.","Borissow, Kyrill","Carpenter, William T.","Farrand, Robert William, 1934-","Hirschfeld, Robert M. A.","Hopkins, William H. (William Hugh), 1942-","Keith, Samuel J.","Kleyman, Felix, Dr.","Kovalev, A. A. (Andreĭ Anatolʹevich)","Mercer, Ellen Robertson","Monahan, John (John Thomas), 1946-","Reddaway, Peter (1939)","Regier, Darrel A.","Smith, Carolyn","Stern, Leon"],"corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections"],"persname_ssim":["Roth, Loren H.","Bloom, Joseph D.","Borissow, Kyrill","Carpenter, William T.","Farrand, Robert William, 1934-","Hirschfeld, Robert M. A.","Hopkins, William H. (William Hugh), 1942-","Keith, Samuel J.","Kleyman, Felix, Dr.","Kovalev, A. A. (Andreĭ Anatolʹevich)","Mercer, Ellen Robertson","Monahan, John (John Thomas), 1946-","Reddaway, Peter (1939)","Regier, Darrel A.","Smith, Carolyn","Stern, Leon"],"language_ssim":["English Russian"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":263,"online_item_count_is":18,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-20T23:31:33.580Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1347","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1347","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1347","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1347","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_4_resources_1347.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/169336","title_ssm":["Loren Roth papers"],"title_tesim":["Loren Roth papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1950-2022","1974-2022"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1974-2022"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1950-2022"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS.2021.01","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/1347"],"text":["MSS.2021.01","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/1347","Loren Roth papers","Psychiatry -- Soviet Union","Political prisoners -- Soviet Union","Dissenters -- Soviet Union","Researchers may only access and view the materials in this collection onsite and in-person at the University of Virginia Law Library in Charlottesville, Virginia. The following additional restrictions apply to any materials that contain the names of the interviewees of the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union and/or 1991 ad hoc mission to the Soviet Union by the World Psychiatric Association:","1. To obtain access to these records, interested researchers must sign a form to agree not to use, document, or disclose names of the patients or their families, or other identifying information about these persons and to abide by all the provisions specified in the present document. The form is available on site from the responsible official of the UVA Law Library. ","2. These materials may not be copied, photographed, or otherwise reproduced digitally. ","3. Before accessing the requested materials, interested researchers must agree to abide by reasonable administrative, technical, and physical safeguards, as approved by the UVA Law Library, to prevent unauthorized use or disclosure of the information. These procedures shall be followed by all persons associated with the applicant's research project.  ","4. Records in this category are also subject to the following safeguards: (i) Any information that would permit the identification of an individual (names, biographical data, etc.) may not be used, documented, or made public by the researcher, nor will any attempt to contact them be made. However, this does not preclude the researcher from contacting a person in advance of gaining access, for the purpose of obtaining access.  (ii) If a researcher obtains written authorization for access from an interviewee or from his/her legal guardian, the records may be made available to that researcher. (iii) Interviewees themselves may have free access to their own health information if contained in this collection. ","5. If the University of Virginia Law Library discovers that a researcher has violated the confidentiality of information or the conditions of access, the Law Library shall take steps to revoke the research privileges of the researcher and shall consult with University of Virginia legal counsel to prevent further disclosure of the health information.","Finally, different access restrictions may apply to some of the items in  this collection. Whenever possible, archivists have made a note of these restrictions in other parts of the finding aid.","There are access restrictions on some of the materials in this series. When a file or item is restricted, an additional note explaining the conditions of access is attached to the file or item description.","The items in these folders contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed in the U.S.S.R. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed in the U.S.S.R. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed in the U.S.S.R. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed in the U.S.S.R. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","The interviews with the former Soviet patients and the original 1989 recording are restricted and special permissions apply.","Dr. Joseph D. Bloom did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).","Kyrill Borissow did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).","Dr. William Carpenter did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).","Robert William Farrand did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).","Dr. Robert Hirschfeld did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).","William Hopkins did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).","Mr. I. did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022). However, due to the sensitive nature of the topics covered in the interview, the University of Virginia restricts access according to the guidelines for more sensitive materials outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","Dr. Samuel Keith did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).","Dr. Felix Kleyman did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).","Andrey Kovalev did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).","Ellen Mercer did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).","Dr. John T. Monahan did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).","Peter Reddaway did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).","Dr. Darrel Regier did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).","In addition to the restrictions on access that applies to all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022),  Dr. Loren Roth requested that The University of Virginia only make his interview available to researchers on-site at the repository preserving the interview.","Mr. S. did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022). However, due to the sensitive nature of the topics covered in the interview, the University of Virginia restricts access to both recordings according to the guidelines for more sensitive materials outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","Carolyn Smith did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).","In addition to the restrictions on access that applies to all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022),  Dr. Leon Stern requested that The University of Virginia only make his interview available to researchers on-site at the repository preserving the interview.","This file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of persons from the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of persons from the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","The files in this series are arranged by subject into 14 sub-series.","The files in this sub-series are arranged in chronological order.","The files in this sub-series are arranged in chronological order.","While it is understood that the misuse of psychiatry for non-medical reasons allegedly started in the U.S.S.R. after the October Revolution of 1917, its widespread and systematic use as a tool to silence political dissent became well-documented during Khrushchev's era. In a 1959 speech attributed to Khrushchev, he allegedly attempted to justify putting dissidents in psychiatric hospitals by saying that only a mentally ill person may be opposed to Communism (1). While there also were \"political\" parts of the R.S.F.S.R. Criminal Code that criminalized anti-Soviet agitation and slander of the Soviet state, psychiatry was often used to isolate dissidents, punish them with psychiatric drugs, discredit their ideas, and avoid criminal law procedures.","The \"Sluggish schizophrenia\" concept developed by academician Snezhnevsky had overly broad diagnostic criteria that allowed the diagnosis of schizophrenia in patients who showed no symptoms, on the assumption that these symptoms would appear later (2). In almost every case, dissidents were examined at the Serbsky Central Research Institute for Forensic Psychiatry.\nInformation about Soviet repressive psychiatry became well-known in the West after 1971 dissident Vladimir Bukovsky smuggled over 150 pages documenting the political abuse of psychiatric institutions in the Soviet Union into the West. The papers were studied by independent psychiatrists in several countries and released to the press (3). \"Bukovsky's papers\" galvanized human rights activists worldwide and those within the Soviet Union.","While the attempt to bring the matter to the official agenda of the World Psychiatric Association (W.P.A.) at their 1971 World Congress in Mexico was unsuccessful, it kept gaining more and more outcry worldwide. So, in 1977, the W.P.A. adopted the Hawaii Declaration – a milestone defining principles of good and ethical medical practice. The All-Union Society of Psychiatrists and Narcologists, the official Soviet professional organization, was bound to withdraw from the W.P.A. at its next Congress in 1983—the allegations of the political abuse of psychiatry inflicted irretrievable damage on the prestige of Soviet medicine.","In 1975, the Soviet Union, the United States, and other countries signed the Helsinki Accords - the key document of the Conference of Security and Cooperation in Europe (C.S.C.E.). The Accords signaled a détente between the East and the West and built the foundation for the end of the Cold War, the U.S.-Soviet disarmament talks, and the \"third basket\" on human rights and freedoms in the Soviet Union.","Mikhail Gorbachev, who became the head of the Soviet Communist Party in 1985, prioritized the improvement of U.S.-Soviet relations. Also, Gorbachev launched the domestic \"perestroika\" (restructuring) and \"glasnost\" (openness) initiatives. These combined foreign and domestic policy developments fostered interest, internally and externally, in the plight of Soviet political prisoners. The Soviet Union released many political prisoners from labor camps, and in April 1987, Secretary Schultz and Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs Shevardnadze agreed on a human rights dialog (4). As part of this broader dialog, in September 1987, the Soviet representatives began to try to assure their American counterparts that the abuse of psychiatry had ended (5).","Notes:","1. Khrushchev had said this in a speech published in the state newspaper Pravda on 24 May 1959: A crime is a deviation from generally recognized standards of behaviour frequently caused by mental disorder. Can there be diseases, nervous disorders among certain people in a Communist society? Evidently yes. If that is so, then there will also be offences, which are characteristic of people with abnormal minds. Of those who might start calling for opposition to Communism on this basis, we can say that clearly their mental state is not normal.\nKnapp, Martin, et al. Mental Health Policy and Practice Across Europe: The Future Direction of Mental Health Care, McGraw-Hill Education, 2006. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uva/detail.action?docID=316293.","2. Sfera, Adonis. Can psychiatry be misused again?. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 9 September 2013;(4):101. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00101. PMID 24058348.","3. For more information, see Reddaway, Peter (12 March 1971). \"Plea to West on Soviet 'mad-house' jails\". The Times. p. 8.; Bloch, Sidney; Reddaway, Peter (1984). Soviet Psychiatric Abuse. The Shadow Over World Psychiatry. London: Gollancz.","4. Schifter-Adamishin book, timeline, page xix","5. Id, pages xix and xx","During the late 1980s, U.S.-Soviet discussions about the abuse of psychiatry led to the formation of a special U.S. delegation to the Soviet Union. In February 1989, the U.S.S.R. allowed the delegation to independently assess 27 Soviet citizens believed to have been psychiatrically committed for non-medical reasons. The U.S.S.R. also allowed the delegation to inspect ordinary psychiatric hospitals and other hospitals known as \"psychoprisons.\" The U.S. delegation's psychiatric leader was Dr. Loren Roth of the University of Pittsburgh. The U.S. State Department organized the trip, closely cooperating with the American Psychiatric Association and the National Institute of Mental Health. Their Soviet counterparts were the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Soviet Ministry of Health and the conservative leadership of Soviet psychiatry, both believed to have been deeply involved in abuse, internally opposed the visit. However, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs overcame this opposition, and their support was critical to the U.S. delegation's success.","The U.S. delegation consisted of leading experts in psychiatry, forensic psychiatry, forensic psychology, law, and Sovietology. Also, it included a representative of the American Psychological Association (A.P.A.), and émigré Soviet psychiatrists living in the United States.","From April 1988 onward, Dr. Loren Roth engaged in extensive negotiations with his Soviet counterparts on the details of the visit. They discussed the list of people (\"patients\") to be assessed by the delegation and the processes for obtaining their consent. There were difficult negotiations over the presence of Soviet psychiatrists during the examinations, and the need to protect the interviewees from potential intimidation and retaliation.","The U.S. delegation advocated for and adopted critical precautions to ensure the transparency of the mission and its findings. They used scientifically developed structural psychiatric interview schedules, brought U.S. interpreters to assist the delegation, avoided sharing the cost of the trip with the Soviet side, collected urine samples to rule out overmedication, videotaped the interviews, and spoke with friends/relatives of those interviewed.","Although there was a significant risk that the Soviet Union would cancel the delegation's visit, it occurred between February and March, 1989. The American team evaluated 27 Soviet citizens and inspected special psychiatric hospitals in Kazan and Chernyakhovsk as well as ordinary psychiatric hospitals in Vilnius and Kaunas.","Among those interviewed by the U.S. team were people still hospitalized, and those who had been previously discharged. The American team was greatly assisted by Mr. Aleksandr \"Sasha\" Podrabinek, the Soviet and, subsequently, Russian dissident. He was an expert on the issue of abuse of psychiatry and author of the 1979 book \"Punitive Medicine\" (see references). Mr. Podrabinek facilitated access to those who had been previously released and claimed to be unavailable by Soviet counterparts.","The U.S. team detailed their conclusions in their final report, \"Assessment of Recent Changes in Soviet Psychiatry\" (available in this collection), which researchers are encouraged to read. The Soviet Union responded officially with its own report.","The 1989 visit laid a foundation for subsequent collaboration between the two countries in the area of mental health. The U.S.-Russia Health Committee met from 1994 to 2000 as a part of a larger Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission. It focused, in particular, on mental health care during disasters and the primary care physician's role in caring for patients with depression.","Shortly after the American mission was over, the W.P.A. congress in Athens decided to provisionally readmit the Soviet All-Union Society after receiving an official, although somewhat vague, admission of the past wrongdoings (covered in detail in On Dissidents and Madness by Robert van Voren). In 1991, the W.P.A. undertook an ad hoc psychiatric inspection of the Soviet Union that Dr. Jim Birley headed. Dr. Loren Roth and other experts who served on the 1989 U.S. State Department mission joined this inspection.","In 1990, a delegation of Soviet psychiatrists and politicians visited the United States for an educational trip to American psychiatric services and scholarly dialogues.","\nResearchers are encouraged to read the resources listed below to gain a better understanding of the historical events surrounding the 1989 delegation:","- the Schizophrenia Bulletin (supplement to Vol 15, # 4, 1989), which contains the brief overview of the reasons, methodology, and findings of the American team in the U.S., the final report of the U.S. delegation both in English and Russian, as well as the Soviet response in both languages (Hyperlink1)\n- The New York Times article \"Accord Is Sought by U.S. And Soviet on Mental Wards\" of May 22, 1988\n- The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, Volume 49, Number 4, 2021 \"Jonas Rappeport: A Direct, Accomplished AAPL Leader\" by Dr. Loren Roth\n- Report by the World Psychiatric Association Team on the Visit to the Soviet Union, 9-29 June 1991, headed by Dr. Jim Burley\n- Human Rights, Perestroika, and the End of the Cold War co-authored by Anatoly Adamishin and Richard Schifter in 2009","In 2021, three decades after the 1989 trip to assess the conditions of Soviet citizens confined in psychiatric hospitals for political reasons, an oral history project was initiated to document it. Loren H. Roth, Ellen Mercer, and Richard Bonnie, three members of the delegation, had always wanted to evaluate if the mission had had any lasting impact on the lives of the people interviewed and on the quality and ethical integrity of psychiatric care in the countries of the former Soviet Union. The oral history project began in conjunction with the donation of Loren Roth's papers to the University of Virginia School of Law Library. Olena Protsenko, a Ukrainian human rights lawyer, organized Roth's papers and began researching related collections. Richard Bonnie's papers and Saleem Shah's files on the abuse of psychiatry, also part of the University of Virginia Law Library manuscript collections, were essential to the project's development.","Dr. Joseph D. Bloom was one of the few forensic psychiatrists on the 1989 U.S. Department of State Delegation to the Soviet Union to investigate the abuse of psychiatry. Bloom is Dean Emeritus of the Oregon Health and Science University and Clinical Professor at the Department of Psychiatry of the University of Arizona Fenix College of Medicine.","Mr. Borissow is an American of a Russian descend. He was a contract interpreter for the U.S. State Department for many years. During the 1989 trip, he was on the sub-team # 3 under the leadership of Dr. Hirschfeld, interpreting in Leningrad.","Dr. William Carpenter was leader of team #2 of the 1989 American investigative scientific mission to the Soviet Union. He is Professor of Medicine at the University of Maryland School of Medicine and former Director of the Maryland Psychiatric Research Center.","Robert William Farrand retired in 1998 after 34 years in the U.S. Foreign Service. He served as Ambassador to Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu from 1990 until 1993. ","In 1988-89 he led the U.S. delegation of medical and forensic professionals to investigate the Soviet Union's political weaponizing of psychiatry, for which he received a Superior Honor Award.","Farrand was concurrently Supervisor of the Bosnian city of Brčko and Deputy High Representative for the northern sector of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1997 to 2000).  ","Dr. Robert Hirschfeld is Professor of Psychiatry at Weill Cornell Medical College. He was the team leader of team # 3 during the 1989 psychiatric delegation to the U.S.S.R.","Mr. William Hopkins is a retired U.S. State Department staff interpreter. During the 1989 U.S. psychiatric mission to the USSR, he interpreted for team # 2 under the leadership of Dr. William Carpenter.","Mr. I. is a Soviet/Ukrainian dissident who was repeatedly involuntarily committed to a psychiatric hospital for political reasons. He was one of the people interviewed by the U.S. State Department investigative psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R. in 1989.","Dr. Keith is the Emeritus Milton Rosenbaum Professor of Psychiatry and Psychology at the University of New Mexico School of Medicine. He was a Deputy Director and Associate Director for Schizophrenia Programs at the NIMH as of 1989. He was the team leader of team # 1 during the 1989 psychiatric delegation to the U.S.S.R.","Dr. Felix Kleyman is a psychiatrist practicing in New York City. At the time of the 1989 U.S. State Department mission to the Soviet Union to investigate abuse of psychiatry, Dr. Kleyman was an assistant clinical professor of psychiatry at New York Medical College. Dr. Kleyman was one of the few Russian-speaking, U.S.S.R. and U.S.-trained psychiatrists on the American team. Dr. Kleyman was also a member of the 1991 W.P.A.  mission to the Soviet Union once the All-Union Society of Psychiatrists and Narcologists was provisionally readmitted to the W.P.A.","As of 1989, Mr. Kovalev was a Senior Advisor of the Department for International Humanitarian and Cultural Relations at the Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He was charged with bringing Soviet legislation and practice in line with the international obligations of the U.S.S.R. Mr. Kovalev was responsible for the development and implementation of the psychiatric reform, including the organization of the visit of the American psychiatric delegation in 1989.","At the time of the 1989 U.S. psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R. Ms. Mercer was the Director of the A.P.A. Office of International Affairs. She is believed to be one of the initiators of the visit and was deeply involved in its planning and preparation as the representative of the American Psychiatric Association (A.P.A.). During the visit itself, she was a member of the team inspecting psychiatric hospitals on the ground.","John T. Monahan is the John S. Shannon Distinguished Professor of Law, Professor of Psychology, Hunton Andrews Kurth Professor of Law at the University of Virginia School of Law. He was the only forensic psychologist on the 1989 U.S. State Department investigative psychiatric mission to the Soviet Union.","Mr. Reddaway is a renowned expert on Russian and Soviet politics, author of many books and publications. He is Professor Emeritus of Political Science and International Affairs at George Washington University.","Dr. Darrel Regier was the Scientific Director of the 1989 State Department investigative mission to the U.S.S.R. and coordinated all aspects of the clinical assessment procedure. Dr. Regier completed twenty-five years at the National Institute of Mental Health (N.I.M.H.), during which time he directed three research divisions in the areas of epidemiology, prevention, clinical research, and health services research. Dr. Regier is currently a Senior Scientist at the Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, in the Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine and Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University. He also serves as an independent senior scientific consultant to the American Psychiatric Association (A.P.A.) on DSM-5 and research related issues.","Dr. Roth was the psychiatric leader of the 1989 U.S. State Department investigative psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R. Following 44 years of distinguished service to the Department of Psychiatry and the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Loren H. Roth, M.D., M.P.H., was recognized and awarded Emeritus status at a special reception following the Department's Annual Research Day held June 7, 2018. \nPrior to his being an Emeritus Professor, for the previous five years Dr. Roth was the Associate Senior Vice Chancellor, Clinic Policy and Planning, Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh; Distinguished Service Professor of Psychiatry, Professor of Health Policy and Management, and Clinical and Translational Science; and Senior Advisor, Quality, UPMC Health Plan.  In addition to his many academic positions, Dr. Roth has held multiple leadership roles at UPMC culminating in his being the first Chief Medical Officer of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (U.P.M.C.) (2003-2007).","Mr. S. is a Soviet/Russian dissident who was repeatedly involuntarily committed to a psychiatric hospital for political reasons. He was one of the people interviewed by the U.S. State Department investigative psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R. in 1989.","Fluent in English and Russian, Ms. Smith was a contract interpreter for the U.S. State Department for many years. She interpreted for both the 1989 American delegation and the 1991 WPA delegation to the Soviet Union. During the 1989 trip, she was on the sub-team # 1 under the leadership of Dr. Samuel J. Keith, M.D. interpreting in Moscow.","Dr. Leon Stern is a Russian-speaking psychiatrist who was a member of the field team that inspected four psychiatric hospitals across the Soviet Union. Dr. Stern is a psychiatrist in private practice.","Olena Protsenko processed this collection. She was a post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law.","This collection is divided into two series. The first series, \"abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists\", consists of subject files compiled by Dr. Loren Roth, Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Pittsburgh. They are evidence of Dr. Roth's efforts to stop the abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists for political reasons, with an emphasis on the former Soviet Union. The subject files contain correspondence, articles, reports, evaluations, meeting minutes, agendas, planning materials, diaries, photographs, memoranda, handwritten notes, programs, books, videotapes, ephemera, and other items. Together, these materials date from around 1950 to 2008. However the bulk of them date from the 1970s to the 1990s, when Dr. Roth participated in U.S. delegations to the former Soviet Union and was part of the American Psychological Association's (APA) Committees on Human Rights and International Abuse of Psychiatry and Psychiatrists.","\nThe second series consists of materials that were gathered and produced for the \"Retrospective Review of the 1989 U.S. State Department Psychiatric Mission to the U.S.S.R.\" project. These materials include oral history interviews with individuals involved with the 1989 mission, a 1989 recorded interview with a psychiatric patient, project correspondence, biographical files, interview minutes, and an organizational chart. Most of the items in this series date from the time of the project, 2021 to 2022.","This series consists of subject files that Dr. Loren Henry Roth assembled and used while working to stop the abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists for political reasons, emphasizing abuse in the former Soviet Union. The files contain correspondence, memoranda, meeting documents, articles, reports, lists, forms, evaluations, photographs, diaries, and other materials.","World Psychiatric Association Proposed Declaration of Hawaii; \"Honolulu Paper\": Somerville, John: \"Ethics and Psychiatry,\" (1977); Committee of French Psychiatrists Against The Political Uses of Psychiatry Special Bulletin, the World Congress of Psychiatry in Hawaii; newspaper clippings from Hawaiian newspapers (1977). APA white paper: \"Misuse and Abuse of Psychiatry in the U.S.: A definition and Discussion,\" (1991); correspondence and papers of Paul Chodoff, (1989-1990 and undated); Helmchen, H. and A. Okasha: \"From the Hawaii Declaration to the Declaration of Madrid,\" Acta Psychiatr Scand 200:101: 2023","Copy of the Report to the Board of Trustees, American Psychiatric Association of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Use of Psychiatric Institutions for the Commitment of Political Dissenters (1972); Boekovski Berichten Bukovsky News: The Case of Irina Grivnina (1985?); Statement of Dr. Algirdas Statkevicius to the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (1988); copy of letter from Peter Reddaway to Viktor Nakas, Leon Stern, Robert van Voren and Algirdas Statkevicius (1989); copy of translation of SB case (1987-1989); U.S. Helsinki Watch Committee [memorandum] re Shatravka Family (1988); Committee of Concerned Scientists, Inc \"Call for Action for Three Soviet Former Prisoners of Conscience,\" (1988); and newspaper clippings mainly of Pyotr G. Grigorenko and Anatoly Koryagin","\"Special Report, The Medical Profession and the Prevention of Torture,\" The New England Journal of Medicine (October 1985); \"Sowing fear: The Uses of Torture and Psychological Abuse in Chile,\" A Report by Physicians for Human Rights (October 1988); Proposal. Center for Rehabilitation of Torture Victims [RCT], New York, NY and Roseland, New Jersey (undated); RCT International Newsletter on Treatment and Rehabilitation of Torture Victims (1990-1991); RCT IRCT [International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims]: Torture [packet of documents] (1991-1992); Jacobsen, Lone and Pete Vesti: Torture Survivors – a New Group of Patients, The Danish Nurses Organization, 1990; Canadian Centre for Victims of Torture","Human Rights Task Force of the APA survey on human rights organizations (1984); Human Rights Survey Responses (1988); Human Rights Cases Monitored by the APA (1990); photocopy of European Convention on Human Rights Collected Texts, Strasbourg, 1965.  Folder includes an incomplete set of The World Medical Association press releases (1975-1990), printed materials and news clippings","Documents from the Ninth Session of the U.S.-U.S.S.R. Joint Committee for Health Cooperation, (1988-11-17); Trip Report – P.H.S. Delegation Visit to the Soviet Union  November 13-20, 1988 Ninth U.S.-U.S.S.R. Health Committee Meeting (1989-01-25); Summary of Cooperation in Health Between the US Public Health Service and the Ministry of Health of the U.S.S.R. (1989-01-26); Peter Henry thoughts re Implications of Trip for U.S.-Soviet Health Agreement (1989-02-02)","Roth's printed account of trip that he made with Rabbi Mark Staitman, Larry Hurwitz, cardiologist;  Harold and Esther Garfinkel, community leaders; Joy Weber, science writer, and Rabbi Jonathan Stein. September 20-October 1, 1986. (2 versions)","Dr. Roth and Ambassador Schifter's preliminary planning documents for the U.S. mission to the U.S.S.R. in April of 1988.","APA Memorandum re \"use of psychiatry for political purposes\" (1988-03-21); [USSR] Regulations for Psychiatric Hospitals, LS No. 124600 JS/AO Russian, Appendix to Decree No. 225 of the USSR Ministry of Public Health, 21 March 1988; Pre-summit discussions. Report of Soviet Contact (1988-03-23): Gennadi N. Milyokhin, M.D. visit to Parklawn;  [Unedited] On the Record Briefing of Richard Schifter, Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs,  March 25, 1988","Peter Reddaway: \"Will Perestroika End Political Abuse in Soviet Psychiatry?\" (1988-07-03); copy of pages 5-6 of \"Argumenty I fakty\" No. 11/1987, [Reporter V. Romanenko interviews with  Dr. Marat Vartanyan (1987- 03-21-27)]; anonymous draft \"Ground Rounds\", \"Abuses in Soviet Psychiatry\" (undated); Karklins, Rasma: \"The Dissent/Coercion Nexus in the USSR, Working Paper #36, Soviet Interview Project (1987-05); Roth's handwritten notes; copies of printed materials related to Soviet psychiatry; annotated copy of Berman, Harold J.: Soviet Criminal Law and Procedure. The RSFR Codes. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1977, pp. 3-124","Stipulations for Delegation of U.S. Psychiatrists and Other Experts Visiting the USSR (1988-11-09); Roth's handwritten notes. Also Ellen Mercer U.S.S.R. Trip Confidential  Report (1988 -11) and Saleem A. Shah Department of Health and Human Services Report on International Travel (1988-11-18). Correspondence to Alexander A. Churkin  with documents: US-Soviet Understanding for Delegation of US Psychiatrists and Other Experts Visiting the USSR; \"Discussions\"; Consent Forms for Persons Interviewed and of Relatives and Friends (1988-12-19)","re assesment of Soviet Psychiatry (1988-08-04), memorandum re \"Sensible Tactics re U.S. Delegation on Soviet Psychiatry; human rights and Soviet Psychiatry; \"things to do; Roth's notes; and Roth: \"Uses of Psychiatry in the U.S.S.R. and U.S.A,\" Browning Hoffman Lecture, UVA School of LAw (1988-10-07).","International Association on the Political Use of Psychiatry [IAPUP]: Information Bulletin Nos. 3, 9, 11, 18-21; also copy of \"II. The Case of All-Union Society (undated). Soviet Psychiatry News, vol. 1, nos. 1-2 (1989)","US State Department Soviet Psychiatric Project Delegation to the Soviet Union Planning Trip – correspondence, telegrams, memoranda re: negotiations, support and concerns, instructions, logistics for the trip. Correspondence with Soviet and US officials, and other psychiatrists. Summary of discussions with Ambassador Richard Schifter (1989-02-11); comments from Saleem Shah (1989-02-10); from Robert van Voren, Ellen Mercer, Dr. Edward Kelty and others.","This sub-series contains materials related to the organization, planning and logistics of the trip, as well as background information about the psychiatric abuse in the U.S.S.R.","This file contains memoranda, handwritten notes, list of participants, questionnaires, Forensic Interview Schedule, and Interpersonal Personality Disorder Examination (IPDE).","DSM-III-R Criteria Checklist (1988-05-23; Structural Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Patient Version (1988-06-01) SCID-NP/OP Psychotic Screening (1988-06-01); Instruction Manual for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (1988 and 1989)","DSM-III-R Criteria Checklist (1988-05-23; Structural Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Patient Version (1988-06-01) SCID-NP/OP Psychotic Screening (1988-06-01); Instruction Manual for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (1988 and 1989)","Russian version of IPDE (1989-02-16); Russian version of Revised SCID Standardized Clinical Study According to DSM-III-PD Criteria (SKID) (1991-04); Russian version of World Psychiatric Association visit to the USSR Forensic Examination (1991-03)","The reports were written by doctors Jonas Rappeport, M.D., Vladimir Levit, MD., Samuel J. Keith, M.D, Darrell A. Regier, M.D., Loren Roth, M.D., Felix Kleyman, M.D., Joseph Bloom, M.D., William. T. Carpenter, M.D., Robert Hirschfeld, M.D., Alla Arsenian (interpreter); Elmore Rigamer, M.D., Joel Klein; Boris Shostokovich, M.D.; John Monahan; Nancy Andreason, M.D.; William Farrand.","Reports of forensic evaluations done in Moscow and Leningrad by Jonas R. Rappeport, John Monahan, Joseph D. Bloom; draft of Roth's \"Patient Sample –Description. Methodological Issues – Obstacles\" (1989-04-10); assessments and handwritten notes re patients; Russian document with translation re patients (undated); Roth's notes on various interviewees (1991-02-07)","The materials in this file include Roth's letters to persons who he wished to interview but didn't; U.S. Department of State \"transliteration\" of names (1989-04-04) and inventory of status of cases (1989-04-05)","\"Delegation of US Psychiatrists Issues Press Statement\" signed by members of the US Psychiatric Delegation: Nancy Andreasen, M. D.; Joseph D. Bloom, M.D.; Richard J. Bonnie; William T. Carpenter, M.D.; Robert M. A. Hirschfeld, M. D.; Samuel J. Keith, M.D.; Joel Klein; Felix L. Kleyman, M.D.; Vladimir A. Levit, M.D.;  David Lozovsky, M. D.; Ellen Mercer, John Monahan, PhD; Jonas R. Rappeport, M.D.; Peter B. Reddaway, Ph.D; Darrel A. Regier, MD.D., M.P.H.; Elmore E. Rigamer, M.D.; Leon Stern, M.D.; Harold M. Visotsky, M. D.]","Testimonies of Darrel A. Regier, Robert W. Farrard, Peter Reddaway, Robert van Voren, Loren H. Roth; statement of Steny H. Hoyer; LHR's handwritten notes; correspondence; responses, printed materials; draft I Report of the U.S. Delegation and Preliminary Soviet Reply: Brief Analysis of Points of Agreement and Disagreement; Loren H. Roth Final Report of the US Delegation to Assess Recent Changes in Soviet Psychiatry. Objectives and Execution of the Visit. American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting, New York, NY, May 15 1990; some correspondence and memoranda related to CSCE meetings in Copenhagen (June 1990); and copy of U.S. Report (speech) on CSCE – Moscow (1991-10-02)","Copy of Reddaway's Trip to Moscow, October 29-November 2, 1988; memo re: \"The difficult situation we are in: how should we proceed,\" (1989, 02-19); notes on Soviet Psychiatry Developments (1990-01-20); copy of \"Trip to Moscow, August 20-30, 1992.\"","\"Dissent and Disorder: Human Rights in Soviet Psychiatry,\" (1989-07-); copy of unauthored paper; \"The Legacy of Psychiatric Abuse in the U.S.S.R.,\" (undated); Russian version and translation of \"Proceedings of the session of Working Party formulating the draft law on 'Psychiatric Help in the U.S.S.R.',\" (1991-02-14)","\"Soviet Access to and Utilization of Mental Health Services: A Comparative View,\"  paper presented at the National Conference on Soviet Refugee Health and Mental Health, Chicago, IL (1991-12-11); Isaac Ray Lectures: \"The Future of the Doctor-Patient Relationship. Lesson from Two Cultures, The Former Soviet Union and the United States,\" Discussants: Loren H. Roth, M.D., Dean Eckenrode, George Huber, J.D., Mark Schmidhofer, M.D. (1998-05-07)","\"The New Soviet Legislation on the Provision of Psychiatric Care,\" speech delivered at the symposium of the International Association on the Political Use of Psychiatry, Washington, D.C., (1988-10-14); Koryagin: \"A Green Light of Injustice,\" Zurich, (1988-12-20); notes from Boris Zoubok, M.D.; copy of \"Law of the USSR on the protection of the rights and legal interests of persons suffering from psychiatric disorders and on the grounds and procedures for the administration of psychiatric care,\" (1990-10-08); Roth's Notes on Meeting of USSR Supreme Soviet Committee on Mental Health Law, Moscow (1990-10-26); copy of Smit, Jonna: \"Human Rights and Mental Health Legislation: the USSR,\" (1991-05-21); van Voren, Robert: \"Ukrainian Psychiatry: Starting from Scratch,\" (undated); Regulations on a psychiatric hospital (Положение о психиатрической больнице), [printed Russian document] CCCP, No. 225, 1988; printed materials and news clippings, 1988-2004; Patients in Psychiatric Hospital Requiring Follow-up and Review – interview methodology, list, memoranda","Draft and confidential memorandum of meeting with Minister of the Department of Humanitarian Affairs [Yuri A.] Reshetov. Also interview methodology and memoranda.","Kazan Special Psychiatric Hospital, Vilnius Ordinary Hospital, Kaunas Hospital, Chernyashovsk Special Psychiatric Hospital","Richard J. Bonnie draft; \"Legal and Humanitarian Aspects of Soviet Psychiatry: Some Preliminary Conclusions\" (1989-03-28); also comments on Klein's and Reddaway reports (1989-04 to 1989-05); LHR Confidential Drafts #1-5 (1989-05-19-31); Objectives of the Clinical Interviews (1989-05-22); Dr. Harold M. Visotsky Response to Joel Kline (1989-05-30); Hospital Team Report by Harold Visotsky, Elmore Rigamer, and Loren H. Roth (1989-05-30); remarks from Joe Bloom (1989-06-05); Richard Bonnie: Note to Members of the US Delegation to the Soviet Union (1989-06-16); Bill Farrad; Executive Summary [annotated] (1989-06-20); \"USSR Psychiatrists at a Human Rights Round Table in Moscow in April 1988,\" annotated copy of attachment sent by Joel Kline to Roth (undated); Vladimir A. Levit comments (1989-06-26); Saleem [Shah]: Soviet Compliance and Study Limitations (1989-06-28) and comments (1989-06-26); Peter Reddaway draft (1989-06-28) [2 folders], 1989-03 to 1989-06","Also: State Department \"rough translation\" of Soviet response: \"Response to the medical part of the report by the U.S. delegation of psychiatrists and lawyers,\" (1989-07-06); Draft translation of the final Soviet comments on the report: Commentary on the Report [130008 JS/AO Russian] (1989-09-26); U.S. Department of State Memorandum re Comments on the Soviet response to the Report (1989-10-12); printed Russian document inscribed by Polubinskaya to Loren H. Roth: [Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., Soviet State and Right. Separate Report, Moscow 1990];  translation of S. V. Polubinskaya and S. V. Borodin: \"The Legal Problems of Soviet Psychiatry: The Views of American and Soviet Experts,\" Soviet State Law, No. 5, 1990, pp. 67-76","Resolution of the WPA (1989-10-17); WPA Statement by the All Union Society of Soviet Psychiatrists and Narcologists of the U.S.S.R. before the World Psychiatric Association General Assembly in Athens (1989-10-18); Memorandum re: Site Visit by the WPA Review Committee to the U.S.S.R. (1990-03-13); Reddaway, Peter: The Struggle over Reform in Soviet Psychiatry Intensifies: Is the Establishment Beginning to Panic? (1990-04-30); Remarks by Svetlana Poloubinskaya at the APA's Committee of International Abuse of Psychiatry and Psychiatrists (1990-05-16)","APA correspondence with the Center for Democracy in the U.S.S.R., U.S. Department of State, (Schifter and Mercer); University of London Institute of Psychiatry, 1989-05 to 1989-11. Also, miscellaneous correspondence with literary agents (1989-03 to 1989-04)","Translations of A.  Karpov, Chief Psychiatrist, U.S.S.R. Ministry of Health: \"The Registration of Mental Patients in the U.S.S.R.\" (1990-10-25) and \"Basic Findings of the Conclusion of the U.S.S.R. Constitutional Supervision Committee on Whether Legislation for the Compulsory Treatment and Re-Education of Through Labour of Persons Suffering from Alcoholism or Drug-Addiction Conforms to the U.S.S.R. Constitution and International Enactments on Human Rights,\" by B. M. Lazarev, Deputy Chairman of the USSR Constitutional Supervision Committee (1990-10-25). Also Saleem A. Shah: \"Forensic Interview Schedule\". Correspondence with Otto Dorr Zegers, Csaba Banki, M.P. Deva, Driss Moussaoui, Jim Birley, and Gerard Low-Geer","Correspondence with Dr. Otto Dörr-Zegers (Chile); Dr. Csava Bànki (Hungary); Dr. M. P. Deva (Malaysia); Dr. Driss Moussaoui (Morocco); Dr. Jim Birley (WPA Negotiating Team); Dr. Gerard Low-Greer (England).","Included are: Gostin, Larry: \"Human Rights in Mental Health: Japan. Report of an international mission to Japan: 1987,\"  World Health Organization/Harvard University International Collaborating Center on Health Legislation, World Federation for Mental Health [1987]; Kawasaki, Shigeru: \"Like a Shedding Snake,\" English Summary, J. JAPH 2:2 Spring 1991; news-clippings.","Correspondence with Ellen Mercer re Singapore (1985-09-18); UN Commission on Human Rights E/CN. 4 Sub.2/1988/23: Report on the Sessional Working Group on the question of persons detained on the grounds of mental ill-health or suffering from mental disorder; Proceedings. International Forum on Mental Health Reform, Kyoto, Japan, January 29-30, 1987; Benatar, S. R.: correspondence and articles (1990); Final draft of the \"UN Principles Produced by the Working Group on Human Rights,\" Annex A Principles for the Protection of Persons with Mental Illness and for the Improvement of Mental Health Care","The sub-series consists of materials Loren Roth collected as part of his work on this committee. These include meeting minutes and agendas, correspondence, reports, articles, clippings, memoranda, and other items.","APA lists of cases in the U.S.S.R., Yugoslavia and Romania (1988-07-05); memo for the record re Soviet dissidents","APA minutes of meeting (1988-09-07); Draft Statement Following Discussion with Dr. Sabshin; APA Draft Resolution by the Committee on International Abuse of Psychiatry to not object to the re-admittance of  the All-Union Society of Psychiatrists and Neuropathologists of the USSR into the WPA (1988-09-07); minutes of the APA Committee on Human Rights (1988-09-09); some correspondence, (1988 -09)","Minutes of conference call (1989-02-15); correspondence; IAPUP documents re to Soviet psychiatry (1989-02); copy of Dr. Marvin Brook handwritten comments on the By-Laws of the WPA (undated); Application of the Independent Psychiatric Association of the USSR (IPA) for membership to the WPA, includes Constitution and Declaration (1989-03-09); APA Guidelines for Psychiatric Services in Jails and Prisons; APA draft guidelines on the Right of Refuse (Anti-Psychotic) Medication.","Includes some correspondence and documents: Memorandum re Revision of the WPA Review Committee's Operational Instrument ( 1989-04-270; translation of letter from Nikolai Fedrovich Zhukov to US Congress (1989-03-04); IAPUP Documents on the Political Abuse of Psychiatry in the USSR 18: The Founding of the Association of Independent Psychiatrists in the USSR and the US Delegation of Psychiatrist to the USSR (March 1989); IAPUP Report and brochures, 1989-04","Memorandum re Detention of Cuban psychiatrist Dr. Alfredo Samuel Martínez Lara (1989-04-19); WPA Proposed alterations (1989-04 -25); copy of entrance application of the International Independent Research Centre on Psychiatry to the WPA (1989-03-27), news clippings; Dr. Marat Vartanian original article sent to the International Journal on Mental Health","Included are: Ellen Mercer and Fini Schulsinger interviews with Radio Canada (1989-03); and \"rough\" transcripts of  Radio Free Europe with Viktor Lanovoy, President of the Independent Association of Psychiatrists (1989-06-15); Croatian Committee for Human Rights press release re human rights abuses (1989-06-24); [translation] of M. Buyanov articles in Uchitelskaya Gazeta (1988-11-19); Association Psychiatric Independent (IPA) press release (1989-04-12); Commission of the European Communities: \"Observations on the State of Implementation of Programme of Psychiatrists Reform in Greece,: (1987-12-31); IAPUP Documents Special Issue: \"The Political Abuse of Psychiatry in Rumania (June 1989);  IAPUP Documents on the Political Abuse of Psychiatry Nos. 22, 23, 24, 25 (June-July 1989)","Includes Summary of the WPA Executive Committee in Athens and Resolutions (1989-08-18); excerpts of anonymous document \"Autumm 1988, Gerlovka\" re abuse in the USSR ; printed articles, news clippings","Includes unofficial translation of  Statement by the All-Union Scientific Society of Psychiatrists (1989-10-02); Remarks of Christian Barton Concerning Allegations of Psychiatric Abuse of Dissidents by the Cuban Government (1989-09-13); Sabshin, Melvin: Statement to the Subcommittee on Health and Environment of the US House of Representatives re APA position on Soviet psychiatric practices (undated); Testimony of Victor Davidoff, former victim of abuse in the Soviet Union (undated); Commentary on the Report \"Assessment of Recent Changes in Soviet Psychiatry, prepared by the US Delegation on the Results of its visit to the USSR,\" (1989-09-15); IPA bulletins (1989 -08-07 and 1989-08-31); news clippings","Includes: Liaison Report (1989-10); Gluzman, Semyon: \"Bureaucratic Ethics and Soviet Psychiatry,\" (1989-11) and Commentary on the Memorandum of G. Lukacher (1989-10-14) re All Union Scientific Society of Psychiatrists; translation of A.I. letter \"To the World Congress of the WPA,\" (1989-10-16); translation of letter from Social Organizations in Leningrad To the Participants in the Congress of the WPA (Athens, Greece, October 1989); Schifter, Richard: \"An Inventory of Soviet Human Rights Developments\" (1989-10-04); IAPUP Documents on the Political Abuse of Psychiatry in the USSR No. 29, 30","Some copies of  documents related to the former Yugoslavia; lists of interments and releases in the Soviet Union (1989-12-21); draft translation of [Sotsialisticheskaya Industriya] A Detail report: Psychiatry Without Secrets (1989-10-31); Documents on the Political Abuse of Psychiatry in the Soviet Union 31 (1989-12); WPA Minutes (1989-08-11-13)","Correspondence related to abuses in Cuba; Pena, Jose M. et al: \"Abuse and Misuse of Psychiatry in the U.S.: The Need for an Institutional Ethics,\" (1990-02); list of human rights cases monitored by the APA in Argentina, Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Malawi, Morocco, Romania, South Africa, Sudan, Turkey, Uruguay, Yugoslavia, Zaire (1990-02-06); Mercer, Ellen: USSR Trip Report/February 25-March 3, 1990","Includes: Second World Center Annual Report 1989 and APA Statement on Simón Bolívar Award and Lecture (1990-02-15)","Correspondence re Cuban psychiatrists (1990-04); Keston College Support Group: \"Igor Rodionov Report\" (1990-04); Yelena Izyumova Open Letter to the Members of the APA, Moscow May 20, 1990; anonymous essay re : Psychiatric Abuse in the USSR (Helsinki Watch), undated","Also: \"Proposed New Policies for the APA in Regard to the Abuse of Psychiatry for Political and Other Non-Medical Purposes in the USSR,\" (undated)","Includes copy of Human Rights Survey Responses (1988-04-01) and reports of the Council on International Affairs, Committee on Human Rights and Committee on International Education","Includes reports of the Council on International Affairs, Committee on Human Rights and Committee on International Education; memoranda re IAPUP meetings in Germany (1990-09); letter from Dr. Jeffrey Heller to the Committee on Abuse of Psychiatry re Soviet Delegation at H and CP Institute (1990-10-10); Documents on the Political Abuse of Psychiatry in the USSR No. 38 (1990-09)","Includes correspondence from Dr. Valerian Tuculesco re post-traumatic stress disorder after the Romanian revolution (1990-10); correspondence re Oleg Vitalyevich Kozlov re hijacked plane to Helsinki (1990-11); American Ambassadors People to People Trip to the USSR 14-27 August 1990 \"Professional Diary\" compiled by E. B. Brody (1990-09-05);  \"Psychiatric Issues Encountered on Recent Trip to USSR,\" memorandum from Holt Ruffin (World Without War) (1990-10-25); Hartmann, Lawrence M.D.: \"Notes on Some Social Psychiatric Problems in Chile, South Africa and the Soviet Union,\" (1990-10); Documents on the Political Abuse of Psychiatry in the USSR Nos. 39, 40, 41; documents relative to the Joint APA-Caribbean Psychiatric Association Meeting; Ellen Mercer: China Trip Report (1990-11)","Includes reports of the Committee on International Education; Final draft of the UN Principles for the Protection of Persons with Mental Illness and for the Improvement of Mental Health Case (1990-12-11); \"Sugar, Jonathan M.D. et al: \"Psychiatry's Global Challenge: Responsibilities of American Psychiatrists in International Health (undated)","Includes letter from Dr. Dainiys Pūras re abuse of psychiatry in Lithuania (1991-01-19); correspondence re abuse in Romania (1991-02-08); \"Proposal for The Moscow Center for Rehabilitation of Torture Victims (undated)","Includes correspondence and document re abuses in Romania; correspondence between Dr. Roth, Gennadi Milyokhin, Juan José López-Ibor, re Revaz Uturgaury (1991-03); correspondence re Soviet individuals","Includes CIOMS: Development of International, Ethical Guidelines for Epidemiological Research and Practice, Plenary III Issues related to the HIV/AIDS Pandemic. Proposed Guidelines for International Testing of Vaccines and Drugs against HIV Infection and Aids (1990-11); copies of correspondence between and V. Tuculescu re Romania; Reddaway, Peter: Psychiatric Developments in the USSR (1991-06) and \" Problems of Reforming Soviet Psychiatry and Assuring Rights for the Mentally Ill,\" (undated); \"The Heartbeat of Reform. Soviet Jurists and Political Scientists Discuss the Progress of Perestroika, Glasnot, Democracy, Socialism,\" Translated from the Russian by Vic Schneierson, Moscow, [1991]; Documents on the Political Abuse of Psychiatry in the USSR No. 47, 48","Includes reports of the Council on International Affairs, Committee on Human Rights and Committee on International Education. Also includes several documents dated September 1991: Memo for the Record Briefing Meeting for the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Human Rights Study Group (1991-09-24); USSR Draft Law (17 June 91) on Psychiatric Assistance; Ministry of Health, USSR, All-Union Society of Psychiatrists Governing Board Decision (1991-05-15-16); WPA Memorandum to the All-Union Society of Psychiatrists (1991-07-28); Dr. Stanislaw Golec: \"Health Care in Poland 91\"; \"Instructional Recommendations on the Application of USSR Ministry of Health Order No. 555 (1989-09-19); WPA documents; International Committee of the Red Cross Report on \"Second Working Group of Experts on Battlefield Laser Weapons,\" (1990-11-05-06)","Includes \"copy of a part\" of Japanese Mental Health Law with translation (1988); translation of  \"law on patient's rights\" in Finland (1991-08); WHO Guidelines for the Clinical Investigation of Antidepressant Drugs (1984)","Includes LHR handwritten notes re Abuse Committee (1992-04); \"Cuban Dissidents in Psychiatric Hospitals An Update of the Politics of Psychiatry in Revolutionary Cuba,\"; \"Dimineata, 7th January 1992, The Mad People Were Dissidents,\" re Romania (undated); \"The Plenary Session of the Board of Directors of the All-Union Scientific Society of Psychiatrists (1992-05) and Follow-Up of US Team's 1989 Patients list, Appendices 1 and 2 sent to Dr. Birley with names of patients (1992-02); Information about the Patient Bill of Rights Tally Sheet (1992-04); Geneva Initiative on Psychiatry [GPI]: Documents on the Abolition and Prevention of Political Abuse of Psychiatry (1992-03 and 1992-04)","Includes reports of the Council on International Affairs, Committee on Human Rights and Committee on International Education. Also: Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Yugoslavia (1992-06-01); GPI: Documents on the Abolition and Prevention of Political Abuse of Psychiatry, April – June 1992; Mercer, Ellen: Exploring Hungarian Psychiatry (1992-05)","Includes reports of the Council on International Affairs, Committee on Human Rights. Also: International Association for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions Proclamation of May 1992: Assuring the Mental Health of Children; APA Bilateral Exchange with Poland Czechoslovakia and Hungary. Summary of Responses and Recommendations of American Participants (1992-03-24 to 1992-04-12); copy of Act of the Russian Federation \"On Psychiatric Care and Citizens' Rights With Regard to Such Care,\" (1992-01); Polubinskaya, Svetlana: \"From the USSR to the Independent States: Where the Former Soviet Psychiatry Will Go,\" (1992-05); GIP Documents on the Abolition and Prevention of Political Abuse of Psychiatry 56, June 1992","Includes reports of the Council on International Affairs, Committee on Human Rights. Also correspondence re psychiatric abuse in the former GDR, with the Romanian Psychiatric Association and the Committee to End the Chinese Gulag. \"Psychiatry Under Tyranny. An Assessment of the Political Abuse of Romanian Psychiatry During the Ceaucescu Years,\" Report of a consultative mission to Bucharest on behalf of the Geneva Initiative on Psychiatry (1992-06); GIP Documents on the Abolition and Prevention of Political Abuse of Psychiatry 57, July – August 1992","The sub-series consists of materials Loren Roth collected as part of his work with this committee. These include meeting minutes and agendas, correspondence, reports, articles, clippings, memoranda, and other items.","Included: \"Human Rights of Mental Patients in Japan,\" (1987 -04); Reich, Walter Report of Meeting with Gennadiy M. Yevstafiev (Soviet, member of the delegation to the Vienna Review Meeting) (1987-07-28); copy of letter from Senator Edward M. Kennedy to Lawrence Hartmann, M.D. re human rights violations in Paraguay (1988-04-22); World Medical Association, INC. memorandum: \"The Facts regarding health services in South Africa during 1987, and the role played by the Medical Association of South Africa,\" (1987-07- 08); Reddaway, Peter: Does Moscow's Purge of Corrupt Psychiatrists Threaten the Psychiatric Gulag?\" (1987-07-13); \"More Revelations about Stefanis' Negotiations with the Soviets (1987-09-11); Center for Victims of Torture pilot project (1987-08-28 and 1987-10); South Africa Briefing (1987-08-07); Minutes of Committee on Abuse of Psychiatry (1987-09-09 and 1987-12-02); \"Victims of Torture in Afghanistan. Presentation for Cairo World Congress\" by Mohammad Azam Dadfar (1987-10-18-22); Gralnick, Alexander M.D.: \"Public Health and Psychiatric Care in Cuba, Personal Report\" (November 1987);Political Imprisonment in Cuba. A Special Report from Amnesty International, The Cuban American Nation Foundation, 1987;  US/Soviet Human Rights Seminar: Statement by Ellen Mercer for the APA (1987-12-03). Also Bloche, Maxwell Gregg: \"Uruguay's Military Physicians: Cogs in a System of State Terror,\" (1987-03)","Miscellaneous documents: minutes, memoranda, correspondence. Included: [Argentina] Tribunal Etico de la Salud contra la Impunidad translation of statement: Medical Ethics Tribunal Against Impunity,\" (1988-01-11); Minutes of the APA Committee on Abuse of Psychiatry (1988-01-20, 1988-04-21; 1988-05-10); some documents related to South Africa, Pakistan, Argentina; Human Rights Survey Responses (1988-03-09); Amnesty International: \"China. Detention Without Trial, Ill-Treatment of Detainees and Police Shooting of Civilians in Tibet,\" (1988-02); Bitsch Christensen, Svend: \"Torture Related Documentation,\" (1987); International Commission of Jurists' Mission to Japan Preliminary Report and Recommendations (1988-04); \"The Casualties of Conflict: Medical Care and Human Rights in the West Bank and Gaza Strip,\" Report of a Medical Fact Finding Mission by Physicians for Human Rights, (1988-03); Amnesty International Commission Medicale: Medicine at Risks. The Doctor as Abuser or Victim,\" (1987-09)","Miscellaneous documents: minutes, memoranda, correspondence related to Soviet psychiatry; human rights abuses in Honduras, Czechoslovakia, Somalia, South Africa, Israel, Haiti, Cuba, Egypt, China, BahrainGudava, Eduard M.D.: \"The events in Tbilisi, Georgia  (1989-04-18); Vesti, Peter and Inge Kemp: \"Chapter I: Treatment of Torture Survivors – theoretical views,\" \"Chapter 2: Rehabilitation of Torture Survivors, \" (1989-10); Collazo, Carlos R. M.D. and Martha Gerpe M.D.: \"Missing Parents,\" Paper presented at The World Psychiatric Association, Athens, October 1989","File includes: RCT [Rehabilitation and Research Centre for Torture Victims] 7th Annual Report (1990-01); APA Position Statement on Apartheid and Academic Boycotting of South Africa (1990-01); Human Rights Cases Monitored by the APA (1990-02-01); signed Petition by doctors to recommend the APA to condemn the government of Turkey (1990-08); LHR handwritten notes of September meeting;  APA Council on International Affairs Joint Reference Committee (1990-10-12); Boyajian, Levon Z. M.D.: The Psychological Sequelae of the Armenian Genocide (1982); Leros Trip. Report on Visit to the Mental Institution on the Island of Leros, Greece (1989-12-3-5); \"'Bloody Sunday Trauma in Tbilisi. The Eents of April 9, 1989 and their Aftermath,\" Report of a Medical Mission to Soviet Georgia by Physicians for Human Rights, February 1990; printed materials.","Files include documents re Armenian Genocide and from the Free Romanian Foundation; \"Program for Administrators and Educators Specializing in Programs for People With Disabilities,\" with the Persian Gulf (1991-04); Martínez Lara, Samuel: \"Psychiatry in Cuba: Perspectives of a Human Rights Activist\" (1991-09-27);  ); National Academy of Sciences: \"Considerations Regarding Individual Scientific Visits to the People's Republic of China,\" (October 1991); also some documents about torture","Files include documents re torture in Egypt (1992-01); Dadfar, A. Azam M.D.: \"The Deep Scars of a Forgotten War, \" Psychiatry Centre for the Afghans; correspondence with Levon Z. Boyajian M.D. (1992-02); Croatian Medical Journal: \"Medical Testimony of the Vukovar Tragedy\"; memorandum re \"Abuse and Misuse of Psychiatry in the United States\" (1992-02); Committee to End the Chinese Gulag: \"On behalf of Political Prisoners in China: How to Raise Human Rights Cases,\" (1992-04); memoranda and correspondence re abuse of Palestinian physician (1992-05); APA Position Statement on Homosexuality and Civil Rights (1992-07); Americas Watch, Vol.4, Issue 7: \"Dangerous Dialogue, Attacks on Freedom of Expression in Miami's Cuban Exile Community,\" (1992-08);  Amnesty International French Section, Medical Group: \"Corporal Punishment. A study on legislation and enforcement in 18 countries,\" (1992); \"Stop Torture in Korea (STIK)\" (1998-08); APA Council on International Affairs: \"International Inpatients Bill of Rights,\" (1992-08); APA Communications Plan 1992-1994; APA: \"Human Rights and the American Psychiatric Association,\" (1992); memorandum and correspondence re abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists in México (1992-100; US Department of State: \"Renewing the U.S. Commitment to Human Rights,\" Special Report No. 164;  printed materials","World Health Organization Assignment Report re \"mentally infirm in Romania and possibilities for improvement,\" (1991-11); Rosenberg, David R. M.D. et al: \"A Cross-Cultural Study of \"Ceausescu's Orphans,\" (1992-03); Blom, G. et al: \"Program Touch – A Volunteer Intervention Program to Orphaned Disabled Children in Romania,\" (1991-11); Roth's reappointment as APA Chairperson of the Committee on Human Rights under the Council of International Affairs, (1992-04-13); draft of A.P.A. Action Paper Rescinding the 1982 APA Position on the Insanity Defense (1992-05-01); Pierce, Chester M. M.D.: \"Public Health and Human Rights: Racism, Torture and Terrorism,\" presented at American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting (1992-05-04)","Files include translation of Croatian pamphlet: \"Protect Yourself and Help Others (1993-02); APA Office of International Affairs: Responses to Human Rights Questionnaire,\" (1993-08-18); Citizens Support Committee for the Psychiatric Farm Hospital Dr. Manuel Ramírez Moreno (1993-7-13)","correspondence and handwritten notes","evaluation forms and printed materials","Meetings between Ukrainian doctors Semyon F. Gluzman, Vladimir I. Poltavets, Valery N. Kutznetsov, Ada I. Korotenko, Oleg A, Nasinnik, Vladimir M. Cherniavsky and Juan Mezzich, American psychiatrist from the West Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh; also some case summaries (1994-02). Russian and English translation.","extensive correspondence, reports, handwritten notes. Savychyj, Jurij M.D.: \"Psychiatry in Ukraine,\" [1992]","correspondence, Ukrainian fliers, and handwritten notes","extensive correspondence, reports, data analysis, forms, handwritten notes (1995-05), \"Codebook\"","correspondence, clinical assessment forms, and handwritten notes","Geneva Initiative on Psychiatry. Annual Reports 1992 and 1995; Documents on the Abolition and Prevention of Political Abuse of Psychiatry Nos. 65-67, 72, 74; \"Concepts for Developing Mental Health Care in Ukraine (First Draft),\" Developed by Experts of Ministry for Health Care, Kiev Research Institute of General and Forensic Psychiatry, Regional Chief Experts and Kiev Psychiatrists.","correspondence and forms","email correspondence, brochures, printed photographs","Joseph D. Bloom, Kyrill Borissow, William T. Carpenter, Robert W. Farrand, Robert M.A. Hirschfield, William H. Hopkins, Samuel Keith, Felix Kleyman, Andrei A. Kovalev, Ellen Mercer, John Monahan, Darrel A. Regier, Elmore F. Rigamer Jr, Carolyn Smith, Leon Stern","Includes: United States – Russia Health Committee 2000 – 2002, printed copies of photographs; The U.S.A. – Russia Health Committee: \"Access to Quality Health Care\" (draft), undated; \"Additional Materials on Diagnosing and Treating Mild and Moderate Depressions,\" [document in Russian with English title]","Gershman, Carl: Psychiatric Abuse in the Soviet Union,\" Society, July/August 1984; Lapenna, Ivo: \"The Medico-Legal Society. Use and Misuse of Psychiatry in the USSR,\" The Royal Society of Medicine, London 12th June 1986; McCready, John and Harold Merskey: \"Compliance by physicians with the 1978 Ontario Mental Health Act,\" Reprint from the Canadian Medical Association Journal, Vol. 124, March 15, 1981; McCready, John and Harold Merskey: \"On the Recoding of Mental Illness for Civil Commitment,\" Can. J. Psychiatry Vol. 27, March 1982; Slovenko, Ralph: Analysis. The Destiny of South Africa,\" The World and I, July 1991.","In 2021, members of the 1989 American delegation, some Soviet patients, Soviet doctors and other professionals, were invited to participate in the \"Retrospective Review of the 1989 U.S. State Department Psychiatric Mission to the USSR\" oral history project. Nineteen interviews were recorded, sixteen of them with the surviving members of the U.S. delegation, one with Andrei Kovalev, an official at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the U.S.S.R. at the time, and two with former \"Soviet patients.\" There is also an original 1989 recording of one interview.","These interviews provide a comprehensive overview of the history of Soviet psychiatric abuse, the reasons why psychiatric diagnosis was used to suppress dissent, the methods, medical and legal procedures, and who were the major players in Soviet psychiatric abuse. Emphasis is also made on assessing the U.S.-Soviet relationship in the 1980s and the special place that the 1989 State Department psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R. held in the détente. All stages of negotiations and preparations for the mission were discussed as well as the methodology of psychiatric evaluations and the findings of the American experts. An additional emphasis was also made on assessing the state of Soviet psychiatric care as of the late 1980s and all the significant changes it was going through at the time. The role of World Psychiatric Association (WPA), the All-Union Society of Psychiatrists and Narcologists, the American Psychiatric Association and other important organizations, is also given proper attention. The interviewees also discuss the long-term impact that the 1989 U.S. mission made on Soviet and post-Soviet psychiatry.","In the interview Dr. Bloom discusses his career, his interest in the topic of abuse of psychiatry and his involvement in the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric delegation to the U.S.S.R. He talks about the U.S. and Soviet (both Soviet professionals and Soviet interviewees) understanding of the purpose of the visit and  the Soviet's compliance with the terms negotiated for the visit. He also talks about psychiatric hospitalization, detention and commitment process in the U.S.S.R., conditions of hospitalization in Soviet psychiatric hospitals and the legal rights of persons with mental disorders in the U.S.S.R.  Dr. Bloom's explains his impressions from the trip to the Soviet Union and the conclusions made by the American delegation. ","The highlights of the interview pertain to Dr. Bloom's recollection of a Soviet person who allegedly had a mental disorder, and his opinion as to the way the American final report should have been approached.","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","Mr. Borissow shares his life story and describes his career. He talks about getting involved in the 1989 State Department trip to the Soviet Union, his previous trips to the U.S.S.R., and the  social and political context that surrounded the visit and made it possible in the first place. Mr. Borissow describes his experience of interpreting in one of the psychiatric hospitals in Moscow as a part of the 1989 American mission as well as the work that Mr. Borissow's sub-team #3 did in Leningrad. He shares very interesting anecdotes that happened during the trip and talks about the lessons he learned during this trip.","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","In the interview Dr. Carpenter discusses his career, his involvement in the 1989 US State Department psychiatric delegation to the USSR, the main goals of the mission, various aspects of the implementation in great detail, the diagnostic aspects of the study, interview instruments and methodology, the Soviet mental health care system and its shortcomings, the conclusions made by Dr. Carpenter's sub-team, the impact the American visit made to the interviewed individuals an mental health in the region. ","Dr. Carpenter also discusses the United States - Great Britain cross-national study of schizophrenia conducted in the 1960s and 70s and its pertinency to the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the U.S.S.R. He also talks about the broad diagnostic criteria for sluggish schizophrenia and how much contributed to the missuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union.","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","Ambassador Farrand talks about his long successful career in the U.S. State Department, the importance of the Soviet psychiatric abuse to the U.S. government and the larger context of the U.S. - U.S.S.R. relationships. As a person who worked closely with Ambassador Richard Schifter for many years, Mr. Farrand describes Schifter's goals and vision of the 1989 psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R. ","Mr. Farrand describes the process of negotiating the terms of the visit and shares insights about interacting with a superpower as the Soviet Union was at that time. He also talks about the the peculiarities of governance in the U.S.S.R., and power dynamics inside the country. Mr. Farrand describes the efforts to preserve transparency and independence of the mission as well as managing its financial aspects and its highlighting in media. Mr. Farrand also talks about glasnost, perestroika, and the collapse of the Soviet Union.","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","Dr. Hirschfeld shares memories about his education and career, the way he got involved in the 1989 State Department psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R., the methodological approach to the patient interviews, the range of findings of his sub-team # 3 in Leningrad, and his general impressions of the Soviet Union as of 1989.","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","Mr. Hopkins talks at length about the way he became immersed in the Russian studies, his education, and career. He well remembers the settings and arrangements of interviewing the Soviet citizens who allegedly had mental disorders, his expectations and apprehensions about the upcoming 1989 mission, the types of questions asked of the Soviet interviewees, and the peculiarities of his task as an interpreter during this unique venture. He also mentions the debrief that the entire American team had in Washington, D.C. after the visit was over.","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","Mr. I. talks about his early life, family, education, how his dissident views formed and evolved with time. He shares about his repeated contacts with psychiatric system; he also describes his social and political activity and the repercussions he faced as a result. Mr. I. then tells about his criminal case, his forensic psychiatric evaluation, diagnosis, \"symptoms\", finding of non-imputability, the legal procedure used to involuntarily commit him to the Dnepropetrovsk special psychiatric hospital, and the inhumane conditions there. \nMr. I. then describes his transfer to Nikolayev ordinary psychiatric hospital and release; he talks about his dissident activity that brought him back to the same hospital. He also describes his contacts with Ukrainian dissident movement at the end of 1980s and how he got on the list of people to be assessed by the U.S. team. The details of his participation in 1989 U.S. State Department mission are discussed next. Mr. I. then shares about the long-term impact this mission made on his life, his subsequent legal rehabilitation, being taken off the psychiatric register, the removal of his psychiatric diagnosis, his life and activism after 1989. Mr. I. describes some of his most interesting campaigns. The interview ends with a brief discussion of the Russian invasion of Ukraine and how it affected Mr. I.'s life. ","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","Dr. Keith talks about the role and expertise of NIMH that was crucial to the success of the 1989 U.S. psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R. He recapitulates the main points and stumbling blocks of the negotiations with the Soviets in November 1988, various organizational aspects of the mission, as well as the interview instruments and methodology used by the American team. Dr. Keith shares his opinion about the concept of sluggish schizophrenia, its diagnostic criteria, and other factors that made it possible to abuse psychiatry in the Soviet Union. He also emphasizes Soviet life, society, and governance as of 1989. Dr. Keith discusses the Soviets' admission of \"hyperdiagnoses\" and the validity of the excuse of \"hyperdiagnoses\" from the professional point of view. He also expresses his opinion about the tone of the final report and the general context that the American team had to keep in mind when drafting it. Dr. Keith describes Schizophrenia Bulletin and his role as its editor-in-chief. He also talks about the 1990 Soviet Reciprocal Visit to the U.S.","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","Dr. Kleyman is a great source of knowledge about the ins and outs of the Soviet mental health care system as the person who had about 10 years of professional experience on the ground. He talked about the uniqueness of his role during the American psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R. that resulted from him being a native Russian speaker and being well familiar with life in the Soviet Union. Dr. Kleyman discusses the social and political context that surrounded the 1989 U.S. State Department visit and made it possible in the first place; the doctor patient relationship in the U.S.S.R.; Soviet diagnostic approaches and the role of Soviet psychiatrists during the American visit. Dr. Kleyman recalls his unique trip to Moscow Psychiatric Hospital # 5 to briefly speak with the patient who was claimed by the Soviets to have refused examination. He also talks about his experience as a member of the 1991 W.P.A. mission to the U.S.S.R.","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","Mr. Kovalev tells about the role of various domestic and international actors in the process of democratization of the U.S.S.R. in the late 1980s and bringing human rights into the Soviet Union. He also assesses the political factors of the early 1980s that allowed Gorbachev come to power and retain it. Mr. Kovalev shares his insights about the Soviet foreign policy of the second half of 1980s-early 1990s and the U.S. - U.S.S.R. relationships. He shares his knowledge about the history of abuse of psychiatry and the reasons for resorting to it; the Soviet psychiatric register and the consequences of being on a register; the sealed instruction on involuntary commitment that existed but was not available to the public. Mr. Kovalev talks about the chain of decision making in ensuring that the American visit will actually happen and the key events on that road. He also comments on the internal tensions between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Health (M.O.H.) as well as the resistance put up by the M.O.H. in organizing the American visit. He also shares his views about the \"system dissidents\" in the U.S.S.R.","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","Ms. Mercer talks about her career at the APA and the role that the APA played in advocating for the rights of the persons committed to psychiatric hospitals for non-medical reasons in the USSR. She then discusses the historical context for the 1989 State Department psychiatric delegation to the Soviet Union, including the 1977 Declaration of Hawaii and the All-Union Society's walking out of the WPA in 1983 in the face of an almost certain expulsion. Being a part of the November 1988 negotiation team to the Soviet Union, Ms. Mercer shares her thoughts about the negotiation process and the Soviet's compliance with the terms agreed upon. Ms. Mercer describes the field visit to Soviet psychiatric hospitals and then talks about the Soviet's readmission to the WPA, the role the 1989 U.S. State Department played in this process, the APA's and Ms. Mercer's personal stance with regard to the readmission. Ms. Mercer concludes by discussing the difference the American visit made in the big picture.","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","Dr. Monahan talks about his professional training and the highlights of his career, his memories from the 1989 American visit to the Soviet Union, including the goals of the visit,  its organizational aspects, and its media coverage. Dr. Monahan then focuses on the forensic evaluation methods and results, the rights of psychiatric patients in the Soviet Union, conditions of their hospitalization, treatment, and hospital staffing. Dr. Monahan concludes by describing his general impressions of Moscow and Leningrad and the conclusions the American team made as a result of the visit. ","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","Mr. Reddaway talks about his education and career and the way he became interested and immersed in the issue of abuse of psychiatry in the U.S.S.R. He discusses the impact that his and Sidney Bloch's 1977 and 1983 books made in the Soviet Union. He also shares his knowledge about the evolution of punitive psychiatry with each new Soviet leader. Mr. Reddaway talks about Mr. Gorbachev's personality, the political factors in the early 1980s that allowed for such a leader to emerge and retain power; the reasons for perestroika;  the peculiarities of perestroika in psychiatry versus other spheres. Mr. Reddaway gives a comprehensive overview of various internal processes in the Soviet Union at the end of 1980s that were important prerequisites for the 1989 U.S. psychiatric mission. He discusses at length the role of the WPA in the battle against the abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union. Mr. Reddaway also gives a detailed overview of the field inspections to Soviet psychiatric hospitals that he did as a member of the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R.","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","The interview with Dr. Regier is of critical importance for the comprehensive retrospective evaluation of the long-term impact of the 1989 State Department investigative mission to the U.S.S.R. Dr. Regier not only played a key role in the preparation and implementation of the mission, but also successfully continued to help develop the quality and accessibility of mental health services in Russia after the U.S.S.R. collapse. Dr. Regier also continued to tackle the issue of psychiatric abuse in China.  \nIn his interview, Dr. Regier gives a historical overview of the development of diagnostic criteria that was subsequently used during the U.S. State Department investigative mission to the U.S.S.R. relating to psychiatric abuse. This interview provides a great description of the methodology used during the interviews. Dr. Regier also describes the NIMH goals, unique role and contribution to the 1989 mission and shares his insights about the factors that made it possible to weaponize psychiatry against dissidents in the Soviet Union. Dr. Regier also tells about his role in the work of Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission in the area on mental health care in Russia post the Soviet Union breakup.","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","Dr. Roth describes his training and the highlights of his career; he then tells how he became interested in the issue of abuse of psychiatry in the U.S.S.R. His two human rights trips to the U.S.S.R. in 1985 and 1986 are discussed next. Dr. Roth then gives an overview of the general political background to the visit and tensions between him and Ambassador Schifter about some critical aspect of the visit. Dr. Roth then describes in detail the negotiation process between the U.S. and Soviet side, the main stumbling blocks, how he managed to overcome them, and who were his allies. Dr. Roth describes the Soviet uncooperativeness and tensions between the Ministry of Health and Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He then talks about informed consents, interview procedures, and the visit dynamics. He shares some anecdotes and most memorable events; he also talks about the people who meaningfully contributed to making the mission successful.","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","Mr. S. describes his early years, how his dissident views formed, his first arrest under Article 70 of the Criminal Code, his expert psychiatric evaluation at the Serbsky Institute, and the judicial procedure that followed. He describes his subsequent commitment in an 'ordinary' psychiatric hospital and shares insights about the internal regulations, regime, and the release procedure. He also talks about his next arrest and the legal aspects of it. Mr. S. shares his views about whether Soviet psychiatrists seriously believed that 'failure to adapt to the society' was a sign of mental illness and whether they can be blamed for presumably following the orders from above.  Mr. S. proceedes to describe his transfer to a special psychiatric hospital, the mass release of political prisoners in 1987, the reasons for such a drastic change of the political course in the Soviet Union, and gives an overview of the U.S. – U.S.S.R. relationship in the second half of the twentieth century. He then talks about how the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R. fit into the broader human rights negotiations in the CSCE. Mr. S. tells how he taken off the psychiatric register\nand legally rehabilitated; he talks about the destiny of the Criminal Code 'political' articles 70 and 190-1 and current political articles in Russian Criminal Code used to suppress dissent.\nMr. S. shares about his life and political activity after 1989, his subsequent arrests, and his assessment of the evolution of civil and political freedom in Russia after 1989.\nHe then talks about the future of Russia, his own future as a dissident in Russia, and his views about the Russian war in Ukraine.","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","In addition to the oral history given in 2022, this file contains a recording of an interview that Mr. S gave on March 2, 1989.","Ms. Smith shares her memories about interpreting for both 1989 U.S. State Department delegation and the 1991 WPA delegation to the Soviet Union. She explains how this experience compares to the other interesting projects she has been involved in throughout her career. She describes her most prominent memories about this job as well as the Soviet Union as of 1989. ","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","Dr. Stern describes his career and his pathway from the Soviet Union to the U.S. He shares his insights about some aspects of Soviet history, the issue of psychiatric abuse, its roots and reasons the Soviet government resorted to psychiatry to oppress dissent. Dr. Stern talks about the major differences between special psychiatrist hospitals vs. ordinary psychiatrist hospitals and gives some excellent illustrations of \"symptoms\" that the Soviet school of psychiatry considered signs of mental disorder. Dr. Stern shares his opinion as to the reasons why Soviet psychiatrists engaged in unethical practices. Dr. Stern describes the field trip in great detail, including some anecdotes and specific instances. He concludes by identifying the most important changes needed in Soviet psychiatry at the time and assesses the overall success of the American mission to the Soviet Union. ","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","This file includes correspondence with Richard Schifter and Robert van Voren.","The Arthur J. Morris Law Library does not grant researchers permission to publish copies of any of the materials in this collection.","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","Roth, Loren H.","Bloom, Joseph D.","Borissow, Kyrill","Carpenter, William T.","Farrand, Robert William, 1934-","Hirschfeld, Robert M. A.","Hopkins, William H. (William Hugh), 1942-","Keith, Samuel J.","Kleyman, Felix, Dr.","Kovalev, A. A. (Andreĭ Anatolʹevich)","Mercer, Ellen Robertson","Monahan, John (John Thomas), 1946-","Reddaway, Peter (1939)","Regier, Darrel A.","Smith, Carolyn","Stern, Leon","English Russian"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS.2021.01","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/1347"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Loren Roth papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Loren Roth papers"],"collection_ssim":["Loren Roth papers"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Roth, Loren H.","Bloom, Joseph D.","Borissow, Kyrill","Carpenter, William T.","Farrand, Robert William, 1934-","Hirschfeld, Robert M. A.","Hopkins, William H. (William Hugh), 1942-","Keith, Samuel J.","Kleyman, Felix, Dr.","Kovalev, A. A. (Andreĭ Anatolʹevich)","Mercer, Ellen Robertson","Monahan, John (John Thomas), 1946-","Reddaway, Peter (1939)","Regier, Darrel A.","Smith, Carolyn","Stern, Leon"],"creator_ssim":["Roth, Loren H.","Bloom, Joseph D.","Borissow, Kyrill","Carpenter, William T.","Farrand, Robert William, 1934-","Hirschfeld, Robert M. A.","Hopkins, William H. (William Hugh), 1942-","Keith, Samuel J.","Kleyman, Felix, Dr.","Kovalev, A. A. (Andreĭ Anatolʹevich)","Mercer, Ellen Robertson","Monahan, John (John Thomas), 1946-","Reddaway, Peter (1939)","Regier, Darrel A.","Smith, Carolyn","Stern, Leon"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Roth, Loren H.","Bloom, Joseph D.","Borissow, Kyrill","Carpenter, William T.","Farrand, Robert William, 1934-","Hirschfeld, Robert M. A.","Hopkins, William H. (William Hugh), 1942-","Keith, Samuel J.","Kleyman, Felix, Dr.","Kovalev, A. A. (Andreĭ Anatolʹevich)","Mercer, Ellen Robertson","Monahan, John (John Thomas), 1946-","Reddaway, Peter (1939)","Regier, Darrel A.","Smith, Carolyn","Stern, Leon"],"creators_ssim":["Roth, Loren H.","Bloom, Joseph D.","Borissow, Kyrill","Carpenter, William T.","Farrand, Robert William, 1934-","Hirschfeld, Robert M. A.","Hopkins, William H. (William Hugh), 1942-","Keith, Samuel J.","Kleyman, Felix, Dr.","Kovalev, A. A. (Andreĭ Anatolʹevich)","Mercer, Ellen Robertson","Monahan, John (John Thomas), 1946-","Reddaway, Peter (1939)","Regier, Darrel A.","Smith, Carolyn","Stern, Leon"],"access_terms_ssm":["The Arthur J. Morris Law Library does not grant researchers permission to publish copies of any of the materials in this collection."],"acqinfo_ssim":["In March 2023, Dr. Loren Henry Roth donated all of the materials in this collection to the University of Virginia Law Library."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Psychiatry -- Soviet Union","Political prisoners -- Soviet Union","Dissenters -- Soviet Union"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Psychiatry -- Soviet Union","Political prisoners -- Soviet Union","Dissenters -- Soviet Union"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":["12.75 Cubic Feet 25 boxes","138.5775 Gigabytes"],"extent_tesim":["12.75 Cubic Feet 25 boxes","138.5775 Gigabytes"],"date_range_isim":[1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers may only access and view the materials in this collection onsite and in-person at the University of Virginia Law Library in Charlottesville, Virginia. The following additional restrictions apply to any materials that contain the names of the interviewees of the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union and/or 1991 ad hoc mission to the Soviet Union by the World Psychiatric Association:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1. To obtain access to these records, interested researchers must sign a form to agree not to use, document, or disclose names of the patients or their families, or other identifying information about these persons and to abide by all the provisions specified in the present document. The form is available on site from the responsible official of the UVA Law Library. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e2. These materials may not be copied, photographed, or otherwise reproduced digitally. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e3. Before accessing the requested materials, interested researchers must agree to abide by reasonable administrative, technical, and physical safeguards, as approved by the UVA Law Library, to prevent unauthorized use or disclosure of the information. These procedures shall be followed by all persons associated with the applicant's research project.  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e4. Records in this category are also subject to the following safeguards: (i) Any information that would permit the identification of an individual (names, biographical data, etc.) may not be used, documented, or made public by the researcher, nor will any attempt to contact them be made. However, this does not preclude the researcher from contacting a person in advance of gaining access, for the purpose of obtaining access.  (ii) If a researcher obtains written authorization for access from an interviewee or from his/her legal guardian, the records may be made available to that researcher. (iii) Interviewees themselves may have free access to their own health information if contained in this collection. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e5. If the University of Virginia Law Library discovers that a researcher has violated the confidentiality of information or the conditions of access, the Law Library shall take steps to revoke the research privileges of the researcher and shall consult with University of Virginia legal counsel to prevent further disclosure of the health information.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFinally, different access restrictions may apply to some of the items in  this collection. Whenever possible, archivists have made a note of these restrictions in other parts of the finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere are access restrictions on some of the materials in this series. When a file or item is restricted, an additional note explaining the conditions of access is attached to the file or item description.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe items in these folders contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed in the U.S.S.R. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed in the U.S.S.R. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed in the U.S.S.R. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed in the U.S.S.R. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe interviews with the former Soviet patients and the original 1989 recording are restricted and special permissions apply.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Joseph D. Bloom did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eKyrill Borissow did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. William Carpenter did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRobert William Farrand did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Robert Hirschfeld did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam Hopkins did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. I. did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022). However, due to the sensitive nature of the topics covered in the interview, the University of Virginia restricts access according to the guidelines for more sensitive materials outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Samuel Keith did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Felix Kleyman did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAndrey Kovalev did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEllen Mercer did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. John T. Monahan did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePeter Reddaway did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Darrel Regier did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn addition to the restrictions on access that applies to all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022),  Dr. Loren Roth requested that The University of Virginia only make his interview available to researchers on-site at the repository preserving the interview.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. S. did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022). However, due to the sensitive nature of the topics covered in the interview, the University of Virginia restricts access to both recordings according to the guidelines for more sensitive materials outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarolyn Smith did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn addition to the restrictions on access that applies to all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022),  Dr. Leon Stern requested that The University of Virginia only make his interview available to researchers on-site at the repository preserving the interview.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of persons from the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of persons from the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Researchers may only access and view the materials in this collection onsite and in-person at the University of Virginia Law Library in Charlottesville, Virginia. The following additional restrictions apply to any materials that contain the names of the interviewees of the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union and/or 1991 ad hoc mission to the Soviet Union by the World Psychiatric Association:","1. To obtain access to these records, interested researchers must sign a form to agree not to use, document, or disclose names of the patients or their families, or other identifying information about these persons and to abide by all the provisions specified in the present document. The form is available on site from the responsible official of the UVA Law Library. ","2. These materials may not be copied, photographed, or otherwise reproduced digitally. ","3. Before accessing the requested materials, interested researchers must agree to abide by reasonable administrative, technical, and physical safeguards, as approved by the UVA Law Library, to prevent unauthorized use or disclosure of the information. These procedures shall be followed by all persons associated with the applicant's research project.  ","4. Records in this category are also subject to the following safeguards: (i) Any information that would permit the identification of an individual (names, biographical data, etc.) may not be used, documented, or made public by the researcher, nor will any attempt to contact them be made. However, this does not preclude the researcher from contacting a person in advance of gaining access, for the purpose of obtaining access.  (ii) If a researcher obtains written authorization for access from an interviewee or from his/her legal guardian, the records may be made available to that researcher. (iii) Interviewees themselves may have free access to their own health information if contained in this collection. ","5. If the University of Virginia Law Library discovers that a researcher has violated the confidentiality of information or the conditions of access, the Law Library shall take steps to revoke the research privileges of the researcher and shall consult with University of Virginia legal counsel to prevent further disclosure of the health information.","Finally, different access restrictions may apply to some of the items in  this collection. Whenever possible, archivists have made a note of these restrictions in other parts of the finding aid.","There are access restrictions on some of the materials in this series. When a file or item is restricted, an additional note explaining the conditions of access is attached to the file or item description.","The items in these folders contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contains sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed by the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed in the U.S.S.R. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed in the U.S.S.R. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed in the U.S.S.R. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of the persons interviewed in the U.S.S.R. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","The interviews with the former Soviet patients and the original 1989 recording are restricted and special permissions apply.","Dr. Joseph D. Bloom did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).","Kyrill Borissow did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).","Dr. William Carpenter did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).","Robert William Farrand did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).","Dr. Robert Hirschfeld did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).","William Hopkins did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).","Mr. I. did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022). However, due to the sensitive nature of the topics covered in the interview, the University of Virginia restricts access according to the guidelines for more sensitive materials outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","Dr. Samuel Keith did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).","Dr. Felix Kleyman did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).","Andrey Kovalev did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).","Ellen Mercer did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).","Dr. John T. Monahan did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).","Peter Reddaway did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).","Dr. Darrel Regier did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).","In addition to the restrictions on access that applies to all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022),  Dr. Loren Roth requested that The University of Virginia only make his interview available to researchers on-site at the repository preserving the interview.","Mr. S. did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022). However, due to the sensitive nature of the topics covered in the interview, the University of Virginia restricts access to both recordings according to the guidelines for more sensitive materials outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","Carolyn Smith did not request any additional restrictions on access to this interview beyond those that the University of Virginia has made for all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022).","In addition to the restrictions on access that applies to all the oral histories from the Soviet Psychiatry Oral History Project (2021-2022),  Dr. Leon Stern requested that The University of Virginia only make his interview available to researchers on-site at the repository preserving the interview.","This file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of persons from the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid.","This file contain sensitive information about the health or treatment of persons from the Soviet Union. The restrictions on access to these materials are outlined in the Conditions Governing Access note at the collection level of this finding aid."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe files in this series are arranged by subject into 14 sub-series.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe files in this sub-series are arranged in chronological order.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe files in this sub-series are arranged in chronological order.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The files in this series are arranged by subject into 14 sub-series.","The files in this sub-series are arranged in chronological order.","The files in this sub-series are arranged in chronological order."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWhile it is understood that the misuse of psychiatry for non-medical reasons allegedly started in the U.S.S.R. after the October Revolution of 1917, its widespread and systematic use as a tool to silence political dissent became well-documented during Khrushchev's era. In a 1959 speech attributed to Khrushchev, he allegedly attempted to justify putting dissidents in psychiatric hospitals by saying that only a mentally ill person may be opposed to Communism (1). While there also were \"political\" parts of the R.S.F.S.R. Criminal Code that criminalized anti-Soviet agitation and slander of the Soviet state, psychiatry was often used to isolate dissidents, punish them with psychiatric drugs, discredit their ideas, and avoid criminal law procedures.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe \"Sluggish schizophrenia\" concept developed by academician Snezhnevsky had overly broad diagnostic criteria that allowed the diagnosis of schizophrenia in patients who showed no symptoms, on the assumption that these symptoms would appear later (2). In almost every case, dissidents were examined at the Serbsky Central Research Institute for Forensic Psychiatry.\nInformation about Soviet repressive psychiatry became well-known in the West after 1971 dissident Vladimir Bukovsky smuggled over 150 pages documenting the political abuse of psychiatric institutions in the Soviet Union into the West. The papers were studied by independent psychiatrists in several countries and released to the press (3). \"Bukovsky's papers\" galvanized human rights activists worldwide and those within the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWhile the attempt to bring the matter to the official agenda of the World Psychiatric Association (W.P.A.) at their 1971 World Congress in Mexico was unsuccessful, it kept gaining more and more outcry worldwide. So, in 1977, the W.P.A. adopted the Hawaii Declaration – a milestone defining principles of good and ethical medical practice. The All-Union Society of Psychiatrists and Narcologists, the official Soviet professional organization, was bound to withdraw from the W.P.A. at its next Congress in 1983—the allegations of the political abuse of psychiatry inflicted irretrievable damage on the prestige of Soviet medicine.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1975, the Soviet Union, the United States, and other countries signed the Helsinki Accords - the key document of the Conference of Security and Cooperation in Europe (C.S.C.E.). The Accords signaled a détente between the East and the West and built the foundation for the end of the Cold War, the U.S.-Soviet disarmament talks, and the \"third basket\" on human rights and freedoms in the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMikhail Gorbachev, who became the head of the Soviet Communist Party in 1985, prioritized the improvement of U.S.-Soviet relations. Also, Gorbachev launched the domestic \"perestroika\" (restructuring) and \"glasnost\" (openness) initiatives. These combined foreign and domestic policy developments fostered interest, internally and externally, in the plight of Soviet political prisoners. The Soviet Union released many political prisoners from labor camps, and in April 1987, Secretary Schultz and Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs Shevardnadze agreed on a human rights dialog (4). As part of this broader dialog, in September 1987, the Soviet representatives began to try to assure their American counterparts that the abuse of psychiatry had ended (5).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNotes:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1. Khrushchev had said this in a speech published in the state newspaper Pravda on 24 May 1959: A crime is a deviation from generally recognized standards of behaviour frequently caused by mental disorder. Can there be diseases, nervous disorders among certain people in a Communist society? Evidently yes. If that is so, then there will also be offences, which are characteristic of people with abnormal minds. Of those who might start calling for opposition to Communism on this basis, we can say that clearly their mental state is not normal.\nKnapp, Martin, et al. Mental Health Policy and Practice Across Europe: The Future Direction of Mental Health Care, McGraw-Hill Education, 2006. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uva/detail.action?docID=316293.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e2. Sfera, Adonis. Can psychiatry be misused again?. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 9 September 2013;(4):101. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00101. PMID 24058348.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e3. For more information, see Reddaway, Peter (12 March 1971). \"Plea to West on Soviet 'mad-house' jails\". The Times. p. 8.; Bloch, Sidney; Reddaway, Peter (1984). Soviet Psychiatric Abuse. The Shadow Over World Psychiatry. London: Gollancz.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e4. Schifter-Adamishin book, timeline, page xix\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e5. Id, pages xix and xx\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDuring the late 1980s, U.S.-Soviet discussions about the abuse of psychiatry led to the formation of a special U.S. delegation to the Soviet Union. In February 1989, the U.S.S.R. allowed the delegation to independently assess 27 Soviet citizens believed to have been psychiatrically committed for non-medical reasons. The U.S.S.R. also allowed the delegation to inspect ordinary psychiatric hospitals and other hospitals known as \"psychoprisons.\" The U.S. delegation's psychiatric leader was Dr. Loren Roth of the University of Pittsburgh. The U.S. State Department organized the trip, closely cooperating with the American Psychiatric Association and the National Institute of Mental Health. Their Soviet counterparts were the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Soviet Ministry of Health and the conservative leadership of Soviet psychiatry, both believed to have been deeply involved in abuse, internally opposed the visit. However, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs overcame this opposition, and their support was critical to the U.S. delegation's success.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe U.S. delegation consisted of leading experts in psychiatry, forensic psychiatry, forensic psychology, law, and Sovietology. Also, it included a representative of the American Psychological Association (A.P.A.), and émigré Soviet psychiatrists living in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFrom April 1988 onward, Dr. Loren Roth engaged in extensive negotiations with his Soviet counterparts on the details of the visit. They discussed the list of people (\"patients\") to be assessed by the delegation and the processes for obtaining their consent. There were difficult negotiations over the presence of Soviet psychiatrists during the examinations, and the need to protect the interviewees from potential intimidation and retaliation.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe U.S. delegation advocated for and adopted critical precautions to ensure the transparency of the mission and its findings. They used scientifically developed structural psychiatric interview schedules, brought U.S. interpreters to assist the delegation, avoided sharing the cost of the trip with the Soviet side, collected urine samples to rule out overmedication, videotaped the interviews, and spoke with friends/relatives of those interviewed.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAlthough there was a significant risk that the Soviet Union would cancel the delegation's visit, it occurred between February and March, 1989. The American team evaluated 27 Soviet citizens and inspected special psychiatric hospitals in Kazan and Chernyakhovsk as well as ordinary psychiatric hospitals in Vilnius and Kaunas.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAmong those interviewed by the U.S. team were people still hospitalized, and those who had been previously discharged. The American team was greatly assisted by Mr. Aleksandr \"Sasha\" Podrabinek, the Soviet and, subsequently, Russian dissident. He was an expert on the issue of abuse of psychiatry and author of the 1979 book \"Punitive Medicine\" (see references). Mr. Podrabinek facilitated access to those who had been previously released and claimed to be unavailable by Soviet counterparts.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe U.S. team detailed their conclusions in their final report, \"Assessment of Recent Changes in Soviet Psychiatry\" (available in this collection), which researchers are encouraged to read. The Soviet Union responded officially with its own report.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe 1989 visit laid a foundation for subsequent collaboration between the two countries in the area of mental health. The U.S.-Russia Health Committee met from 1994 to 2000 as a part of a larger Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission. It focused, in particular, on mental health care during disasters and the primary care physician's role in caring for patients with depression.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eShortly after the American mission was over, the W.P.A. congress in Athens decided to provisionally readmit the Soviet All-Union Society after receiving an official, although somewhat vague, admission of the past wrongdoings (covered in detail in On Dissidents and Madness by Robert van Voren). In 1991, the W.P.A. undertook an ad hoc psychiatric inspection of the Soviet Union that Dr. Jim Birley headed. Dr. Loren Roth and other experts who served on the 1989 U.S. State Department mission joined this inspection.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1990, a delegation of Soviet psychiatrists and politicians visited the United States for an educational trip to American psychiatric services and scholarly dialogues.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nResearchers are encouraged to read the resources listed below to gain a better understanding of the historical events surrounding the 1989 delegation:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e- the Schizophrenia Bulletin (supplement to Vol 15, # 4, 1989), which contains the brief overview of the reasons, methodology, and findings of the American team in the U.S., the final report of the U.S. delegation both in English and Russian, as well as the Soviet response in both languages (Hyperlink1)\n- The New York Times article \"Accord Is Sought by U.S. And Soviet on Mental Wards\" of May 22, 1988\n- The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, Volume 49, Number 4, 2021 \"Jonas Rappeport: A Direct, Accomplished AAPL Leader\" by Dr. Loren Roth\n- Report by the World Psychiatric Association Team on the Visit to the Soviet Union, 9-29 June 1991, headed by Dr. Jim Burley\n- Human Rights, Perestroika, and the End of the Cold War co-authored by Anatoly Adamishin and Richard Schifter in 2009\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 2021, three decades after the 1989 trip to assess the conditions of Soviet citizens confined in psychiatric hospitals for political reasons, an oral history project was initiated to document it. Loren H. Roth, Ellen Mercer, and Richard Bonnie, three members of the delegation, had always wanted to evaluate if the mission had had any lasting impact on the lives of the people interviewed and on the quality and ethical integrity of psychiatric care in the countries of the former Soviet Union. The oral history project began in conjunction with the donation of Loren Roth's papers to the University of Virginia School of Law Library. Olena Protsenko, a Ukrainian human rights lawyer, organized Roth's papers and began researching related collections. Richard Bonnie's papers and Saleem Shah's files on the abuse of psychiatry, also part of the University of Virginia Law Library manuscript collections, were essential to the project's development.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Joseph D. Bloom was one of the few forensic psychiatrists on the 1989 U.S. Department of State Delegation to the Soviet Union to investigate the abuse of psychiatry. Bloom is Dean Emeritus of the Oregon Health and Science University and Clinical Professor at the Department of Psychiatry of the University of Arizona Fenix College of Medicine.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Borissow is an American of a Russian descend. He was a contract interpreter for the U.S. State Department for many years. During the 1989 trip, he was on the sub-team # 3 under the leadership of Dr. Hirschfeld, interpreting in Leningrad.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. William Carpenter was leader of team #2 of the 1989 American investigative scientific mission to the Soviet Union. He is Professor of Medicine at the University of Maryland School of Medicine and former Director of the Maryland Psychiatric Research Center.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRobert William Farrand retired in 1998 after 34 years in the U.S. Foreign Service. He served as Ambassador to Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu from 1990 until 1993. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1988-89 he led the U.S. delegation of medical and forensic professionals to investigate the Soviet Union's political weaponizing of psychiatry, for which he received a Superior Honor Award.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFarrand was concurrently Supervisor of the Bosnian city of Brčko and Deputy High Representative for the northern sector of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1997 to 2000).  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Robert Hirschfeld is Professor of Psychiatry at Weill Cornell Medical College. He was the team leader of team # 3 during the 1989 psychiatric delegation to the U.S.S.R.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. William Hopkins is a retired U.S. State Department staff interpreter. During the 1989 U.S. psychiatric mission to the USSR, he interpreted for team # 2 under the leadership of Dr. William Carpenter.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. I. is a Soviet/Ukrainian dissident who was repeatedly involuntarily committed to a psychiatric hospital for political reasons. He was one of the people interviewed by the U.S. State Department investigative psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R. in 1989.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Keith is the Emeritus Milton Rosenbaum Professor of Psychiatry and Psychology at the University of New Mexico School of Medicine. He was a Deputy Director and Associate Director for Schizophrenia Programs at the NIMH as of 1989. He was the team leader of team # 1 during the 1989 psychiatric delegation to the U.S.S.R.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Felix Kleyman is a psychiatrist practicing in New York City. At the time of the 1989 U.S. State Department mission to the Soviet Union to investigate abuse of psychiatry, Dr. Kleyman was an assistant clinical professor of psychiatry at New York Medical College. Dr. Kleyman was one of the few Russian-speaking, U.S.S.R. and U.S.-trained psychiatrists on the American team. Dr. Kleyman was also a member of the 1991 W.P.A.  mission to the Soviet Union once the All-Union Society of Psychiatrists and Narcologists was provisionally readmitted to the W.P.A.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs of 1989, Mr. Kovalev was a Senior Advisor of the Department for International Humanitarian and Cultural Relations at the Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He was charged with bringing Soviet legislation and practice in line with the international obligations of the U.S.S.R. Mr. Kovalev was responsible for the development and implementation of the psychiatric reform, including the organization of the visit of the American psychiatric delegation in 1989.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAt the time of the 1989 U.S. psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R. Ms. Mercer was the Director of the A.P.A. Office of International Affairs. She is believed to be one of the initiators of the visit and was deeply involved in its planning and preparation as the representative of the American Psychiatric Association (A.P.A.). During the visit itself, she was a member of the team inspecting psychiatric hospitals on the ground.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJohn T. Monahan is the John S. Shannon Distinguished Professor of Law, Professor of Psychology, Hunton Andrews Kurth Professor of Law at the University of Virginia School of Law. He was the only forensic psychologist on the 1989 U.S. State Department investigative psychiatric mission to the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Reddaway is a renowned expert on Russian and Soviet politics, author of many books and publications. He is Professor Emeritus of Political Science and International Affairs at George Washington University.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Darrel Regier was the Scientific Director of the 1989 State Department investigative mission to the U.S.S.R. and coordinated all aspects of the clinical assessment procedure. Dr. Regier completed twenty-five years at the National Institute of Mental Health (N.I.M.H.), during which time he directed three research divisions in the areas of epidemiology, prevention, clinical research, and health services research. Dr. Regier is currently a Senior Scientist at the Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, in the Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine and Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University. He also serves as an independent senior scientific consultant to the American Psychiatric Association (A.P.A.) on DSM-5 and research related issues.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Roth was the psychiatric leader of the 1989 U.S. State Department investigative psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R. Following 44 years of distinguished service to the Department of Psychiatry and the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Loren H. Roth, M.D., M.P.H., was recognized and awarded Emeritus status at a special reception following the Department's Annual Research Day held June 7, 2018. \nPrior to his being an Emeritus Professor, for the previous five years Dr. Roth was the Associate Senior Vice Chancellor, Clinic Policy and Planning, Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh; Distinguished Service Professor of Psychiatry, Professor of Health Policy and Management, and Clinical and Translational Science; and Senior Advisor, Quality, UPMC Health Plan.  In addition to his many academic positions, Dr. Roth has held multiple leadership roles at UPMC culminating in his being the first Chief Medical Officer of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (U.P.M.C.) (2003-2007).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. S. is a Soviet/Russian dissident who was repeatedly involuntarily committed to a psychiatric hospital for political reasons. He was one of the people interviewed by the U.S. State Department investigative psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R. in 1989.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFluent in English and Russian, Ms. Smith was a contract interpreter for the U.S. State Department for many years. She interpreted for both the 1989 American delegation and the 1991 WPA delegation to the Soviet Union. During the 1989 trip, she was on the sub-team # 1 under the leadership of Dr. Samuel J. Keith, M.D. interpreting in Moscow.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Leon Stern is a Russian-speaking psychiatrist who was a member of the field team that inspected four psychiatric hospitals across the Soviet Union. Dr. Stern is a psychiatrist in private practice.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["History of the Abuse of Psychiatry and Psychiatrists in the U.S.S.R.","History of the 1989 U.S. State Department Investigative Mission to the U.S.S.R.","History of the 2021-2022 Oral History Project","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["While it is understood that the misuse of psychiatry for non-medical reasons allegedly started in the U.S.S.R. after the October Revolution of 1917, its widespread and systematic use as a tool to silence political dissent became well-documented during Khrushchev's era. In a 1959 speech attributed to Khrushchev, he allegedly attempted to justify putting dissidents in psychiatric hospitals by saying that only a mentally ill person may be opposed to Communism (1). While there also were \"political\" parts of the R.S.F.S.R. Criminal Code that criminalized anti-Soviet agitation and slander of the Soviet state, psychiatry was often used to isolate dissidents, punish them with psychiatric drugs, discredit their ideas, and avoid criminal law procedures.","The \"Sluggish schizophrenia\" concept developed by academician Snezhnevsky had overly broad diagnostic criteria that allowed the diagnosis of schizophrenia in patients who showed no symptoms, on the assumption that these symptoms would appear later (2). In almost every case, dissidents were examined at the Serbsky Central Research Institute for Forensic Psychiatry.\nInformation about Soviet repressive psychiatry became well-known in the West after 1971 dissident Vladimir Bukovsky smuggled over 150 pages documenting the political abuse of psychiatric institutions in the Soviet Union into the West. The papers were studied by independent psychiatrists in several countries and released to the press (3). \"Bukovsky's papers\" galvanized human rights activists worldwide and those within the Soviet Union.","While the attempt to bring the matter to the official agenda of the World Psychiatric Association (W.P.A.) at their 1971 World Congress in Mexico was unsuccessful, it kept gaining more and more outcry worldwide. So, in 1977, the W.P.A. adopted the Hawaii Declaration – a milestone defining principles of good and ethical medical practice. The All-Union Society of Psychiatrists and Narcologists, the official Soviet professional organization, was bound to withdraw from the W.P.A. at its next Congress in 1983—the allegations of the political abuse of psychiatry inflicted irretrievable damage on the prestige of Soviet medicine.","In 1975, the Soviet Union, the United States, and other countries signed the Helsinki Accords - the key document of the Conference of Security and Cooperation in Europe (C.S.C.E.). The Accords signaled a détente between the East and the West and built the foundation for the end of the Cold War, the U.S.-Soviet disarmament talks, and the \"third basket\" on human rights and freedoms in the Soviet Union.","Mikhail Gorbachev, who became the head of the Soviet Communist Party in 1985, prioritized the improvement of U.S.-Soviet relations. Also, Gorbachev launched the domestic \"perestroika\" (restructuring) and \"glasnost\" (openness) initiatives. These combined foreign and domestic policy developments fostered interest, internally and externally, in the plight of Soviet political prisoners. The Soviet Union released many political prisoners from labor camps, and in April 1987, Secretary Schultz and Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs Shevardnadze agreed on a human rights dialog (4). As part of this broader dialog, in September 1987, the Soviet representatives began to try to assure their American counterparts that the abuse of psychiatry had ended (5).","Notes:","1. Khrushchev had said this in a speech published in the state newspaper Pravda on 24 May 1959: A crime is a deviation from generally recognized standards of behaviour frequently caused by mental disorder. Can there be diseases, nervous disorders among certain people in a Communist society? Evidently yes. If that is so, then there will also be offences, which are characteristic of people with abnormal minds. Of those who might start calling for opposition to Communism on this basis, we can say that clearly their mental state is not normal.\nKnapp, Martin, et al. Mental Health Policy and Practice Across Europe: The Future Direction of Mental Health Care, McGraw-Hill Education, 2006. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uva/detail.action?docID=316293.","2. Sfera, Adonis. Can psychiatry be misused again?. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 9 September 2013;(4):101. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00101. PMID 24058348.","3. For more information, see Reddaway, Peter (12 March 1971). \"Plea to West on Soviet 'mad-house' jails\". The Times. p. 8.; Bloch, Sidney; Reddaway, Peter (1984). Soviet Psychiatric Abuse. The Shadow Over World Psychiatry. London: Gollancz.","4. Schifter-Adamishin book, timeline, page xix","5. Id, pages xix and xx","During the late 1980s, U.S.-Soviet discussions about the abuse of psychiatry led to the formation of a special U.S. delegation to the Soviet Union. In February 1989, the U.S.S.R. allowed the delegation to independently assess 27 Soviet citizens believed to have been psychiatrically committed for non-medical reasons. The U.S.S.R. also allowed the delegation to inspect ordinary psychiatric hospitals and other hospitals known as \"psychoprisons.\" The U.S. delegation's psychiatric leader was Dr. Loren Roth of the University of Pittsburgh. The U.S. State Department organized the trip, closely cooperating with the American Psychiatric Association and the National Institute of Mental Health. Their Soviet counterparts were the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Soviet Ministry of Health and the conservative leadership of Soviet psychiatry, both believed to have been deeply involved in abuse, internally opposed the visit. However, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs overcame this opposition, and their support was critical to the U.S. delegation's success.","The U.S. delegation consisted of leading experts in psychiatry, forensic psychiatry, forensic psychology, law, and Sovietology. Also, it included a representative of the American Psychological Association (A.P.A.), and émigré Soviet psychiatrists living in the United States.","From April 1988 onward, Dr. Loren Roth engaged in extensive negotiations with his Soviet counterparts on the details of the visit. They discussed the list of people (\"patients\") to be assessed by the delegation and the processes for obtaining their consent. There were difficult negotiations over the presence of Soviet psychiatrists during the examinations, and the need to protect the interviewees from potential intimidation and retaliation.","The U.S. delegation advocated for and adopted critical precautions to ensure the transparency of the mission and its findings. They used scientifically developed structural psychiatric interview schedules, brought U.S. interpreters to assist the delegation, avoided sharing the cost of the trip with the Soviet side, collected urine samples to rule out overmedication, videotaped the interviews, and spoke with friends/relatives of those interviewed.","Although there was a significant risk that the Soviet Union would cancel the delegation's visit, it occurred between February and March, 1989. The American team evaluated 27 Soviet citizens and inspected special psychiatric hospitals in Kazan and Chernyakhovsk as well as ordinary psychiatric hospitals in Vilnius and Kaunas.","Among those interviewed by the U.S. team were people still hospitalized, and those who had been previously discharged. The American team was greatly assisted by Mr. Aleksandr \"Sasha\" Podrabinek, the Soviet and, subsequently, Russian dissident. He was an expert on the issue of abuse of psychiatry and author of the 1979 book \"Punitive Medicine\" (see references). Mr. Podrabinek facilitated access to those who had been previously released and claimed to be unavailable by Soviet counterparts.","The U.S. team detailed their conclusions in their final report, \"Assessment of Recent Changes in Soviet Psychiatry\" (available in this collection), which researchers are encouraged to read. The Soviet Union responded officially with its own report.","The 1989 visit laid a foundation for subsequent collaboration between the two countries in the area of mental health. The U.S.-Russia Health Committee met from 1994 to 2000 as a part of a larger Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission. It focused, in particular, on mental health care during disasters and the primary care physician's role in caring for patients with depression.","Shortly after the American mission was over, the W.P.A. congress in Athens decided to provisionally readmit the Soviet All-Union Society after receiving an official, although somewhat vague, admission of the past wrongdoings (covered in detail in On Dissidents and Madness by Robert van Voren). In 1991, the W.P.A. undertook an ad hoc psychiatric inspection of the Soviet Union that Dr. Jim Birley headed. Dr. Loren Roth and other experts who served on the 1989 U.S. State Department mission joined this inspection.","In 1990, a delegation of Soviet psychiatrists and politicians visited the United States for an educational trip to American psychiatric services and scholarly dialogues.","\nResearchers are encouraged to read the resources listed below to gain a better understanding of the historical events surrounding the 1989 delegation:","- the Schizophrenia Bulletin (supplement to Vol 15, # 4, 1989), which contains the brief overview of the reasons, methodology, and findings of the American team in the U.S., the final report of the U.S. delegation both in English and Russian, as well as the Soviet response in both languages (Hyperlink1)\n- The New York Times article \"Accord Is Sought by U.S. And Soviet on Mental Wards\" of May 22, 1988\n- The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, Volume 49, Number 4, 2021 \"Jonas Rappeport: A Direct, Accomplished AAPL Leader\" by Dr. Loren Roth\n- Report by the World Psychiatric Association Team on the Visit to the Soviet Union, 9-29 June 1991, headed by Dr. Jim Burley\n- Human Rights, Perestroika, and the End of the Cold War co-authored by Anatoly Adamishin and Richard Schifter in 2009","In 2021, three decades after the 1989 trip to assess the conditions of Soviet citizens confined in psychiatric hospitals for political reasons, an oral history project was initiated to document it. Loren H. Roth, Ellen Mercer, and Richard Bonnie, three members of the delegation, had always wanted to evaluate if the mission had had any lasting impact on the lives of the people interviewed and on the quality and ethical integrity of psychiatric care in the countries of the former Soviet Union. The oral history project began in conjunction with the donation of Loren Roth's papers to the University of Virginia School of Law Library. Olena Protsenko, a Ukrainian human rights lawyer, organized Roth's papers and began researching related collections. Richard Bonnie's papers and Saleem Shah's files on the abuse of psychiatry, also part of the University of Virginia Law Library manuscript collections, were essential to the project's development.","Dr. Joseph D. Bloom was one of the few forensic psychiatrists on the 1989 U.S. Department of State Delegation to the Soviet Union to investigate the abuse of psychiatry. Bloom is Dean Emeritus of the Oregon Health and Science University and Clinical Professor at the Department of Psychiatry of the University of Arizona Fenix College of Medicine.","Mr. Borissow is an American of a Russian descend. He was a contract interpreter for the U.S. State Department for many years. During the 1989 trip, he was on the sub-team # 3 under the leadership of Dr. Hirschfeld, interpreting in Leningrad.","Dr. William Carpenter was leader of team #2 of the 1989 American investigative scientific mission to the Soviet Union. He is Professor of Medicine at the University of Maryland School of Medicine and former Director of the Maryland Psychiatric Research Center.","Robert William Farrand retired in 1998 after 34 years in the U.S. Foreign Service. He served as Ambassador to Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu from 1990 until 1993. ","In 1988-89 he led the U.S. delegation of medical and forensic professionals to investigate the Soviet Union's political weaponizing of psychiatry, for which he received a Superior Honor Award.","Farrand was concurrently Supervisor of the Bosnian city of Brčko and Deputy High Representative for the northern sector of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1997 to 2000).  ","Dr. Robert Hirschfeld is Professor of Psychiatry at Weill Cornell Medical College. He was the team leader of team # 3 during the 1989 psychiatric delegation to the U.S.S.R.","Mr. William Hopkins is a retired U.S. State Department staff interpreter. During the 1989 U.S. psychiatric mission to the USSR, he interpreted for team # 2 under the leadership of Dr. William Carpenter.","Mr. I. is a Soviet/Ukrainian dissident who was repeatedly involuntarily committed to a psychiatric hospital for political reasons. He was one of the people interviewed by the U.S. State Department investigative psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R. in 1989.","Dr. Keith is the Emeritus Milton Rosenbaum Professor of Psychiatry and Psychology at the University of New Mexico School of Medicine. He was a Deputy Director and Associate Director for Schizophrenia Programs at the NIMH as of 1989. He was the team leader of team # 1 during the 1989 psychiatric delegation to the U.S.S.R.","Dr. Felix Kleyman is a psychiatrist practicing in New York City. At the time of the 1989 U.S. State Department mission to the Soviet Union to investigate abuse of psychiatry, Dr. Kleyman was an assistant clinical professor of psychiatry at New York Medical College. Dr. Kleyman was one of the few Russian-speaking, U.S.S.R. and U.S.-trained psychiatrists on the American team. Dr. Kleyman was also a member of the 1991 W.P.A.  mission to the Soviet Union once the All-Union Society of Psychiatrists and Narcologists was provisionally readmitted to the W.P.A.","As of 1989, Mr. Kovalev was a Senior Advisor of the Department for International Humanitarian and Cultural Relations at the Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He was charged with bringing Soviet legislation and practice in line with the international obligations of the U.S.S.R. Mr. Kovalev was responsible for the development and implementation of the psychiatric reform, including the organization of the visit of the American psychiatric delegation in 1989.","At the time of the 1989 U.S. psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R. Ms. Mercer was the Director of the A.P.A. Office of International Affairs. She is believed to be one of the initiators of the visit and was deeply involved in its planning and preparation as the representative of the American Psychiatric Association (A.P.A.). During the visit itself, she was a member of the team inspecting psychiatric hospitals on the ground.","John T. Monahan is the John S. Shannon Distinguished Professor of Law, Professor of Psychology, Hunton Andrews Kurth Professor of Law at the University of Virginia School of Law. He was the only forensic psychologist on the 1989 U.S. State Department investigative psychiatric mission to the Soviet Union.","Mr. Reddaway is a renowned expert on Russian and Soviet politics, author of many books and publications. He is Professor Emeritus of Political Science and International Affairs at George Washington University.","Dr. Darrel Regier was the Scientific Director of the 1989 State Department investigative mission to the U.S.S.R. and coordinated all aspects of the clinical assessment procedure. Dr. Regier completed twenty-five years at the National Institute of Mental Health (N.I.M.H.), during which time he directed three research divisions in the areas of epidemiology, prevention, clinical research, and health services research. Dr. Regier is currently a Senior Scientist at the Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, in the Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine and Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University. He also serves as an independent senior scientific consultant to the American Psychiatric Association (A.P.A.) on DSM-5 and research related issues.","Dr. Roth was the psychiatric leader of the 1989 U.S. State Department investigative psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R. Following 44 years of distinguished service to the Department of Psychiatry and the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Loren H. Roth, M.D., M.P.H., was recognized and awarded Emeritus status at a special reception following the Department's Annual Research Day held June 7, 2018. \nPrior to his being an Emeritus Professor, for the previous five years Dr. Roth was the Associate Senior Vice Chancellor, Clinic Policy and Planning, Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh; Distinguished Service Professor of Psychiatry, Professor of Health Policy and Management, and Clinical and Translational Science; and Senior Advisor, Quality, UPMC Health Plan.  In addition to his many academic positions, Dr. Roth has held multiple leadership roles at UPMC culminating in his being the first Chief Medical Officer of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (U.P.M.C.) (2003-2007).","Mr. S. is a Soviet/Russian dissident who was repeatedly involuntarily committed to a psychiatric hospital for political reasons. He was one of the people interviewed by the U.S. State Department investigative psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R. in 1989.","Fluent in English and Russian, Ms. Smith was a contract interpreter for the U.S. State Department for many years. She interpreted for both the 1989 American delegation and the 1991 WPA delegation to the Soviet Union. During the 1989 trip, she was on the sub-team # 1 under the leadership of Dr. Samuel J. Keith, M.D. interpreting in Moscow.","Dr. Leon Stern is a Russian-speaking psychiatrist who was a member of the field team that inspected four psychiatric hospitals across the Soviet Union. Dr. Stern is a psychiatrist in private practice."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOlena Protsenko processed this collection. She was a post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Olena Protsenko processed this collection. She was a post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is divided into two series. The first series, \"abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists\", consists of subject files compiled by Dr. Loren Roth, Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Pittsburgh. They are evidence of Dr. Roth's efforts to stop the abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists for political reasons, with an emphasis on the former Soviet Union. The subject files contain correspondence, articles, reports, evaluations, meeting minutes, agendas, planning materials, diaries, photographs, memoranda, handwritten notes, programs, books, videotapes, ephemera, and other items. Together, these materials date from around 1950 to 2008. However the bulk of them date from the 1970s to the 1990s, when Dr. Roth participated in U.S. delegations to the former Soviet Union and was part of the American Psychological Association's (APA) Committees on Human Rights and International Abuse of Psychiatry and Psychiatrists.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nThe second series consists of materials that were gathered and produced for the \"Retrospective Review of the 1989 U.S. State Department Psychiatric Mission to the U.S.S.R.\" project. These materials include oral history interviews with individuals involved with the 1989 mission, a 1989 recorded interview with a psychiatric patient, project correspondence, biographical files, interview minutes, and an organizational chart. Most of the items in this series date from the time of the project, 2021 to 2022.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series consists of subject files that Dr. Loren Henry Roth assembled and used while working to stop the abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists for political reasons, emphasizing abuse in the former Soviet Union. The files contain correspondence, memoranda, meeting documents, articles, reports, lists, forms, evaluations, photographs, diaries, and other materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorld Psychiatric Association Proposed Declaration of Hawaii; \"Honolulu Paper\": Somerville, John: \"Ethics and Psychiatry,\" (1977); Committee of French Psychiatrists Against The Political Uses of Psychiatry Special Bulletin, the World Congress of Psychiatry in Hawaii; newspaper clippings from Hawaiian newspapers (1977). APA white paper: \"Misuse and Abuse of Psychiatry in the U.S.: A definition and Discussion,\" (1991); correspondence and papers of Paul Chodoff, (1989-1990 and undated); Helmchen, H. and A. Okasha: \"From the Hawaii Declaration to the Declaration of Madrid,\" Acta Psychiatr Scand 200:101: 2023\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCopy of the Report to the Board of Trustees, American Psychiatric Association of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Use of Psychiatric Institutions for the Commitment of Political Dissenters (1972); Boekovski Berichten Bukovsky News: The Case of Irina Grivnina (1985?); Statement of Dr. Algirdas Statkevicius to the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (1988); copy of letter from Peter Reddaway to Viktor Nakas, Leon Stern, Robert van Voren and Algirdas Statkevicius (1989); copy of translation of SB case (1987-1989); U.S. Helsinki Watch Committee [memorandum] re Shatravka Family (1988); Committee of Concerned Scientists, Inc \"Call for Action for Three Soviet Former Prisoners of Conscience,\" (1988); and newspaper clippings mainly of Pyotr G. Grigorenko and Anatoly Koryagin\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"Special Report, The Medical Profession and the Prevention of Torture,\" The New England Journal of Medicine (October 1985); \"Sowing fear: The Uses of Torture and Psychological Abuse in Chile,\" A Report by Physicians for Human Rights (October 1988); Proposal. Center for Rehabilitation of Torture Victims [RCT], New York, NY and Roseland, New Jersey (undated); RCT International Newsletter on Treatment and Rehabilitation of Torture Victims (1990-1991); RCT IRCT [International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims]: Torture [packet of documents] (1991-1992); Jacobsen, Lone and Pete Vesti: Torture Survivors – a New Group of Patients, The Danish Nurses Organization, 1990; Canadian Centre for Victims of Torture\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHuman Rights Task Force of the APA survey on human rights organizations (1984); Human Rights Survey Responses (1988); Human Rights Cases Monitored by the APA (1990); photocopy of European Convention on Human Rights Collected Texts, Strasbourg, 1965.  Folder includes an incomplete set of The World Medical Association press releases (1975-1990), printed materials and news clippings\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDocuments from the Ninth Session of the U.S.-U.S.S.R. Joint Committee for Health Cooperation, (1988-11-17); Trip Report – P.H.S. Delegation Visit to the Soviet Union  November 13-20, 1988 Ninth U.S.-U.S.S.R. Health Committee Meeting (1989-01-25); Summary of Cooperation in Health Between the US Public Health Service and the Ministry of Health of the U.S.S.R. (1989-01-26); Peter Henry thoughts re Implications of Trip for U.S.-Soviet Health Agreement (1989-02-02)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRoth's printed account of trip that he made with Rabbi Mark Staitman, Larry Hurwitz, cardiologist;  Harold and Esther Garfinkel, community leaders; Joy Weber, science writer, and Rabbi Jonathan Stein. September 20-October 1, 1986. (2 versions)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Roth and Ambassador Schifter's preliminary planning documents for the U.S. mission to the U.S.S.R. in April of 1988.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAPA Memorandum re \"use of psychiatry for political purposes\" (1988-03-21); [USSR] Regulations for Psychiatric Hospitals, LS No. 124600 JS/AO Russian, Appendix to Decree No. 225 of the USSR Ministry of Public Health, 21 March 1988; Pre-summit discussions. Report of Soviet Contact (1988-03-23): Gennadi N. Milyokhin, M.D. visit to Parklawn;  [Unedited] On the Record Briefing of Richard Schifter, Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs,  March 25, 1988\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePeter Reddaway: \"Will Perestroika End Political Abuse in Soviet Psychiatry?\" (1988-07-03); copy of pages 5-6 of \"Argumenty I fakty\" No. 11/1987, [Reporter V. Romanenko interviews with  Dr. Marat Vartanyan (1987- 03-21-27)]; anonymous draft \"Ground Rounds\", \"Abuses in Soviet Psychiatry\" (undated); Karklins, Rasma: \"The Dissent/Coercion Nexus in the USSR, Working Paper #36, Soviet Interview Project (1987-05); Roth's handwritten notes; copies of printed materials related to Soviet psychiatry; annotated copy of Berman, Harold J.: Soviet Criminal Law and Procedure. The RSFR Codes. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1977, pp. 3-124\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eStipulations for Delegation of U.S. Psychiatrists and Other Experts Visiting the USSR (1988-11-09); Roth's handwritten notes. Also Ellen Mercer U.S.S.R. Trip Confidential  Report (1988 -11) and Saleem A. Shah Department of Health and Human Services Report on International Travel (1988-11-18). Correspondence to Alexander A. Churkin  with documents: US-Soviet Understanding for Delegation of US Psychiatrists and Other Experts Visiting the USSR; \"Discussions\"; Consent Forms for Persons Interviewed and of Relatives and Friends (1988-12-19)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ere assesment of Soviet Psychiatry (1988-08-04), memorandum re \"Sensible Tactics re U.S. Delegation on Soviet Psychiatry; human rights and Soviet Psychiatry; \"things to do; Roth's notes; and Roth: \"Uses of Psychiatry in the U.S.S.R. and U.S.A,\" Browning Hoffman Lecture, UVA School of LAw (1988-10-07).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eInternational Association on the Political Use of Psychiatry [IAPUP]: Information Bulletin Nos. 3, 9, 11, 18-21; also copy of \"II. The Case of All-Union Society (undated). Soviet Psychiatry News, vol. 1, nos. 1-2 (1989)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUS State Department Soviet Psychiatric Project Delegation to the Soviet Union Planning Trip – correspondence, telegrams, memoranda re: negotiations, support and concerns, instructions, logistics for the trip. Correspondence with Soviet and US officials, and other psychiatrists. Summary of discussions with Ambassador Richard Schifter (1989-02-11); comments from Saleem Shah (1989-02-10); from Robert van Voren, Ellen Mercer, Dr. Edward Kelty and others.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis sub-series contains materials related to the organization, planning and logistics of the trip, as well as background information about the psychiatric abuse in the U.S.S.R.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file contains memoranda, handwritten notes, list of participants, questionnaires, Forensic Interview Schedule, and Interpersonal Personality Disorder Examination (IPDE).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDSM-III-R Criteria Checklist (1988-05-23; Structural Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Patient Version (1988-06-01) SCID-NP/OP Psychotic Screening (1988-06-01); Instruction Manual for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (1988 and 1989)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDSM-III-R Criteria Checklist (1988-05-23; Structural Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Patient Version (1988-06-01) SCID-NP/OP Psychotic Screening (1988-06-01); Instruction Manual for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (1988 and 1989)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRussian version of IPDE (1989-02-16); Russian version of Revised SCID Standardized Clinical Study According to DSM-III-PD Criteria (SKID) (1991-04); Russian version of World Psychiatric Association visit to the USSR Forensic Examination (1991-03)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe reports were written by doctors Jonas Rappeport, M.D., Vladimir Levit, MD., Samuel J. Keith, M.D, Darrell A. Regier, M.D., Loren Roth, M.D., Felix Kleyman, M.D., Joseph Bloom, M.D., William. T. Carpenter, M.D., Robert Hirschfeld, M.D., Alla Arsenian (interpreter); Elmore Rigamer, M.D., Joel Klein; Boris Shostokovich, M.D.; John Monahan; Nancy Andreason, M.D.; William Farrand.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReports of forensic evaluations done in Moscow and Leningrad by Jonas R. Rappeport, John Monahan, Joseph D. Bloom; draft of Roth's \"Patient Sample –Description. Methodological Issues – Obstacles\" (1989-04-10); assessments and handwritten notes re patients; Russian document with translation re patients (undated); Roth's notes on various interviewees (1991-02-07)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe materials in this file include Roth's letters to persons who he wished to interview but didn't; U.S. Department of State \"transliteration\" of names (1989-04-04) and inventory of status of cases (1989-04-05)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"Delegation of US Psychiatrists Issues Press Statement\" signed by members of the US Psychiatric Delegation: Nancy Andreasen, M. D.; Joseph D. Bloom, M.D.; Richard J. Bonnie; William T. Carpenter, M.D.; Robert M. A. Hirschfeld, M. D.; Samuel J. Keith, M.D.; Joel Klein; Felix L. Kleyman, M.D.; Vladimir A. Levit, M.D.;  David Lozovsky, M. D.; Ellen Mercer, John Monahan, PhD; Jonas R. Rappeport, M.D.; Peter B. Reddaway, Ph.D; Darrel A. Regier, MD.D., M.P.H.; Elmore E. Rigamer, M.D.; Leon Stern, M.D.; Harold M. Visotsky, M. D.]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTestimonies of Darrel A. Regier, Robert W. Farrard, Peter Reddaway, Robert van Voren, Loren H. Roth; statement of Steny H. Hoyer; LHR's handwritten notes; correspondence; responses, printed materials; draft I Report of the U.S. Delegation and Preliminary Soviet Reply: Brief Analysis of Points of Agreement and Disagreement; Loren H. Roth Final Report of the US Delegation to Assess Recent Changes in Soviet Psychiatry. Objectives and Execution of the Visit. American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting, New York, NY, May 15 1990; some correspondence and memoranda related to CSCE meetings in Copenhagen (June 1990); and copy of U.S. Report (speech) on CSCE – Moscow (1991-10-02)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCopy of Reddaway's Trip to Moscow, October 29-November 2, 1988; memo re: \"The difficult situation we are in: how should we proceed,\" (1989, 02-19); notes on Soviet Psychiatry Developments (1990-01-20); copy of \"Trip to Moscow, August 20-30, 1992.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"Dissent and Disorder: Human Rights in Soviet Psychiatry,\" (1989-07-); copy of unauthored paper; \"The Legacy of Psychiatric Abuse in the U.S.S.R.,\" (undated); Russian version and translation of \"Proceedings of the session of Working Party formulating the draft law on 'Psychiatric Help in the U.S.S.R.',\" (1991-02-14)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"Soviet Access to and Utilization of Mental Health Services: A Comparative View,\"  paper presented at the National Conference on Soviet Refugee Health and Mental Health, Chicago, IL (1991-12-11); Isaac Ray Lectures: \"The Future of the Doctor-Patient Relationship. Lesson from Two Cultures, The Former Soviet Union and the United States,\" Discussants: Loren H. Roth, M.D., Dean Eckenrode, George Huber, J.D., Mark Schmidhofer, M.D. (1998-05-07)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"The New Soviet Legislation on the Provision of Psychiatric Care,\" speech delivered at the symposium of the International Association on the Political Use of Psychiatry, Washington, D.C., (1988-10-14); Koryagin: \"A Green Light of Injustice,\" Zurich, (1988-12-20); notes from Boris Zoubok, M.D.; copy of \"Law of the USSR on the protection of the rights and legal interests of persons suffering from psychiatric disorders and on the grounds and procedures for the administration of psychiatric care,\" (1990-10-08); Roth's Notes on Meeting of USSR Supreme Soviet Committee on Mental Health Law, Moscow (1990-10-26); copy of Smit, Jonna: \"Human Rights and Mental Health Legislation: the USSR,\" (1991-05-21); van Voren, Robert: \"Ukrainian Psychiatry: Starting from Scratch,\" (undated); Regulations on a psychiatric hospital (Положение о психиатрической больнице), [printed Russian document] CCCP, No. 225, 1988; printed materials and news clippings, 1988-2004; Patients in Psychiatric Hospital Requiring Follow-up and Review – interview methodology, list, memoranda\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDraft and confidential memorandum of meeting with Minister of the Department of Humanitarian Affairs [Yuri A.] Reshetov. Also interview methodology and memoranda.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eKazan Special Psychiatric Hospital, Vilnius Ordinary Hospital, Kaunas Hospital, Chernyashovsk Special Psychiatric Hospital\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRichard J. Bonnie draft; \"Legal and Humanitarian Aspects of Soviet Psychiatry: Some Preliminary Conclusions\" (1989-03-28); also comments on Klein's and Reddaway reports (1989-04 to 1989-05); LHR Confidential Drafts #1-5 (1989-05-19-31); Objectives of the Clinical Interviews (1989-05-22); Dr. Harold M. Visotsky Response to Joel Kline (1989-05-30); Hospital Team Report by Harold Visotsky, Elmore Rigamer, and Loren H. Roth (1989-05-30); remarks from Joe Bloom (1989-06-05); Richard Bonnie: Note to Members of the US Delegation to the Soviet Union (1989-06-16); Bill Farrad; Executive Summary [annotated] (1989-06-20); \"USSR Psychiatrists at a Human Rights Round Table in Moscow in April 1988,\" annotated copy of attachment sent by Joel Kline to Roth (undated); Vladimir A. Levit comments (1989-06-26); Saleem [Shah]: Soviet Compliance and Study Limitations (1989-06-28) and comments (1989-06-26); Peter Reddaway draft (1989-06-28) [2 folders], 1989-03 to 1989-06\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlso: State Department \"rough translation\" of Soviet response: \"Response to the medical part of the report by the U.S. delegation of psychiatrists and lawyers,\" (1989-07-06); Draft translation of the final Soviet comments on the report: Commentary on the Report [130008 JS/AO Russian] (1989-09-26); U.S. Department of State Memorandum re Comments on the Soviet response to the Report (1989-10-12); printed Russian document inscribed by Polubinskaya to Loren H. Roth: [Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., Soviet State and Right. Separate Report, Moscow 1990];  translation of S. V. Polubinskaya and S. V. Borodin: \"The Legal Problems of Soviet Psychiatry: The Views of American and Soviet Experts,\" Soviet State Law, No. 5, 1990, pp. 67-76\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eResolution of the WPA (1989-10-17); WPA Statement by the All Union Society of Soviet Psychiatrists and Narcologists of the U.S.S.R. before the World Psychiatric Association General Assembly in Athens (1989-10-18); Memorandum re: Site Visit by the WPA Review Committee to the U.S.S.R. (1990-03-13); Reddaway, Peter: The Struggle over Reform in Soviet Psychiatry Intensifies: Is the Establishment Beginning to Panic? (1990-04-30); Remarks by Svetlana Poloubinskaya at the APA's Committee of International Abuse of Psychiatry and Psychiatrists (1990-05-16)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAPA correspondence with the Center for Democracy in the U.S.S.R., U.S. Department of State, (Schifter and Mercer); University of London Institute of Psychiatry, 1989-05 to 1989-11. Also, miscellaneous correspondence with literary agents (1989-03 to 1989-04)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTranslations of A.  Karpov, Chief Psychiatrist, U.S.S.R. Ministry of Health: \"The Registration of Mental Patients in the U.S.S.R.\" (1990-10-25) and \"Basic Findings of the Conclusion of the U.S.S.R. Constitutional Supervision Committee on Whether Legislation for the Compulsory Treatment and Re-Education of Through Labour of Persons Suffering from Alcoholism or Drug-Addiction Conforms to the U.S.S.R. Constitution and International Enactments on Human Rights,\" by B. M. Lazarev, Deputy Chairman of the USSR Constitutional Supervision Committee (1990-10-25). Also Saleem A. Shah: \"Forensic Interview Schedule\". Correspondence with Otto Dorr Zegers, Csaba Banki, M.P. Deva, Driss Moussaoui, Jim Birley, and Gerard Low-Geer\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence with Dr. Otto Dörr-Zegers (Chile); Dr. Csava Bànki (Hungary); Dr. M. P. Deva (Malaysia); Dr. Driss Moussaoui (Morocco); Dr. Jim Birley (WPA Negotiating Team); Dr. Gerard Low-Greer (England).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncluded are: Gostin, Larry: \"Human Rights in Mental Health: Japan. Report of an international mission to Japan: 1987,\"  World Health Organization/Harvard University International Collaborating Center on Health Legislation, World Federation for Mental Health [1987]; Kawasaki, Shigeru: \"Like a Shedding Snake,\" English Summary, J. JAPH 2:2 Spring 1991; news-clippings.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence with Ellen Mercer re Singapore (1985-09-18); UN Commission on Human Rights E/CN. 4 Sub.2/1988/23: Report on the Sessional Working Group on the question of persons detained on the grounds of mental ill-health or suffering from mental disorder; Proceedings. International Forum on Mental Health Reform, Kyoto, Japan, January 29-30, 1987; Benatar, S. R.: correspondence and articles (1990); Final draft of the \"UN Principles Produced by the Working Group on Human Rights,\" Annex A Principles for the Protection of Persons with Mental Illness and for the Improvement of Mental Health Care\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe sub-series consists of materials Loren Roth collected as part of his work on this committee. These include meeting minutes and agendas, correspondence, reports, articles, clippings, memoranda, and other items.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAPA lists of cases in the U.S.S.R., Yugoslavia and Romania (1988-07-05); memo for the record re Soviet dissidents\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAPA minutes of meeting (1988-09-07); Draft Statement Following Discussion with Dr. Sabshin; APA Draft Resolution by the Committee on International Abuse of Psychiatry to not object to the re-admittance of  the All-Union Society of Psychiatrists and Neuropathologists of the USSR into the WPA (1988-09-07); minutes of the APA Committee on Human Rights (1988-09-09); some correspondence, (1988 -09)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMinutes of conference call (1989-02-15); correspondence; IAPUP documents re to Soviet psychiatry (1989-02); copy of Dr. Marvin Brook handwritten comments on the By-Laws of the WPA (undated); Application of the Independent Psychiatric Association of the USSR (IPA) for membership to the WPA, includes Constitution and Declaration (1989-03-09); APA Guidelines for Psychiatric Services in Jails and Prisons; APA draft guidelines on the Right of Refuse (Anti-Psychotic) Medication.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes some correspondence and documents: Memorandum re Revision of the WPA Review Committee's Operational Instrument ( 1989-04-270; translation of letter from Nikolai Fedrovich Zhukov to US Congress (1989-03-04); IAPUP Documents on the Political Abuse of Psychiatry in the USSR 18: The Founding of the Association of Independent Psychiatrists in the USSR and the US Delegation of Psychiatrist to the USSR (March 1989); IAPUP Report and brochures, 1989-04\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMemorandum re Detention of Cuban psychiatrist Dr. Alfredo Samuel Martínez Lara (1989-04-19); WPA Proposed alterations (1989-04 -25); copy of entrance application of the International Independent Research Centre on Psychiatry to the WPA (1989-03-27), news clippings; Dr. Marat Vartanian original article sent to the International Journal on Mental Health\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncluded are: Ellen Mercer and Fini Schulsinger interviews with Radio Canada (1989-03); and \"rough\" transcripts of  Radio Free Europe with Viktor Lanovoy, President of the Independent Association of Psychiatrists (1989-06-15); Croatian Committee for Human Rights press release re human rights abuses (1989-06-24); [translation] of M. Buyanov articles in Uchitelskaya Gazeta (1988-11-19); Association Psychiatric Independent (IPA) press release (1989-04-12); Commission of the European Communities: \"Observations on the State of Implementation of Programme of Psychiatrists Reform in Greece,: (1987-12-31); IAPUP Documents Special Issue: \"The Political Abuse of Psychiatry in Rumania (June 1989);  IAPUP Documents on the Political Abuse of Psychiatry Nos. 22, 23, 24, 25 (June-July 1989)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes Summary of the WPA Executive Committee in Athens and Resolutions (1989-08-18); excerpts of anonymous document \"Autumm 1988, Gerlovka\" re abuse in the USSR ; printed articles, news clippings\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes unofficial translation of  Statement by the All-Union Scientific Society of Psychiatrists (1989-10-02); Remarks of Christian Barton Concerning Allegations of Psychiatric Abuse of Dissidents by the Cuban Government (1989-09-13); Sabshin, Melvin: Statement to the Subcommittee on Health and Environment of the US House of Representatives re APA position on Soviet psychiatric practices (undated); Testimony of Victor Davidoff, former victim of abuse in the Soviet Union (undated); Commentary on the Report \"Assessment of Recent Changes in Soviet Psychiatry, prepared by the US Delegation on the Results of its visit to the USSR,\" (1989-09-15); IPA bulletins (1989 -08-07 and 1989-08-31); news clippings\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes: Liaison Report (1989-10); Gluzman, Semyon: \"Bureaucratic Ethics and Soviet Psychiatry,\" (1989-11) and Commentary on the Memorandum of G. Lukacher (1989-10-14) re All Union Scientific Society of Psychiatrists; translation of A.I. letter \"To the World Congress of the WPA,\" (1989-10-16); translation of letter from Social Organizations in Leningrad To the Participants in the Congress of the WPA (Athens, Greece, October 1989); Schifter, Richard: \"An Inventory of Soviet Human Rights Developments\" (1989-10-04); IAPUP Documents on the Political Abuse of Psychiatry in the USSR No. 29, 30\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSome copies of  documents related to the former Yugoslavia; lists of interments and releases in the Soviet Union (1989-12-21); draft translation of [Sotsialisticheskaya Industriya] A Detail report: Psychiatry Without Secrets (1989-10-31); Documents on the Political Abuse of Psychiatry in the Soviet Union 31 (1989-12); WPA Minutes (1989-08-11-13)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence related to abuses in Cuba; Pena, Jose M. et al: \"Abuse and Misuse of Psychiatry in the U.S.: The Need for an Institutional Ethics,\" (1990-02); list of human rights cases monitored by the APA in Argentina, Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Malawi, Morocco, Romania, South Africa, Sudan, Turkey, Uruguay, Yugoslavia, Zaire (1990-02-06); Mercer, Ellen: USSR Trip Report/February 25-March 3, 1990\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes: Second World Center Annual Report 1989 and APA Statement on Simón Bolívar Award and Lecture (1990-02-15)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence re Cuban psychiatrists (1990-04); Keston College Support Group: \"Igor Rodionov Report\" (1990-04); Yelena Izyumova Open Letter to the Members of the APA, Moscow May 20, 1990; anonymous essay re : Psychiatric Abuse in the USSR (Helsinki Watch), undated\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlso: \"Proposed New Policies for the APA in Regard to the Abuse of Psychiatry for Political and Other Non-Medical Purposes in the USSR,\" (undated)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes copy of Human Rights Survey Responses (1988-04-01) and reports of the Council on International Affairs, Committee on Human Rights and Committee on International Education\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes reports of the Council on International Affairs, Committee on Human Rights and Committee on International Education; memoranda re IAPUP meetings in Germany (1990-09); letter from Dr. Jeffrey Heller to the Committee on Abuse of Psychiatry re Soviet Delegation at H and CP Institute (1990-10-10); Documents on the Political Abuse of Psychiatry in the USSR No. 38 (1990-09)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes correspondence from Dr. Valerian Tuculesco re post-traumatic stress disorder after the Romanian revolution (1990-10); correspondence re Oleg Vitalyevich Kozlov re hijacked plane to Helsinki (1990-11); American Ambassadors People to People Trip to the USSR 14-27 August 1990 \"Professional Diary\" compiled by E. B. Brody (1990-09-05);  \"Psychiatric Issues Encountered on Recent Trip to USSR,\" memorandum from Holt Ruffin (World Without War) (1990-10-25); Hartmann, Lawrence M.D.: \"Notes on Some Social Psychiatric Problems in Chile, South Africa and the Soviet Union,\" (1990-10); Documents on the Political Abuse of Psychiatry in the USSR Nos. 39, 40, 41; documents relative to the Joint APA-Caribbean Psychiatric Association Meeting; Ellen Mercer: China Trip Report (1990-11)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes reports of the Committee on International Education; Final draft of the UN Principles for the Protection of Persons with Mental Illness and for the Improvement of Mental Health Case (1990-12-11); \"Sugar, Jonathan M.D. et al: \"Psychiatry's Global Challenge: Responsibilities of American Psychiatrists in International Health (undated)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes letter from Dr. Dainiys Pūras re abuse of psychiatry in Lithuania (1991-01-19); correspondence re abuse in Romania (1991-02-08); \"Proposal for The Moscow Center for Rehabilitation of Torture Victims (undated)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes correspondence and document re abuses in Romania; correspondence between Dr. Roth, Gennadi Milyokhin, Juan José López-Ibor, re Revaz Uturgaury (1991-03); correspondence re Soviet individuals\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes CIOMS: Development of International, Ethical Guidelines for Epidemiological Research and Practice, Plenary III Issues related to the HIV/AIDS Pandemic. Proposed Guidelines for International Testing of Vaccines and Drugs against HIV Infection and Aids (1990-11); copies of correspondence between and V. Tuculescu re Romania; Reddaway, Peter: Psychiatric Developments in the USSR (1991-06) and \" Problems of Reforming Soviet Psychiatry and Assuring Rights for the Mentally Ill,\" (undated); \"The Heartbeat of Reform. Soviet Jurists and Political Scientists Discuss the Progress of Perestroika, Glasnot, Democracy, Socialism,\" Translated from the Russian by Vic Schneierson, Moscow, [1991]; Documents on the Political Abuse of Psychiatry in the USSR No. 47, 48\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes reports of the Council on International Affairs, Committee on Human Rights and Committee on International Education. Also includes several documents dated September 1991: Memo for the Record Briefing Meeting for the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Human Rights Study Group (1991-09-24); USSR Draft Law (17 June 91) on Psychiatric Assistance; Ministry of Health, USSR, All-Union Society of Psychiatrists Governing Board Decision (1991-05-15-16); WPA Memorandum to the All-Union Society of Psychiatrists (1991-07-28); Dr. Stanislaw Golec: \"Health Care in Poland 91\"; \"Instructional Recommendations on the Application of USSR Ministry of Health Order No. 555 (1989-09-19); WPA documents; International Committee of the Red Cross Report on \"Second Working Group of Experts on Battlefield Laser Weapons,\" (1990-11-05-06)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes \"copy of a part\" of Japanese Mental Health Law with translation (1988); translation of  \"law on patient's rights\" in Finland (1991-08); WHO Guidelines for the Clinical Investigation of Antidepressant Drugs (1984)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes LHR handwritten notes re Abuse Committee (1992-04); \"Cuban Dissidents in Psychiatric Hospitals An Update of the Politics of Psychiatry in Revolutionary Cuba,\"; \"Dimineata, 7th January 1992, The Mad People Were Dissidents,\" re Romania (undated); \"The Plenary Session of the Board of Directors of the All-Union Scientific Society of Psychiatrists (1992-05) and Follow-Up of US Team's 1989 Patients list, Appendices 1 and 2 sent to Dr. Birley with names of patients (1992-02); Information about the Patient Bill of Rights Tally Sheet (1992-04); Geneva Initiative on Psychiatry [GPI]: Documents on the Abolition and Prevention of Political Abuse of Psychiatry (1992-03 and 1992-04)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes reports of the Council on International Affairs, Committee on Human Rights and Committee on International Education. Also: Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Yugoslavia (1992-06-01); GPI: Documents on the Abolition and Prevention of Political Abuse of Psychiatry, April – June 1992; Mercer, Ellen: Exploring Hungarian Psychiatry (1992-05)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes reports of the Council on International Affairs, Committee on Human Rights. Also: International Association for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions Proclamation of May 1992: Assuring the Mental Health of Children; APA Bilateral Exchange with Poland Czechoslovakia and Hungary. Summary of Responses and Recommendations of American Participants (1992-03-24 to 1992-04-12); copy of Act of the Russian Federation \"On Psychiatric Care and Citizens' Rights With Regard to Such Care,\" (1992-01); Polubinskaya, Svetlana: \"From the USSR to the Independent States: Where the Former Soviet Psychiatry Will Go,\" (1992-05); GIP Documents on the Abolition and Prevention of Political Abuse of Psychiatry 56, June 1992\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes reports of the Council on International Affairs, Committee on Human Rights. Also correspondence re psychiatric abuse in the former GDR, with the Romanian Psychiatric Association and the Committee to End the Chinese Gulag. \"Psychiatry Under Tyranny. An Assessment of the Political Abuse of Romanian Psychiatry During the Ceaucescu Years,\" Report of a consultative mission to Bucharest on behalf of the Geneva Initiative on Psychiatry (1992-06); GIP Documents on the Abolition and Prevention of Political Abuse of Psychiatry 57, July – August 1992\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe sub-series consists of materials Loren Roth collected as part of his work with this committee. These include meeting minutes and agendas, correspondence, reports, articles, clippings, memoranda, and other items.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncluded: \"Human Rights of Mental Patients in Japan,\" (1987 -04); Reich, Walter Report of Meeting with Gennadiy M. Yevstafiev (Soviet, member of the delegation to the Vienna Review Meeting) (1987-07-28); copy of letter from Senator Edward M. Kennedy to Lawrence Hartmann, M.D. re human rights violations in Paraguay (1988-04-22); World Medical Association, INC. memorandum: \"The Facts regarding health services in South Africa during 1987, and the role played by the Medical Association of South Africa,\" (1987-07- 08); Reddaway, Peter: Does Moscow's Purge of Corrupt Psychiatrists Threaten the Psychiatric Gulag?\" (1987-07-13); \"More Revelations about Stefanis' Negotiations with the Soviets (1987-09-11); Center for Victims of Torture pilot project (1987-08-28 and 1987-10); South Africa Briefing (1987-08-07); Minutes of Committee on Abuse of Psychiatry (1987-09-09 and 1987-12-02); \"Victims of Torture in Afghanistan. Presentation for Cairo World Congress\" by Mohammad Azam Dadfar (1987-10-18-22); Gralnick, Alexander M.D.: \"Public Health and Psychiatric Care in Cuba, Personal Report\" (November 1987);Political Imprisonment in Cuba. A Special Report from Amnesty International, The Cuban American Nation Foundation, 1987;  US/Soviet Human Rights Seminar: Statement by Ellen Mercer for the APA (1987-12-03). Also Bloche, Maxwell Gregg: \"Uruguay's Military Physicians: Cogs in a System of State Terror,\" (1987-03)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMiscellaneous documents: minutes, memoranda, correspondence. Included: [Argentina] Tribunal Etico de la Salud contra la Impunidad translation of statement: Medical Ethics Tribunal Against Impunity,\" (1988-01-11); Minutes of the APA Committee on Abuse of Psychiatry (1988-01-20, 1988-04-21; 1988-05-10); some documents related to South Africa, Pakistan, Argentina; Human Rights Survey Responses (1988-03-09); Amnesty International: \"China. Detention Without Trial, Ill-Treatment of Detainees and Police Shooting of Civilians in Tibet,\" (1988-02); Bitsch Christensen, Svend: \"Torture Related Documentation,\" (1987); International Commission of Jurists' Mission to Japan Preliminary Report and Recommendations (1988-04); \"The Casualties of Conflict: Medical Care and Human Rights in the West Bank and Gaza Strip,\" Report of a Medical Fact Finding Mission by Physicians for Human Rights, (1988-03); Amnesty International Commission Medicale: Medicine at Risks. The Doctor as Abuser or Victim,\" (1987-09)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMiscellaneous documents: minutes, memoranda, correspondence related to Soviet psychiatry; human rights abuses in Honduras, Czechoslovakia, Somalia, South Africa, Israel, Haiti, Cuba, Egypt, China, BahrainGudava, Eduard M.D.: \"The events in Tbilisi, Georgia  (1989-04-18); Vesti, Peter and Inge Kemp: \"Chapter I: Treatment of Torture Survivors – theoretical views,\" \"Chapter 2: Rehabilitation of Torture Survivors, \" (1989-10); Collazo, Carlos R. M.D. and Martha Gerpe M.D.: \"Missing Parents,\" Paper presented at The World Psychiatric Association, Athens, October 1989\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFile includes: RCT [Rehabilitation and Research Centre for Torture Victims] 7th Annual Report (1990-01); APA Position Statement on Apartheid and Academic Boycotting of South Africa (1990-01); Human Rights Cases Monitored by the APA (1990-02-01); signed Petition by doctors to recommend the APA to condemn the government of Turkey (1990-08); LHR handwritten notes of September meeting;  APA Council on International Affairs Joint Reference Committee (1990-10-12); Boyajian, Levon Z. M.D.: The Psychological Sequelae of the Armenian Genocide (1982); Leros Trip. Report on Visit to the Mental Institution on the Island of Leros, Greece (1989-12-3-5); \"'Bloody Sunday Trauma in Tbilisi. The Eents of April 9, 1989 and their Aftermath,\" Report of a Medical Mission to Soviet Georgia by Physicians for Human Rights, February 1990; printed materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFiles include documents re Armenian Genocide and from the Free Romanian Foundation; \"Program for Administrators and Educators Specializing in Programs for People With Disabilities,\" with the Persian Gulf (1991-04); Martínez Lara, Samuel: \"Psychiatry in Cuba: Perspectives of a Human Rights Activist\" (1991-09-27);  ); National Academy of Sciences: \"Considerations Regarding Individual Scientific Visits to the People's Republic of China,\" (October 1991); also some documents about torture\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFiles include documents re torture in Egypt (1992-01); Dadfar, A. Azam M.D.: \"The Deep Scars of a Forgotten War, \" Psychiatry Centre for the Afghans; correspondence with Levon Z. Boyajian M.D. (1992-02); Croatian Medical Journal: \"Medical Testimony of the Vukovar Tragedy\"; memorandum re \"Abuse and Misuse of Psychiatry in the United States\" (1992-02); Committee to End the Chinese Gulag: \"On behalf of Political Prisoners in China: How to Raise Human Rights Cases,\" (1992-04); memoranda and correspondence re abuse of Palestinian physician (1992-05); APA Position Statement on Homosexuality and Civil Rights (1992-07); Americas Watch, Vol.4, Issue 7: \"Dangerous Dialogue, Attacks on Freedom of Expression in Miami's Cuban Exile Community,\" (1992-08);  Amnesty International French Section, Medical Group: \"Corporal Punishment. A study on legislation and enforcement in 18 countries,\" (1992); \"Stop Torture in Korea (STIK)\" (1998-08); APA Council on International Affairs: \"International Inpatients Bill of Rights,\" (1992-08); APA Communications Plan 1992-1994; APA: \"Human Rights and the American Psychiatric Association,\" (1992); memorandum and correspondence re abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists in México (1992-100; US Department of State: \"Renewing the U.S. Commitment to Human Rights,\" Special Report No. 164;  printed materials\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorld Health Organization Assignment Report re \"mentally infirm in Romania and possibilities for improvement,\" (1991-11); Rosenberg, David R. M.D. et al: \"A Cross-Cultural Study of \"Ceausescu's Orphans,\" (1992-03); Blom, G. et al: \"Program Touch – A Volunteer Intervention Program to Orphaned Disabled Children in Romania,\" (1991-11); Roth's reappointment as APA Chairperson of the Committee on Human Rights under the Council of International Affairs, (1992-04-13); draft of A.P.A. Action Paper Rescinding the 1982 APA Position on the Insanity Defense (1992-05-01); Pierce, Chester M. M.D.: \"Public Health and Human Rights: Racism, Torture and Terrorism,\" presented at American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting (1992-05-04)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFiles include translation of Croatian pamphlet: \"Protect Yourself and Help Others (1993-02); APA Office of International Affairs: Responses to Human Rights Questionnaire,\" (1993-08-18); Citizens Support Committee for the Psychiatric Farm Hospital Dr. Manuel Ramírez Moreno (1993-7-13)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ecorrespondence and handwritten notes\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eevaluation forms and printed materials\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMeetings between Ukrainian doctors Semyon F. Gluzman, Vladimir I. Poltavets, Valery N. Kutznetsov, Ada I. Korotenko, Oleg A, Nasinnik, Vladimir M. Cherniavsky and Juan Mezzich, American psychiatrist from the West Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh; also some case summaries (1994-02). Russian and English translation.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eextensive correspondence, reports, handwritten notes. Savychyj, Jurij M.D.: \"Psychiatry in Ukraine,\" [1992]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ecorrespondence, Ukrainian fliers, and handwritten notes\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eextensive correspondence, reports, data analysis, forms, handwritten notes (1995-05), \"Codebook\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ecorrespondence, clinical assessment forms, and handwritten notes\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGeneva Initiative on Psychiatry. Annual Reports 1992 and 1995; Documents on the Abolition and Prevention of Political Abuse of Psychiatry Nos. 65-67, 72, 74; \"Concepts for Developing Mental Health Care in Ukraine (First Draft),\" Developed by Experts of Ministry for Health Care, Kiev Research Institute of General and Forensic Psychiatry, Regional Chief Experts and Kiev Psychiatrists.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ecorrespondence and forms\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eemail correspondence, brochures, printed photographs\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJoseph D. Bloom, Kyrill Borissow, William T. Carpenter, Robert W. Farrand, Robert M.A. Hirschfield, William H. Hopkins, Samuel Keith, Felix Kleyman, Andrei A. Kovalev, Ellen Mercer, John Monahan, Darrel A. Regier, Elmore F. Rigamer Jr, Carolyn Smith, Leon Stern\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes: United States – Russia Health Committee 2000 – 2002, printed copies of photographs; The U.S.A. – Russia Health Committee: \"Access to Quality Health Care\" (draft), undated; \"Additional Materials on Diagnosing and Treating Mild and Moderate Depressions,\" [document in Russian with English title]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGershman, Carl: Psychiatric Abuse in the Soviet Union,\" Society, July/August 1984; Lapenna, Ivo: \"The Medico-Legal Society. Use and Misuse of Psychiatry in the USSR,\" The Royal Society of Medicine, London 12th June 1986; McCready, John and Harold Merskey: \"Compliance by physicians with the 1978 Ontario Mental Health Act,\" Reprint from the Canadian Medical Association Journal, Vol. 124, March 15, 1981; McCready, John and Harold Merskey: \"On the Recoding of Mental Illness for Civil Commitment,\" Can. J. Psychiatry Vol. 27, March 1982; Slovenko, Ralph: Analysis. The Destiny of South Africa,\" The World and I, July 1991.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 2021, members of the 1989 American delegation, some Soviet patients, Soviet doctors and other professionals, were invited to participate in the \"Retrospective Review of the 1989 U.S. State Department Psychiatric Mission to the USSR\" oral history project. Nineteen interviews were recorded, sixteen of them with the surviving members of the U.S. delegation, one with Andrei Kovalev, an official at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the U.S.S.R. at the time, and two with former \"Soviet patients.\" There is also an original 1989 recording of one interview.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThese interviews provide a comprehensive overview of the history of Soviet psychiatric abuse, the reasons why psychiatric diagnosis was used to suppress dissent, the methods, medical and legal procedures, and who were the major players in Soviet psychiatric abuse. Emphasis is also made on assessing the U.S.-Soviet relationship in the 1980s and the special place that the 1989 State Department psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R. held in the détente. All stages of negotiations and preparations for the mission were discussed as well as the methodology of psychiatric evaluations and the findings of the American experts. An additional emphasis was also made on assessing the state of Soviet psychiatric care as of the late 1980s and all the significant changes it was going through at the time. The role of World Psychiatric Association (WPA), the All-Union Society of Psychiatrists and Narcologists, the American Psychiatric Association and other important organizations, is also given proper attention. The interviewees also discuss the long-term impact that the 1989 U.S. mission made on Soviet and post-Soviet psychiatry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview Dr. Bloom discusses his career, his interest in the topic of abuse of psychiatry and his involvement in the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric delegation to the U.S.S.R. He talks about the U.S. and Soviet (both Soviet professionals and Soviet interviewees) understanding of the purpose of the visit and  the Soviet's compliance with the terms negotiated for the visit. He also talks about psychiatric hospitalization, detention and commitment process in the U.S.S.R., conditions of hospitalization in Soviet psychiatric hospitals and the legal rights of persons with mental disorders in the U.S.S.R.  Dr. Bloom's explains his impressions from the trip to the Soviet Union and the conclusions made by the American delegation. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe highlights of the interview pertain to Dr. Bloom's recollection of a Soviet person who allegedly had a mental disorder, and his opinion as to the way the American final report should have been approached.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOlena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Borissow shares his life story and describes his career. He talks about getting involved in the 1989 State Department trip to the Soviet Union, his previous trips to the U.S.S.R., and the  social and political context that surrounded the visit and made it possible in the first place. Mr. Borissow describes his experience of interpreting in one of the psychiatric hospitals in Moscow as a part of the 1989 American mission as well as the work that Mr. Borissow's sub-team #3 did in Leningrad. He shares very interesting anecdotes that happened during the trip and talks about the lessons he learned during this trip.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOlena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview Dr. Carpenter discusses his career, his involvement in the 1989 US State Department psychiatric delegation to the USSR, the main goals of the mission, various aspects of the implementation in great detail, the diagnostic aspects of the study, interview instruments and methodology, the Soviet mental health care system and its shortcomings, the conclusions made by Dr. Carpenter's sub-team, the impact the American visit made to the interviewed individuals an mental health in the region. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDr. Carpenter also discusses the United States - Great Britain cross-national study of schizophrenia conducted in the 1960s and 70s and its pertinency to the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the U.S.S.R. He also talks about the broad diagnostic criteria for sluggish schizophrenia and how much contributed to the missuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOlena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAmbassador Farrand talks about his long successful career in the U.S. State Department, the importance of the Soviet psychiatric abuse to the U.S. government and the larger context of the U.S. - U.S.S.R. relationships. As a person who worked closely with Ambassador Richard Schifter for many years, Mr. Farrand describes Schifter's goals and vision of the 1989 psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMr. Farrand describes the process of negotiating the terms of the visit and shares insights about interacting with a superpower as the Soviet Union was at that time. He also talks about the the peculiarities of governance in the U.S.S.R., and power dynamics inside the country. Mr. Farrand describes the efforts to preserve transparency and independence of the mission as well as managing its financial aspects and its highlighting in media. Mr. Farrand also talks about glasnost, perestroika, and the collapse of the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOlena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Hirschfeld shares memories about his education and career, the way he got involved in the 1989 State Department psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R., the methodological approach to the patient interviews, the range of findings of his sub-team # 3 in Leningrad, and his general impressions of the Soviet Union as of 1989.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOlena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Hopkins talks at length about the way he became immersed in the Russian studies, his education, and career. He well remembers the settings and arrangements of interviewing the Soviet citizens who allegedly had mental disorders, his expectations and apprehensions about the upcoming 1989 mission, the types of questions asked of the Soviet interviewees, and the peculiarities of his task as an interpreter during this unique venture. He also mentions the debrief that the entire American team had in Washington, D.C. after the visit was over.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOlena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. I. talks about his early life, family, education, how his dissident views formed and evolved with time. He shares about his repeated contacts with psychiatric system; he also describes his social and political activity and the repercussions he faced as a result. Mr. I. then tells about his criminal case, his forensic psychiatric evaluation, diagnosis, \"symptoms\", finding of non-imputability, the legal procedure used to involuntarily commit him to the Dnepropetrovsk special psychiatric hospital, and the inhumane conditions there. \nMr. I. then describes his transfer to Nikolayev ordinary psychiatric hospital and release; he talks about his dissident activity that brought him back to the same hospital. He also describes his contacts with Ukrainian dissident movement at the end of 1980s and how he got on the list of people to be assessed by the U.S. team. The details of his participation in 1989 U.S. State Department mission are discussed next. Mr. I. then shares about the long-term impact this mission made on his life, his subsequent legal rehabilitation, being taken off the psychiatric register, the removal of his psychiatric diagnosis, his life and activism after 1989. Mr. I. describes some of his most interesting campaigns. The interview ends with a brief discussion of the Russian invasion of Ukraine and how it affected Mr. I.'s life. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOlena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Keith talks about the role and expertise of NIMH that was crucial to the success of the 1989 U.S. psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R. He recapitulates the main points and stumbling blocks of the negotiations with the Soviets in November 1988, various organizational aspects of the mission, as well as the interview instruments and methodology used by the American team. Dr. Keith shares his opinion about the concept of sluggish schizophrenia, its diagnostic criteria, and other factors that made it possible to abuse psychiatry in the Soviet Union. He also emphasizes Soviet life, society, and governance as of 1989. Dr. Keith discusses the Soviets' admission of \"hyperdiagnoses\" and the validity of the excuse of \"hyperdiagnoses\" from the professional point of view. He also expresses his opinion about the tone of the final report and the general context that the American team had to keep in mind when drafting it. Dr. Keith describes Schizophrenia Bulletin and his role as its editor-in-chief. He also talks about the 1990 Soviet Reciprocal Visit to the U.S.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOlena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Kleyman is a great source of knowledge about the ins and outs of the Soviet mental health care system as the person who had about 10 years of professional experience on the ground. He talked about the uniqueness of his role during the American psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R. that resulted from him being a native Russian speaker and being well familiar with life in the Soviet Union. Dr. Kleyman discusses the social and political context that surrounded the 1989 U.S. State Department visit and made it possible in the first place; the doctor patient relationship in the U.S.S.R.; Soviet diagnostic approaches and the role of Soviet psychiatrists during the American visit. Dr. Kleyman recalls his unique trip to Moscow Psychiatric Hospital # 5 to briefly speak with the patient who was claimed by the Soviets to have refused examination. He also talks about his experience as a member of the 1991 W.P.A. mission to the U.S.S.R.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOlena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Kovalev tells about the role of various domestic and international actors in the process of democratization of the U.S.S.R. in the late 1980s and bringing human rights into the Soviet Union. He also assesses the political factors of the early 1980s that allowed Gorbachev come to power and retain it. Mr. Kovalev shares his insights about the Soviet foreign policy of the second half of 1980s-early 1990s and the U.S. - U.S.S.R. relationships. He shares his knowledge about the history of abuse of psychiatry and the reasons for resorting to it; the Soviet psychiatric register and the consequences of being on a register; the sealed instruction on involuntary commitment that existed but was not available to the public. Mr. Kovalev talks about the chain of decision making in ensuring that the American visit will actually happen and the key events on that road. He also comments on the internal tensions between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Health (M.O.H.) as well as the resistance put up by the M.O.H. in organizing the American visit. He also shares his views about the \"system dissidents\" in the U.S.S.R.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOlena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMs. Mercer talks about her career at the APA and the role that the APA played in advocating for the rights of the persons committed to psychiatric hospitals for non-medical reasons in the USSR. She then discusses the historical context for the 1989 State Department psychiatric delegation to the Soviet Union, including the 1977 Declaration of Hawaii and the All-Union Society's walking out of the WPA in 1983 in the face of an almost certain expulsion. Being a part of the November 1988 negotiation team to the Soviet Union, Ms. Mercer shares her thoughts about the negotiation process and the Soviet's compliance with the terms agreed upon. Ms. Mercer describes the field visit to Soviet psychiatric hospitals and then talks about the Soviet's readmission to the WPA, the role the 1989 U.S. State Department played in this process, the APA's and Ms. Mercer's personal stance with regard to the readmission. Ms. Mercer concludes by discussing the difference the American visit made in the big picture.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOlena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Monahan talks about his professional training and the highlights of his career, his memories from the 1989 American visit to the Soviet Union, including the goals of the visit,  its organizational aspects, and its media coverage. Dr. Monahan then focuses on the forensic evaluation methods and results, the rights of psychiatric patients in the Soviet Union, conditions of their hospitalization, treatment, and hospital staffing. Dr. Monahan concludes by describing his general impressions of Moscow and Leningrad and the conclusions the American team made as a result of the visit. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOlena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Reddaway talks about his education and career and the way he became interested and immersed in the issue of abuse of psychiatry in the U.S.S.R. He discusses the impact that his and Sidney Bloch's 1977 and 1983 books made in the Soviet Union. He also shares his knowledge about the evolution of punitive psychiatry with each new Soviet leader. Mr. Reddaway talks about Mr. Gorbachev's personality, the political factors in the early 1980s that allowed for such a leader to emerge and retain power; the reasons for perestroika;  the peculiarities of perestroika in psychiatry versus other spheres. Mr. Reddaway gives a comprehensive overview of various internal processes in the Soviet Union at the end of 1980s that were important prerequisites for the 1989 U.S. psychiatric mission. He discusses at length the role of the WPA in the battle against the abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union. Mr. Reddaway also gives a detailed overview of the field inspections to Soviet psychiatric hospitals that he did as a member of the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOlena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe interview with Dr. Regier is of critical importance for the comprehensive retrospective evaluation of the long-term impact of the 1989 State Department investigative mission to the U.S.S.R. Dr. Regier not only played a key role in the preparation and implementation of the mission, but also successfully continued to help develop the quality and accessibility of mental health services in Russia after the U.S.S.R. collapse. Dr. Regier also continued to tackle the issue of psychiatric abuse in China.  \nIn his interview, Dr. Regier gives a historical overview of the development of diagnostic criteria that was subsequently used during the U.S. State Department investigative mission to the U.S.S.R. relating to psychiatric abuse. This interview provides a great description of the methodology used during the interviews. Dr. Regier also describes the NIMH goals, unique role and contribution to the 1989 mission and shares his insights about the factors that made it possible to weaponize psychiatry against dissidents in the Soviet Union. Dr. Regier also tells about his role in the work of Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission in the area on mental health care in Russia post the Soviet Union breakup.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOlena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Roth describes his training and the highlights of his career; he then tells how he became interested in the issue of abuse of psychiatry in the U.S.S.R. His two human rights trips to the U.S.S.R. in 1985 and 1986 are discussed next. Dr. Roth then gives an overview of the general political background to the visit and tensions between him and Ambassador Schifter about some critical aspect of the visit. Dr. Roth then describes in detail the negotiation process between the U.S. and Soviet side, the main stumbling blocks, how he managed to overcome them, and who were his allies. Dr. Roth describes the Soviet uncooperativeness and tensions between the Ministry of Health and Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He then talks about informed consents, interview procedures, and the visit dynamics. He shares some anecdotes and most memorable events; he also talks about the people who meaningfully contributed to making the mission successful.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOlena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. S. describes his early years, how his dissident views formed, his first arrest under Article 70 of the Criminal Code, his expert psychiatric evaluation at the Serbsky Institute, and the judicial procedure that followed. He describes his subsequent commitment in an 'ordinary' psychiatric hospital and shares insights about the internal regulations, regime, and the release procedure. He also talks about his next arrest and the legal aspects of it. Mr. S. shares his views about whether Soviet psychiatrists seriously believed that 'failure to adapt to the society' was a sign of mental illness and whether they can be blamed for presumably following the orders from above.  Mr. S. proceedes to describe his transfer to a special psychiatric hospital, the mass release of political prisoners in 1987, the reasons for such a drastic change of the political course in the Soviet Union, and gives an overview of the U.S. – U.S.S.R. relationship in the second half of the twentieth century. He then talks about how the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R. fit into the broader human rights negotiations in the CSCE. Mr. S. tells how he taken off the psychiatric register\nand legally rehabilitated; he talks about the destiny of the Criminal Code 'political' articles 70 and 190-1 and current political articles in Russian Criminal Code used to suppress dissent.\nMr. S. shares about his life and political activity after 1989, his subsequent arrests, and his assessment of the evolution of civil and political freedom in Russia after 1989.\nHe then talks about the future of Russia, his own future as a dissident in Russia, and his views about the Russian war in Ukraine.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOlena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn addition to the oral history given in 2022, this file contains a recording of an interview that Mr. S gave on March 2, 1989.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMs. Smith shares her memories about interpreting for both 1989 U.S. State Department delegation and the 1991 WPA delegation to the Soviet Union. She explains how this experience compares to the other interesting projects she has been involved in throughout her career. She describes her most prominent memories about this job as well as the Soviet Union as of 1989. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOlena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Stern describes his career and his pathway from the Soviet Union to the U.S. He shares his insights about some aspects of Soviet history, the issue of psychiatric abuse, its roots and reasons the Soviet government resorted to psychiatry to oppress dissent. Dr. Stern talks about the major differences between special psychiatrist hospitals vs. ordinary psychiatrist hospitals and gives some excellent illustrations of \"symptoms\" that the Soviet school of psychiatry considered signs of mental disorder. Dr. Stern shares his opinion as to the reasons why Soviet psychiatrists engaged in unethical practices. Dr. Stern describes the field trip in great detail, including some anecdotes and specific instances. He concludes by identifying the most important changes needed in Soviet psychiatry at the time and assesses the overall success of the American mission to the Soviet Union. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOlena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file includes correspondence with Richard Schifter and Robert van Voren.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection is divided into two series. The first series, \"abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists\", consists of subject files compiled by Dr. Loren Roth, Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Pittsburgh. They are evidence of Dr. Roth's efforts to stop the abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists for political reasons, with an emphasis on the former Soviet Union. The subject files contain correspondence, articles, reports, evaluations, meeting minutes, agendas, planning materials, diaries, photographs, memoranda, handwritten notes, programs, books, videotapes, ephemera, and other items. Together, these materials date from around 1950 to 2008. However the bulk of them date from the 1970s to the 1990s, when Dr. Roth participated in U.S. delegations to the former Soviet Union and was part of the American Psychological Association's (APA) Committees on Human Rights and International Abuse of Psychiatry and Psychiatrists.","\nThe second series consists of materials that were gathered and produced for the \"Retrospective Review of the 1989 U.S. State Department Psychiatric Mission to the U.S.S.R.\" project. These materials include oral history interviews with individuals involved with the 1989 mission, a 1989 recorded interview with a psychiatric patient, project correspondence, biographical files, interview minutes, and an organizational chart. Most of the items in this series date from the time of the project, 2021 to 2022.","This series consists of subject files that Dr. Loren Henry Roth assembled and used while working to stop the abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists for political reasons, emphasizing abuse in the former Soviet Union. The files contain correspondence, memoranda, meeting documents, articles, reports, lists, forms, evaluations, photographs, diaries, and other materials.","World Psychiatric Association Proposed Declaration of Hawaii; \"Honolulu Paper\": Somerville, John: \"Ethics and Psychiatry,\" (1977); Committee of French Psychiatrists Against The Political Uses of Psychiatry Special Bulletin, the World Congress of Psychiatry in Hawaii; newspaper clippings from Hawaiian newspapers (1977). APA white paper: \"Misuse and Abuse of Psychiatry in the U.S.: A definition and Discussion,\" (1991); correspondence and papers of Paul Chodoff, (1989-1990 and undated); Helmchen, H. and A. Okasha: \"From the Hawaii Declaration to the Declaration of Madrid,\" Acta Psychiatr Scand 200:101: 2023","Copy of the Report to the Board of Trustees, American Psychiatric Association of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Use of Psychiatric Institutions for the Commitment of Political Dissenters (1972); Boekovski Berichten Bukovsky News: The Case of Irina Grivnina (1985?); Statement of Dr. Algirdas Statkevicius to the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (1988); copy of letter from Peter Reddaway to Viktor Nakas, Leon Stern, Robert van Voren and Algirdas Statkevicius (1989); copy of translation of SB case (1987-1989); U.S. Helsinki Watch Committee [memorandum] re Shatravka Family (1988); Committee of Concerned Scientists, Inc \"Call for Action for Three Soviet Former Prisoners of Conscience,\" (1988); and newspaper clippings mainly of Pyotr G. Grigorenko and Anatoly Koryagin","\"Special Report, The Medical Profession and the Prevention of Torture,\" The New England Journal of Medicine (October 1985); \"Sowing fear: The Uses of Torture and Psychological Abuse in Chile,\" A Report by Physicians for Human Rights (October 1988); Proposal. Center for Rehabilitation of Torture Victims [RCT], New York, NY and Roseland, New Jersey (undated); RCT International Newsletter on Treatment and Rehabilitation of Torture Victims (1990-1991); RCT IRCT [International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims]: Torture [packet of documents] (1991-1992); Jacobsen, Lone and Pete Vesti: Torture Survivors – a New Group of Patients, The Danish Nurses Organization, 1990; Canadian Centre for Victims of Torture","Human Rights Task Force of the APA survey on human rights organizations (1984); Human Rights Survey Responses (1988); Human Rights Cases Monitored by the APA (1990); photocopy of European Convention on Human Rights Collected Texts, Strasbourg, 1965.  Folder includes an incomplete set of The World Medical Association press releases (1975-1990), printed materials and news clippings","Documents from the Ninth Session of the U.S.-U.S.S.R. Joint Committee for Health Cooperation, (1988-11-17); Trip Report – P.H.S. Delegation Visit to the Soviet Union  November 13-20, 1988 Ninth U.S.-U.S.S.R. Health Committee Meeting (1989-01-25); Summary of Cooperation in Health Between the US Public Health Service and the Ministry of Health of the U.S.S.R. (1989-01-26); Peter Henry thoughts re Implications of Trip for U.S.-Soviet Health Agreement (1989-02-02)","Roth's printed account of trip that he made with Rabbi Mark Staitman, Larry Hurwitz, cardiologist;  Harold and Esther Garfinkel, community leaders; Joy Weber, science writer, and Rabbi Jonathan Stein. September 20-October 1, 1986. (2 versions)","Dr. Roth and Ambassador Schifter's preliminary planning documents for the U.S. mission to the U.S.S.R. in April of 1988.","APA Memorandum re \"use of psychiatry for political purposes\" (1988-03-21); [USSR] Regulations for Psychiatric Hospitals, LS No. 124600 JS/AO Russian, Appendix to Decree No. 225 of the USSR Ministry of Public Health, 21 March 1988; Pre-summit discussions. Report of Soviet Contact (1988-03-23): Gennadi N. Milyokhin, M.D. visit to Parklawn;  [Unedited] On the Record Briefing of Richard Schifter, Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs,  March 25, 1988","Peter Reddaway: \"Will Perestroika End Political Abuse in Soviet Psychiatry?\" (1988-07-03); copy of pages 5-6 of \"Argumenty I fakty\" No. 11/1987, [Reporter V. Romanenko interviews with  Dr. Marat Vartanyan (1987- 03-21-27)]; anonymous draft \"Ground Rounds\", \"Abuses in Soviet Psychiatry\" (undated); Karklins, Rasma: \"The Dissent/Coercion Nexus in the USSR, Working Paper #36, Soviet Interview Project (1987-05); Roth's handwritten notes; copies of printed materials related to Soviet psychiatry; annotated copy of Berman, Harold J.: Soviet Criminal Law and Procedure. The RSFR Codes. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1977, pp. 3-124","Stipulations for Delegation of U.S. Psychiatrists and Other Experts Visiting the USSR (1988-11-09); Roth's handwritten notes. Also Ellen Mercer U.S.S.R. Trip Confidential  Report (1988 -11) and Saleem A. Shah Department of Health and Human Services Report on International Travel (1988-11-18). Correspondence to Alexander A. Churkin  with documents: US-Soviet Understanding for Delegation of US Psychiatrists and Other Experts Visiting the USSR; \"Discussions\"; Consent Forms for Persons Interviewed and of Relatives and Friends (1988-12-19)","re assesment of Soviet Psychiatry (1988-08-04), memorandum re \"Sensible Tactics re U.S. Delegation on Soviet Psychiatry; human rights and Soviet Psychiatry; \"things to do; Roth's notes; and Roth: \"Uses of Psychiatry in the U.S.S.R. and U.S.A,\" Browning Hoffman Lecture, UVA School of LAw (1988-10-07).","International Association on the Political Use of Psychiatry [IAPUP]: Information Bulletin Nos. 3, 9, 11, 18-21; also copy of \"II. The Case of All-Union Society (undated). Soviet Psychiatry News, vol. 1, nos. 1-2 (1989)","US State Department Soviet Psychiatric Project Delegation to the Soviet Union Planning Trip – correspondence, telegrams, memoranda re: negotiations, support and concerns, instructions, logistics for the trip. Correspondence with Soviet and US officials, and other psychiatrists. Summary of discussions with Ambassador Richard Schifter (1989-02-11); comments from Saleem Shah (1989-02-10); from Robert van Voren, Ellen Mercer, Dr. Edward Kelty and others.","This sub-series contains materials related to the organization, planning and logistics of the trip, as well as background information about the psychiatric abuse in the U.S.S.R.","This file contains memoranda, handwritten notes, list of participants, questionnaires, Forensic Interview Schedule, and Interpersonal Personality Disorder Examination (IPDE).","DSM-III-R Criteria Checklist (1988-05-23; Structural Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Patient Version (1988-06-01) SCID-NP/OP Psychotic Screening (1988-06-01); Instruction Manual for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (1988 and 1989)","DSM-III-R Criteria Checklist (1988-05-23; Structural Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Patient Version (1988-06-01) SCID-NP/OP Psychotic Screening (1988-06-01); Instruction Manual for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (1988 and 1989)","Russian version of IPDE (1989-02-16); Russian version of Revised SCID Standardized Clinical Study According to DSM-III-PD Criteria (SKID) (1991-04); Russian version of World Psychiatric Association visit to the USSR Forensic Examination (1991-03)","The reports were written by doctors Jonas Rappeport, M.D., Vladimir Levit, MD., Samuel J. Keith, M.D, Darrell A. Regier, M.D., Loren Roth, M.D., Felix Kleyman, M.D., Joseph Bloom, M.D., William. T. Carpenter, M.D., Robert Hirschfeld, M.D., Alla Arsenian (interpreter); Elmore Rigamer, M.D., Joel Klein; Boris Shostokovich, M.D.; John Monahan; Nancy Andreason, M.D.; William Farrand.","Reports of forensic evaluations done in Moscow and Leningrad by Jonas R. Rappeport, John Monahan, Joseph D. Bloom; draft of Roth's \"Patient Sample –Description. Methodological Issues – Obstacles\" (1989-04-10); assessments and handwritten notes re patients; Russian document with translation re patients (undated); Roth's notes on various interviewees (1991-02-07)","The materials in this file include Roth's letters to persons who he wished to interview but didn't; U.S. Department of State \"transliteration\" of names (1989-04-04) and inventory of status of cases (1989-04-05)","\"Delegation of US Psychiatrists Issues Press Statement\" signed by members of the US Psychiatric Delegation: Nancy Andreasen, M. D.; Joseph D. Bloom, M.D.; Richard J. Bonnie; William T. Carpenter, M.D.; Robert M. A. Hirschfeld, M. D.; Samuel J. Keith, M.D.; Joel Klein; Felix L. Kleyman, M.D.; Vladimir A. Levit, M.D.;  David Lozovsky, M. D.; Ellen Mercer, John Monahan, PhD; Jonas R. Rappeport, M.D.; Peter B. Reddaway, Ph.D; Darrel A. Regier, MD.D., M.P.H.; Elmore E. Rigamer, M.D.; Leon Stern, M.D.; Harold M. Visotsky, M. D.]","Testimonies of Darrel A. Regier, Robert W. Farrard, Peter Reddaway, Robert van Voren, Loren H. Roth; statement of Steny H. Hoyer; LHR's handwritten notes; correspondence; responses, printed materials; draft I Report of the U.S. Delegation and Preliminary Soviet Reply: Brief Analysis of Points of Agreement and Disagreement; Loren H. Roth Final Report of the US Delegation to Assess Recent Changes in Soviet Psychiatry. Objectives and Execution of the Visit. American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting, New York, NY, May 15 1990; some correspondence and memoranda related to CSCE meetings in Copenhagen (June 1990); and copy of U.S. Report (speech) on CSCE – Moscow (1991-10-02)","Copy of Reddaway's Trip to Moscow, October 29-November 2, 1988; memo re: \"The difficult situation we are in: how should we proceed,\" (1989, 02-19); notes on Soviet Psychiatry Developments (1990-01-20); copy of \"Trip to Moscow, August 20-30, 1992.\"","\"Dissent and Disorder: Human Rights in Soviet Psychiatry,\" (1989-07-); copy of unauthored paper; \"The Legacy of Psychiatric Abuse in the U.S.S.R.,\" (undated); Russian version and translation of \"Proceedings of the session of Working Party formulating the draft law on 'Psychiatric Help in the U.S.S.R.',\" (1991-02-14)","\"Soviet Access to and Utilization of Mental Health Services: A Comparative View,\"  paper presented at the National Conference on Soviet Refugee Health and Mental Health, Chicago, IL (1991-12-11); Isaac Ray Lectures: \"The Future of the Doctor-Patient Relationship. Lesson from Two Cultures, The Former Soviet Union and the United States,\" Discussants: Loren H. Roth, M.D., Dean Eckenrode, George Huber, J.D., Mark Schmidhofer, M.D. (1998-05-07)","\"The New Soviet Legislation on the Provision of Psychiatric Care,\" speech delivered at the symposium of the International Association on the Political Use of Psychiatry, Washington, D.C., (1988-10-14); Koryagin: \"A Green Light of Injustice,\" Zurich, (1988-12-20); notes from Boris Zoubok, M.D.; copy of \"Law of the USSR on the protection of the rights and legal interests of persons suffering from psychiatric disorders and on the grounds and procedures for the administration of psychiatric care,\" (1990-10-08); Roth's Notes on Meeting of USSR Supreme Soviet Committee on Mental Health Law, Moscow (1990-10-26); copy of Smit, Jonna: \"Human Rights and Mental Health Legislation: the USSR,\" (1991-05-21); van Voren, Robert: \"Ukrainian Psychiatry: Starting from Scratch,\" (undated); Regulations on a psychiatric hospital (Положение о психиатрической больнице), [printed Russian document] CCCP, No. 225, 1988; printed materials and news clippings, 1988-2004; Patients in Psychiatric Hospital Requiring Follow-up and Review – interview methodology, list, memoranda","Draft and confidential memorandum of meeting with Minister of the Department of Humanitarian Affairs [Yuri A.] Reshetov. Also interview methodology and memoranda.","Kazan Special Psychiatric Hospital, Vilnius Ordinary Hospital, Kaunas Hospital, Chernyashovsk Special Psychiatric Hospital","Richard J. Bonnie draft; \"Legal and Humanitarian Aspects of Soviet Psychiatry: Some Preliminary Conclusions\" (1989-03-28); also comments on Klein's and Reddaway reports (1989-04 to 1989-05); LHR Confidential Drafts #1-5 (1989-05-19-31); Objectives of the Clinical Interviews (1989-05-22); Dr. Harold M. Visotsky Response to Joel Kline (1989-05-30); Hospital Team Report by Harold Visotsky, Elmore Rigamer, and Loren H. Roth (1989-05-30); remarks from Joe Bloom (1989-06-05); Richard Bonnie: Note to Members of the US Delegation to the Soviet Union (1989-06-16); Bill Farrad; Executive Summary [annotated] (1989-06-20); \"USSR Psychiatrists at a Human Rights Round Table in Moscow in April 1988,\" annotated copy of attachment sent by Joel Kline to Roth (undated); Vladimir A. Levit comments (1989-06-26); Saleem [Shah]: Soviet Compliance and Study Limitations (1989-06-28) and comments (1989-06-26); Peter Reddaway draft (1989-06-28) [2 folders], 1989-03 to 1989-06","Also: State Department \"rough translation\" of Soviet response: \"Response to the medical part of the report by the U.S. delegation of psychiatrists and lawyers,\" (1989-07-06); Draft translation of the final Soviet comments on the report: Commentary on the Report [130008 JS/AO Russian] (1989-09-26); U.S. Department of State Memorandum re Comments on the Soviet response to the Report (1989-10-12); printed Russian document inscribed by Polubinskaya to Loren H. Roth: [Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., Soviet State and Right. Separate Report, Moscow 1990];  translation of S. V. Polubinskaya and S. V. Borodin: \"The Legal Problems of Soviet Psychiatry: The Views of American and Soviet Experts,\" Soviet State Law, No. 5, 1990, pp. 67-76","Resolution of the WPA (1989-10-17); WPA Statement by the All Union Society of Soviet Psychiatrists and Narcologists of the U.S.S.R. before the World Psychiatric Association General Assembly in Athens (1989-10-18); Memorandum re: Site Visit by the WPA Review Committee to the U.S.S.R. (1990-03-13); Reddaway, Peter: The Struggle over Reform in Soviet Psychiatry Intensifies: Is the Establishment Beginning to Panic? (1990-04-30); Remarks by Svetlana Poloubinskaya at the APA's Committee of International Abuse of Psychiatry and Psychiatrists (1990-05-16)","APA correspondence with the Center for Democracy in the U.S.S.R., U.S. Department of State, (Schifter and Mercer); University of London Institute of Psychiatry, 1989-05 to 1989-11. Also, miscellaneous correspondence with literary agents (1989-03 to 1989-04)","Translations of A.  Karpov, Chief Psychiatrist, U.S.S.R. Ministry of Health: \"The Registration of Mental Patients in the U.S.S.R.\" (1990-10-25) and \"Basic Findings of the Conclusion of the U.S.S.R. Constitutional Supervision Committee on Whether Legislation for the Compulsory Treatment and Re-Education of Through Labour of Persons Suffering from Alcoholism or Drug-Addiction Conforms to the U.S.S.R. Constitution and International Enactments on Human Rights,\" by B. M. Lazarev, Deputy Chairman of the USSR Constitutional Supervision Committee (1990-10-25). Also Saleem A. Shah: \"Forensic Interview Schedule\". Correspondence with Otto Dorr Zegers, Csaba Banki, M.P. Deva, Driss Moussaoui, Jim Birley, and Gerard Low-Geer","Correspondence with Dr. Otto Dörr-Zegers (Chile); Dr. Csava Bànki (Hungary); Dr. M. P. Deva (Malaysia); Dr. Driss Moussaoui (Morocco); Dr. Jim Birley (WPA Negotiating Team); Dr. Gerard Low-Greer (England).","Included are: Gostin, Larry: \"Human Rights in Mental Health: Japan. Report of an international mission to Japan: 1987,\"  World Health Organization/Harvard University International Collaborating Center on Health Legislation, World Federation for Mental Health [1987]; Kawasaki, Shigeru: \"Like a Shedding Snake,\" English Summary, J. JAPH 2:2 Spring 1991; news-clippings.","Correspondence with Ellen Mercer re Singapore (1985-09-18); UN Commission on Human Rights E/CN. 4 Sub.2/1988/23: Report on the Sessional Working Group on the question of persons detained on the grounds of mental ill-health or suffering from mental disorder; Proceedings. International Forum on Mental Health Reform, Kyoto, Japan, January 29-30, 1987; Benatar, S. R.: correspondence and articles (1990); Final draft of the \"UN Principles Produced by the Working Group on Human Rights,\" Annex A Principles for the Protection of Persons with Mental Illness and for the Improvement of Mental Health Care","The sub-series consists of materials Loren Roth collected as part of his work on this committee. These include meeting minutes and agendas, correspondence, reports, articles, clippings, memoranda, and other items.","APA lists of cases in the U.S.S.R., Yugoslavia and Romania (1988-07-05); memo for the record re Soviet dissidents","APA minutes of meeting (1988-09-07); Draft Statement Following Discussion with Dr. Sabshin; APA Draft Resolution by the Committee on International Abuse of Psychiatry to not object to the re-admittance of  the All-Union Society of Psychiatrists and Neuropathologists of the USSR into the WPA (1988-09-07); minutes of the APA Committee on Human Rights (1988-09-09); some correspondence, (1988 -09)","Minutes of conference call (1989-02-15); correspondence; IAPUP documents re to Soviet psychiatry (1989-02); copy of Dr. Marvin Brook handwritten comments on the By-Laws of the WPA (undated); Application of the Independent Psychiatric Association of the USSR (IPA) for membership to the WPA, includes Constitution and Declaration (1989-03-09); APA Guidelines for Psychiatric Services in Jails and Prisons; APA draft guidelines on the Right of Refuse (Anti-Psychotic) Medication.","Includes some correspondence and documents: Memorandum re Revision of the WPA Review Committee's Operational Instrument ( 1989-04-270; translation of letter from Nikolai Fedrovich Zhukov to US Congress (1989-03-04); IAPUP Documents on the Political Abuse of Psychiatry in the USSR 18: The Founding of the Association of Independent Psychiatrists in the USSR and the US Delegation of Psychiatrist to the USSR (March 1989); IAPUP Report and brochures, 1989-04","Memorandum re Detention of Cuban psychiatrist Dr. Alfredo Samuel Martínez Lara (1989-04-19); WPA Proposed alterations (1989-04 -25); copy of entrance application of the International Independent Research Centre on Psychiatry to the WPA (1989-03-27), news clippings; Dr. Marat Vartanian original article sent to the International Journal on Mental Health","Included are: Ellen Mercer and Fini Schulsinger interviews with Radio Canada (1989-03); and \"rough\" transcripts of  Radio Free Europe with Viktor Lanovoy, President of the Independent Association of Psychiatrists (1989-06-15); Croatian Committee for Human Rights press release re human rights abuses (1989-06-24); [translation] of M. Buyanov articles in Uchitelskaya Gazeta (1988-11-19); Association Psychiatric Independent (IPA) press release (1989-04-12); Commission of the European Communities: \"Observations on the State of Implementation of Programme of Psychiatrists Reform in Greece,: (1987-12-31); IAPUP Documents Special Issue: \"The Political Abuse of Psychiatry in Rumania (June 1989);  IAPUP Documents on the Political Abuse of Psychiatry Nos. 22, 23, 24, 25 (June-July 1989)","Includes Summary of the WPA Executive Committee in Athens and Resolutions (1989-08-18); excerpts of anonymous document \"Autumm 1988, Gerlovka\" re abuse in the USSR ; printed articles, news clippings","Includes unofficial translation of  Statement by the All-Union Scientific Society of Psychiatrists (1989-10-02); Remarks of Christian Barton Concerning Allegations of Psychiatric Abuse of Dissidents by the Cuban Government (1989-09-13); Sabshin, Melvin: Statement to the Subcommittee on Health and Environment of the US House of Representatives re APA position on Soviet psychiatric practices (undated); Testimony of Victor Davidoff, former victim of abuse in the Soviet Union (undated); Commentary on the Report \"Assessment of Recent Changes in Soviet Psychiatry, prepared by the US Delegation on the Results of its visit to the USSR,\" (1989-09-15); IPA bulletins (1989 -08-07 and 1989-08-31); news clippings","Includes: Liaison Report (1989-10); Gluzman, Semyon: \"Bureaucratic Ethics and Soviet Psychiatry,\" (1989-11) and Commentary on the Memorandum of G. Lukacher (1989-10-14) re All Union Scientific Society of Psychiatrists; translation of A.I. letter \"To the World Congress of the WPA,\" (1989-10-16); translation of letter from Social Organizations in Leningrad To the Participants in the Congress of the WPA (Athens, Greece, October 1989); Schifter, Richard: \"An Inventory of Soviet Human Rights Developments\" (1989-10-04); IAPUP Documents on the Political Abuse of Psychiatry in the USSR No. 29, 30","Some copies of  documents related to the former Yugoslavia; lists of interments and releases in the Soviet Union (1989-12-21); draft translation of [Sotsialisticheskaya Industriya] A Detail report: Psychiatry Without Secrets (1989-10-31); Documents on the Political Abuse of Psychiatry in the Soviet Union 31 (1989-12); WPA Minutes (1989-08-11-13)","Correspondence related to abuses in Cuba; Pena, Jose M. et al: \"Abuse and Misuse of Psychiatry in the U.S.: The Need for an Institutional Ethics,\" (1990-02); list of human rights cases monitored by the APA in Argentina, Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Malawi, Morocco, Romania, South Africa, Sudan, Turkey, Uruguay, Yugoslavia, Zaire (1990-02-06); Mercer, Ellen: USSR Trip Report/February 25-March 3, 1990","Includes: Second World Center Annual Report 1989 and APA Statement on Simón Bolívar Award and Lecture (1990-02-15)","Correspondence re Cuban psychiatrists (1990-04); Keston College Support Group: \"Igor Rodionov Report\" (1990-04); Yelena Izyumova Open Letter to the Members of the APA, Moscow May 20, 1990; anonymous essay re : Psychiatric Abuse in the USSR (Helsinki Watch), undated","Also: \"Proposed New Policies for the APA in Regard to the Abuse of Psychiatry for Political and Other Non-Medical Purposes in the USSR,\" (undated)","Includes copy of Human Rights Survey Responses (1988-04-01) and reports of the Council on International Affairs, Committee on Human Rights and Committee on International Education","Includes reports of the Council on International Affairs, Committee on Human Rights and Committee on International Education; memoranda re IAPUP meetings in Germany (1990-09); letter from Dr. Jeffrey Heller to the Committee on Abuse of Psychiatry re Soviet Delegation at H and CP Institute (1990-10-10); Documents on the Political Abuse of Psychiatry in the USSR No. 38 (1990-09)","Includes correspondence from Dr. Valerian Tuculesco re post-traumatic stress disorder after the Romanian revolution (1990-10); correspondence re Oleg Vitalyevich Kozlov re hijacked plane to Helsinki (1990-11); American Ambassadors People to People Trip to the USSR 14-27 August 1990 \"Professional Diary\" compiled by E. B. Brody (1990-09-05);  \"Psychiatric Issues Encountered on Recent Trip to USSR,\" memorandum from Holt Ruffin (World Without War) (1990-10-25); Hartmann, Lawrence M.D.: \"Notes on Some Social Psychiatric Problems in Chile, South Africa and the Soviet Union,\" (1990-10); Documents on the Political Abuse of Psychiatry in the USSR Nos. 39, 40, 41; documents relative to the Joint APA-Caribbean Psychiatric Association Meeting; Ellen Mercer: China Trip Report (1990-11)","Includes reports of the Committee on International Education; Final draft of the UN Principles for the Protection of Persons with Mental Illness and for the Improvement of Mental Health Case (1990-12-11); \"Sugar, Jonathan M.D. et al: \"Psychiatry's Global Challenge: Responsibilities of American Psychiatrists in International Health (undated)","Includes letter from Dr. Dainiys Pūras re abuse of psychiatry in Lithuania (1991-01-19); correspondence re abuse in Romania (1991-02-08); \"Proposal for The Moscow Center for Rehabilitation of Torture Victims (undated)","Includes correspondence and document re abuses in Romania; correspondence between Dr. Roth, Gennadi Milyokhin, Juan José López-Ibor, re Revaz Uturgaury (1991-03); correspondence re Soviet individuals","Includes CIOMS: Development of International, Ethical Guidelines for Epidemiological Research and Practice, Plenary III Issues related to the HIV/AIDS Pandemic. Proposed Guidelines for International Testing of Vaccines and Drugs against HIV Infection and Aids (1990-11); copies of correspondence between and V. Tuculescu re Romania; Reddaway, Peter: Psychiatric Developments in the USSR (1991-06) and \" Problems of Reforming Soviet Psychiatry and Assuring Rights for the Mentally Ill,\" (undated); \"The Heartbeat of Reform. Soviet Jurists and Political Scientists Discuss the Progress of Perestroika, Glasnot, Democracy, Socialism,\" Translated from the Russian by Vic Schneierson, Moscow, [1991]; Documents on the Political Abuse of Psychiatry in the USSR No. 47, 48","Includes reports of the Council on International Affairs, Committee on Human Rights and Committee on International Education. Also includes several documents dated September 1991: Memo for the Record Briefing Meeting for the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Human Rights Study Group (1991-09-24); USSR Draft Law (17 June 91) on Psychiatric Assistance; Ministry of Health, USSR, All-Union Society of Psychiatrists Governing Board Decision (1991-05-15-16); WPA Memorandum to the All-Union Society of Psychiatrists (1991-07-28); Dr. Stanislaw Golec: \"Health Care in Poland 91\"; \"Instructional Recommendations on the Application of USSR Ministry of Health Order No. 555 (1989-09-19); WPA documents; International Committee of the Red Cross Report on \"Second Working Group of Experts on Battlefield Laser Weapons,\" (1990-11-05-06)","Includes \"copy of a part\" of Japanese Mental Health Law with translation (1988); translation of  \"law on patient's rights\" in Finland (1991-08); WHO Guidelines for the Clinical Investigation of Antidepressant Drugs (1984)","Includes LHR handwritten notes re Abuse Committee (1992-04); \"Cuban Dissidents in Psychiatric Hospitals An Update of the Politics of Psychiatry in Revolutionary Cuba,\"; \"Dimineata, 7th January 1992, The Mad People Were Dissidents,\" re Romania (undated); \"The Plenary Session of the Board of Directors of the All-Union Scientific Society of Psychiatrists (1992-05) and Follow-Up of US Team's 1989 Patients list, Appendices 1 and 2 sent to Dr. Birley with names of patients (1992-02); Information about the Patient Bill of Rights Tally Sheet (1992-04); Geneva Initiative on Psychiatry [GPI]: Documents on the Abolition and Prevention of Political Abuse of Psychiatry (1992-03 and 1992-04)","Includes reports of the Council on International Affairs, Committee on Human Rights and Committee on International Education. Also: Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Yugoslavia (1992-06-01); GPI: Documents on the Abolition and Prevention of Political Abuse of Psychiatry, April – June 1992; Mercer, Ellen: Exploring Hungarian Psychiatry (1992-05)","Includes reports of the Council on International Affairs, Committee on Human Rights. Also: International Association for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions Proclamation of May 1992: Assuring the Mental Health of Children; APA Bilateral Exchange with Poland Czechoslovakia and Hungary. Summary of Responses and Recommendations of American Participants (1992-03-24 to 1992-04-12); copy of Act of the Russian Federation \"On Psychiatric Care and Citizens' Rights With Regard to Such Care,\" (1992-01); Polubinskaya, Svetlana: \"From the USSR to the Independent States: Where the Former Soviet Psychiatry Will Go,\" (1992-05); GIP Documents on the Abolition and Prevention of Political Abuse of Psychiatry 56, June 1992","Includes reports of the Council on International Affairs, Committee on Human Rights. Also correspondence re psychiatric abuse in the former GDR, with the Romanian Psychiatric Association and the Committee to End the Chinese Gulag. \"Psychiatry Under Tyranny. An Assessment of the Political Abuse of Romanian Psychiatry During the Ceaucescu Years,\" Report of a consultative mission to Bucharest on behalf of the Geneva Initiative on Psychiatry (1992-06); GIP Documents on the Abolition and Prevention of Political Abuse of Psychiatry 57, July – August 1992","The sub-series consists of materials Loren Roth collected as part of his work with this committee. These include meeting minutes and agendas, correspondence, reports, articles, clippings, memoranda, and other items.","Included: \"Human Rights of Mental Patients in Japan,\" (1987 -04); Reich, Walter Report of Meeting with Gennadiy M. Yevstafiev (Soviet, member of the delegation to the Vienna Review Meeting) (1987-07-28); copy of letter from Senator Edward M. Kennedy to Lawrence Hartmann, M.D. re human rights violations in Paraguay (1988-04-22); World Medical Association, INC. memorandum: \"The Facts regarding health services in South Africa during 1987, and the role played by the Medical Association of South Africa,\" (1987-07- 08); Reddaway, Peter: Does Moscow's Purge of Corrupt Psychiatrists Threaten the Psychiatric Gulag?\" (1987-07-13); \"More Revelations about Stefanis' Negotiations with the Soviets (1987-09-11); Center for Victims of Torture pilot project (1987-08-28 and 1987-10); South Africa Briefing (1987-08-07); Minutes of Committee on Abuse of Psychiatry (1987-09-09 and 1987-12-02); \"Victims of Torture in Afghanistan. Presentation for Cairo World Congress\" by Mohammad Azam Dadfar (1987-10-18-22); Gralnick, Alexander M.D.: \"Public Health and Psychiatric Care in Cuba, Personal Report\" (November 1987);Political Imprisonment in Cuba. A Special Report from Amnesty International, The Cuban American Nation Foundation, 1987;  US/Soviet Human Rights Seminar: Statement by Ellen Mercer for the APA (1987-12-03). Also Bloche, Maxwell Gregg: \"Uruguay's Military Physicians: Cogs in a System of State Terror,\" (1987-03)","Miscellaneous documents: minutes, memoranda, correspondence. Included: [Argentina] Tribunal Etico de la Salud contra la Impunidad translation of statement: Medical Ethics Tribunal Against Impunity,\" (1988-01-11); Minutes of the APA Committee on Abuse of Psychiatry (1988-01-20, 1988-04-21; 1988-05-10); some documents related to South Africa, Pakistan, Argentina; Human Rights Survey Responses (1988-03-09); Amnesty International: \"China. Detention Without Trial, Ill-Treatment of Detainees and Police Shooting of Civilians in Tibet,\" (1988-02); Bitsch Christensen, Svend: \"Torture Related Documentation,\" (1987); International Commission of Jurists' Mission to Japan Preliminary Report and Recommendations (1988-04); \"The Casualties of Conflict: Medical Care and Human Rights in the West Bank and Gaza Strip,\" Report of a Medical Fact Finding Mission by Physicians for Human Rights, (1988-03); Amnesty International Commission Medicale: Medicine at Risks. The Doctor as Abuser or Victim,\" (1987-09)","Miscellaneous documents: minutes, memoranda, correspondence related to Soviet psychiatry; human rights abuses in Honduras, Czechoslovakia, Somalia, South Africa, Israel, Haiti, Cuba, Egypt, China, BahrainGudava, Eduard M.D.: \"The events in Tbilisi, Georgia  (1989-04-18); Vesti, Peter and Inge Kemp: \"Chapter I: Treatment of Torture Survivors – theoretical views,\" \"Chapter 2: Rehabilitation of Torture Survivors, \" (1989-10); Collazo, Carlos R. M.D. and Martha Gerpe M.D.: \"Missing Parents,\" Paper presented at The World Psychiatric Association, Athens, October 1989","File includes: RCT [Rehabilitation and Research Centre for Torture Victims] 7th Annual Report (1990-01); APA Position Statement on Apartheid and Academic Boycotting of South Africa (1990-01); Human Rights Cases Monitored by the APA (1990-02-01); signed Petition by doctors to recommend the APA to condemn the government of Turkey (1990-08); LHR handwritten notes of September meeting;  APA Council on International Affairs Joint Reference Committee (1990-10-12); Boyajian, Levon Z. M.D.: The Psychological Sequelae of the Armenian Genocide (1982); Leros Trip. Report on Visit to the Mental Institution on the Island of Leros, Greece (1989-12-3-5); \"'Bloody Sunday Trauma in Tbilisi. The Eents of April 9, 1989 and their Aftermath,\" Report of a Medical Mission to Soviet Georgia by Physicians for Human Rights, February 1990; printed materials.","Files include documents re Armenian Genocide and from the Free Romanian Foundation; \"Program for Administrators and Educators Specializing in Programs for People With Disabilities,\" with the Persian Gulf (1991-04); Martínez Lara, Samuel: \"Psychiatry in Cuba: Perspectives of a Human Rights Activist\" (1991-09-27);  ); National Academy of Sciences: \"Considerations Regarding Individual Scientific Visits to the People's Republic of China,\" (October 1991); also some documents about torture","Files include documents re torture in Egypt (1992-01); Dadfar, A. Azam M.D.: \"The Deep Scars of a Forgotten War, \" Psychiatry Centre for the Afghans; correspondence with Levon Z. Boyajian M.D. (1992-02); Croatian Medical Journal: \"Medical Testimony of the Vukovar Tragedy\"; memorandum re \"Abuse and Misuse of Psychiatry in the United States\" (1992-02); Committee to End the Chinese Gulag: \"On behalf of Political Prisoners in China: How to Raise Human Rights Cases,\" (1992-04); memoranda and correspondence re abuse of Palestinian physician (1992-05); APA Position Statement on Homosexuality and Civil Rights (1992-07); Americas Watch, Vol.4, Issue 7: \"Dangerous Dialogue, Attacks on Freedom of Expression in Miami's Cuban Exile Community,\" (1992-08);  Amnesty International French Section, Medical Group: \"Corporal Punishment. A study on legislation and enforcement in 18 countries,\" (1992); \"Stop Torture in Korea (STIK)\" (1998-08); APA Council on International Affairs: \"International Inpatients Bill of Rights,\" (1992-08); APA Communications Plan 1992-1994; APA: \"Human Rights and the American Psychiatric Association,\" (1992); memorandum and correspondence re abuse of psychiatry and psychiatrists in México (1992-100; US Department of State: \"Renewing the U.S. Commitment to Human Rights,\" Special Report No. 164;  printed materials","World Health Organization Assignment Report re \"mentally infirm in Romania and possibilities for improvement,\" (1991-11); Rosenberg, David R. M.D. et al: \"A Cross-Cultural Study of \"Ceausescu's Orphans,\" (1992-03); Blom, G. et al: \"Program Touch – A Volunteer Intervention Program to Orphaned Disabled Children in Romania,\" (1991-11); Roth's reappointment as APA Chairperson of the Committee on Human Rights under the Council of International Affairs, (1992-04-13); draft of A.P.A. Action Paper Rescinding the 1982 APA Position on the Insanity Defense (1992-05-01); Pierce, Chester M. M.D.: \"Public Health and Human Rights: Racism, Torture and Terrorism,\" presented at American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting (1992-05-04)","Files include translation of Croatian pamphlet: \"Protect Yourself and Help Others (1993-02); APA Office of International Affairs: Responses to Human Rights Questionnaire,\" (1993-08-18); Citizens Support Committee for the Psychiatric Farm Hospital Dr. Manuel Ramírez Moreno (1993-7-13)","correspondence and handwritten notes","evaluation forms and printed materials","Meetings between Ukrainian doctors Semyon F. Gluzman, Vladimir I. Poltavets, Valery N. Kutznetsov, Ada I. Korotenko, Oleg A, Nasinnik, Vladimir M. Cherniavsky and Juan Mezzich, American psychiatrist from the West Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh; also some case summaries (1994-02). Russian and English translation.","extensive correspondence, reports, handwritten notes. Savychyj, Jurij M.D.: \"Psychiatry in Ukraine,\" [1992]","correspondence, Ukrainian fliers, and handwritten notes","extensive correspondence, reports, data analysis, forms, handwritten notes (1995-05), \"Codebook\"","correspondence, clinical assessment forms, and handwritten notes","Geneva Initiative on Psychiatry. Annual Reports 1992 and 1995; Documents on the Abolition and Prevention of Political Abuse of Psychiatry Nos. 65-67, 72, 74; \"Concepts for Developing Mental Health Care in Ukraine (First Draft),\" Developed by Experts of Ministry for Health Care, Kiev Research Institute of General and Forensic Psychiatry, Regional Chief Experts and Kiev Psychiatrists.","correspondence and forms","email correspondence, brochures, printed photographs","Joseph D. Bloom, Kyrill Borissow, William T. Carpenter, Robert W. Farrand, Robert M.A. Hirschfield, William H. Hopkins, Samuel Keith, Felix Kleyman, Andrei A. Kovalev, Ellen Mercer, John Monahan, Darrel A. Regier, Elmore F. Rigamer Jr, Carolyn Smith, Leon Stern","Includes: United States – Russia Health Committee 2000 – 2002, printed copies of photographs; The U.S.A. – Russia Health Committee: \"Access to Quality Health Care\" (draft), undated; \"Additional Materials on Diagnosing and Treating Mild and Moderate Depressions,\" [document in Russian with English title]","Gershman, Carl: Psychiatric Abuse in the Soviet Union,\" Society, July/August 1984; Lapenna, Ivo: \"The Medico-Legal Society. Use and Misuse of Psychiatry in the USSR,\" The Royal Society of Medicine, London 12th June 1986; McCready, John and Harold Merskey: \"Compliance by physicians with the 1978 Ontario Mental Health Act,\" Reprint from the Canadian Medical Association Journal, Vol. 124, March 15, 1981; McCready, John and Harold Merskey: \"On the Recoding of Mental Illness for Civil Commitment,\" Can. J. Psychiatry Vol. 27, March 1982; Slovenko, Ralph: Analysis. The Destiny of South Africa,\" The World and I, July 1991.","In 2021, members of the 1989 American delegation, some Soviet patients, Soviet doctors and other professionals, were invited to participate in the \"Retrospective Review of the 1989 U.S. State Department Psychiatric Mission to the USSR\" oral history project. Nineteen interviews were recorded, sixteen of them with the surviving members of the U.S. delegation, one with Andrei Kovalev, an official at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the U.S.S.R. at the time, and two with former \"Soviet patients.\" There is also an original 1989 recording of one interview.","These interviews provide a comprehensive overview of the history of Soviet psychiatric abuse, the reasons why psychiatric diagnosis was used to suppress dissent, the methods, medical and legal procedures, and who were the major players in Soviet psychiatric abuse. Emphasis is also made on assessing the U.S.-Soviet relationship in the 1980s and the special place that the 1989 State Department psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R. held in the détente. All stages of negotiations and preparations for the mission were discussed as well as the methodology of psychiatric evaluations and the findings of the American experts. An additional emphasis was also made on assessing the state of Soviet psychiatric care as of the late 1980s and all the significant changes it was going through at the time. The role of World Psychiatric Association (WPA), the All-Union Society of Psychiatrists and Narcologists, the American Psychiatric Association and other important organizations, is also given proper attention. The interviewees also discuss the long-term impact that the 1989 U.S. mission made on Soviet and post-Soviet psychiatry.","In the interview Dr. Bloom discusses his career, his interest in the topic of abuse of psychiatry and his involvement in the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric delegation to the U.S.S.R. He talks about the U.S. and Soviet (both Soviet professionals and Soviet interviewees) understanding of the purpose of the visit and  the Soviet's compliance with the terms negotiated for the visit. He also talks about psychiatric hospitalization, detention and commitment process in the U.S.S.R., conditions of hospitalization in Soviet psychiatric hospitals and the legal rights of persons with mental disorders in the U.S.S.R.  Dr. Bloom's explains his impressions from the trip to the Soviet Union and the conclusions made by the American delegation. ","The highlights of the interview pertain to Dr. Bloom's recollection of a Soviet person who allegedly had a mental disorder, and his opinion as to the way the American final report should have been approached.","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","Mr. Borissow shares his life story and describes his career. He talks about getting involved in the 1989 State Department trip to the Soviet Union, his previous trips to the U.S.S.R., and the  social and political context that surrounded the visit and made it possible in the first place. Mr. Borissow describes his experience of interpreting in one of the psychiatric hospitals in Moscow as a part of the 1989 American mission as well as the work that Mr. Borissow's sub-team #3 did in Leningrad. He shares very interesting anecdotes that happened during the trip and talks about the lessons he learned during this trip.","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","In the interview Dr. Carpenter discusses his career, his involvement in the 1989 US State Department psychiatric delegation to the USSR, the main goals of the mission, various aspects of the implementation in great detail, the diagnostic aspects of the study, interview instruments and methodology, the Soviet mental health care system and its shortcomings, the conclusions made by Dr. Carpenter's sub-team, the impact the American visit made to the interviewed individuals an mental health in the region. ","Dr. Carpenter also discusses the United States - Great Britain cross-national study of schizophrenia conducted in the 1960s and 70s and its pertinency to the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric investigative mission to the U.S.S.R. He also talks about the broad diagnostic criteria for sluggish schizophrenia and how much contributed to the missuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union.","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","Ambassador Farrand talks about his long successful career in the U.S. State Department, the importance of the Soviet psychiatric abuse to the U.S. government and the larger context of the U.S. - U.S.S.R. relationships. As a person who worked closely with Ambassador Richard Schifter for many years, Mr. Farrand describes Schifter's goals and vision of the 1989 psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R. ","Mr. Farrand describes the process of negotiating the terms of the visit and shares insights about interacting with a superpower as the Soviet Union was at that time. He also talks about the the peculiarities of governance in the U.S.S.R., and power dynamics inside the country. Mr. Farrand describes the efforts to preserve transparency and independence of the mission as well as managing its financial aspects and its highlighting in media. Mr. Farrand also talks about glasnost, perestroika, and the collapse of the Soviet Union.","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","Dr. Hirschfeld shares memories about his education and career, the way he got involved in the 1989 State Department psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R., the methodological approach to the patient interviews, the range of findings of his sub-team # 3 in Leningrad, and his general impressions of the Soviet Union as of 1989.","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","Mr. Hopkins talks at length about the way he became immersed in the Russian studies, his education, and career. He well remembers the settings and arrangements of interviewing the Soviet citizens who allegedly had mental disorders, his expectations and apprehensions about the upcoming 1989 mission, the types of questions asked of the Soviet interviewees, and the peculiarities of his task as an interpreter during this unique venture. He also mentions the debrief that the entire American team had in Washington, D.C. after the visit was over.","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","Mr. I. talks about his early life, family, education, how his dissident views formed and evolved with time. He shares about his repeated contacts with psychiatric system; he also describes his social and political activity and the repercussions he faced as a result. Mr. I. then tells about his criminal case, his forensic psychiatric evaluation, diagnosis, \"symptoms\", finding of non-imputability, the legal procedure used to involuntarily commit him to the Dnepropetrovsk special psychiatric hospital, and the inhumane conditions there. \nMr. I. then describes his transfer to Nikolayev ordinary psychiatric hospital and release; he talks about his dissident activity that brought him back to the same hospital. He also describes his contacts with Ukrainian dissident movement at the end of 1980s and how he got on the list of people to be assessed by the U.S. team. The details of his participation in 1989 U.S. State Department mission are discussed next. Mr. I. then shares about the long-term impact this mission made on his life, his subsequent legal rehabilitation, being taken off the psychiatric register, the removal of his psychiatric diagnosis, his life and activism after 1989. Mr. I. describes some of his most interesting campaigns. The interview ends with a brief discussion of the Russian invasion of Ukraine and how it affected Mr. I.'s life. ","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","Dr. Keith talks about the role and expertise of NIMH that was crucial to the success of the 1989 U.S. psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R. He recapitulates the main points and stumbling blocks of the negotiations with the Soviets in November 1988, various organizational aspects of the mission, as well as the interview instruments and methodology used by the American team. Dr. Keith shares his opinion about the concept of sluggish schizophrenia, its diagnostic criteria, and other factors that made it possible to abuse psychiatry in the Soviet Union. He also emphasizes Soviet life, society, and governance as of 1989. Dr. Keith discusses the Soviets' admission of \"hyperdiagnoses\" and the validity of the excuse of \"hyperdiagnoses\" from the professional point of view. He also expresses his opinion about the tone of the final report and the general context that the American team had to keep in mind when drafting it. Dr. Keith describes Schizophrenia Bulletin and his role as its editor-in-chief. He also talks about the 1990 Soviet Reciprocal Visit to the U.S.","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","Dr. Kleyman is a great source of knowledge about the ins and outs of the Soviet mental health care system as the person who had about 10 years of professional experience on the ground. He talked about the uniqueness of his role during the American psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R. that resulted from him being a native Russian speaker and being well familiar with life in the Soviet Union. Dr. Kleyman discusses the social and political context that surrounded the 1989 U.S. State Department visit and made it possible in the first place; the doctor patient relationship in the U.S.S.R.; Soviet diagnostic approaches and the role of Soviet psychiatrists during the American visit. Dr. Kleyman recalls his unique trip to Moscow Psychiatric Hospital # 5 to briefly speak with the patient who was claimed by the Soviets to have refused examination. He also talks about his experience as a member of the 1991 W.P.A. mission to the U.S.S.R.","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","Mr. Kovalev tells about the role of various domestic and international actors in the process of democratization of the U.S.S.R. in the late 1980s and bringing human rights into the Soviet Union. He also assesses the political factors of the early 1980s that allowed Gorbachev come to power and retain it. Mr. Kovalev shares his insights about the Soviet foreign policy of the second half of 1980s-early 1990s and the U.S. - U.S.S.R. relationships. He shares his knowledge about the history of abuse of psychiatry and the reasons for resorting to it; the Soviet psychiatric register and the consequences of being on a register; the sealed instruction on involuntary commitment that existed but was not available to the public. Mr. Kovalev talks about the chain of decision making in ensuring that the American visit will actually happen and the key events on that road. He also comments on the internal tensions between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Health (M.O.H.) as well as the resistance put up by the M.O.H. in organizing the American visit. He also shares his views about the \"system dissidents\" in the U.S.S.R.","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","Ms. Mercer talks about her career at the APA and the role that the APA played in advocating for the rights of the persons committed to psychiatric hospitals for non-medical reasons in the USSR. She then discusses the historical context for the 1989 State Department psychiatric delegation to the Soviet Union, including the 1977 Declaration of Hawaii and the All-Union Society's walking out of the WPA in 1983 in the face of an almost certain expulsion. Being a part of the November 1988 negotiation team to the Soviet Union, Ms. Mercer shares her thoughts about the negotiation process and the Soviet's compliance with the terms agreed upon. Ms. Mercer describes the field visit to Soviet psychiatric hospitals and then talks about the Soviet's readmission to the WPA, the role the 1989 U.S. State Department played in this process, the APA's and Ms. Mercer's personal stance with regard to the readmission. Ms. Mercer concludes by discussing the difference the American visit made in the big picture.","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","Dr. Monahan talks about his professional training and the highlights of his career, his memories from the 1989 American visit to the Soviet Union, including the goals of the visit,  its organizational aspects, and its media coverage. Dr. Monahan then focuses on the forensic evaluation methods and results, the rights of psychiatric patients in the Soviet Union, conditions of their hospitalization, treatment, and hospital staffing. Dr. Monahan concludes by describing his general impressions of Moscow and Leningrad and the conclusions the American team made as a result of the visit. ","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","Mr. Reddaway talks about his education and career and the way he became interested and immersed in the issue of abuse of psychiatry in the U.S.S.R. He discusses the impact that his and Sidney Bloch's 1977 and 1983 books made in the Soviet Union. He also shares his knowledge about the evolution of punitive psychiatry with each new Soviet leader. Mr. Reddaway talks about Mr. Gorbachev's personality, the political factors in the early 1980s that allowed for such a leader to emerge and retain power; the reasons for perestroika;  the peculiarities of perestroika in psychiatry versus other spheres. Mr. Reddaway gives a comprehensive overview of various internal processes in the Soviet Union at the end of 1980s that were important prerequisites for the 1989 U.S. psychiatric mission. He discusses at length the role of the WPA in the battle against the abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union. Mr. Reddaway also gives a detailed overview of the field inspections to Soviet psychiatric hospitals that he did as a member of the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R.","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","The interview with Dr. Regier is of critical importance for the comprehensive retrospective evaluation of the long-term impact of the 1989 State Department investigative mission to the U.S.S.R. Dr. Regier not only played a key role in the preparation and implementation of the mission, but also successfully continued to help develop the quality and accessibility of mental health services in Russia after the U.S.S.R. collapse. Dr. Regier also continued to tackle the issue of psychiatric abuse in China.  \nIn his interview, Dr. Regier gives a historical overview of the development of diagnostic criteria that was subsequently used during the U.S. State Department investigative mission to the U.S.S.R. relating to psychiatric abuse. This interview provides a great description of the methodology used during the interviews. Dr. Regier also describes the NIMH goals, unique role and contribution to the 1989 mission and shares his insights about the factors that made it possible to weaponize psychiatry against dissidents in the Soviet Union. Dr. Regier also tells about his role in the work of Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission in the area on mental health care in Russia post the Soviet Union breakup.","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","Dr. Roth describes his training and the highlights of his career; he then tells how he became interested in the issue of abuse of psychiatry in the U.S.S.R. His two human rights trips to the U.S.S.R. in 1985 and 1986 are discussed next. Dr. Roth then gives an overview of the general political background to the visit and tensions between him and Ambassador Schifter about some critical aspect of the visit. Dr. Roth then describes in detail the negotiation process between the U.S. and Soviet side, the main stumbling blocks, how he managed to overcome them, and who were his allies. Dr. Roth describes the Soviet uncooperativeness and tensions between the Ministry of Health and Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He then talks about informed consents, interview procedures, and the visit dynamics. He shares some anecdotes and most memorable events; he also talks about the people who meaningfully contributed to making the mission successful.","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","Mr. S. describes his early years, how his dissident views formed, his first arrest under Article 70 of the Criminal Code, his expert psychiatric evaluation at the Serbsky Institute, and the judicial procedure that followed. He describes his subsequent commitment in an 'ordinary' psychiatric hospital and shares insights about the internal regulations, regime, and the release procedure. He also talks about his next arrest and the legal aspects of it. Mr. S. shares his views about whether Soviet psychiatrists seriously believed that 'failure to adapt to the society' was a sign of mental illness and whether they can be blamed for presumably following the orders from above.  Mr. S. proceedes to describe his transfer to a special psychiatric hospital, the mass release of political prisoners in 1987, the reasons for such a drastic change of the political course in the Soviet Union, and gives an overview of the U.S. – U.S.S.R. relationship in the second half of the twentieth century. He then talks about how the 1989 U.S. State Department psychiatric mission to the U.S.S.R. fit into the broader human rights negotiations in the CSCE. Mr. S. tells how he taken off the psychiatric register\nand legally rehabilitated; he talks about the destiny of the Criminal Code 'political' articles 70 and 190-1 and current political articles in Russian Criminal Code used to suppress dissent.\nMr. S. shares about his life and political activity after 1989, his subsequent arrests, and his assessment of the evolution of civil and political freedom in Russia after 1989.\nHe then talks about the future of Russia, his own future as a dissident in Russia, and his views about the Russian war in Ukraine.","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","In addition to the oral history given in 2022, this file contains a recording of an interview that Mr. S gave on March 2, 1989.","Ms. Smith shares her memories about interpreting for both 1989 U.S. State Department delegation and the 1991 WPA delegation to the Soviet Union. She explains how this experience compares to the other interesting projects she has been involved in throughout her career. She describes her most prominent memories about this job as well as the Soviet Union as of 1989. ","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","Dr. Stern describes his career and his pathway from the Soviet Union to the U.S. He shares his insights about some aspects of Soviet history, the issue of psychiatric abuse, its roots and reasons the Soviet government resorted to psychiatry to oppress dissent. Dr. Stern talks about the major differences between special psychiatrist hospitals vs. ordinary psychiatrist hospitals and gives some excellent illustrations of \"symptoms\" that the Soviet school of psychiatry considered signs of mental disorder. Dr. Stern shares his opinion as to the reasons why Soviet psychiatrists engaged in unethical practices. Dr. Stern describes the field trip in great detail, including some anecdotes and specific instances. He concludes by identifying the most important changes needed in Soviet psychiatry at the time and assesses the overall success of the American mission to the Soviet Union. ","Olena Protsenko, a Post-doctoral Research Associate in Psychiatry and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, conducted this interview remotely over the Zoom application.","This file includes correspondence with Richard Schifter and Robert van Voren."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Arthur J. Morris Law Library does not grant researchers permission to publish copies of any of the materials in this collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The Arthur J. Morris Law Library does not grant researchers permission to publish copies of any of the materials in this collection."],"names_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","Roth, Loren H.","Bloom, Joseph D.","Borissow, Kyrill","Carpenter, William T.","Farrand, Robert William, 1934-","Hirschfeld, Robert M. A.","Hopkins, William H. (William Hugh), 1942-","Keith, Samuel J.","Kleyman, Felix, Dr.","Kovalev, A. A. (Andreĭ Anatolʹevich)","Mercer, Ellen Robertson","Monahan, John (John Thomas), 1946-","Reddaway, Peter (1939)","Regier, Darrel A.","Smith, Carolyn","Stern, Leon"],"corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections"],"persname_ssim":["Roth, Loren H.","Bloom, Joseph D.","Borissow, Kyrill","Carpenter, William T.","Farrand, Robert William, 1934-","Hirschfeld, Robert M. A.","Hopkins, William H. (William Hugh), 1942-","Keith, Samuel J.","Kleyman, Felix, Dr.","Kovalev, A. A. 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